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Remember to copy and paste the internet resource web address into a word document to save it for your citations page. Remember to look for an author name, title of article and a date printed if available. If no date is found we use (n.d.) for no date in the citation.
Power Point Link :APA Formatting and Style Guide
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/17/ Use the link and the information below to help you answer questions on citing format.
If you visit the Purdue Owl link you must include the following resource in your citations. (Suggestion copy and paste to you documents reference page.
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from:
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
To *To show a page number use p. number example p.12
*To show more than one page use pp. then the number range example pp. 16-19
- Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
- If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:Writing new media.)
- When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
- Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."
- Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
- Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
IN TEXT CITATIONS
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
In et al., et should not be followed by a period. | <urn:uuid:cd63b30a-3a58-4916-ae25-c558ecff8017> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://educatorpages.com/site/mwickenheiser/pages/writing-format-guidelines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540500637.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207160050-20191207184050-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.853075 | 864 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This section of the book is from the "Household Companion: The Home Book Of Etiquette" book.
For children, and even for many grown persons, winter is the time for chapped hands. It requires but little care to avoid the suffering which results from chapped skin. It is essential that the hands should be thoroughly dried each time they are washed, and never exposed, when moist, either to cold or to the heat of the fire.
Women who are occupied with household cares, who paint, or are engaged in similar occupations, are obliged to wash their hands frequently, and in order to save time they are often careless about drying them; the result is a rough, red skin. Never neglect to dry your hands as thoroughly as possible. They may also be manipulated before the fire until soft and flexible.
Rubbing the hands with amandine before retiring preserves them from the disastrous effects of cold or heat to which they may have been subjected. They must not be washed in cold water, as this predisposes them to chapping, but very hot water is not good for them either. People who have not moist skins should be especially careful to dry the hands thoroughly after washing. They may afterward be covered with cold-cream or amandine, which should be wiped off with a soft towel.
Where these precautions are not taken and the hands are neglected, a cure may be effected by the following treatment: Wash the hands in hot water and anoint them well with amandine, honey paste, or cold-cream. Rub the hands together, interlacing the fingers, until they become soft and are no longer easily hurt when struck against any hard substance. Afterward it will be necessary to remove the grease by washing them in warm water with a few drops of ammonia and a pure soap. Change the water several times. Then apply to the hands the following mixture: Glycerine, cologne, soft water, equal parts. After this process the hands will be soft and not at all greasy or sticky, as might be supposed. | <urn:uuid:bf1ccdc7-07a9-451e-b547-e12681c6c069> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://chestofbooks.com/society/Household-Companion/The-Home-Book-Of-Etiquette/Chapped-Hands.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.968362 | 423 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Clang, clang, clang! The sheep in the north of Gran Canaria are the last migratory sheep left in the Canary Islands, and the noise as they make as they go along paths, ledges, hillsides and even roads is unmistakable. Around their necks hang great cowbells, the large size being quite appropriate for these occasions for their sheer loudness) as when they reach their destination these are replaced by much smaller ones.
The sheep from Gáldar leave at the start of the summer from places such as Fagajesto, Caideros or Lomo del Palo, bound for higher grazing pastures at the summit, which are west or south facing. They will be back at the green pastureland in the north before autumn sets in, in good time to enjoy the rains, which will dampen the fields and encourage growth of the plants they will feed on.
At the beginning of each summer they are all shorn and skittish, without their characteristic thick masses of wool, following their date with the shearers, while by autumn they are back running around and letting their hair down again at the green pastures around their favourite territory.
As autumn passes onto winter the sheep are giving birth to their offspring: the male lambs will be the main course for partying families around Christmas; the female lambs will be the next generation to provide milk for the cheeses. That’s life for this agricultural society, who now make a living from tourism, but still need to satisfy their bellies – both in food and in spirit – in the old tradition–.
This cycle is repeated year on year, for which each shepherd will have his daily routine: milking, tending and taking the animals out to graze. All this so that those of us who are eternally grateful –or at least should be – can sit down to eat, and enjoy a fine cheese, whether it be with animal or vegetable rennet (in the case of the flower of the wild cardo plant, with a mixture of goat’s and/or cow’s milk), which taste absolutely divine, thanks to the efforts of a few families who strive to keep this unique and traditional product alive.
And if for these people there are popular celebrations such as the Wool Festival or the Cheese Fair, for the land farmers there are others, such as the Onion Festival, because around these parts, to be a “cebollero” (onion producer) goes hand in hand with being “galdense” (from Gáldar), like a nickname for the locales (a term which really exists, in publications such as the Gran Diccionario del Habla Canaria, by Alfonso O’Shanahan).
While we are on the subject of onions, a certain variety of these bulbs with their great natural antibiotic properties can be found in the Canaries, for instance the “Gáldar onion”, so called as to avoid any confusion about their origins, and of course their quality (white onions for frying and boiling, and red onions for salads).
Onions also let their hair down, it must be said. “What onions like is sun and wind: the more the better. The wind keeps the branches down and helps the bulb to come up”, so says one of the local farmers on the subject. Also, as “it can’t be buried too deeply when planted”, when it is born, the bulb mustn’t be stuck under the soil, but instead sticking out. Just add the wind that it likes and you will have long streaky leaves like hair waving about. | <urn:uuid:ab0d4aba-29b2-46e9-80e2-3305fb89f782> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.grancanaria.com/turismo/en/gastronomy/21-secret-ingredients/galdar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668529.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114154802-20191114182802-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.961395 | 762 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Courses Offered Spring 2014
ENG 429: Reading and Writing Civil Rights Movement (Service Learning)
“Reading and Writing the Civil Rights Movement” considers how writing—speeches, poetry, fiction, and autobiography—addressed injustice and racial and class inequality during the Civil Rights Movement. By studying the writing of the Civil Rights Movement, we investigate how violence and non-violence worked as strategies for change and question how language can shape movements for social change. We will also consider how images from photographs and films shaped perceptions of the movement, and study the rhetorical strategies writers used to make their arguments.
By reading writers like Maya Angelou, James Baldwin, Taylor Branch, John Steinbeck, Alice Walker, and Eudora Welty, we consider how the race and gender of the writer affected his or her message. By considering the writing of activists, fiction writers, journalists, and autobiographers, we will reflect on how writing can fulfill both activist and artistic functions. We will end with a consideration of the Civil Rights Movement at the present moment. What can we learn from the Civil Rights movement about current struggles for justice? How far have we come since Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech? What are our current Civil Rights issues and how are they being fought?
ENG 482: Passing Narratives in Black Literature
This course will examine traditional passing narratives like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man as well as Black British texts like Jackie Kay’s Trumpet which push the boundaries of passing beyond race and ethnicity to include gender. Collectively, these narratives speak—directly, indirectly, and very uneasily—to the authenticity, the ambiguity, and the performance of personal identity. GEP Diversity Major Diversity and Writing-Intensive.
HIS 343: African Ethnicities
This course is designed to inform students on not only general schools of ethnic construction, but also Africa’s unique contribution to the field. Knowledge of identity construction is essential in understanding the conflicts that occasionally arise due to them, the diversity of this ever shrinking world and how we define ourselves.
LTT 461: The Franco-Afro Caribbean Story (Honors)
The course focuses on the colonial and postcolonial history of this region, particularly Haiti, once the largest and richest French possession in the Caribbean, which later emerged as the first Black Republic, following an armed revolution against slavery and domination by colonial powers. Honors GEP Diversity and GEP Art/Literature, Ethics Intensive, and Writing-Intensive.
PHL 150: Race and Racism
PHL 302: Philosophy of Race
TR 8am and 9:30am
Race plays a prominent role in our social existence, even in what some have called a "post-racial society," and has for centuries. In this course, we will take a philosophical approach to understanding a set of related questions about race. What is the origin and basis of the race concept? Is race socially constructed, or does it have a biological basis? Does racial discourse serve to further entrench racial divisions? How does racial oppression relate to other forms of oppression such as class- and gender-based oppression? What is "privilege"? As time permits, we will also investigate issues such as affirmative action, racial solidarity, and the ways in which racial oppression differentially affects men and women.
POL 337: Contemporary Cuban Politics and Society (Study Tour)
This course provides students with an understanding of the forces that gave rise to the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and how "the revolution" has evolved over time, focusing on political, economic, social and cultural transformations. Course content studied and discussed in Philadelphia will be complemented by the study tour to give students a thorough understanding of contemporary Cuban reality.
REL 271: African and Caribbean Religions
TR 3:30pm and 5pm
An examination of selected indigenous African religious traditions in their native contexts and/or religious traditions of indigenous African origin that have developed in the Caribbean and related contexts outside of Africa. Samples may focus on individual systems or phenomena found in a number of systems.
REL 370: Religion and Race in the Philadelphia Region
“Religion and Race in the Philadelphia Region” is a religious studies course that examines the co-constitution of religious beliefs, racial identities, and regional cultures from an historical perspective primarily in the urban Northeast. We will examine how transatlantic and transnational African and European religious traditions (real, imagined, historical, invented) shaped that history. Because this is a religious studies course, we will think about religions as institutions that profoundly influence individual’s epistemologies and actions, as well as the communities, societies, and nations, in which they are located. We will understand race as a social construction that emerged in recent centuries in concert with religious (and scientific) ideas about human origins and anthropologies. Most importantly, we will see how these two constructs - “race” and “religion” - developed and evolved in one particular region of the US to make visible place-based distinctions and geo-cultural histories. A complicated, multi-scalar picture will emerge of the varied ways in which beliefs, identities, and places influence and are implicated by one other.
SOC 205: Ethnic and Minority Relations
This course provides an analysis of ethnic and racial stratification in the U.S. It also covers theories of relationships between dominant and minority groups. As part of this course, we focus on intersecting statuses that shape the outcomes individuals and groups experience and their interactions with each other and social institutions. We begin the course by addressing the issue of race as a social construction rather than a biological fact, but a construction that carries very real consequences. We then shift to a focus on prejudice, discrimination, and institutional racism in discussing how they serve to create, sustain, and reproduce oppression and inequalities. We conclude the course with a discussion of the the future of race and racism in the 21st century and the implications for coalition building across racial and ethnic lines.
SOC 355: Race, Crime and Criminal Justice
MWF 9:05am M. Logue
This course examines the topic of race and ethnicity in relation to crime and criminal justice processing. More specifically, we focus on several issues: 1) the role of privilege and marginalization in the context of race and ethnicity and the criminal justice system; 2) the impact of these factors on intergroup relationships generally and the responses of the criminal justice system to criminal behavior, victimization, and employment within the criminal justice field; 3) how the responses of the criminal justice system affect the lives of offenders, victims, and agents of the criminal justice system for various racial/ethnic groups; and 4) the current patterns of crime and victimization in relation to race/ethnicity. | <urn:uuid:a4b331a1-4ace-40b4-ac2d-cf3018437606> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://sju.edu/int/academics/cas/africanastudies/spring2014.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163042430/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131722-00055-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936212 | 1,401 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Termite Damage is Often Hidden
Like many criminals, termites operate mostly in the dark, hidden from view. Termites tunnel INSIDE wood, away from light and drying air, rather than on the surface. Because of this, they often remain unnoticed by homeowners for years while they gradually weaken a wood structure.
Termites Also work unnoticed and uncontrolled because the common subterranean termites attack a structure directly from their already hidden colonies in the soil. They find their way into an unprotected home in a variety of ways. Concrete seems impenetrable, but in fact as a concrete foundation and piers age they develop cracks that termites can easily crawl through. Termites can crawl through a tiny crack in cement as small as 1/64 of an inch wide, directly into wood-all well hidden from view!.
In addition to cracks, concrete has other hidden "termite highways". Holes for electrical conduits and plumbing, as well as expansion joints, are often used by these pests to enter a structure. Even porches made of concrete often have a dirt fill underneath that piles soil right up to various cracks and openings. Termites can travel through such cracks directly to structural wood, completely hidden from view. Because termites use these and other hidden avenues to enter a structure, they often stay hidden for years while they are causing damage. Our professional termite services are a wise investment that can help detect and control termites and other wood-destroying pests, protecting your property from extensive damage.
Watching for Spiders
With this summer's July 3 release of The Amazing Spider Man movie, we may once again have blockbuster summer spider movie, following after previous Spider Man and Arachnophobia movies that have been such big hits. This is just in time for spider season, as these pests once again start becoming more abundant in late spring and summer.
Spiders are common pests that are not insects, but closely related. All spiders produce silk, but only some use their silk to build the intricate orb webs that we associate with spiders. Others, such as black widow spiders, spin a disorderly tangle of webbing. Other species build "sheet" webs or "funnel-shaped" webs. Still others, like tarantulas, actively crawl around and hunt prey. These spiders don't build webs to trap prey; they use their silk to cover their eggs, line burrows in the ground, or wrap their prey.
Few creatures are feared as much as spiders. We have over 3,500 species in the U.S., but only about 50 can penetrate our skin, and the venom of most of these is too weak to affect most people. The spiders that have the nastiest bites are the black widow spider (and the spreading brown widow spider), brown recluse, hobo, and yellow sac spiders.
Our regular professional service for spiders help prevent bites from both poisonous and nonpoisonous species. It also saves you the trouble of having to clean webs, spider droppings, and the dead insect carcasses spiders leave behind.
Invasion of Cat-Sized Rats
The Florida Keys is battling an infestation of Gambian Giant Pouched Rats. The six-to-nine pound, cat-sized rats first appeared on Grassy Key over 12 years ago after a local exotic pets breeder let some escape. Officials have been trying to eliminate them for years by baiting and trapping, but the giant rats have multiplied and proven themselves a difficult and resilient pest. Each female produces 30 young per year.
The concern is that if they make it to the mainland, they will damage crops and will likely harm native animals. These rats also can carry monkeypox and other disease.
Protect What's Precious
Did you know that as recently as 1935, before widespread mosquito control, 4,000 Americans died every year from malaria?
In fact, modern, professional pest control has improved the quality of our lives in many ways. Because of it, many insect-transmitted diseases have been greatly reduced in this country. We live longer, healthier lives, without fear of sometimes deadly disease like malaria, yellow fever, and louse-borne typhus.
Yet there are other pest-transmitted diseases that we have to watch for vigilantly. Tick borne diseases including Lyme disease are flourishing, and there are deadly pest-transmitted diseases like hantavirus, encephalitis, and plague, plus those that cause common everyday illnesses, like food poisoning.
Of course bed bugs, which people previously knew only through nursery rhymes, have come back with a vengeance. These nasty blood-suckers over the last decade have become more and more common. Cockroaches can cause asthma, and rats bite 45,000 people annually--mostly children and babies. Stinging and biting pests like fleas, ticks, wasp, and spiders would inflict harm on even more people and pets if it weren't for professional pest control.
Professional pest control also enables us to better protect our homes and property from pests. Termites, carpenter ants, and other wood-destroyers left uncontrolled can severely damage a building. And other pests damage or spoil stored foods, fabrics, and many other important household items.
These are just some of the many ways professional pest control greatly improves the quality of our daily lives.
A Bad Year for Lyme Disease Predicted
It is well understood that the quantity of acorns produced by oak trees is a very good indicator of the size of mouse populations. The fall of 2010 in the Northeast set a record high for acorn production, at an amazing average of 250 pounds of acorn per tree. But the fall of 2011 was the opposite, with an average of less than half a pound of acorns produced per tree. This is tiny compared to the 25 to 30 pounds produced per tree in an average year.
Because of this quite unusual two-year sequence of an unprecedented production of acorns followed by extremely low numbers, populations of field mice and squirrels have been declining after reaching very high levels. These rodent populations had supported large populations of young larval ticks.
Tick nymps are the next stage after larvae, and this stage poses the greatest threat of transmitting Lyme disease to people. Early this year we will see a huge population of these nymps emerge. They will be aggressively looking for hosts to suck blood from, and because there will be both more ticks and fewer rodent hosts, far more people will be bitten than normal.
Mansion Demolished Because of Termites
Tiger Wood's ex wife had her $12 million mansion completely demolished because of extensive termite and carpenter ant infestations throughout the foundation. She plans on rebuilding a new home in the same spot, very similar to the original home. This just goes to show how expensive untreated pest problems can come!
Don't let this happen to you! Regular inspections and preventative treatments save you time and money. Call now for a FREE inspection. | <urn:uuid:2c4024d5-5342-4a87-b9a3-92a0bdcae0d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.greenleafpest.com/newsletter/bid/135226/May-June-Newsletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582584.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422195208-20190422221208-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.95158 | 1,423 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Mark Conn is only the most recent reader of our “100 Most Beautiful Words in English” list to ask why so many seem to be French, not English. I guess it is time to put a reply up for everyone.
The reason is that well over 50% of the English vocabulary is borrowed from French. When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, he initiated the Norman Period of English history and the Middle English period of the language. Religious, legal, judicial, educational, and governmental institutions were conducted entirely in French and Old English became the language of the lower classes. Thousands of words were imported into English, a process that continued even after English reestablished itself as the strongly French-influenced national language again around 1300.
We can push the percentage of words borrowed from French and its mother, Latin, even higher if we include medical and legal terms, and higher still if we include the Greek language. The vast majority of current English vocabulary is borrowed, in fact.
English doesn’t simply borrow words from other languages, it plunders other languages for their lexical treasures like a vocabulary pirate: Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Yiddish, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese, plus dozens if not hundreds more, have all seen their word stores scanned directly into the English lexicon.
Now, does that mean that English contains only a few thousand English words? That would be a hard case to make. Once we borrow a word like chatoyant (pronounced [shætoyã] then change its meaning and pronunciation (English [shætoyênt]), it is English. The fact that a French word is borrowed from a language associated with high culture, fashion, and epicurean sophistication does add to its beauty and allure, though.
The aspect of a native word like becoming, fetching, or comely that sets it off from the rest is a sense of being quaintly out of fashion, a warm, and cozy sense like that of a dowdy old aunt or grandmother. Here the distance is in time rather than place but it is still the sense of removal that adds elgance and grace to such such words.
That doesn’t mean that some current native words are not beautiful: love, lilt and offing certainly fill that bill. Certainly other aspects enter the lexical beauty equation. However, just as a sense of anachronism positively inclines us toward native words, the exoticity of distant cultures in words borrowed gains our vocabulary the same advantage.
I’m working on a longer, more detailed explanation of how beauty works in words for the book, The 100 Most Beautiful Words in English scheduled for August publication. | <urn:uuid:d2e00c37-6130-45f6-8b3a-7512e8eb23c5> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.alphadictionary.com/blog/?p=292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539066.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00388-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957187 | 563 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Have you ever heard of a Soccket? It’s a soccer ball that harnesses and stores energy that can later be used as portable power. It delivers an LED light for three hours on just 30 minutes of playing time. In resource-poor areas, the Soccket will be able to bring light when needed.
It is the first project from a new company called Uncharted Play, Incorporated.
It was created in 2008 by a group of undergrads at Harvard University--Jessica Lin, Julia Silverman, Jessica Matthews, and Hemali Thakkar. Harvard graduate Aviva Presser was also part of the collection of inventors. In 2010, the first prototypes of the ball debuted.
Matthews and Silverman went on to form New York-based Uncharted Play and launched a mass-produced version of the ball. “We founded Uncharted Play as a for-profit enterprise to not only have a platform to execute our ideas around functional ways to play a sport but also as a social tool and a way to show other budding entrepreneurs that social enterprise can be an option, too,” says Matthews.
According to Matthews, the pair funded the company using their entire grad school savings; they also borrowed funds from family members. The ball caught the attention of the Clinton Global Initiative, which is part of the Clinton Foundation and convenes global leaders to develop and implement innovative solutions to some of the pressing problems in the world. Among the first nations where the Soccket will be distributed are Nigeria and Haiti. “The response has been amazing! We have been so honored to have received such amazing press and accolades from people like President Barack Obama and former President Bill Clinton,” says Matthews.
It costs the company about $90 to manufacture them. Uncharted Play reaches out to corporations to fund distribution of the ball in poor countries. The ball does double duty—encouraging sports and exercises while creating kinetic energy.
“I actually think sports and play are important at every age,” notes Matthews. “Play allows us to be curious--to test our ideas out in the world in a safe atmosphere. It leads to improved creativity and confidence -- critical skills not only for the people leading the world now, but to the next generation that will take us into the future.”
Uncharted Play is looking to expand their outreach. The organization’s goal is to reach $150,000 on Kickstarter; these funds will allow them to design the cell phone charger adapter for the Soccket. | <urn:uuid:a6f177e9-54e8-4497-b982-90e30610c880> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.tnj.com/small-business/how-uncharted-plays-jessica-matthews-and-soccer-ball-plan-to-light-globe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660602.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00063-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954442 | 518 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Time: late 4th or early 5th century AD | Place: Rome | Language: Latin | Author: Apicius (probably not a real person though) | Book title: De re culinaria
We often think of spices as related to flavor and as a nice addition to food, but spices in the ancient world were more essential. Spices were traded between distant places and enabled cooks to preserve (and often mask the spoiled tasted of) food without refrigeration. Way before “globalization” as we know it, the Apicius cookbook from the Roman Empire indicates a wide-reaching spice trade in the ancient world. Because fresh produce and meats spoiled quickly, the cookbook includes instructions for how to preserve fruits in honey, how to pickle fish, and, disturbingly, how to mask the smell of chicken that has gone bad (we respectfully decided to pass on that recipe).
This desire to keep ingredients fresh might be the reason why the Romans were inventive with their condiments and spices. One hallmark of the Roman table was garum, a fermented fish sauce used on almost anything to add a salty, umami flavor. Roman meals were also flavored with a huge array of spices – some native to Italy, like mint and fennel, and some imported from as far away as India.
This variety of spices might be surprising, but in 30 BCE, the Roman conquest of Egypt expanded Roman trade networks to include the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the west coast of India. Cargoes from the East could be unloaded at Egyptian ports and transported overland to the Nile, where they were reloaded on boats and brought up to the Mediterranean. Though this was still a long and expensive journey, it was much faster and cheaper than bringing goods overland, and proved to be a great investment for merchants in the Roman world.
At first glance, the recipes in the Apicius cookbook aren’t what we would expect Italian food to look like. The recipes are quite different from stereotypically Italian food: tomatoes didn’t actually reach Europe until the sixteenth century, so there was no pizza, caprese, or tomato-based pasta dish in ancient Rome. It’s also unlikely that a single man named Apicius actually wrote these recipes. The cookbook was probably created in the late 4th century CE, but the collection seems to have been named after a famous gourmand who lived about three hundred years earlier. Legend has it that he was so devoted to his luxurious diet that when he learned he was running low on money, he killed himself rather than resort to a more modest table. Even with this namesake, the recipes in the collection aren’t over-the-top dishes. Instead, they range from staple foods to relatively attainable delicacies, such as shellfish and complex sauces. We can imagine that cooks used these recipes for families who weren’t part of the lower strata of Roman society, but also weren’t as rich as the emperors, nor as flashy as Apicius himself.
The spices combinations used here reflect the extent of Roman trading networks – including pepper and cumin from India, the now extinct silphium (or laser) from North Africa, and mint and pennyroyal from Italy.
Spices involved & origins:
- Pepper – India
- Cumin – Eastern Mediterranean and India
- Coriander seed – possibly from Greece or the Near East
- Mint – native to Italy
- Rue – Balkans
- Laser root (=silphium) – North Africa
- Pennyroyal – native to Italy
*Introduction and recipe translation by Caroline Wazer*
From the archive to the kitchen:
A lentil recipe with no lentils?! Although the title refers to lentils, the recipe itself does not mention the lentils, nor when they should be added or how they should be cooked. Since there are many other Apicius fans online now, we read some forums and discussions by people who had already tried out the recipes We ended up cooking green lentils in water separately and adding them to the cooked chestnuts at the end. This was also when we mixed in more mint and the extra olive oil, which gave the whole dish a fresh, spicy, and flavorful body.
Herbs and spices: Pennyroyal, rue, laser root – this recipe calls for some ingredients that weren’t easy to find. We ended up using more mint instead of combining mint and pennyroyal (the pennyroyal has a minty flavor anyway), and substituted rue with fresh tarragon leaves (rue is actually toxic in large amounts, so we decided not to mess with it). Laser root was a prestigious spice in Roman kitchens, used to create a bitter flavor admired by cooks of the time. It was an incredibly expensive wild plant that grew in North Africa, and vanished in the time of the Empire. Romans continued to write about it, and it is mentioned in Apicius’s book, but they usually used substitutes. Historians say that they probably used Asafoetida, a spice that can now be found as a powder in Indian spice shops or online.
What is Liquamen? Apicius’s recipes frequently call for liquamen, a liquid created from garum. We substituted this with regular fish sauce that can be found today in most Chinese and Vietnamese shops.
The recipe (our additions and comments in parentheses):
Ingredients (amounts were our decision):
- 12 oz green lentils, soaked, cooked until soft, and then strained
- 10 oz chestnuts (the recipe calls for chestnuts that you peel and then cook. We used the peeled and cooked chestnuts that are sold today in vacuum bags.
- 1 tsp of each: salt, black pepper, cumin seed, coriander seed, asafoetida
- ½ cup fresh mint leaves
- a couple of tarragon leaves
- 4 tbsp olive oil
- 1 tbsp honey
- 3 tbsp balsamic vinegar
- 2 tbsp fish sauce
- Take a new pan and put in it carefully peeled chestnuts. Add water (we added just enough to cover the chestnuts) and soda (“soda” in this context refers to salt, so we added ½ tsp of salt).
- When it is cooking put in a mortar pepper, cumin, coriander seeds, mint, rue (tarragon), laser root (asafoetida) pennyroyal (we omitted it), and mint, and pound them.
- Pour in vinegar, honey, liquamen, (fish sauce) flavour with vinegar, and pour it over the cooked chestnuts.
- Add oil (2 tbsp olive oil), bring it to heat. When it is simmering well, pound it with a stick (we used a spoon) as you pound in a mortar (crush it a bit). Taste it, if anything lacking, add it (this is when we added more mint leaves to give it a fresh taste).
- When you have put it in the serving dish add green oil (2 tbsp olive oil).
For further reading:
- Patrick Faas, Shaun Whiteside, Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome (with recipes and modern reconstructions)
- Emily Gowers, The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature
- Barbara K. Gold and John F. Donahue, Roman Dining | <urn:uuid:913abfbb-f30c-4036-8d63-213a69aec9ed> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.leftovershistory.com/ancient-roman-lentils-with-chestnuts-italian-food-before-tomatoe/?replytocom=1508 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703581888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125123120-20210125153120-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.953828 | 1,546 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Action learning refers to a continuous learning process in order to solve real issues and find adequate solutions for different situations.
Definition of Action learning
Action learning refers to a continuous learning process in order to solve real issues and find adequate solutions for different situations. It's a new, popular approach in problem-solving process which has been proved to be effective in developing individual leadership and team problem-solving skills.
Action learning process
Action learning process generally consists of:
a. An important, complicated, real problem
b. Desire and commitement to learning
c. Process of analising and researching the issue
d. Putting research results into action
The process can be done by an individual him/herself or with a coach, in a group or alone. The fresh approach of individuals controling their own learning experience is giving higher preformance levels as well as more productive way of problem solving.
Benefits of Action learning
As mentioned above, action learning process is a potent tool for developing leadership and problem-solving skills. The knowledge gained through the process of a complex, urgent problem solving can be applied to other situations and is therefore extensively used in business today.
Companies are including corporate and organizational development programs, focusing on developing different sets of skills in individuals as a strategy of dealing with complex problems from different fields of expertise in a creative manner. It elevates the norms, collaboration and fearlessness of teams and organizations.
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How to Post a Job on Facebook? | <urn:uuid:c8775149-7615-4b1b-88a7-50fe530e5cde> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.talentlyft.com/en/resources/what-is-action-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018130914-20181018152414-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.92396 | 435 | 3.625 | 4 |
“Nature does it better” is an aphorism that scientists and engineers have confronted in its various embodiments for years. From the invention of Velcro as inspired by the grabbing mechanism of burrs to the use of aquaporin proteins to desalinate seawater, we have long been finding solutions to a wide variety of problems tucked away in biological artifacts and phenomena. Now, the biotech community is recognizing that nature does one more thing better than human innovation has thus far been able to: data storage.
Today, the predominant method of storing digital data takes the form of binary code, strings of 1s and 0s expressing values that can be interpreted by our computers. Cells, on the other hand, store their data in strings of As, Ts, Gs, and Cs, which represent the quaternary code of DNA. These two systems are similar enough that, with a little bit of ciphering—for example, making 00, 01, 10, and 11 translate to A, T, G, and C respectively—scientists are now accessing an entirely novel physical storage medium unlike any that we’ve ever harnessed before.
Although the encoding of digital data in the form of DNA polymers has only been seriously undertaken in very recent years, the idea is not a new one. Mikhail S. Neiman, a soviet scientist and radio officer, is credited with first proposing this radically different approach to data storage in 1964, just eleven years after the structure of DNA was cracked. Even then, Neiman contended that DNA was more durable and reliable than present methods of data storage—in those days, usually magnetic tape—and cited the molecule’s critical role in heredity as evidence of those qualities.
Fast forward half a century and scientists are now affirming Neiman’s beliefs that DNA is, in many ways, a superior information storage medium compared to magnetic tape and hard drives. It has a high data density, is stable for thousands of years under low light, temperature, and moisture conditions, and represents something of a universal language for all life on earth.
These characteristics have sparked some wild imaginations of a future where storing data in DNA is the norm. One much-discussed vision is that of a DNA archive vault containing the entirety of human knowledge, hidden away in a dark, cold, dry place for post-apocalyptic generations to uncover. Others predict that the extraordinary storage capacity of DNA will enable an Orwellian existence—a world full of cameras that are continuously recording and permanently storing an account of the population’s every move. Still others envision a future where DNA fragments encoding messages will be injected or engineered into people’s cells, with the human body serving as a conduit for transmitting information (think Craig Venter’s synthetic bacteria and its genetic watermarks).
While these possibilities may sound fantastical, they are technically feasible and inching closer to reality all the time. It’s now been shown that a piece of DNA the length of an average human gene can encode an incredible 1-2 megabytes of data. Teams around the world have developed multiple DNA-binary ciphering systems varying in their complexity, and are beginning to explore encryption methods and built-in redundancy as features of their coded data. As of today, scientists have translated everything from photographs to music videos to the complete works of Shakespeare into nature’s incredible blueprint polymer.
There’s just one thing standing in the way of storing our precious digital data in As, Ts, Gs, and Cs: the difficulty of reading and, most of all, writing them.
In 2016 the European Bioinformatics Institute estimated the cost of sequence-reading one megabyte worth of DNA data to be $220—a steep figure, but not compared to the cost estimate of synthesizing the same amount of DNA, which was placed at $12,400. That price tag lands DNA data storage squarely in the frustrating camp of technically feasibly but financially impractical to pull off.
Does this mean that DNA data storage a lost cause? Probably not, and the solution may lie in once again returning to that steadfast aphorism of “nature does it better.” That is to say, if we’re going to store information the way nature does, we might need a little more of nature’s help encoding and decoding it.
After all, the long-standing preferred approach to sequencing (the Sanger method) is enzyme-driven, as are many of the next-generation methods that have led sequencing technology to progress at a speed exceeding Moore’s law between 2004 and 2010. On the other hand, the predominant method of making DNA is still chemical synthesis, in one form or another. And although automation of chemical synthesis has brought the technology a long way, compared to sequencing, DNA synthesis remains stuck in the dark ages.
But perhaps what DNA synthesis needs is to be a little more inspired—by nature, that is. That wish may soon be granted, as there’s at least one research team working on developing a novel enzyme-based method of synthesizing DNA. It’s an approach that, if successful, could send DNA synthesis down the path of Moore’s law, like its sequencing counterpart before it.
The question is not if, but when DNA will become a practical storage medium—and for that, it’s too early to tell. But for now we can simply dream about the boundless possibilities of a future where one of nature’s most brilliant innovations reinvents and re-enables many of our own.
By Christine Stevenson | <urn:uuid:99ff5fa5-6f9b-41b6-9233-f6aa2d405ebb> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.oxfordgenetics.com/Articles/Publications/DNA-Data-Storage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189239.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00047-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939465 | 1,154 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Convert 495 Cubic Feet to Gallons
To calculate 495 Cubic Feet to the corresponding value in Gallons, multiply the quantity in Cubic Feet by 7.4805194805226 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 495 Cubic Feet by 7.4805194805226 to get the equivalent result in Gallons:
495 Cubic Feet x 7.4805194805226 = 3702.8571428587 Gallons
495 Cubic Feet is equivalent to 3702.8571428587 Gallons.
How to convert from Cubic Feet to Gallons
The conversion factor from Cubic Feet to Gallons is 7.4805194805226. To find out how many Cubic Feet in Gallons, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Volume converter above. Four hundred ninety-five Cubic Feet is equivalent to three thousand seven hundred two point eight five seven Gallons.
Definition of Cubic Foot
The cubic foot is a unit of volume, which is commonly used in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is defined as the volume of a cube with sides of one foot (0.3048 m) in length. Cubic feet = length x width x height. There is no universally agreed symbol but lots of abbreviations are used, such as ft³, foot³, feet/-3, etc. CCF is for 100 cubic feet.
Definition of Gallon
The gallon (abbreviation "gal"), is a unit of volume which refers to the United States liquid gallon. There are three definitions in current use: the imperial gallon (≈ 4.546 L) which is used in the United Kingdom and semi-officially within Canada, the United States (liquid) gallon (≈ 3.79 L) which is the commonly used, and the lesser used US dry gallon (≈ 4.40 L).
Using the Cubic Feet to Gallons converter you can get answers to questions like the following:
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- How much is 495 ft3 in gal? | <urn:uuid:cda0369a-3e0e-4c50-b397-23a915498855> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://whatisconvert.com/495-cubic-feet-in-gallons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363445.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208053135-20211208083135-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.865509 | 575 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Today, 1.3 billion tons of food is discarded globally every year
The world is currently facing a serious problem related to population.
According to some data, the global population is forecast to reach over 8 billion in 2025, with contributing factors including population growth in developing countries. Against this backdrop, the world is urgently seeking ways to resolve the food waste problem.
The global population is growing, and with it, the demand for food is increasing. At the same time, 1 in 9 people, or about 815 million worldwide, are said to be undernourished. Despite this, edible foods are being discarded as leftovers or thrown away because they are past their best before date.
The amount of food discarded annually is approximately 1.3 billion tons. This is equivalent to about a third of total food production.
What can a company with a long history in printing technologies do to help solve this global problem? Let us show you part of the role Toppan plays.
Packaging technology helping to solve the food waste problem
At first glance, you may not really see any association between the food problem and Toppan, a printing company. But packaging technologies developed by Toppan over the years have created a strong link between us and the issue of food waste.
Think of supermarkets, convenience stores, or the kitchen in your home. There are bags of snacks, instant foods, foods in cans or jars, and packaged fresh meat and fish. A variety of packages protect the quality and safety of our food.
One of the causes of food waste is the disposal of edible foods that have reached the expiration date on their package. How has Toppan’s packaging expertise helped to solve this problem?
Understanding the effects of moisture and air on food
Retaining food freshness longer and extending the expiration date of packaged food should help to resolve one of the factors contributing to food waste. What are the basic causes of food spoilage?
Toppan focused on moisture and oxygen. Packaged food becomes moldy when moisture gets inside, but goes dry when it escapes. Likewise, food can rot, or its color or flavor can change, due to oxygen getting inside the packet, while oxygen escaping can cause aroma to be lost.
This means that, if neither moisture nor oxygen is allowed in or out of the package, then food can last longer, causing less to be wasted.
GL BARRIER is a technology to enable consumption without waste and a step towards changing the world
Toppan believes GL BARRIER can help with the food waste problem. With barrier performance that rivals that of aluminum foil, this vapor deposition-based transparent barrier film offers food protection from oxidization, drying, and moisture.
Adapting its printing technologies, Toppan researches and develops surface treatment technologies derived from the package manufacturing process. This is how GL BARRIER came to be in the 1980s.
However, superior performance alone does not help to solve the food waste problem. If the packaging technology cannot be used widely and easily, it has no value.
That is why Toppan has used GL BARRIER as the foundation for developing a wide range of packages to meet a variety of needs. In fact, you are now able to safely heat up ready-to-eat food in its package using a microwave oven thanks to the use of GL BARRIER technology in packaging.
Today, GL BARRIER boasts the leading share of the global market for vapor deposition-based transparent barrier film. It has been adopted for 15,000 products, and through being used to package and protect a wide range of items, it plays a role in reducing waste by helping to ensure that food is eaten and not thrown away.
Toppan’s packaging technology for the future
GL BARRIER is a transparent barrier film that maintains quality and flavor for longer periods when used to package and protect food. It is a solution that Toppan, a leader in the field of printing technologies, provides to contribute to solving the food waste problem.
However, reducing food waste is not the only strength of GL BARRIER. Much lighter than conventional packaging, it also contributes to lower energy consumption during shipping. And we have not stopped there. We are also working on making it possible to use recyclable materials and creating sustainable systems to eliminate waste after use.
In addition to food, GL BARRIER can be used for a wide array of applications, ranging from the medical and pharmaceutical sector to the field of industrial materials.
There is no limit to the ways packaging technology can contribute to a better future.
Toppan and GL BARRIER will continue to take on the challenges ahead. | <urn:uuid:7f936a1b-b769-4ae1-abe2-c782a7a459bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.toppan.co.jp/en/story/story3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863463.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620050428-20180620070428-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.944551 | 962 | 3 | 3 |
August 23, 2011
Is There Anything Life-Changing About Speech Recognition?
By Linda Dobel, TMCnet Contributor
Speech recognition technology has advanced to the point that it has almost become ubiquitous .We have become accustomed to having it in our GPS systems as well as our cell phones, and because it has become so commonplace, everyone literally and figuratively “gets” it. Or maybe not.
The truth is that automatic speech recognition (ARS) has not yet completely evolved and it’s questionable how many people actually understand the technology behind it. In his Mashable blog today, Ben Parr dove headfirst into the subject of speech recognition and these issues, and even asserted in his headline that it is “changing our world.”
To help readers get a better grasp on ARS technology as well as its development, Parr directed readers’ attention to an infographic created by Medicaltranscription.net that credits 14 outside sources as contributing to the compilation of the information.
The infographic begins by explaining some of the challenges ARS faces. This includes the fact that it cannot distinguish between voices which means background noise creates a problem. It cites a 2006 Microsoft (News - Alert) Vista demonstration that bombed because the technology misinterpreted the presenter.
It also says computers depend on a database of words for speech recognition, but “cannot yet reliably determine the meaning of words,” and therefore they rely on “statistical probability to determine the word based on digital context.” That means they often botch words that are homonyms, for example, heir and air.
Despite these downfalls, the infographic draws a timeline from 1993 when speech recognition technology was only accurate 10 percent of the time until the period between 1999 and 2001 when speech recognition technology’s accuracy rate soared to 81 percent. Nevertheless, the infographic states that there has been no further advancement in accuracy since 2001.
That stagnation will most likely change. The infographic points out that Google’s (News - Alert) automatic speech recognition systems have great odds of improving speech recognition accuracy because Google stores all of the search terms people speak and type which increases the database from which the speech recognition software can draw and “determine probability based on commonality of searches.”
The take-away on all of this is that in spite of some challenges, automatic speech recognition has permeated our everyday lives—think smartphones, GPS, answering systems and digital dictation, as well as government—military aircraft control—and business—medical translations. But has speech recognition technology actually changed the way people work and live their lives? That’s the question Parr posed to his readers. A pretty safe guess would be that most will answer yes.
Want to learn more about the latest in communications and technology? Then be sure to attend ITEXPO West 2011, taking place Sept. 13-15, 2011, in Austin, Texas. ITEXPO (News - Alert) offers an educational program to help corporate decision makers select the right IP-based voice, video, fax and unified communications solutions to improve their operations. It's also where service providers learn how to profitably roll out the services their subscribers are clamoring for – and where resellers can learn about new growth opportunities. To register, click here.
Linda Dobel is a TMCnet Contributor. She has been an editor in the contact center space for more than 25 years, and has the distinction of being the founding editor of Customer Inter@ction Solutions (CIS) magazine. To read more of her articles, please visit her columnist page.
Edited by Juliana Kenny
More IVR Feature Articles | <urn:uuid:4579a0d9-d2cc-4b65-8c27-ba55d7368465> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://technews.tmcnet.com/ivr/topics/ivr/articles/210958-there-anything-life-changing-speech-recognition.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00247-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960899 | 753 | 2.78125 | 3 |
If you really want to understand how to manage your blood sugar levels, you should get to know your hormone functions.
Insulin and glucagon are essential building blocks of human biology. If you're monitoring your glucose levels for health and optimization reasons, it helps to know the nitty-gritty of the relationship these hormones have.
Our bodies work hard to continually keep our glucose in a tight range—only a few teaspoons are found in the bloodstream at any time. Insulin and Glucagon are the two hormones that work as opposing forces to constantly regulate glucose levels.
When insulin and glucagon are working in perfect harmony, our blood sugar levels will stay nice and balanced. But what happens if they are not in sync? Let’s take a look at how these two hormones keep your blood sugar within healthy limits.
What are Insulin and Glucagon?
Insulin definition - anabolic hormone
Hormones are chemical messengers. Their job is to carry instructions from one set of cells to another. For example, when certain situations occur (like eating a large carb-heavy meal), the beta cells in the pancreas instruct the release of insulin. Insulin is an anabolic hormone, meaning that it promotes growth. It has many functions, including lowering glucose values.
Insulin helps your cells take up glucose and use it as energy - or store it for future use. Without the messenger insulin, cells cannot use glucose as fuel, which can lead to them not working properly. If your body doesn’t make enough insulin, it can cause your blood sugar levels to rise.
Glucagon definition - catabolic hormone
Glucagon is a hormone released from the alpha cells in the pancreas. Its chemical messenger effect is the opposite of insulin. Its primary function is to raise glucose levels if they get too low.
Glucagon is a catabolic hormone, meaning that it breaks down larger molecules. If blood sugar levels are low, glucagon tells your body to break down glycogen (stored glucose) in the liver to release glucose and increase glucose levels.
How insulin and glucagon work together
So, we’ve touched on the very basics. Insulin lowers your blood sugar levels, and glucagon raises them. They work opposite of each other, but also work together. However, there is a bit more to it than that.
How insulin works
Healthy individuals release insulin throughout the day in small quantities to constantly keep their glucose in that tight range mentioned earlier. But, when we eat (especially carbohydrates), we release a larger burst of insulin. After meals, your body goes into something called the ‘fed state’. In this state, insulin is at its highest, and you get your energy from the food you are eating.
Our digestive system breaks down the food we eat, and then the gut absorbs the glucose released from our food into the bloodstream -- raising blood sugar levels. This is when the hormones kick in. The rise in blood sugar stimulates the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin enables your body to take glucose out of the bloodstream into the cells so that they can use it for energy or store it for later.
Insulin has both upregulatory and deregulatory actions. Cells use upregulation to increase their sensitivity to a specific hormone. Deregulation means precisely the opposite and is when a cell makes itself less sensitive to a hormone.
Functions that insulin upregulates (stimulates)
- Glucose uptake from the bloodstream - the removal of glucose from the bloodstream to the cells
- Glycogen synthesis - the production of glycogen
- Lipogenesis - the formation of fatty acids
- Protein synthesis - the production of proteins
- DNA synthesis - the creation of DNA
- Gene expression - the conversion of DNA into a product, such as a protein
- Amino acid uptake - the taking in/use of amino acids
Functions that insulin downregulates (inhibits)
- Lipolysis - breaking down of fats
- Gluconeogenesis - the formation of glucose from a non-glucose source
- Apoptosis - programmed cell death
- Autophagy - the removal of damaged cells
How insulin controls glucose levels
Insulin is the key that allows your body to transport glucose and use it or store it as energy.
First, it allows your cells to use glucose for immediate energy. It pulls glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells to convert it into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the cell’s primary energy currency.
If there is excess energy, insulin drives glucose into glycogen creation in the muscles and liver. In a healthy individual, 80-90% of consumed glucose gets stored as glycogen.
Insulin also suppresses gluconeogenesis to maintain lower glucose values.
How glucagon works
When blood sugar levels become low, your body signals the release of glucagon from the pancreas and primarily acts on the liver to raise glucose levels.
Glucagon is usually released in a fasted state and during “fight or flight” moments. In these scenarios, glucagon tells your liver and muscle cells to break down stored glycogen back into glucose. The glucose is then released into your bloodstream so your cells can use it for energy.
How glucagon controls glucose levels
When glucose levels drop, glucagon acts on the liver to initiate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from a non-glucose source such as an amino acid, providing another source of glucose for the blood to raise blood sugar levels.
Glycogenolysis is the catabolic process of breaking down glycogen from the liver and muscle cells into glucose to produce more energy and raise blood sugar levels.
Acute stress also stimulates glucagon and inhibits insulin, causing glucose levels to increase.
As you can see, the relationship between insulin and glucagon is bidirectional. It keeps your blood sugar levels finely balanced while ensuring your body has a steady supply of energy. But, what happens if there is too much or too little of one of these hormones?
What happens if you have too much insulin or glucagon?
Understandably, this is one of the first questions people tend to ask when they start to learn about insulin and glucagon.
What happens if I have too much insulin?
There are two critical outcomes from having too much insulin.
- Hyperinsulinemia is abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood. When insulin levels are high, your cells start to ignore the effects of insulin even though there is plenty of it available. This leads to insulin resistance.
- Insulin Resistance causes your cells to reject glucose. Glucose then remains in the bloodstream, elevating blood glucose levels, and the pancreas continues to produce more and more insulin.
Put simply—too much insulin in the blood leads to high glucose levels.
What happens if I have too much glucagon?
A rare tumor called a glucagonoma can cause the production of too much glucagon. When your body makes too much glucagon, glucose isn't stored for energy. Instead, it remains in your bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels and symptoms of diabetes.
What happens if you don’t have enough insulin or glucagon?
In comparison, low insulin and glucagon levels can also cause health problems.
What happens if you don’t have enough insulin?
Too little insulin is a problem usually seen in people with diabetes. They can have problems producing insulin or using insulin effectively. In type 2 diabetes, the body can still make insulin, but it may not make enough, and/or insulin resistance has developed.
With type 1 diabetes, a person may make very little or no insulin whatsoever. Without enough insulin, your body can’t move glucose from the bloodstream into the cells. This results in high blood sugar levels and a lack of energy in the cells.
Symptoms of low insulin in type 1 diabetes can include weight loss, fatigue, dehydration, and confusion. Therefore, people with type 1 diabetes need to inject insulin to prevent these symptoms, which can be life-threatening.
What happens if you don’t have enough glucagon?
It is very rare not to produce enough glucagon, but it is sometimes seen in babies or can result from removing the pancreas, weight loss surgery, or diabetes.
How to monitor your insulin & glucagon levels
Although you can’t directly monitor your insulin and glucagon levels at home, you can monitor your glucose levels with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), providing you with the data you need to understand if there is a problem with these hormones.
Engage with Your Blood Glucose Levels with Nutrisense
Your blood sugar levels can significantly impact how your body feels and functions. That’s why stable blood glucose levels can be an important factor in supporting overall wellbeing.
With Nutrisense, you’ll be able to track your blood glucose levels over time using a CGM, so you can make lifestyle choices that support healthy living.
Ready to take the first step? Start with our quiz to see how Nutrisense can support your health. | <urn:uuid:2dd7e4c9-1130-4a5e-85c9-ccd85dd438a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nutrisense.io/blog/insulin-and-glucagon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.907255 | 1,917 | 3.375 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Growing Audacity of the Slave Power
So closely is the life of Lincoln intertwined with the growth of the slave power that it will be necessary at this point to give a brief space to the latter. It was the persistent, the ever-increasing, the imperious demands of this power that called Lincoln to his post of duty. The feeling upon the subject had reached a high degree of tension at the period we are now considering. To understand this fully, we must go back and come once again down through the period already treated. There are three salient points of development.
The first of these is the fugitive slave law. At the adoption of the Constitution it was arranged that there should be no specific approval of slavery. For this reason the word “slave” does not appear in that document. But the idea is there, and the phrase, “person held to service or labor,” fully covers the subject. Slaves were a valuable property. The public opinion approved of the institution. To set up one part of the territory as a refuge for escaped slaves would be an infringement of this right of property, and would cause unceasing friction between the various parts of the country.
In 1793, which happens to be the year of the invention of the cotton gin, the fugitive slave law was passed. This was for the purpose of enacting measures by which escaped slaves might be recaptured. This law continued in force to 1850. As the years passed, the operation of this law produced results not dreamed of in the outset. There came to be free states, communities in which the very toleration of slavery was an abomination. The conscience of these communities abhorred the institution. Though these people were content to leave slavery unmolested in the slave states, they were angered at having the horrors of slave-hunting thrust upon them. In other words, they were unable to reside in any locality, no matter how stringent the laws were in behalf of freedom, where they were not liable to be invaded, their very homes entered, by the institution of slavery in its most cruel forms.
This aroused a bitter antagonism in the North. Societies were formed to assist fugitive slaves to escape to Canada. Men living at convenient distances along the route were in communication with one another. The fugitives were passed secretly and with great skill along this line. These societies were known as the Underground Railway. The appropriateness of this name is obvious. The men themselves who secreted the fugitive slaves were said to keep stations on that railway.
This organized endeavor to assist the fugitives was met by an increased imperiousness on the part of the slave power. Slavery is imperious in its nature. It almost inevitably cultivates that disposition in those who wield the power. So that the case was rendered more exasperating by the passage, in 1850, of another fugitive slave law. Nothing could have been devised more surely adapted to inflame the moral sense of those communities that were, in feeling or conscience, opposed to slavery, than this law of 1850. This was a reenactment of the law of 1793, but with more stringent and cruel regulations. The concealment or assisting of a fugitive was highly penal. Any home might be invaded and searched. No hearth was safe from intrusion. The negro could not testify in his own behalf. It was practically impossible to counteract the oath or affidavit of the pretended master, and a premium was practically put upon perjury. The pursuit of slaves became a regular business, and its operation was often indescribably horrible. These cruelties were emphasized chiefly in the presence of those who were known to be averse to slavery in any form, and they could not escape from the revolting scenes.
The culmination of this was in what is known as the Dred Scott decision. Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. He was by his master taken to Fort Snelling, now in the state of Minnesota, then in the territory of Wisconsin. This was free soil, and the slave was, at least while there, free. With the consent of his former master he married a free woman who had formerly been a slave. Two children were born to them. The master returned to Missouri, bringing the negroes. He here claimed that they, being on slave soil, were restored to the condition of slavery.
Scott sued for his freedom and won his case. It was, however, appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The first opinion of the court was written by Judge Nelson. This treated of this specific case only. Had this opinion issued as the finding of the court, it would not have aroused general attention.
But the court was then dominated by the slave sentiment, and the opportunity of laying down general principles on the subject of slavery could not be resisted. The decision was written by Chief Justice Taney, and reaches its climax in the declaration that the negro “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” Professor T. W. Dwight says that much injustice was done to Chief Justice Taney by the erroneous statement that he had himself affirmed that the negro “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” But while this may be satisfactory to the legal mind, to the lay mind, to the average citizen, it is a distinction without a difference, or, at best, with a very slight difference. The Judge was giving what, in his opinion, was the law of the land. It was his opinion, nay, it was his decision. Nor was it the unanimous ruling of the court. Two justices dissented. The words quoted are picturesque, and are well suited to a battle-cry. On every side, with ominous emphasis in the North, one heard that the negro had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This was, until 1860, the last and greatest exhibition of audacity on the part of the slave power.
There was another exhibition of the spirit of slavery which deserves special mention. This is the history of the settlement of Kansas. That remarkable episode, lasting from 1854 to 1861, requires a volume, not a paragraph, for its narration. It is almost impossible for the imagination of those who live in an orderly, law-abiding community, to conceive that such a condition of affairs ever existed in any portion of the United States. The story of “bleeding Kansas” will long remain an example of the proverb that truth is stranger than fiction.
The repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in 1854, opened up to this free territory the possibility of coming into the Union as a slave state. It was to be left to the actual settlers to decide this question. This principle was condensed into the phrase “squatter sovereignty.” The only resource left to those who wished Kansas to come in as a free state was to settle it with an anti-slavery population.
With this purpose in view, societies were formed in anti-slavery communities, extending as far east as the Atlantic coast, to assist emigrants. From Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Massachusetts, and elsewhere, emigrants poured into Kansas. But the slave party had the advantage of geographical location. The slave state of Missouri was only just across the river. It was able, at short notice and with little expense, to pour out its population in large numbers. This it did. Many went from Missouri as actual settlers. By far the larger part went only temporarily and for the purpose of creating a disturbance. These were popularly called “border ruffians.” Their excesses of ruffianism are not easily described. They went into the territory for the purpose of driving out all the settlers who had come in under the emigrant aid societies. Murder was common. At the elections, they practised intimidation and every form of election fraud then known. Every election was contested, and both parties always claimed the victory. The parties elected two separate legislatures, adopted two constitutions, established two capitals. For several years, civil war and anarchy prevailed.
There is no doubt, either reasonable or unreasonable,–there is no doubt whatever that the anti-slavery men had a vast majority of actual settlers. The territorial governors were appointed by Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. These were uniformly pro-slavery and extremely partisan. But every governor quickly came to side with the free-state men, or else resigned to get out of the way.
The pro-slavery men, after the farce of a pretended vote, declared the Lecompton constitution adopted. The governor at that time was Walker, of Mississippi, who had been appointed as a sure friend of the interests of slavery. But even he revolted at so gross an outrage, and made a personal visit to Washington to protest against it. It was at this point, too, that Senator Douglas broke with the administration.
In spite of the overwhelming majority of anti-slavery settlers in the state, Kansas was not admitted to the Union until after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.
So unscrupulous, imperious, grasping was the slave power. Whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad. The slave power had reached the reckless point of madness and was rushing to its own destruction. These three manifestations,–the fugitive-slave law, the Dred Scott decision, and the anarchy in Kansas,–though they were revolting in the extreme and indescribably painful, hastened the end. | <urn:uuid:9cbe0f66-70c8-4420-b4f7-f5454f4194d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.openbook.pub/books/The+Life+of+Abraham+Lincoln/Growing+Audacity+of+the+Slave+Power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.984075 | 1,945 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Just like with your other children, the proper feeding schedule is a must for a puppy. Introducing solid foods and water too soon or too late can be detrimental to her health, growth and well-being. There are some general rules to follow on when to introduce food and water instead of milk.
When to Introduce Water and Food
The best time to introduce water and puppy food is around 3 to 4 weeks of age. This is the time to start to slowly wean the puppy from her mother’s milk and care so she can become more independent. Be patient and take your time with this.
How to Introduce Them
Set up a warm, draft-free area for the puppy. Separate her from her mother for a few hours a day. During this time, offer some soft puppy food or dry puppy food that has been soaked in water or milk replacement formula until it is a gruel texture. Put this food in a shallow pie pan. Also have some water available. Let the puppy explore and encourage her to eat some of the food. This will be a messy process at first, but she should get the hang of eating soon enough. After the time is up, wipe her clean with a damp cloth and put her back with her mother. For an orphaned pup, just clean her up and put her back in her normal spot. During this weaning process, you will gradually increase the time away from the mother and, at about 7 weeks, start to transition from the soft puppy food to dry puppy kibble. Do this slowly over the course of a week, and at 8 weeks, she should be completely weaned.
Why Not Sooner?
For the first three or four weeks, a puppy relies on a mother’s milk to supply her with the right amount of nutrients and antibodies she needs to be healthy and grow properly. If the mother doesn’t produce sufficient milk or you have an orphaned puppy, milk replacement formula will do. If you try to introduce solid foods and water before 3 weeks of age, her body will not get the right nutrients and her digestive system is still too immature to digest solid foods.
Why Is Water Important?
Once a puppy starts to eat puppy food instead of milk, she will also need water. Not only does the water help keep her hydrated, it also keeps her cells working properly and helps aid digestion. If she doesn’t get enough water, nutrients cannot be moved in and out of her cells, she can’t absorb nutrients and her body would be unable to cool itself down to regulate her body temperature. The general rule for the appropriate amount of water to offer a pooch is give her at least 1 ounce for every pound of her weight. Have this amount or more available fresh everyday. Offer more during hot summer months or if she is quite active. Wash the water bowl daily, as well. | <urn:uuid:c4b65096-5f77-4a69-8ff0-86e9cfb23448> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/can-puppies-drink-water-eat-dog-food-1578.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.970371 | 592 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Over the past few years, there has been a growing focus on the abuse, misuse, and overuse of opioids or painkillers. Public health experts estimate that more than 35 million Americans age 12 and older have reported non-medical use of opioid analgesics during 2010 – up from 29 million in 200. In 2009, nearly 342,000 emergency department visits were associated with nonmedical use of opioid analgesics. In 2007, nearly 28,000 Americans died from unintended consequences of drug use, and of these, nearly 12,000 involved prescription drug pain relievers.
To address these issues, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently finalized its final Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) for extend-release (ER) and long-acting (LA) opioid medications. This was the first time that FDA has mandated a class wide REMS and much of what is recommended will be looked at closely for future class REMS.
In addition to FDA’s recent action, the Joint Commission recently warned hospitals about the dangers of using opioids on inpatients, calling for greater staff education particularly on opioid analgesics, which are most commonly associated with adverse drug events. The warning about risks associated with opioids is part of a series of Alerts issued by The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission sought input for the Alert from experts across the United States, including the Cancer Pain Program at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, the Hackensack (N.J.) University Medical Center and the University Medical Center in Tucson, Arizona.
Founded in 1951, The Joint Commission evaluates and accredits more than 19,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States, including more than 10,300 hospitals and home care organizations, and more than 6,500 other health care organizations that provide long term care, behavioral health care, laboratory and ambulatory care services. The Joint Commission currently certifies more than 2,000 disease-specific care programs, focused on the care of patients with chronic illnesses such as stroke, joint replacement, stroke rehabilitation, heart failure and many others.
Although the Joint Commission acknowledged that opioids are generally safe for most patients, it pointed out the drugs, such as fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, sufentanil, can cause side effects like sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, hallucenations, falls, hypotension and aspiration pneumonia. Reports also show that some patients, such as those who have sleep apnea, are obese or very ill, may be at higher risk for harm from opioids. Additionally, a British study found that 16 percent of inpatient adverse drug reactions were traced back to opioids. The reasons for such adverse events include dosing errors, improper prescribing and administering or inadequate monitoring, and interactions with other drugs, according to The Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event Database.
Of the opioid-related adverse drug events – including deaths – that occurred in hospitals and were reported to The Joint Commission’s Sentinel Event database (2004-2011), 47 percent were wrong dose medication errors, 29 percent were related to improper monitoring of the patient, and 11 percent were related to other factors, including excessive dosing, medication interactions and adverse drug reactions.
“Assessing and managing pain is critical to patients who otherwise would suffer, but avoiding the harm that accompanies the adverse effects of powerful opioid analgesics is equally important,” Joint Commission President Mark Chassin, M.D., said in a statement. “Accidental opioid overuse in the hospital is absolutely preventable. Information in this Alert will help doctors and nurses keep patients safe.”
While there are numerous problems associated with opioid use, including underprescribing, overprescribing, tolerance, dependence, and drug abuse, the Alert focused on the safe use of opioids that are prescribed and administered within the inpatient hospital setting. The Joint Commission recognized that the emergency department presents unique challenges that should also be addressed by the hospital, but may not be directly addressed in this Alert. Among recommendations, The Joint Commission urged the following (described in further detail below):
- Implement effective practices, such as monitoring patients who are receiving opioids on an ongoing basis, use pain management specialists or pharmacists to review pain management plans, and track opioid incidents.
- Use available technology to improve prescribing safety of opioids such as creating alerts for dosing limits, using tall man lettering in electronic ordering systems, using a conversion support system to calculate correct dosages and using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
- Provide education and training for clinicians, staff and patients about the safe use of opioids.
- Use standardized tools to screen patients for risk factors such as oversedation and respiratory depression.
Actions suggested by The Joint Commission
Hospitals can take the following evidence-based actions to help avoid adverse events associated with the use of opioids.
1. Create and implement policies and procedures for the ongoing clinical monitoring of patients receiving opioid therapy by performing serial assessments of the quality and adequacy of respiration and the depth of sedation. The organization will need to determine how often the assessments should take place and define the period of time that is appropriate to adequately observe trends. Monitoring should be individualized according to the patient’s response. The assessments are particularly important when the dose has been increased or another type of opioid is administered. In addition to monitoring respiration and sedation, pulse oximetry can be used to monitor oxygenation, and capnography can be used to monitor ventilation.
Staff should be educated not to rely on pulse oximetry alone because pulse oximetry can suggest adequate oxygen saturation in patients who are actively experiencing respiratory depression, especially when supplemental oxygen is being used – thus the value of using capnography to monitor ventilation.6 When pulse oximetry or capnography is used, it should be used continuously rather than intermittently.
2. Create and implement policies and procedures that allow for a second level review by a pain management specialist or pharmacist of pain management plans that include high-risk opioids, such as methadone, fentanyl, IV hydromorphone and meperidine.
3. Create and implement policies and procedures for tracking and analyzing opioid-related incidents for quality improvement purposes.
4. If available, use information technology to monitor prescribing of opioids.
- Build red flags or alerts into e-prescribing systems for all opioids. The red flags can be either for dosing limits or alerts, or for verifications.
- Separate sound-alike and look-alike opioids, and use tall man lettering and other techniques to reduce the risk of error.
- Use conversion support systems to calculate correct doses of opioids to help prevent problems with conversions from oral, IV and transdermal routes of administration.
- Use patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to reduce the risk of oversedation. The use of smart infusion pump technology with dosage error reduction software can add another layer of safety.
Appropriate education and training
The Commission recommended that organizations assess the need for training based on the analysis of reported adverse events, near misses and staff observations. This analysis may be helpful in identifying knowledge gaps and in developing improvement strategies to reduce recurrences.
The alert recommends that organizations advise clinicians who prescribe pain medications to use both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic alternatives, including multi-modal adjuvant therapies (e.g., physical therapy, acupuncture, manipulation or massage, ice, music therapy). Non-narcotic analgesics, such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antidepressants, anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin and pregabalin), and muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen, tizanidine), can be used before prescribing an opioid. In addition, when used in combination with opioids, these non-narcotics may reduce the dose of opioids required to effectively manage pain.
The Joint Commission also recommended that organizations educate and assess the understanding of staff that care for patients receiving opioids about the potential effect of opioid therapy on sedation and respiratory depression, the continuum of consciousness, the difference between ventilation and oxygenation, and technological and clinical monitoring. Staff training should emphasize how to assess patients for adverse drug reactions, how to recognize advancing sedation, and the importance of making timely adjustments to the plan of care based on the patient’s risk. For example, a comprehensive pain management program can help to educate clinicians, endorse best practices, and improve safety.
The alert recommends that organizations educate and provide written instructions to patients who are on opioids (and to the patient’s family or caregiver) about:
- The various generic and brand names, formulations, and routes of administration of opioids in order to prevent confusion and reduce the accidental duplication of opioid prescriptions;
- The principal risks and side effects of opioids, including the likelihood of constipation, and the risk of falls, nausea and vomiting;
- The impact of opioid therapy on psychomotor and cognitive function (which may affect driving and work safety);
- The potential for serious interactions with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants;
- The potential risks of tolerance, addiction, physical dependency, and withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid therapy.
- The specific dangers as a result of the potentiating effects when opioids are used in combination, such as oral and transdermal (fentanyl patches).
- The safe and secure storage of opioid analgesics in the home.
The Joint Commission Alert also includes details about respiratory depression risk factors, which the Commission said was the “most serious [adverse] effect” of opiods, and offers information relevant to opioid risks and safety. Specifically, when opioids are administered, the potential for opioid-induced respiratory depression should always be considered because:
- The risk may be greater with higher opioid doses
- The occurrence may actually be higher than reported
- There is a higher incidence observed in clinical trials
- Various patients are at higher risk (see below), including patients with sleep apnea, patients who are morbidly obese, who are very young, who are elderly, who are very ill, and who concurrently receive other drugs that are central nervous system and respiratory depressants (e.g., anxiolytics, sedatives).
Characteristics of patients who are at higher risk for oversedation and respiratory depression
- Sleep apnea or sleep disorder diagnosis
- Morbid obesity with high risk of sleep apnea
- Older age; risk is
- 2.8 times higher for individuals aged 61-70
- 5.4 times higher for age 71-80
- 8.7 times higher for those over age 80
- No recent opioid use
- Post-surgery, particularly if upper abdominal or thoracic surgery
- Increased opioid dose requirement6 or opioid habituation
- Longer length of time receiving general anesthesia during surgery
- Receiving other sedating drugs, such as benzodiazepines, antihistamines, diphenhydramine, sedatives, or other central nervous system depressants
- Preexisting pulmonary or cardiac disease or dysfunction or major organ failure
- Thoracic or other surgical incisions that may impair breathing5,6
In addition, the Joint Commission alert recommends that organizations should make staff aware of the following factors and activities that can help avoid accidental opioid overuse:
- Assess the patient’s previous history of analgesic use or abuse, duration and possible side effects to identify potential opioid tolerance or intolerance.
- Conduct a full body skin assessment of patients prior to administering a new opioid to rule out the possibility that the patient has an applied fentanyl patch or implanted drug delivery system or infusion pump.
- Use an individualized, multimodal treatment plan to manage pain. A multimodal approach combines strategies such as psychosocial support, coordination of care, the promotion of healthful behaviors, nonpharmacologic approaches, and non-opioid pain medications. Upon assessment, the best approach may be to start with a non-narcotic.
- Take extra precautions with patients who are new to opioids or who are being restarted on opioids. These precautions should include starting the patient with a short-term trial15 of carefully titrated opioids at the lowest effective dose to achieve satisfactory pain control.18 Sufficient time should be allowed to assess the patient’s response to an initial dose before increasing the dosage or prescribing opioids for long-term use.
- Consult a pharmacist or pain management expert (when available) when converting from one opioid to another, or changing the route of administration (from oral to IV or transdermal). Consider that the patient may be less tolerant of the new drug (incomplete cross tolerance) or that the new drug may be more potent.
- Avoid rapid dose escalation of opioid analgesia above routine dose levels in opioid-tolerant patients.
- Take extra precautions when transferring patients between care units and facilities, and when discharging patients to their home. Consider that drug levels may reach peak concentrations during transport.
- Avoid using opioids to meet an arbitrary pain rating or a planned discharge date. Dosing should be based on the individual patient’s need and condition. | <urn:uuid:d00be804-016a-425b-a887-ea6c0a527e34> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.policymed.com/2012/09/the-joint-commission-provides-hospitals-guidance-for-better-opioid-use-management.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657141651.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011221-00139-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913354 | 2,741 | 2.859375 | 3 |
For our final research assignment, Kathryn, Sara and I have decided to look at the relationship of technology and STEAM learning and Indigenous girls. We were drawn to focus our research on girls because of the unique differences they have in learning compared to boys as well as the fact that Indigenous girls, already from a marginalized community, are even more vulnerable as they face gender bias and stereotypes in a male-dominated technology industry. In our research of current programs and initiatives in place, we found “Native Girls that Code” . The goals of this program are:
- Build leadership of women and the capacity of women-led projects and organizations
- Build the capacity of our youth to develop strong identities through Indigenous knowledge and stronger supports for their education
- Advance the preservation and revitalization of traditional Native knowledge through environmental justice programming that focuses on following the original teachings of Mother Earth
This program has found a way to incorporate STEAM learning with place-based learning that connects the girls with the land around them.
The success of this program but shows the promise and capability of integration between Indigenous girls and technology and could pose as a model for other similar programs. | <urn:uuid:0b1fa73d-14ad-471c-a6be-f6f9a681cec0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://blogs.ubc.ca/courseSIS_UBC_ETEC_521_66A_2015S1-2_48324/2017/10/15/indigenous-girls-and-technology-mod-2-post-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221382.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924230319-20200925020319-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.965139 | 232 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Why should New England secede and become its own independent nation?
- Better electoral system: When we secede, New England will have all elections of public office decided by a popular vote. The government should be comprised of individuals chosen by the majority (or plurality). Furthermore, we want Ranked Choice Voting, which would give New England the opportunity to have a multi-party political system. We want to move beyond the two-party duopoly.
- Better government system: We believe that New Englanders should be represented in Parliament proportional to their population, and that we deserve a sane representative to population ratio. As you can see in this chart, the United States population per legislator keeps going up, yet the Americans refuse to expand the number of seats in their Congress.
- Smaller countries = less chaos. As population goes up linearly, chaos goes up exponentially. There’s a reason why all of the countries with the best law and order, highest living standards, and lowest crime rate tend to be small. We want New England to function like Monaco or Norway, not the US, China, or India.
- Fiscal differences: New England (along with New Amsterdam, the Tidewater Area, California, and Cascadia) pays more money to the federal US government than we get out. The United States continues to tax us unfairly and funnel the money to failing states in the South, Midwest, and Appalachia. These states refuse to take care of themselves or enact sane policies; they are perpetually reliant on federal aid. The money New England sends to the US government ends up funding incessant foreign wars, useless border walls, and social programs for Southerners because they refuse to fund their own.
- Cultural drift: The Civil War never ended – it just became cold. The median New Englander wants to live in a sensible society – one that listens to science, abstains from foreign wars, spends tax money on practical social projects (road maintenance, public transportation, education, public health, environmental protection), values intelligence, and tolerates diversity. The median person in the South, Midwest, and Appalachia has different values. As we drift further apart on issues related to religion, public health, science, the environment, animal welfare, diversity, taxation, government spending, war, and education, we must separate and find our own destinies.
How can I become an NEIC team member?
We’re looking for the following things for team members:
- Time/commitment: You should be willing to spend 1-3 hours per week doing internet marketing. Posting things on our reddit, helping us with instagram, and getting your friends to sign our petition.
- Tech skills and constant communication: We communicate primarily on Facebook chat and secondarily on Reddit chat. We require new admin team members to have Facebook and Facebook Messenger that they check at least 3-4x a week. Reddit is not required but strongly encouraged.
- Transportation and event attendance: All admin team members must have a means of transportation to attend one live-event per year. This could be a protest, or a team member social meetup. Events can happen anywhere in New England, but usually happen in Boston or Providence.
- Inclusivity: As the NEIC has a policy of non-partisanship, we accept all non-fascists as team members. Our admin team spans the ideological spectrum. All team members must be willing to work with people from all walks of life and from all ideologies (except fascism).
If you feel that you meet all criteria, please send us a message at https://www.facebook.com/NEIndependence/
I’m in NY/NJ/Atlantic Canada. Can my state/province join the NEIC?
The New England Independence Campaign has committed to being a New England only movement. If you feel strongly about independence, start your own movement as our friends have in California and Cascadia: https://www.newenglandindependence.org/our-friends/ Be the change you wish to see in the world.
What is your stance on immigration/taxes/drugs/foreign policy/health insurance/social programs?
While we believe in some broad values that we feel are inherent to New England culture (right to bear arms, equality before the law for women/ethnic minorities/religious minorities/LGBTQ, abolition of electoral college, separation of religion and government) we feel that New England independence must come before any particular policy stance. We can only make true progress towards a better future if we first separate ourselves from the United States. Tacking ourselves to a particular ideology or political party would only serve to divide New Englanders and prevent us from reaching our ultimate goal. | <urn:uuid:0d75990c-595e-46f0-b0f4-10ecfe12302b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.newenglandindependence.org/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.9266 | 973 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Scientist Dr Thomas Kick at the high-pressure burner in the DLR Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart. Here the laminar flame velocity of pre-evaporated liquid fuels such as synthetic kerosene (GtL for instance) is measured at atmospheric pressure.
The skill consists of operating the test facility in such a way that a specific flame shape is guaranteed. Then, the laminar flame velocity can be reliably determined using what is known as the ‘cone method’. This is one of the most important combustion characteristics of a fuel because it largely determines the heat release and thus the design of the combustion chamber. | <urn:uuid:f20f9c46-a57f-4c7a-b155-f44822da7075> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.dlr.de/en/DesktopDefault.aspx/tabid-6224/10236_read-22147/gallery-1/gallery_read-Image.1.12850/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814827.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223174348-20180223194348-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.92157 | 134 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Flame retardants make dust bunnies dangerous: Chemicals in dust are as concentrated as in sewage sludgeJune 20th, 2013 in Health /
"If you really look at what's in your dust, particularly for some chemicals, it's just as concentrated—or more—as what you'd find in sewage sludge," says Heather Stapleton, associate professor of environmental chemistry.
The chemicals she's talking about are flame retardants, which she has found in the dust of every one of the several hundred homes she's tested. The chemicals come into our houses via treated furniture, electronics, and insulation. Over time they accumulate in our dust. And in our bodies. Virtually all Americans have flame retardants in their blood, and at much higher levels than people in other countries.
Fire retardants are in our homes because of public policy aimed at preventing fire deaths, but they've been accused of mimicking hormones affecting brain development in children or altering DNA in ways that lead to cancer.
Since arriving at Duke in the fall of 2005, Stapleton has become a leading expert in the matter of flame retardants. A tall young woman with long blond hair pulled back in a ponytail, Stapleton speaks quickly yet quietly, using words with perhaps the same efficiency that allows her to win funding, do research, and publish papers at a prodigious rate.
"The types of things she's working on and publishing are actually making a difference in terms of public policy," says collaborator Susan Murphy of the medical school, who describes Stapleton as "effective," "remarkable," and "a really nice person, too."
A mother of two, Stapleton is particularly concerned about the effects of flame retardant chemicals on children, whose brains and bodies are still developing. Children often have higher levels of flame retardant chemicals in their bodies than adults, probably because they spend more time on the floor and frequently put things—including their hands—in their mouths.
In an NIH-funded study published last year, Stapleton developed a technique to use hand wipes to measure the amount of flame retardant chemicals on toddlers' hands, and discovered that this was a good predictor for the levels in their blood. This suggests that the hand-to-mouth route is the biggest exposure pathway for toddlers, and by extension, perhaps for all of us.
Flame retardants have not always been so ubiquitous. In 1975, California passed Technical Bulletin 117 requiring furniture to meet a flammability standard, which led to every piece of polyurethane foam in furniture sold in California containing flame retardants. Even among Americans, Californians stand out for the high levels of flame retardant chemicals in their blood.
Because of the influence of California's giant market, most polyurethane foam in furniture sold throughout the United States contains flame retardants.
Proposed changes were recently written for TB 117, in a process that was informed partly by Stapleton's research, and put out for public comment. If the policy changes are adopted, furniture makers would be able to conform to the standard without adding flame retardants to foam. The state's Bureau of Home Furnishings is taking the comments under consideration and is expected to release recommendations around the beginning of 2014.
In a 2012 study, Stapleton used mass spectroscopy to analyze foam from 102 sofas bought in the United States between 1985 to 2010. She found 85 percent of them contained one or more flame retardant chemicals. Among older sofas, those bought in California were more likely to contain flame retardants, but almost all the newer sofas contained flame retardants regardless of where they were bought. The study was funded by NIH and a private donation from Fred and Alice Stanback.
Stapleton's concern for her own toddlers fuels her passion. At work, she looks for the presence of flame retardant chemicals in samples of foam, house dust, urine, and blood, and she studies the effects of these chemicals on zebrafish, rats, and humans. At home, she washes her children's hands often, keeps household dust to a minimum, and tries to avoid buying furniture and baby products treated with flame retardants.
If Stapleton feels overwhelmed by the information she's discovering, or the mountain of work yet to do, she doesn't show it. "You have to take it in stride. There are some things we can't control," she says. "All I can do is do my best to conduct the best research possible, that might help bring about change in the future."
"She is a brilliant young scientist who often steps out beyond her level of comfort to move into new areas," says NIEHS Director Linda Birnbaum, who has been a mentor to Stapleton.
The proven and potential health effects of flame retardant chemicals are unsettling. A class of flame retardants called PBDEs are structurally similar to thyroid hormones and can mimic them in the body. Thyroid hormones are crucial not only to metabolism in adults, but to brain development in children. Studies of animals and long-term studies of children have shown associations between high levels of PBDEs and significant problems with attention, learning, memory, and fine-motor control. Certain types of PBDEs were phased out in 2005, and another type is being phased out this year, but that still leaves us with lots of sofas and armchairs containing PBDEs in our homes.
The same goes for a flame retardant called chlorinated tris, which was phased out for use in children's pajamas in the 1970s because it causes mutations in human DNA. The EPA calls it a "moderate cancer risk." Stapleton found chlorinated tris in a quarter of the sofas in her study. In sofas bought in 2005 or later, the proportion rose to just over half, suggesting that manufacturers are using tris more as they use PBDEs less.
Stapleton also discovered tris in baby products. She sampled foam from 101 baby products including changing pads, nursing pillows, and car seats. More than 80 percent of the products contained flame retardants, and more than a third contained tris. Her 2011 paper on this study was named the top paper of the year by Environmental Science and Technology.
"Infants are in intimate contact with these products for 24 hours a day. They are getting the highest exposure and no risk characterizations are being conducted for infants," says Stapleton.
Stapleton also identified two flame retardant chemicals in the baby products that have not been previously documented. "We need to have a better idea of what chemicals are used as flame retardants, so we can better inform future studies on human exposure," she says.
Unfortunately, unless you are a chemist with a mass spectrometer, there is no way to know what flame retardants, if any, are present in any particular product. Stapleton says furniture and foam manufacturers often do not know themselves what chemicals are in the foam. And the chemical companies that make the flame retardants don't have to share their recipes with the public.
The ingredients of Firemaster 550—in use since 2003—were a secret until 2008, when Stapleton and colleagues used their chemical know-how to figure it out. Two of its ingredients are structurally similar to other chemicals known to interfere with hormones.
To test that idea, Stapleton and N.C. State University professor Heather Patisaul fed pregnant rats Firemaster 550 in a small pilot study funded by NIH. "The doses we used were an order of magnitude lower than what chemical companies said were safe," Stapleton says.
The offspring of these rats were anxious, showed early signs of puberty, and were markedly heavier than baby rats whose mothers hadn't had any Firemaster 550.
"They were 30% heavier than the controls; they were literally obese," Stapleton says. "It's fascinating to me in one way and scary in another, because our research shows almost all kids are exposed to these chemicals on a daily basis." She's found Firemaster 550 in more than 95% of the homes she's tested.
But surely the benefits of flame retardants outweigh the risks, right? Wrong. "There is no data whatsoever demonstrating that the use of these chemicals in furniture or baby products does anything to reduce hazards from fire," Stapleton says. "And some data suggest they could provide increased hazards—when they do burn, they generate more smoke, soot, and carbon monoxide."
Rates of death by fire have decreased in the United States—at similar rates in all states, not just California—for a variety of reasons, including a decrease in smoking, many more smoke alarms, and fire-safe cigarettes. (For more on health effects, read this sidebar.)
In July 2012, Stapleton testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, to encourage the overhaul of TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act), a law passed in 1976. As it currently stands, manufacturers notify EPA when they begin marketing a new chemical, but are not required to provide data regarding safety. A revised TSCA might also give consumers the freedom to make choices about flame retardants. Stapleton supports TSCA reform. "I think a parent has the right to know what's in products their babies are sleeping on and touching on a daily basis," she says.
While lawmakers wrestle with TSCA and California's TB 117, Stapleton will continue pushing the scientific frontiers. She's hoping to collaborate soon on some observational studies of children and their exposure to flame retardant chemicals over time. She also wants to spend more time in the lab with zebrafish, figuring out the mechanisms by which these chemicals interfere with biological processes.
Provided by Duke University
"Flame retardants make dust bunnies dangerous: Chemicals in dust are as concentrated as in sewage sludge." June 20th, 2013. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-06-flame-retardants-bunnies-dangerous-chemicals.html | <urn:uuid:1630c3d0-b4cf-4fba-b358-8650f0130316> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://medicalxpress.com/print290933619.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00071-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969065 | 2,088 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In the left-hand rule (for motors), the forefinger represents field, the second finger current, and the thumb, motion; when the digits are extended at right-angles to each other, the appropriate directions are indicated. The right-hand rule applies the same principles for generators.
The rules were devised by the English electrical engineer John Fleming (1849–1945).
Related category• ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact | <urn:uuid:85977ce0-10da-41bb-a9a9-494ae0c01a8c> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/F/Flemings_rules.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00548-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844311 | 106 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Oleanderotanical: Nerium oleander
An evergreen ornamental shrub to 12 feet high and as wide with white, pink or red flowers in spring and summer. The leaves resemble olive and bay trees. The flowers have five petals and resemble a tiny rose. It thrives in hot, mild climates and tolerates considerable drought, poor drainage and high salt content in the soil. Since deer will not eat this plant and it is so tolerant of a variety of poor soils, it is commonly used as a decorative freeway median in California and other mild-winter states in the USA.
All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans and other animals. Children should be cautioned against eating the leaves and flowers. Prunings and dead leaves should be kept away from hay or other animal feed. The wood should not be used for barbecue fires or skewers. The smoke can cause severe irritation. John Gerard says (from "The Herbal, or General History of Plants", 1633 edition), "This tree being outwardly applied, as Galen saith, hath a digesting faculty; but if it be inwardly taken it is deadly and poisonsome, not only to men, but also to most kinds of beasts."
The flowers and leaves kill dogs, asses, mules, and very many of other four footed beasts: but if men drink them in wine they are a remedy against the bitings of Serpents, and the rather if Rue be added.
The weaker sort of cattle, as sheep and goats, if they drink the water wherein the leaves have been steeped, are sure to die." | <urn:uuid:20fdaddf-63dd-4a4b-92ca-18aa60428687> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://medherbs.info/660.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989693.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512100748-20210512130748-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.952681 | 332 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is Cupping?
Cupping is a therapy used in Chinese medicine to remove stagnation and toxins, and improve blood circulation throughout the tissues in order to speed up healing.
A therapeutic cupping treatment involves warming and placing cups, usually made of glass, on the skin. By warming the air within the cup, a vacuum is created, and when it is applied to the skin, the tissue is drawn up into the cup. This increases the blood flow, loosens the fascia or connective tissue, and is thought to stimulate healing.
It is similar to the way deep tissue massage can be used to break up scar tissue and reduce pain. The cups are often placed on the back, neck, and shoulders or the site of pain.
Cupping may cause temporary bruising and soreness.
What are the benefits of Cupping?
Usually used in conjunction with other treatments such as acupuncture, cupping can be beneficial for conditions such as:
- Acute and subacute bronchitis
- Chronic cough
- Common colds
- Arthritis & Rheumatism
- Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort
- High Blood Pressure
- Anxiety & Depression
- Gastro-intestinal disorders | <urn:uuid:aeee8bb5-7f13-4f10-bda9-efbd798073a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://shellsandbones.com.au/cupping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.913896 | 249 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A new study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology suggests that male-pattern baldness may be linked to an increased risk for prostate cancer. Specifically, men who show early signs of baldness or hair loss in general may be at an increased risk of dying from prostate cancer.
The research findings were recently presented by the National Cancer Institute at the American Association for Cancer Research meeting in Philadelphia. The study involved more than 4,000 U.S. men between the ages of 25 and 74. Participant’s medical records were analyzed and assessed by a dermatologist. All the study participants were placed into categories including not balding, minimal balding, moderate balding or severe balding.
The results showed that men with any type of balding were 56 percent more likely to die from prostate cancer over a 21-year period, compared with men who had no signs of balding or hair loss in general. Men who experienced moderate balding were 83 percent more likely to die from prostate cancer.
The researchers cannot determine a cause-and-effect relationship between baldness and prostate cancer, however. They said it could be due to the amount of male hormones, such as testosterone. Certain male hormones are believed to play a role in both male-pattern baldness and prostate cancer, and men with male-pattern baldness may have higher levels of testosterone.
In prostate cancer, testosterone is known to be one of the factors that drives the growth of the disease. This is why men with a prostate cancer recurrence benefit from androgen-deprivation therapy, because it cuts off testosterone production and slows the growth of prostate cancer cells.
Could it be DHT? Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a male hormone that is produced from testosterone by an enzyme called 5a reductase. DHT is found in hair follicles and is linked to hair loss. DHT is also found in the prostate and helps the organ gland properly. On the other hand, too much DHT in the prostate can cause abnormal prostate conditions.
Prior research had shown a link between baldness and prostate cancer. In fact researchers from Harvard Medical School have previously reported that men with baldness may be 1.5 times more likely to develop prostate cancer, compared to men without baldness.
Could male pattern baldness one day be used as an indicator for prostate cancer risk? With more evidence, it may be possible. In this case, it could help identify which men would benefit most from screening for prostate cancer.
Right now, screening for prostate cancer is very controversial. Researchers first need to prove that baldness is a valuable factor in predicting a man’s risk for prostate cancer.
Published: May 06, 2015. By Dr. David B. Samadi
Copyright ©2015 FOX News Network, LLC | <urn:uuid:dc1a7f18-3116-4a0b-93d6-b8d4e8127cee> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.blackpatient.com/is-baldness-linked-to-prostate-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.962057 | 573 | 2.921875 | 3 |
January 25, 2021
A switch to battery electric vehicles is the best option for cleaner road transport, study finds
The widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles offers the greatest energy efficiency and potential for CO2 reduction, new analysis by Cambridge engineers has shown.
But they warn that in order for the full potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to be unlocked, grid improvements will be necessary to meet elevated electricity demand and work will need to be done to increase charging station availability to alleviate so-called "range-anxiety"—fear that occupants of BEVs will be left stranded due to insufficient range. Their findings are published in the journal Applied Energy.
BEVs, using an all-electric pathway, and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), requiring the use of hydrogen, are two of the forefront options for reducing the transport sector's greenhouse gas emissions.
Dr. Molly Haugen, Research Associate at the Centre for Sustainable Road Freight, and colleagues from the Department's Energy research group, carried out a stochastic analysis of the energy consumption of both low-carbon options concerning light-duty (i.e. cars) and heavy-goods vehicles.
In order to determine which energy pathway is the better option, the researchers paid attention to the following areas for both electric and hydrogen powered road transport, applicable for both current and future energy systems:
- Hydrogen and electric vehicle energy pathway efficiency
- Natural gas energy efficiency
- Grid energy efficiency
- Carbon intensity—focusing on the energy production and use while the vehicle is in operation
- CO2 intensity from natural gas and grid energy pathways
- Financial restraints of future fuel pathways.
Their analysis shows that BEVs provide sustained greenhouse gas reductions. The light-duty BEVs energy pathway minimizes CO2 emissions by reducing input energy waste and is 65% more efficient than light-duty FCEVs using grid energy. As the grid decarbonises and the technology improves, the researchers say that further CO2 emissions reductions with this pathway will be possible. Battery heavy-good vehicles are also able to achieve a lower CO2 emission in both volume and payload limited circumstances, with electric road systems being the most energy efficient pathway.
Meanwhile, in a maximized trailer volume scenario, electric and fuel-cell heavy-good vehicles have similar projected carbon intensities from a natural gas primary energy source. However, electric heavy-goods vehicles using conventional battery systems or an electric road system are able to achieve a 55% and 67% carbon reduction compared to fuel-cell heavy-goods vehicles, respectively.
In comparison, the hydrogen system used by FCEVs has a carbon footprint (per km driven) that is two to three times higher due to the system's inefficiency and which requires two to three times more renewable energy than an electric energy system.
Dr. Haugen said: "Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are low-carbon options that reduce tailpipe emissions, but differ in overall efficiency, associated carbon intensity, and cost. As we inch closer to the UK Government's committed 2050 deadline, requiring the UK to bring all of its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by this date, a decision needs to be made on which pathway—all-electric or hydrogen—to dedicate resources, funding and research.
"We evaluated both battery electric and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle energy systems, from energy source to energy use, and highlighted where the system is losing energy; how those components affect the overall system efficiency; and related CO2 emissions. From this, it is clear that a hydrogen-based energy system will require either a technology that has yet to take off commercially (namely, steam methane with carbon capture and storage) or significant renewable energy resources. Even if these requirements are met, any hydrogen energy pathway will have higher CO2 emissions than an all-electric pathway in the UK and will require two to three times more primary energy. With this, using renewable energy to produce hydrogen for fuel-cell use, and consequentially wasting approximately 60% of it to system processes, will hinder the ability of renewable resources to aid in decarbonising other sectors." | <urn:uuid:66c3902f-b683-4a33-9f32-afdd5fd71d22> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.existenzio.net/news/2021-01-battery-electric-vehicles-option-cleaner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650409.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604225057-20230605015057-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.926944 | 854 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Experimentally produced allogamous
seeds would enhance diversity in restoration programs.
Variability in the population assessed may be attributable to the high rate or segregation observed in allogamous
plants in sexual propagation and expresses the potential of this population in responding to the selection, allowing significant genetic gains.
3 mm in the allogamous
species (Boguslavski, 1979).
It is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, and allogamous
species (Schaffalistzky de Muckadell 1955; Metzeau et al.
On the diploid level a distinction will be made between autogamous and allogamous
crops, the latter in several examples known as crop-weed complexes.
originated in southeast Asia, in the central region of New Guinea and Indonesia, and is an allogamous
plant, with semi-perennial cycle and great rusticity.
mapora was considered as allogamous
and protandric type (KALUME et al.
This trend may be related to inbreeding depression, which can occur with self-pollination in allogamous
1990), based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with arbitrary primers, is not influenced by the environment and is used effectively for analyzing genetic diversity in various allogamous
grasses, including buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.
Because it is allogamous
, it promotes differentiations in plant height, vegetative vigor, size, color and fruit shape (FERREIRA et al.
This specie is typically allogamous
, there are hermaphrodite and self-incompatible flowers and flowering period occur from August to November, with a peak in October (PEREIRA et al.
The usefulness of this type of marker in allogamous
plants was demonstrated by PAMIDIAMARRI et al. | <urn:uuid:9cd902e4-dbad-4a2f-99df-10eb0e5f0f2b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allogamous | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.909939 | 409 | 2.875 | 3 |
Do you know the signs of a stroke?
F.A.S.T. is an easy way to remember the sudden signs of stroke. When you can spot the signs, you'll know that you need to call 9-1-1 for help right away. F.A.S.T. is:
- F — Facial Drooping – Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person's smile uneven?
- A — Arm Weakness – Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
- S — Slurred Speech –Is the person unable to speak or hard to understand? Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence, like "The sky is blue." Is the sentence repeated correctly?
- T — Time to call 9-1-1 – If someone shows any of these symptoms, even if the symptoms go away, call 9-1-1 and get the person to the hospital immediately. Check the time so you'll know when the first symptoms appeared.
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and fifth most-frequent cause of death. In the five-county region, nearly 300 stroke patients were treated last year by UM Shore Regional Health emergency teams at UM Shore Medical Centers at Chestertown, Dorchester and Easton, and the UM Shore Emergency Center at Queenstown.
UM Shore Medical Center at Easton is designated as a Primary Stroke Center by the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services System (MIEMSS). This designation means that stroke care is expedited and coordinated according to the highest standards. Stroke Center experts also work throughout the region to offer educational programs for community organizations and groups to raise awareness about stroke prevention, stroke symptoms and the importance of receiving immediate medical attention. Click here to listen to a podcast by Stroke Center Coordinator Jessica Fluharty, RN.
What is a stroke?
A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain stops. A stroke is sometimes called a "brain attack."
If blood flow is cut off for longer than a few seconds, the brain cannot get blood and oxygen. Brain cells can die, causing lasting damage. That's why experts say that "time lost is brain lost" or “time is brain.” It's also why it's important to get help right away.
There are two major types of stroke:
• Ischemic stroke
• Hemorrhagic stroke
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. This may happen in two ways:
A clot may form in an artery that is already very narrow. This is called a thrombotic stroke.
A clot may break off from another place in the blood vessels of the brain, or from some other part of the body, and travel up to the brain. This is called cerebral embolism, or an embolic stroke.
Ischemic strokes may be caused by a sticky substance called plaque that can clog arteries.
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and bursts open. This causes blood to leak into the brain. Some people have defects in the blood vessels of the brain that make this more likely.
You can read more by clicking here.
If you think you or someone close to you is having a stroke, CALL 9-1-1 IMMEDIATELY! | <urn:uuid:b66e8935-e1b2-4440-8512-034f498ef7d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://umshoreregional.org/programs/stroke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530124450-20170530144450-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.952301 | 728 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Teen Births in California: No Time for Complacency
2012 | Download
California’s teen birth rate has dropped below 30 births per thousand for the first time in more than 40 years. Its 2010 rate of 29.0 represents a 59% decrease since its high point of 70.5 births per thousand in 1991. This issue of No Time for Complacency examines the causes and consequences of California’s nation leading teen birth rate reduction.
California’s progress has been unmatched among the other 49 states. The national teen birth rate decreased 45% during this same period, from 61.8 to 34.3 births per thousand. And the teen birth rate in Texas, a state that is demographically similar to California, decreased just 26%, from 78.4 to 58.0. California’s rate now stands at exactly half the Texas rate.
Hispanics continue to drive California’s teen birth rate reduction (see Figure 1). Although still experiencing a higher rate than any other racial/ethnic group, in just four years, the Hispanic teen birth rate decreased by a phenomenal 20 births per thousand, from 65.0 in 2006 to 45.0 in 2010. Smaller decreases occurred among other racial/ethnic groups in California: 7.0 among American Indians, 6.8 among non-Hispanic Blacks, 3.6 among Asian/Pacific Islanders, and 1.9 among non-Hispanic Whites. | <urn:uuid:baa963c9-9916-420f-8c80-5401b17ad1b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.phi.org/resources/?resource=teen-births-in-california-no-time-for-complacency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.909982 | 292 | 2.609375 | 3 |
3.2.1 Estimates and projections of HIV/AIDS incidence
3.2.2 Estimates of the number of injecting drug users living with HIV infection
3.2.3 Estimating the number of injecting drug users living with HIV without NSPs
3.2.4 Estimated effect of NSPs in reducing numbers of injecting drug users with HIV by disease stage
3.2.1 Estimates and projections of HIV/AIDS incidenceEstimates of past HIV incidence and future AIDS incidence as a result of injecting drug use were obtained using back-projection methods. The method uses observed AIDS incidence data (adjusted for reporting delay), and knowledge of the rate at which HIV infected people progress to AIDS, to reconstruct the likely pattern of past HIV incidence. It is then also possible to estimate future AIDS incidence. The form of back-projection used was that suggested by Becker et al (1991), as modified by Marschner and Watson (1992). Because of the relatively small numbers of AIDS cases reported due to injecting drug use, back-projection analyses were applied to annual AIDS counts.
The baseline rate of progression to AIDS was modelled using a Weibull-with-levelling distribution (Rosenberg et al. 1992), corresponding to a median time to AIDS of just under 10 years and a progression rate of 11.2% at four years (Alcabes et al. 1993). The extended definition of AIDS, adopted in Australia in January 1988, was assumed to result in a 10% increase in the rate of progression to AIDS (Rosenberg et al. 1992).
Because of the uncertainties surrounding both the effect of combination antiretroviral treatments in reducing the rate of progression to AIDS, and the numbers of people living with HIV infection taking up such treatments, back-projections were performed using the following methods. First, a back-projection based on AIDS cases diagnosed to the end of 1994 was performed to estimate the pattern of HIV incidence up to this time. Over this period only moderately effective antiretroviral treatments were available, assumed to correspond to an overall 10% reduction in the rate of progression to AIDS, so the pattern of past HIV incidence can be reliably reconstructed. Second, the effects of improved combination treatments since the beginning of 1995 were then estimated, based on the estimated pattern of HIV incidence, so as to closely approximate AIDS incidence observed between 1996 and 2000.
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The effects of improved combination treatments on reducing the overall rate of progression to AIDS were estimated based on cases of AIDS reported due to injecting drug use, and are summarised in the Table 3.2.1 below.
Projections of AIDS incidence from 2001 onwards were made by assuming that the effect of treatments on the rate of progression to AIDS continued at the year 2000 level.
In analyses HIV incidence was fixed at 20 cases per year from 1994 onwards. The level at which HIV incidence was fixed was decided on the basis of the number of HIV diagnoses and diagnoses of newly acquired HIV infection reported to the National HIV Database, and was also chosen to be consistent with the estimated HIV incidence obtained from the back-projection analyses.
Back-projection estimates of HIV incidence need to be adjusted for underreporting of AIDS diagnoses, and deaths prior to AIDS. Reporting of AIDS cases was thought to be relatively complete in Australia, with completeness estimated to be at least 95% (Grulich et al. 1999). Deaths among IDUs are estimated to be approximately 1% per annum (Thorley 1981; English et al. 1995). The median time to AIDS is thought to be just under 10 years, so, taken together, HIV incidence was inflated by 15% to allow for underreporting of AIDS and deaths prior to AIDS.
Table 3.2.1 Estimated percentage effect of combination antiretroviral treatments in reducing the overall rate of progression to AIDS between 1995 and 1999
Estimated reduction in progression rate (%)
3.2.2 Estimates of the number of injecting drug users living with HIV infectionEstimates of the number of IDUs living with HIV infection by disease stage (CD4+ cell count more than 500/Ml, a CD4+ cell count of less than 500/Ml and AIDS free, or living with AIDS) were based on the estimated pattern of past HIV incidence. The rate of progression to a CD4+ cell count fewer than 500/Ml was modelled using a similar Weibull-with-levelling distribution to that used to model the time from HIV infection to AIDS. The median time from HIV infection to a CD4+ cell count of 500/Ml was assumed to be 4 years, with 95% below 500/Ml by 10 years. Survival following AIDS among IDUs in Australia was reasonably consistent between 1988 and 1995. The effect of combination antiretroviral treatment in improving survival following AIDS from 1996 was assumed to be similar to the effect of treatment in reducing the rate of progression to AIDS in Table 3.2.1, and to continue at the year 2000 rate from 2001 onwards. Background death rates were based on ABS life tables, assuming that the mean age at HIV seroconversion among IDUs was 30 years, and that there were 3 male HIV-infected IDUs for each female HIV-infected IDU (ABS 1995).
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3.2.3 Estimating the number of injecting drug users living with HIV without NSPsThe effect of needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in reducing HIV transmission among IDUs has been estimated to correspond to an annual reduction in (logit) HIV prevalence of 0.28 (see Section 3.1).
HIV prevalence among IDUs in Australia between 1980 and 2000 was based on the estimated numbers of IDUs living with HIV described above, and estimates of the numbers of IDUs in Australia.
Numbers of IDUs in Australia were estimated as follows. The number of dependent heroin users in Australia in 1997 was assumed to be 75,000 (Hall et al. 2000). A reasonable fit to available estimates over the previous two decades was obtained by assuming a constant net 8% increase in dependent heroin users per year. To allow for injecting of other drugs, the total number of regular IDUs was assumed to be 33% greater than the number of dependent heroin users (i.e. 100,000 regular IDUs in 1997 (Law 1999). The number of occasional IDUs was assumed to be 175,000 in 1997 (Law 1999) with the same annual percentage increases.
NSPs were first introduced in Australia in late 1987. Hence, NSPs were assumed to have reduced HIV prevalence among IDUs from 1988 onwards. The pattern of HIV prevalence if NSPs had not been introduced was estimated by increasing (logit) HIV prevalence by 0.28 per year from 1988 onwards. From this, a pattern of HIV incidence if NSPs had not been introduced was derived.
Estimates of the numbers of IDUs living with HIV by disease stage if NSPs had not been introduced were obtained by applying the same models described above regarding rates of progression from HIV infection to CD4+ cell count <500 cells/Ml, to AIDS and survival before and following AIDS.
3.2.4 Estimated effect of NSPs in reducing numbers of injecting drug users with HIV by disease stageTo allow costing of the effect of NSPs in reducing the number of people living with HIV, estimates of the reduction in the number of people living with HIV by disease stage were obtained by subtracting the estimates obtained with NSPs from the corresponding estimates without NSPs. In these analyses, HIV incidence due to injecting drug use was assumed to cease from 2001 onwards, and estimates were projected forward until all people infected with HIV were estimated to have died.
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The validity of psychology as a discipline is not facing a crisis – the failure to replicate is not alarming because it is a normal part of how science operates. For example, let’s suppose that we have two carefully designed studies that investigate the same circumstance. Both experiments will be similar in the process yet will reach very distinct outcomes. If one study produces the hypothesized circumstance and the other does not – we will reach a failure to replicate. If both studies are well designed and carried through, the results of the experiment that failed the hypothesis will only be true under special conditions. This does not mean that the circumstance studied is misleading or whimsical.
Years ago, researchers regulated an experiment on fruit flies that pinpointed the gene responsible in their species for curly wings. The results in the lab were secure and balanced. However, in nature where the climate changed and was unmanageable, the same gene did not have the same effect. In this case, the study failed to replicate. Richard Lewontin, an evolutionary biologist, claimed that failures like this one allow biologists to conduct new and better hypotheses. A gene produces very different attributes that depend upon its surroundings and context. Another experiment that was very similar to this is when physicists had discovered that subatomic particles did not comply with Newton’s law of motion. Instead of insisting that Newton’s laws failed to replicate, they realized that Newton’s laws were only valid in certain circumstances. From this, they conducted newer experiments and the science of quantum mechanics was born.
In relation to psychology, an experiment was conducted in which a rat was placed inside a box with an electrical grid underneath it. A loud tune was played and after the tune stopped, the rat was given an electrical shock which caused the rat’s blood pressure and heart rate to rise. This process was continually repeated and scientists reached the same result each time. When playing the tune without the shock, the rat still displayed the same response. Another group of scientists changed the contest of the experiment and the rats had stopped freezing up. They restrained the rat during the musical tune and its heart rate had gone down instead of up. Most people continue to assume that everything can be explained using the universal laws and that context should not matter, but this is not the way things work at all. Psychology phenomenon fails to replicate if we change the context of its experiment. This ‘crisis’ is simply a misunderstanding of what science really is or how research and experiments are conducted. The failure to replicate is a feature that allows us to make new scientific discoveries and is an important part of the process and result in psychology and any other science.
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For many photographers, the first mistake they make in composition is trying to fill the picture frame. I’m guilty of this myself, particularly with wildlife photography. There’s the big lens theory that you need to get a big fat piece of glass on the front of the camera so that you can fill that sensor with the leopard in a tree. For landscape photographers there’s the converse, little lens theory, that you get as wide a lens as possible so that you can fill the frame with as much of the landscape as possible. Then with all these wonderful big and small lenses we wonder why our images look dull and uninspired. It’s because filling the frame is not necessarily the best way to create a meaningful image. Sometimes, you need to leave it empty.
Different teachers and writers talk about different aspects and use different terms when discussing space; negative space, dead space, white space, copy space and so on. Essentially the simplest way to think of space is that which is often taught to students learning to draw; that the three primary elements of a picture are: the frame, positive space and negative space.
Positive space is relatively easy to understand. It is the pictorial space occupied by the subject itself. Negative space is then the pictorial space that surrounds the positive space. This is where many photographs leave the discussion. The thing is that negative space can define the positive. What we strive for in an artistic composition is often the balance between negative and positive. Consider the old visual trick where we see either a vase, or two faces looking towards one another (known as Rubin’s Vase). If you see the vase, your perceptual interpretation of the image is that the central portion is the positive, and the surrounding area the negative. If you see two faces the central portion is now the negative space.
The important but often overlooked aspect of Rubin’s Vase, is that the negative space still implies or defines the positive. We can still see the vase, even if we draw the faces (and vice versa). This means that the negative space in an image is as important as the positive when viewed in the context of the frame. We’re not always photographing vases of course.
Most simply, negative space can be used to create context within the images we create. If we place a tree, small in the frame to a lower corner and leave the rest literally open to the sky, we start to create an image that is playing with the idea of space. In this instance the vast area of negative space implies a lone tree in a large area. Themes like, ‘solitude’, ‘loneliness’ and ‘emptiness’ start to play through the mind of the viewer. Placing the tree in the horizontal centre of the image (but still low) again subtly changes the meaning of the image. Now the tree plays a more central role in the interpretation of the image. It becomes less about the open space and more about the tree’s role within that space.
The above example assumes that the image effectively balances positive against negative space.
Problems arise when there isn’t balance. This is when dead space can potentially occur. Viewers find that images that are well-balanced often guide their eyes around the image frame, scanning virtually all of the pictorial space. Dead space occurs when there are sections of the image that the viewer’s eye does not want to be drawn towards. Consider an image where we have a person standing in the centre of the frame looking out towards the right hand side of the frame. Because we empathize with the subject (this is automatic, we even anthropomorphize plants and animals to better interpret pictorial arrangement) we look towards the right hand side of the picture space. But what about the left? If there is nothing there to draw our eyes back into this portion of the frame this could potentially be dead space. Dealing with dead space literally becomes a balancing act. In this regard, this month’s opening image depicts a lioness looking out to the right of frame. She is not central, but rather placed further to the left. Notice how the eye comfortably travels between her and the empty area to the right. The implication is that she is looking towards this negative space, which in turn potentially defines the lioness’ place in the frame. Notice how the eye does not comfortably look behind her (to the left of the frame). Placing the lioness picture left effectively balances her against the negative space picture right. If the lioness were in the centre of the frame this balance wouldn’t occur and the image would probably fall flat.
|The images above all illustrate how the use of space, or lack thereof, can create a sense of movement or stasis in an image|
This is the essence of negative space: it tells us about the positive. Some photographers talk about white space when referring to a particular usage of negative space. This is the space that the subject is moving towards. Again, using the example of an animal or person, if we place empty space in front of where the animal is moving we get the impression that the subject is moving from point A to point B. Placing the subject slap bang in the centre of the frame begins to imply a kind of stasis. It’s not that the subject isn’t moving, but that the directional movement is no longer the emphasis of the image. Very importantly the eye travels from the subject in the direction that the subject is moving. Often the eye ends up momentarily resting on the white space rather than the subject.
The Japanese have a word that they use that roughly translates to what is referred to here as negative space. The word ‘Ma’ is used to suggest a type of interval. Ma can also be described as a consciousness of place in that it can be the simultaneous awareness of both form and non-form. Importantly Ma is not something that is automatically created through composition, but is rather the imagining of the viewer as they look at the image.
Emptiness in a frame can often tell us a whole lot more than a filled frame. Pauses and intervals are an integral part of poetry and the written word. Imagine a paragraph without any punctuation, or a poem without stanza or line form. This is a akin to filling the photographic frame without any meaningful space. Film-making and theatre are perhaps the art of the pause and empty space at their finest. The empty pause can be used to extreme effect by heightening tension (Hitchcock was a master of this). It leaves space for the imagination to literally fill in the blank (the concept of Ma). We also know that a change of scene or pace is sometimes followed by a pause.
If photographic composition is about the arrangement of elements to convey a message, the elements themselves are the letters that make up the words. When the elements are arranged correctly we get words. Making sense of the words comes by inserting spaces and punctuation. Without space, all we see is nonsensical and chaotic. | <urn:uuid:90439f46-0ee0-44e8-9c3f-ed86d3e9fed5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.photowriting.co.za/2014/01/space-first-frontier.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.935598 | 1,458 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Olympic Movement: Museum
Features news updates and archive of articles on well-known events. Also includes lessons, photos, and contact details.
Describes how the Special Olympics, for people with intellectual disabilities, works and offers information on how young people can get involved.
Special Olympics: Ireland
Funds training of intellectually disabled athletes within the country. With FAQs, updates, and related links.
Summer Olympics Worksheets
Provides educational learning materials and list of activities and events. Also contains definition of terms and word games.
Winter Olympics Theme Unit
Contains educational tools for teaching lessons at different age levels. Presents drawings, illustrations, and stories. | <urn:uuid:e4f3eff9-5e0d-4338-9949-d999de84cdb3> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://botw.org/top/Kids_and_Teens/Sports_and_Hobbies/Sports/Olympics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706474776/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121434-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897445 | 137 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The deep purple, dramatically shaped bearded iris (Iris hybrida), grown in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 10, is a springtime mainstay throughout the country. Help your iris thrive with careful attention to its planting and care needs. The iris does not technically grow from a bulb, but rather from a bulb-like structure called a rhizome, which grows horizontally just under the surface of the soil. Paying attention to the rhizome's needs in terms of water, space and dormancy will benefit the flower's health and increase its blooms.
Add 1 pound of a 5-10-10 or 6-10-6 fertilizer for 100 square feet of planting area before planting iris rhizomes. Work it into the top three inches of soil with a hoe. Fertilize at the same rate in early spring as growth emerges and again in early summer after blooming. Never let the fertilizer itself touch the rhizomes as it can poison and rot them. Although fertilizing increases the chance the iris will rebloom during the growing season, too much fertilizer rots the rhizomes, so do not over-apply. Always water fertilizer in well.
If you buy an iris in a container, plant it any time in the spring. Plant individual rhizomes in July and August after the blooming period, and finish planting by the beginning of fall. Before planting iris rhizomes, add two inches of organic material such as compost or manure, and work it into the top 10 to 12 inches of soil with a hoe. Dig a hole approximately six inches deep and as wide as the rhizome. Set the rhizome in the soil so it sits just beneath the surface. Gently spread the rhizome's roots while tamping the soil around it. Space rhizomes 12 to 18 inches apart. Water well after planting.
Irises need to be divided every two to four years so they do not become overcrowded, which has a negative effect on blooming. Divide the iris in July or August, four to six weeks after it has bloomed, when the plant is semi-dormant. Cut the plant's foliage down to 2 to 3 inches high and dig up the rhizomes. Divide the rhizomes into 3- to 4-inch sections for replanting. Cut the roots down to 2 inches. Dividing and replanting in mid-summer gives the roots time to take hold before winter.
Year-Round Rhizome Care
Keep the soil moist around iris rhizomes during their spring growing season. Stop watering the iris after it blooms while it goes into semi-dormancy through the summer. Too much water when it is not growing can rot the rhizomes. Mulch can also rot the rhizomes during this period and should be kept away from the crown, which is where the rhizomes emerge from the soil. After the ground freezes, add a 2-inch layer of mulch to keep the rhizomes free from frost.
- Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:21a85c4b-908a-4ab7-bdc0-0e2ba08e7809> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/tips-iris-bulbs-76338.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541170.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00479-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941302 | 653 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One of the biggest stumbling blocks to a purely Darwinian explanation of the world is the persistence of traits and behaviors that, strictly speaking, don’t further the purposes of what Richard Dawkins famously called “the selfish gene.”
The most obvious stumbling blocks are human altruism and cooperation. If natural selection is a “zero sum game,” that is, if your selfish gene wins, then my selfish gene loses, why should I bother to cooperate with you?
Attempts to get around this problem have amounted to little more than “just so stories”: “unverifiable and unfalsifiable narrative explanations,” often involving saber-tooth cats.
Here’s the latest case in point: a solution that invokes, of all things, belief in God, or at least a god.
A paper recently published in the journal Nature concludes that the behaviors such as treating other people with fairness and impartiality made possible the creation of “large-scale cooperative institutions, such as trade and markets.” The paper then goes on to say that these less-selfish behaviors were the result of “the fear that a punitive God is watching.”
This religiously driven “magnanimous behavior . . . [may have been] what helped foster the trust needed for humanity’s growth.”
But how do we know whether this is, in fact, the case? After all, the people who were around during the creation of “large-scale cooperative institutions, such as trade and markets” aren’t around to be interviewed.
The authors’ answer lies in, of all things, the results of a series of games.
They gathered 600 people from around the world representing different faiths—including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, animism, and ancestor worship—with “widely varying attitudes to divine retribution.” They asked the participants to play a game “where they could offer a limited number of real coins to their own community, or to a group of fellow believers in a distant place who they had never met.”
“The game was carefully designed to allow each participant to follow their own conscience in deciding which cup to put their coins.”
They found that “When people report not knowing if a god punishes, they put considerably fewer coins in the cups of distant co-religionists.” From this they hypothesize that belief in a punitive god gave rise to treating people with fairness and impartiality.
They hastened to add that we should not draw “too strong a conclusion about the kindness of people of faith
Of course not.
One obvious problem is that none of our very distant ancestors were Christians, Hindus, or Buddhists—these faiths arose long after the rise of agriculture and civilization. So what a modern Christian or Buddhist has to teach us about prehistoric people is very limited.
What the experiment actually shows is that some beliefs held by people today influence how they treat other people, which is, well, obvious. Furthermore, what’s being described is not altruism or even generosity. It isn’t even trust. It doesn’t explain the actions of a Mother Theresa or the missionary doctors who ministered to Ebola patients during the recent outbreak.
In the biblical tradition, to say we “fear” God—the Hebrew word yare’—means that we revere Him. Part of this reverence includes treating other people with kindness and generosity. Furthermore, as beings created in the image of a kind, generous, and magnanimous God, we are capable of these qualities.
It is this, and not primal fear bordering on superstition, that accounts for what Lincoln called the “better angels of our nature.”
BreakPoint is a Christian worldview ministry that seeks to build and resource a movement of Christians committed to living and defending Christian worldview in all areas of life. Begun by Chuck Colson in 1991 as a daily radio broadcast, BreakPoint provides a Christian perspective on today’s news and trends via radio, interactive media, and print. Today BreakPoint commentaries, co-hosted by Eric Metaxas and John Stonestreet, air daily on more than 1,200 outlets with an estimated weekly listening audience of eight million people. Feel free to contact us at BreakPoint.org where you can read and search answers to common questions.
Eric Metaxas is a co-host of BreakPoint Radio and a best-selling author whose biographies, children's books, and popular apologetics have been translated into more than a dozen languages.
Publication date: February 24, 2016 | <urn:uuid:c3414f7e-dfcf-46b2-8836-0d9760d1a0c9> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.crosswalk.com/devotionals/breakpoint-daily-commentary/be-nice-or-else-a-darwinian-just-so-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865830.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523215608-20180523235608-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.955399 | 967 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil" — the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later.
One of the most famous forecast models, called the Hubbert model, accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide. However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.
The new study describe development of a new version of the Hubbert model that accounts for these individual production trends to provide a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world's conventional crude oil. They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves are being depleted at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.
ARTICLE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE "Forecasting World Crude Oil Production Using Multicyclic Hubbert Model"
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT ARTICLE http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/full/10.1021/ef901240pCONTACT:
Michael Bernstein | EurekAlert!
Fluorescent holography: Upending the world of biological imaging
25.10.2016 | Colorado State University
Did you know that infrared heating is an essential part of automotive manufacture?
25.10.2016 | Heraeus Noblelight GmbH
Ultrafast lasers have introduced new possibilities in engraving ultrafine structures, and scientists are now also investigating how to use them to etch microstructures into thin glass. There are possible applications in analytics (lab on a chip) and especially in electronics and the consumer sector, where great interest has been shown.
This new method was born of a surprising phenomenon: irradiating glass in a particular way with an ultrafast laser has the effect of making the glass up to a...
Terahertz excitation of selected crystal vibrations leads to an effective magnetic field that drives coherent spin motion
Controlling functional properties by light is one of the grand goals in modern condensed matter physics and materials science. A new study now demonstrates how...
Researchers from the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at the University of Waterloo led the development of a new extensible wiring technique capable of controlling superconducting quantum bits, representing a significant step towards to the realization of a scalable quantum computer.
"The quantum socket is a wiring method that uses three-dimensional wires based on spring-loaded pins to address individual qubits," said Jeremy Béjanin, a PhD...
In a paper in Scientific Reports, a research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute describes a novel light-activated phenomenon that could become the basis for applications as diverse as microscopic robotic grippers and more efficient solar cells.
A research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has developed a revolutionary, light-activated semiconductor nanocomposite material that can be used...
By forcefully embedding two silicon atoms in a diamond matrix, Sandia researchers have demonstrated for the first time on a single chip all the components needed to create a quantum bridge to link quantum computers together.
"People have already built small quantum computers," says Sandia researcher Ryan Camacho. "Maybe the first useful one won't be a single giant quantum computer...
14.10.2016 | Event News
14.10.2016 | Event News
12.10.2016 | Event News
26.10.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
26.10.2016 | Earth Sciences
25.10.2016 | Earth Sciences | <urn:uuid:d6e29a62-9699-406b-a4c8-bb82b06dba67> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/energy-engineering/world-crude-oil-production-peak-a-decade-earlier-150593.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00524-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910977 | 843 | 3.640625 | 4 |
What is the value of blue-skies research?
This is a question often asked by politicians and the public. Why should public money be spent funding science that seems to have no obvious benefit beyond generating scientific knowledge? The simple answer is that it can be almost impossible to predict what new avenues that scientific knowledge will open up. Take the Hawaiian bobtail squid, for example. What could studying this little nocturnal hunter possibly lead to? Take a guess. No ideas? Let me help you out.
It lead to the discovery that bacteria are able to communicate with each other, including how they sense when the time is right to turn on genes needed to cause disease. I’m not sure anyone could have seen that coming! Importantly, this research has provided scientists with another potential weapon with which to fight antibiotic resistant superbugs. In a world rapidly running out of antibiotics, we need all the weapons we can get.
This animation was produced with the support of a public engagement grant from the UK Society for Applied Microbiology, to engage the services of graphic artist Luke Harris and his team. Dr Siouxsie Wiles (@SiouxsieW) is a microbiologist and bioluminescence enthusiast who heads up the Bioluminescent Superbugs Group at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. She and her team make nasty bacteria glow in the dark to help understand and combat infectious diseases.
What we couldn’t fit into 3 minutes…
The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, is just 3 cm in length and lives in the shallow moonlit waters off Hawaii. It spends its days sleeping buried in the sand, emerging at night in search of food. It has a very cunning trick to hide its shadow from fish looking for a meal, or from creatures like shrimp that it feeds on. It houses a colony of glowing bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) in a special organ on its underside. These bioluminescent bacteria shine their light down so that to any creatures looking up, the squid just looks like the moon. What is even more clever is that the squid uses its ink sac to match the intensity of moonlight hitting its back, dimming the light from the glowing bacteria as needed. This is important not just for cloudy nights but as the squid moves through different depths of water.
Baby squid are born without V. fischeri or a light organ. Instead they just have a small opening in their mantle (the bulbous bit of their body) that is bathed by sea water. What is incredible is that only V. fischeri can colonise this opening – once they do, the squid cells start to change and the light organ forms. The ability to glow is crucial though – scientists have made versions of V. fischeri which can’t glow and they aren’t able to colonise either.
Adult squid have an ingenious way of ensuring that there is plenty of V. fischeri floating around in the water to colonise baby squid. Each morning, before they settle down in the sand to sleep for the day, they expel 99.9% of the bacteria from their light organ into the sea. This serves another purpose too, ensuring the bacteria left behind in their light organ are constantly growing and have plenty of nutrients. Bacteria that run out of nutrients start to shut down to save energy. Producing light takes quite a bit of energy and the last thing the squid wants is a mantle full of lazy dim bacteria!
When scientists first identified V. fischeri and grew it in the lab they noticed something quite interesting. The bacteria only switch on their light when they have reached a critical population size. This makes perfect sense. There is no point going to all the trouble of making light if it isn’t bright enough to be seen. Each bacterium produces a chemical, called the autoinducer, that diffuses out of the bacterial cell. The more bacteria there are, the more autoinducer is produced. If those bacteria are growing in a confined space like a flask, or the light organ of the squid, the autoinducer will accumulate. Once it reaches a critical concentration, the autoinducer triggers the bacteria to switch on the genes for producing light*. This phenomenon is called quorum sensing.
Scientists then used the bioluminescence reaction to see if other species of bacteria produce autoinducers. Surprise, surprise, it turns out that lots of different bacteria use quorum sensing to signal to each other that they are in the right numbers or environment to do something, which is not worth doing otherwise. From the bacterial form of sex, to swimming, to switching on the genes needed to cause disease in plants, animals and humans. Now we just have to find a way of exploiting this to our advantage!
You can hear me chatting about the squid and quorum sensing on Radio New Zealand’s Nine to Noon programme with Kathryn Ryan here (13’12”):
*For those who really want to know, the autoinducer is the product of the luxI gene. When it reaches a critical concentration, it interacts with the product of the luxR gene, and together this complex binds to a region of DNA upstream of the genes under their control called the lux box which then triggers their transcription. | <urn:uuid:90ef79c3-bd01-49e7-b8e8-63bd461e30d8> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://sciblogs.co.nz/infectious-thoughts/tag/microbes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164587361/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134307-00059-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948539 | 1,089 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Confined Spaces in Construction - Frequently Asked Questions
UPDATED June 1, 2016
On May 4, 2015, OSHA issued a new standard for construction work in confined spaces, which became effective August 3, 2015. Confined spaces can present physical and atmospheric hazards that can be avoided if they are recognized and addressed prior to entering these spaces to perform work. The new standard, Subpart AA of 29 CFR 1926 will help prevent construction workers from being hurt or killed by eliminating and isolating hazards in confined spaces at construction sites similar to the way workers in other industries are already protected. The questions and answers below are provided to assist employers in protecting their workers while working in and around confined spaces in construction.
A confined space has;
- Limited means of entry and/or exit,
- Is large enough for a worker to enter it, and
- Is not intended for regular/continuous occupancy.
Examples may include sewers, pits, crawl spaces, attics, boilers, and many more.
A permit space is a confined space that may have a hazardous atmosphere, engulfment hazard, or other serious hazard, such as exposed wiring, that can interfere with a worker's ability to leave the space without assistance
Only workers who have been assigned and trained to work in a permit space may do so. Additionally, before workers can enter a permit space, the employer has to write a permit that specifies what safety measures must to be taken and who is allowed to go in.
If you are doing construction work - such as building a new structure or upgrading an old one - then you must follow the construction confined space rule.
There are 5 key differences from the construction rule, and several areas where OSHA has clarified existing requirements. The five new requirements include:
- More detailed provisions requiring coordinated activities when there are multiple employers at the worksite (for more detail, see question 16, below). This will ensure hazards are not introduced into a confined space by workers performing tasks outside the space. An example would be a generator running near the entrance of a confined space causing a buildup of carbon monoxide within the space.
- Requiring a competent person to evaluate the work site and identify confined spaces, including permit spaces.
- Requiring continuous atmospheric monitoring whenever possible.
- Requiring continuous monitoring of engulfment hazards. For example, when workers are performing work in a storm sewer, a storm upstream from the workers could cause flash flooding. An electronic sensor or observer posted upstream from the work site could alert workers in the space at the first sign of the hazard, giving the workers time to evacuate the space safely.
- Allowing for the suspension of a permit, instead of cancellation, in the event of changes from the entry conditions list on the permit or an unexpected event requiring evacuation of the space. The space must be returned to the entry conditions listed on the permit before re-entry.
In addition, OSHA has added provisions to the new rule that clarifies existing requirements in the General Industry standard. These include:
- Requiring that employers who direct workers to enter a space without using a complete permit system prevent workers' exposure to physical hazards through elimination of the hazard or isolation methods such as lockout/tagout.
- Requiring that employers who are relying on local emergency services for emergency services arrange for responders to give the employer advance notice if they will be unable to respond for a period of time (because they are responding to another emergency, attending department-wide training, etc.).
- Requiring employers to provide training in a language and vocabulary that the worker understands.
Finally, several terms have been added to the definitions for the construction rule, such as "entry employer" to describe the employer who directs workers to enter a space, and "entry rescue", added to clarify the differences in the types of rescue employers can use.
Previously the only requirement for confined spaces in construction was training. OSHA concluded this was inadequate as injuries and fatalities continued to occur.
The rule requires employers to determine what kinds of spaces their workers are in, what hazards could be there, how those hazards should be made safe, what training workers should receive, and how to rescue those workers if anything goes wrong.
August 3, 2015
Yes, if workers will enter permit spaces.
The confined spaces standard can be found at www.osha.gov under 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart AA - Confined Spaces in Construction. An electronic copy of the regulatory text can be accessed from OSHA's construction webpage at final rule (PDF). The preamble to the final rule can also be found on OSHA's website under "Federal Register Notices" for May 4, 2015 or on the Federal Register website (https://www.federalregister.gov/) under Vol. 80, page 25365.
The final rule is available in 29 CFR Part 1926, which can be ordered from the Government Printing Office at 29 CFR Part 1926.
For compliance assistance regarding application of the final rule contact: Directorate of Construction, Room N3468, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210; telephone 202-693-2020 or fax 202-693-1689.
All construction employers whose workers may be exposed to confined space hazards.
Yes, you must take effective steps to prevent your employees from entering the space.
Yes, Controlling contractors and host employers must discuss spaces on the site and their hazards with entry employers and each other before and after entry (see question 16, below).
The rule makes the controlling contractor, rather than the host employer, the primary point of contact for information about permit spaces at the work site. The host employer must provide information it has about permit spaces at the work site to the controlling contractor, who then passes it on to the employers whose employees will enter the spaces (entry employers). Likewise, entry employers must give the controlling contractor information about their entry program and hazards they encounter in the space, and the controlling contractor passes that information on to other entry employers and back to the host. As mentioned above, the controlling contractor is also responsible for making sure employers outside a space know not to create hazards in the space, and that entry employers working in a space at the same time do not create hazards for one another's workers.
An employer whose workers are engaged in both construction and general industry work in confined spaces will meet OSHA requirements if that employer meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926 Subpart AA - Confined Spaces in Construction.
Yes, Twenty-two states or territories currently operate their own OSHA-approved State Plans (covering private sector and state and local government employees), and five additional states and one territory (Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, New York and the Virgin Islands) operate plans that cover state and local government employees only. State Plans have and enforce their own occupational safety and health standards that are required to be at least as effective as OSHA's. Many State Plans adopt OSHA's standards identically, but some State Plans may have different or more stringent requirements.
More information is available at the www.osha.gov.
If the competent person can reasonably foresee the presence of a hazard or potential hazard that would make the space a permit-required confined space (see response to Question 2), the competent person must treat the space as a permit-required confined space when entering the space to assess it. However, if the competent person cannot reasonably foresee the presence of such a hazard, the competent person would not need to treat the space as a permit-required confined space when entering the space to assess it. Of course, if the competent person encounters such a hazard when assessing the space, whether or not the hazard was reasonably foreseeable, the competent person must treat the space as a permit-required space after identifying the hazard.
Yes. In fact, the vast majority of the Standard's requirements only apply to permit-required confined spaces, and attics, basements, and crawl spaces in a residential home will not typically trigger these requirements. Once the employer's competent person1 performs an initial evaluation and determines that a confined space does not require a permit (1926.1203(a)), the employer's only further obligations under the Standard are to have a competent person reevaluate the space and, if necessary, reclassify it as a permit-required confined space if changes in the use or configuration of the space occur that could increase the hazards or potential hazards to entrants or if the employer has any indication that the initial evaluation may have been inadequate (1926.1203(f)).
If the employer's competent person determines that the space is a permit-required confined space, the following provisions also apply: entry communication and coordination (1926.1203(h)), permit-required confined space program (1926.1204), permitting process (1926.1205), entry permit (1926.1206), training (1926.1207), duties of authorized entrants, attendants, and entry supervisors (1926.1208-1210), and rescue and emergency services (1926.1211).
1: A competent person means someone who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them (see 1926.1202 definition of "competent person").
Yes. Where employees are exposed to hazardous atmospheres that do not present an immediate danger of death or impairment that could impede the employee's ability to exit the confined space without assistance, OSHA's health standards for those hazards apply, rather than the Confined Spaces in Construction Standard (see 1926.1202 definition of "hazardous atmosphere").
No. The standard requires a competent person to identify all permit-required confined spaces in which employees may work "through consideration and evaluation of the elements of that space, including testing as necessary." 1926.1203(a). If a competent person can reliably determine whether attics, crawl spaces, or basements with the same or similar configuration contain one of the hazards or potential hazards listed in response to Question 2 without physically inspecting each of the spaces, the competent person need not physically examine each space to make the identification required under 1926.1203(a).
2: As used in these FAQs, "residential home building" or "residential home construction" refers to work on any residence being built using traditional wood frame construction materials, methods, and procedures that are typical to single-family home or townhouse construction. Traditional wood frame construction materials and methods include (1) framing materials – wood (or equivalent cold-formed sheet metal stud) framing (not steel or concrete), wooden floor joists and roof structures; (2) exterior wall structure – wood (or equivalent cold-formed sheet metal stud) framing or masonry brick or block; and (3) methods – traditional wood frame construction techniques (see OSHA's Compliance Guidance for Residential Construction, STD 03-11-002 (June 6, 2011), available on OSHA's website). Work on multi-family residences may also be considered "residential home building" or "residential home construction" provided that the work similarly meets the criteria set forth above.
No. However, if the attic, crawl space, or basement (before steps are installed) is a confined space, the presence of a physical hazard in the space would trigger the permit-required confined space requirements if the physical hazard is not isolated3 (see 1926.1203(g)) or if there is potential employee exposure to the physical hazard. Note that not all unsafe conditions constitute "physical hazards," which the standard defines as only those conditions that could impede an entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance.
3: For physical hazards, the Standard defines the term "isolate" as "the process by which employees are completely protected against . . . contact with a physical hazard, by means such as Blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or tagout of all sources of energy; blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages; or placement of barriers to eliminate the potential for employee contact with a physical hazard." 1926.1202. Guarding by location is also an acceptable means of isolation under the Standard (see response to Question 61).
No. Only if an entrant has exposure to a serious hazard associated with the electrical equipment, such as an exposed live conductor, and the exposure could impede the entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance, would the presence of electrical equipment make the attic, crawl space, or basement (before steps are installed) a permit-required confined space.
No. A confined space with limited lighting alone would not be considered a permit-required confined space, provided that the limited lighting could not impede an entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance.4
4: Note, however, that dimly lit spaces can potentially pose other safety hazards, and lighting must comply with 29 C.F.R 1926.56.
No. The presence of animals would only make a confined space a permit-required confined space if the animals posed a physical hazard, as defined by the standard.
No. If utility services pass through attics, crawl spaces, or basements (before steps are installed) that are confined spaces, the inherent hazards of the material flowing through the service lines do not have to be considered in the permit space determination unless it is reasonably foreseeable that a rupture or leak could occur such that the contents of the service lines could cause a serious safety or health hazard that could impede an entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance.
No. A confined space is a space that (1) is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter it; (2) has limited or restricted means for entry and exit; and (3) is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. All three criteria must be met for an attic to be considered a confined space. In many instances, an attic will not be considered a confined space because there is not limited or restricted means for entry and exit. For example, attics with a permanent, full-size doorway and/or stairwell access would rarely5 meet the definition of a confined space, provided there are no other impediments to egress. An attic under construction where there is no drywall in place would also not have limited or restricted means for entry or exit and would not be considered a confined space.
5: See response to Question 38 regarding stairwell access to attics.
No. Attics that are determined to be confined spaces would generally not be permit-required confined spaces because they typically do not contain the types of hazards or potential hazards that make a confined space a permit-required confined space (see response to Question 2).
No. A fall hazard in an attic – such as falling through the drywall of the attic – could cause a serious injury. However, fall hazards within an attic would not generally impede the ability of an entrant to exit the space without assistance and therefore would not trigger the permit-required confined space requirements. OSHA notes that even though permit-required confined space requirements would not be triggered in this situation, employers would still be obligated to protect their employees from fall hazards – as appropriate and required – when they are working in an attic where fall hazards exist.
No. The presence of a mechanical fan would only make the attic a permit-required confined space if it is reasonably foreseeable that the fan could cause an injury that could impede an entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance.
No. Asbestos would not trigger the permit-required confined space requirements of the Standard. However, if asbestos were present in an attic, an employer would need to follow any applicable requirements of OSHA's asbestos standards.
The Standard defines "entry" as the action by which any part of a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space. Thus, regardless of whether or not such action is intentional or any work activities are actually performed in the space, if any body part of an entrant breaks the plane of an attic opening, that would constitute an entry under the Standard, provided that the attic also meets the requirements of a permit-required confined space.
No. A final inspection of an attic would rarely constitute an "entry" because even if an attic were a confined space, it would not normally contain any of the hazards or potential hazards that would trigger the permit-required confined space requirements of the Standard: (1) contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; (3) has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard (see 1926.1202). An entry employer may rely on a competent person's expertise and experience in determining whether the presence of such a hazard or potential hazard is reasonably foreseeable during such an inspection or any other time when it is necessary to enter into an attic that is a confined space. If the attic is a permit-required confined space, the employer must comply with the permit-required confined space provisions of the Standard whenever there is an entry regardless of the duration of the entry.
The same analysis would apply to other inspections conducted by employees either at the outset of a construction project or as the project progresses. If there is no reasonably foreseeable hazard or potential hazard present in an attic or any other space during the construction process, the permit-required confined space requirements would not be triggered.
Extreme heat can be considered a serious physical hazard in attics such that the attics could be considered permit-required confined spaces. OSHA has not quantified how hot it must be to trigger the permit-required confined space requirements. However, the heat must be so extreme that it could potentially impede an entrant's ability to exit the attic without assistance. Factors that the Agency would consider are (1) the temperature of the space while work is performed, (2) the nature and duration of the tasks performed in the heat, and (3) whether the entrant is acclimatized to work in extreme heat. A short-duration, light-duty task performed in a hot attic would typically not constitute a physical hazard triggering the permit-required confined space requirements. In addition, measures to control the heat in an attic (e.g., use of a fan) will be considered by the Agency in determining whether a serious hazard exists in the first instance.
Whether an attic with pull down stair access would be considered a confined space depends on whether the configuration of the stairs impedes the ability of employees to exit the space. Ladder-like pull down stairs that require employees to ascend/descend hand-over-hand, limit egress and could therefore render an attic a confined space. An attic that can be accessed via pull down stairs that resemble the structure of a stationary stairway and do not require an employee to ascend/descend hand-over-hand would not be considered a confined space if there are no impediments to egress.
No. The performance of duties outside of an attic would only turn a "confined space" into a "permit-required confined space" if the work outside of the attic could create a hazardous atmosphere or physical hazard in the attic that could impede the ability of an entrant to safely exit the space without assistance. It would be rare for this to occur in the residential home building environment. For example, the use of portable power tools outside of an attic will rarely, if ever, create a noise hazard such that it would impede the ability of an entrant to safely exit the attic without assistance. Similarly, performing painting and staining outside of an attic will rarely create a hazard that would impede the ability of an entrant to safely exit an attic without assistance. However, using certain high VOC (volatile organic compound) solvents in paint thinners or in floor stripping could potentially create a hazardous atmosphere in an adjacent attic or other confined space.
A competent person must assess these spaces to determine whether they are permit-required confined spaces prior to any entry. The employer will only need to follow the requirements of a permit-required confined space program if, based on the competent person's assessment, the employer has reason to believe the space is a permit-required confined space. It would be rare that a remodeler would need to follow the permit-required confined space requirements in this situation because most confined spaces in a residential home will not contain the hazards that would trigger the permit-required confined space provisions: (1) contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; (3) has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard (see 1926.1202).
No, provided the repair is considered maintenance work on the unit (covered by the general industry standards) such as adjusting existing equipment or replacing component parts in kind. However, upgrading the HVAC system or its component parts would be considered construction work covered by the Standard.6 This would also be the case for any other piece of equipment in an attic that is a confined space.
6: This response is consistent with OSHA's general policy on distinguishing between general industry and construction work as described in a Letter of Interpretation from OSHA to Raymond V. Knobbs issued on November 18, 2003, available on OSHA's website.
No. Attics with full-sized doors at least two feet in width and six feet, six inches in height would not meet the definition of a confined space, provided the path to the entrance and area around the entrance are kept clear of structural or temporary impediments to egress.
Only an employer that should reasonably anticipate that the employees it directs may enter a permit-required confined space is required to post a sign or other equally effective means to warn employees of the location of and danger posed by the permit-required confined space. For example, if a contractor affixes drywall to the roof trusses of a residential home and creates a confined space, that contractor is not required to post a warning sign that the attic constitutes a permit-required confined space, unless (1) the attic meets the criteria of a permit-required confined space, and (2) the contractor should reasonably anticipate that the employees it directs may enter the attic.
No. However, the permit must be "made available" at the time of entry to all authorized entrants or their authorized representatives. This requirement to make the permit available could be met by posting the permit or by "any other equally effective means" (see 1926.1205(c)).
No, provided the basement is configured as designed (e.g., has permanent stairs, walk-out entry/exit, or egress window installed).
No. Provided there is a door to/from the outside to the basement, the basement would not be considered a confined space as there would not be limited or restricted means of egress.
No. If the basement has an egress window that meets the specifications of Section R310 of the 2012 or 2009 International Residential Code, the basement would not be considered a confined space as there would not be limited or restricted means of egress to and from the basement.
No. Even if the space is a confined space (see response to Question 1), if there is no reasonably foreseeable hazard or potential hazard within a space that could impede an entrant's ability to safely exit the space without assistance (see response to Question 2), then a residential home builder would not be required to consider the space a permit-required confined space under the Standard. A residential home builder may rely on a competent person's experience and expertise in determining whether any such hazard or potential hazard in a space is reasonably foreseeable.
No. The requirements only apply to host employers with employees who work at the worksite, regardless of when those workers are at the site.
No. The Standard only requires the host employer to communicate the information in paragraph (h)(1) if it is known by the host employer. The Standard does not require the host employer to perform a separate assessment to gather the information. In addition, the communication provisions only require host employers to convey the information to the controlling contractor through reasonable means. There is no requirement in the standard for the host employer to verify that the information has been received by the controlling contractor or transmitted to entry employers by the controlling contractor. A host employer that has the information in paragraph (h)(1) need only communicate the information to the controlling contractor one time to satisfy the requirements of the Standard. Additional communications will only be required if the host employer gains additional such information not included in the original communication.
No. However, these employers must nonetheless (1) take effective measures to ensure that the employees they direct do not enter any known permit spaces (see 1926.1203(c)), and (2) comply with 1926.1203(h). Otherwise, only employers that should reasonably anticipate that the employees they direct may enter a permit space are responsible for compliance with the permit-required confined space requirements of the Standard. For example, employers that will not direct any employees to enter a confined space are not required to comply with the following provisions of the rule: permit-required confined space program (1926.1204), permitting process (1926.1205), entry permit (1926.1206), training (1926.1207), duties of authorized entrants, attendants, and entry supervisors (1926.1208-1210), and rescue and emergency services (1926.1211).
Yes. The Standard does not require multiple communications of the information in paragraph (h) between employers on a residential home building site (whether at a single home building site or a site with multiple homes being constructed) where the potential hazards of confined spaces remain the same or substantially the same as long as any minor differences between the spaces are not relevant to which provisions of the standard apply to the spaces. However, if a host employer or controlling contractor learns of new information relevant to assessing the space under the Standard after an initial communication, the host employer or controlling contractor would need to convey the new information in a subsequent communication.
No. An entry employer must communicate the information required under 1926.1203(h)(3) before "entry operations" begin, and it must communicate the information required under 1926.1203(h)(5) after "entry operations" have ended. Entry employees may go into and out of the space multiple times while completing the tasks identified on the permit without making additional communications as long as the entry employer maintains control over the space between the pre-entry and post-entry communications required under 1926.1203(h)(3) and (h)(5). In addition, a single pre-entry communication could address entry operations in multiple spaces under 1926.1203(h)(3) and a single post-entry communication could address multiple entry operations under 1926.1203(h)(5), provided each space has its own permit and is addressed in the communication.
No. These provisions only apply to permit-required confined spaces. Employers who have confined spaces – but not permit-required confined spaces – are under no obligation to follow the communication requirements of the Standard.
No. OSHA does not specify how the information is to be exchanged. The Agency will deem it sufficient for each employer to provide the necessary information through any appropriate mechanism. The information exchange requirements can be oral. There is no requirement in the Standard for written communications between employers on multi-employer worksites.
Yes. While the exchange of information does not have to be in writing, some employers may choose to establish a mechanism for a written exchange. The written exchange does not have to be formal. It can be performed through email, text message, or other informal means, so long as the required information is provided.
No. A controlling contractor only needs to obtain information on permit-required confined spaces from the host employer and entry employer(s) and provide this information and other known information on permit-required confined spaces to a host employer or entry employer. The Standard does not require a controlling contractor to enter spaces to gather information.
No. Only employers that should reasonably anticipate that the employees they direct may enter confined spaces are required to perform this assessment. For host employers and controlling contractors that have no reason to anticipate that the employees they direct may enter confined spaces, there is no obligation to perform this initial assessment of the worksite.
No. The Standard only applies to employers.
Yes. An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped as required by the Standard for each role he or she fills.
Yes. Guarding by location—that is, configuring the space or equipment in the space to eliminate employee exposure to the hazard—is an acceptable form of isolation under the standard.
There is no specific threshold noise level that must be reached in order for noise to constitute a physical hazard triggering the permit-required confined space requirements. However, the noise must be so extreme that it could impede an entrant's ability to safely exit the space without assistance. In most instances, noise levels below the eight-hour TWA permissible exposure limit for noise in construction of 90 dBA would not constitute a physical hazard triggering the permit-required confined space requirements.
Yes. A residential home builder may rely on personal protective equipment to address a noise hazard for purposes of complying with the Standard so long as the personal protective equipment itself does not serve to impede the ability of an entrant to safely exit the space without assistance.
No. If a confined space does not contain or have the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, an entry employer is not required to perform atmospheric testing or atmospheric monitoring.
No. Whether a space has limited means of egress is a fact-dependent determination based on the size of the entrance and the configuration of the inside of the space. It is not dependent on the size of an entry employee.
No. The initial evaluation need not be documented. The employer, however, must be able to explain how the evaluation was conducted and describe the results. Thus, any citation will be for failure to evaluate the workplace as required by the Standard, rather than for failure to create a record of the evaluation.
No. The evaluation requirement may be met through existing experience and knowledge of the space, provided this information is adequate to make the determination required by the Standard. For example, a competent person may have information which shows that the hazards or potential hazards of all attics, crawl spaces, and basements (before steps are installed) will not impede an entrant's ability to exit the space without assistance. Therefore, these spaces would not need to be evaluated individually before each entry. This same approach can be used for any entry employer which has a number of identical spaces and information to support its determination(s). See the response to Question 23.
The permit is issued by the entry employer (see 1926.1205(a) and the definition of "entry employer" in 1926.1202: the "employer who decides that an employee it directs will enter a permit space").
No. So long as the entry employer informed the rescue service that rescue services may be needed and of the requirement that the rescue service notify the employer if it is unavailable for rescue, and the rescue service agreed to provide the notification, no citation will issue to the entry employer if the rescue service fails to fulfill its agreement to notify the entry employer that it is unavailable to perform rescue services.
No. Only employers that can reasonably anticipate that the employees they direct may enter permit-required confined spaces are subject to the requirement to develop and implement procedures for rescue and emergency services under 1926.1204(i) and 1926.1211.
Yes. A competent person can draw from his or her experience and expertise in making the required assessment under 1926.1203(a).
Section 1926.1202 defines serious physical damage as an impairment or illness in which a body part is made functionally useless or is substantially reduced in efficiency. Injuries involving such impairment would usually require treatment by a physician or other licensed health-care professional. In general, injuries requiring only first-aid treatment would not be considered serious physical damage because they would not impair an employee's ability to safely exit a confined space without assistance. | <urn:uuid:91f0e788-0a2e-49ae-a509-a6419d98f04d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.osha.gov/confinedspaces/faq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000545.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626194744-20190626220744-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.934403 | 6,730 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Today’s far-right parties in Europe, such as the National Front in France and the Party for Freedom in Holland, are surging in popularity and calling for legal bans on veils, mosques, minarets, sha’ria, and even the outright expulsion of Muslims from the continent. In short, the far-right perceives Muslims as “inassimilable” and their religion as “evil” and “backward.”
Ironically, however, Muslims have a rich history of harmony, justice, and compassion for humanity. These historical facts raise the question of whether Europe’s far-right parties should look to Muslim history for direction and guidance in their approach to handling minority communities.
Prophet Muhammad set the precedent for Muslims in regards to tolerance in the Constitution of Medina, one of history’s first legal documents to safeguard human rights. Also called the Medina Charter,
Prophet Muhammad’s Constitution provided equal rights to non-Muslims living under an Islamic government around the year 622. According to the Constitution, “Strangers” in Muhammad’s Muslim society were to be treated with special consideration and “on the same ground as [Muslims].”
Six years after creating the Medina Constitution, Muhammad sent a letter to Christian monks at St. Catherine’s in the Sinai, Egypt, to show his desire to protect vulnerable religious communities. In the letter, Muhammad offered the Christians peace and called on his fellow Muslims to “defend [Christians], because Christians are my citizens.”
Muhammad’s letter to the Christian monks also includes advice on how Christian judges are not to be removed from their offices, nor are the monks to be forced out of their monasteries. “No one is to destroy a house of their religion,” Muhammad stated, “or to carry anything from it to the Muslims’ houses.” He added: “Their churches are to be respected. They are neither to be prevented from repairing them nor the sacredness of their covenants.”
On Mount Arafat in 632 AD, Muhammad left another “charter” for human rights. In his “Final Sermon,” he claimed that “an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab… a white person has no superiority over black nor does a black have any superiority over white except by piety and good action.” The Final Sermon shows how Muhammad had great care for all people, regardless of their ethnic composition, and that diversity should be celebrated instead of eradicated from society.
Other Muslims leaders, such as Caliph Umar, advised his predecessors “to treat ahl al-dhimmah (Jews and Christians) well, to defend them against their enemies and not burden them with more than they can bear.”
Umar also stated: “Treat all people as equal… I advise you not to let yourself or anyone else do wrong to ahl al-dhimmah.” Umar was following in Muhammad’s footsteps in treating Jews and Christians as equal to Muslims.
Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad’s trusted advisors, is also on record stating that “the most important foundation of a truly Muslim country is justice and equality for all. In fact, a country that is bereft of justice and equality, though it may be inhabited by Muslims, is not really a Muslim country at all.”
Another Muslim leader, Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire, would echo Muhammad, Umar, and Abu Bakr’s message of tolerance and harmony centuries later. Upon assuming power, Akbar ended the jizya, or poll tax, on non-Muslims and invited people of all religious backgrounds to his court to engage in interfaith dialogue.
Moreover, Akbar had tremendous respect for Christianity, visible in the Buland Darwaze, a large gate-structure at the city of Fatehpur Sikri, on which he had transcribed the Qur’anic inscription: “Isa [Jesus], son of Mary, said: This world is a bridge. Pass over it, but build no houses on it. He who hopes for an hour may hope for eternity. The world endures but an hour. Spend it in prayer, for the rest is unseen.”
Rumi, the famous Sufi poet of the 13th century, also revered Jesus and extended his hand in friendship to non-Muslims. Rumi’s most powerful words echo love and peace to all regardless of ethnic background:
I am neither Christian, nor Jewish, nor Muslim I am not of the east, nor of the west… I have put duality away, I have see the two worlds as one; One I seek, One I know, One I see, One I call (Divan-i Sham-i Tabriz, II)
Members of Europe’s far-right parties can look to these great Muslim leaders for guidance in how to treat Muslims in their societies.
However, Europeans today can also look to the example on their continent – Muslim Spain, between the 8th and 15th centuries – when Muslims ruled a diverse society of Jews and Christians in a relative state of harmony, which was utterly unthinkable in other Christian European cities such as London or Paris.
Muslim Spain reached a state of tolerance which has its very own name – convívencía – which can literally be translated as “living with-ness,” or “requiring tolerance.”
Perhaps its time for Europeans to adopt a 21st century style convívencía so they can come to grips with what Muslims and Islam can offer to European society.
By Craig Considine | <urn:uuid:32992adb-4490-4304-8510-0d1da6c9a0c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://cavalierzee.wordpress.com/2013/11/19/what-europes-far-right-parties-can-learn-from-islam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687484.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920213425-20170920233425-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.958014 | 1,206 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Using deep learning to predict disease-associated mutations
During the past years, artificial intelligence (AI)—the capability of a machine to mimic human behavior—has become a key player in high-tech areas like drug development projects. AI tools help scientists to uncover the secret behind the big biological data using optimized computational algorithms. AI methods such as deep neural network improves decision making in biological and chemical applications i.e., prediction of disease-associated proteins, discovery of novel biomarkers and de novo design of small molecule drug leads. These state-of-the-art approaches help scientists to develop a potential drug more efficiently and economically.
A research team led by Professor Hongzhe Sun from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong (HKU), in collaboration with Professor Junwen Wang from Mayo Clinic, Arizona in the United States (a former HKU colleague), implemented a robust deep learning approach to predict disease-associated mutations of the metal-binding sites in a protein. This is the first deep learning approach for the prediction of disease-associated metal-relevant site mutations in metalloproteins, providing a new platform to tackle human diseases. The research findings were recently published in a top scientific journal Nature Machine Intelligence.
Metal ions play pivotal roles either structurally or functionally in the (patho)physiology of human biological systems. Metals such as zinc, iron and copper are essential for all life, and their concentration in cells must be strictly regulated. A deficiency or an excess of these physiological metal ions can cause severe disease in humans. It was discovered that mutations in the human genome are strongly associated with different diseases. If these mutations happen in the coding region of DNA, they might disrupt metal-binding sites of the proteins and consequently initiate severe diseases in humans. Understanding of disease-associated mutations at the metal-binding sites of proteins will facilitate discovery of new drugs.
The team first integrated omics data from different databases to build a comprehensive training dataset. By looking at the statistics from the collected data, the team found that different metals have different disease associations. A mutation in zinc-binding sites has a major role in breast, liver, kidney, immune system and prostate diseases. By contrast, the mutations in calcium- and magnesium-binding sites are associated with muscular and immune system diseases, respectively. For iron-binding sites, mutations are more associated with metabolic diseases. Furthermore, mutations of manganese- and copper-binding sites are associated with cardiovascular diseases with the latter being associated with nervous system disease as well.
The researchers used a novel approach to extract spatial features from the metal binding sites using an energy-based affinity grid map. These spatial features have been merged with physicochemical sequential features to train the model. The final results show that using the spatial features enhanced the performance of the prediction with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 and an accuracy of 0.82. Given the limited advanced techniques and platforms in the field of metallomics and metalloproteins, the proposed deep learning approach offers a method to integrate experimental data with bioinformatics analysis. The approach will help scientist to predict DNA mutations which are associated with diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and genetic disorders.
Professor Sun said: "Machine learning and AI play important roles in the current biological and chemical sciences. In my group we worked on metals in biology and medicine using an integrative omics approach including metallomics and metalloproteomics, and we already produced a large amount of valuable data using in vivo/vitro experiments. We are now developing an artificial intelligence approach based on deep learning to turn these raw data into valuable knowledge, leading us to uncover secrets behind the diseases and to fight them. I believe this novel deep learning approach can be used in other projects, which is ongoing in our laboratory." | <urn:uuid:c7cd916d-0572-4045-88b3-eab52fa1987e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://phys.org/news/2019-12-deep-disease-associated-mutations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147647.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228200903-20200228230903-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.936284 | 775 | 3.25 | 3 |
In honor of all our Veteran’s, their hard work and devotion to our country, I’m offering a discount on brain training services. Suffering from head trauma? PTSD? Headaches or nightmares? Sleep or temper problems? Neurofeedback is an evidence-based practice that heals the problem from the inside out. Get your life back on track.
Click on the “Schedule Now” button. Schedule a series of 10 sessions of Neurofeedback and you’ll get a big discount. I’ll work with you to make this affordable and give you a fast track to feeling better. Looking forward being part of your healing team.
The Brain Lady,
Can you read and write? Do math? Put on your shoes? Read a map? Apply lipstick or know when someone is unhappy? Catch a ball?
If so, thank your Parietal lobes!!!
- The parietal lobe is complex in that there is a dominant hemisphere and a non-dominant hemisphere. The parietal lobe controls abilities such as math calculation, writing, left-right orientation, and finger recognition. Lesions in part of the parietal lobe can cause deficits in writing, arithmetic calculation, left-right disorientation, and finger-naming (Gerstmann syndrome).
- The nondominant parietal lobe controls the opposite side of the body enabling you to be aware of environmental space, and is important for abilities such as drawing, being aware of expression, body language and facial recognition. If you can recognize feelings on someone’s face, be grateful to your parietal lobe near the temporal lobe. .An acute injury to the nondominant parietal lobe may cause neglect of the contralateral side (usually the left), resulting in decreased awareness of that part of the body, its environment, and any associated injury to that side (anosognosia). For example, patients with large right parietal lesions may deny the existence of left-sided paralysis. Patients with smaller lesions may lose the ability to do learned motor tasks (eg, dressing, other well-learned activities)—a spatial-manual deficit called apraxia.
Parietal lobe functions include:
- Information Processing
- Touch Sensation (Pain, Temperature, etc.)
- Understanding Spatial Orientation
- Movement Coordination
- Visual Perception
- Reading and Writing
- Mathematical Computation
Training with Neurofeedback can assist the brain in making new pathways and support the brain in rewiring itself. Schedule your free demo today to learn more about how Neurofeedback can bring you to a higher state of awareness and function. For the first time in history, we can see our own brains at work and assist its functioning to a higher state of optimization.
I look forward to working with you!
Non-invasive QEEG Brain Mapping is analogous to a physician performing a throat culture on a patient with a throat infection to determine which antibiotic would best eradicate the infection. Brain Mapping gives answers to what’s going on below the surface. The electrodes are placed on the head, and read the electrical activity coming off of the brain.
The Brain Map analysis gives us important information to more effectively help improve the quality of life and productivity of each individual patient. Each segment of the brain produces brain wave activity that can be measured and will indicate the level of functioning of that region. Treatment is then guided by the map. A brain map is done prior to treatment and after about 10 sessions.
QEEG (Quantitative Electro- encephalogram) or Brain Mapping is an essential diagnostic procedure for developing non-drug treatment protocols for Attention and focus issues, Autism, Learning Disorders, Anxiety, Depression and Stress Related Illnesses.
In a safe, spa-like space you will sit comfortably for about an hour with a non-invasive electrode cap on your head while we take a reading of the brain’s activity. This map will then guide our treatment for your sessions. | <urn:uuid:92c83414-40f2-4bf2-ba09-d6e2c4c10250> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://braintrainingofnewengland.com/tag/diagnostics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315811.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821065413-20190821091413-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.893705 | 824 | 2.8125 | 3 |
If you have been diagnosed with diabetes and are afraid of losing your vision, you are not alone. Diabetes has many faces—it affects people of all ages, races and nationalities. Of the almost 30 million people in the United States with diabetes, almost half will eventually develop some sort of diabetic eye disease.
Diabetes primarily affects the blood vessels in the retina, the light sensing tissue at the back of the eye. These vessels work like hoses, bringing oxygen and other nutrients into and out of the eye. Damage to these vessels is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy develops gradually and painlessly.
Although good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent diabetic eye disease, significant problems can still occur. Regular dilated eye examinations are therefore the only way to diagnose problems early, before vision loss occurs.
Diabetic vision loss is often preventable with early detection and treatment. At Bennett & Bloom Eye Centers, we specialize in all aspects of diabetic eye disease. The advanced diagnostic and treatment techniques we use often keep you seeing normally, allowing you to enjoy life to its fullest.
What is diabetes?
When we eat, food is broken down into sugars (glucose), fat (triglycerides) and proteins. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, drives glucose into the cells. Diabetes mellitus is a disease causing the blood sugar (glucose) to become elevated by either a lack of insulin production by the pancreas (Type 1) or a resistance of insulin to get glucose into our cells (Type 2). Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed early in life and patients require insulin injections in order to bring the glucose levels down to normal. Type 2 diabetes occurs later in life and can be controlled with diet, pills, or insulin, depending on its severity. Approximately 30 million Americans (1 out of every 11 people) have diabetes, with about 25% of these who are undiagnosed. An unbelievable 86 million Americans (1 out of every 3 adults) have prediabetes, 15-30% of whom will develop diabetes within 5 years.
How does diabetes affect the eye?
Diabetes primarily affects the blood vessels that nourish the retina. The retinal vessels work like a garden hose, bringing oxygen and other nutrients into and out of the eye. Diabetes causes them to sprout tiny leaks, or microaneurysms (non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy), which makes the surrounding retina swell and not work properly. Central vision can become blurred, just as a water droplet placed on a photograph will cause the picture to blister and become distorted (diabetic macular edema).
Diabetes can also make the blood vessels close off. Some eyes will develop tiny new blood vessels in an attempt to increase the retinal blood supply (proliferative diabetic retinopathy). These new vessels do not help the eye, however. They are fragile and can cause blindness by bleeding (vitreous hemorrhage) or causing a retinal detachment.
Who gets diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetic retinopathy develops gradually over many years. People with Type I diabetes, those requiring insulin to control their blood sugar, and patients with diabetes for many years are at an increased risk for developing retinal problems. Poor control of the blood glucose, pregnancy, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and smoking also aggravate diabetic retinopathy.
Approximately 50% of diabetics will develop some form of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss and new-onset blindness in the United States in those 20 to 74 years of age, with new cases of blindness developing in 12,000 to 24,000 persons annually. Remarkably, much of this vision loss is preventable with more timely diagnosis and treatment.
How is diabetic retinopathy diagnosed?
You can’t diagnose diabetic retinopathy by looking in the mirror since your eye will usually look and feel normal. Vision is also often normal despite the presence of potentially blinding eye conditions. Only a thorough retinal examination through a dilated pupil can detect these problems. Properly timed treatment can often stabilize vision although it is less likely to improve it. The key to maintaining good eyesight, therefore, is early diagnosis and treatment before symptoms occur. Most diabetic patients need dilated eye examinations at least once a year throughout their lifetime. Further testing, including photography, fluorescein angiography and OCT scanning may be done to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of any changes thought to cause visual loss.
What treatments are available for diabetic retinopathy?
Good control of your blood sugar can significantly decrease the chances of diabetic retinopathy developing or progressing. However, there are some people who, despite eating right and controlling their diabetes as best as possible, will still get significant eye disease.
Laser photocoagulation is one of the main ways that diabetic retinopathy is treated. A laser is an instrument that produces a pure, high-intensity beam of light energy. The laser light can be focused onto the retina, selectively treating the desired area while leaving the surrounding tissues untouched. The absorbed energy heats, or photocoagulates, the retina, creating a microscopic spot. Laser surgery, utilizing the Iridex OcuLight GL laser, is performed in our office while you are awake and comfortable. The laser treatment usually takes less than 30 minutes to complete and you can go home immediately following surgery. Arrangements for transportation should be made in advance since you may not be able to drive right away. It will take several weeks to months before we can tell whether the laser surgery has been successful. Since diabetes is a progressive disease, many patients need more than one treatment to control their eye problem and prevent further loss of vision.
The laser is used to seal the leaking vessels causing macular edema (focal or grid laser photocoagulation). Although photocoagulation decreases the risks of persistent macular edema and significant visual loss by about 50%, it does not significantly improve vision. It is therefore used primarily in eyes with non-central macular edema, and as supplemental treatment in eyes receiving intraocular injections.
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. New vessels in eyes with proliferative retinopathy can often be made to disappear with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). Microscopic laser spots, placed into the peripheral retina, improve retinal circulation causing neovascularization to disappear. PRP is generally completed in 2-3 sessions over several weeks to months. It decreases the risk of severe vision loss by at least 50%, and often provides a lifelong fix for proliferative disease. However, some patients will still require additional treatments or vitrectomy surgery for vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment.
Intraocular Anti-VEGF agents and steroids.VEGF inhibitors (Avastin, Lucentis and Eylea) and intraocular steroids strengthen leaking diabetic retinal vessels and have become the treatment of choice for central diabetic macular edema.
All 3 anti-VEGF agents (Lucentis, Eylea and Avastin) are equally effective with good baseline vision; for eyes with worse initial vision Eylea is often the first choice since it more rapidly improves eyesight. Unlike laser photocoagulation, vision often improves significantly (1-2 lines) and about 30% of eyes gain ≥ 3 lines, although it can take many months and injections for maximal results. Laser can be used as supplemental treatment to help decrease the number of intravitreal injections. The need for additional injections and lasers tends to decrease over time, requiring nearly monthly injections initially in most patients before tapering off to virtually zero after 5 years.
Intravitreal triamcinolone (Kenalog, Triesence) is just as effective as Lucentis for the initial therapy in eyes that have had cataract surgery, and is associated with a much lower frequency of injections. Sustained release steroids (Ozurdex and Iluvien) are typically used as supplemental treatments. Triamcinolone is effective for up to six months, the sustained release dexamethasone (Ozurdex) is effective for 2-3 months) and the sustained-release fluocinolone (Iluvien) is effective for up to 3 years. Common steroid side-effects include elevated intraocular pressure and cataract. About 40% of eyes treated with steroids will need some form of pressure lowering therapy which can usually be managed with eye drops.
Some patients with severe proliferative retinopathy will develop extensive bleeding or retinal detachment that can cause blindness. Vitrectomy surgery is done in the operating room on an outpatient basis. These advanced microsurgical techniques often allow us to restore vision by removing the hemorrhage and bleeding tissues. Vitrectomy is also used for some eyes with macular edema that fail to respond to laser photocoagulation or intraocular injections.
Observe vitrectomy surgery for a diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. | <urn:uuid:855c504b-2a4a-49d5-a630-870a17333862> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.eyecenters.com/retina-and-vitreous-louisville/diabetes-and-the-eye/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426951.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727022134-20170727042134-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.935214 | 1,866 | 3.25 | 3 |
According to data from the Department of Defense (DoD) Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), there were approximately 725,877 spouses of DoD Active Duty members and approximately 413,295 spouses of Reserve and Guard members in 2010. According to the Veterans Administration's (VA) 2010 National Survey of Veterans, it is estimated that there are more than 15 million veterans' spouses in the United States and more than 5.8 million surviving spouses of veterans in the U.S. Studies by RAND (2004) have shown that female Armed Forces spouses are employed at lower rates and earn less than female civilian spouses, on average. Female civilian spouses with the same characteristics as female Armed Forces spouses have better employment outcomes than the average female Armed Forces spouse. RAND (2004) has also shown that female Armed Forces spouses are employed at lower rates and earn less than female civilian spouses, on average. In this study, the majority of Armed Forces spouses believe that the military lifestyle -- including frequent moves, deployments, living in areas with poor local labor market conditions, and long hours that keep service members from assisting with parenting -- has negatively affected their employment opportunities. Almost half believe that their educational opportunities have suffered. Armed Forces spouses work for different reasons, based on their own education level, their service member's pay grade, and their financial situation. Another study by the Department of the Treasury and the DoD (2012), using data from 2008 DMDC survey, found that nearly 35 percent of Armed Forces spouses in the labor force require licenses or certification for their profession, and that Armed Forces spouses are ten times more likely to have moved across state lines in the last year compared to their civilian counterparts, further complicating this need for licensing or certification.
The overarching objective of this research project was to evaluate the cumulative economic impact on Armed Forces spouses who may be unable to sustain employment due to Permanent Change of Station (PCS) moves, licensure constraints, and lack of career enhancing opportunities. This research project contributes to a body of knowledge that provides policy makers with the information necessary to pool resources for military families and spouses, in order to increase the spouses' chances of obtaining steady employment, earning wages equivalent to those of their civilian peers, and advancing along professional career paths in spite of PCS moves. This research effort will benefit society at large through expanding the knowledge base of challenges for working spouses and working parents and will identify areas for improvement in public policy that can benefit working families. This research will drive new policies and initiatives that will provide benefits to all military spouses and families by providing them with resources to overcome the economic challenges of pursuing a career as a military spouse or a military spouse with children.
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Title: Military Spouse Employment Report
Publication date 2014-02-01
Publication Year 2014
, Rosalinda Maury
Institute for Veterans and Military Families, Syracuse University
North America / United States
, military spouses
, active duty
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Please use the form below to provide us with your recommendation, and we'll check it out. Include your name and email address along with your suggestion just in case we need to get in touch. Thank you for contacting us. | <urn:uuid:4b39de23-bfa2-4f55-9e5a-f8c6703b628a> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://joiningforces.issuelab.org/resource/military-spouse-employment-report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860684.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618164208-20180618184208-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.942786 | 792 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Anindita Sitepu and Natasha Ardiani
Following its declaration by the 189 member states of the United Nations in New York in 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have since been integrated into the national development programs of many nations, including Indonesia. It is probably difficult to find another country that embraced the MDGs as much as Indonesia. Under former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY’s) second administration (2009-2014), the MDGs were incorporated into all phases of the national development plan, from budgeting to implementation. Indonesia was also one of only two countries with a Special Envoy managing the MDGs within the government – Professor Nila Moeloek, now Minister of Health.
Indonesia made significant inroads in relation to the MDGs, many of which are discussed by other contributors of this edition. The proportion of people living on income per capita less than US$1 per day has dropped by about 15 per cent. The goal of achieving universal primary education is on track. The goal on gender equality is expected to be met by 2015. There has been an improvement in tuberculosis detection by more than 50 per cent and a decrease of the disease by the same amount. The financial climate and trade, as well as the national banking system, are improving.
Despite these successes, it has been a rocky road implementing the MDGs in Indonesia. Even with such high-level support for the MDGs within the government, many practical challenges had to be overcome to achieve these goals. The approaches undertaken to manage such challenges would thus serve as useful lessons when implementing the post-MDG development agenda in Indonesia.
Complexities of the MDGs
Over the years of working towards achieving the MDGs in Indonesia, a significant challenge has been coordinating all the relevant stakeholders. The Presidential Instruction for the MDGs of 2010 lists government institutions responsible for achieving the MDGs. They included the National Development Planning Agency, the President’s Delivery Unit, ministries, non-ministerial agencies and local governments. Each goal was intended to be viewed holistically, with intervention planning completed within the relevant sectors. However, more often than not, goals and targets were divided amongst the different sectors, and then developed separately.
Achievement of the health-related goals and targets, for example, has lagged the most. Indonesia has under performed in achieving its targets in the areas of malnutrition, HIV/AIDS and maternal mortality rate. There are some serious gaps in infrastructure. For example, there are solid primary healthcare centre buildings, but no roads to them. Vaccines are readily available, but there is no electricity to power the fridges used to store them. There are good hospital beds, but not clean water to wash the tools. These gaps indicate that communication is inadequate, which can hinder the overall efforts to improve the health-related goals. These challenges need to be the priority of not just the obvious stakeholders in the health sector, but also the Public Works Agency, Home Affairs, the Ministry of Education and the local planning agency. If these stakeholders worked together, they could update each other on their progress, communicating across the sectoral fences within the bureaucracy.
Gaining long-term commitment from stakeholders was also no walk in the park. The high-level targets in the MDGs have not always been front and centre of leaders’ minds when they are faced with the practical realities on the ground. Some areas, Java in particular, have really taken to the MDGs, especially when they had the benefit of having easy access to information, the infrastructure to implement action plans, and the exposure to global development. However, leaders in less-developed areas, such as parts of eastern Indonesia, have had a harder time understanding the relevance of the MDGs, without as much exposure to or means of implementation. One way of giving stakeholders an incentive to take the MDGs more seriously was through the Indonesia MDG Awards. These were awarded at a national event that celebrated best development practices within academia, business, civil society, and local government.
Another challenge was translating an ambitious set of national goals and targets into local action plans. Commitment from the government to mainstream the MDGs in its development plan was defined in the 2005-2025 National Long-term Development Plan and in the 2005-2009 and 2010-2014 National Medium-term Development Plans. However, implementing these locally was not always easy. Indonesia has diverse geographical conditions, cultures and beliefs. Local governments need support to understand the relevance of MDGs, more encouragement to tailor development plans according to the needs of the local area and guidance with the implementation of plans. With around 400 districts, each with their own implementing agencies, awareness and understanding of the MDGs was uneven across the archipelago, which in turn created obstacles to local implementation of the national plans. Disseminating information in the remote Mentawai Islands in North Sumatra, for example, was more challenging than in Bandung, West Java, where information was just a phone call away, and access to technology much easier.
Lessons for the post-MDG era
Looking ahead at the post-2015 development agenda and the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is much that policy-makers in Indonesia and other parts of the world can learn, based on the challenges encountered when implementing the MDGs.
One message for political leaders and decision makers is that complex and multi-layered goals cannot be implemented by just one ministry or by the government alone. The proposed SDG on the environment does not merely address environmental issues and forest management, but also the need to adapt and prevent environmental degradation. This goal will require collective ownership from the Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as well as partnership with relevant stakeholders from the private sector, non-government organisations (NGOs), civil society organisations (CSOs), academics and international organisations. One of the ways to coordinate these inputs from a wide range of stakeholders and minimise the ‘implementation gap’ is through effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. For example, the Format 8 Kolom (8-column format or F8K) used by the President’s Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring and Oversight (UKP4) is an effective tool to monitor action plans.
It is also important for policy-makers to ensure that post-2015 goals and targets are integrated into national and local development planning and translated into targets and indicators that can be monitored. It wasn’t until 2010 that SBY issued an instruction for incorporating the MDGs into Indonesia’s national development plans. It took a long time to translate international goals and targets into national indicators and to collect baseline data. In some cases, like the maternal mortality rate, Indonesia did not have a baseline figure, and it was the introduction of the MDGs that led to this information being collected and monitored. If this information had been on hand, the gap between Indonesia’s baseline position and the MDG target would have been known and resources could have been promptly allocated. The post-2015 agenda certainly cannot afford this sort of time lag.
Finally, there is an urgent need for broad-based partnership. National governments need to engage businesses, civil societies, academia, youth and all segments in society to be able to communicate and implement the post-2015 goals effectively. Communicating the post-2015 goals to everyone from mothers to ministers, and from urban dwellers to indigenous and local communities, will not only bolster implementation but also ensure that the goals themselves make a difference. Marketing the goals is as much a defining factor of success as the content of the goals themselves.
MDG implementation in Indonesia provides many lessons for the post-MDG period. Baseline data was collected and partnerships were nurtured. But the experience in Indonesia also showed that high-level commitment from the government for international development goals did not automatically ensure an easy ride. The new administration’s vision—to support development that is focused on human rights, equitable and environmentally-friendly growth, and to strong law enforcement—aligns very closely with the post-2015 development agenda. Time will tell whether Indonesia’s lessons with the MDGs will lead to better development outcomes.
Anindita Sitepu (firstname.lastname@example.org) is a Health Psychologist and former Program Manager at the Office of the President’s Special Envoy on MDGs. She is currently Program Director at the Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI).
Natasha Ardiani (email@example.com) is currently Assistant to the Head of Indonesia National REDD+ Management Agency, and previously worked for the President’s Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring and Oversight (UKP4). | <urn:uuid:5ba69ce4-4043-4251-b61c-cce4e1e8467f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.insideindonesia.org/making-the-millennium-development-goals-real | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810617.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408041431-20200408071931-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.955573 | 1,798 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Japanese swords are often categorized according to the time period in which they were produced. Bladesmiths in Japan have pioneered dozens of different swords, some of which include the chokuto, tsurgi, tachi, tanto, kodachi, odachi, uchigatana, katana and wakizashi. While each of these swords has its own unique characteristics, they can all be categorized according to when they were produced. Gendaito, for example, refers to Japanese swords produced in a specific time period.
Gendaito Swords Explained
The term "gendaito" refers to Japanese swords produced during 1876 to 1945. Japanese bladesmiths have produced swords for centuries, with some of the region's first swords dating back to around 300 to 500 A.D. There were still swords in Japan before this era, though they were believed to have come from China. It wasn't until 300 to 500 A.D. when Japan began making its own swords. Modern swords produced in Japan from 1876 to 1945 are known as gendaito.
Why were swords produced from 1876 to 1945 classified as gendaito exactly? Well, 1876 was an important year for Japan. During this time, the Japanese government passed the Halaitorei Edict. Also known as the Sword Abolishment Edict, it sought to ban the act of carrying swords in public among the general population. There were a few exceptions to the Halaitorei Edict. Former daimyo, military servicemembers and law enforcement officials, for example, could still carry swords in public. The general population, however, could not. This resulted in lower-quality swords being produced, so these swords were classified as gendaito to distinguish them from those produced during other periods.
Jokoto, Koto, Shinto, Shinshinto and Shinsakuto Swords
Gendaito isn't the only time period-based classification of Japanese swords. There are also jokoto, koto, shinto, shinshinto and shinsakuto swords, each of which refer to swords produced in a specific time period. Jokoto swords are the oldest, with production occurring from ancient times to 900 A.D. Koto swords are the second oldest, having been produced in 900 to 1596. Next up are shinto swords, which were produced in Japan from 1596 to 1780. Then there were shinshinto swords, which were produced in Japan from 1781 to 1876.
Following shinshinto swords were gendaito swords. As previously explained, gendaito swords are characterized by their production in 1876 to 1945. While many people assume that gendaito is the most recent classification of Japanese swords, there's actually a newer classification: shinsakuto. Meaning "newly made swords," shinsakuto swords include swords produced from 1953 to present day. | <urn:uuid:a192fda4-ea69-4d0b-83a0-f66c2bd88131> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.martialartswords.com/blogs/articles/what-are-japanaese-gendaito-swords | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.98257 | 601 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Frontal Temporal Dementia Pittsburgh
Also known as FTD, frontotemporal degeneration or Pick’s disease, is the most common dementia diagnosed before age 60. FTD is actually a group of diseases affecting the same brain regions. These include behavioral variant FTD, primary progressive aphasia (PPA), corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and FTD/ALS.
Symptoms: FTD brings progressive changes to personality, language, decision making, behavior, disinhibitions, impulsivity, impaired financial decision making, and language problems.
Clinically, FTD is classified into two main types of syndromes:
- Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) involves changes in behavior, judgment, and personality. People with this disorder may have problems with cognition. Their memory may stay relatively intact. They may do impulsive things that are out of character such as gambling or having extramarital affairs. They may engage in repetitive, unusual behaviors. People with bvFTD also may say or do inappropriate things or become uncaring. Over time, language and/or movement problems may occur.
- Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) involves changes in the ability to speak, understand, and express thoughts and/or words and to write and read. Many people with PPA develop symptoms of dementia. Problems with memory, reasoning, and judgment are not apparent at first but can develop and progress over time. Sometimes a person with PPA cannot recognize the faces of familiar people and common objects (called semantic PPA). Other individuals have increasing trouble producing speech and may eventually be unable to speak at all (called agrammatic PPA).
Symptoms: In these disorders, changes to nerve cells in the brain’s frontal lobes affect the ability to reason and make decisions, prioritize and multitask, act appropriately, and control movement. Changes to the temporal lobes affect memory and how people understand words, recognize objects, and recognize and respond to emotions. Some people decline rapidly over 2 to 3 years, while others show only minimal changes for many years. The signs and symptoms may vary greatly among individuals as different parts of the brain are affected. No treatment that can cure or reverse frontal temporal dementia disorders is currently available.
Families frequently do not recognize FTD in their loved ones. They often wonder why their personalities change. Life Care Managers can help families understand the nature of this disease and provide the needed family support. This is not the person but the disease-causing this change.
Think your family member may have Frontal Temporal Dementia in the Pittsburgh area? Visit our life care management page to learn how we can help.
April 16 is National Healthcare Decisions Day. Have you created health care directives? If you haven’t, or you aren’t sure your documents are up to date, here some questions you might have. #1: Why should people express their wishes about health care? Isn’t that for their doctor to decide? Today’s health care technologies are pretty…Read More | <urn:uuid:f825b0f9-5f87-440d-a384-51436fb9222d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://holisticaging.com/frontotemporal-dementia-pittsburgh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.936055 | 647 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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Inspiration software and a Smartboard are used in this lesson comparing/contrasting Elsie Wiesel’s “Night” and the Holocaust movie “Life is Beautiful”
Computers & Internet, Language Arts, Social Studies
By – Donald Freese
Primary Subject – Language Arts
Secondary Subjects – Social Studies, Computers & Internet
Grade Level – 9th
|This lesson is part of a unit on Holocaust literature with a focus on the novel Night by Elie Wiesel. Prior to this lesson, the students need to research the era, read the book, and watch the movie Life is Beautiful , which also deals with the Holocaust. The lesson for today is a compare/contrast paper focusing on the movie and the book.|
- ELA HSCE 1.4.4: Students will be able to demonstrate the ability to interpret, synthesize and evaluate information by writing a compare/contrast paper for
Life is Beautiful
Learning Resources and Materials:
- Students need a copy of the text as well as a copy of their notes from the movie.
- Students also need note-taking materials.
- The teacher needs a Smartboard with internet access, 30 copies of a graphic organizer (described below), 30 assignment sheets (descibed below) and Inspiration 9 software.
Development of Lesson:
- Give students the first five to ten minutes of class to do a quick write-up about the movie. Have them complete the following statement:
I liked Night better because…
I liked Life is Beautiful better because…
- During this time, the students write down their answers and then discuss them with their friends.
- Bell Work:
- After the students have completed their writing and discussion, the teacher convenes the group for response sharing and to gauge how specific the students were in their answers.
- If they did not give specific examples, work on that together.
- Call to Action:
For this lesson, I attempted a constructivist approach. I varied between large group and small group work for this cooperative learning day. The essential question is:
How can two completely different approaches lead to the same outcome?
- Complete the aforementioned bell work and class discussion.
- At the end of the discussion, divide students into groups of four and, whenever possible, include one high achiever, one low performing student and two students who perform somewhere in the middle. Have the groups fill out a graphic organizer that asks them to compare/contrast specific elements of the book and movie. Those elements include:
- Emotional Response.
- Give the groups fifteen to twenty minutes to complete the graphic organizer and then reconvene as a large group. Then ask each group to report all of the similarities they were able to find. As the groups report the information, the teacher will type it into the Inspiration Diagram . Then repeat the process using differences, but have the groups report in reverse order from the first time around.
- After the class lists are completed, ask each student to pick two similarities and two differences and write them down in their notes.
- Once everyone has finished, explain their assignment:
- If time allows, allot the remainder of the class time for pre-writing activities or thesis development.
- Attempt to vary groups based on ability, mixing high performing and low performing students.
- Allow EI, LD, and ELL students to simply compare and contrast without a thesis, or other accommodations as needed.
- Count the informal assessment for the group work as a participation grade. Evaluate performance through class discussion and by meeting with individual groups during group work time.
- Base the formal assessment for the paper on to what extent they meet the requirements of a compare/ contrast paper.
- The elements will include:
- proper thesis
- relevant and accurate supporting evidence
- proper use of transitions
- grammar and spelling.
- The paper will count for 50 points.
- How the students perform on the assessed paper assignment will indicate whether or not the expectation has been met.
- The elements will include:
- Allow students to have five to ten minutes at the end of class to ask questions about the work from today and about the paper that will be due in a week.
- Based on today’s lesson, the teacher should be able to determine the reading and writing levels of the students, their ability to work together as a group, and the amount of time which should be given to a project like this in the future.
E-Mail Donald Freese ! | <urn:uuid:95004770-84f4-4242-94c0-051df4f576f2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://lessonplanspage.com/lassciothercompareholocaustbooknighttomovielifeisbeautiful9-htm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00168-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932894 | 944 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Advertising could be a good factor as a result of it helps hold cost down for us as consumers. A easy virus that may make a copy of itself again and again is comparatively straightforward to provide. Most frequently, Trojan horses both steal information (comparable technology guru to passwords or information) from the computer or injury the contents of the computer (by deleting information). For a virus contained in an e mail message to attack your pc, it’ll normally require your pc to execute some code.
With the FixMeStick, eradicating laptop viruses solely entails 2 steps: 1) plug in your FixMeStick to an USB port, 2) Click to start a scan It is that straightforward ! Regardless of the numerous thousand virus strains that exist, very few viruses have found their manner out of analysis labs to end-consumer computers. What’s more, clicking on the button could hyperlink you to malicious hyperlinks or webpages with quite a lot of viruses or malware.
The Pretend News Media won’t talk about the importance of the United Nations Safety Council’s 15-zero vote in favor of sanctions on N. Korea! Be extraordinarily careful about accepting packages or different recordsdata during on-line chat classes: this appears to be one of many extra common means that individuals wind up with virus or Computer virus problems.
Three of the more fascinating strategies are the polymorphic virus, the retrovirus, and the stealth virus. If infected with the Monkey B virus it’s a chance that the hard disk drive information might be misplaced. Laptop viruses are small software program packages which are designed to spread from one computer to another and to intervene with pc operation.
If the pc did not contain the Siemens software program, then the virus would not do anything, and it will lay dormant to not get detected. For details about different startup modes, see Begin your laptop in safe computer towers mode. Some viruses attempt to avoid detection by killing the duties related to antivirus software program earlier than it will possibly detect them.
On a optimistic be aware, the virus does not sometimes delete information nor hinder your system’s performance. The everyday malicious software creator is male between fourteen and twenty-five years of age (only some female virus writers are known). Trojans are also identified to create a backdoor on your computer that gives customers access to your system, permitting confidential or personal info to be compromised.
The software program would not appear to be weak to the same kill change” that stopped the same Wannacry virus simply weeks in the past, nevertheless, and so is more likely to continue to travel around the globe. The virus is taken into account non-resident”; it does not set up itself or stay hidden in your laptop’s reminiscence. Referred to as crypto ransomware or cryptoware, this newer breed of virus takes Popp’s concept—using encryption to render information inaccessible and not using a specific cryptographic key—and infuses it with state-of-the-artwork cryptography. | <urn:uuid:12eefc5b-27f7-4570-b1ff-816c7a74e28d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://fivenightsatfreddys-2.com/ecmc-computers-still-down-because-of-laptop-virus.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948568283.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215095015-20171215115015-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.91619 | 626 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gold shapes up as new-age sensor
(Phys.org) —A wearable pressure sensor that is both highly sensitive and cheap to produce could aid the development of prosthetic skin, touch-on flexible displays and energy harvesting, as well as changing the way vital health signs are monitored.
Researchers from Monash University's Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, produced the new sensor by sandwiching ultrathin gold nanowire-impregnated tissue paper between two polymer sheets.
Researcher Dr Wenlong Cheng said the sensor had great potential for monitoring people's health anytime and anywhere.
"The sensors are flexible, yet robust and our testing showed they could be used for checking such things as blood pressure, blood pulse and heartbeat. These results have particular implications for future 'at-home' diagnostic tools for elderly or disabled people," Dr Cheng said.
Unlike current pressure sensors, which rely on brittle semiconductor material, the new sensor can be bent or twisted without cracking.
The researchers used gold nanowire because of its ability to be highly flexible while maintaining high conductivity.
"We chose the ultrathin gold nanowires because they are mechanically flexible and have good conductivity, yet are very robust which makes them highly suitable for wearable devices," Dr Cheng said.
The nanowire used in the sensor is about two nanometres thick - a nanometre is one billionth of a metre - and is the thinnest gold wire produced.
The sensor's robust flexibility means it could be worn as a diagnostic device, for example to detect blood pressure or pulse in real time and under various conditions, including during exercise or sleep.
It also has potential use in a range of other applications, including detecting acoustic vibrations and in flexible displays that could supersede hard tablet or phone touch screens that are subject to cracking.
The sensor has the added advantage over current versions that it does not need expensive equipment or costly cleanroom conditions to produce.
Dr Cheng said an exciting aspect was that while the team had only produced a patch-size sensor, the fabrication process could easily be replicated on a much larger scale.
The research was published in Nature Communications. | <urn:uuid:3fc422ca-d098-4a81-9797-eb82358b5eb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://phys.org/news/2014-07-gold-new-age-sensor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.954202 | 460 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Friendships are an opportunity for invaluable companionship — and for adventure, too! Books about the positive power of friendship can teach young children important social-emotional skills. Building friendships strengthens empathy and kindness, and also builds confidence, all of which are invaluable lifelong skills!
For instance, the sweet book A Friend for Dragon is a delightfully whimsical story about a lonely dragon searching for (and finding!) the perfect friend for him. Meanwhile, titles like Princess Truly #4: I Am a Good Friend explore all of the amazing and fun things friends can to together, from building a clubhouse to helping each other when someone is in need.
There are many benefits to reading books about friendship and opportunities to apply the lessons learned to real-life situations. Read aloud these books and discuss how to cultivate meaningful relationships with your kid. Your child will feel more in touch with their emotions and others as they learn important social skills like collaboration and patience.
Shop the best books about friendship below! You can find all books and activities at The Scholastic Store. | <urn:uuid:0f5fbd03-1b5f-40a7-8351-06774186694c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.scholastic.com/parents/family-life/social-emotional-learning/families-relationships/books-friendship.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710662.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128203656-20221128233656-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.937766 | 213 | 3.5 | 4 |
Tips For Doing Well On Exams
Exam time can be a very stressful time for students. Exams are inevitable, so the best thing students can do for a good grade is to be prepared. Below are a few tips and tricks for students on how to get prepared for exams.
● Take time to study before the exam
Taking good notes during class will provide something useful to study later.
● Get some sleep
It may not seem like sleep would help exam scores, however, scientists report at least eight hours of sleep before a big exam improves test scores by 10 percent on average.
● Eat a healthy breakfast
Eating “brain food” for breakfast can do wonders for focus and memory. Peanut butter, fresh fruit, and eggs are among some foods that can help exam performance exponentially, without any unnatural sugars.
● Drink lots of water and avoid caffeine
Although college students rely on coffee to stay alive, drinking a Monster drink or any other caffeinated drink before an exam is not the best thing to do. These drinks pump the body full of artificial sugars which can decrease a person's ability to focus.
● Come back to questions later
Read the exam questions carefully. If the answer to the question is uncertain at the time, skip the question and go back to it later.
● Use the process of elimination
Try to eliminate the obvious wrong answers. This will help find the correct answer.
● Go back over your answers
Students are most prone to mistakes at the beginning of an exam, when they are nervous or not yet focused. Going back over the answers can help avoid a big mistakes.
● Don’t sweat it!
If the exam does not go well, thinking negatively can make the next exam seem even more difficult. Exams are evaluations that help identify what needs to be worked on. By using those results, one can get better. Being able to bounce back from a bad exam grade and doing better next time is more impressive in the long run!
Exams are here to say, for now, so it is important to be prepared for them. It may be difficult, but taking exams is a skill and anyone can learn how to improve their skills. | <urn:uuid:5f306e0c-61bc-4079-9e30-38531bcf2549> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.caldwellschools.com/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=1717&ModuleInstanceID=20776&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=39695&PageID=11623 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900335.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709131554-20200709161554-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.957154 | 452 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Dogs that bark excessively can be a source of great irritation for neighbours. There are many reasons why dogs bark and a lot of the time the dog’s owner may not realise the barking is causing an annoyance to other people.
Why is my dog barking
There are many reasons why a dog may bark including:
- Boredom or lack of stimulation, both mental and physical
- Separation anxiety
- Lack of companionship
- Guarding its territory or fear
- Lack of exercise
- Inadequate yard space
- Inadequate shelter from weather
- Hunger or thirst
- Medical conditions/illness
- Provocation and/or disturbances
- Change to a new environment or family structure
Tips to reduce dog barking
To reduce barking, consider trying the tips listed below:
- Take your dog on more frequent walks (once or twice daily) and include it on family outings, so it can explore the outside world more.
- Provide your dog with toys, puzzles and play tricks with it to enhance mental stimulation and reduce boredom.
- If your dog is barking at passers-by or other animals, block its view of movement outside the property with solid fencing, shade cloth or hedging. Alternatively, if the source of provocation is a human, try to discuss the problem with them.
- Do not reward your dog for barking. Don’t let the dog inside or give it attention when it barks. Instead, give the dog attention when it is quiet.
- Enrol your dog in obedience training.
- Check with your vet to ensure your dog is in good health.
What can I do if my neighbour has a barking dog?
Attempt to notify your neighbour
If a barking dog is becoming an issue, start by speaking with your neighbour. This may resolve the issue without any further action.
If you feel uncomfortable speaking to your neighbour, try writing a letter to them. It may be useful to keep a log of times that the dog is barking and provide this information to your neighbour as they may not be aware of the issue.
Unsure of what to write? Use our sample letter to help guide you.
You can find more resources and information about resolving disputes on the Dispute settlement centre of Victoria website.
Lodging a complaint with Council
Before lodging a complaint with Council you must first show that you:
- have attempted to resolve the nuisance issue with your neighbour
- identify the address where the dog resides and a description of the offending dog/s
- are willing to complete a barking dog diary
If you have been unable to resolve the matter with your neighbour, submit a complaint to council by contacting us via email at email@example.com or mail to P.O BOX 105, Anderson Street Lilydale, Vic 3140. You will need to provide your name, address and the address of where the dog is located. | <urn:uuid:167ba3e1-89e8-4d34-9cba-f76cb13b48a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Environment/Pets/Owning-a-pet/Barking-dogs?lang_update=637921865805161982 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.93911 | 608 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The oval was an essential pattern in baroque architecture and later periods. Well-known examples of architecture employing ovals are Saint Peter's Square in Rome and the Oval Office in the White House. In his famous work "Tutte l'Opere d'Archittetura", Sebastiano Serlio declared, "In diversi modi si possono fare delle forme ovali, ma in quattro modi ne darò la regola." [As a rough translation: "There are many ways to draw an oval, but I will give you four ways to do it."] In this Demonstration you can regulate not only four ovals but a huge variety of other shapes.
Two centers are marked by a red locator and a blue locator. The straight lines from the centers of the circles to the points of contact are radii and the dashed lines are the tangents. With the green locator you can change the radius of the blue circles. You have chosen good parameters if the tangents coincide. If the tangents are identical then the two circles join smoothly.
"Serlio I" shows ovals with constant distance; one may say "parallel" ovals. The construction in this Demonstration uses three famous theorems of Euclid (ca. 360–280 BC) that were not known to Serlio (1475–1554?). The edges of the ovals consist of four segments of circles that are joined smoothly. This is easily done by using the theorems of Euclid: "If two circles touch one another, their midpoints and the point of contact lie on a straight line (III, 11 and III, 12)." "The straight line from the center of a circle to the point of contact of a tangent and the tangent are perpendicular (III, 18)."
The plan of Saint Peter's Square is based on the configuration in the image Serlio IV.
In architectural literature the words "oval" and "ellipse" are often used synonymously, which is incorrect in a mathematical sense.
T. K. Kitao, Circle and Oval in the Square of Saint Peter's: Bernini's Art of Planning,New York: New York University Press, 1974. | <urn:uuid:df60e359-3539-48d5-8b1a-9aa56fa260f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SerliosOvals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426050.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726062224-20170726082224-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.926907 | 466 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Fast-forward a few days, and it appears that the militant group (known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, though it now refers to itself as simply the Islamic State) didn't issue the command after all. To many, the fatwa did not seem out of character for the group, which has seized large swaths of Iraq with the aim of creating a fundamentalist state across Iraq and Syria. But, almost immediately after the U.N.'s announcement, doubts about the authenticity of the fatwa document arose: It was dated July 11, 2013, and it called the militant group by its former name, the "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria." The document also appears to have been issued from a Syrian province that the group no longer controls. The discrepancies suggest that the fatwa may have been doctored by one of the many groups that oppose ISIS, with the goal of undermining the militant group in the public eye.
This is good news for Iraq, but female genital mutilation, also known as female genital cutting, continues to pose a threat to girls and women around the world. The practice is observed in some isolated areas of Iraq, but it's far more common in other countries — such as Somalia, where 98% of women ages 15-49 are affected; Guinea, where 97% of women are; and Egypt, where some 91% of women undergo the procedure. According to UNICEF, over 130 million women and girls have experienced genital mutilation worldwide; almost all of them live in Africa or the Middle East.
FGM is the term for any procedure that alters female genitalia for non-medical purposes. It usually involves partial or total removal of the external genitalia and can range from clitoridectomy (the partial or complete removal of the clitoris) to excision (the removal of the clitoris and labia, either inner or both inner and outer) to infibulation (the removal of all external genitalia and closure of the entry to the vagina). Regardless of the reasons behind FGM — religious, cultural, societal — it can lead to chronic pain (especially during sex and childbirth), pelvic and reproductive system infections, scar tissue, cysts, ulcers, and abscesses, as well as lifelong psychological consequences.
And, because the procedure is deeply rooted in religious and cultural traditions, the fight against it is controversial, contentious, and slow. Due to overall population growth, while FGM rates in many countries are dropping, the total numbers of women and girls who undergo the procedure are increasing. However, momentum in the struggle to end the age-old tradition continues to grow as NGOs, governments, and local leaders and communities band together to combat it. Last week's announcement may have been a false alarm, but it has directed fresh attention to a very real problem.
Click through to the website of the World Health Organization for more information on female genital mutilation. | <urn:uuid:96830acd-bd36-4de0-9eb8-65e613b05613> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.refinery29.com/2014/07/71824/fgm-order-fake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118973352.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170253-00142-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971169 | 591 | 2.921875 | 3 |
There are some “stranger than fiction” accounts of how microbes can impact animal behavior. For example, back in 2007, Vyas and colleagues reported their observations on behavior of rats infected with the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. It turns out that although this parasite can infect rats, it needs to replicate in cats. And it seems to have figured out a way to increase the odds of getting into the cat gut. Researchers found that when a rat is infected with this parasite, it loses its natural aversion to cat urine. Instead of avoiding areas where cats abound, these rats actually move towards them. This increases the likelihood that the rat will be eaten by the cat and that Toxoplasma will reach the cat gut, where it can replicate. In short, a colonizing microbe changed the behavior of its host.
When researchers showed several years back that probiotics could help reduced abdominal pain in IBS subjects, one hypothesis is that the probiotic somehow reduces the perception of pain by the host. Researchers are uncovering how gut microbes may be important to brain function.
Two researchers, John Cryan and Ted Dinan, at the University College Cork in Ireland recently published an excellent review, “Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour.” Part of this paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of how probiotics mediate brain activity in both animal models and human studies. Some evidence from human interventional trials supports a role of probiotics in reducing anxiety, decreasing stress responses and improving mood in individuals with IBS and with chronic fatigue. The authors state, “…the gut–brain axis provides a bidirectional homeostatic route of communication that uses neural, hormonal and immunological routes, and that dysfunction of this axis can have pathophysiological consequences.” Mechanisms for how colonizing or probiotic microbes might affect function of the central nervous system are summarized.
Another gut-brain researcher, Emeran Mayer, along with his colleagues at UCLA, showed that consuming probiotic yogurt (containing a live Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain, along with yogurt cultures) for 4 weeks decreased connectivity of an amygdala-centered network with the insula, dorsal striatum and lateral prefrontal cortex. These effects were observed through functional MRI imaging while subjects conducted an Emotional Reactivity Task (viewing negative facial images). This study (Tillisch et al. 2013) was a three-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of healthy women, and was reported at Digestive Disease Weekly meeting in May of 2012. It was the first study to use brain imaging to demonstrate probiotic-induced changes in brain function.
As researchers clarify the role that gut microbes play in modifying brain function and behavior, the next step is figuring out how microbes can be manipulated – by probiotics and other strategies – to correct microbe-associated aberrancies of the central nervous system.
Stay tuned! This is going to get interesting.
Vyas A, Kim SK, Giacomini N, Boothroyd JC, Sapolsky RM. Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 10;104(15):6442-7.
Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Oct;13(10):701-12.
Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, Guyonnet D, Legrain-Raspaud S, Trotin B, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. 2013. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 144(7):1394-401. | <urn:uuid:507eff79-ab22-4df6-9a28-08a7bbd2f866> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://cdrf.org/2013/02/05/can-probiotics-help-your-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.891275 | 814 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Will Bhutan’s Brokpa tribe preserve its unique identity or has the race to modernize begun?
By AJ Heath
In the last decade the Kingdom of Bhutan has undergone a rapid transition, from a closed Buddhist Kingdom to a constitutional democracy and is now admired worldwide for its uncompromising pursuit of Gross National Happiness. But as Bhutan development accelerates, its government and people are engaged in a tireless struggle to preserve its culture and keep its unique identity alive.
Traditional ways of living and cultural practices, particularly those in rural communities, are quickly disappearing in the quest for new lifestyles and less laborious job opportunities. In an attempt to combat globalisation the government has drafted a heritage bill, which they hope will protect the cultural traditions of isolated communities like the Brokpa Tribe in the far eastern corner of the country.
There is some debate that these isolated communities have missed out on the mainstream development, with some arguing that the government wanted to conserve these villages as ‘living museums’, to satisfy high-end tourists. International tourists can only visit Bhutan on an organized tour, which, alongside a daily visa fee to the government, can cost about $250 a day. Even so, at some local Tshechus (festivals), tourists are now almost outnumbering the locals, with many complaining that Bhutan is no longer the last Shangri-La they have been told of.
Women command a high degree of respect from their husbands and children and often function as the head of the family. They are pivotal in deciding such matters as marriage of their children, when to migrate and in taking charge of the family finance.
Wedged between glacial valleys of the Greater Himalayas, the Brokpa villages of Merak and Sakten are remote in the extreme. Cut off for centuries, the only way to visit the villages is to complete a grueling multi-day trek, along river valleys and over a 4,300m pass, but this is all about to change. Within the next few months the first road to the villages will be completed and the pressure to modernise will become exacerbated.
The Brokpa are ethnically distinct from other Bhutanese, having migrated through the Himalayas from the Tshoona region of Tibet a few centuries ago. Traditions and culture passed down over the ages still play a predominant part of their social life. They mostly depend on yaks and sheep for their livelihood and do not typically grow crops due to the high altitude zones they inhabit. They speak a unique dialect and worship their own deities.
They wear a singular style of dress, made famous by their distinctive yak felt hat, known as ‘tsipee cham’, with long twisted tufts, said to prevent the rain from running into their faces.
As you walk around the narrow lanes of Merak, it is quickly apparent that apart from the introduction of electricity in 2012 and community shared taps of running water, little has changed in centuries. Rails of yak meat dry in the sun, women sit on their porch weaving traditional blankets on back strap looms and around each corner you’re likely to encounter a caravan of yak lugging goods to the village. During the summer months the Brokpa yak herders live a semi nomadic life, as they search for fresh pastureland for their herds high up in the Himalayas. The village can be eerily quiet on most days.
Having been semi nomadic for centuries, the barter system is still robust and wealth is assessed on the heads of livestock. Women command a high degree of respect from their husbands and often function as the head of the family. Polyandry is still practiced, in fact it is a common norm for a women to marry all the brothers in a family. This prevents their ancestral land being partitioned over time and by using this system a family can pool it’s resources — one husband can be away on a trading mission, whilst the others are able to tend the yak at home.
Change for the Brokpa tribe is unavoidable and their reliance on their yak is bound to diminish over time. Goods to the village will now be transported by road rather than for days on the backs of their yak but will the road and the increased number of tourists it is bound to bring in, escalate their desire to modernize or could it pressurize them into preserving their unique way of life?
Please follow AJ’s incredible Instagram page below: | <urn:uuid:a95410a1-25a5-4403-a4ec-5808ae010efb> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.whatweseee.com/2016/02/29/29730/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170651.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00541-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966926 | 915 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Halfway through their first year, your 6-month-old is rapidly evolving from a newborn to an older infant. By the time they are six months old, newborns are becoming increasingly curious about and ready to engage with their environment. Toys and interactive play will have a significant influence on your baby’s development as they start to sit more confidently and move quickly through physical, emotional, and cognitive milestones.
The number of toy alternatives accessible to parents is constantly growing, making it difficult to select the ideal toys for your 6-month-old child. We have chosen the toys that will enable your baby to learn crucial skills while playing in order to help you narrow the list.
- Bead Pops
The coordination and use of extremely small muscles, including those in your baby’s hands and wrists, are a requirement for fine motor abilities. By playing with toys that they can grab, push, pull, and manipulate with their hands, babies may improve their fine motor abilities.
- Playing Cubes
The coordination of a baby’s major muscles, such as the legs, arms, and torso, is known as gross motor abilities. Babies are typically encouraged to move about and assume various postures when playing with toys that promote the development of gross motor skills.
- Stacking Cups
The ability to understand that things, like a beloved toy or mom and dad, still exist even when they are hidden is known as object permanence. Around five months old, newborns start to learn how to do this, which is why playing peek-a-boo with them is usually a success. Toys that need concealment will aid in the development of this ability.
- Pop-Up Toys
Simply said, your infant has to be able to grasp cause and effect to know that doing one thing causes another to happen. Around the age of five months, babies start to master this ability, which is why your baby may start to find it amusing when you drop a spoon or toy so they can watch you pick it up.
This ability is best developed using toys that your baby can push, pull, or spin to cause something else to happen in response.
- Touch & Feel Books
Regardless of how thrilled parents are to hear their child say their first word, every infant develops language and speech abilities at their own rate. Nevertheless, reading to your child and chatting to them frequently throughout the day will support the growth of their linguistic abilities. The ideal toy for promoting language development is a board book.
- Push Cars
Your infant can start to learn how to learn and solve issues with the use of cognitive skills. The imaginary play that these toys promote helps children start to assimilate information, reason, and express emotion.
- Textured Balls
Play that stimulates your baby’s senses, such as touch, smell, and taste, is referred to as sensory play. Your baby’s senses aid in their exploration of their surroundings. Playing with textures is best suited to toys with various textures. This collection of balls comes in a variety of textures, shapes, and sizes that you can get from sites like eBay and is intended to encourage tactile development and sensory exploration.
- Floor Mirrors
Our ability to read and understand communication as well as communicate with others is only possible because of our social skills. These abilities start to emerge at birth and keep expanding as the baby’s surroundings get bigger. The best toys for helping your baby learn social skills are those that enable her to watch other people’s conduct. An age-old favorite for fostering social skills is a floor mirror. | <urn:uuid:5339ff75-d151-4dad-9ad6-985823a672f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://blog.truegether.com/top-8-toys-to-encourage-learning-development-in-babies-under-6-months-old/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.965575 | 735 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Scientists do not have a definitive answer as to how or why Internet addiction happens. One guess is that a number of folks become obsessed on the social aspects of the Internet because they find on-line relationships less threatening or more handy. Another is that Internet addiction is an escape machine for individuals with financial stresses or relationship troubles. Several clinicians suppose Internet addicts go through a “high” almost like gambling. Internet addicts have a compelling craving to access the Internet always, in addition to symptoms of withdrawal and agitation once they are forced to be offline. In some situations, Internet addicts may face disapproving results in their day by day lifestyles and associations.
Just like many other enslaving tendencies, Internet addiction is a type of impulse control where people use too much amounts of time on the web. Online betting, innumerable information resources, chat rooms, communal networking are simply some of the activities existing in the cyberworld. What is completely different regarding obsessive Internet use is the question on whether the Internet itself is addictive, or the specific activities it provides. As of yet, Internet addiction does not appear within the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV); but, the American Psychological Association does acknowledge this state as a ailment.
Contemporary experiments have confirmed that unnecessary use of internet can set off mental injury to a person. Apart from being an information provider, the latest traits of interest like the social networking and content sharing have become an addiction that people are finding it tough to live without it. A number of individuals have a false impression that internet can serve as a place to build up intimate relationship even with strangers.
The biggest symptom of an Internet addict is a fierce reluctance to go away from the presence of a computer. Addiction is measured by the number of hours used up online in addition to the quantity of time used up using one specific application on the net. As an example, a World of Warcraft addict will likely spend a lot of hours related to the sport, but not so much time on different Internet sites. A friend may also tote his laptop around with him everywhere he goes and reject to visit places where an Internet connection isn’t available. Typically, when someone’s use of the Internet interferes with work, sleep or daily commitments, it’s viewed as problematic.
Once you realize you may have a difficulty with Internet addiction, you can start to manage the problem. There are plenty of self-help treatment choices for those that want to deal with Internet addiction on their own.
No matter what you know about Caffeine Addiction and Internet Addiction Disorder Treatment, visiting the addiction treatment website is highly suggested for you to realize how to manage all types of addiction.
People that are looking for information about the niche of emotional freedom technique training, then check out the web page that was quoted in this paragraph. | <urn:uuid:03a08b81-3c93-4ff9-93b8-75b0f8e550f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.kick-addiction.com/tag/caffeine-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112682.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822201124-20170822221124-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.933118 | 574 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The gold standard procedure for examining how well blood is flow through the arteries of the heart, a coronary angiogram utilises a dye (contrast) introduced into the blood vessels at the same time as sequences of x-ray images (fluoroscopy) are seen and recorded from several different angles (projections).
Doing this enables the Cardiology Consultant to observe in real time the exact route blood is taking to reach the heart muscle (myocardium).
Access to an artery is required and those most commonly used are in the wrist (radial) or the top of the leg (femoral), firstly local anaesthetic is injected under the skin of the area being used, this does sting briefly however it works very well to numb the area for the remaining procedure. Once numb a small tube (sheath) is inserted into the artery which enables smaller tubes (catheters) to be used to reach the heart to introduce dye. It is safer to perform the procedure whilst you are awake, however sedation is available if required.
Using a very similar process as an angiogram, the angioplasty progresses further and involves opening any narrowings or restrictions sufficient enough to significantly reduce the flow of blood to the heart muscle.
To do this a tiny balloon is advanced through a catheter not unlike that required for the angiogram, and on to the narrowing which could be a soft or hard lesion. The balloon is then inflated at a pressure high enough to push the lesion flat against the walls of the artery, this may be performed several times in order to produce a satisfactory result.
To keep the area open long term a metal tubular mesh is then introduced over another balloon which is inflated pressing the mesh against the walls of the affected artery. It’s not unusual to feel chest discomfort while inflations are taking place, this is often a good sign that effective treatment is taking place.
A pacemaker is used to address problems arising from the heart's own electrical conduction system, which mainly consists of a natural pacemaker and network of “wiring” and as with the wiring in our own homes, this can degrade over time or have problems associated with damage or injury.
If this causes the heart's rhythm to become slow enough to cause symptoms such as dizziness, loss of consciousness or simply be an incidental finding indicating a dangerously slow rhythm, then a pacemaker is an ideal way to overcome that “wiring” fault.
As with many procedures it is safer to perform awake although sedation is available, the operator will inject local anaesthetic under the skin usually in the upper left or right chest area. Stinging initially the local anaesthetic will numb the area and reduce any discomfort for the remaining procedure. A small incision is then made and a vein found of the ideal size to accommodate very thin and flexible pacing wires. Veins travel naturally back to the heart and so are ideal to use for introducing pacing wires to the chambers on the right side of the heart.
Pacemakers used to address slow heart rhythms will require either one or two pacing wires depending on the nature the conduction problem. Pacing wires are normally introduced using X-Ray and once these wires are positioned in the heart chambers they will be tested, which includes pacing the heart in order to ensure the location is ideal. If not ideal the wires can be re-positioned and the tests repeated until optimal test results are obtained. It is not unusual to feel an irregular, skipped, or rapid heart-beat while the wires are positioned and tests are performed.
The stability of pacing wires is maintained in the heart with either small wings (tines) or a tiny screw at the tip of the wires. They are also secured with stitches under the skin after the point they exit the vein. Once secure the pacing wires are connected to the pacemaker with is the placed into a small pocket under the skin. Finally the skin closed with dissolvable stitches and glue.
Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy Pacemaker Implant, also called a Biventricular Pacemaker: these are implanted for hearts which have become less effective as a pump.
Designed to pace all the time and synchronise the left and right side of the heart an extra pacing wire is required. The procedure is very similar to a pacemaker implant however a pacing wire is also positioned on the left side of the heart, this can take a little longer than a standard pacemaker procedure.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Implant
A modern ICD can be described as a pacemaker with a larger battery, which enables it to shock the heart if someone is at risk of going into a very fast and dangerous rhythm pattern.
Although very similar to a Pacemaker Procedure it is normally performed under sedation and general anaesthesia.
Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy Defibrillator Implant, also called a biventricular ICD: this is for people whose heart is less effective as a pump and at risk of dangerously fast rhythm patterns.
The procedure is very similar to an ICD implant however just like a CRT-P, an extra wire is required on the left side of the heart which will take a little longer than a pacemaker and ICD procedure.
Insertable Cardiac Monitor Procedure
Also called a loop recorder, this is a very small device, which continuously records the electrocardiogram (ECG) or heart rhythm.
Monitoring can continue for at least three years during which the device can recognize normal heart rhythms and abnormal rhythms in twenty second snapshots (twice as long as a standard ECG). The device also comes with a small widget, which can be triggered by the patient to instruct the monitor to a store a longer recording if the worst symptoms are experienced.
The procedure itself may only take a few minutes. Starting with some local anaesthetic under the skin on the left side of the chest, which may sting. A small puncture is then made and the monitor inserted. | <urn:uuid:20ca9516-4144-4b58-87a4-142794157e75> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.dralobaidi.com/example-procedures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662619221.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526162749-20220526192749-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.935567 | 1,271 | 2.9375 | 3 |
President Obama declared January to be National Human Trafficking Awareness Month. While this a broad call to action, how can Chamber members be more aware and take action?
First, learn the basics. Human trafficking is compelling someone into work or commercial sex through whatever means necessary, physical or psychological. It’s happening worldwide, nationwide and in Arlington on a total scale of 27 million. 78% is labor trafficking and 22% is sex trafficking. Men and women, boys and girls from factories to agriculture and janitorial services to construction. The Global Freedom Center’s slideshow will give you a good sense of how, why and where this happens. We also provide custom training on how to identify and prevent trafficking.
Second, be aware of the risks that human trafficking presents to your business: Safety, particularly when there is gang involvement; Legal, both civil and criminal liability; Compliance, for federal contractors, retailers and manufacturers; Profitability, when you have to replace a liable contractor; and Reputation, when word gets out.
Third, consider getting help from the Global Freedom Center to assess and mitigate risk through revamping policies, practices and training. Each industry and business will have unique needs. For example:
- Hotels – Traffickers have used hotels as venues for child sex trafficking so hotel managers, front desk, housekeeping, security and other staff should know what to look for and report suspicious behavior.
- Grocery stores – Traffickers were prosecuted for the labor trafficking of men and women cleaning offices and grocery stores at night so look out for the labor practices of any contracted labor. If you source locally, look into the labor practices at the farms.
- Construction companies – If you work with labor brokers, recruiters or other contractors to supply you with labor, ask a lot of questions and check in with the workers themselves.
- Restaurants – The majority of trafficking victims in the United States have been in agriculture so do what you can to know more about where the food comes from that you are purchasing as well as the hands that harvested and packaged it.
- All businesses – Consider the types of contractual services you use and how you can minimize risk because human trafficking has occurred in ordinary business services such as landscaping, security, IT, call centers, janitorial services, and travel services.
- Nonprofits – Consider whether the clients you serve are at risk for human trafficking. Do you have appropriate screening and referrals in place? | <urn:uuid:f4288ede-f46d-4a34-8b02-f341ef0741f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.arlingtonchamber.org/blog/human-trafficking-awareness-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.942811 | 497 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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When I first took a look at Eclectic Foundations, I knew this program was something I was definitely interested in giving a try. Just the simple look of the website told me right away this program was going to fit well for us. I often look for old fashioned educational materials that are simple in format to use with my children because I find they learn better with things that aren’t over the top.
I chose the first level of the program to review: Eclectic Foundations Language Arts Level A in the PDF format so I could print the program for more than one student. I like this option because if I need to redo a worksheet with a student who didn’t understand it or who just needs a little more practice, I can simply print out another one. It also allows me to provide a worksheet to my youngest child who may not understand what the others are learning but still wishes to join in.
What We Received For Review:
For review, we were sent the PDF file of Eclectic Foundations Language Arts Level A. We were also sent a PDF copy of McGuffey’s Eclectic Primer by William Holmes McGuffey. If you’d rather have an actual book, you can order this Primer online through various websites.
McGuffey’s readers have been a favorite of our family for years now and we’ve used them from time to time to teach reading when other readers just wouldn’t work. They are timeless classics used by many families. Their format is very simple and easy to understand and use without extra fluff to confuse children. I personally tend to look for these characteristics when choosing curriculum for our eager learners to use.
The file for Eclectic Foundations Language Arts Level A was the complete PDF download of the Teacher’s Guide for this level. It includes everything you need to get started except the reader I mentioned above. The student worksheets are contained right in this text. The day to day lessons plans are written out for your easy use. To me this was a blessing.
There are 144 lessons in Level A. The format is simple. Lesson 1 begins with reciting the Alphabet, then moves to a playdough activity. Next is an activity to teach children to recognize letter sounds. And finally there is a daily poem from Mother Goose.
This format is similar daily which helps the child know what to expect and you as well. The activities are simple but really teach the child. Activities change by the day as well so you’re not doing exactly the same things every day.
Somewhere around Lesson 65, the McGuffey reader is introduced and you will begin to use it for daily lessons. Before this, your lessons are all from the Teacher’s guide and the printables which are included within the guide. The basics of the beginning of Level A, lead up to learning to read before you actually get to the book itself.
There are also word cards which are to be printed and used with the lessons. The students color the nouns red and the verbs green to help them see the difference in the parts of speech. We colored these and then I laminated them so they would be able to be used for a long time.
The lessons are adaptable. You can expand on the activities if you wish. You can use other activities that you may find that fit with the main lesson itself. There’s many ways you can expand the program other than suggested within the daily lessons.
It would be great to find the daily Mother Goose’s poem in the actual book to read together. You could also find a printable of the rhyme to showcase for your student that day. Then you could expand on learning the poem by including an activity to go with that.
How We Used It and What We Thought:
The program is designed for 4 lessons to be taught a week. Since we homeschool all week, all year round, we more than met this suggestion. Because these lessons were so easy to use, I wasn’t overwhelmed by making them happen every day and neither were my little ones. The length was perfect for us to work through and complete within an hour a day, sometimes less or more depending on the activities we did. Sometimes the kids continued to expand the lesson on their own, especially on play dough days.
Some days I added in more activities because I felt the kids needed a little more than the lesson plan called for. I also searched online for printable copies of the poems to grab the kids attention and laminated these so they could look at them through the day. This allowed them to have extra practice recognizing words and visually see print on paper. As it was laminated, the poems weren’t easy for my young son to damage and it was easy for him to carry from place to place each day as he played. Sometimes he likes to read to his Dino’s.
My littles barely realized they were learning. The activities just flowed for them. They enjoyed “reading” with Mommy and learning.
This program is one I would have picked for my kids if I hadn’t received it for review. We do a lot of Charlotte Mason and Ambleside style learning in our Eclectic homeschooling so it fit us really well there too. Using the McGuffey Primer made it an even bigger WIN! It’s definitely one I plan to continue to use and I look forward to purchasing more levels in the future.
How Can You Get This Product:
Eclectic Foundations Language Arts Level A is available on the Eclectic Foundations website. We received the PDF file which costs $30. Level A is for students in First Grade but could be used with a Kindergarten child or a child who is older but struggles with reading. The skills start from the very beginning and build from there.
The printed Teacher’s Guide for Eclectic Foundations Language Arts Level A is available for $12 if you prefer the printed format. The Student Workbook for this level is $24. The Level A Appendixes and Word Cards are available for $20.
The program also has other Levels available for your students.
The Eclectic Foundations website can help you determine which level is right for your students.
Where Else Can You Find Eclectic Foundations Online:
Read Other Reviews Of Eclectic Foundations: | <urn:uuid:e7796dee-554a-41bd-a82f-b8252427c583> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://luvnlambertlife.com/2017/03/eclectic-foundations-level-a-crew-review.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.966891 | 1,325 | 2.71875 | 3 |
pathconf, fpathconf - get configurable pathname variables
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
pathconf(const char *path, int name);
fpathconf(int fd, int name);
The pathconf() and fpathconf() functions provides a method for applications
to determine the current value of a configurable system limit or
option variable associated with a pathname or file descriptor.
For pathconf, the path argument is the name of a file or directory. For
fpathconf, the fd argument is an open file descriptor. The name argument
specifies the system variable to be queried. Symbolic constants for each
name value are found in the include file <unistd.h>.
The available values are as follows:
The maximum file link count.
The maximum number of bytes in terminal canonical input line.
The minimum maximum number of bytes for which space is available
in a terminal input queue.
The maximum number of bytes in a file name.
The maximum number of bytes in a pathname.
The maximum number of bytes which will be written atomically to a
Return 1 if appropriate privileges are required for the chown(2)
system call, otherwise 0.
Return 1 if file names longer than KERN_NAME_MAX are truncated.
Returns the terminal character disabling value.
Returns 1 of synchronized I/O is supported, otherwise 0.
If the maximum size file that could ever exist on the mounted
file system is maxsize, then the returned value is 2 plus the
floor of the base 2 logarithm of maxsize.
If the call to pathconf or fpathconf is not successful, -1 is returned
and errno is set appropriately. Otherwise, if the variable is associated
with functionality that does not have a limit in the system, -1 is
returned and errno is not modified. Otherwise, the current variable
value is returned.
If any of the following conditions occur, the pathconf and fpathconf
functions shall return -1 and set errno to the corresponding value.
[EINVAL] The value of the name argument is invalid.
[EINVAL] The implementation does not support an association of
the variable name with the associated file.
pathconf() will fail if:
[ENOTDIR] A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
[ENAMETOOLONG] A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an
entire path name exceeded 1023 characters.
[ENOENT] The named file does not exist.
[EACCES] Search permission is denied for a component of the path
[ELOOP] Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating
[EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to
the file system.
fpathconf() will fail if:
[EBADF] fd is not a valid open file descriptor.
[EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file
The pathconf() and fpathconf() functions conform to ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990
The pathconf and fpathconf functions first appeared in 4.4BSD.
BSD March 21, 1999 BSD
[ Back ] | <urn:uuid:0f605af9-832a-4097-b5d9-07dee8a21037> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://nixdoc.net/man-pages/NetBSD/man2/pathconf.2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812873.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220030745-20180220050745-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.775447 | 699 | 2.953125 | 3 |
When we pull away the curtain of storytelling we finally get a good look at the dramatic mechanism behind it. And one of the first things we notice is that it actually has two parts: dramatic components (such as the goal) and dramatic processes (such as character growth). For clarity, Dramatica refers to the components as Structure and the processes as Dynamics.
Structure by itself delineates the building blocks of dramatics and how they can be assembled together, as if we were constructing a machine, while dynamics put that machine in motion and describe how it works and what it does. Taken together, structure and dynamics outline the psychology of the Story Mind.
As described earlier, the Story Mind is a projection of the workings of the human mind, materialized in an author’s argument. In our own minds, for example, we all have goals. And so, we would expect stories have goals as well, and they do.
Having goals is a quality of all people, but we don’t always have the same kind of goal – that is part of what makes us different. And so it is with stories – while they all have goals, the particular kind of goal is part of what makes one story structure different from another.
Similarly, in terms of mental processes, we all grow but we grow in different areas. So again, we would expect stories to also illustrate growth, yet the particular area in which growth takes place would partially delineate one structure from another. And it is so.
Guided by these concepts, we looked to both the human mind and the subject matter of stories and set about creating a list of different kinds of goals and areas of growth (among other dramatic concepts which we shall explore later).
Eventually, we had compiled quite a set of topics. It quickly became apparent that many of them shared certain general qualities, so we created a table that grouped and organized them in families.
The Dramatica Table of Story Elements
The Dramatica Table of Story Elements is not unlike the Periodic Table of Elements in chemistry. With it, you can create the chemistry of your characters, plot, theme, and genre.
One of the first things you might notice is that the flat projection on the left really does look a lot like the familiar Periodic Table. The 3D projection on the right, however, is likely a bit more unfamiliar.
The reason there are two versions is that the flat projection makes it easier to see how the elements of story fall into families in the structure while the 3D projection will help us when we explore how story dynamics twist and turn the Table like a Rubik’s Cube to wind up the dramatic potentials that drive story.
So, as you can see already, the Dramatica Table incorporates both the structure that comprises the story’s topics and the dynamics that move them around to make the author’s argument. This is important to note in order to dispel any erroneous first impressions the Table might give that Dramatica is a fixed mechanical system, when in fact (as we shall see in chapters to come) it is completely fluid and organic.
No doubt you’ve noticed the prominent words Universe, Physics, Mind and Psychology on the Dramatica Table. These represent the four fundamental families of topic areas that might exist in a story’s argument. For this overview we’ll introduce each of them briefly, and fully explore them in chapters to come.
First, a word about the terminology itself: You may think that the terms Universe, Physics, Mind, and Psychology, are a little antiseptic, perhaps a bit too scientific to be applying them to something as intuitive as the writing of stories. We think so too.
But back when we were naming the concepts in the structure of the Story Mind, we were faced with a choice – to either use extremely accurate words that might be a bit off-putting or to use easily accessible words that weren’t quite on the mark.
Ultimately we decided that the whole point of the Dramatica theory was to provide an accurate way of predicting the necessary components of a sound story structure. Therefore, we elected to use the terms that were more accurate, even if they required a little study, rather than to employ a less accurate terminology that could be grasped right away. Sorry about that.
Since we’re both stuck with all these names, let’s see if we can illuminate what those first four terms really mean (and what they can do for us) so as to provide an initial feel for the nature and usefulness of the Dramatic Table, before we move on to other things.
Each of the four terms describes one of the basic families of topics that might be explored in a story’s argument.
Universe is an external state (any fixed situation)
Physics is an external process (any kind of activity)
Mind is an internal state (any fixed attitude)
Psychology is an internal process (any manner of thinking)
So, what the Table is telling is that whatever story argument you might want to make can be classed as being about an external or internal state or an external or internal process.
To get a feel for this, try it in real life. Think about any issue or kind or growth you have encountered. No matter what it is, it can best be classified as an external or internal state or process. (Whenever you want to better understand a story concept, it often helps to try it in the real world.)
Right off the bat this four-family approach is a very useful concept. It allows us to take the whole world of arguments we might wish to make in a story and pare it down into one of four broad categories. In one stroke, we are able to eliminate three fourths of the issues we might have had to explore in our story’s argument and can focus all our efforts on the real case we wish to make.
Universe stories are about the unchanging elements of our external environment. Anything that is a fixed situation falls into this category. For example, being stuck in a well, being held captive, or having only one eye are all situational “Universe Class” arguments.
Physics stories, on the other hand, are all about activities. Honey bees dying off across the country, the growth of a militant organization, and the progress of a cancer are all “Physics Class” arguments.
Mind stories are the internal equivalent of Universe – a fixed internal state. So, any prejudice, bias, fixation, or fixed attitude would be the kinds of issues explored in “Mind Class” story arguments.
Psychology is the Physics of the mind – an internal process. A “Psychology Class” story would be about someone who makes a series of assumptions leading to difficulties, or someone whose self-image and confidence are eroding, for example.
Going into a bit more detail, inside each of those four major families are sub-families into which topics are further sub-divided and then sub-divided again. Eventually, we get down to the smallest topics or, put another way, the tiniest details in the underlying story argument in a feature length movie or stage play, or in the average book.
(Later, we shall see that the Story Mind actually has a maximum size and learn why, but for now, simply think of the size of the Table as being sufficient for the typical full-length story.)
Naturally, a full explanation of how to apply the Table to story development will be the subject of a great number of the chapters to follow, but to continue this brief introduction to what lies behind the curtain of storytelling let us now turn our attention to the 3D projection of the chart.
Imagine that you printed out the flat projection of the Dramatica Table onto a piece of paper, then crumpled that paper into a ball in a random fashion. If you could look inside that ball, you’d see that some of the items in the Table come into close contact, while others may be separated by many layers of crunched paper.
This is a rough analogy to how a human mind, starting out all nice and balanced, is rearranged by the experiences and inequities of life. It also illustrates how a perfectly happy and contented Story Mind manages to get all bent out of shape and full of dramatic potential.
If you were to print out five copies of the Table (or five hundred) and crumple them one at a time, you’d find that while some of them may share a few dramatic conjunctions, no two are exactly alike. In fact, you could arrange them almost like a spectrum of all the different kinds dramatic potential that can be created from that original potential-free Table.
Now rather than crumpling a new chart each time you wanted a new story structure (and a random one at that), what if you made a master list of all the possible ways that the items in the chart might come together and then simply plotted them on a nice flat uncrumpled Table?
That’s pretty much the purpose and function of the 3D projection of the Dramatica Table of Story Elements. As you see in the illustration at the head of this section, the 3D projection appears orderly and stable. But looks can be deceiving….
When we first created the Table, we tried plotting on it these different dramatic items (like goal) and progressions (like character growth). Sure enough, there were patterns. Some patterns looked like circles. Others looked like the letter “N” or “Z” as we followed how one topic gave way to the next over scenes, sequences, and acts. And still others resembled a hairpin. And there were scores of such patterns scattered all over the Table even for just one story structure.
Though we could clearly see we were on the right track, it soon became evident that there were no obvious “rules” that dictated where and when which pattern would best describe the dramatic relationships in a particular story: at least, due to the complexity of the patterns, none that we could readily see.
And then we had a breakthrough. It occurred to us that rather than plotting complicated dramatic patterns on a fixed and static Table, what if we continually rearranged the table itself so that the patterns became simple?
You see, the flat table we had created was just a visualization of what was going on in the story’s psychology. For structural purposes, the flat projection works best because it makes it easiest to see such things as how goals and the requirements needed to meet them are related to a character’s motivations, for example. In other words, the flat projection works best for plotting the relationships among the components of structure.
But to understand story dynamics, you need to stop thinking of the families just as groups and see them more like spokes on a wheel. Then, you can much more easily observe dramatic progressions, such as character growth, by the turning of the wheels in each specific area of growth.
And so, the 3D projection of the chart was born to show how all the families and sub-families of dramatic topics functioned like wheels within wheels. This new view enabled us to show how an obstinate character who refuses to change perhaps causes the wheels to rotate in one direction while a character who embraces change rotates them in another.
(Now keep in mind nothing is really rotating here – it is just a handy way to visualize how dramatic items come in and out of conjunction based on the kinds of pressures that are applied to the Story Mind’s psychology.)
In addition, we discovered that the items in each family could also flip or exchange positions. As an example, think about a character or a real person who tries everything he or she can to solve a problem with logic, only to ultimately realize they must follow their heart. In that case, they have essentially substituted feelings for logic or, in a sense, those two qualities have exchanged positions with feeling now becoming their motivation or drive instead of logic.
On the Dramatica Table, this can be represented by actually flipping the relative positions of logic and feeling (both of which terms appear in one of the families, by the way).
And so, each family can flip and/or rotate like a wheel as well. And in this way, the Dramatica Table is able to not only plot but also to analyze the effect of dramatic pressures on the story mind. And even more usefully, the Table can also predict such things as whether a character should change or remain obstinate in order to create a particular kind of dramatic effect.
This, then, is the real power of the Table. It can be used both for analysis of structures to find holes and inconsistencies, but can also be used for the creation of structures to ensure consistent completeness.
Of course, that is all pretty sophisticated stuff that is enough to make your head spin (and flip). And that is why we programmed it all into a Story Engine that became the heart of the Dramatica story development software.
But this book isn’t about the software – just the story theory behind it. So, suffice it to say in this introductory chapter that, in the end, the Dramatica Table is very detailed and very powerful, yet when all is said and done, the Table is just a map of dramatic topics and the story’s dynamics are what drive the reader or audience on a journey across that territory. | <urn:uuid:dead2138-3c42-437b-90fe-e7dc1f1c4b73> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://dramaticapedia.com/2011/03/02/structure-and-dynamics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646144.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530194919-20230530224919-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.956133 | 2,804 | 3.515625 | 4 |
FRIDAY, Aug. 31, 2012 (HealthDay News) — So how much of a benefit might you get from exercising, eating right and avoiding vices like smoking? New research from Sweden suggests that healthy living into old age can boost life spans by several years.
The study sought to determine how healthy living affects people aged 75 or older. The researchers, from the Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, followed more than 1,800 people for 18 years, from 1987 to 2005, and kept tabs on their life choices, social networks and leisure activities, among other things.
Although 92 percent died during the study period, half lived to be more than 90 years old, according to the report published online Aug. 30 in the BMJ.
Women, people who were highly educated, those who had stronger social networks, took part in leisure activities and maintained healthy lifestyles were most likely to live longer, the investigators found.
Smokers died, on average, a year before nonsmokers. But those who quit earlier survived about as long as those who'd never smoked, study author Debora Rizzuto and colleagues pointed out in a journal news release.
People who exercised on a regular basis — including swimming and walking — lived two years longer on average than those who didn't. And those who had the healthiest lifestyles overall lived 5.4 years, on average, more than those with the unhealthiest lifestyles.
"Even among the oldest old (85 years or older) and people with chronic conditions, the median age at death was four years higher for those with a low-risk profile compared with those with a high-risk profile," the study authors wrote in the report. | <urn:uuid:13225758-0bee-4dd2-8d85-324f3ccf1e65> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.everydayhealth.com/senior-health/0831/keeping-up-a-healthy-lifestyle-pays-off-in-added-years.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105297.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819031734-20170819051734-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.977947 | 345 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Poverty combined with structural factors that perpetuate social marginalisation cause women to be doubly disadvantaged. Promoting self-help groups (SHGs) has been the institutional response of development practitioners, governments, civil society and donors, especially in South Asia. It however remains unclear whether and to what extent SHGs empower women and if, there are any adverse consequences to participation in SHGs for women, particularly in the form of domestic violence.
This brief summarises the key findings from a recent 3ie systematic review by Carinne Brody, Thomas De Hoop, Martina Vojtkova, Ruby Warnock, Megan Dunbar, Padmini Murthy and Shari L Dworkin on the effectiveness of economic self-help group programmes in improving women’s empowerment.
This systematic review synthesises evidence from 23 quantitative studies and 11 qualitative studies to understand the effectiveness of SHGs in empowering women. Of the 34 studies included, 26 studies evaluated programmes in South Asia (mainly India), one in East Asia, and two each in Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
- SHGs do positively impact women’s empowerment in some dimensions, particularly economic and social empowerment.
- Participation in SHGs does not lead to increased domestic violence for women.
- Impact is found to be higher when participation in SHGs is accompanied by a training programme.
- SHGs can be exclusionary in as much as they do not mostly include the poorest of the poor. | <urn:uuid:c3ebe658-94d7-415f-b9ea-35f23d5dc3bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/evidence/briefs/systematic-review-briefs/details/do-self-help-groups-empower-women-evidence-from-a-systematic-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864139.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621094633-20180621114633-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.914992 | 304 | 2.625 | 3 |
Physical therapy, which is also known as physiotherapy is a medical care forte that provides physical rehabilitation and relief treatment to people with certain bodily dysfunctions. Physical therapy is conducted using body strength and movements, exercise and therapy using voluntary manual movements. Most forms of physiotherapy also include electrotherapy. In short, the primary function of physical therapy is to have relief in movements that would not have been possible. The professional who conducts physiotherapy is known as a physical therapist. The physical therapist ensures that his treatment will bring more mobility and freedom in his patient’s maneuver. Physical therapy is carried out after diagnosis, prognosis and a detailed therapy plan are in place. Other than medical purposes, physical therapy holds many other useful applications such as research and education. PT is a branch of a wide array of study that involves and bodily movements, other similar branches include yoga and other meditating exercises. Physical therapy, being a primary care treatment in itself, may also be used in correspondence to other related medical services.
PT is a vital professional with a wide research to operate from. The profession, because of its numerous clinical applications is one of the pioneer medical services that have a history over 11000 years. Its main goal is the promotion of strength and fluidity in the physical functions of the body.
Almost 57 million people around the world are benefitting from this medical marvel.
A physical therapist operates in the following way
Physical therapists must undergo proper training that includes physical education about the treatment as well as the medical rhetoric associated with it. The degree must be from a recognized and globally accepted medical instituted specifically built for the purpose. The training is a very detailed
one because the physical therapist should know the precise locations and the required force to improve mobility in dysfunctional or poorly functioning part of the body. The therapist must also be trained to diagnose the treatment from a patient’s history. The ultimate goal of the therapist must be to ensure that the patient ultimately gets the maximum mobility possible without pain, without
affecting the health of the patient. In some severe patients with extreme disabilities, the therapist ensures that the patients are prevented from further disabilities, problems, injuries, conditions or disorders. When necessary, the therapist may derive treatment from laboratory imaging like MRI, CT scan
and X rays.
Types of Conditions Physical Therapists Treat
– Injuries caused due to sports, athletics and related things;
– Long-term and severe disabilities;
– Disability declared at birth;
– Arthritis pain and discomfort;
– Thigh and hip injuries;
– Dizziness and energy deficit related disorders;
– Ankle, heel and foot injuries;
– Back, neck and chest pain;
– Body balance disorders;
– Muscle spasms and stretching pain;
– Hip and knee injuries;
– Hand fracture and other related injuries;
– Joint replacement;
– Ordinary sprains;
– Women’s health and pregnancy issues;
– Orthopedic injuries;
– Grown area pain;
– Injuries related to vehicle and other auto accident;
– Injuries related to surgeries;
– Pain related to stress and depression;
– Work-related injuries.
Benefits of Physical Therapy
Physical therapists provide their services to people of all domains, ages, and disabilities. Listed below are some of the many benefits of physical therapy.
Reach Maximum Mobility and movement
To enjoy the beauty and adventure of life, one must be able to move freely and regularly. Any person must have the opportunity to stand on his feet, experiment life to its finest and earn a living. Physical therapy makes it all possible. People who were not able to move are able to use their body to a
considerable extent after physical therapy.
Engage in your own treatment
Physical therapy is the only kind of therapy in which the patient is in full control of his recovery and participates in the therapy process. It increases will power in the patients and helps him helps to help himself.
Avoid Poisonous medication
The people who are treated by physical therapy enjoy a healthier life because they avoid medication. Every primary medication prescribed to patients with physical disabilities contains either opioid itself or one of its derivatives. The opioids are prescribed to provide relief from pain but they have extremely dangerous side effects. They might indulge the patient into depression, addiction and other misuses like overdose. However, many doctors across the world recommend physical therapy instead of opioids.
Avoid going under the knife
Instead of expensive surgery and exposing your body to cuts, physical therapy is a reliable alternate to reduce pain and discomfort. | <urn:uuid:00a7728c-42e9-4bb8-a762-aaddf920fdd4> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.recoveryzonept.com/physical-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540528490.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210180555-20191210204555-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.954985 | 935 | 3.53125 | 4 |
J. L. Austin
John L. Austin was an analytic philosopher who favored the analysis of ordinary language, rather than the creation of new technical philosophical terms, such as the "logical atoms" of Bertrand Russell and the early Ludwig Wittgenstein. He opposed logical positivistic philosophers such as A. J. Ayer, who believed that all sentences had a truth value. For Austin, some sentences were not passive statements about facts, but performative utterances, such as "I do" in a wedding ceremony. He called them "speech-acts." Austin analyzed the ordinary meaning of "I can," and argued that there might be an implicit "if" lurking in the background of such statements. "Are cans constitutionally iffy?," he asked in his famous 1956 essay "Ifs and Cans." In his Ethics, G. E. Moore had made free will compatible with determinism by analyzing the phrase "could have done otherwise" as meaning, "could have done otherwise, if I had chosen to do otherwise"
Austin's PuttAustin extends "I can" to mean "I can, if I try." He separates the physical ability from the desire or intention to perform an action. His celebrated example is (footnote 9 in "Ifs and Cans") an attempt to "hole" a putt. He normally has the ability to putt successfully. He wants (or tries or intends) to hole a putt. But in one case, his physical ability (or perhaps physical conditions beyond his control) prevent him from making the putt. Austin then asks, could I have done otherwise? Could I have made the putt, in exactly the same physical conditions? "Further experiments," he says, "may confirm my belief that I could have done it although I did not." This is a sound empirical point of view. If Austin tries to hole the putt several times - on the same green, the same "lie" of the ball, the same distance to the hole, etc. - and finds that he does succeed, say, 95% of the time, it is reasonable to say that he could have, indeed normally would have, holed the putt. Physical reality often gives us only a statistical probability concerning what we "can" do. In his work, Ethics, P.H.Nowell-Smith, who is also trying to come to grips with the implications of determinism, argues that "could have" means "would have, if." But Austin argues that this cannot be the categorical statement Nowell-Smith makes of it, because there are so many other conditionals that might be part of the "if" clause - if he had the opportunity, if he had the ability, if he was lucky, etc.
Daniel Dennett on Austin's PuttIn his 2003 book, Freedom Evolves, Daniel Dennett says that Austin's Putt clarifies the mistaken fear that determinism reduces posibilities. Considering that Dennett is an actualist, who believes there is only one possible future, this bears close examination. First, don't miss the irony that Dennett is using "possible worlds" thinking, which makes the one world we are in only able to have one possible future, our actual world. Dennett says
Now that we have a clearer understanding of possible worlds, we can expose three major confusions about possibility and causation that have bedeviled the quest for an account of free will. First is the fear that determinism reduces our possibilities. We can see why the claim seems to have merit by considering a famous example proposed many years ago by John Austin:Consider the case where I miss a very short putt and kick myself because I could have holed it. It is not that I should have holed it if I had tried: I did try, and missed. It is not that I should have holed it if conditions had been different: that might of course be so, but I am talking about conditions as they precisely were, and asserting that I could have holed it. There is the rub. Nor does "I can hole it this time" mean that I shall hole it this time if I try or if anything else; for I may try and miss, and yet not be convinced that I could not have done it; indeed, further experiments may confirm my belief that I could have done it that time, although I did not. (Austin 1961, p. 166)Austin didn't hole the putt. Could he have, if determinism is true? The possible-worlds interpretation exposes the misstep in Austin's thinking. First, suppose that determinism holds, and that Austin misses, and let H be the sentence "Austin holes the putt." We now need to choose the set X of relevant possible worlds that we need to canvass to see whether he could have made it. Suppose X is chosen to be the set of physically possible worlds that are identical to the actual world at some time t0 prior to the putt. Since determinism says that there is at any instant exactly one physically possible future, this set of worlds has just one member, the actual world, the world in which Austin misses. So, choosing set X in this way, we get the result that H does not hold for any world in X. So it was not possible, on this reading, for Austin to hole the putt. Of course, this method of choosing X (call it the narrow method) is only one among many. Suppose we were to admit into X worlds that differ in a few imperceptibly microscopic ways from actuality at t0; we might well find that we've now included worlds in which Austin holes the putt, even when determinism obtains. This is, after all, what recent work on chaos has shown: Many phenomena of interest to us can change radically if one minutely alters the initial conditions. So the question is: When people contend that events are possible, are they really thinking in terms of the narrow method? Suppose that Austin is an utterly incompetent golfer, and his partner in today's foursome is inclined to deny that he could have made the putt. If we let X range too widely, we may include worlds in which Austin, thanks to years of expensive lessons, winds up a championship player who holes the putt easily. That is not what Austin is claiming, presumably. Austin seems to endorse the narrow method of choosing X when he insists that he is "talking about conditions as they precisely were." Yet in the next sentence he seems to rescind this endorsement, observing that "further experiments may confirm my belief that I could have done it that time, although I did not." What further experiments might indeed confirm Austin's belief that he could have done it? Experiments on the putting green? Would his belief be shored up by his setting up and sinking near-duplicates of that short putt ten times in a row? If this is the sort of experiment he has in mind, then he is not as interested as he claims he is in conditions as they precisely were. To see this, suppose instead that Austin's "further experiments" consisted in taking out a box of matches and lighting ten in a row. "See," he says, "I could have made that very putt." We would rightly object that his experiments had absolutely no bearing on his claim. Sinking ten short putts would have no more bearing on his claim, understood in the narrow sense as a claim about "conditions as they precisely were." We suggest that Austin would be content to consider "Austin holes the putt" possible if, in situations very similar to the actual occasion in question, he holes the putt. We think that this is what he meant, and that he would be right to think about his putt this way. This is the familiar, reasonable, useful way to conduct "further experiments" whenever we are interested in understanding the causation involved in a phenomenon of interest. We vary the initial conditions slightly (and often systematically) to see what changes and what stays the same. This is the way to gather useful information from the world to guide our further campaigns of avoidance and enhancement. Curiously, this very point was made, at least obliquely, by G. E. Moore in the work Austin was criticizing in the passage quoted. Moore's examples were simple: Cats can climb trees and dogs can't, and a steamship that is now traveling at 25 knots can, of course, also steam at 20 knots (but not, of course, in precisely the circumstances it is now in, with the engine set at Full Speed Ahead). The sense of "can" invoked in these uncontroversial claims, the sense called "can (general)" by Honoré (1964) in an important but neglected article, is one that requires us to look not at "conditions as they precisely were" but at minor variations on those conditions. So Austin equivocates when he discusses possibilities. In truth, the narrow method of choosing X does not have the significance that he and many others imagine. From this it follows that the truth or falsity of determinism should not affect our belief that certain unrealized events were nevertheless "possible," in an important everyday sense of the word. We can bolster this last claim by paying a visit to a narrow domain in which we know with certainty that determinism reigns: the realm of chess-playing computer programs. | <urn:uuid:0ae16ddb-66a8-403a-a3fc-ca61f768b591> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/austin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664469.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112001515-20191112025515-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.978453 | 1,933 | 2.828125 | 3 |
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:
A night terror is when your child suddenly wakes up in fear out of a deep sleep. Your child does not remember the terror the next day. Night terrors (also called sleep terrors) are not the same as nightmares. Most children outgrow night terrors as they get older.
Follow up with your child's healthcare provider as directed:
Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your child's visits.
Help your child manage his fears:
Talk to your child about his fears and help him find ways to deal with stress.
Help your child get enough sleep:
Put him to bed earlier than usual if you feel he is not getting enough sleep.
Manage night terrors:
- Stay calm: Do not panic while your child is having a night terror. Do not wake him during a night terror. He will fall back to sleep on his own.
- Make his bedroom safe: Do not place things that may break, such as toys, a lamp, or a mirror, near your child. He could get hurt by these things if he gets out of bed or kicks or thrashes about in his bed.
- Keep your child safe: Lock your windows and doors in case your child sleepwalks during night terrors. You could also hang a bell on your child's door to warn you that he is out of his bed.
Contact your child's primary healthcare provider if:
- Your child's night terrors prevent him from doing his daily activities.
- Your child's night terrors are getting worse.
- You have questions or concerns about your child's condition or care.
Return to the emergency department if:
- Your child has trouble breathing all of a sudden.
- Your child has hurt himself or someone else.
© 2014 Truven Health Analytics Inc. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or Truven Health Analytics.
The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you. | <urn:uuid:3148d575-4cd8-47de-9899-0d596ded0d22> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.drugs.com/cg/night-terrors-aftercare-instructions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826343.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00429-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961418 | 480 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A trigger finger is the name given to a catching of fingers or thumb when moving from bent to straight. It is commonest in ring finger and thumb, but occur in any digit. The cause is catching on the flexor tendon on a tight entrance to the flexor tendon sheath or cover.
A common time for the finger to be stuck is first thing in the morning. Other times include when gripping, such as knife or fork.
Mostly it starts for no obvious reason, but is occasionally seen after minor injuries or a burst of heavy hand use. People with established Diabetes are more commonly affected by trigger digits.
Sometimes an ultrasound can show the thickened first part of the flexor tendon sheath if the diagnosis is uncertain.
Many triggers will be cured by a cortisone/ steroid injection.
Those that don't can be treated surgically. Through a small incision in the palm the flexor sheath is divided for about a centimetre. This can be preformed with local anaesthetic and sedation for most people.
After the operation, a couple of sutures are removed at 10 days.
A simple stretch is essential to get the finger out straight, using a pen or pencil. This picture shows the stretch for the ring finger. | <urn:uuid:5ed40753-1c96-4458-9ece-09161ad5b60a> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.drmarkhile.com.au/trigger-finger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202526.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321152638-20190321174638-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.922028 | 260 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Leadership Scholarship Awards Essays
Societies around the world have thrived due to the courage and determination of individuals that take charge, often leading others to change. Tawakkol Karman, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Rachel Carson are all examples of renowned leaders around the world. However, some of the most successful leaders do so without recognition. Whether it be for peace, politics, or environmental factors; individuals who strive to enrich their field of interest become successful leaders. Being a leader in not only a title, but an active response to ensure change and benefit to others. As quoted by Jody Williams, “words without action are irrelevant.” To me, being a leader means taking the next step beyond what is expected, and not stopping when the job is finished, rather continuing until no more can be done.
Leaders do not lead because they have to, but because they want to. Personal desire to lead others to success and happiness always overpowers those who lead for greed. It is apparent that those who lead groups with passion and charisma have a deep level of connection with whatever task they are motivated to accomplish. Compassion creates successful leaders. Without compassion, leaders herd a pack with no destination. With compassion, leaders lead the pack to destination after destination. Successful leaders never quit when they reach their destination, yet keep looking forward to the future, where to go next.
Successful leaders are only as successful as their peers around them. Businesses and workplaces that succeed and thrive the most are the ones which have a strong foundation, built upon leaders that they can endow their faith and trust in. When higher level employers take the opportunity to connect with their workers, it creates a sense of unity within the workplace. This ensures that common goals are to be reached and mishaps do not occur. Leaders who create bonds with workers not only have healthy relationships with their peers, but also make sure that operations run properly and smoothly. Without approachability, leaders do not have the support needed to be flourishing in their field. Although well renowned and known all over the world, Tawakkol Karman proved to be an approachable individual, a positive attribute of successful leaders as herself.
In November, at the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, I was granted the opportunity to meet one of the most renowned leaders in the world today; Tawakkol Karman. Tawakkol Karman was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for her efforts in non-violent struggle directed towards women’s rights and safety. Karman is known as the “Mother of the Revolution” for playing a leading role in the effort for women’s rights and democracy in Yemen. She believes that it is impossible for democracy to be achieved and lasting peace to occur in the world if women do not obtain the same opportunities as men to influence developments within all levels of society. Karman continues to work to empower women and children to allow them to be viewed as equals among men, influencing women and children, offering insights, reflections, and hope from her experiences in the field.
At the summit, Karman spoke about several controversial topics, proving that leaders have to take risks to stand up for what they believe in, a trait that all successful leaders have. A controversial topic that Karman breeched was female and youth rights. Coming from an Islamic background it was easy for me to relate to the prejudices that are often formulated against Muslims. People often crack jokes about Muslims when I am present, not knowing that I come from an Islamic family. The opinions that people formulate against Muslims are often biased and untrue, making the whole Islamic population come off as unwanted. Tawakkol wore her hijab with pride and spoke of her beliefs because it is who she is and she was not willing to change because of false information that is spread. In today’s society, Muslim women are often considered insubordinate to men. She made it clear that we are all human, with the same bones, eyes, and flesh. Her voice of equality for all was personally inspiring and moving. Although she spoke about a controversial topic it made me feel swollen with pride for my heritage and all women around the world. She stood in front of a group of students and strongly voiced her opinions because they are what she stands for. She gave me courage to stand up for what I believe in, because what others think is irrelevant to the morally correct thing to do. Karman enriched my perspective regarding the importance of female empowerment and for that I will always consider her one of my role models. Successful leaders not only stand up for what they believe in, but empower others in the process, which is something that Karman clearly did for me.
Successful leaders create impacts that are everlasting. However, not all successful leaders are renowned and well known. I find leadership in my teacher Ms. Bryant, an adult that has taught me to strive for success and always push myself passed expectations. I find leadership in my mother, who guides me to success every day, helping my family of five stick together like glue and work together as a single unit. Leaders are universally found around the world, although they are not all recognized. Yet, the beauty of being a successful leader is doing what you love because you are compassionate about it, not because you wish for the fame and recognition that comes with it. The most successful leaders are often the ones who do not credit themselves with success, when they are the ones that deserve it the most.
Throughout history, there have been many different types of leaders; some have been successful and some have been unsuccessful. The characteristics and qualities that make a leader a successful one include, but are not limited to, honesty, strength, thoughtfulness, open mindedness, confidence, transparency, and dedication. All of these qualities are essential because they help a person not only lead but inspire others as they lead.
A leader should be honest to his people because people trust him. No matter what happens, a good leader should tell his people the truth because they are his responsibility. It will make people open up and tell their problems so they can be solved. If a leader cannot solve the problems of his people then he is not a good leader because people choose someone as a leader because they believe that he will be able to solve their problems and protect them.
A successful leader should also be strong and protective so that he or she can guide people and also protect them from any enemies. If a leader is not powerful enough to protect the people then there is no point of giving him responsibilities. However, a leader should not use power against people by forcing them to obey or follow laws which are not in their favor and are inhumane.
A leader should also be thoughtful and try to understand what people want and need and then try to do as much as possible to help them out. Communication is really important because it is an effective way to spread good ideas and to come up with real solutions. It is also necessary for a ruler to convey his or her ideas to everyone. This helps the people understand what he or she is doing and gives them the opportunity to express if they agree or disagree. If people disagree, then the leader should have patients and be willing to listen and think about the views and input of the people.
It is important for a leader to keep his or her words. If he or she says one thing and then does another thing, then it means he or she is not being honest and does not care about what people think of him. A ruler should remember that power he is given is by people and if it is misused then the people can take it away A leader also has be confident about what he or she does because if a leader does not believe in themselves then no one else will.
There have been many great women who moved out of their comfort zone to lead and make their countries a better country. One in particularly was Indira Gandhi. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian’s first prime minister, and was the first woman to be an Indian prime minister. She led the green revolution in India to help reduce unemployment, hunger and poverty. She invited Pakistani president to India, for a weeklong stay, where they signed the Shimla agreement in which both countries decided to resolve the Kashmir conflict by peaceful means. Her work led to the creation of a new and independent nation, Bangladesh.
Indira had all of the qualities a leader should have. She thought about her peoples’ problems and also took actions to solve them. She also helped resolve the problem of another nation by accepting 10 million Pakistani refugee who escaped from the marauding Pakistani army. She completed all of the responsibilities she was given and was a hero for Indians for quite a long time and was also awarded as Bangladesh’s highest state honor 40 years later.
Although I have not yet accomplished the types of things Indira has, I think I am also a good leader because I am committed to my work and fulfill all of my responsibilities. I tutor students in math to help them get a better grade and understand what they struggle with. My responsibilities as a tutor are to make sure my tutees realize what their strengths and weaknesses are so I can help them work on them. Also I have to make sure that they are able to communicate with me and tell me what they do not understand or if they do not agree with what I say. It is really important to explain what you think because I believe knowledge grows as it is being shared. I encourage them to ask questions so their misunderstandings are being cleared and they can learn new things while remembering what they learned previously. There have been many great leaders who have worked day and night to make sure that those they lead are content and getting what they deserve. I aspire to be this type of leader now, when in college and when in my career as a doctor.
We have all heard the saying “Be a leader, not a follower.” But what exactly makes someone a leader? Can a person be trained to become one? Do you have to be born with the characteristics? In this essay, the traits of a successful leader will be considered and may leave you questioning whether you’re the head of the pack or simply falling in line.
By definition, to lead means to be in charge or in command of. What are the qualities needed in order for someone to be a leader? Let’s start off with self-awareness. An effective leader must be able to separate themselves from their colleagues. Not in a manner that suggests they are better than others, but in a way that allows them to form- and keep a unique perspective. Another characteristic that a persuasive leader should possess is the ability to make swift decisions with confidence. These decisions should most likely have a positive impact on the group as a whole. They must be able to put the entire organization’s best interest first and realize that not all choices being made will satisfy everyone. Leaders must be accountable and reliable. Often, people will be reliant on the head of the group to make tough decisions and keep everything on track.
The next characteristic to be focused on is persuasiveness. One of the strongest and youngest female leaders in the world is Malala Yousafzai. This young woman was shot in the head because she was receiving and education. Now, she is a spokesperson and human rights advocate for the education of women. Ms. Yousafzai’s story was horrifying but she took advantage of the opening. She was able to use the tragic shooting as a platform for women’s rights and education. She even won the Nobel Peace Prize. Malala Yousafzai is a truly inspiring individual and her persuasiveness is only one of the many traits that make her an outstanding leader.
I have never been a very outgoing person. I’m certainly not a “born leader”. I would definitely like to change this though. I have a disorder called Trichotillomania. People who suffer from this condition pull out their hair as a result of overwhelming emotions. In 2013, I went to a Trichotillomania Learning Center Conference. The TLC organization provides a very useful support system. Using their website can connect you to a network of other people who have Trich. At that conference I met Miss North Carolina, A.K.A., Josie Sanctis. She was one of the most down to earth people I have ever met. As it turns out, Ms. Sanctis has the same disorder as I have. She was using our condition as a platform for running in the pageant. In doing so, she was able to educate thousands of people (including doctors) on what Trich is and how to treat it. Josie showed true leadership skills. She was able to project her own private matter to an entire nation and educate people on a vulnerable subject.
Being in touch with your feelings plays a big role in leadership. To be a leader, one must be able to deal with tons of stress and frustration in a healthy way. Many people believe that vulnerability in the work place is always a bad thing. This is not necessarily true. You should be aware of your emotions and be able to realize when you need to take a step back. A leader should be focused and confident- but also open to the ideas of others. Optimism is a good quality to have if you want to become a leader. The reason behind this is that people will often view you as more approachable. You want to be seen as a person that people can talk to. It is always good to radiate positive energy, especially if you want to be the person who everyone trusts and relies on.
Healthy communication is a vital piece of all relationships, whether you’re in the work place or any other setting. If you want to be on top, you must have stellar communication skills. Sending brief and direct messages will help avoid miscommunication. Miscommunication can frequently occur though, which may create a more hostile environment. This is clearly not helpful to continuing the progress previously made. Lastly, you must show a certain passion for what you are doing. It is likely that if the head of the group is unenthusiastic about the task at hand, then everyone else will be too. You must stay engaged in the activity as well as keeping your team interactive. All of the great leaders throughout history care deeply about their work.
Overall, being a leader is a crucial part of society. It takes will, determination, hard work and of course, dedication. A leader should be supported but not afraid to stand alone. To be successful in leadership, one should be empowering and motivating- building up the confidence of others instead of tearing it down. After reading this, there should only be two questions left. Are you the leader or a follower? Is that who you want to be?
By definition a leader is someone who leads or commands a group, organization, or a country. They are someone who others can learn from and someone who sets positive examples but is also willing to make sacrifices for family, friends, and the community. Although many women throughout history have proven to be successful leaders, there are some closer to home that have directly impacted my life. Whether it is my mother, my teachers or my fellow peers, I notice an amazing group of women who show leadership qualities.
The first quality of a successful leader is the ability to help. My mother is a truly remarkable woman whom I admire greatly. For 14 years of my 15 year life she has been the leader of my household. As a single parent she always tried her hardest to give my brother and I the best lives possible. On top of her parenting obligations she takes care of her own parents. My grandmother, her mother, was diagnosed with dementia in 2014. Every day is something new to worry about. My mother is someone who people look up to. She has taught me the importance of helping those around us and sacrificing free time for the benefit of others. In more ways than one my mother reminds me of Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa always worked to help the people everywhere. She led a revolution of change by helping so many people. In the duration of her life, she worked to help children by supporting orphanages, soup kitchens, and schools. Not only did she help children but she worked with those who had HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
Another very important piece to being a successful leader is being able to speak for not only you but for others when they can’t. It sends a powerful message when someone is able to stand up for the wrong doing they see and speak up to cause a positive change. An example of someone who has taught me a lot about speaking out for the things I believe in is our Kingston High School Psychologist, Ms. Coleman. While she took on the leadership of our Girls Inc. group, she taught everyone to speak out for the things that we are most passionate about. This caused us to work harder on our project in school against teen dating violence. As a group we decided that speaking out for the most common problems we see at our school, the more people hear about it, the more likely they areto re-evaluate any unhealthy relationships they have formed and work towards building healthy ones. A famous icon I wanted to use as an example is Michelle Obama. Her campaign of #bringbackourgirls made a world of a difference; it got out the word of unfortunate crisis, but it also helped others to express concern by using the hashtag and sparking up intellectual conversation about it. First lady Michelle Obama, also expresses her concern for girls who are unable to get a school education. She used the campaigns Let Girls Learn and Girl Up to spread her message about why our education can also make a world of a difference.
Unfortunately for sacrifice, another characteristic of a successful leader, no one close to home came to mind. However, there is a plethora of historical females to cover the topic. The first one that comes to mind is Rosa Parks. She sacrificed so much more than time or a reputation, she sacrificed her life. Rosa was not only standing up for racial equality but she also set an important example for women. She, along with other powerful leaders, caused changes that we as a nation needed to see. This resulted in her being a leader of a movement on diversity. Rosa Parks is a very important part of our history that will be taught in schools for many years to come. Another successful leader that came to mind was Harriet Tubman, which coincidentally was another female working to achieve racial equality. In her lifetime she helped many slaves gain their freedom. She led her fellow slaves to a better life. Once again, she set an example that will live on forever.
The most important characteristics of a successful leader are the abilities to help, speak, and sacrifice. A successful leader is one who is willing to put ambition and time into the things that they are most passionate about. Those who work hard and set positive examples for positive change are the ones who do their job best. These are a few of the leaders we should strive the hardest to be. As I mentioned previously, my mother, and my schools’ psychologist are the ones that have directly impacted my life. I believe that having these role models around me have really improved my school grades, my home life and relationships among my friends. Leaders and role models are something that everyone needs to steer them in the right direction.
A leader is someone that has a vision, a drive and dedication to pursue the vision, and the knowledge and resources to carry out the vision. Successful leaders have all different beliefs and means of achieving influential power. However, all successful leaders have many shared characteristics. Triumphant leaders have goals for their community, nation, or world. Without a goal, their stances would wander and would be ineffective. Leaders are knowledgeable, as they must have the internal capacity to deal with the difficult situations that come their way. Successful leaders take a stand and don’t back off from their visions of change. Arguably to most important characteristic all successful leaders possess is adequate communication. The best leaders motivate and inspire others through clear communication. A leader sets a path and inspires others to follow. The path must be direct and comprehensible or else others will turn hesitant. Leaders must be trustworthy and able to listen to what others need or believe should be done. Strong leaders are transparent, meaning they don’t hold anything back from their intended followers and listeners. Followers start questioning their leader when they believe the leader is purposely holding information back from them. Successful leaders live their lives focused on achieving their goals of bettering the community and the people they have so much influence over. They don’t try to act fake along the way to upgrade or maintain their reputation.
Malala Yousafzai is a social leader, fighting for equal educational opportunities for all. She is the mirror image of an effective, influential leader. Malala Yousafzai changes the lives of girls all over the world, every day. She became a laureate by fighting for girls’ education and rights as a teenager, and continues today. Not only did she change her own life by getting an education, she changed the lives of many other young girls by inspiring them to continue their own education, even when people did not support them. Even after she was shot, Malala and her family continued their advocacy work for education. In Pakistan and many Middle Eastern countries, female education is not widely accepted. Her stories make young girls appreciative of the fact that they can go to school without being questioned, and walk from the bus stop to their house after school without fears that they will be shot at.
Malala is a leader by example. The influences her actions have had on other young girls are astounding. Malala took a stand and became a representative of her beliefs by continuing to attend school on a daily basis when the governing powers deemed it illegal to do so. The Taliban closed numerous schools throughout the Pakistan’s Swat Valley. The Taliban would take extreme measures to show their dominance and be sure that their rules are being followed. Many schools and communities were bombed in order to establish control. During this time of noncompliance with the Taliban, Malala courageously spoke out about her situation and the changes she hoped to make to her school system. She spoke on the radio, on television, and to journalists. She wanted everyone to hear her message. The issue quickly escalated beyond just revolting against the Pakistan education system. Malala brought attention to the issue and other advocates arose from all around the world. There have been numerous young teenagers taking the stand against their government in order to fight for equal educational rights for both genders. Malala allowed others to ponder on what they too could do single handedly to make the world a better place.
Leaders often get caught up in their aspirations and future actions that they abandon the depth and heart they had when they began their endeavors. Malala has kept the meaning behind her actions. She practices effective communication skills and always references her own life in her influential speeches. And Malala doesn’t just tell her story to gain recognition and honor. She does it to make others think about their own lives and influence them to support a cause bigger than her.
It is easy for leaders and people of great influence to try to act superior to their community. But Malala genuinely cares about what she is talking about. She acts like herself and does not try to put on a show. Malala appropriately exposes different characteristics at different times. It depends on the situation and the topic at hand. She adds humor when she needs to lighten up the discussion and she portrays earnestness when she is trying to getting into others’ hearts and souls.
Malala has two other characteristics that are essential to be a successful leader: authenticity and the ability to listen. Malala’s authenticity allows others to feel safe sharing their struggles and hopes for the future. Malala doesn’t just assume what others in a similar situations need. She actually asks and listens to their requests closely. Recently, Malala met with some Syrian refugees housed in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. There were no schools for the refugees to attend. Instead of just assuming what they needed and wanted, she asked them. The responses she received allowed her foundation, the Malala Fund, to direct their focus onto what was actually needed and desired. The refugees asked for vocational training so that they could start working and developing new, and ever more prosperous, lives. Without Malala’s leadership, many schools around the world would not be here today and thousands more children would be denied the right to a quality education. Malala really took charge in reaching out to different communities and making a change in the way school systems work. Her cause has grown larger than just fighting for the right for girls’ to attend school.
At the heart of successful leadership lies distinct goals, clear communication, authenticity, and heart. And Malala Yousafzai embodies every essential quality required to hold successful leadership, allowing her to spread immense amount of inspiration to other young girls in similar situations.
When someone says leader, a typical person pictures a man in a suit, but when I hear leader, I think of everything I aspire to be. So what is a leader? A leader is strong, well spoken, understanding, passionate, and able to connect and form relationships. This leader, this influential, world changing leader is a woman, she is me. That is the dream. This leader is future Grace Regan: CEO and changing the world. For now, I take my inspiration from female leaders and Nobel peace laureates Tawakkol Karman and Shirin Ebadi.
Ms. Tawakkol Karman and Ms. Shirin Ebadi are such powerful speakers who I had the privilege to meet last year. Speaking in another language, they both captivate the audience and keep them on the edge of their seats. Although one needed a translator to understand them, everyone, despite the language they spoke, could miss out on the passion and power behind their words. Both women have made phenomenal steps not just for women but all social groups who have been deprived of human rights. Ms. Karman, also known as “the mother of revolution” and “the iron woman,” is a mother, human rights activist, and politician. At about 26 years old, she formed the organization “Women Journalists without Chains,” an organization with the sole purpose of advocating for human rights and freedoms. Ms. Karman reached out across the globe bringing attention to her cause, organizing protests and revealing social injustices. Suffering through imprisonment on numerous occasions, Ms. Karman has not hesitated on her road to extraordinary change, equality and social justice for all. She is everything I imagine a leader to be; strong. Her work has not stopped. After winning her Nobel Peace prize, Karman graciously donated her $500,000 prize for winning the Nobel Peace Prize to the Aid Fund for Families of Martyrs and Wounded in the Peaceful Revolution and has continued traveling the world and fighting for the same injustices she did 15 years ago. Karman stays active in her Yemeni community, giving several scholarships to promising students and consistently speaking out against the Shia insurgency and Al-Qaeda. Tawakkol Karman takes substantial risks every time she steps in front of an audience. However, she knowingly takes these risks to stand up for human rights, speak for those with no voice; truly selfless- another amazing leadership quality.
Ms. Shirin Ebadi is very similar to Ms. Tawakkol Karman in many ways. She studied and worked hard for years to earn a spot in the Iranian Department of Justice and earn her law degree. She took a substantial step for Middle Eastern Women when she became the first woman in Iranian history to serve as a judge. Today she fights many national controversial cases including social justices and human rights. Much like Tawakkol Karman she is selfless and hardworking, and most importantly she is a leader who understands her people. She too can speak for those without a voice and she too has single handedly made the world a better place.
I’m not ready to change the world at 16 years old. I do however, try to be the leader of my dreams. I used to be the quiet girl in the back of the room but I have stepped up to be Student Body president of Kingston High school, Vice President of YMCA Leaders Club, Vice President of the Model United Nations club, and treasurer for the International Relations club. As student body president, I try to include the whole community, not just one social group. Everything I do as president I present to the whole school; whether it is to volunteer for community events such as Homecoming and winter carnival, or to come to weekly meetings and listen to and share concerns about our community. Since the start of 2016, Kingston High School has been running smoothly and I like to think I played a part in that. Once scared to raise my hand in class, I am now outspoken like a successful leader and speak in front of thirty to forty peers every week, only to present any and all concerns to the principal. I am a leader who makes change. I am a eader who stands up for those with no voice; today, Kingston High school, tomorrow, victims of human rights abuse.
Once again, hardworking, selfless, amicable, strong, well spoken, understanding, passionate, and able to connect and form relationships are the qualities of a successful leader. The list continues to grow because as times change, as hot topics evolve, a successful leader must evolve too. Facing revolution or unrest, it is important that a successful leader uses their friendships, connections, and amicability to continue connecting to their people. Assoon as a leader is out of touch with his or her people, they are done. A leader needs all these qualities because if all the gears are not in place, a wheel will not turn. To learn and to adapt are the keys to remaining a successful leader, but to become a successful leader, one must develop those qualities on their own for you cannot be a successful leader without putting a little work in first. I intend to be the leader of my dreams: ten years or twenty, I will step up and change the world. I will change the world as the successful leader of my dreams. | <urn:uuid:a1968dd2-9e56-463b-abab-d0d46b7e09a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://girlsinculsterdutchess.org/stories/leadership-scholarship-awards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.979453 | 6,246 | 2.625 | 3 |
REGIONAL GLACIATION OF
KANSAS AND NEBRASKA
James S. Aber
|Introduction||Glaciation of Kansas|
|Ice-lobe dynamics||Age of glaciation|
|Digital elevation model for central Great Plains, including parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Iowa. The Kansas valley marks the southernmost extent of glaciation in the plains region. DEM derived from TOPO30 database; image processing by J.S. Aber.|
Kansas and Nebraska are an environmental transition zone with generally warm, dry, grassland conditions to the south and west, and cool, moist, forest conditions to the north and east. Plant, animal and human populations have migrated through the region as environmental conditions shifted back and forth.
The Quaternary stratigraphy of Kansas and Nebraska was traditionally interpreted in line with four major Pleistocene glaciations--see Fig. 17-1. Each glacial cycle could be recognized by till, outwash, or coarse-grained deposits in non-glacial river valleys. Interglacial stages were identified from buried soils, fossil beds, or fine-grained river deposits. Regional stratigraphy was correlated by reference to the Pearlette volcanic ash, a supposedly unique ash found just above Kansan till.
This simple stratigraphy began to fall apart in the 1960s and 70s with discovery of multiple tills in eastern Nebraska and adjacent states. Volcanic ash beds were also demonstrated to be multiple ashes of greatly different ages--see Table 17-1. Fission-track dating of volcanic ashes and paleomagnetism of tills proved the great age of older glaciations and led to considerable confusion in stratigraphic terminology.
|Pearlette||0.6||Lava Creek Tuff, Yellowstone|
|Hartford||0.75||Mount Jackson Rhyolite, Yellowstone|
|Mount Claire||0.8||Bishop Tuff, Long Valley caldera, California|
|Coleridge||1.2||Mesa Falls Tuff, Yellowstone|
|Borchers||2.0||Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone|
* Age is approximate date in millions of years before present. Hartford, Coleridge,
and Borchers ashes were previously confused with Pearlette ash in many places.
|Independence Park beside the Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas. The Lewis and Clark expedition camped at a nearby creek on July 4, 1804. They named it "Independence Creek" and this name is applied to the glaciation of Kansas (Aber 1991). Photo date 6/85; © by J.S. Aber. See space-age Lewis and Clark bicentennial atlas.|
It is safe to say that few if any original glacial landforms are preserved in northeastern Kansas. The upper 10 m of glacial deposits are so altered by weathering that their initial composition and texture cannot be determined with certainty. In many places, glacial deposits are covered with younger loess or alluvium. In spite of these handicaps, a reasonably good understanding of glaciation has been developed.
|Wyeth Bluff on the east side of the Missouri valley at St. Joseph, Missouri. Thick loess overlies alluvial sediment in this exposure. Such deposits conceal older glacial sediment across much of northeastern Kansas and northwestern Missouri. Photo date 6/85; © by J.S. Aber.|
Features created by glacial erosion, deformation and deposition, as well as by melt-water rivers and lakes are found throughout northeastern Kansas--see Fig. 17-4. Two major ice advances took place during the Independence glaciation, as demonstrated at the stratotype. Each of the major phases included lesser glacier advances and retreats with accompanying damming of lakes and catastrophic flooding. The early Independence ice sheet advanced as far south as northern Leavenworth County and as far west as Nemaha County. It deposited a dark gray, stony, wood-bearing, clayey till.
|Large erratic boulder of Sioux Quartzite north of Topeka, Kansas. William Boltz, a well-known rockhound and collector of glacial erratics, stands next to the giant erratic. Photo date 8/86; courtesy of Wm. Boltz.|
|Closeup view of conglomeratic texture of Sioux Quartzite boulder. Sioux Quartzite varies considerably in texture and color; conglomerate is one of the more distinctive types.|
|Bedrock deformed by ice pushing, west of Topeka, Kansas. Upper limestone blocks are tilted and shoved over the undeformed limestone beds in lower part of exposure. Glacial sediment is present between and below the tilted blocks. The deformed blocks are part of a large, thin mass of transported bedrock. Scale pole marked in feet. Photo date 10/89; © by J.S. Aber.|
|Large exposure of glacial till (gray) and overlying glaciolacustrine sediment (tan) in gravel pit near Wathena, Kansas. Brad Hedstrom works on a safety rope in the till unit. The till rests on preglacial alluvium visible to lower right. Photo date 6/85; © by J.S. Aber.|
|Overview of outwash sand and gravel that underlie the Menoken terrace within the Kansas River valley at Topeka. This coarse gravel was deposited when the valley carried melt-water runoff from both the ice sheet and non-glaciated regions to the west and north. Height of exposure about 10 m. Photo date 8/86; © by J.S. Aber.|
|Closeup view of coarse, cemented cobble gravel from base of Menoken terrace fill. Hat for scale. Photo date 8/86; © by J.S. Aber.|
The early Independence ice advance overran a forest as it entered the region. Pieces of wood are common in till wherever the organic material has not been destroyed by weathering. The wood is identified as spruce (Hedstrom 1986), most likely white spruce which makes up the boreal forest of central Canada today. Although much wood is present, no bark, needles, or cones have yet been found. This suggests that ice advanced over remnants of a forest that had already died from deteriorating climate as the ice approached.
|Wood buried in till, near Wathena, Kansas. Such wood fragments are common within the lower gray till of the Independence Formation, northeastern Kansas. Similar wood-bearing tills are found in north-central Missouri and eastern Nebraska. Photo date 10/89; © by J.S. Aber|
|Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of wood recovered from till. An annual growth ring is visible in center position; the large opening is a resin canal. This wood structure is typical of spruce (Picea). Scale bar is 100 µm in length. SEM by Brad Hedstrom (1986).|
The early Independence glaciation came from the northeast as shown by striations, till fabrics, and ice-pushed structures. During its advance, it blocked the eastern outlet of the major pre-glacial valley in the region. This valley became the site of a large proglacial lake, Lake Atchison, in which thick glaciolacustrine sediment was deposited. The lake must have risen rapidly, as it received melt-water drainage from the ice sheet as well as run-off diverted from all the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.
The lake eventually overflowed its drainage divide north of Manhattan and north of Kansas City; spillway valleys were quickly eroded through soft shale and limestone bedrock. The resulting catastrophic floods cut the present lower Big Blue, Kansas, and Missouri River valleys. Once established, this route continued as the principal drainage for northeastern Kansas. The early Independence glaciation underwent multiple local advances, perhaps as a result of surging into Lake Atchison.
|Stream bank exposure on White Clay Creek, near Atchison, Kansas. This section serves as the stratotype for the Independence Fm. Photo date 10/87; © by J.S. Aber|
|Overview of exposed sediments in the Independence Fm. stratotype. Lower gray till, middle tan sand, and upper brown till. The lower till is deformed into a large diapir where the people are working. The lower till was deposited by ice advances from the northeast, whereas the upper till was laid down by ice movement from the northwest. The intervening sand is glaciolacustrine sediment from glacial Lake Atchison. Photo date 10/87; © by J.S. Aber|
|Closeup view of large diapir of lower gray till that intrudes into middle sand of section. Upper brown till is visible to top right. Scale pole marked in feet. Photo date 6/81; © by J.S. Aber|
The late Independence advance next moved into the region from the northwest. This glaciation overspread all the area covered by the earlier advance and reached much farther south. Brown, stony, clay-rich till was deposited along with associated stratified drift. Nearly all glacial deposits and erratics visible at the surface in northeastern Kansas are related to this glaciation. The late Independence glaciation reached a maximum limit west of the Big Blue and south of the Kansas valleys. Its maximum limit was controlled by the positions of resistant bedrock escarpments. Between these bedrock obstacles, small ice lobes spread southward over intervening lower areas.
The late Independence ice sheet locally crossed and blocked parts of the Blue, Kansas and Missouri spillway system. This created proglacial lakes in the vicinity of Manhattan, Topeka, and elsewhere. Few traces of the actual lakes remain today, although glaciolacustrine sediment is preserved at many sites. Catastrophic flooding from these lakes has left a prominent record, however. Several smaller valleys, such as Mill Creek and Wakarusa River valleys, that parallel the Kansas valley were eroded as spillway routes during floods. Conspicuous boulder beds along the glacial border zone in Wabaunsee, Shawnee, and Douglas Counties were deposited by these floods.
|Glaciolacustrine sediment in northern Wabaunsee County, Kansas. The exposure and surrounding hills are underlain by thick stratified fine sand and silt, which were deposited in an ice-dammed lake within the Kansas valley. Photo date 10/89; © by J.S. Aber|
|Section in glaciolacustrine sediment exposed in Hamm quarry east of Topeka, Kansas. Sediment consists of fine sand and silt that were deformed by slumping and/or flowing into a recumbent fold. This deltaic sediment was deposited in the Kansas valley when the valley was blocked by ice farther to the east. Height of section about 3 m. Photo date 8/86; © by J.S. Aber|
|Kansas River, northeastern Kansas. NASA space-shuttle photo, STS47-105-21, 70 mm format, 9/92. Low-oblique view toward north showing Kansas River, Milford Reservoir (left) and Tuttle Creek Reservoir (top center). Tuttle Creek Reservoir is dammed in the lower Big Blue valley, which formed as a melt-water spillway, when glacial Lake Atchison overflowed from the north. NASA Johnson Space Center, Imagery Services.|
|Landsat thematic mapper (TM) image of Kansas City vicinity, 3/83. Standard false-color composite in which active vegetation appears bright red and pink. Junction of the Kansas and Missouri valleys marks the southernmost extent of the ice sheet in this vicinity. The Kansas valley and Missouri valley (east of K.C.) were ice-marginal drainage routes. The Missouri valley northwest of Kansas City formed as a melt-water spillway, when glacial Lake Atchison overflowed from the north. Image obtained from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland.|
|Glacial boulder bed in eastern Wabaunsee County, Kansas. Most of the boulders scattered across the field are varieties of Sioux Quartzite. A few granites and other crystalline erratics are also present. The boulders rest directly on bedrock. Such boulder beds are common along the glacial border zone south of the Kansas River valley. Photo date 10/80; © by J.S. Aber|
|Glacial striations and shallow grooves beautifully preserved on surface of lichen-covered quartzite boulder, Wabaunsee County. Pen for scale. Photo date 4/96; © by J.S. Aber|
|Fragment of rotten granite within boulder bed, Wabaunsee County. After half a million years of exposure at the surface, even granite has decayed, along with most other softer sedimentary and crystalline rock types. Only quartzite, chert, and other pure-silica rocks have survived prolonged weathering. This explains why quartzite is the most common erratic seen at the surface in northeastern Kansas. Photo date 4/96; © by J.S. Aber|
The dynamic structure of the Independence ice sheet may be reconstructed by
reference to directional indicators and comparison to the younger
Laurentide Ice Sheet, about which much more is known. The Late Wisconsin
glaciation of the northern Great Plains consisted of two large ice lobes
that followed bedrock troughs either side of the Coteau des Prairies
upland--see Fig. 17-5. Drainage diversions related to these lobes
are in three positions.
|Big Sioux River flowing over Sioux Quartzite ledges at Sioux Falls, SD. This river was diverted between the Des Moines and James ice lobes during the last glaciation. The river flows north to south overall along the center of the Prairie Coteau upland in an interlobate position. Photo date 7/96; © by J.S. Aber|
The Independence ice sheet was thicker and completely covered the Coteau des Prairies, but the Sioux Quartzite ridge was still sufficient to split ice flow in two lobes--Minnesota and Dakota. The lobes were confluent southward into Nebraska and Iowa, but evidently separated farther south. The Minnesota lobe was apparently first to reach Kansas from the northeast; it deposited the lower till, dammed Lake Atchison, and caused flooding that eroded the Blue, Kansas and Missouri spillway valleys. The Dakota lobe entered Kansas later from the northwest; it laid down the upper till and caused catastrophic flooding along the glacial border zone. Kansas City is located at a reentrant in the maximum ice margin, which might mark an interlobate boundary between the Dakota and Minnesota lobes. The genesis of the Missouri River valley in eastern Nebraska is problematic. It is clearly the result of glacial diversions, as it cuts across preglacial drainages; different portions may have formed in lobe-axis, interlobate, and/or lobe-marginal settings (Aber 1982).
|Vertical section of exposed glacial and preglacial sediments, near Wathena, Kansas. From the top down: glaciolacustrine sand (tan), lower Independence till (gray), sand and gravel preglacial alluvium (brown). Scale pole marked in feet. The Wathena local fauna was recovered from the alluvium and is estimated to be one million years old. Photo date 6/85; © by J.S. Aber|
|Closeup view of basal preglacial gravel. Chert derived from the Flint Hills and a few quartzite pebbles of High Plains/Rocky Mts. origin. Such preglacial chert gravels are common across eastern Kansas south of the region of glaciation. Photo date 10/89; © by J.S. Aber|
|Volcanic ash bed (light gray) exposed in alluvium near Desoto, Kansas. The alluvium is preserved within the Kansas River valley and is assumed to postdate glaciation of the region. This ash has been identified as the Lava Creek ash, about 600,000 years old (Geil 1987). Photo date 8/86; © by J.S. Aber|
Lower Independence till displays two paleomagnetic patterns in both surface and subsurface samples: (1) normal polarity where no structural disturbance is present, and (2) mixed polarity in structurally disturbed settings. No till with primary reversed polarity has been found in Kansas. Normal till polarity restricts the age of the Independence Fm. to the range 620,000 to 780,000 years ago (Aber 1991; Colgan 1998). The paleomagnetic data also indicate that older (reversed) Nebraskan till is not present in Kansas.
This age range is consistent with cosmogenic dating of exposed Sioux Quartzite bedrock in southwestern Minnesota. This region is located at the southern end of the Coteau des Prairies upland, which was presumably the confluence between the Minnesota and Dakota ice lobes. The bedrock surface has been exposed since 575±57 thousand years ago. This means that no younger glaciation has advanced over the southern Prairie Coteau upland.
The Independence Fm. is thought to correlate with the type A2 and A3 tills of Nebraska and western Iowa--see Fig. 17-3. Upper and lower tills of the Independence Fm. likely are equivalent to the upper and lower tills of the McCredie Fm. across northern Missouri (Guccione 1983). This age range corresponds to oxygen-isotope stages 16-18. Stage 16 is suitably one of the largest glacial stages in the oxygen-isotope record. The Independence Fm. represents one of the greatest Pleistocene glaciations with a regionally preserved record on land.
|Cedar Bluffs section on the Platte River near Fremont, Nebraska. Three tills are exposed, from the bottom up: lower gray till, middle brown till, and upper yellow-brown till. The tills are capped by a strongly developed paleosol (red), which is overlain by loess at section top. The lowest gray till is thought to match with the lower Independence till, and the middle till may correlate with the upper Independence till of northeastern Kansas. Photo date 7/85; © by J.S. Aber|
Remember: send your comments and questions via e-mail to the
Glossary or references.
Return to icehome or schedule.
ES 331/767 © J.S. Aber (2013).
Remember: send your comments and questions via e-mail to the instructor.
Glossary or references. | <urn:uuid:0332de7b-9a9b-474c-9d0d-ca25ee19e527> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064919.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00010-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927225 | 3,887 | 3.375 | 3 |
Quickly making a military time conversion can be confusing at first. For many, notating time in the 24-hour format is unfamiliar at best. When the military time clock moves past noon, it can get especially tough to deal with. In this example we will review how to convert 1300 military time to 12-hour standard time. It is important to keep in mind that the process for converting military time for 1300-2359 military time is exactly the same.
So what is 1300 military time or “thirteen hundred hours?” To sort this out take the military time of 1300 and simply subtract 1200. Then add a colon between the hours and minutes, and attach a PM to the end. You know its PM vs AM by if the military time is equal or greater than 1200. 1200 or greater is always PM except for 2400 which is AM (12:00 AM).
What is 1300 Military Time
TIP: If you need to convert military time and the time is at or after 1 PM or 1300 (military time), then all you need to do is subtract 1200, add a colon between the minutes and hours, and put at PM after it.
Step 1. 1300 – 1200 = 100
Step 2. 100 + Add a “: ” after the 1 = 1:00
Step 3. 1:00 + PM (add PM if the original number is higher than 1159 military time) = 1:00PM
ANSWER: What is 1300 Military Time? 1:00PM
Nothing more than a little bit of math and adding a colon. We hope you found this easy and can use it to better understand the process for converting 1300 military time into standard time!
Math not a strength of yours? Consider this resource to help.
So, what do you think? Can you now go out into the world and convert military time on the fly? If not then stick around on the site and you will find many tools to help you including conversion charts, time clocks, and even tutorials on how to tell/read military time. | <urn:uuid:3bfc92da-b372-4fb3-841a-531954e69f6b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.militarytime.us/1300-military-time-1-pm-standard-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739046.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813132415-20200813162415-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.922356 | 421 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Underground Mine Earth Fault Grading
This underground mine was supplied by an 11 kV distribution system which included sections of overhead lines. The overhead lines were subject to frequent faults due to lightning and bird strikes.
Underground operations relied on six cable feeders, each set to trip on an earth fault current of 2 Amps. Unexplained outages of the underground feeders, sometimes all six at one time, were causing lost production and putting safety at risk.
AEE were engaged to investigate and report on the protection operations. The outcomes of the report are summarised below.
During earth faults anywhere within the 11 kV system, the normally balanced cable charging current in a healthy feeder, experiences two significant changes:
- The magnitude of the capacitive current in the two healthy phases increases, &
- The magnitude of the capacitive current in the faulted phase reduces to near to zero.
The net result is that the vector sum of the capacitive currents in the three phases no longer equals zero, but increases to a level equal to three times the steady state charging current. Furthermore, this capacitive current flows to earth and is, therefore, sensed by the earth fault protection.
Because of the extent of the underground workings, the underground feeder cables drew high levels of steady state charging current. Consequently, during remote 11 kV earth faults, usually on the overhead network, large unbalanced capacitive charging current would flow in the underground feeders causing them to trip.
The trip times of the feeders’ sensitive earth fault relays exacerbated the problem. They had been set with trip times of between 200 ms and 500 ms. The underground feeders were, therefore, tripping well before the time delayed earth fault protection elements in the 11 kV overhead system could operate.
To eliminate the nuisance tripping, AEE recommended:
- Increasing the trip time delay in the underground feeders’ sensitive earth fault relays to from 0.2 seconds to 6 seconds,
- Augmenting the underground feeders’ earth fault protection schemes by utilising earth fault elements with trip time delays of 0.4 seconds with pick up currents set above the capacitive earth fault currents that flow during remote 11 kV system earth faults,
- Re-grading the entirety of the 11 kV system to ensure coordination between:
- Grid incomers,
- Local diesel generators,
- 11 kV overhead distribution &
- 11 kV underground distribution. | <urn:uuid:bb6a74d3-f27c-49ac-9f5b-5a4386c658bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.arelec.com.au/projects/underground-mine-earth-fault-grading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402132335.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001210429-20201002000429-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.919053 | 507 | 2.953125 | 3 |
When flow of saliva through the salivary gland slows down, material in the duct can form stones. These stones block the outflow of saliva, causing swelling and pain in the gland. Stones can form in any of the major salivary glands. These include the parotid gland and the submandibular gland.
What are the symptoms?
- Pain (parotid causes cheek pain, submandibular stones cause jaw and mouth pain)
- Swelling of the face
- Pain with eating
How do I know if I have stones?
Symptoms suggestive of stones should be evaluated by an Ear, Nose, and Throat physician that specializes in salivary gland disease. You should have a careful examination and may also have a CT scan done to confirm the presence of a stone. | <urn:uuid:ee626880-909d-459a-b0c6-8ff5687de96c> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.mytexasent.com/salivary-stones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00012-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929565 | 166 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Saturday, May 24, 2008
Article Research: The Dalai Lama's trip to Germany
During his week-long stay in Berlin, marked with public speeches and a meeting with the development minister, Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul. However, she was the only government minister to do so. All other officials refused to meet with the religioues leader, due mainly to their strong ties to the Chinese government, but mostly to officials at the German-Chinese Embassy. The Dalai Lama was accused by these refusing officials of 'playing politics' against the olympic games to be held in Beijing this August. Wieczorek-Zeul chose to meet with the leader anyway, stating; "I don't understand the excitement about the meeting with the Dalai Lama. I regularly talk with religious leaders. Why not the Dalai Lama?" Read the full IHT article. | <urn:uuid:ed4e6902-053d-4737-9320-8e83408ee408> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://jeremiahpatlan.blogspot.com/2008/05/article-research-dalai-lamas-trip-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921044627-20170921064627-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.969662 | 180 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Jewish World Review June 26, 2001 / 5 Tamuz, 5761
This analysis, however, ignores the core reason the United States Supreme Court has twice ruled that flag-burning is indeed protected by the First Amendment as it now stands. Speech is a key component of flag-burning when the flag is desecrated as an expression of political protest.
In the first flag-burning case, Texas v. Johnson (1989), the majority of the Court ruled that when Johnson poured kerosene on the flag and set it on fire in a political demonstration outside the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, his conduct was "directly related to expression."
Writing for the majority of the Court, Justice William Brennan pointed out that "to say the government has an interest in encouraging proper treatment of the flag is not to say that it may criminally punish a person for burning a flag as a means of political protest."
Also joining Brennan in the majority was Justice Antonin Scalia, who is invariably described as the most conservative member of the Court. During oral arguments in that case, Justice Scalia made it clear that there is not "a flag exception for the First Amendment." And Justice Anthony Kennedy, not known as a liberal, in joining the majority decision, said that the flag expresses "the freedom which sustains the human spirit." He continued, "It is poignant but fundamental that the flag protects those who hold it in contempt."
Justice Brennan added, "We can imagine no more appropriate response to burning a flag than waving one's own." That is precisely what my wife and I did during the Vietnam War. We were against the war. Although the anti-war sentiment of many of the people in our neighborhood had turned into a virulent anti-Americanism, we flew the flag on the Fourth of July to bear witness to the fact that America is a place where we are all free to protest against the government.
Obviously, many Americans are enraged when the flag is desecrated, and they make no distinction if that act is done as part of a political protest. Knowing that, Justice Brennan, in his majority opinion in Texas v. Johnson, quoted from a 1943 opinion by Justice Robert Jackson, who later became the chief U.S. prosecutor at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials.
In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Justice Jackson penetrated to the very essence of what it is to be an American in a passage I quote every time I'm asked to speak at a school:
"If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion, or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein."
During a previous national debate about whether there should be "a flag exception" -- as Justice Scalia called it -- to the First Amendment, Dale Greer wrote in a letter to the Dallas Morning News:
"If the flag is a symbol of freedom and of our democracy, then it represents ideas just as words represent ideas, and in that case, we've got no more business telling people what they can or can't do with the flag than we do telling them how to think."
Greer then envisioned what would happen to a citizen in Iran or China -- I would add Cuba -- who burned or otherwise desecrated the flag of his nation. "Do we really want," Greer said, "to emulate countries such as these?"
I once gave a commencement address at a college in Pennsylvania, and commended the Supreme Court for its decision in Texas v. Johnson. Outside the building, an angry veteran of the Vietnam War confronted me to protest my view that the First Amendment protects flag desecration. I asked the veteran, who had been seriously wounded in Vietnam, what our flag meant to him.
"Freedom," he said. Then he paused, nodded his head slowly, said "Yeah!" and walked away.
UPDATE: On July 14, the Helms amendment -- which denies federal funds to public-school facilities that refuse access to the Boy Scouts on account of their exclusion of homosexuals from leadership positions -- passed the Senate. So did a second amendment forbidding discrimination against any youth organization, including the Boy Scouts, on the basis of sexual orientation. Groups that admit homosexuals will also have access. Both amendments satisfy the First | <urn:uuid:85d3d4c2-a969-4689-b1e3-1da248d13512> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://jewishworldreview.com/cols/hentoff062601.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.967988 | 908 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What are Noroviruses?
Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause the "stomach flu," or gastroenteritis. Someone infected with a norovirus may show symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, chills, headaches, and fatigue.
Norovirus illness often begins suddenly, and the infected person may feel very sick. Symptoms usually begin about 24 to 48 hours after ingestion of the virus, but can appear as early as 12 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually last for about 1 or 2 days, with vomiting many times a day. In general, children experience more vomiting than adults. Norovirus infections usually have no long term consequence, but patients and their caretakers must drink enough fluid to prevent dehydration.
Viruses are different from bacteria and parasites, some of which can cause illnesses similar to norovirus infection. Like all viral infections, noroviruses are not affected by treatment with antibiotics, and cannot grow outside of a person's body.
How Do People Become Infected with Noroviruses?
Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of infected people. People can become infected in various ways, including:
● Eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus
● Touching surfaces or objects contaminated with norovirus, and then placing their hand in their mouth
● Having direct contact with another person who is infected and showing symptoms
People working in daycare centers or nursing homes should pay special attention to children and residents who have norovirus illness. Norovirus is very contagious and can spread rapidly throughout such environments.
Norovirus can spread easily from person to person. People infected with norovirus are contagious from the moment they begin feeling ill to at least 3 days after recovery. Some people may be contagious for as long as 2 weeks after recovery. It is particularly important to maintain good hand-washing and other hygienic practices, even after they have recently recovered from norovirus illness. Particular care should be taken with young children in diapers who may have diarrhea.
Norovirus and the Law
Most food poisoning related lawsuits involve suing a company which produces food. However, norovirus plaintiffs often sue companies that prepare and serve food, such as restaurants following a particularly severe outbreak of norovirus infections.
Many norovirus lawsuits proceed on a theory of negligence, which has four basic elements: (1) duty, a (2) breach of duty (3) which caused (4) harm. Restaurants have a duty, often imposed by local governments, to maintain sanitary conditions and serve food that is safe to eat. Although norovirus is highly contagious and can be spread from person to person, it is relatively easy to prevent a norovirus outbreak by requiring employees to thoroughly wash hands, wear gloves, and go home if they are sick. If a restaurant fails to do these things, it runs the risk of breaching its duty to its patrons by selling food contaminated with norovirus.
In many cases, norovirus patients recover quickly after a few very uncomfortable days. These patients may not find it useful to file suit against a restaurant since their damages are limited to a few missed days of work and their suffering. However, patients who had noroviruses severe enough to warrant hospitalization might be able to recover their medical expenses through a lawsuit. If you are considering suing a restaurant for a norovirus infection, it is best to consult with a local attorney who can evaluate your case and explain your options to you.
Contact a qualified product liability attorney to make sure your rights are protected. | <urn:uuid:9a120e63-b035-4bb9-b844-be566f47bb0f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://injury.findlaw.com/product-liability/types-of-food-poisoning-norovirus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.970043 | 747 | 4.125 | 4 |
Of all the architects who brought about the Arts and Crafts domestic renaissance of the 1890s, Charles Francis Annesly Voysey was the only one who built much in London. There are no known buildings by him in the centre, but his influence is seen in almost every London suburb built between 1900 and 1940. C.F.A Voysey was a leading member of the Arts and Crafts movement, but above all, he was an individualistic designer who invented an architectural style of his own.
Early Life and Education
Charles Francis Annesley Voysey was born at Hessle, near Hull in Yorkshire, of a family claiming descent from the Duke of Wellington. His father was a country parson who was later expelled from the Church of England for denying the existence of Hell. The family moved to Dulwich in 1871, where the sons attended the well-known public school while the father set about establishing his own Theistic Church. Charles Voysey was first articled to J. P. Seddon, then worked for Saxon Snell and for the notable country house architect George Devey in 1880.
In 1882 C.F.A Voysey set up his own practice. It was to be six years before he got his first architectural commission, and in the meantime, he earned his way by designing wallpapers and fabrics at the suggestion of his friend Arthur Mackmurdo, founder of the Century Guild the first short-lived guild of the Arts and Crafts movement. Charles Francis Annesley Voysey married in 1885, living at Bedford Park and later in St. John’s Wood.
After an early cottage in Warwickshire, his first work in London is the horizontal veranda entrance and hall he added to the front of No. 71 South End Road, Hampstead in 1890. The next year saw two important, though still small, works. The famous three-storey studio tower at No. 14 South Parade, Bedford Park (1891) established the simplified manner which was to he his trademark striking forms, white rendered walls, horizontal band windows and hipped slate roof.
Arts and Craft Works
Another lifelong characteristic, that of overall horizontal forms, was established in the same year with the charming little studio house which Charles Francis Voysey built at No. 17 St. Dunstan’s Road, West Kensington. Horizontals again form the dominant feature of his tall houses of 1892 at Nos. 14 and 16 Hans Road, beside Harrods Department Store in Knightsbridge. At this time many Arts and Crafts architects began to experiment with unusual plans for their houses L-shapes, X-shapes and even Z-shapes, in order to break up the formality of the conventional compact block.
Charles Francis Annesley Voysey favourite was the L-plan, and an early use of this can be seen in Annesley Lodge, the house he designed for his father on the corner of Platt’s Lane and Kidderpore Avenue, Hampstead (1896). The door is in the inner angle of the L, whose long low arms embrace a pretty front garden. The interiors and furnishings too were designed by Voysey, in accordance with a principle, he applied whenever his client would agree.
This was one principle on which Charles Francis Voysey agreed with other Arts and Crafts architects; another was that of seeking to integrate a house with its site. On other matters, Charles Francis disagreed with leading fellows architects of the movement such as Philip Webb and the group of former Norman Shaw pupils led by W. R. Lethaby and E. S. Prior.
They sought to adapt and use the local vernacular, while Charles Feancis Annesley Voysey developed his own style. They employed local building materials to bring the house close to its surrounding nature, but Voysey almost always used the same white roughcast walls and slate roofs wherever he was building. Voysey felt strongly, and expressed himself strongly, that copies of past styles were wrong and simplicity of design was right. “Begin by casting out all the useless ornaments . .” he wrote in 1892. “Eschew all imitations. Strive to produce an effect of repose and simplicity.”
His next London work was the design of 1897 for the house called Dixcot in North Drive, tooting Bec Common, Streatham which was built with minor alterations by another architect after Voysey had quarrelled with his client—he had a fiery and rather an autocratic temperament which was not always harmonious with those who employed him. The 1898 additions to the front of No. 16 Chalcot Gardens, off Englands Lane, Hampstead are typical in detail except that they are of brick and stone to blend with the rest of the house. The house called Gordon Dene in Princes Way, Wimbledon (1899) has been partly altered by another architect.
A group of houses followed in Chorley Wood, on the north-west outskirts of London. The most famous is The Orchard, built for his own use in Shire Lane (1900-01 ). Again there are the long white walls, band windows and hipped slate roofs. But the frontage here has a gable at either end with an off-centre front door—the basic form of this elevation has been adapted and copied in countless suburban semi-detached houses all over England and in other countries of the British Commonwealth. In 1903-04 charles Francis designed another house, called Hollybank, in Shire Lane, Chorley Wood, and at about the same time made a typical addition to Hill Cottage in the same road.
The early 1900s gave C.F.A Voysey a rare opportunity to show what he could do when designing a larger non-domestic building. In 1902-03 he designed and built a Wallpaper Factory for Sanderson’s (who had used many of his wallpaper designs) which can still be seen in Barley Mow Passage off Turnham Green, Chiswick.
It is a delightful and elegant building. High piers support the structure and rise the full height to the roof. The windows between these piers are broad, and their horizontals are relieved by lightly arched tops. Most charming of all, the roof at sky level has a wavy outline between the piers. The building has now been well converted into insurance offices and is named Voysey House.
During the 1900s Voysey’s practice was reduced. Unlike his slightly younger colleague, M. H. Baillie Scott, he had no stomach for seeking commissions 7 when fashion shifted from his style towards romantic brick and half-timbering, or to the inventive Neo-Georgian of Ernest Newton. Charles Francis Voysey’s lovely interiors for the house called Garden Corner at No. 13 Chelsea Embankment (c. 1 906) have been destroyed except for the staircase.
After that, there is only the War Memorial (1920) at the corner of Hatfield Road and The Causeway in Potter’s Bar to record. Charles Francis Annesley Voysey himself had enough private income to live on until 1941 in chambers in Mayfair, doing occasional small architectural jobs. In 1940, a year before he died, he was belatedly awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. | <urn:uuid:30d4eab7-3bf1-4a91-8c44-879161c94827> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://9architecture.com/charles-francis-annesley-voysey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171834.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00279-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976813 | 1,528 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This powerpoint goes along with the Mayan Art Lesson Papers that I also have for sale. It gives a general outlook of what the Mayan culture/art/religion were all about. I talk about and show examples of things in this order: where the Mayans were located; they were farmers and grew certain foods; they were almost wiped out by the time the Spanish arrived looking for gold; religion and human sacrifice; kings and what they did; priests and what they did; the famous calendar; how multiple cultures and religions all managed to share very specific beliefs and temple structures etc when located on different continents; Pos-a-tok the Mayan ball game; human sacrifice beliefs and reasoning; how the Mayans were similar to the Egyptians; ancient flight/space travel; Mayan painting materials and methods; ceramics and burnishing; teeth modification; sculpture materials and methods; Architecture materials and methods; Palaces temples and observatories; weapons and warriors; trading goods; Mayan glyphs in writing and reading; introduction of the student project.
I have my students use a website that has a Mayan glyph dictionary to plan out and sketch the glyph blocks needed to say what they are trying to say in their design layout. Obviously some sounds were not used phonetically since Mayan is a specific language but the Mayans also did not have award for a lot of things that students are going to try to translate. Modern words would have no place in an ancient language so I tell my students if they absolutely MUST then they can create their own glyph or two to fill in the gaps in their translation designs.
Students are always very interested in the Mayan civilization mostly because of the human sacrifice but hopefully they can learn a thing or two about the culture and how this culture was very similar to multiple others from all over the world! | <urn:uuid:b7c5b1c9-224d-4068-953a-a944e8c40a10> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Ancient-Mayan-Art-Lesson-Powerpoint-3189750 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109803.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822011838-20170822031838-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.974295 | 373 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1,500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to I billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.
In Other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime - mine - the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 billion, and it is already more than halfway there.
Overpopulation is often defined as the condition of having more people than can live on Earth in comfort, happiness, and health and still leave the planet a fit place for future generations. To most environmentalists, the data suggest that the planet is already overpopulated. Because of differing concepts of carrying capacity, however, experts differ widely over what level of population is considered too high.
Some project that if everyone existed at a minimum survival level, the earth could support 20 to 48 billion people. This anthill existence would require that everyone exist only on a diet of grain, cultivation all arable land, and mining much of the earth's crust of a depth of 1.6 kilometers (1 mile). Other analysts believe the earth could support 7 to 12 billion people at a decent standard of living by distributing the world's land and food supply more equitably and shifting from less abundant resources (such as lead, tin, uranium, oil, and natural gas) to more abundant resources (such as aluminum, glass, and various forms of solar energy).
Others opposed to population regulation feel that all people should have the freedom to have as many children as they want. To some, population regulation is a violation of their deep religious beliefs. To others, it is an intrusion into their personal privacy and freedom. To minorities, population regulation is sometimes seen as a form of genocide to keep their numbers and power from rising.
Proponents of population regulation point to the fact that we are not providing adequate basic necessities for one out of five people on Earth today who don't have the opportunity to be a net economic gain for their country. They see people overpopulation in MDCs (more developed countries) as threats to Earth's life support systems for us and other species.
These analysts recognize that population growth is not the only cause or our environmental and resource problems. They believe, however, that adding several hundred million more people in MDCs and several billion more in LDSs (less developed countries) will intensify many environmental and social problems by increasing resource use and waste, environmental degradation, rapid climate change, and pollution. To proponents of population regulation, it is unethical for us not to encourage a sharp drop in birth rates and unsustainable forms of resource use to prevent a sharp rise in death rates and human misery and a decrease in Earth's biodiversity in the future. Despite promises about sharing the world's wealth, the gap between the rich and poor has been getting larger since 1960. Proponents of population regulation believe this is caused by a combination of population growth and unwillingness of the wealthy to share the world's wealth and resources more fairly. They call for MDCs to use their economic systems to reward population regulation and sustainable forms of economic growth instead of continuing their unsustainable forms of economic growth and encouraging LDCs to follow this eventually unsustainable and disastrous path for the planet.
Recently, the Population Crisis Committee complied a human suffering index for each of 130 countries based on ten measures of human welfare. They found a high correlation between the level of human suffering and the rate of population increase in countries. The 30 countries falling in the extreme human-suffering range--all in Africa and Asia--averaged a high annual rate of population increase of 2.8%. The 44 countries with a high human suffering rate--all in Africa, Asia, and Latin America--also had an average annual population increase of 2.8%. | <urn:uuid:395973b5-9602-4e2f-912a-235705fecfa0> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-73719.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.955974 | 890 | 3.359375 | 3 |
USDA Nutrition Standards
Assess and implement newly required USDA Standards due to the program Reauthorization - 4 of 10 years
Each year we ensure that all schools are in compliance with United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) nutrition standards. In recent years, the nutrition standard requirements have extended beyond menu planning to include creating culture of wellness at the school sites. This wellness culture begins with the implementation of a strong Healthy School Team. While there are some federal and state requirements that were mandatory, each Healthy School Team had a tremendous amount of autonomy. Again this year, we encouraged our schools to develop a diverse team to create a "Wellness Culture" inside each school that aligned with the principal's vision and best served the needs of their students. We recommended that each team invite the following members to participate on the team to ensure all health and wellness perspectives were incorporated:
Wellness Designee (Assistant Principal)
Wellness Champion (Staff Wellness)
Physical Education Teacher
School Food Service Manager
Initial communication regarding Healthy School Teams was sent out in a bulletin requesting all schools to report their team members. Once all schools reported their team members, newsletters were utilized to communicate important update information. In addition, our Department created a webpage to provide dedicated resources to assist schools in establishing successful Healthy School Teams.
Mandatory Responsibilities of the Healthy School Team:
- Confirm that School is in alignment with the:
- Monitor Food Fundraisers and Report Exemptions outside the Allowable Parameter
- Complete and Submit an Annual Assessment
Healthy School Teams were encouraged to infuse the three "Pillars of Wellness" inside their school -- Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Emotional Well-Being.
Resources were provided to each Healthy School Team which included:
This year a decision was made to combine the annual wellness survey and the newly required Healthy School Team assessment. In order to communicate out the requirements and expectations for this assessment, our Department drafted a bulletin addressed to all principals.
Each year the Department hosts an All Employee Back to School Training. This training was set up to provide our more than 1,300 employees with the same training per area with consistent and relevant messages to prepare them for the start of school. This year the training topics included:
- Professional Development Requirements
- Offer vs. Serve
- General Meal Service Procedures
- Workplace Safety | <urn:uuid:5f34a8b7-2624-412f-b7b0-dd8915a4963c> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.palmbeachschools.org/sfsannualreport/department-goals-and-team-strategies/improve-productivity-efficiency-and-accountability/usda-nutritional-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864626.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522053839-20180522073839-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.952229 | 484 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Encouraging metacognition : supporting learners through metacognitive teaching strategies
Source:Educational psychology New York, N.Y. ; v. 12, P. Lang, New York, p.183 (2011)
Call Number:Cubb LB1590.3 .K655 2011
Keywords:learning, Metacognition, Psychology of, Thought and thinking--Study and teaching
Contents: Metacognition: a bit of theory -- The language of thinking: creating a metacognitive vocabulary in the classroom -- Thinking aloud -- Thinking journals -- Thinking with mnemonics -- Thinking maps -- Thinking as a reader -- Meta Q: thinking with questioning -- Meta-S: thinking while studying -- Thinking actively: more metacognitive strategies -- Appendix A: Thinking as a learner: best practices -- Appendix B: Thinking as a learner: self-monitoring checkbric -- Appendix C: Thinking as a learner: metacognitive rubric. | <urn:uuid:811c16ae-3462-4a67-91e0-cf414c174f36> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.stanford.edu/group/cubberley/biblio/encouraging-metacognition-supporting-learners-through-metacognitive-teaching-strategies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705790741/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120310-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.755772 | 200 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Source: (1997) Access to Justice Network. Publication of the John Howard Society of Alberta. Downloaded 20 January 2005.In this report, the John Howard Society of Alberta argues that restorative justice offers an alternative to Canada's current punitive justice system, which is unable to reduce crime rates and which manifests a lack of concern for crime victims. The restorative justice process involves the offender, the victim and the community in negotiations and dialogue aimed at restitution, reconciliation and restoration of harmony. Canada's current justice system, relying heavily on incarceration and punishment, does not rehabilitate offenders, deter others, or compensate victims. Restorative justice models lower costs associated with incarceration, provide the victim with a sense that justice was served, provide the offender with the feeling that the legal process has treated him or her fairly, address victim-offender relations, and make the community aware that it has a responsibility to the offender, victim, and justice system. | <urn:uuid:d5c7d308-14f3-4bcd-8671-aa5b19f024b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://restorativejustice.org/rj-library/restorative-justice/78/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323588.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628083538-20170628103538-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.942579 | 188 | 3.21875 | 3 |
1. DO Learn Basic HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language)
There's no such thing as WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) in HTML. Every browser interprets HTML in a slightly different or outdated fashion. Many users of HTML assistants or editors are stunned when they find out their web pages appear different or even garbled when viewed by a different browser.
2. Design for the user!
Designing for the user means that the pages you design will be accessible and easily navigated by the user. When users look at your page they will develop the use model of your page from what they see. If you did your job well, they will be able to navigate and locate the information they desire with ease.
3. Validate your HTML
How to validate - We suggest using the following site:
< !DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd " >
4. Check your pages in as many browsers as possible
At a minimum, check with MSIE, Netscape, Firefox, and Lynx (a non-graphical browser and useful for simulating what a person having a web page read to them with text-reading software would "see").
To check with Lynx from the web, go to - lynx me at: ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/lynx-me.cgi
5. Know the <IMG> tag
Always use ALT
Use WIDTH and HEIGHT
How the tag would look - <IMG SRC="library.gif"ALT="Library" WIDTH="300" HEIGHT="200">
Avoid "Coming Soon" and "Under Construction" signs
When something is "published" for the web it isn't static. It can be changed any time to add or update information. This is the power of the web. Indicating that things may change is only stating the obvious. On the other hand, when you put pages up they should be correct, with all links working. Anything less is like printing a book with pages missing, the user is not getting what you have promised. If you do use "Coming Soon," make sure to include a date.
Click here - assumes that everyone is using a mouse with their browser.
Don't use Header tags to change font size
This confuses adaptive technology and indexing software.
Headers - <H1>text</H1> through <H6>text</H6> should be used in order - not <H1> then <H4> then <H2>. Again, it confuses other software that uses your page.
If you want to control font size, use the font size=n tag - with n being 1 through 7 - 1 = smallest and 7 = largest and 3 = the base size. They aren't seen by some other browsers, but it doesn't hurt them.
<FONT SIZE=5>Infopeople</FONT> =Infopeople.
<FONT SIZE=2>Infopeople</FONT> = Infopeople.
You can also use the size tags <BIG> & <SMALL>. These are now used by Netscape 2.0 and up and will be the standard as newer versions of browsers implement them.
<BIG>Infopeople</BIG> = Infopeople. This is cumulative, so
<BIG><BIG>Infopeople</BIG></BIG> = Infopeople
<SMALL>Infopeople</SMALL> = Infopeople. This is cumulative, so
<SMALL><SMALL>Infopeople</SMALL></SMALL> = Infopeople
Physical character highlighting
Use the tags:
<B></B> for bold and
<I></I> for italic.
In certain contexts, use of <P> should be avoided, such as directly before any other element which already implies a paragraph break.
To wit, the <P> element should not be placed before <H1>, etc., HR, ADDRESS, BLOCKQUOTE, or PRE elements.
It should also not be placed before or after a list element.
That is, a <P> should not be used to mark the end-of-text for <LI>, <DT> or <DD>. These elements already imply paragraph breaks.
While it is true that all of the entities mentioned above imply a paragraph break, this only occasionally means that they also imply white space between sections -- this depends on the browser. So, an alternative is to use the <BR> tag. In Netscape multiple instances of <BR> will create multiple line spaces.
Don't use the Netscapism <CENTER> tag
Use <P ALIGN=CENTER> </P>, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> </H1>, etc. rather than <CENTER> </CENTER>
We recommend surrounding a table with <DIV ALIGN=CENTER> </DIV>
Directory Reference Errors
It is possible to request an index of a directory from an HTTP server. The typical response from the server is to either return a pre-generated index document (which is often the document "index.html" in the referenced directory), or to construct an HTML document on the fly which contains a listing of all files in the directory. However, when making such a directory reference, it is important to make sure to have a trailing slash on the URL. That is, if you were to request the index of Infopeople's directory of HTML documentation, you would want to refer to it as
infopeople.org (missing the end )
Many servers are able to catch these errors, and provide redirection to the proper URL, but it's best to get the URL right in the first place -- notably because not all browsers support transparent redirection. Also, getting this correct the first time means it will take less time for the page to be loaded; your readers won't have to wait through the time needed to open two (or more) HTTP connections.
Missing quotes in start tags
This reference to the Cerritos Public Library Home Page should look like:
but people composing "raw" HTML from a text editor will often instead type:
<A HREF="library.ci.cerritos.ca.us/> (missing the end ")
The behavior of browsers upon encountering this varies -- some display a proper link, but you can't follow it, while others actually eat up huge portions of the following text, thinking everything up until the next quotation mark to be part of the URL.
Missed end tags
Many of the HTML elements contain information within them. For example, <EM>emphasized text</EM> would be rendered as emphasized text. There is a start tag (<EM>), some content (which may include text, and in some cases, other nested elements), and an end tag (</EM>, indicated by the /). A common mistake is to miss the / in the end tag. | <urn:uuid:33b94ba0-c248-4376-821c-aabeee81f453> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://infopeople.org/print/book/export/html/1167 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065954.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00173-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865784 | 1,516 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Up to the early 19th century even the major cities were quite compact and not many people had to travel more than a walking distance. The places they wanted to go to were few, limited to their workplace (if indeed they worked outside the house), the market, and church. In any case people were powerful walkers and even the well-to-do, with more extended social networks, were quite willing to walk ten km or so to lunch or take tea with a friend. Mobility was not an issue for most people.
The accelerating industrialization of the 19th century brought prosperity (for some), and many more jobs outside the home although often at starvation wages. Tireless machinery forced punctuality on the workers, often children, who tended them. Cities expanded, shops multiplied, as did workplaces. People had to become more mobile. However, it still took some time before conditions for public transport fell into place, an important one being the growing spatial separation of commercial, industrial, residential and residential functions within the expanding city (like spots on an expanding balloon). Eventually, demand for regular transport services along certain fixed routes grew to the point where it could be satisfied profitably. Omnibus services were put into place in London and Paris around the 1830’s. They consisted of enclosed horse-drawn vehicles with a capacity of up to twenty passengers.
A decade or so later a second level was added and capacity grew to over thirty, sometimes requiring up to three or four horses.The investment in horses was high (sadly more than in the drivers who could he hired and fired at will) since demand for public transport being cyclic, most of them worked only a few hours a day but they still had to eat and be tended and housed. Rails came into general use from about 1860. The reduced rolling resistance made it possible to transport more people or reduce the number of horses. Generally it allowed the number of horses to be reduced by one-third.
Large quantities of electric power distributed from fixed installations become available in urban areas during the 1880’s, at first mainly for lighting. Initially an energized rail provided energy but for safety reasons it was moved to an overhead line. It took some time to find a way of keeping the tram in more or less permanent contact with the wire (the connection was often lost and journeys were often enlivened by the tram grinding to a halt, forcing the conductor out to reattach it using a fishing rod-like device).
By the 1890’s trams were a symbol of progress in any self-respecting city (as they are again today). They generated great affection during their sixty years of service as was witnessed by the gigantic crowds at their final runs during the 1950’s.The problem with trams was that they tended to both hold up traffic and be held up by it. Also they were stuck on fixed routes with considerable supplementary investment required to expand the network.For this reason the trolleybus came into use during the first decade of the 20th century. It provided more operating flexibility but still required those limiting and expensive overhead wires. It was however silent and non-polluting. In the future, plug-in hybrid buses could replace them.
The bus was seen as a great innovation, nimble and flexible, and independent of fixed infrastructure. Once the internal combustion engine was reliable enough they proliferated, since it didn’t take much capital to put a few buses on the high density routes. By 1910 they were commonplace. Competition for passengers was fierce until regulation was put into place to limit the number of operators. Buses grew in power and capacity. Today, those in use on high density urban routes in the UK and Ireland are, capable of transporting a hundred passengers. However, buses as a mass transport mode are not ideal. They are polluting, not all that comfortable, and with high operating costs. They also tend to get caught in the congestion they are supposed to alleviate. Reserved bus lanes can help but they still become less competitive with the private car as urban incomes rise.The future lies with tramways and light rapid transit (LRT) for primary routes, with buses playing a feeder role over short distances. | <urn:uuid:98efc143-fe11-4f9d-855f-6e43e3ce951a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://ruralroads.org/en/buses-and-trams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608004.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525063740-20170525083740-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.987501 | 855 | 3.484375 | 3 |
1. Who Am I?
Visit The Science Museum’s website (or the museum itself) to find out more about what the museum says is everybody’s favourite subject – ‘themselves’.
2. How Do People Construct Gender Roles in Early Adulthood?
Watch this video to find out the answer.
3. Social Constructionism (and Why Time is a Social Construct)
Hear more about social constructivism at this website.
4. Need to Report Anyone Being Creepy Online?
Use this website to report anyone who is putting pressure on you online.
5. Being Bothered by Trolls? Trolling Yourself? Don’t Feed the Troll! Online Interactions and Other Sad Stories
The former link gives more information about trolling. The latter is useful for standing up to bullies and finding who you are. Be proud of yourself!
6. Links to YouTube Videos
- Schemas: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMadzaLGP0M
- Schemas, Assimilation and Accomodation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xj0CUeyucJw
- Social Media and Identity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRiGZJQZ_X4
- Social Identity Theory: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcRNQtvOCbc
- Social Cognition: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Z7dzRnwe2k | <urn:uuid:bf3b6ec7-02e7-493f-8682-57121febc85e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://edge.sagepub.com/banyard2e/student-resources/chapter-23/websites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247499009.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221031117-20190221053117-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.771518 | 332 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By Douglas R. Egerton, Contributing writer
They came from all over. During the first days of 1863, when Massachusetts Gov. John Andrew announced the formation of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the first regiment to be comprised of northern freemen, black men from across the republic answered the call.
Jefferson Ellis was just 19, working as a boatman in Poughkeepsie. Daniel Kelley and Louis Kelsey were farmers. Charles Douglass, son of Rochester abolitionist Frederick Douglass, signed on, as did his older brother Lewis. Sojourner Truth’s grandson James joined too, boasting it was “time to prove that we are men.” Twenty-two residents of Syracuse enlisted.
Kelley died that July fighting at Fort Wagner, S.C. Kelsey was badly wounded in the assault, as was Lewis Douglass. Ellis was taken prisoner and held in a Confederate jail for 17 months. When pardoned, he returned to service and was promoted to corporal. Once a black man got “an eagle on his button, and a musket of his shoulder,” Frederick Douglass marveled, there was “no power on Earth” that could “deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.”
The sacrifice of these New Yorkers was extraordinary in that a series of federal court cases and statewide referendums dissented from that view.
Just six years before in the infamous Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court ruled that African-Americans, even if born free, were not citizens of the United States. In November 1860, the same New Yorkers who flocked to the polls in support of Abraham Lincoln voted down an initiative that would have eliminated the $250 property qualification imposed only on black residents. When Private John Lee requested a 15-day furlough to return home to bury “two of his children,” Manhattan toughs assaulted him and broke two of his ribs for riding a Broadway streetcar.
Lee’s saga was hardly unique. In the years immediately following the American Revolution, roughly 40 percent of whites in Manhattan owned at least a single slave, a percentage that was even higher than in South Carolina. In 1712, Africans in the city rose in revolt, killing nine whites.
Three decades later in 1741, slaves led by Caesar Varick again conspired for their freedom; authorities burned 13 blacks at the stake and hanged another 17. Not until 1799, sixteen years after the state won its independence from Britain, did the Assembly pass a law for gradual emancipation. But the act manumitted only black children born after that date and after they reached the age of 28 for males and 21 for females. The law freed not a single person the day it went into effect. The last slave in New York was finally liberated in 1827.
Each February, Americans celebrate Black History Month, and students hear stories of the rescue of William “Jerry” Henry and the courage of Harriet Tubman. Some of what they learn, such as the myth that Southern blacks found their way north with the help of coded quilts, is simply that, a legend. But few will be told that on the eve of the Revolution, New York City was second only to Charleston as the demographically blackest city on the British mainland, or that in the same month that Private Kelley died while serving his country, Manhattan rioters lynched dozens of African-Americans and torched a black orphanage.
This is not to suggest New Yorkers do not have much to celebrate.
The state was home to abolitionists Gerrit Smith and John Brown, who met with Douglass and Dr. James McCune Smith in June 1855 (in what is now L'Adour Restaurant) to form the short-lived Radical Abolition Party. The Rev. Jermain Loguen escaped slavery in Tennessee and became a respected citizen of Syracuse; his daughter Amelia married Sergeant Major Lewis Douglass. During the Civil War, black activists met in a series of conventions in Syracuse to demand equal rights and citizenship.
But good history critiques as much as it rejoices. We study the past so that we may properly understand the present, and unless we face up to the less admirable moments in our state’s early years, we have but an incomplete understanding of its current status.
In the year that the Assembly finally voted for gradual emancipation, New York housed twice as many slaves as did the state of Delaware. Slavery was a national phenomenon, and racism remains a national problem. As President John Quincy Adams so eloquently phrased it, “Who we are, is who we were.” Until we remember the burning of Caesar Varick and the beating of Private Lee, we will never know just who we are.
This essay is part of The Post-Standard's 2012 observance of Black History Month. This year coincides with the 150th anniversary of the Civil War. The Post-Standard observes the month with accounts of Central New York's African-Americans who lived in the Civil War era, especially by those who risked their lives as Abolitionists and those who fought for the Union.
Last week, Laura Iodice wrote why talking about race fills gaps in our master narrative. | <urn:uuid:a3fd7dba-2bf5-4e69-b38b-c3955ed70d20> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2012/02/stained_with_blood_of_slaves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145578.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00072-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974896 | 1,080 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Depression and mental illness is not something to be taken lightly. The condition, which can often go undetected for years, can suddenly rear its head and destroy people’s lives.
Suicide stories are never far away from the “farang” styled news websites in Thailand. Many of these deaths are preventable, if the right help is available.
So it is exciting news when the Ministry of Public Health is campaigning to fight depression and suicide on World Health Day, calling on people to look after those around them with the theme “Let’s Talk”.
It is well known that many people refuse to seek help because of the stigma attached to mental health or for fear of being ridiculed by those who do not understand the illness. And it is an ILLNESS.
Support is not always available in many countries, so depression sufferers are left to their own devices, which often ends in loss of life.
A person who suffers from depression often appears irritable, tired, bored, self-critical, and unable to focus. Weight loss or gain is usually evident in a depression sufferer and will either sleep to ease their suffering or endure periods of insomnia.
If you think you know someone who is at risk, do not criticise them or say things like “pull yourself together” for all you will do is make matters worse. Instead, simply be there for them. Let them talk freely without interruption. Listening is the best thing you can do for a depression sufferer.
If you believe they may harm themselves, you must seek professional help as soon as possible.
Remember not all illnesses are visible. | <urn:uuid:8450c42d-8d3d-4c8e-9cf1-d96534d9ef75> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://news.lovepattayathailand.com/national/depression-kills-lets-talk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645405.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317233618-20180318013618-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.969309 | 339 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Lesbian women face unique mental health issues — in addition to the ones all members of the LGBT community face — because they exist in a marginalized section of an already marginalized community. Exploring the effects of discrimination and prejudice only scratches the surface of their mental health challenges. To dig deeper, take a look at the issues in this article.
The Pressure to Identify and Label
More so than other members of the LGBT community, lesbian women feel pressure to label themselves with terms they are not necessarily comfortable with. This pressure comes from heterosexuals, gay men — often in the context of meeting lesbians at gay bars — the media and other lesbian women.
Here are some examples of those terms:
- Femme: a lesbian woman who dresses and acts like a stereotypical heterosexual woman
- Alpha: confident, bordering on arrogant, usually physically attractive
- Butch: dresses and acts like a stereotypical heterosexual man
These terms frustrate some lesbian women. Others embrace them, including women who proudly identify as butch. It’s difficult for lesbians to know whether they should reject or embrace such labels.
— Tonya M. BakerHughes (@tonyamhughes) May 21, 2015
There is a question of who owns these labels, if anyone. People who use terms such as “butch” do not necessarily identify as lesbian, further complicating the issue. There are many queer women who identify as butch and some heterosexual women who use that label.
Even the word “lesbian” can be controversial. Should we say “lesbian,” “lesbian women,” “gay women” or maybe something else? There isn’t a correct answer or anything close to a consensus in the lesbian community.
These identity and labeling issues cause stress and contribute to the social isolation lesbian women deal with.
Lesbian Feminism and Other Types of Feminism
“Feminist” is another label people pressure lesbians to consider. There are historical and current conflicts between lesbian feminism, mainstream feminism and radical feminism. This makes many lesbian women reluctant to engage in the conversation of feminism or consider feminism part of their identity.
Dealing with Assumptions and Stereotypes
People — usually heterosexuals — often make several assumptions about lesbian women that contribute to unwelcomed stereotypes:
- They hate men.
- They have “daddy issues.”
- They are more masculine than heterosexual women.
- Men molested them as children.
- There needs to a be a “man” in a lesbian relationship.
- Lesbians haven’t met the right man yet.
- Lesbian sex doesn’t count as “real sex.”
- Lesbians dress like men.
- Lesbians are not physically attractive.
- They are more interested in sports.
- They drive SUVs.
- They push commitment and establish their romantic relationships too quickly.
- They are “crazy.”
- They are trying being with women as some sort of trendy experiment rather than a legitimate sexual preference (this assumption is more common for lesbian women who came out later in life, especially if they were already with men, married, had kids, etc.)
The Objectification and Fetishization of Lesbian Sex
When heterosexual men treat lesbian sex as if it is naughty and taboo, it contributes to the feeling of shame lesbian women often cope with.
“Such messages invalidate their sexual orientation and suggest same-sex relationships between women are for the sexual gratification of men,” said therapist Kimber Shelton, who has worked with lesbian clients who have reported microaggressions from men, including the aforementioned assumptions.
The Lack of Dating Culture
Gay men have a dating culture. There are bars, clubs and well-known dating apps such as Grindr. Their dating culture has the problem of excessive superficiality, but it at least exists.
Lesbian women have no recognizable dating culture. There are gay bars that technically include lesbians, but “gay bar” or “gay club” usually means there will be a majority of gay men. Lesbians are not necessarily as welcomed as gay men in these places. There is the Her dating app for women in the LGBT community, but it isn’t specifically for lesbians.
This absence of dating culture and exclusion from prominent dating culture in the LGBT community exacerbates the social isolation and anxiety lesbian women try to overcome. There is also the possibility that the lack of dating culture contributes to the problem of some lesbian women being too aggressive in establishing a relationship.
The U-Haul Syndrome
The lesbian dating scene has the opposite problem gay men struggle with: there is too much pressure to commit and not enough casual dating. Lesbians coined the terms “U-Haul Syndrome” and “U-Haul Lesbians” after encountering women who wanted to move in with them around the second or third date.
The slang isn’t necessarily about moving in, though. Some lesbian women date people who want to discuss long-term relationship plans and goals far too early, according to Talkspace therapist Katherine Glick, who has also worked with lesbian clients. This mentality often leads to lesbian women rushing into relationships that turn out to be unhealthy.
Antagonizing Other Women
Because of the influence of patriarchal culture, it is difficult for some women to see other women as allies rather than competitors for men. This problem extends to lesbian women, although it affects them differently.
“I’ve heard lesbian women clients wonder if they can be in a relationship with another woman, because there can be so much ‘drama,’” said therapist Kristen Martinez.
Toxic Relationships and Domestic Abuse
People often assume there are less cases of violence in lesbian relationships because men are typically more violent and likely to be abusers. Domestic abuse is actually more common in lesbian relationships than heterosexual relationships and other groups within the LGBT spectrum — 44% of lesbian women reported intimate partner violence compared to 35% of heterosexual women and 26% of gay men, according to the results of a study by the CDC.
The reasons for higher rates of violence in lesbian relationships are not clear. Stories from lesbian women who survived intimate partner violence, however, provide insights into why lesbian relationships often become toxic, violent or emotionally abusive.
When relationships progress rapidly, it can be difficult for one partner to detect signs of the other partner’s potential to be unstable or abusive. The victim might condone dangerous or inappropriate behavior after interpreting it as a method of showing love and passion.
Therapist Amber Ault — who works with lesbian clients, is gay herself and wrote a book about lesbian relationships — wrote about a lesbian woman whose partner violated her privacy during their first few weeks of dating. Her partner entered her home without permission, found her credit card bills in a drawer and paid all of them. She accepted this as a grand romantic gesture and soon moved in with the woman. The relationship became emotionally toxic and took years to leave.
It can be difficult for lesbian women to identify their partner’s behavior as abusive, according to a study published in the Journal of Homosexuality. Ault explained a possible factor in this problem.
“[People in the LGBT community] work so hard for legitimacy,” Ault said. “It feels very vulnerable to acknowledge that the relationships we work to have recognized are sometimes toxic.”
When lesbian women realize they are in an abusive relationship, disclosing this information to others and seeking help can be challenging. In the case of Ault’s client, she worried professionals would not take the issue seriously and feared the shame and stigma of being out in her small town community.
In the instance of physical or sexual violence, some lesbian women reach out to authorities only to encounter dismissive, rude or homophobic comments. Therapist Ce Anderson saw a client who purportedly received the following response when she called police:
“You’re just two chicks who can’t get along. If you call the cops again, we’ll arrest you.”
Responses like the above delegitimize the abuse and prolong the suffering.
Issues All Members of the LGBT Community Deal With
- Internalized homophobia
- Coming out
- Social isolation and anxiety
- Terror attacks and violence targeted at the LGBT community
- Rejection or lack of understanding from family
- Lack of expectation to raise a family or have a structured life
To read more about these issues and learn how to support members of the LGBT community, check out the first article in our series on LGBT mental health.
How to Support the Mental Health of Lesbian Women
If you are not a lesbian woman but want to support the lesbian community in dealing with these mental health issues, you can do so in one or more of the following ways:
- Be mindful of the language you use. Some lesbian women might prefer you refer to them as “gay” or some other term.
- Support organizations or centers that provide resources for lesbian women. Here are some examples: National Center for Lesbian Rights, The Lesbian Herstory Archives
- Recommend they see a therapist. Use this article to do it in a way that won’t hurt their feelings.
How to Handle These Issues
If you are a lesbian woman, seeing a therapist is one of the most effective methods of dealing with these issues and preventing some of them from happening. Remember, you deserve to have healthy relationships and live the happiest life possible. Consider talking to someone who will take your problems seriously and know what to say. | <urn:uuid:a4907e75-119e-4628-a621-ae470e616ac7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.talkspace.com/blog/2016/06/mental-health-issues-lesbian-women-cope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589752.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717144908-20180717164908-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.952723 | 1,986 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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The profit and loss PL statement outlines a companys revenues costs and expenses over a specified period. Profit and Loss PL Statement Definition. | <urn:uuid:ad73cbd8-5a33-4b13-b2ec-866f88aa51a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://canariasgestalt.com/meaning-of-profit-and-loss-statement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.895591 | 765 | 2.875 | 3 |
Trek Class Blog: The Case For Assimilation
By Professor Anthony Rotolo - October 24, 2011
“Trek Class” is a course at Syracuse University’s School of Information Studies more formally titled “Star Trek and the Information Age.” The course examines episodes of Star Trek series as a method of introducing concepts related to technology, society and leadership in our world. This series of posts seeks to share some of the concepts discussed in Trek Class with the StarTrek.com community.
A central topic of discussion in Trek Class is the evolution of cultural attitudes toward technology seen throughout the Star Trek franchise. Although Star Trek takes place in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Centuries, the adventures of Captain Kirk, Picard and all that followed were written during our own time and in very different periods. Each series, from the original five-year mission to Voyager’s journey home, embodies the cultural views and concerns popular at the time of its creation.
In the TOS episode, "The Ultimate Computer," which first aired in 1968, a breakthrough technology known as the M-5 computer threatens to replace the crew of the Enterprise. Said to be capable of commanding the starship on its own, M-5 is viewed as a dangerous step forward for humanity, putting people out of work and risking the lives of innocents. However, views had changed significantly by the time the TNG episode "The Measure Of A Man" aired in 1989. Here we see an intelligent technology living and working among the crew, and Captain Picard is even willing to argue that Lt. Commander Data may actually be a sentient being.
These are two examples among many which highlight our own society’s growing comfort with the technology. However, one depiction of technology adoption found in Star Trek has always seemed a bit too extreme for even the earliest adopters – the Borg. As a race of cybernetic drones linked to a collective mind, the Borg can be considered the ultimate acceptance of technology. With its pursuit of efficiency and perfection at the expense of individuality and personal freedom, the Borg appear to threaten much of what we value in the Twenty-first Century. These concerns are reflected in the views of our Twenty-fourth Century captains. Captain Janeway refers to the Borg as “the Devil” and Captain Picard is quoted as saying, “the Borg are as close to pure evil as any race we've ever encountered.”
Still, as we consider the technology surrounding us in our own time – from social networks to mobile devices, medical advancements and biological enhancements – can we still say that the Borg are so unfamiliar? Is it possible that we Twenty-first -Century humans might see the Borg as a little less like M-5 and a little more like ourselves?
That was the question presented to Trek Class students in an assignment known as The Locutus Project, for which students were asked to put aside any personal concerns about technology and instead assume the role of Locutus. As Locutus, each student would attempt to argue for the assimilation of the human race.
Although this is a creative project with a lot of humor involved, it was clear that many students had identified some strong reasons why we might benefit from assimilation. It was also clear that some of the fears we often associate with technology, such as the loss of jobs to automation or the risk of information overload, were not as common in the minds of these college students as they had once been in our society.
In a script written by one student portraying the Borg assimilation of our world, the Borg state, “Thousands of people die from careless fighting over issues that are irrelevant to the Borg… you try to close the distance between people with chat programs, social networking… we provide you with a closeness no human has ever experienced.”
Other students imagined the Borg making a business pitch to the people of Earth. In one such case, a student envisions the Borg appealing to our growing addiction to technology, comparing assimilation to our own desire for constant connectivity. The Borg assure humanity that we would never again experience the panic of a dead mobile phone or lost Internet connection. In a slightly different approach, another student presented Borg Assimilation Training, a ten-step program designed to prepare humans for their new lives a drones. Among the benefits listed are access to the most advanced technology and improved collaboration among coworkers.
With all the advantages proposed by our student versions of Locutus, the question of individuality still remained a challenge. One student questioned the human desire for individuality in a comic strip portraying a conversation between Locutus and a human. Arguing on behalf of the Borg, he cites the massive revenue and cultural impact of brands like Nike and MTV. He writes, “Individuality is an inappropriate term for defining yourself as everyone else does.”
Regardless of how individuality is defined, and how much our socially networked world may seem like the Borg, Trek Class students seem to agree that a fundamental difference between our own technological evolution and that of the Borg is that our collective is strengthened by each person’s unique ideas. In our current state, the students pointed out, we are not replacing our own thought processes with a hive mind. We are exchanging ideas, learning from each other and learning to make better decisions through collaboration. This type of assimilation, a more human approach, seems much less troubling.
So maybe students weren’t able to present a winning case for Borg assimilation, but they did raise some compelling ideas about the technological evolution of our collective. It seems that no matter how connected we become or how comfortable with technology, perhaps even within our own bodies, the class agreed that the human pursuit of technological perfection is fueled by a desire to protect our individuality, not to diminish it.
Anthony Rotolo is a professor at the Syracuse University School of Information Studies (iSchool), where he specializes in social media. You can follow along with Trek Class each Tuesday and Thursday at 2:00pm EST on Twitter by using the hashtag #TrekClass.
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It is inevitable that regardless of which course you take at higher education level you will be asked to produce an essay or an assignment. It is important to understand that essays at this level (and at any level really!) will need to be properly referenced. What do we mean by properly referenced?
Take a few minutes now to jot down what you think is meant by an essay with references?
Think about this:
Did you write down any of the following?
- Identifying the primary sources for the information and ideas you have put in the essay
- Identifying the authors of any theories you have discussed in your essay
- Making sure the reader is clear where you have got your information and ideas from.
- Making sure the reader can go back to your primary sources to check for more information?
- Making sure that you are not plagiarising ideas and theories.
- Bibliography and/or reference section
To find out more about referencing correctly go to How serious is plagiarism? | <urn:uuid:2ec2538c-61cd-4159-adbb-1a83bf61ac12> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.life-pilot.co.uk/improve-your-skills/get-referencing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.940429 | 203 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Before calibrating snowmelt, you must calibrate the water balance for the watershed. You need to model the snow accumulation and melt processes while executing water balance calibration. However, accurate modeling of the snowpack is not necessary for the initial calibration trials.
Water balance modeling establishes consistent soil moisture and infiltration parameters and indicates whether or not the meteorological and hydrologic data series utilized are adequate for the watershed.
Snow course data provides direct evidence about snow accumulation. When both snow depth and water content are available, HFAM compares snow water content and snow density (water content/snow depth) with model results.
Snow course measurements are a mean (or average) of several point measurements within a limited area, typically a meadow or open area in a forest. Measurement points along a snow course are at the same elevation and have similar aspect or exposure to solar radiation. Some snow courses sites include a ‘snow pillow’; hydrostatic pressure in a snow pillow measures the water content of snow that rests on the pillow.
Snow course measurements are manual. A hollow aluminum tube is driven into the snow. The weight gained by the tube is the snow water content of the snowpack. Manual measurements are most often taken monthly. Snow pillow measurements are continuous.
When comparing snow course measurements to mean snowpack results over an HFAM segment, the user needs to be aware that:
HFAM users often create a land segment of one acre or one hectare at a snow course or Snotel site (a remote weather station that measures snow water content and sends the data wirelessly). Thus, HFAM makes a direct comparison between measurements and model results.
To increase or reduce snow accumulation, TSNOW is the most obvious parameter to change. When air temperature exceeds TSNOW precipitation falls as rain, When air temperature is less than TSNOW precipitation falls as snow. Increasing TSNOW increases snow accumulation, and reducing TSNOW reduces snow accumulation. Changing TSNOW is effective only when significant snowfall occurs at or near 32° F. If winter temperatures are cold, well below 32° F, then TSNOW has little effect. The allowable range for TSNOW is limited in HFAM to 15°, from 25° to 40° F.
MELEV is a physical characteristic of the land segment. It is important for snow accumulation because it affects air temperature, HFAM does not alter MELEV in calibration.
SNOWCF affects snow accumulation proportional to its value. Changing SNOWCF from 1.0 to 1.1 increases snow accumulation by 10 percent. Snow catch in precipitation gages is affected by wind speed during storms. Physically realistic values of SNOWCF are in the range from 1.0 to 1.5. SNOWCF is lower if precipitation gages have shields.
SNOEVP affects sublimation from the snowpack rather than accumulation. Sublimation is not significant in most watersheds. However, it can be substantial where windy and low humidity conditions are common.
The effects of aging on snowpack characteristics are diverse and are of some importance. HFAM calculates the albedo of the snow surface. However, HFAM does not provide a calibration parameter to alter the snow surface albedo.
Field data for calibration of snowpack characteristics is limited to snow density data from snow courses. Snow density found by HFAM results from RDCSN, modified by melt and freezing of meltwater in the snowpack. Snow density does not directly influence melt rates and has only a limited effect on water leaving the snowpack. Snow density is usually not calibrated.
RDCSN – RDCSN is the initial density of new snow, its water content divided by its depth. HFAM may change RDCSN if model snow density is high or low, compared to snow course data.snow course data.
MWATER – The liquid water holding capacity of the snowmelt. Snow density during the winter and spring is also affected by melt rates, and by MWATER.
LAT – HFAM uses LAT in the calculation of snow surface albedo. It is a physical characteristic of the watershed that is not calibrated.
SHADE – SHADE controls the short wave solar radiation that reaches the snowpack. SHADE is increased by forest cover, or by slope in an HFAM land segment. It can be increased or reduced by the segment aspect.
CCFACT – CCFACT controls both convection and condensation melt, or more correctly the rate of convective or condensation heat transfer to the surface.
MGMELT – MGMELT, maximum ground melt, is the heat transfer from the earth’s core to the land surface, in inches (or mm) of melt per day, from the earth to the bottom of the snowpack. It is zero if the soil beneath the snowpack is frozen. MGMELT is about 0.01 inches or 0.25 mm of snowmelt per day.
The processes that melt snow (in order of their significance for most watersheds):
Melt rates for the snowpack require calibration.
The net radiation exchange algorithm on the snow surface:
Short Wave Radiation x (1.0 – albedo) + the net Long Wave Radiation Exchange.
Long wave radiation is emitted by the snow, forests and cloud cover in the atmosphere at a temperature dependent, near constant rate.
Since snow surface albedo is calculated internal to HFAM, SHADE is the only parameter that alters the net total radiation on the snow surface.
The CCFACT algorithm has the form:
Heat Transfer=CCFACT x Wind Velocity x (Air Temp – Snow Temp) x an elevation adjustment.
Wind velocity and air temperature play important roles.
The wind velocity on, or at, the snowpack is seldom known. Wind velocity measurements may be made many miles from the watershed, or a land segment in a watershed, and the wind is altered by elevation and forest cover. Air temperature can also be uncertain. Thus, CCFACT can vary through a considerable range to account for uncertain meteorologic conditions on the snowpack. | <urn:uuid:8139bc58-9363-4b3e-a90c-f7636a8869da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hydrocomp.com/projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.906752 | 1,263 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Palaeontographical Society Annual Address
Flett Lecture Theatre, Natural History Museum at 4.15 pm, Tuesday, April 12th
Professor W. James Kennedy
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford
NHM contact: Dr Andrew Smith
William Buckland (1784-1856) is mainly remembered today for his larger-than-life personality, his pet bear and hyaena, his humour, dining habits (including, it is said, eating the heart of one of the Kings of France) and his ultimate madness. Yet he was the first President of the Geological Society, and the first geologist (the term palaeontology and thence palaeontologist dates only from1838) to receive the Copley Medal, the highest award of the Royal Society (1821) To his contemporaries, he was the English Cuvier.
Buckland¹s contributions to science are many. His observations and experiments at Kirkdale Cave in Yorkshire mark the beginnings of cave science and palaeoecology. Paviland Cave in Pembrokeshire, visited in 1823 yielded a human skeleton, the so-called 'Red Lady¹. The bones are actually those of a young man, a mammoth hunter perhaps, who we now know to be the earliest anatomically modern human from Britain. Triassic footprints were interpreted through experiments with the family tortoise and rolled out pastry. The beozar stones found by Mary Anning and others on the coast at Lyme Regis were demonstrated to be fossil faeces, confirmed by experiments with cement and skate guts. Megatherium, the 'Great Lizard of Stonesfield¹, was described by Buckland, providing the first scientific account of what Richard Owen was to call dinosaurs. He made logical interpretations of the function of the chambered shell of ammonites, and through his work came the early attempts to reconstruct ancient communities, illustrated by his friend Henry De la Beche in Duria Antiquior (1830): Ancient Dorset.
Buckland¹s collections (gnawed bones, fish guts and all), his correspondence, teaching diagrams and notes all survive, and provide all the images needed to bring alive this remarkable man, and his contributions to our then fledgling science. | <urn:uuid:0e7952b5-8247-49f8-8357-e36c20828292> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/blogs/science-news/2011/03?fromGateway=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00626-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953866 | 461 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Dr. David Clarke shares the story of the popular astronomer who orchestrated some flying saucer hoaxes in his career and believed that mysterious sightings had normal explanations.
The death of Sir Patrick Moore, at the age of 89, is a sad loss to astronomy and for all those who grew up with his iconic BBC programme The Sky at Night.
In his autobiography 80 Not Out, Moore credited his appearance on an obscure BBC television programme ‘Flying Saucers – do they exist?’ in 1956 as the launch pad for his career as Britain’s favourite TV astronomer…
Clark goes on to explain Moore’s interest in UFOlogy could be traced back to a 1950s interview involving famous alien contactee George Adamski (Flying Saucers Have Landed) for the BBC program Panorama. Adamski claimed he met with a beautiful alien from Venus.
To demonstrate how easy it was to write fairytales about visitors from other worlds, Patrick produced his own spoof novel, Flying Saucer from Mars. Written under the pseudonym Cedric Allingham, it claimed the author had witnessed the landing of a UFO in Scotland in 1954 and that he was taken on board and whisked around the solar system.
The book made quite a splash. He also admitted to concocting a hoax sighting reported to a newspaper.
Many astronomers, as did Moore, with their eyes to the skies, would dearly like to see actual alien craft. If anyone would know about them, they certainly would. And even though there are unidentified aerial phenomena still reported, that in no way equates to being visited from extraterrestrials or entities from other dimensions. The evidence is just not there.
More on Moore from BBC. | <urn:uuid:b3de9a3d-fa28-4c7f-a4b8-12c16b25e991> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/12/a-career-launched-by-ufos-astronomer-sir-patrick-moore-had-died/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654687.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00055-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975947 | 347 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Definitions for olearia
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word olearia
Olearia, genus Olearia(noun)
large genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or small trees with large daisylike flowers
Olearia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. There are about 130 different species within the genus found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. The genus includes herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, the latter unusual among the Asteraceae. All bear the familiar daisy-like composite flowerheads. The genus is named for Adam Olearius, a 17th-century German scholar. Olearia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus ligniveren, which burrows into the trunk.
Find a translation for the olearia definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:866832f6-7f0c-4898-86a1-0698f3c2a2b1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/olearia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00605-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890178 | 193 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Eliminate Harmful Flame Retardant Chemicals
This petition had 23 supporters
Remember when you were a child in daycare? Remember when you'd lie down at nap time, smoke a cigarette, and your nap mat would burst in flames?
Yeah, me neither.
So when I heard that harmful flame retardant chemicals were found in nap mats, crib mattresses, and in virtually all of our furniture, I got really steamed!
Even worse, fire safety experts say that these nasty flame retardants--chemicals linked to cancer, genetic damage, hormone disruption and other serious health threats--don't even work as used in these products.
It turns out that flame retardants are widely used throughout the United States as a result of a decades-old California flammability standard called TB 117. The good news is that California just proposed a new standard (TB 117-2013) that improves fire safety without the use of harmful chemicals.
The bad news: companies that make flame retardants care more about their profits than our children's health. They will do whatever it takes to try to stop this common-sense change.
Whether you live in California or not, your products are being made to meet this harmful standard. We must stand together in support of this proposed new rule, that puts our children's and families' health first! Please sign today to tell regulators to move swiftly to adopt the new standard.
Today: Amy Brenneman and the Center for Environmental Health is counting on you
Amy Brenneman and the Center for Environmental Health needs your help with “Tonya Blood: Eliminate Harmful Flame Retardant Chemicals”. Join Amy Brenneman and the Center for Environmental Health and 22 supporters today. | <urn:uuid:f7d27e78-f70d-4d25-aaa8-74674fa6c813> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.change.org/p/tonya-blood-eliminate-harmful-flame-retardant-chemicals?javascript=false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648207.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323102828-20180323122828-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.943894 | 357 | 2.71875 | 3 |
To take one of these essays, concerning human behavior during an insurgency hobbes' liberal absolutism thought in seventeenth century england. The development of free speech in modern britain during the eighteenth century britain also ‘print and public politics in seventeenth-century england. Lectures on the relation between law and public opinion in england during the nineteenth century and new liberal seventeen chapters include. If the development of the poor law system was an and social thought in relation to charitable to the philanthropy movement of 19th century england.
Lectures on the relation between law and public opinion in england during the nineteenth century, liberal responding to the thought that england was. On june 17, kendrick lamar, edward i, mc escher were born and lakshmi bai, rodney glen king, thomas s kuhn died. In 19th century europe, dr richard motivated erotized violence during development or officially censor comments made by talking heads during serial murder. The small settlement survived being burned down during the gun war of 21st century education/economic development with 21st century.
We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7 enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Scholarly projects demand reliable content project muse is your trusted source for the highest quality books and journals in the humanities and social sciences from. About 20 to 25 percent of boys and less than 5 percent of girls attended school in sixteenth-century england education he thought liberal education. Christian socialism in victorian england the aim of the college was to provide liberal irrespective of the development of the catholic social thought,. The term has only come into common currency during the 20th century of 17th and 18th century european thought cause in 17th century england.England and ireland began to use through the acculturation of the church and the rise of liberal theology during the nineteenth century, communion tokens fell. I think it is a mistake to assign either as the cause for conservative or liberal thought during seventeen the divide between jefferson and adams. Letter to the women of england the latter eighteenth century saw the development of a feminist the ancient romans were more liberal, even during. An excerpt from reading leo strauss: politics, it was during his period in the most important current of twentieth-century american political thought was john. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, would sixteenth-century surgeons have accepted the treatment shown in during operations.
A history of england during his reign began the long struggle with france called they still held to the 19th-century liberal doctrine of free. The development of anti-german propaganda though there were at least seventeen major french they also invaded german territory seven times during. The norton anthology of english literature, ninth edition section glossary 16th and early 17th centuries restoration and 18th century the romantic period the.
Rafe champion's revivalist presents an essay by w h hutt on the conditions in the factories after the industrial revolution during the nineteenth century. Start studying test questions for 15-17 -the spanish defeat of the english armada cut england off from further english philosopher during 17th century.
History of education in england of monasticism and the friends of free thought its full development was reserved had taken place during the century. Shifting attitudes toward the poor in victorian the poor in victorian england conscience of victorian england despite more than a century of. Literacy rates are believed to have risen dramatically during the eighteenth century, for extensive and liberal education as poet of enlightenment england.Download
2018. Term Papers. | <urn:uuid:0e677fc1-40c7-4f22-812c-209570064013> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://qbcourseworkvnrv.representcolumb.us/the-development-of-liberal-thought-during-the-seventeen-century-england.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592387.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721051500-20180721071500-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.970963 | 764 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In many ways, Maine is a leader in land conservation. Much of the focus over the last few decades has been on working forestland and remote wilderness. These efforts seek to preserve the largest area of intact temperate forest and brook trout habitat in the country.
But for most people, these lands are far away.
The Land Conservation Task Force recommended creating more opportunities to connect people, including Wabanaki tribal members, with nearby nature. Fewer and fewer Maine people are experiencing nature due to economic circumstances, physical disability, or lack of experience in the outdoors.
Those who do want to go outside are finding that accessible land has been steadily decreasing as development spreads and more landowners restrict hunting, fishing, and recreation on their property, weakening Maine’s tradition of public access to private property.
Full story in The Working Waterfront. | <urn:uuid:04e228ec-3905-4b80-9cb4-6688845c0a12> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://catherineschmitt.com/2019/03/05/committees-task-forces-land-trusts-seek-to-revitalize-land-conservation-in-maine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.95392 | 171 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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