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Your doctor or dentist will examine the tongue, roof of the mouth, back of the throat and the insides of the cheeks and lips. The floor of the mouth and the lymph nodes will also be examined.
Should any abnormalities be discovered during the exam, it is typical for a small tissue sample, or biopsy, to be taken. A pathologist will examine the tissue sample under a microscope to check for cancer cells. This biopsy is important, as it is the only sure way to know if the abnormal area is cancerous.
If the biopsy indicates the presence of cancer, the next step is to determine the stage (extent) of the disease, in order for the doctor to plan the most suitable treatment. Staging also provides information about the prognosis(expected outcome) of your cancer. Tumor stage is determined by the size of the primary tumor, how much it has invaded the tissues and whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes.
Stage 0: Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the lips and oral cavity. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I: Cancer has formed and the tumor is two centimeters or smaller. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage II: The tumor is larger than two centimeters but not larger than four centimeters, and cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage III: The tumor may be any size and has spread to a single lymph node that is three centimeters or smaller, on the same side of the neck as the cancer. Or, the tumor is larger than four centimeters.
Stage IVA: The tumor has spread to nearby tissues in the lip and oral cavity. Or, the cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck, and the involved lymph nodes are six centimeters or smaller.
Stage IVB: The tumor may be any size and has spread to one or more lymph nodes that are larger than six centimeters. Or, the tumor has spread to the muscles or bones in the oral cavity, or to the base of the skull and/or the carotid artery. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck.
Stage IVC: The tumor has spread beyond the lip and oral cavity to other parts of the body. The tumor may be any size and may have spread to the lymph nodes. | <urn:uuid:f604e650-a903-4aed-922e-cf6af7722c03> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://mdanderson.es/en/cancer/cancerfromatoz/oral-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202114856-20211202144856-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.955147 | 506 | 3.78125 | 4 |
There are many high performance training terms coaches & athletes should become familiar with in order to better understand training and to optimally train. Below is an oversimplification of training terms that I use to assist coaches & athletes reach their collective full potential during training.
Accumulation of training
Training – much like education, learning, or age – builds on itself overtime and may drastically affect an athletes strengths & weaknesses. Athletes or students in a long term athlete development system that are highly motivated and are being taught via a high performance training plan may increase athletic: skills, strength, power, knowledge of sport, etc. much more effectively than those in other systems or programs – this increase in athletic characteristics is also known as accumulation of training.
Seasonal or year round plan with optimal performance as goal and 5-6 peak performances per year also known as a macrocycle.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Amount of energy/calories expended while at rest; up to 75 percent of the calories many people take in every day go towards BMR. Most women need 1,200 calories a day while most men need 1,800 caories per day to support their BMRs, plus 200 – 400 extra calories for daily activities (elite athletes need more calories due to high energy expenditure during training). Increasing muscle mass increases BMR.
Exercises to progressively decrease heart rate and also to optimally restore, stimulate, ready the body/mind for next exercise bout. Blood pools in body which can create a sluggish, lethargic feeling if exercise is stopped abruptly then restarted later i.e. second round, afternoon practice.
Demands of sport
Characteristics, requirements, or necessities of athletics that must be developed to the highest level in order for athletes to have continued success during performances. Some demands of sport are endurance, strength, power, sport specific skills, sport psychology, sport nutrition, & a high performance training system coupled with a long term athlete development plan.
Long term athlete development
This term, also known as LTAD, is derived from high performance training and entails many of the standards of the USA educational system i.e. a systematic teaching & learning progression from youth till young adult. LTAD helps develop students in many areas that include and are not limited to psycho-social development, leadership development, life skills development, & sport specific development.
The process by which your body converts food into fuel. The eaten food or fuel is used for basic functions such as circulating blood, breathing, and growing and repairing cells.
Training year term of a periodization plan that generally lasts from 10-12 months.
Training month term of a periodization plan that generally lasts from 3-8 weeks.
Training week term of a periodization plan that generally lasts from 4-8 days.
Strengthening and stretching both sides of muscle or agonist/antagonist groups i.e. triceps/biceps, quads/hamstrings, chest/upper back, abs/lower back, upper body/lower body muscle groups. Muscle balance creates increased strength, range of motion, and good posture while muscle imbalance increases risk of injury.
Time during the day when athletes should relax, rest body, lay down, clothes eyes from 15 – 30 minutes. This time will help body restore, re-charge, and recover from stress. Longer naps (31 minutes – 4 hours) during the day may require more sleep in the evening and will limit the amount of sleep during the evening.
The bodies ability to perform at high standards during performances due to being well trained via a periodization plan & supercompensation.
An annual plan or macrocycle that is broken down into specific training blocks of time consisting of mesocycles, microcycles, & training sessions that are designed to peak athletes for major competitions.
Gradual increase in training volume or intensity.
High volume of intensity training that pushes athletes beyond their normal threshold.
The body’s inability to adapt successfully to overreaching due to minimal or no recovery from consistent, ongoing high intensity training.
Strength & conditioning
Working to assist, build, or maximize output of muscle power, endurance by use of sport specific movements, free weights, body weight, and other objects.
Time that the body restores, replenishes itself in between bouts of exercise. Optimal diet, sleep, rest is major factor in recovery as are sufficient breaks during training sessions.
Time in the evening when most get from 7 – 9.5 hours of sleep. Elite athletes training twice per day are recommended to get 10 hours of sleep. Human growth hormone is stimulated during this time too.
Properly lengthening and increasing range of motion of muscles during warm up and cool down for optimal results during exercise or sport. Stretching when coupled with warm ups and cool downs decreases the likelihood for injuries and will assist in muscle strength.
The bodies ability to execute higher standards during performances via peaking derived from undulating training that emphasizes high intensity training, overreaching training, & recovery.
This is different than biological age or calendar age because it reflects the amount of experience, knowledge, sport specific skill application, & other characteristics or demands of sport that affect performance. Two athletes can be the same age with vastly different training ages largely in part due to accumulation of training, motivation, & exposure.
Time period lasting weeks or months designed to gradually build fitness, technique, & strategy while at the same time inducing fatigue then reducing fatigue to peak athletes for major competitions.
Effort of work performed. How hard one is working e.g. sprint vs. jog, drilling vs. live wrestling.
Individual practice that generally happens once or twice per day.
Amount of work performed similar to duration of work performed.
Inadequate diet, stress, sleep, and or rest in between bouts of exercise that sometimes leads to overtraining.
Training volumes that resemble a wavy pattern with a variety of high to low volumes of training to optimize athletes recovery and peak athletes for performances.
Exercises to progressively increase: muscle/tissue temperature, range of motion, heart rate and to also stimulate, ready the body/mind for action or sport. Injuries are increased when body is cold, unready, or immediately performs powerful muscle movements consistently over a year or career disregarding warm-ups.
Proper amount of sleep, rest, diet, and body’s ability to successfully, optimally adapt to training and stress.
Copyright © by Coach Shannyn, All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:09bb9695-a307-49c4-a2cd-d80c429d4e11> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://coachshannyn.com/training-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.939653 | 1,336 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Introduction to pupil choices
This site is designed to assist pupils and parents in making correct curricular choices for the coming year. Please click on the appropriate handbook above for year specific information.
The Broad General Education: S1 to S3
The change from a largely one-teacher approach in primary to a system based on a weekly timetable offering a wide range of subjects with different teachers and change of classrooms is a major feature of the transfer from P7 to S1. As a result, schools give a high priority to areas of pastoral and curricular liaison between primary and secondary.
The primary school years and the early years of secondary are now seen as a continuum in terms of what and how children learn. T his is called the Broad General Education under Curriculum for Excellence. There is a great deal of contact between primary and secondary to ensure a smooth transition from one system to another, especially from our Pastoral team. Our Mathematics department work closely with Primary colleagues to ensure methodology, coverage of curriculum and assessments are consistent. Our English department make regular visits to our associated Primary schools to promote a reading culture.
In S1, young people are allocated to form classes of roughly equal size (maximum 30 per class). Information from our partner Primary schools is used to achieve gender, ability and geographical balance within each class. These mixed-ability classes are further sub-divided into practical classes (maximum 20 per class).
Young people are taught either by form class for certain subjects such as History, Geography and Modern Languages or by practical class for other subjects such as Science, Art, Music, Home Economics and Craft, Design and Technology.
The standard approach in S1 to S3 is that of direct teaching, group-work and active learning. Setting according to ability takes place in mathematics and English. Regular assessments are used to diagnose how each young person is progressing and whether young people can advance to more demanding work or whether further supportive work is required. Our curriculum takes full account of the guidelines issued under Curriculum for Excellence. T he experiences and outcomes outlined are fully embraced, giving all young people the opportunity to respond to the challenge of learning and applying their skills and knowledge across the curriculum. Literacy, Numeracy and Health & Wellbeing are embraced by all faculties. We also aim increasingly to give young people opportunities to develop choice within their curriculum, and to create increasingly personalised programmes of study.
Our S2/3 course consists of English, Mathematics, PE, RMPS, PSE and nine other subjects of the young person’s choice, including at least one subject from each curriculum area. This makes up an interesting, varied and balanced group of subjects.
Moving into the Senior Phase – S4 to S6
As young people move into S4, inevitably SQA examinations will become more important and they will move on to a study of National Qualification courses. Young people will choose a curriculum in S4 which allows them to follow courses of study in a range of areas. They will also be able to follow increasingly personalised courses of study, including, where appropriate, extended work experience, courses in association with colleges and also links with the local community.
Accordingly, the Pastoral Team organises a full programme of information for S3, S4 and S5 young people at this point:
- A Course Choice Booklet is published on this website, giving details of National Qualification courses, as well as information about careers and advice about the choice process. This Booklet is studied with young people as part of the PSE programme.
- Young people are encouraged to seek further information from class teachers.
- A Parents’ Information Evening is held in the school to provide background information and advice to parents in supporting young people with course choice.
- Reports are sent to parents from subject departments.
- A Parents’ Evening enables parents and teachers to discuss progress within individual subjects.
As young people move further into the Senior Phase, in S5 and S6, they will study for Highers and Advanced Highers, and also continue to study for National awards. We aim to have young people follow a diverse programme of study, increasingly tailored to their specific needs.
Parents are asked to note that course choices may alter according to changes in roll, staffing, uptake or policy and in line with national developments. Please note also that current courses may not be available when a young person enters S1, and options currently offered at later stages may not be provided when a young person reaches this stage in due course. In Senior Phase, it may not be possible to pursue all subjects through all levels from National 3 across the National Qualifications Framework.
Assessment and Reporting
In the phase of Broad General Education from S1 to S3, most assessment of a young person’s progress is built into normal class teaching. End of unit tests or assessments are used to assess strengths and weaknesses in their learning and are used to structure their work. These assessments are also based on various elements or skills which are central to a subject, e.g. reading, writing, talking and listening in English.
Reports to parents are therefore based upon a wide range of assessments and reports give information on progress according to the differing elements or skills appropriate to that subject. In addition, information on attendance, behavior, effort and homework is provided.
In S4 and beyond the regular, continuous ‘diagnostic’ assessment does continue as part of the normal classroom process. However, as a result of most courses in S4 to S6 leading to national certification, formal school examinations are built into the school programme including preliminary examinations, which are used as a trial run for the actual SQA examinations. These prelims also provide the evidence for Estimate grades which are sent to the SQA in March of the presentation year. | <urn:uuid:347d3db6-dcf2-4972-8c53-e6eb24af61a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/sb/phscoursechoice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670389.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120010059-20191120034059-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.958221 | 1,188 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Use detailed Nature Stencils to draw beautiful pictures while developing fine motor skills and encouraging image association. Each shape has a coordinating border to add interest to students’ drawings.
The stencils kit features many different types of flora and fauna that can be used to discuss animal and plant ecology. Click on the link to view the product at our website!
Another great feature about the stencils is the size: large enough for little fingers to trace all the fine details without frustration. A good way to practice tracing is to use the specialized image border. By tracing along a straight plane, students will develop their own techniques for tracing and can apply those techniques to the more complicated images on the interior of the stencil.
The best part is that one stencil becomes a two-in-one. Pop out the interior of the stencil to duplicate the image that students can trace. As a result, while one student traces the interior of the stencil, or practices with the intricate border, an advanced student can grip the inner shape and trace without the need for extra support.
Use the traced outline as a guide for developing scissor skills! Cut out the resulting shape to make decorations for classroom walls. Check out our project video below!
Thanks for checking out this post! Like us on Facebook, Share this post with your friends, or Subscribe to this blog today to receive original craft project updates every Monday, Wednesday and Friday! | <urn:uuid:99e40aed-e376-4af7-8185-10d555b3ccdd> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://roylco.com/tag/tracing-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646181.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530230622-20230531020622-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.913337 | 294 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Unlock the Power of Words: Discover the Best Free AI Paraphrasing Tool for Unlimited Text Rephrasing Online
Writing is not always an easy task, especially when it comes to academic writing. Sometimes, we struggle to find the right words to convey our message, or we may find ourselves repeating the same words or sentences over and over again. This is where a paraphrasing tool comes in handy. A paraphrasing tool allows you to reword your text quickly and effortlessly, saving you time and effort.
What is a paraphrasing tool and how does it work?
A paraphrasing tool is a tool that helps you to rephrase or reword your text. It works by using an algorithm that reads your text, understands its meaning, and then uses synonyms and other words to rewrite your text in a way that is different from the original. In essence, the tool helps you to rewrite your text without changing the original meaning of your words.
How does a paraphrasing tool help avoid plagiarism?
One of the biggest problems in academic writing is plagiarism. Plagiarism occurs when you use someone else’s words or ideas without giving them credit. Using a paraphrasing tool can help you to avoid plagiarism by allowing you to rewrite your text in a way that is unique and original. By using synonyms and other words to rephrase your text, the tool helps you to create a new text that is free of plagiarism.
What are the features of a good paraphrasing tool?
A good paraphrasing tool should be easy to use, reliable, and accurate. It should be able to read your text and understand its meaning, and then use synonyms and other words to rephrase your text in a way that is different from the original. The tool should also be able to maintain the original meaning of your words, and provide you with plagiarism-free content.
How does the AI in a paraphrasing tool enhance the rephrasing process?
The AI in a paraphrasing tool enhances the rephrasing process by allowing the tool to understand and analyze your text in a way that is similar to how a human would. The AI can read your text, understand its meaning, and then use synonyms and other words to rephrase your text in a way that is different from the original. The use of AI makes the rephrasing process more accurate and reliable, and ensures that the tool produces high-quality results.
Why should you use a paraphrasing tool?
How can a paraphrasing tool help you save time and effort?
Using a paraphrasing tool can help you save time and effort by allowing you to quickly and effortlessly reword your text. Instead of spending hours trying to find the right words to convey your message, you can simply use a paraphrasing tool to rephrase your text in a matter of minutes. This saves you time and effort, and allows you to focus on other aspects of your writing.
What are the benefits of using a paraphrasing tool for academic writing?
There are many benefits to using a paraphrasing tool for academic writing. Firstly, it helps you to avoid plagiarism, which is a major concern in academic writing. Secondly, it saves you time and effort by allowing you to quickly and effortlessly reword your text. Thirdly, it helps you to improve your writing skills by allowing you to see how your text can be rephrased in different ways.
Can a paraphrasing tool improve your writing skills?
Yes, a paraphrasing tool can improve your writing skills. By allowing you to see how your text can be rephrased in different ways, it can help you to expand your vocabulary and improve the way you write. It can also help you to understand the importance of paraphrasing and how it can improve the clarity and coherence of your writing.
How to use a paraphrasing tool effectively?
What are the guidelines for using a paraphrasing tool to rephrase your text?
When using a paraphrasing tool, it is important to keep in mind a few guidelines. Firstly, always read your text before and after using the tool to ensure that the meaning of your words has not been altered. Secondly, use the resulting output as a guide, and rephrase it in your own words if necessary. Thirdly, ensure that the tool you are using is reliable and provides plagiarism-free content.
How to ensure the paraphrasing tool maintains the original meaning of your text?
To ensure that the paraphrasing tool maintains the original meaning of your text, it is important to choose a tool that uses advanced AI algorithms to understand the meaning of your words. You can also ensure that the output matches the original text by reading it before and after using the tool, and making any necessary changes to ensure that the meaning is preserved.
What are the best practices for using a paraphrasing tool to rephrase an essay?
When using a paraphrasing tool to rephrase an essay, it is important to first read the essay carefully, and then identify the main ideas and concepts. Then, use the paraphrasing tool to rephrase each paragraph or section, ensuring that the output maintains the original meaning of your words. Finally, read the essay again and make any necessary changes to ensure that the rephrased text is clear, concise, and coherent.
What are the best free AI paraphrasing tools available online?
How to choose the right free AI paraphrasing tool for your needs?
When choosing a free AI paraphrasing tool, it is important to consider factors such as accuracy, reliability, and the quality of the output. Some of the best free AI paraphrasing tools available online include the Paraphrasing Tool, Word Changer, and the AI Article Rewriter. It is important to research each tool before using it to ensure that it provides high-quality results.
What are the pros and cons of using a free AI paraphrasing tool?
The pros of using a free AI paraphrasing tool include the fact that it is free, easy to use, and can save you time and effort. However, the cons of using a free AI paraphrasing tool include the fact that the output may not always be accurate, and may require additional editing and revision. Additionally, some tools may not be reliable, and may produce content that is not completely free of plagiarism.
Which free AI paraphrasing tools are reliable and provide plagiarism-free results?
Some of the most reliable and trustworthy free AI paraphrasing tools available online include the Paraphrasing Tool, Word Changer, and the AI Article Rewriter. These tools use advanced AI algorithms to understand the meaning of your words and produce high-quality output that is plagiarism-free.
Frequently asked questions about using a paraphrasing tool
Can a paraphrasing tool alter the sentence structure of the original text?
Yes, a paraphrasing tool can alter the sentence structure of the original text. However, it is important to ensure that the altered sentence structure does not change the meaning of your words.
What is the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing using a tool?
Paraphrasing involves rewording your text in a way that is different from the original, while summarizing involves condensing your text into a shorter version that captures the main ideas and concepts. Both paraphrasing and summarizing can be done using a tool.
Is it ethical to use a paraphrasing tool?
Yes, it is ethical to use a paraphrasing tool as long as you use it responsibly and ensure that the resulting output is free of plagiarism. In fact, using a paraphrasing tool can help you to improve your writing skills and avoid plagiarism.
Master the Art of Paraphrasing Online: Explore How This Tool Works
Are you searching for a reliable and free paraphrasing tool to enhance your writing? Look no further! Our online paraphrase tool is here to assist you in rephrasing and rewording your text effortlessly. Whether you need to paraphrase a single sentence or an entire paragraph, our tool provides a user-friendly interface for all your paraphrasing needs.
Using our paraphrasing tool is straightforward. Simply input the text you wish to rephrase, and watch as our advanced algorithm analyzes the content and generates an alternative version while maintaining the original meaning. Our tool offers a paraphrase generator that carefully selects appropriate synonyms and improves word choice, resulting in clear and coherent sentences.
One of the key advantages of our paraphrasing tool is its ability to rephrase sentences effectively. It ensures that your writing maintains its original intent while providing fresh and original content. Whether you’re working on academic papers, articles, or even social media posts, our tool offers a convenient solution to enhance your word choice and improve the overall quality of your writing.
Our online paraphrase tool is designed to save you time and effort. Instead of struggling with manual rephrasing, you can use our tool to efficiently generate alternative versions of your text. This frees up your creative energy and allows you to focus on other aspects of your writing process.
Using our paraphrasing tool not only saves you time but also ensures that your content is original. Plagiarism concerns are addressed as our tool generates unique and rephrased sentences, reducing the risk of unintentional plagiarism. You can confidently use our tool to create authentic content while maintaining proper attribution to the original sources.
Experience the benefits of our free paraphrasing tool today and elevate the quality of your writing. Embrace the ease and convenience our online paraphrase tool provides, allowing you to rephrase sentences and paragraphs effortlessly. Enhance your word choice and ensure your content stands out with clarity and originality. Try our paraphrasing tool now and witness the transformative impact it can have on your writing process.
Simplify and Rephrase: Experience the Magic of an Online Paraphrasing Tool
When it comes to paraphrasing, using a free online paraphrase tool can be a game-changer. Paraphrasing tools provide a convenient and efficient way to rephrase text while keeping the original meaning intact. The best part is that these tools are free of cost and easily accessible online.
By using our free online paraphrase tool, you can quickly and effortlessly rephrase unlimited text. Simply enter the text into the input field, and the tool will do the job for you. Powered by state-of-the-art AI and natural language processing, this paraphrasing tool uses advanced algorithms to generate plagiarism-free content that passes scrutiny.
The purpose of a paraphrasing tool is to change sentence structure and wording without altering the essence of the original content. It is a valuable resource for students and writers who need to rephrase content for various purposes, such as academic papers, blog articles, or professional documents. Instead of spending hours manually rephrasing, you can use this paraphrasing tool to save time and effort.
With its user-friendly interface and efficient processing, the paraphrasing tool lets you quickly rephrase any text within seconds. It is designed to provide the best sentence rewrites while ensuring the original message remains intact. The tool features a comprehensive range of functionalities that cater to your paraphrasing needs, making it an indispensable asset in your writing toolkit.
Paraphrasing content is often necessary to avoid plagiarism and maintain the integrity of your work. Using a reliable paraphrase online tool is not illegal; in fact, it is an ethical way to rephrase content while giving proper credit to the original sources. This tool provides a convenient and efficient solution for students and writers to rephrase their work accurately.
In summary, using our free online paraphrase tool empowers you to rephrase text effortlessly and efficiently. It utilizes state-of-the-art AI technology to generate plagiarism-free content, allowing you to save time and focus on other aspects of your writing. So why wait? Use this paraphrasing tool to enhance your writing today and experience the benefits it offers in helping you rephrase content effectively. | <urn:uuid:faa54098-4b86-4fbb-90be-344f5a237163> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.writecream.com/paragraph-writer-tool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00814.warc.gz | en | 0.911305 | 2,515 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Adjustment of Adoptees
Studying the behavior and adjustment of adopted children.
Posted Mar 31, 2015
By Patrick M. Burns
I was adopted when I was just a few months old by two loving parents. My mother recalls me squeezing her finger as I lay in my crib, looking up at her with a big smile on my face, as if to say “if you take me, I’ll take you.” When I reached my teens, however, and became a substance abuser, the smiles faded and my parents may have wondered whether the adoption agency had a return policy.
I am 34 years old now, and I am a therapeutic and educational placement specialist in my hometown Ithaca, New York. I assist many adoptive families—and find myself drawing on my own experiences as well as an avalanche of research data to address the questions my clients ask about the experiences of adopted children.
The most frequently asked questions, of course, involve the emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment of adoptees.
There is no simple one-size-fits-all answer to such questions. It is clear, however, that when compared to the alternatives—placement in an institution, foster care, or life in a household in which the biological parent(s) cannot (or will not) adequately address the child’s material and emotional needs—adoption is a valuable and effective social policy. That said, scores of studies have found significantly more pathological symptoms among adoptees than non-adoptees, many of them indicating, implicitly or explicitly, that the absence of blood relations has significantly impaired the adoptee.
Comprehensive reviews in the 1990s, for example, found that adoptees manifested more attachment-related problems, school-related behavioral issues, lower academic achievement, a greater likelihood to run away from home, and less desire to go to college than non-adoptees. Another study showed that between 5 and 17 percent of adopted adolescents received counseling and/or spent time in mental health clinics and residential care facilities, about 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 times the rate for their non-adopted peers. The Department of Health and Human Services reports that 9 percent of adoptees and 4 percent of non-adoptees have been diagnosed with depression; 26 percent of adoptees and 10 percent of non-adoptees with Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; 15 percent of adoptees and 4 percent of non-adoptees with behavior and conduct problems; and 14 percent of adoptees and 9 percent of non-adoptees with social behavior problems.
Compared to non-adopted persons, adoptees also have higher rates of psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse. A recent study found that lifetime prevalence rates of illicit substance use disorder (SUDs) are about 43 percent higher among adoptees than non-adoptees: 41 percent for alcohol, compared to 27.5 percent among non-adoptees; 25.4 percent for adoptees in contrast to 16.1 percent for non-adoptees for nicotine. For illicit SUDs, the rate is 2.9 percent for opioids and 13.2 percent for cannabis for adoptees and 1.3 percent for opioids and 7.6 percent for cannabis for non-adoptees.
Noting the “clear evidence” that some adoptees feel rejected or abandoned by birth parents, another researcher concludes that adoptive status predicted perceived risk in intimacy and reports of family and social loneliness. Adoptees scored higher than other groups on avoidance, anxiety, and fear—key measures of adult attachment.
It is very important to emphasize, however, that virtually all studies confirm that the vast majority of adoptees are well within the normal range of behavioral and emotional adjustment. As one study puts it, far more often than not, the adaptations of adoptees are “much like those of adolescents in intact bio-parent families, with little evidence of problem behaviors.”
Researchers and clinicians have also identified other explanations for the “problematic” behavior of adoptees. Adoptees—it is important to note—are adopted at all ages and stages of life; some adoptees have suffered from neglect, abuse, and/or malnutrition. There is also considerable evidence that adoptees do not appear more frequently in therapeutic settings “purely because they are more troubled.” Adoptive parents—perhaps because they tend to be better educated and have greater financial resources than non-adoptive parents—appear to exhibit a “referral bias”: they are more likely to seek psychological help, to do so more quickly and for less serious problems. Their willingness to use therapeutic resources, in many instances, should be “perceived as a strength rather than a defect.” It is worth noting, moreover, that the expectations of adopted children among teachers, therapists, and others, and the social stigma attached to adoption in a society that typically defines kinship in genetic terms may also result in more negative evaluations of their conduct.
The research leads to three fundamental conclusions, all of them valid.
- Adoptees are at somewhat higher risk for “problem behaviors.”
- The vast majority of adoptees are much like adolescents in intact bio families with little evidence of problem behaviors.
- Adoptees who exhibit problem behaviors often successfully address them and go on to live productive and happy lives.
My own experience helps explain these seemingly contradictory findings. Like many adoptees, I have fit all three of the categories at one time or another. Two well-educated parents adopted me, a father with a Ph.D. and a mother with an M.F.A. They had the inclination and the resources to find me therapy at a young age and hire a consultant to identify a wilderness program and a boarding school for me to attend. In many ways, I adjusted quite well. I was sociable, good at sports, and some people even found me charming. Simultaneously, I was a mess. Like many teenagers (adopted and not adopted), I lacked self-esteem, I was angry, I was in constant combat with my parents, I was using drugs, and I was failing in school.
For quite some time now, I have exhibited little evidence of “problem behaviors.” I am sober, have completed a B.A. and an M.A., have found fulfilling work, own a house, am in a meaningful relationship, and enjoy a special connection with my mom and dad, whose steadfast manifestation of love without reservations, but with expectations (along with their referral bias) sustained—and continue to sustain—me.
Patrick M. Burns has a B.A. in American Studies and an M.A. in Human Development from Cornell University and is a therapeutic and educational placement specialist at the consulting firm, ECS. | <urn:uuid:d6de7618-290f-4bd6-a479-5a71d4794151> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-guest-room/201503/the-adjustment-adoptees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.959402 | 1,450 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What Are Stretch Marks? Learn Causes & Treatment | Expert Guide
Stretch marks are a common aesthetic problem for many people, especially women. These unsightly wrinkles on the skin are a source of discomfort and affect self-esteem. While these don’t cause health problems, not harmful to your health they can indicate underlying medical conditions or lifestyle choices. They appear as visible lines or streaks on the skin and are often a result of rapid weight gain, growth spurts, or pregnancy.
In this article, we will discuss the causes of stretch marks, including genetic factors, pregnancy, rapid weight gain or loss, and medical conditions.
What are Stretch Marks?
Stretch marks, also known as striae, are thin, linear scars that occur on the skin when it rapidly extends beyond its normal capacity. They come in a variety of hues, including purple, red, white, and silver. These are most frequent on the belly, thighs, hips, buttocks, and breasts, although they may develop anywhere on the body.
See Also: How to get rid of Acne Scar
Causes of Stretch Marks
Pregnancy is one of the most common causes of stretch marks in women. As the baby grows, the skin on the abdomen stretches to accommodate the growing fetus. This can lead to the development of stretch marks, particularly during the third trimester. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can also affect the elasticity of the skin, making it more susceptible to tears.
See Also: Physical Changes to Expect in Your Body During Pregnancy
Certain medical conditions can also cause stretch marks. These include Cushing’s syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Cushing’s syndrome is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that can affect the skin’s elasticity. Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are genetic disorders that can affect the body’s connective tissues, including the skin.
During puberty, young people experience a sudden increase and rapid weight gain or weight loss. This sudden stretching and contraction can lead to streaks on the hips, thighs, and breasts.
See also: How to Reduce the Breast Size
Hormonal changes in the body can also contribute to the development of streaks. For example, pregnancy hormones can weaken the skin’s elasticity and make it more susceptible to stretching and tearing.
Weight Gain / Loss
When you gain weight quickly, your skin is forced to stretch beyond its natural capacity, which can cause the collagen and elastin fibers in the skin to tear. This tearing results in the appearance of stretch marks. This is common during pregnancy or periods of weight gain or loss.
See Also: How Prune Juice is effective for weight loss
Corticosteroid creams, pills, and lotions used to treat certain skin conditions can also cause it by lowering the collagen level in your skin. It reduces the skin’s ability to stretch and can develop. Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, can weaken the skin’s elasticity and lead to the development of streaks.
Some individuals are more prone to developing streaks due to their genetic makeup. If a person’s parents or grandparents have stretch marks, they are more likely to develop them as well. This is because genetics can influence the elasticity of the skin and how well it can cope with rapid expansion or growth.
Bodybuilders often have stretch marks. It appears due to a rapid increase in muscle mass and sometimes abuse of anabolic steroids to accelerate muscle growth.
See Also: Exercises to lose weight
How to Identify the Causes of Stretch Marks
These are common skin concern that affects many people. These unsightly lines on the skin can appear anywhere on the body and can be caused by various factors such as weight gain, pregnancy, and genetics. But did you know that certain health conditions can also contribute to the development of streaks? In this article, we’ll explore how healthcare professionals identify the causes of stretch marks and what tests they may recommend.
Identifying through Visual Examination
A dermatologist or other healthcare professional can usually identify stretch marks by conducting a visual examination of your skin. They will look for thin, reddish, or purplish lines on your skin that may appear in a zigzag pattern. These lines may eventually fade to a lighter color or become shiny, silvery-white lines. If you have concerns about your striae, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional who can help diagnose the underlying cause.
Reviewing Medical History
Your healthcare provider will also review your medical history to determine if any underlying health conditions are contributing to your streaks. Some health conditions that can cause stretch marks to include:
Cushing’s syndrome is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that regulates stress. High levels of cortisol can weaken the skin’s elastic fibers, leading to development.
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue in the body, including the skin. People with Marfan syndrome often develop stretch marks on their shoulders, hips, and lower back.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is another genetic disorder that affects connective tissue. People with this condition may develop stretch marks on their hips, lower back, and thighs.
Chronic Liver Disease
Chronic liver disease can cause hormonal imbalances in the body, leading to the development of stretch marks.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that can cause significant weight loss, which can lead to the development of stretch marks.
Other health conditions such as anetoderma and pseudoxanthoma elasticum can cause lesions on the skin that resemble stretch marks.
If your healthcare provider suspects that an underlying health condition is causing your stretch marks, they may recommend diagnostic tests to identify the root cause. These tests may include blood or urine tests to evaluate hormonal imbalances or imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to assess the health of your internal organs.
Prevention and Treatment
While it may not be possible to completely prevent the development of stretch marks, there are several steps you can take to minimize their appearance:
- Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
- Avoid rapid weight gain or loss.
- Use moisturizers and creams that contain vitamin E or hyaluronic acid to keep the skin supple and hydrated.
- Avoid prolonged use of corticosteroids or other medications that can weaken the skin’s elasticity.
If you already have stretch marks, there are several treatments available that can help reduce their appearance, including:
- Topical creams or oils that contain retinoids, hyaluronic acid, or alpha hydroxy acids.
- Laser therapy, can stimulate the production of collagen and improve the appearance of stretch marks.
- Microneedling involves creating tiny punctures in the skin to stimulate collagen production and improve the appearance of stretch marks.
Read About: Home Remedies To Get Rid Of Stretch Marks
These are common skin conditions that can be caused by a variety of factors, including rapid weight gain, genetics, hormonal changes, growth spurts, medical conditions, and corticosteroid use. While it may not be possible to completely prevent the development of streaks, there are several steps you can take to minimize their appearance. | <urn:uuid:401cce53-0ae0-4d1a-b989-e589c98de58d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.quillcraze.com/causes-of-stretch-marks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.925383 | 1,602 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This is sponsored content.
Learning happens a lot faster when it involves fun and games, and, like we found out earlier this year, Byron’s Games is working hard to join important educational content with fun in some great games! In March, the Homeschool Review Crew tried out The Continent Race that turned out to be a great addition to any Geography curriculum. This time the Crew received Math Sprint – The Mental Math Game.
Every homeschool needs a fun way to work on those math facts! Math Sprint is for 2-8 players (or teams) age 7 and up, and an entire game takes about 30 minutes. The object of the game is to win the race or get to the finish line by answering mental math questions. There are 4 types of cards, including 92 addition and subtraction, 106 multiplication and division, 30 wild cards, and 30 challenge cards, making the game flexible to the needs of the players’ educational level. The wild cards are dry-erase cards that you can write whatever problems you would like on them. This helps when students struggle with a particular group of math facts, especially in multiplication and division.
With a running track game board and little runners as game pieces, this competition-style game gives each player a fun motivation to think of those answers a little bit faster. There is a 100, 400, and 500 meter Dash which allows for shorter games when needed. Since even older students enjoy impressing their family with their math skills, Math Sprint can be enjoyed by multiple ages.
The items Included in Math Sprint are:
- 1 Instruction Booklet
- 258 Cards
- 1 Marker
- 1 Running Track Board
- 10 Dry Erase Cards
- 8 Runner Playing Pieces
Connect on Social Media
Thank you to Amy B. at the WRITE Balance for writing this introduction article.
We had 40 families try their hand at this game which includes a variety of ages and game play. Check out their reviews to see how it worked in different households. | <urn:uuid:93622554-1804-4be2-b88d-0a74eb922219> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://schoolhousereviewcrew.com/math-sprint-the-mental-math-game-byrons-games-reviews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988802.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507181103-20210507211103-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.963137 | 410 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Courtenay, Edward
COURTENAY, EDWARD, Earl of Devonshire (1526?–1556), born about 1526, was only son of Henry Courtenay [q. v.], marquis of Exeter and earl of Devonshire, by his second wife, Gertrude. With his father and mother he was imprisoned in the Tower in November 1538, at the age of twelve; was attainted in 1539; was specially excepted from Edward VI's amnesty in 1547, and was not released till 3 Aug. 1553, after an incarceration of nearly fifteen years. The greater part of his imprisonment was spent in solitary confinement, his father having been executed soon after his arrest, and his mother released. Queen Mary showed him much favour on her accession. He was created Earl of Devonshire on 3 Sept. 1553, and knight of the Bath on 29 Sept. At the coronation he carried the sword of state, 1 Oct. 1553, and he was formally restored in blood on 10 Oct. He received the Spanish ambassadors on their arrival in London on 2 Jan. 1553–4, and acted as special commissioner for the trial of Sir Robert Dudley on 19 Jan. 1553–4. But Courtenay was encouraged to seek higher dignities. Although Queen Mary affected to treat him as a child, ordering him to accept no invitations to dinner without her permission, she regarded him with real affection, and Bishop Gardiner led him to hope for her hand in marriage. Elated with this prospect he maintained a princely household, and induced many courtiers to kneel in his presence. The projected match was popular with the people, but the offer of Philip II proved superior in Mary's eyes. Princess Elizabeth was, on the other hand, not blind to Courtenay's attractions, and he was urged to propose marriage to Elizabeth as soon as Mary showed herself indifferent to him. The national hatred of the Spaniard, it was openly suggested, would soon serve to place Elizabeth and Courtenay on the throne in Mary and Philip's place. At the end of 1553 a plot with this object was fully matured, and Devonshire and Cornwall were fully prepared to give Courtenay active support. Wyatt joined in the conspiracy, and undertook to raise Kent. In March 1553–4 Wyatt's rebellion was suppressed and its ramifications known. Courtenay was sent back to the Tower and in May removed to Fotheringay. At Easter 1555 he was released on parole and exiled. He travelled to Brussels, whence he begged permission to return home in November 1555 to pay his respects to his mother and the queen, but this request was refused. He then proceeded to Padua, where he died suddenly and was buried in September 1556. Peter Vannes, the English resident at Venice, sent Queen Mary an interesting account of his death. At the time some discontented Englishmen in France were urging him to return and renew the struggle with Mary and Philip in England. His handsome face and figure were highly commended. Noailles, the French ambassador, styled him ‘le plus beau et plus agréable gentilhomme d'Angleterre,’ and Michel de Castelnau stated that ‘il estoit l'un des plus beaux entre les jeunes seigneurs de son age’ (Mémoires, p. 74). But his prison education had not endowed him with any marks of good breeding, and there can be no doubt that his release from his long confinement was followed by very dissolute conduct.
Courtenay employed some of his leisure in the Tower by translating into English from Italian a work entitled ‘Trattato utilissimo del Beneficio di Giesu Christo, crocifisso, verso i Christiani,’ written about 1543 by Antonio della Paglia, commonly called Aonio Paleario. It was deemed to be an apology for the reformed doctrines, and was proscribed in Italy. Courtenay translated it under the title of ‘The Benefit of Christ's Death’ in 1548, apparently with a view to conciliating Edward VI, and dedicated it to Anne Seymour, duchess of Somerset. The manuscript is now in the Cambridge University Library, to which it was presented in 1840, and contains two autographs of Edward VI. It was printed for the first time in 1856 by Mr. Churchill Babington in a volume which also contained reprints of the original Italian edition (1543) and of a French translation issued in 1551.
With Edward Courtenay the earldom of Devon or Devonshire in the family of Courtenay became dormant, but a collateral branch claimed the title in 1831, and the claim was allowed by the House of Lords. The title of Earl of Devon is now borne by William Reginald Courtenay of Powderham Castle, Exeter.
Dugdale's Baronage; Burke's Extinct and Dormant Peerage; Doyle's Official Baronage; Wriothesley's Chronicle (Camden Soc.); Chronicle of Queen Mary and Queen Jane (Camden Soc.); Machyn's Diary (Camden Soc.); Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1547–80; Wood's Letters of Illustrious Ladies, vol. iii.; Froude's Hist.; Lingard's Hist. | <urn:uuid:c44bcfc0-1f62-44a6-a011-cee573ee001f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Courtenay,_Edward | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588216.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027150823-20211027180823-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.979377 | 1,134 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Once you've got a solid WebQuest drafted, it's time to look for ways to polish it up and add a few quickly-created additions that will enhance the effectiveness of the lesson. Here is a preliminary list of tricks in which a little effort can make a substantial difference. They are listed roughly in order from simple to more complex.
Linking to Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
Not all of your students have the same vocabulary (as you well know). One way to level the playing field is to make a link from any words that might be unfamiliar to a glossary page that you create yourself. Another is to use existing online dictionaries to do the defining for you. The link from online in the previous sentence uses the Yahooligans interface to the American Heritage Dictionary. You can find the link by going to the dictionary and manually looking up the word you want and then copy the URL of the resulting page. In this case, for example, the link for "online" is http://www.yahooligans.com/search/ligans_ahd?p=online.
For longer descriptions of people, places, things and events, you can link to Encyclopedia.com as well. Here, for example, is how Encyclopedia.com treats the Diet of Worms. The advantage of using an excyclopedia entry instead of a web page on the content is that it's concise and not likely to encourage learners to wander far from the task. Use this when your goal is simply to ensure that the term is understood, not when you want deep exploration of the term. If you want to provide some help for students who don't quite know what word they want to use in a writing task, consider adding a link to the OneLook Reverse Dictionary.
Instant Discussion Boards
Want to create a space for learners (and perhaps others) to interact with each other? Use QuickTopic, a free service that let's you set up a non-threaded discussion in just seconds. For an example of its use, here's a QuickTopic page to discuss this tool and all the others on this page. QuickTopic allows you to capture the thoughts of participants so that next year's students can build on what last year's students did. You can also use it as a way to gather input from volunteer experts or distant classrooms you're collaborating with.
We all spend lots of time looking for information on the internet. Online forms make it possible for the information to come directly to us. Imagine a WebQuest in which you want to gather opinions about a particular topic, or you're asking learners elsewhere to observe something and report it? Put up an online form and the information will come to you via e-mail. Your students can then cut and paste it into a database or spreadsheet for further analysis. There are at least two free (ad-supported) services out there that make this easy to do: Freedback and Response-o-matic. You create a form template on their site, copy the html that results and paste it into your own pages. Some familiarity with HTML comes in handy in pulling this off. The WebQuest Submission form is an example of a Response-O-Matic form.
Games & Quizzes
Crossword puzzles might provide a welcome break and an opportunity to reinforce factual recall and concept definitions. You can use the free program Hot Potatoes to create an online crossword and link it to your lessons. Here are step by step directions. Also check out Discovery School Puzzlemaker. For a knowledge check along the way towards some higher level learning, consider adding a quiz from the Discovery School Quiz Center.
For older learners, a blog can provide a place for extended reflections and sharing of insights during a long-term lesson. A blog (contracted from weblog) is a sort of public diary in which much of the content is commentary about specific web sites. By setting up a free accound on Blogger, you can provide a lasting document created by learners and teachers together. An example of a blog built around a graduate course is SDSU's course Exploratory Learning Through Simulation and Games. Examples of blog use at the K-12 level can be found at the SchoolBlogs site. | <urn:uuid:a1058299-21a6-4a38-8e6b-616b0f3daad2> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://webquest.sdsu.edu/tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00135-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922142 | 861 | 3.78125 | 4 |
“Design creates culture. Culture shapes values. Values determine the future.”
Robert L. Peters, designer and author
Design has always played a strong role in packaging and in its influence of purchase.
On the retail shelf, products strive to be the loudest, brightest and most attention seeking.
It is now time to say more with less
– less packaging
– less plastic
– less impact on our environment
We are now all aware of the impact of climate change and how we can all play our part. It’s time for design to play its part. At MAKER, we believe that design can be part of the solution.
From the beginning of the packaging process, we can help you choose a more sustainable packaging. One that is considerate of its impact on the environment while still using strong design visuals to sell your product.
The use of vegetable inks are on the rise, as they do not contain the toxins that normal inks have and release nutrients into the soil when decomposing rather than toxins.
Did you know that the buzz word we’ve come to know as ‘biodegradable’ only means that will disappear at some point in time (could be years), also that the term is not enforced so is used loosely by companies. Whereas ‘compostable’ means it will disappear within several months*, whilst releasing valuable nutrients into the soil. (Source)
*It’s worth noting that compostable products on disposable decompose best when they are placed in the compost bin.
Our hopeful prediction of the future of packaging is a more sustainable one. The role design can play is to make it more enticing to consumers to choose make more sustainable choices.
What can I package my product in instead of plastic and conventional cardboard?
- Recycled cardboard
- Sustainable cardboard (from sustainable forests)
- Compostable plastic (made from tree resin)
Benefits of updating your packaging:
– Meet increasing consumer demand for products to have an environmentally friendly ethos
– Causing a direct and positive impact which can benefit the environment (by reducing longterm landfill waste)
– An opportunity to potentially update/freshen any dated packaging and freshen up your look & feel
Dress to impress
In an ideal world, we would have no packaging and no waste but it is about taking small steps. Here are some examples of how current packaging can be made just that little bit more environmentally friendly. The longterm plan would be to replace single use by creating reusable and refillable designed items that can be used longterm or widely recycled (like glass) or are compostable & biodegradable.
1. Plastic shampoo product bottle > Aluminium shampoo bottle (refillable in minimal waste stores like Minimal Waste Grocery) with branding
2. Plastic moisturiser container > Glass (with sugar cane plastic lid in recycled carboard/compostable box)
3. Luxury biscuits in plastic wrapper > Recycled cardboard (and tree resin plastic to hold food item) provided by suppliers like Priory Press Packaging
Examples of some Irish companies making sustainable changes to their packaging;
1. Chocolately Clare
This company provides delicous vegan chocolate which now is packaged in fully compostable packaging (cardboard box and internal compostable plastic) – Go Clare!
2. Remedy Roots (Loose Leaf Teas)
Remedy Roots create herbal teas that really help you take care of yourself, as well as the planet! These teas come in fully compostable packaging (even the plastic wrapper inside which uses plastic made from tree resin) – winning combination!
3. Harrys Dogs Bakery
This adorable company makes healthy treats for our canine friends! Happy dogs, happy planet. This company re-use banana boxes for their deliveries as well as the outer box being fully recyclable.
From the outset, we should be thinking of the impact this product on the environment.
MAKER are seeking to work with companies who which to redesign their current packaging into more sustainable one.
Good things come in small packages. Better things come in sustainable packaging.
Chat to us today to work together to create a more sustainable option for packaging your product. | <urn:uuid:6a0c65f4-c125-4efb-b48c-06ee6c6095c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://makerdesign.ie/the-future-of-packaging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.926584 | 872 | 2.59375 | 3 |
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:
Sciatica is a condition that causes pain along your sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve runs from your spine through both sides of your buttocks. It then runs down the back of your thigh, into your lower leg and foot. Your sciatic nerve may be compressed, inflamed, irritated, or stretched.
AFTER YOU LEAVE:
- NSAIDs: These medicines decrease swelling and pain. NSAIDs are available without a doctor's order. Ask your primary healthcare provider which medicine is right for you. Ask how much to take and when to take it. Take as directed. NSAIDs can cause stomach bleeding or kidney problems if not taken correctly.
- Acetaminophen: This medicine decreases pain. Acetaminophen is available without a doctor's order. Ask how much to take and when to take it. Follow directions. Acetaminophen can cause liver damage if not taken correctly.
- Muscle relaxers help decrease pain and muscle spasms.
- Take your medicine as directed. Call your healthcare provider if you think your medicine is not helping or if you have side effects. Tell him if you are allergic to any medicine. Keep a list of the medicines, vitamins, and herbs you take. Include the amounts, and when and why you take them. Bring the list or the pill bottles to follow-up visits. Carry your medicine list with you in case of an emergency.
Follow up with your healthcare provider as directed:
Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits.
Manage your symptoms:
- Activity: Decrease your activity. Do not lift heavy objects or twist your back for at least 6 weeks. Slowly return to your usual activity.
- Ice: Ice helps decrease swelling and pain. Ice may also help prevent tissue damage. Use an ice pack, or put crushed ice in a plastic bag. Cover it with a towel and place it on your low back or leg for 15 to 20 minutes every hour or as directed.
- Heat: Heat helps decrease pain and muscle spasms. Apply heat on the area for 20 to 30 minutes every 2 hours for as many days as directed.
- Physical therapy: You may need to see a physical therapist to teach you exercises to help improve movement and strength, and to decrease pain. An occupational therapist teaches you skills to help with your daily activities.
- Use assistive devices if directed: You may need to wear back support, such as a back brace. You may need crutches, a cane, or a walker to decrease stress on your lower back and leg muscles. Ask your primary healthcare provider for more information about assistive devices and how to use them correctly.
- Avoid pressure on your back and legs: Do not lift heavy objects, or stand or sit for long periods of time.
- Lift objects safely: Keep your back straight and bend your knees when you pick up an object. Do not bend or twist your back when you lift.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Ask your primary healthcare provider how much you should weigh. Ask him to help you create a weight loss plan if you are overweight.
- Exercise: Ask your primary healthcare provider about the best stretching, warmup, and exercise plan for you.
Contact your primary healthcare provider if:
- You have pain in your lower back at night or when resting.
- You have pain in your lower back with numbness below the knee.
- You have weakness in one leg only.
- You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.
Seek care immediately or call 911 if:
- You have trouble holding back your urine or bowel movements.
- You have weakness in both legs.
- You have numbness in your groin or buttocks.
© 2015 Truven Health Analytics Inc. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or Truven Health Analytics.
The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.
Learn more about Sciatica (Discharge Care)
Drugs associated with:
Micromedex® Care Notes:
Related encyclopedia articles:
- Alternative medicine - pain relief
- Back pain - when you see the doctor
- Low back pain - acute
- Lumbar MRI scan
- Lumbosacral spine x-ray
- Over-the-counter pain relievers
Symptoms and treatment for:
Mayo Clinic Reference: | <urn:uuid:77bb3e1d-2882-4544-95d8-7261164628fc> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.drugs.com/cg/sciatica-discharge-care.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928757.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00186-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916354 | 982 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Check out this NEW free video on a topic your Algebra 2 class will likely cover this year: Applications of Linear Equations.
Intercepts can tell us a lot about linear models in real life. We need to learn how to quickly find and interpret an x or y intercept.
We’ve got tons more Algebra 2 (and Geometry, Trigonometry, Calculus, PreCalculus, etc.) video lessons waiting for you at brightstorm.com
Hope this helps & best of luck with Algebra 2! | <urn:uuid:bd940120-ffc5-4ee9-8879-64b40c28b907> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blog.brightstorm.com/algebra-2-tips-tricks-applications-of-linear-equations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457127.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00041-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867576 | 110 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Answer:Compressive strength is nothing more than a ratio between applied load and the surface area. For cores or cast-in-place cylinders, the surface area is calculated with the following equation: Area = Pi * D / 4, where D is the diameter of the core or cylinder.
When the diameter of the cylinder is measured to the nearest 0.01 inch, the final compressive strength should be recorded to the nearest 10 psi for both cast-in-place cylinders and cores, according to ASTM C 39 Section 8.1 and ASTM C 42 Section 6.8.2. However, should the diameter of a core have a precision of only 0.1 inch, the final compressive strength should be rounded to the nearest 50 psi. There is no provision for reporting to the nearest 50 psi for cast-in-place cylinders, only for drilled cores. In no case should the compressive strength ever be rounded to the nearest 1 psi.
It's also important to note that in calculating the ratio between applied load and area, you also have to use a strength correction factor, determined by the ratio between the length of the cylinder and the diameter. You can find this ratio in ASTM C 39 Sec. 8.2 and ASTM C 42 Sec. 6.7.2. The precision and accuracy of the diameter measurement determines the final precision of the compressive strength. | <urn:uuid:907a8047-98ed-4d92-91e1-d536627657ab> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.theconcreteproducer.com/castinplace-concrete/how-precisely-should-labs-round-off-compressive-strength-results-.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00260-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936342 | 282 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A student gives me this small seahorse that once belonged to her grandmother. She gives it to me because she says she knows I’ll paint it. Aimee is correct. I accept the precious object knowing I will complete an anatomy study.
The seahorse is a marine fish in the genus Hippocampus. Hippocampus comes from the Ancient Greek, hippo meaning horse and kampos meaning sea monster.
A few facts:
These creatures have independently moving eyes.
Their body is covered with consecutive rings of bony plates.
Seahorses are fish. They use gills to breathe and have a swim bladder to help regulate their buoyancy. Note: they are not very good swimmers.
They have no teeth and no stomach. Food moves through their digestive system quickly; they eat almost constantly to stay alive.
The male gives birth, he carries the brood pouch.
I believe, when I begin the composition, seahorses mate for life (which is why I paint two), and though they do form a bond, I learn for most, it is usually only through breeding season.
Seahorses were given international protection on May 15, 2004 (under CITES). Millions are now being traded around the world for many reasons including for their use in traditional Chinese medicine. There is also deterioration occurring in the Coral reefs and seagrass were they make their home. Learning this, I have to say, I’d feel even more saddness for them if they did mate for life.
I wish we could be better caretakers of all of life.
Here is the finished anatomy study of a female (facing left) and male (at bottom) seahorse. I place them in the Pacific Ocean, because they are found in warmer waters. | <urn:uuid:78164910-e583-4862-a807-6b18a8e61120> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://monicaaissamartinez.wordpress.com/tag/hippocampus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.976681 | 372 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What does absolute dating mean in earth science
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What does absolute dating mean in earth science
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What does the word absolute dating mean in science
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What is absolute dating mean in science
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What does absolute dating in science mean
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What does relative dating mean in earth science
Determine the definition and absolute age of earth science chapter 3 on the relative age of rocks are welcome. Secular scientists can inform us of superposition, what they call deep to arrange geological events i think there are the. Mean in comparison with other sciences, that a chronometric dating with other layers 4 and absolute geologic age of a dating activity: geology is younger. Is its absolute geologic age compared to determine the age. Biology one layer of relative dating, cc by-sa 4.0. Describe how scientists to join to tell when it was first, minerals, most intuitive way that studies by age dating, the. | <urn:uuid:7ecdc1bb-9638-4e6b-9e26-f3ce80fa6ba7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bloggingonbilingualism.com/what-does-absolute-dating-mean-in-earth-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726152107-20210726182107-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.922694 | 1,071 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Greek fauna is especially abundant with respect to European standards, due to its geographical position and rich horizontal and vertical partitioning and the wide range of habitats that are provided. The basic element of this wealth consists of the increased endemicity and geographical diversification of most of the animal groups.On Greek soil we thus have innumerable kinds of land and aquatic fauna, and we can observe temperate, sea, port or river fauna. Over 1,200 kinds of vertebrate animals and over around 30,000 invertebrate species have been identified.
It is estimated that there are around 50,000 species of animals, with an endemicity that is approximately 25%. The majority of these species belong to the insect world, which also includes the most unknown ones.The countless number of caves (approx. 10,000) are of extreme importance for endemicity, of which only a few hundred have been studied with respect to their fauna. From the little data that has been collected, it can be deduced that each cave contained some taxa that were endemic to Greece, mainly invertebrates.
These are included in the European Natura 2000 Network pursuant to Council Directive 92/43 for the conservation of natural ecotopes and wild fauna and spontaneous flora. This consists of around 234 biotope regions. These also include the 52 special protected areas (SPAs) for the conservation of wild birds, based on Comm. Dir. 79/409. There are comparatively few species (around 700 species of animals and 900 of plants) that are protected by legislation and in fact, only very few of these are actually protected.
|LOCATION UNRELEATED RESULTS| | <urn:uuid:84a42a82-0eac-4b4c-bcab-553e22c39560> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/nature/fauna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824562.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00417-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963036 | 341 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Any way of making education more fun is fantastic in our book. That's why these ingeniously simple Lego-style building blocks are so brilliant–they're actually designed using the Braille alphabet's six-dot configuration to help children who are visually impaired learn to read. A limited, experimental supply of Braille Bricks have been produced for the non-profit Dorina Nowill Foundation for the Blind by the agency Lew'LaraTBWA, and the team is seeking to expand production of the clever toys so that more children may have the opportunity to learn by playing.
Braille Bricks aim to stimulate creativity and help blind children learn to read and write. The blocks are created by modifying the classic building block design to form the 26 letters of the alphabet in Braille. The Nowill Foundation also hopes that their tools will help to include all children, with or without visual impairments.
The innovation of the Braille Brick lies in its simplicity. However, with an aim of enabling literacy and helping create a more playful and inclusive learning environment, their goals are anything but. The company invites all to support their initiative with the hashtag #BrailleBricksforAll. | <urn:uuid:3d7f7b87-06c8-4235-a8d8-9f726fe78467> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://mymodernmet.com/braille-brick-designs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.94831 | 237 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Shurtleff v. City of Boston
Permit application to raise a Christian flag denied
Outside of Boston’s City Hall, three flagpoles stand. The city ordinarily flies the United States flag on one pole, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts flag on another, and the third flagpole’s flag often varies. In order to celebrate Boston’s diversity, the city allows outside, private groups to hold flag-raising ceremonies and display a flag of their choosing on the third pole. These flags can celebrate other countries, cultures and causes.
Between 2005 and 2017, the city approved all 284 flag requests it received. The first denial came in 2017 when Camp Constitution, a religious volunteer organization, asked to raise a flag featuring a red Latin cross to commemorate Constitution Day. Boston decided it would not allow a “religious” flag out of “concern for the so-called separation of church and state.” The message was clear—no religious speech allowed.
Boston’s decision was wrong, but it’s not alone. Government officials have used similar reasoning to exclude religious speech from public spaces and even to deny disaster relief funds to churches and synagogues damaged by hurricanes.
Courts ignore the Constitution
Harold Shurtleff, cofounder of Camp Constitution, sued the City of Boston for its discriminatory permit denial. Applying an outdated interpretation of the Establishment Clause called the Lemon test, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit concluded that Boston was correct to censor religious speech. Shurtleff then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Court granted review of the case and heard oral argument on January 18, 2022.
Understanding the Establishment Clause
On November 22, 2021, Becket filed a friend-of-the-court brief in the case, pointing out that this mistake happened because Boston’s city officials (and the lower courts) misunderstand the Establishment Clause. Government officials who have an outdated understanding of the Establishment Clause often ban religious elements from the public square simply because they are religious.
This error isn’t limited to Boston. For years, government officials (with approval from lower courts) have been censoring religious expression from the public square in fear of violating the Constitution. Many mistakenly think that exclusion of religion is the safest option. This mistake goes beyond a flagpole—similar reasoning has been used to prohibit religious groups from advertising on trains and buses, exclude religious schools from generally available funding programs, and even deny FEMA aid to churches and synagogues damaged by hurricanes.
The widespread misunderstanding of the Establishment Clause dates back to the 1970s, when courts started to rely on the Lemon test. This legal test is a vague standard that not only ignores history but also has created a mess of Establishment Clause jurisprudence. Becket asked the Supreme Court to formally overrule Lemon so that the hostile censorship against religion in the public square is stopped, once and for all.
During oral argument on January 18, 2022, Justice Kavanaugh cited Becket’s brief and pointed out the failings of the Lemon test.
On May 2, 2022, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled. Because the City of Boston had a “lack of meaningful involvement in the selection of the flags or the crafting of their messages,” the flag raising was deemed “private, not government, speech.”
While the Court refrained from disposing of the Lemon test during this decision, Justice Gorsuch said that Lemon came from a “bygone era” and “produced chaos” for the Establishment Clause. He also adopted Becket’s proposal for Lemon’s replacement– a standard rooted in the text, history, and traditions of the Establishment Clause. The next month, in the case Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, the Supreme Court formally announced the end of Lemon. | <urn:uuid:2c1f6005-dd04-4278-994e-62052ff69edd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.becketlaw.org/state/ma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948765.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328042424-20230328072424-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.938266 | 789 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Last Thursday, I wrote about children and home in Jeff Nichols’ Loving (2016). Today, I want to continue that conversation by focusing on one image from the film. Unfortunately, I do not have a picture of the scene because I could screen capture it. However, I will describe the pertinent parts of it below.
Appearing during the scene where Mildred gives birth to Sydney, the image stays on screen for less than five seconds. After going through labor, the camera enters the house at night, a house lit by oil lamps. Entering the house, we see a burning oil lamp at the right of the screen with the bed and individuals on the left out of focus. The oil lamp, at the bottom of the glass bulb, has words inscribed upon it. I cannot make out the all of the words, but it appears that they read “manufactured in the USA” or “product of the USA.” Whichever the case, the message is the same, this lamp originated in the United States.
This fact is important, especially in regard to the history of interracial intimacy. For me, the image of the words on the oil lamp brings to mind the long historical context of laws forbidding interracial intimacy that arose from the depths of slavery. With this image, the film links the struggles of the Lovings to the long history of oppression in the United States that sought to keep them apart merely for capitalistic gain and the maintaining of power.
Interracial intimacy was not always forbidden in the colonies. The laws against interracial intimacy between Blacks and Whites arose from the case of Elizabeth Key, who in 1655 successfully sued for her freedom in the colony of Virginia. Born to a white father, Thomas Key, and an unnamed African woman, the biracial Key was the product of quite possibly a forced interracial relationship. Thomas planned to have Elizabeth freed at fifteen, but that did not occur because the man who he left in charge of Key when he went to England did not adhere to Thomas’ wishes.
Later, she marries an Englishman, William Greenstead, became a Christian, and had a daughter. Even though White men had relationships with Black and Native American women, “the Key-Greenstead union,” as Sherryl Cashin points out, “was a rare recorded marriage between a white man and a Negro or mixed-race woman in the colony.” In 1655, Greenstead and Key sued for her and her daughter’s freedom, and they won. The case led to the 1662 law that the status of the child would follow that of the mother, opening the door for further exploitation and sexual assault against enslaved women and children. As Ibram X. Kendi notes, “With the law in place, White enslavers could now reap financial rewards from relations ‘upon a negro woman.’ But they wanted to prevent the limited number of White women from engaging in similar interracial relations (as their biracial babies would become free).” Even after slavery, lawmakers would rely on the “fate of the children” when arguing that interracial marriages should not become legal.
Virginia’s 1662 law paved the way for White landowners to exploit enslaved women even more. Now, if the enslaved woman had a child, that child would add to the landowner’s stock in a monetary manner. Plus, the legal repercussions of a slave owner raping an enslaved woman (his property) were not readily enforced. As such, what did the slave owner have to lose? Gain? Cashin continues, “The only class perpetually exempted from these prohibitions [against interracial sex] was slave owners who had sex with their property. Virginia’s restrictions on love and lust between pale and dark people originated not from any innate antipathy to interracial sex but from a capitalist desire to promote black chattel slavery.”
The Civil War ended slavery thus ending restrictions against interracial intimacy because they were no longer financially useful, right? The short answer is, “No.” After the Civil War, White landowners sought to maintain any shred of power and prestige that they could. So, they stoked fear within the populace, claiming that interracial intimacy would rip the very fabric of the community apart. These fears had roots firmly entrenched in capitalism, as E.W. Clay’s The Fruits of Amalgamation (1839) clearly show through depictions of Blacks individuals in lavish settings.
To fan the flames of hatred and fear, Whites sought to protect the pristine, virginal image of White Southern Women from the lascivious prying hands of Black men. Rebecca Latimer Felton spoke to the Georgia Agricultural Society in 1897 about the need for vigilante justice to protect white women. She told the crowd, “When there is not enough religion in the pulpit to organize a crusade against sin; nor justice in the court house to promptly punish crime; nor manhood enough in the nation to put a sheltering arm about innocence and virtue—-if it needs lynching to protect woman’s dearest possession form the ravening human beasts—-then I say lynch, a thousand times a week if necessary.” This type of language, along with court cases such as Pace v. Alabama, continued to create an atmosphere of division, fear, and hate that saw interracial intimacy as a threat to the existence and power of whites.
Anti-miscegination laws existed in the United States since its founding, and Virgina’s 1924 Racial Integrity Act serves as a piece of legislation that highlights the fallacious underpinnings of these laws. This act was the one that led to the arrests of Mildred and Richard in 1959, and the Supreme Court overturned it in 1967. The act legally defined race to maintain power.
It shall hereafter be unlawful for any white person in this State to marry any save a white person, or a person with no other admixture of blood than white and American Indian. For the purpose of this act, the term “white person” shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons. All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this act.
The 1924 act sets a definition of “white person” as anyone “who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other that Caucasian.” The act does not recognize the power structures that led to mixed-race individuals in the state and nation. Instead, it uses the law to set up social hierarchies in order to maintain their own positions at the top and their ready access to monetary gain.
In Loving, this history crystallizes in the image of the oil lamp during the birth of Sydney. The historical weight of the ways that the United States has limited interracial intimacy, interactions, and equality coalesce in a single image that occurs during the birth of Richard and Mildred’s first son. This is important because it shows that Sydney is being born into a nation whose history does not love and respect him or his family and purposefully sought to regulate his entrance into the world.
Next post, I’ll conclude this discussion by looking at some scenes from Jean Toomer’s Cane and Ernest J. Gaines’ The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.
Until then, what are your thoughts? Let me know either in the comments below or on Twitter at @silaslapham.
If you enjoy what you read here at Interminable Rambling, think about making a contribution on our Patreon page. | <urn:uuid:1fa63778-9aac-4a47-a85b-86a07353eb3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://interminablerambling.com/2019/03/19/made-in-america-history-and-jeff-nichols-loving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064898.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411174053-20210411204053-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.95684 | 1,614 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Agricultural Issues Workgroup
Potomac River Basin Drinking Water Source Protection Partnership
As part of a multi-barrier approach to source water protection, the Partnership’s Agricultural Issues workgroup works to address the potential human health risks presented by agriculture in the Potomac River basin. With over 30 percent of the basin’s land in agricultural production, reducing runoff from farms into waterways is a Partnership priority.
Agricultural activities can affect water quality by contributing nutrients, sediments, pathogens, pesticides, and/or pharmaceuticals into the surrounding environment. Additionally, when water is treated at treatment facilities, natural organic matter (which maybe produced as a result of the runoff of nutrients from farms into receiving waters) in the water can react with disinfectants used in the treatment process that result in disinfection byproducts which are currently being researched for their human health effects.
Throughout the Potomac River basin a number of efforts are being undertaken to reduce runoff from farms. Many organizations provide technical and financial assistance to farmers in the region:
- Chesapeake Bay Program
- USDA’s Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS):
- Soil Conservation Districts:
Previous Partnership Activities
The Agricultural Issues workgroup focused on the risk to source water from Cryptosporidium (Crypto). While outbreaks of Crypto infection are rare, they can be severe. A severe outbreak of Crypto took place in 1993 in Milwaukee when the protozoa passed through the city’s filtration plant. The outbreak resulted in over 400,000 people suffering from severe diarrhea and over 100 deaths. Chlorination can work to remove Crypto from water, but it requires an extensive contact time (60 to 120 hours depending on concentration). Other disinfection processes may be more effective, such as ozone and UV. Therefore, source water protection is a key component for providing a robust, multi-barrier approach to minimizing the risk Crypto presents.
The EPA has developed the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2) to help public water utilities that rely on surface water to minimize the threat from Crypto. The rule requires a round of monitoring and increased treatment if the water supply is deemed to be at a high risk. Source water protection is included as one of the treatment options for source waters with higher levels of Crypto.
The Partnership organized a number of activities to educate members and the general public on the potential challenges posed by the presence of Crypto in the Potomac River basin:
- Webinar – Cryptosporidium, Cattle & Drinking Water – July 2010 and March 2011
- Ag 101 Workshop – August 2008
- Cryptosporidium Source Tracking Project – October 2006 through March 2008
- Pathogens Workshop – June 2005
The Partnership is hoping to build upon these efforts to work with the local agricultural community to promote best practices for controlling Crypto at its source. This may involve outreach and coordination with stakeholders in subwatersheds where there appears to be significant sources of Crypto.
- Canada Geese: Tranquil Symbol of the Wild or Pathogen Carrier? (Kristen L. Jellison, Opflow Online, August 2010) Note: subscription required.
Source water protection is critical to safeguarding public health from waterborne cryptosporidiosis. A better understanding of oocysts in watersheds, including their sources, transport dynamics, and potential to cause disease in humans, is necessary to decide if watershed control strategies are necessary. This study investigated the role of geese in disseminating human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium oocysts in the watershed for Philadelphia’s drinking water supply. | <urn:uuid:19863399-7519-40a9-bebd-4e97b56f6fc7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.potomacdwspp.org/about-us/agricultural-issues-workgroup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730185206-20210730215206-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.921287 | 738 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Smallpox is a disease caused by the Variola major virus. Some experts say that over the centuries it has killed more people than all other infectious diseases combined. Worldwide immunization stopped the spread of smallpox three decades ago. The last case was reported in 1977. Two research labs still keep small amounts of the virus. Experts fear bioterrorists could use the virus to spread disease.
Smallpox spreads very easily from person to person. Symptoms are flu-like. They include
- High fever
- A rash with flat red sores
There is no treatment. Fluids and medicines for pain or fever can help control symptoms. Most people recover, but some can die. Those who do recover may have severe scars.
The U.S. stopped routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. Military and other high-risk groups continue to get the vaccine. The U.S. has increased its supply of the vaccine in recent years. The vaccine makes some people sick, so doctors save it for those at highest risk of disease.
NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Frequently Asked Questions and Answers on Smallpox (World Health Organization)
- Smallpox (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)
- Smallpox (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
- What is Smallpox? (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
- Signs and Symptoms (Smallpox) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
- Smallpox (Variola) (Logical Images)
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Smallpox (National Institutes of Health) | <urn:uuid:e989aea1-94fe-4909-905e-47334324a72c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://medlineplus.gov/smallpox.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948617816.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218141805-20171218163805-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.926655 | 330 | 3.859375 | 4 |
This form of communication involves either writing or typing out information, facts, figures, and other types grapevine communication of necessary information in order to express ideas among those in a business. Examples of this type of communication include reports, evaluations, emails, instant messages, physical and electronic memos, training materials, and other types of documents that are similar in nature. In the workplace, this is a flexible type of communication as it could be formal or informal - depending on the message(s) that are being expressed. Verbal communication Verbal communication is a core component when it comes to the overall success of a business. Verbal means that certain sounds, specific languages, and the spoken word may be used.
It is also used for sending documents and other important material to clients and trustees, so that it can be stored for later use, as it has been recorded it can therefore be accessed easily. * Body language ~ this how you present yourself when using verbal communication and can be the tone of voice used when speaking on the phone or smiling when greeting visitors to the office. Within each of these 3 areas there are several different ways to communicate and depending on who is involved in the
One of the human skills that a good Administrative Medical Assistant needs to have is people skills. Working as an Administrative Medical Assistant, you have to know what you are doing when you are doing your job and you need to be able to communicate with the patients and your coworkers without getting angry when a situation arises. People skills are very important and need to be strong and on point because you are dealing with people on a daily basis. Being able to communicate with patients can make their visit easier and can help you accomplish more in the time during their appointment. Knowing how to communicate is important because there will be times that you have to deal with situations like when a patient calls or comes in to the office and they are upset and taking their anger out on you.
Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Communication is an important role in health and social care settings, it allows room for positive relationships and the sharing of information to be done correctly and privately. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal, in this assignment I’m going to identify a range of contexts where communication is essential. One to one communication is two people commuting, this can be formal, informal, by email, etc. For example a care worker must be formal to a patient, but when they get to know them very well, it can turn into informal communication. One to one communication is only effective when listening skills, questioning skills and information-giving skills are present.
Effective communication in the health and social care sitting is very important as it allows the health care workers, perform their rules effectively allowing them to work alongside their colleagues whilst developing supportive friends with the users of the service who come from different types of background ect.... People with communication disability are at risk of not being able to communicate effectively with their health care professionals and this could have an impact on their health.¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ Contexts of communication in health and use and social care In health and social care professionals have to develop effective communication skills in order to work with the diverse range of people who work in the social care. The two contents, or types of circumstances, in which communication and interaction occur are one to one group contexts One to one communication occurs when one person speak with or writes to another individual. This happens when someone who is living in a care home might want to meet and talk to a care professional because they might have health worries or personal concerns. For example one to one communication also occurs when care professionals meet with and talk to each other or with the partners, relatives or friends of people receiving care. Communication in one to one situation is most effective when both parties are relaxed
‘Effective communication skills are essential for working in health and social care.’ Discuss this statement with reference to the theory of communication skills, and explain why communication is an important skill for working in health and social care. This essay is based on the communication skills that relate to health and social care, based on some theoretical frameworks and its significance through Learning Outcome 1, 2 and 3 frameworks (LO1, LO2 and LO3) The first section is going to explain the communication method . The second section will explain the significance of effective communication. The third section will of this essay will explain the barrier of communication and finally the last section will discuss the framework of communication. Communication is the art of exchanging information between two parties.
Messages can be sent to people through gestures; Facial expressions; Hand gestures; Body language. Messages can also be sent through sign language, Braille, text messaging, written communication etc. When working in a Health and Social caring environment, it is highly important to communicate effectively so you and your patient have a good understanding of what is being said to each other and also, so you can build a strong relationship with your client/ patient. Sometimes it may not be just the patient you have to communicate with, you may also have
Communication in a Care Setting Communication is interacting and exchanging information with one another or with a group of people using a different variety in each care setting. Communication is highly vital in a health and social care setting. There is a wide range of ways to communicate this includes; verbal communication, non-verbal communication, written communication, pictures/drawing, computers and special methods. Verbal Communication Verbal communication is communicating with people who are face to face. This can be done in one to one and group interactions.
It can be a conversation in which two people both enjoy the conversation and learn something. Effective communication in the health and social care setting is very important as it allows the health care worker to perform their role effectively, allowing them to work alongside their colleagues whilst developing supportive ties with the users of the service who come from different types of backgrounds, cultures/ and religion. People with communication disabilities are at risk of not being able to communicate effectively with their health care professionals and this could have an impact directly on their health. Good communication is the foundation to successful relationship i.e. patient and carer, Importance of intercourse: Communication is really important in health and social c ar because it changes the route great deal morsel and shows you the differences in people.
Unit 1 – SHC 31 (1.2 + 1.2) People communicate for different reasons, to communicate between service users, other staff members/colleagues, managers etc. This can build trust and develop professional relationships which can all benefit service users, and carers alike. We need to communicate to be able to report changes in a patient’s behaviour/their condition, when a patient has been admitted, communicating about the environment and ward routines. These are communicated through different means, depending on the individual’s needs i.e. spoken word, written word, through a translator if English is not their first language. | <urn:uuid:964ca253-2544-42bc-a56b-339afdab82bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Unit-1-Effective-Communication-P3EXCJZ3RMK5T.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662552994.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523011006-20220523041006-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.957634 | 1,421 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Venango County Historical Society
Atlas of the Oil Region
PO Box 101 301 South Park Street Franklin, Pennsylvania 16323
The Atlas of the Oil Region of Pennsylvania was published in 1865 by F.W. Beers, A.D. Ellis and G.G. Soule. The detailed maps of each of the townships in Venango County show individual properties, inset maps of the larger towns and villages and the locations of each of the many petroleum-based companies that were created after the well drilled by Colonel Edwin L. Drake provided an economic means of removing oil from the ground.
All of the townships that existed at the time of the Oil Boom are included here. The two exceptions are Mineral and Victory Townships, formed later from parts of Frenchcreek and Sandycreek Townships. For brief histories of Mineral and Victory Townships and a description of the Donation Lands, please click here.
Canal Township was established in 1833. Early settlers included the High Johnston family in 1797, and John and James Foster, James McCune, John Coxson, Jacob Whitman, Chirstopher Sutley and Samuel Black soon followed. The township is named after the old French Creek Canal, which was built as part of an attempt, in the 1820s and 1830s, to link Lake Erie with the Ohio River in Pittsburgh. The canal project was never completed, and the French Creek Canal was abandoned.
Sugarcreek Township, originally Sugar Creek, was established in 1800, named after the creek that runs through it. The township was the site of Franklin's oil district. Ebenezer Roberts settled here in 1796, followed by Jacob Whitman with his sons John, Jonathan and William. Angus McKinzie, born at Inverness, Scotland, settled in the northers part of the township. Reno, named after Civil War General Jesse Reno, is the largest village.
Allegheny Township was originally formed in 1800, but was reduced to its present size by 1866. Alexander McElhaney was one of the earliest settlers, in 1796, but left within a short time because of Indian hostilities in the area. The Dawson brothers, Thomas, John and James, arrived in 1805 at about the same time as Hugh and Michael McGerald. Two Revolutionary War veterans, Aspenwall Cornwell and David Dunham, were also early pioneers. | <urn:uuid:c6076d49-09f1-43f8-a66a-67453722be29> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.venangocountyhistory.org/atlas-of-the-oil-region-c17rd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.970996 | 483 | 2.65625 | 3 |
NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS
This image from NASA's Curiosity rover shows the first tablespoon of powdered rock extracted by the rover's drill. The image was taken after the sample was transferred from the drill to the rover's scoop.
The scientists and engineers behind NASA's Curiosity rover say they're thrilled to see the first tablespoon of rock dust drilled from the interior of a rock on Mars — and they're intrigued by the fact that it's gray, not red.
"We're seeing a new coloration for Mars here, and it's exciting for us," Joel Hurowitz, sampling system scientist for the Curiosity mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, told reporters during a teleconference on Wednesday.
Things could get more exciting in the next few days, when Curiosity's sampling system drops dollops of the dust into the rover's onboard chemistry labs, known as CheMin (which stands for Chemistry and Mineralogy) and SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars). The main goal of the $2.5 billion mission is to find organic compounds on Mars, and scientists suspect that the gray interior of rocks could preserve those organics better than the red, highly oxidized surface.
"All things being equal, it's better to have a gray color than a red color," said Caltech's John Grotzinger, the mission's project scientist, "just simply because oxidation ... is something that we know destroys organic compounds."
The rover has spent several weeks at a rock formation known as John Klein in preparation for this first drilling operation, six months into what's expected to be a two-year primary mission. Some scientists and engineers have been working for years in anticipation of Wednesday's first sight of ground-up rock in Curiosity's sampling cup.
"For the sampling team, this is the equivalent of the landing team going crazy after the successful touchdown," said JPL's Scott McCloskey, drill systems engineer for the Curiosity mission.
The sample came from a 2.5-inch-deep hole that Curiosity drilled into the Martian bedrock on Feb. 8. One of McCloskey's colleagues at JPL, sample system chief engineer Louise Jandura, noted that this was the first time a rover has drilled samples out of a rock on another planet. Earlier missions have used grinders to scrape off the top layer of a Martian rock, but none has gone down as deeply as Curiosity did.
"In the five-decade history of the Space Age, this is indeed a rare event," she said.
Grotzinger said getting the samples represented the final milestone in the commissioning process for the rover. Last week marked the "passing of the keys to the rover" from the engineering team to the science team, he noted. "It's a real big turning point for us," Grotzinger said.
NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS
At the center of this image from NASA's Curiosity rover is the hole in a rock called "John Klein" where the rover conducted its first sample drilling on Mars. The drilling took place on Feb. 8. Several preparatory activities with the drill preceded this operation, including a test that produced the shallower hole on the right two days earlier.
NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS
This image from October 2012 shows the location of a sieve screen on the Curiosity rover that is used to remove large particles from samples before delivery to science instruments. Scientists say problems that came to light on a test unit on Earth have led them to change their procedures for sifting Martian samples.
Going through glitches
It will take a few more days to start analyzing the ground-up rock: Some of the material in the cup is being used to clear out the plumbing in the rover's sample delivery system. Once scientists back on Earth see imagery confirming that everything is working as expected, they'll give the go-ahead for more of the material to be shaken through a sieve and then deposited into CheMin and SAM for analysis.
A software glitch delayed the sampling operation, McCloskey said, but the team found a work-around that allowed the task to continue with no loss of functionality. "It didn't end up being a significant roadblock to getting this done," he said.
Another concern arose when engineers found that the sieve on one of the test items back on Earth started coming loose after about 60 shaking operations, also known as "thwacks." That was a signal to the rover team that there was "reason to be cautious," said JPL's Daniel Limonadi, lead systems engineer for Curiosity's surface sampling and science system.
The team decided to reduce the shaking time from 60 minutes to 20 minutes at a time, which should be long enough for most samples. If it isn't, the rover will just keep shaking the stuff until the job is done, Limonadi said.
What the rocks may reveal
Hurowitz said the evidence so far suggests that Curiosity is looking at a sedimentary rock formation that was "more likely deposited in water." Veins of whitish material appear to consist of calcium sulfate, which could provide additional clues to the formation's aqueous origins. He said about 25 separate analyses have been conducted with Curiosity's Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, more than 100 images have been recorded by the Mars Hand Lens Imager, and the ChemCam instrument has taken 12,000 laser shots at the rock.
The gray color of the rock dust suggests that the interior of Martian rocks may reflect ancient geological processes that are significantly different from the current weathering process on the Red Planet, Hurowitz told NBC News.
"This is something that the science team is really excited about — the fact that the tailings from our drill operation aren't the typical rusty orange red that we associate with just about everything on Mars," he said. "You can probably bet that when things turn orange, it's because there's a rusting process of some kind going on that oxidizes the iron in the rock. So the fact that these rocks aren't that color may be telling us that these rocks didn't go through that process that usually turns things to rust on Mars. It may preserve some indication of what iron was doing in these samples without the effect of some later oxidative process."
Eventually, Curiosity will be commanded to retrace its route and head for a 3-mile-high (5-kilometer-high) mountain known as Aeolis Mons or Mount Sharp. But Grotzinger emphasized that the mission was "discovery-driven" — and that the rover team was in no hurry to have the rover make its mountain trek.
"We're going to take it one step at a time," Grotzinger said.
More about Mars:
- Curiosity finds organics, but are they from Mars?
- Mars rover driving through dried-up stream bed
- Cosmic Log archive on the Curiosity mission
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds. | <urn:uuid:669eeeaf-4925-4ec9-929a-7d838c07ed5e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/20/17033668-nasas-curiosity-rover-works-on-first-sample-drilled-from-gray-mars-rock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00107-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963666 | 1,533 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Poor Fisherman was the first of Puvis de Chavannes' paintings to be bought by the State. But the work sparked a lively reaction at the Salon of 1881 and was not bought until 1887 when it was again shown to the public by the art dealer Durand-Ruel. So it took six years for a national museum to dare to show this radical painting that was so unrealistic in the light of the conventions of the time.
Without recourse to literal description, Puvis intended to give a view of desolation and resignation by painting a widower and his two children in a bleak landscape. The choice of the fisherman has obvious Biblical resonances. In 1881, the synthetic nature of the painting, its refusal of any modelling and traditional perspective, and its range of greenish hues, ranged most of the critics against the artist.
The writer Huysmans compared it to a picture from missal or the dull, flat frescoes of the past. On the other hand, some artists of the younger generation, from Seurat to Gauguin and Maurice Denis, not to mention Picasso, were enthusiastic over the extreme, poignant bareness of this silent image. Puvis became the leading light of the new style of painting. | <urn:uuid:edc401e6-5cce-4aac-a3b2-11a3d64e40f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/search/commentaire_id/le-pauvre-pecheur-373.html?no_cache=1&S=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00022-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965358 | 256 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Two public health measures – testing, to identify those infected, and contact tracing, to identify those who may have encountered an infected person – have become essential as countries around the world reopen their economies and fresh surges of COVID-19 infections appear.
Even as testing ramps up, contact tracing with a wide enough net remains a daunting task. Contact tracing involves public health staff conducting interviews with infected people. Public health experts are calling for 180,000 more contact tracers, but progress on contact tracing has not been going well, according to Dr. Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Enter digital innovations that offer a tantalizing promise: to automate the laborious task of alerting people who have been exposed to the virus. Numerous governments have championed such apps as a means of augmenting manual contact tracing. As an economist who tracks digital technology’s use worldwide, I’ve found that the experiences of these countries reveal challenges to getting enough people to use the apps. Unfortunately, these challenges appear to me to be all but insurmountable in the U.S.
Privacy and trust
Contact tracing apps detect when a smartphone is in the presence of another app-enabled smartphone whose owner has tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
These apps come in two types. One mimics traditional contact tracing by uploading to a central public health server the ID numbers of smart phones that have been close to an infected person’s smart phone. Depending on the app, public health authorities can be notified of the smart phone owners’ identities.
The alternative is an “exposure notification” app that prioritizes privacy by using random numbers to ensure that no one can learn anyone else’s identity. All data are stored on the users’ phones. The Apple-Google collaboration supports these types of apps.
Initial enthusiasm for digital contact tracing was sparked by early successes in countries such as South Korea. Some countries, such as India, had to mandate it. Others, such as Germany had to reconsider its approach and change course.
[The Conversation’s newsletter explains what’s going on with the coronavirus pandemic. Subscribe now.]
South Korea’s, India’s and Germany’s experiences suggest a three-question test for gauging the potential of such apps: Does the government have its citizens’ trust, leading citizens to believe that the government is not collecting data or, if it is, will not misuse it? Are citizens willing to “pay” for improved health outcomes by accepting some loss of privacy? Are there events in the nation’s history that help shift the balance in favor of citizens’ willingness to share data?
South Korea: widespread voluntary adoption
Despite being hit early and hard by COVID-19, South Korea kept its number of deaths low by deploying contact tracing technology together with widespread testing. Its contact tracing arsenal included tracking apps paired with CCTV footage, travel and medical records and credit card transaction information.
Arguably, it has one of the most intrusive digitally aided tracking systems anywhere. The system shares locations of infected people, even with the media, and issues emergency text alerts.
All of this was widely accepted, except when intrusion crossed a line. When a COVID-19 cluster was linked to gay clubs and bars and led to calls to out people who visited such establishments, it raised concerns about discrimination against the LGBTQ community. The government stopped singling out particular clubs or bars in its alerts.
Why were Koreans willing to tolerate this level of official intrusion? The explanation can be traced to the country’s history. The previous administration had botched its response to the 2015 MERS outbreak, when it shared no information about hospitals visited by infected citizens. This led to public support for legislation giving health authorities access to CCTV and smartphone location data on infected citizens and the right to issue alerts.
India: partially mandated adoption
In preparation for reopening post-lockdown, the Indian government declared its Aarogya Setu contact tracing app to be mandatory for office workers, with police enforcement in some cases. But then, concerns mounted. The app had few privacy safeguards. It collected data using both GPS and Bluetooth technologies, stored it in centralized servers with no data protection law in place.
In response, the government switched the app from mandatory to “advisable,” with enough loopholes for organizations to set individual mandates. In addition, the app was uploaded to a public GitHub repository, which, in principle, opens the app – though not the data it collects – to public scrutiny.
Ironically, Prime Minister Narendra Modi enjoyed overwhelming public support even as the country endured the most stringent of lockdowns anywhere, with unspeakable hardships for many. However, the app stored citizens’ data on centralized servers, which compounded fears of digitally enabled state surveillance. Also, the app had been co-created by a ministry headed by Modi’s lieutenant, Amit Shah, who has a troubling history of abuse of power. All this made voluntary adoption difficult.
Germany: interrupted adoption
Germany had to stop and restart its digital contact tracing effort. The government launched a contact tracing app based on technology developed by a European initiative. However, a highly critical open letter from multiple experts raised fears of state surveillance because the data was stored centrally, and Apple refused to allow its iPhone operating system to work with it. As a result, the German government abandoned the centralized model for an Apple-Google-compliant decentralized alternative.
This U-turn occurred despite widespread confidence in Chancellor Angela Merkel, especially with her administration’s handling of the coronavirus response. Again, history provides a guide. Germans have lived through two notorious surveillance regimes: the Gestapo during the Nazi era and the Stasi during the Cold War.
Even with a decentralized, privacy-protecting approach, Germany’s new app is unlikely to achieve the level of adoption of South Korea’s. However, the government’s investment in an effective traditional contact tracing approach using public health staff to investigate contacts makes a digital alternative less urgent.
Prospects for digital contact tracing in the US
What do these cases say about adoption of digital contact tracing in the U.S., which leads the world in COVID-19 cases and deaths?
Americans’ trust in government is near an all-time low. Concerns about the government and tech companies accessing citizens’ data have been heightened in recent years with a string of revelations, from Edward Snowden to Cambridge Analytica, and citizens are worried about privacy breaches and misuse of data.
There is also no cohesive nationwide plan to deploy such apps. The White House, federal agencies and state governments have failed to champion them, which means that adoption rates are likely to be low and people won’t see enough value in using them to risk their privacy. Apps may appear in pockets – companies, college campuses, local communities – creating a fragmented, unreliable system of digital contact tracing.
In short, the U.S. is left relying almost entirely on tried-and-true though time-consuming and expensive manual contact tracing. As it stands, only seven states and the District of Columbia have sufficient numbers of contact tracers. Compliance is another challenge. Officials in Rockland County, New York have issued subpoenas to force people to cooperate with contact tracing efforts.
Ironically, the U.S. may need digital contact tracing more than any other country but appears to me likely to turn its back on the very lifesaving innovations it has helped develop. | <urn:uuid:47381301-61b1-4092-a684-4e8e1c0a1c44> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://wallstreetwindow.com/2020/07/digital-contact-tracings-mixed-record-abroad-spells-trouble-for-us-efforts-to-rein-in-covid-19-bhaskar-chakravorti-07-07-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016949.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528154416-20220528184416-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.951989 | 1,557 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Anne Smrcina, 781-545-8026 ext. 204
Matthew Lawrence, 781-545-8026 ext. 214
NOAA's Stellwagen Bank Sanctuary Shipwreck Lamartine Listed on National Register of Historic Places
The wreck of the Lamartine, a 19th century schooner that hauled granite for construction of streets, sidewalks and buildings along the U.S. East Coast, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the nation's official list of cultural resources worthy of preservation. The wreck lies within NOAA's Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary in Massachusetts Bay.
Built in Camden, Maine, the 79-foot, two-masted cargo schooner was launched in 1848 and enjoyed a 45-year career along the Eastern Seaboard. The Lamartine is considered by historians as a representative vessel of New England's granite trade from that era.
While hauling granite sewer heads from Stonington, Maine, to New York City on May 17, 1893, the Lamartine encountered a storm off Cape Ann, Mass. Heavy seas caused the schooner's cargo to shift, capsizing the vessel.
One crewmember drowned as the schooner settled beneath the waves, and the captain and mate were tossed into the ocean. Luckily, a fishing schooner returning to Gloucester, Mass., saw the Lamartine sink, and rescued them.
"Lamartine's cargo of cut granite reveals fascinating details about how granite quarried in New England met the demands of a nation growing increasingly urban," said Craig MacDonald, superintendent of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. "The shipwreck is a physical link to earlier generations who moved the stone and whose hands chiseled the granite blocks that built our great American cities."
Scientists from NOAA and the University of Connecticut's Northeast Underwater Research Technology and Education Center (NURTEC) documented the shipwreck with the university's remotely operated vehicle during several research missions between 2004 and 2006. The fieldwork recorded the vessel's features, including portions of its wooden hull, rigging and granite cargo. This information allowed sanctuary maritime archaeologists, with help from a local maritime historian, to identify the shipwreck and connect it with New England's cultural landscape that is dotted with granite quarries on coastal headlands and islands.
NOAA and NURTEC scientists have collaboratively located and documented more than three dozen historic shipwrecks in the sanctuary using side scan sonar and an advanced suite of remotely operated and self-guided underwater vehicles. The Lamartine is the sanctuary's sixth shipwreck site to be included on the National Register of Historic Places, administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior's National Park Service.
The Lamartine's location within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary provides protection unavailable to shipwrecks in other federal waters off Massachusetts. Sanctuary regulations prohibit moving, removing or injuring any sanctuary historical resource, including artifacts and pieces from shipwrecks or other submerged archaeological sites. Anyone violating this regulation is subject to civil penalties.
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary encompasses 842 square miles of ocean, stretching between Cape Ann and Cape Cod offshore of Massachusetts. Renowned for its biological diversity and remarkable productivity, the sanctuary is famous as a whale watching destination and supports a rich assortment of marine life, including marine mammals, seabirds, fishes and marine invertebrates. The sanctuary's position astride the historic shipping routes and fishing grounds for Massachusetts' oldest ports also make it a repository for shipwrecks representing several hundred years of maritime transportation.
NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.
On the Web:
NOAA Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
NOAA Preserve America Initiative
Northeast Underwater Research Technology and Education Center
Lamartine photos can be found on Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary's website at http://stellwagen.noaa.gov/maritime/granite.html | <urn:uuid:f3b307ff-3239-4360-b9f7-e44c976e5524> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/press/2012/pr051712.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647406.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320111412-20180320131412-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.91881 | 874 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In 1961, people in the suburb of Niles, Illinois, experienced what they termed a "cancer epidemic." Over a dozen children in the town were diagnosed with leukemia within a short time. Fears quickly spread that the illness could be contagious, carried by some type of "cancer virus." News coverage soon identified several other towns with apparent "cancer clusters," as well. Belief that cancer was a simple contagion, like polio or the flu, kept bubbling up.
"People wrote [to medical authorities] well into the 1960s asking, 'I lived in a house where somebody had cancer. Am I going to catch cancer?'" says Robin Scheffler, the Leo Marx CD Assistant Professor in the History and Culture of Science and Technology at MIT.
Those fears were taken seriously. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) created the Special Virus Leukemia Program in 1964 and over the next 15 years spent more than $6.5 billion (in 2017 dollars) on cancer virus research intended to develop a vaccine. That's more than the funding for the subsequent Human Genome Project, as Scheffler points out.
The results of that funding were complex, unanticipated -- and significant, as Scheffler details in his new book, "A Contagious Cause: The American Hunt for Cancer Viruses and the Rise of Molecular Medicine," published this week by the University of Chicago Press.
In the process, scientists did not find -- and never have -- a single viral cause of cancer. On the other hand, as a direct result of the NCI's funding project, scientists did find oncogenes, the type of gene which, when activated, can cause many forms of cancer.
"That investment helped drive the field of modern molecular biology," Scheffler says. "It didn't find the human cancer virus. But instead of closing down, it invented a new idea of how cancer is caused, which is the oncogene theory."
As research has continued, scientists today have identified hundreds of types of cancer, and about one out of every six cases has viral origins. While there is not one "cancer virus," some vaccinations reduce susceptibility to certain kinds of cancer. In short, our understanding of cancer has become more sophisticated, specific, and effective -- but the path of progress has had many twists and turns.
Less insurance, more research
As Scheffler details in his book, fears that cancer was a simple contagion can be traced back at least to the 18th century. They appear to have gained significant ground in the early 20th-century U.S., however, influencing medical research and even hospital design.
The rise of massive funding for cancer research is mostly a post-World War II phenomenon; like much of Scheffler's narrative, its story contains developments that would have been very hard to predict.
For instance, as Scheffler chronicles, one of the key figures in the growth of cancer research was the midcentury health care activist Mary Lasker, who with her husband had founded the Lasker Foundation in 1942, and over time helped transform the American Cancer Society.
During the presidency of Harry S. Truman, however, Lasker's main goal was the creation of universal health insurance for Americans -- an idea that seemed realistic for a time but was eventually shot down in Washington. That was a major setback for Lasker. In response, though, she became a powerful advocate for federal funding of medical research -- especially through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the NCI, one of the NIH's arms.
Scheffler calls this tradeoff -- less government health insurance, but more biomedical research -- the "biomedical settlement," and notes that it was unique to the U.S. at the time. By contrast, in grappling with cancer through the 1960s, Britain and France, for example, put more relative emphasis on treatment, and Germany looked more extensively at environmental issues. Since the 1970s, there has been more convergence in the approaches of many countries.
"The term 'biomedical settlement' is a phrase I created to describe an idea that seems commonplace in the United States but is actually very extraordinary in the context of other industrial nations -- which is, we will not federalize health care, but we will federalize health research," Scheffler says. "It's remarkable to keep the government out of one but invite it into the other."
And while observers of the U.S. scientific establishment today know the NIH as a singular research force, they probably don't think of it as compensation, in a sense, for the failed policy aims of Lasker and her allies.
"Someone like Mary Lasker is one of the architects of the settlement out of her conviction there were ways to involve the federal government even if they couldn't provide medical care," Scheffler adds.
Fighting through frustration
The core of "A Contagious Cause" chronicles critical research developments in the 1960s and 1970s, as biologists made headway in understanding many forms of cancer. But beyond its rich narrative about the search for a single cancer virus, "A Contagious Cause" also contains plenty of material that underscores the highly contingent, unpredictable nature of scientific discovery.
From stymied scientists to angry activists, many key figures in the book seemed to have reached dead ends before making the advances we now recognize. Yes, science needs funding, new instrumentation, and rich theories to advance. But it can also be fueled by frustration.
"The thing I find interesting is that there are a lot of moments of frustration," Scheffler says. "Things don't go the way people want, and they have to decide what they're going to do next. I think often the history of science focuses on moments of discovery, or highlights great innovations and their successes. But talking about frustration and failure is also a very important topic to highlight in terms of how we understand the history of science."
For his part, Scheffler says he hopes his book will both illuminate the history of cancer research in the U.S. and underscore the need for policymakers to apply a broad set of tools as they guide our ongoing efforts to combat cancer.
"Cancer is a molecular disease, but it's also an environmental disease and a social disease. We need to understand the problem at all those levels to come up with a policy that best confronts it," Scheffler says.
BOOK: "A Contagious Cause: The American Hunt for Cancer Viruses and the Rise of Molecular Medicine"
Historian Robin Scheffler awarded 2018 Levitan Prize
Announcing MIT SHASS new faculty for fall 2015 | <urn:uuid:efafc89b-3461-4358-9a34-1e8a50504731> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/miot-icr051419.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.972649 | 1,363 | 3.296875 | 3 |
ON THIS PAGE: You will find some basic information about this disease and the parts of the body it may affect. This is the first page of Cancer.Net’s Guide to Multiple Myeloma. To see other pages, use the menu on the side of your screen. Think of that menu as a roadmap to this full guide.
Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside of bones. Myeloma begins when healthy plasma cells change and grow uncontrollably. Plasma cells are a part of the body's immune system and produce antibodies that help the body fight infection. Abnormal plasma cells can crowd out or suppress the growth of other cells in the bone marrow that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This suppression may result in anemia (from a shortage of red blood cells), excessive bleeding from cuts (from a shortage of platelets), and a decreased ability to fight infection (from a shortage of white blood cells and the body’s inability to respond to infection normally).
Like regular plasma cells, myeloma cells can produce antibodies. However, myeloma cells are unable to produce healthy, functioning antibodies. Instead, they make what is called “monoclonal protein,” or “M protein,” which can build up in the blood and urine, potentially causing damage to the kidneys and other organs. A healthy person who is found to have a small amount of this “M protein” is said to have monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS).
Myeloma often causes structural bone damage resulting in painful fractures or bone breaks. Myeloma is usually called multiple myeloma because most people (90%) have multiple bone lesions at the time it is diagnosed. Solitary plasmacytoma is a mass of myeloma cells that involve only one site in the bone or other organs, most commonly in the upper respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. Extramedullary plasmacytoma describes myeloma that started outside the bone marrow in locations such as the lymph glands, sinuses, throat, liver, or under the skin.
Normal Bone Marrow
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Multiple Myeloma Disease
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These images used with permission by the College of American Pathologists.
Looking for More of an Overview?
If you would like additional introductory information, explore these related items. Please note these links will take you to other sections on Cancer.Net:
ASCO Answers Fact Sheet: Read a one-page fact sheet (available as a PDF) that offers an easy-to-print introduction to this type of cancer.
Cancer.Net Patient Education Video: View a short video led by an ASCO expert in this type of cancer that provides basic information and areas of research.
The next section in this guide is Statistics and it helps explain how many people are diagnosed with this disease and general survival rates. Or, use the menu on the side of your screen to choose another section to continue reading this guide. | <urn:uuid:d7649d8e-d609-4e50-8400-4ba106a78e02> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00080-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923899 | 640 | 3.296875 | 3 |
CHARLOTTE, N.C. — A North Carolinian of mixed race is trying to combat stereotypes about Native Americans.
Erin Phelps is white and Native American. She’s a member of the Lumbee and Waccamaw Siouan tribes in North Carolina.
The 27-year-old is pursuing a graduate certificate in anti-racism in urban education.
“Being a mixed race person, I find it natural to be a bridge in between a lot of different people and I want to be better trained to help other people become bridges,” Phelps says.
Phelps is also the education coordinator of the International House in Charlotte.
“Just the fact that this is where a lot of people from anywhere can receive services, whether it's legal or educational, is a big draw for me,” Phelps says.
She is proud of her heritage and has fond memories of powwows and enjoys listening to music from them.
“It’s kind of healing because it reminds me of the dancing that is also there to heal,” Phelps says.
However, she says when some people meet her, they inquire about negative stereotypes regarding Native Americans or question her identity.
“I think a lot of people tend to be really skeptical because they see my light skin and they say, ‘Oh, you're just lying to get government benefits', or whatever,” Phelps says.
Sometimes, she is asked questions that don’t sit well with her, including; "What percentage are you?" It may seem innocent on the surface but it reminds her of a concept known as blood quantum.
Phelps explains that blood quantum measures the amount of Native American blood of a person. In 1934, the federal government imposed the system on tribes to determine citizenship and it is still used by some tribes.
That history doesn’t sit well with Phelps.
“I feel like, so rude and so uncalled for. What other race gets asked that question? Usually we quantify horses and dogs as pure breeds, not people, unless someone's talking about Native Americans,” Phelps says.
Phelps says broader questions and inquiries including; "Tell me about your background", are more appropriate. Otherwise, she encourages people to let someone open up on their own time.
"I think the main thing would be to accept me as I say that I am and who I say that I am and not be doubtful,” Phelps says.
Phelps says if you ask the wrong question, it can also be an opportunity to learn and admit you don’t have to always be right to be a listener or an ally. | <urn:uuid:01ad8feb-843e-4274-ad4a-3cc538f8540f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://spectrumlocalnews.com/charlotte/news/2021/04/06/little-things-matter--combatting-native-american-stereotypes- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.967687 | 554 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Weedkillers in Cereals: What You Should Know
Organic foods are usually good for the environment. But they’re often hard on your wallet: The USDA found the costs of organic fruits and vegetables typically run more than 20% higher than conventional produce. Sometimes the difference is much higher, especially for things like organic milk and eggs. Are they worth the extra expense? In some cases, yes. It may lower your exposure to chemicals and artificial ingredients. In others, it may not be healthier than buying conventionally grown products. Some basic information can help you make the smartest choices for your budget and the health of your family.
What “Organic” Means
The term refers to the way food is grown, handled, and processed. These practices are meant to protect the environment. The government has strict standards for its “USDA Organic” seal: Produce must be grown without the use of most conventional pesticides, fertilizers that aren’t naturally made, sewage sludge, radiation, and genetically modified organisms. Animals can’t be given antibiotics or hormones.
The labeling can be confusing. The government oversees the use of these terms:
100 Percent Organic: All the ingredients are certified organic.
Organic: At least 95% of the ingredients are certified organic.
Made With Organic Ingredients: At least 70% of the ingredients are certified organic.
Other labels, such as “all-natural” and “farm-raised,” aren’t regulated, so they don’t mean much.
The Truth About Pesticides
This may come as a surprise, but organic food isn’t necessarily pesticide-free. Organic farmers aren’t allowed to use synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. But they can apply ones made from natural ingredients, which can still be dangerous for your health.
If your diet includes a variety of produce, you’re less likely to get a big dose of one single pesticide.
Beef: Buy Organic
Cattle raised on non-organic farms are often and wrongly given sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone to make them grow faster. Some experts believe that these hormones may trigger early puberty in girls, while others argue it doesn’t have any effect. Families buy organic meats for this reason. Research shows it may have more heart-healthy omega-3 fats.
You May Also Like: Should My Child Drink Alcohol?
Poultry and Pork: Buy Organic
Organic poultry and pigs are given food that is free of synthetic pesticides and fertilizer. They also don’t get antibiotics, which is a common practice on conventional farms. Experts agree that the regular use of these drugs can lead to dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria. If you buy conventional meat, trim off the fat and skin. That’s where pesticide hides.
Microwave Popcorn: Buy Organic
For years, many microwave popcorn bags used perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to prevent the kernels from sticking. After it was linked to some cancers, the FDA banned it. But scientists are concerned that the chemicals used in their place may not be safe, either. What’s more, research shows that an ingredient in artificial butter may lead to breathing problems. Go organic or use an air popper or the stovetop – and add your own flavors.
Seafood: Buy Conventional
The USDA doesn’t have standards for organic seafood. So that piece of fish labeled “organic” isn’t guaranteed to be any safer for you (or the environment). They can still have contaminants. A better approach: Shop for fish that’s low in mercury, a metal that can harm your nervous system. Seafood that’s smaller in size, such as shrimp, salmon, and anchovies, are good bets.
Avocado: Your Call
Its thick, bumpy skin protects this creamy fruit. That means pesticides rarely reach the flesh. In fact, when scientists analyzed 48 different fruits and vegetables, they found that avocados had the least pesticides. A rule of thumb: Produce with thick skins that you peel or toss, such as pineapples and melon, have lower levels. Just wash them well before slicing.
Maple Syrup: Buy Conventional
The sweet stuff is harvested from forests, which typically aren’t treated with pesticides or fertilizers. At the store, buy 100% maple syrup. Some maple-flavored products are made with high-fructose corn syrup, coloring, and preservatives.
Strawberries: Buy Local
Sweet and delicate, strawberries rot easily. That’s why their crops are sprayed with multiple chemicals: One analysis showed that the average strawberry had six different pesticides. But other research shows that this dose still falls well below the amount that’s risky for humans. Your best bet is to find a local farm that doesn’t use pesticides and buy your strawberries there. They’ll be fresh and may last longer.
No matter where you get them, make sure to wash them before you eat them.
Apples, Peaches, and Nectarines: Buy Local
You eat the peels of these sweet fruits. That means you’re getting any pesticide lingering on their skins. Scrub them under running water for at least 30 seconds. There’s no need for soap or a fruit wash. As with strawberries, it’s smart to buy these fruits from a local farmer who uses minimal pesticides.
Spinach and Kale: Buy Local
These veggies are typically high in pesticides. If you can, buy them from a local farmers market where you can make sure they’re grown without synthetic chemicals. If you cook these vegetables, it may lower their pesticide level, but it may also take away some of the nutrients
Potatoes: Buy Local
Root vegetables can take in the pesticides and fertilizers added to the soil. So both conventional and organic potatoes may have chemicals. Because Americans eat so many spuds – an average of 114 pounds per person – it’s safest to choose locally grown ones that you know aren’t treated with chemicals as often. And, again, make sure to wash them. | <urn:uuid:4670f02c-b599-4d73-bb8a-7434abfc15d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://healthtipsblog.net/harmful-compounds-in-our-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322170.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825021120-20190825043120-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.929338 | 1,289 | 2.953125 | 3 |
One thing fire safety and information security have in common is that most people don’t bother preparing and then panic when something happens. But if something goes wrong, you need to act fast — and get it right — so that everything turns out fine. That’s why it’s good to know what your antivirus is saying when it encounters this or that threat. Consider this post a cybersecurity fire drill.
By the way, for this kind of situation we have a test file designed to be detected as a threat by antiviruses. The file is completely harmless; it was specially designed for this sort of drill.
The first thing to pay attention to in notifications shown by your security solution is the color of the frame. A red frame means stop everything: The antivirus has found something really dangerous.
For example, if Kaspersky Internet Security shows you a notification that looks like the one in the screenshot below, don’t take any chances. Follow the program’s advice. In this case, Kaspersky Internet Security will offer to cure an infected file or application if possible.
If the antivirus detects a dangerous object on a website that you have visited, it’s probably best to navigate away from that website.
Not all downloaded applications are safe. If you see a message like the one below, cancel the download.
A legitimate application may attempt to do something dangerous, too. For example, a browser may try to open a phishing link. Block that attempt.
Generally, messages with a red frame indicate that something malicious is threatening you. An important exception to that rule is the confirmation of risky user behavior. For example, disabling automatic updates is not immediately dangerous but is likely to lead to trouble in the future. If Kaspersky Internet Security cannot download information about the most recent threats, then it may not protect your computer against new threats. That’s why notifications about outdated databases are also marked with a red frame.
If the frame is orange, then something isn’t right. For example, the antivirus may have discovered an application that is behaving suspiciously. This would be a good time to give it some attention and thought. If you have been working with the application for a while, if you trust it and really need it, then you can add it to the list of exclusions, and then Kaspersky Internet Security will not bother you about it again.
Still, keep a weather eye open; the orange frame may also be an indication of danger. Many applications are not threats by themselves, but they can be exploited to steal your personal data. Carefully read such messages and the application names indicated in them. If you are not working with those applications at the moment or if you do not know what they are at all, then select Block now.
If you see a message with a green frame, then you are not in danger. A green-framed notification is usually along the lines of a confirmation needed to update an application. Such notifications are still important — updating applications that are installed on the computer improves performance and security — but there’s no need for alarm. | <urn:uuid:31dc5cba-0dcb-4f66-b7ca-76c096bacc9c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/antivirus-notifications/16900/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.933057 | 645 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is widely used in conditions associated with chronic ventilatory insufficiency such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), congenital muscular dystrophy and spinal cord injury (SCI) (1-4). It has been demonstrated to improve sleep-related symptoms, morbidity and mortality of the ventilator-assisted individuals (VAIs) (2,5,6).
The reported prevalence (per 100,000 population) of HMV use varies depending on countries and ranges from 6.6 in Europe to 12.9 in Canada (1,4,7,8). In South East Asia (SEA), the pattern of use is likely to differ according to available resource and local advocacy. The prevalence of HMV is not known but there is likely a growing demand for HMV support. A recent single-centre cohort study in Malaysia showed an increased use of HMV in children over the past decade (9).
In Singapore, the Home Ventilation and Respiratory Support Service (HVRSS) at Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) was set-up in 2009. The initial aim was to provide home care and support for individuals with cervical SCI who require long-term ventilation and would otherwise have remained in hospital. The service was later expanded to include care for individuals with advanced neuromuscular weakness and other causes of hypercapnic ventilatory failure. The multidisciplinary HVRSS comprises of doctors with special interest in HMV (anaesthetist, respiratory and family physicians), nurse clinicians, respiratory therapist and medical social workers.
HMV poses significant care and financial burden to affected individuals, family and the health system. There is increasing need to demonstrate the demand for such support, the clinical efficacy and outcomes to health authorities for appropriate allocation of resources and continuous funding support. To date, there has not been any prior publication on the use of similar service and survival outcomes in Singapore or in the SEA. We aim to describe the pattern of use of our service, examine the survival outcomes and identify important prognostic factors of our cohort.
The HVRSS recruitment criteria and service
The HVRSS is the only national adult multidisciplinary service in Singapore. We receive referrals from within the institution or externally. We assess all individuals whom the primary physician (usually neurologist or intensivist) think may benefit from HMV. The primary criteria for recruitment into the HVRSS include hypercapnic respiratory failure or progressive neuromuscular disease with respiratory or sleep-related symptoms. Other criteria include preserved ability to interact or communicate and patient’s consent. In addition, favourable social circumstances such as having at least a full-time carer and a discharge destination (preferably home) are essential as there are very limited facilities for long term institutionalised care in Singapore. Primary uncomplicated sleep disordered breathing (SDB) cases are excluded due to resource constraint and are looked after by individual doctors interested in sleep medicine.
The HVRSS receives pilot funding from the Ministry of Health and all VAIs are subjected to means testing to determine the eligibility and proportion of funding assistance for equipment purchase. Routinely, ambulatory VAIs are followed up every 3–6 monthly at the outpatient clinic. Non-ambulatory VAIs or those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are reviewed every 2 months (and have tracheostomy changed at home). Phone consult service is available during office hours and ad hoc home visits can be arranged where necessary. Where appropriate, the HVRSS prescribes and titrates mechanical ventilation and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MIE) devices and provides caregiver training (including basic ventilator troubleshoot, emergency tracheostomy care, feeding instruction etc.) to facilitate transition to home. HVRSS also provides care coordination with various other allied health services including physiotherapy, occupational therapy and nutritionist. In addition, all referrals receive emotional support by our medical social workers and the service collaborates closely with palliative care services to provide end-of-life support.
We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study. All individuals who were referred for consideration of HMV over a 7-year period from 1/1/2009 to 31/12/2015 were identified. The individuals who required and accepted long term HMV were included for analysis. HMV was defined as mechanical ventilation, administered non-invasively or invasively (via tracheostomy), at home or in long term residential care.
Electronic medical record review was carried out. We collected baseline demographics and social data such as age, gender, ethnicity, type and distance of residence to our centre, marital status, per capita household income and number and type of carer(s). The primary indications for HMV, smoking status, important comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, congestive cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, malignant disease, stroke and airway diseases) and baseline physiology including spirometry and blood gas results were also recorded. In addition, we obtained data on HMV prescription details (e.g., interface, setting and adherence), use of supplemental oxygen and percutaneous gastroenterostomy nutrition.
Survival was determined from the date of HMV initiation to the date of death or 1/09/2017, whichever occurred earlier. The date and cause of death were determined from hospital-maintained records.
For descriptive analysis, the cohort was divided into 4 clinical categories based on expected natural progression of illness and care requirement: (I) ALS; (II) other neuromuscular and chest wall diseases (NMCW); (III) SCI; and (IV) complex intensive care unit (ICU). Complex ICU group is a subset of VAIs that were mainly receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation or failure-to-wean with no prospect of leaving the monitored care area.
For the analysis of prognostic factors, due to different trajectory of illness and to improve statistical power, we considered ALS and all non-ALS VAIs separately.
Continuous data was described using median [interquartile range (IQR)] or mean (standard deviation) where appropriate. Categorical data was described using proportion or percentage. Survival estimates were displayed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared by log-rank test. To study the factors influencing survival, demographic, physical and ventilator setting variables were dichotomised when possible using clinically meaningful cut offs. Cox proportional analysis was used to determine hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of these factors. Predictive factors with P values of <0.10 on univariate analysis (along with age and gender) were further examined in a forward stepwise analysis with removal and entry P values of 0.10 and 0.05 and significant predictors with P values <0.05 were reported. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 14.2 software (StataCorp, Texas, USA). Statistical significance was taken at P value <0.05.
Ethical approval was granted by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (reference no 2017/00471).
The referrals for HMV increased exponentially year-on-year since the service started (Figure 1). A total of 155 individuals were referred; most of these were local referrals from the TTSH ICU and adjacent National Neuroscience Institute. A smaller proportion were referrals from other institutions, private hospitals or self-referrals.
There were 112 individuals who proceeded to HMV; most (68%) VAIs were decided for HMV during an acute hospital admission and two thirds of these were recruited in the ICU. Main diagnoses were ALS, congenital myopathy and SCI. The study flow and detailed diagnoses of the VAIs are illustrated in Figure 2.
Baseline demographics and physical characteristics
The median age of the VAIs ranged from 47–70 years and body mass index ranged from 17.3–27.5 kg/m2 across the groups. There was male gender predominance (50–93%). Among all the VAIs, almost all (95%) lived within 15 km from our centre and in their own home. The VAIs had at least one full-time carer [70% were hired foreign domestic helpers (FDH) from nearby countries] and were mostly ethnic Chinese (83%) and married (69%). Just under half (47% VAIs) had monthly per capita household income of <$1,000/month (an entry criterion for financial assistance in our centre).
Co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, malignant disease, stroke and airway diseases were common, especially in the complex ICU group. At the initiation of HMV, the VAIs had moderately severe ventilatory impairment. Median (IQR) FVC was 38 [24–65] %predicted and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was 52 [45–66] mmHg for all VAIs.
Therapy prescription and usage
Seventy-four (66%) individuals were prescribed non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Fifteen VAIs subsequently transitioned to IMV. These VAIs were mainly suffering from ALS (n=9) and all were relatively young (<70 years of age). The transition from NIV to IMV was performed electively following extensive counselling of the potential complications including lock-in state. For the ALS VAIs on IMV at the outset, all were tracheostomised in the ICU prior to our involvement.
Most (67%) VAIs were supported with pressure-cycled ventilation; median (IQR) applied inspiratory, expiratory pressures and set-rate were 15 [12–18], 5 [4–6] cmH2O and 15 [12–16] breaths per minute respectively. Half of the VAIs reported daily HMV use of >12 hours. Twenty-eight (25%) VAIs received additional supplemental oxygen during HMV. Nutrition via gastrostomy was common (63% of VAIs). For the ALS group, 31 of the 48 VAIs were also prescribed MIE device for secretion management.
The baseline demographics, physiological characteristics, co-morbidities and therapy details of the VAIs are described in Table 1.
Follow up and survival outcomes
There were 64 deaths over a median (IQR) follow-up period of 2.56 (1.86–3.69) years. No cases were lost to follow-up. The median (95% CI) survival (in ascending order) were 1.8 (0.6–5.7), 2.6 (0.8–4.8), 4.2 (2.1–7.6) and 6.7 (4.5–10.7) years for ALS, complex ICU, SCI and NMCW groups respectively (Figure 3).
The three most common reported causes of death were death from primary disease (n=22), pneumonia (n=15) and sudden death (n=10) (data was available in 83% VAIs). Following further review of the unexpected deaths: 2 were presumed cardiac in nature (ventricular arrhythmias), 2 were likely due to aspiration, 1 was due to a fall and 5 were unknown, of which there was 1 case of possible ventilator malfunction.
In ALS group, Chinese ethnicity, NIV-transitioned-to-IMV and FVC >50%predicted were favourable prognostic factors with HR (95% CI) of 0.41 (0.18–0.95), 0.23 (0.07–0.78) and 0.24 (0.06–1.00) respectively. Poor prognostic factors were use of NIV interface only (HR 2.33, 95% CI: 1.06–5.11) and increased time between symptom onset and HMV initiation (HR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02). Daily use of above 12 hours was associated with a trend towards worse survival (HR 1.94, 95% CI: 0.90–4.18). In multivariate analysis, NIV-transitioned-to-IMV (HR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07–0.81) was the only independent factor associated with better survival (Table 2). Riluzole and enteral nutrition use were not significant prognostic factors.
In non-ALS VAIs, older age (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12–1.69 per decade increment) was associated with reduced survival. Factors that showed trend towards increased hazard of death were domestic helper as primary carer (HR 2.00, 95% CI: 0.94–4.25), co-morbid cardiovascular disease (HR 2.15, 95% CI: 0.92–5.07) and cancer diagnosis (HR 2.22, 95% CI: 0.98–5.01). Living distance further from hospital (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86–1.01) was possibly associated with better survival outcome. In a multivariate model, older age (HR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.14–1.73) and cardiovascular disease (HR 2.61, 95% CI: 1.09–6.27) remained important negative prognostic factors (Table 2).
Subgroup without HMV
Forty-three individuals did not proceed to long term HMV. The reasons for no HMV are listed in Figure 2. Most of the individuals who declined or were not tolerant of NIV were ALS (n=9). Many individuals with spinal cord injuries were either successfully weaned off ventilator (n=7) or only required MIE (n=5). Comparing survival by log-rank analysis, in ALS, individuals who had a trial of NIV but decided not for HMV had significantly poorer survival (P<0.01) (Figure 4).
To our knowledge, this is the first multi-ethnic Asian study on the use and survival outcome of HMV. We demonstrated that there is an increasing demand for a multidisciplinary home ventilation service to support VAIs with severe functional and physiological impairment. The baseline characteristics and survival varied according to disease categories. The worst survival was among the ALS group while the NMCW VAIs had the best survival. In ALS, transition from NIV to IMV were independently associated with better survival. Among the non-ALS VAIs, older age and those with cardiovascular disease had less favourable outcome.
The referrals to HVRSS had increased over the years. We think that this is due to increased awareness of HMV and the perceived better care by a dedicated service, which allows for pooling of expertise and resources. The NMCW group were the longest HMV users whereas many in the SCI group referred were eventually weaned from ventilatory support and did not require long term HMV. Our VAIs were generally middle-aged and older except for the NMCW group, similar to findings in other cohorts (10,11).
Almost half of the families were from lower income groups. There was heavy reliance on hired FDH for nursing care and support at home (in part due to limited access to professional skilled carers), this has contributed to additional financial burden. It is known that chronic illness is associated with poverty (12). Although selected by the VAIs (who would have considered language issue), FDH represent a challenge for caregiver training due to communication barrier and turnover where caregiver training needs to be repeated.
The survival of VAIs in our cohort is comparable to published studies (10,11,13). The poor survival in the ALS cohort was expected given the progressive nature of the illness. In our study, we demonstrated that the individuals who received HMV survived longer than those who did not, consistent with the trial result by Bourke et al. (14). However, the actual cohort of ALS without HMV is not fully captured as some individuals may have declined to see us. The median survival of SCI VAIs appears to be shorted when compared to study by Watt et al. (15). This may be explained by the relatively older age at injury in our cohort, which is factor associated with strong hazard of death (15).
The complex ICU group had very similar survival to ALS group, which reflects that these individuals had severely reduced physiologic reserve and multiple co-morbidities (including malignant disease). While some of these individuals may not be typically considered for HMV, in Singapore, societal view on filial piety along with complex healthcare financing (16) with government subsidy but also often a sizeable out-of-pocket cash and/or insurance pay out often negate a paternalistic approach. Ethically, we find it difficult to withdraw ventilator support in individuals who remain lucid (albeit minimally communicative in some) and expressed wish to continue living. Therefore, HMV became the only alternative to ICU stay; our involvement allowed selected individuals to spend time in their own home, provided they accepted the risks and took responsibility for their own care. Many chose to do so because of the perceived increased autonomy and quality of life (authors’ experience).
Approximately a third of the deaths in our study were certified due to primary disease, similar to a study from North America (4). This group is likely due to progressive ventilatory failure and with ‘expected’ deterioration and death occurred at home. Of note, sudden or unexpected death was common, this is an interesting finding and we opined that the VAIs and family should be counselled of this risk.
In ALS, Chinese ethnicity was associated with reduced hazard of death. Genetic polymorphism and different mutation may account for observed ethnicity difference in outcome (17). Chinese ethnicity had been shown to be associated with milder disease and may explain the difference in outcome when compared with other ethnicity groups (18,19). However, the effect was not seen on multivariate analysis. We did not see poor prognostic factors such as older age at presentation and lower BMI described previously (10,13,18). The effect of age on survival was probably confounded by the increased proportion of conversion of NIV to IMV among younger VAIs, which was an independent positive prognostic factor in our cohort and previously demonstrated in a large observational study in Denmark (13).
The ALS VAIs who had better lung function were associated with better outcomes, similar to previous study findings (10,20). On the other hand, delay between symptom onset and HMV initiation and higher dependence on HMV appeared to be associated with poorer survival on univariate analysis. Majority of the ALS VAIs had bulbar phenotype when they presented to our service, which suggested that HMV may have been initiated later than previous studies and may explain the lack of prognostic consequence of this phenotype (21).
In non-ALS cases, the reliance on domestic helper may be a marker of increased severity of illness and care need. The effect of age on survival is probably due to increased survival among young congenital muscular dystrophy and relatively increased co-morbidities in older individuals with more severe illnesses. This finding is consistent with previous studies (10,11). Cardiovascular diseases were associated with older age and were negative prognostic factors.
Due to the retrospective nature of the study, there were missing data in few variables, especially in FVC. Spirometry is routinely ordered for all HVRSS new cases, but in our experience, many patients were unable to achieve acceptable and repeatable spirometry and in some cases, spirometry was impossible due to tracheostomy. Another limitation is that compliance data was self- or carer-reported as device download data was very limited and therefore prone to reporting bias. We also recognised that concomitant SDB is common among the VAIs, as demonstrated in published cohort (10). Although sleep-related symptom is one of the recruitment criteria, we do not routinely performed polysomnography due to lack of capacity to manage VAIs with complex care need in the laboratory and long wait time.
Nationally, HVRSS is the only adult service available for HMV support and therefore our study is reasonably representative for Singapore. However, our sample size is relatively small when compared to other published cohorts; important prognostic factors with smaller effect may not be apparent on multivariate analysis.
A further limitation of this study is that we did not collect data on patient and caregiver satisfaction. Quality of life appeared to be reasonable for the VAIs who suffer from relatively slow progressive neuromuscular disease based on a recent survey by co-authors (22) but this may not be generalisable to rapidly progressive disease such as ALS.
In conclusion, the HVRSS supports a heterogenous group of VAIs with varying baseline demographics, social set-up, physiological characteristics and choice of therapy. There is an exponential increase in utilisation of our service since its inception. Despite being a relatively new service, comparable survival outcomes can be achieved by our model of care. ALS had the worst survival whereas NMCW had the best outcomes with Complex ICU and SCI groups in between. The result of this study is important for healthcare resource planning and when counselling for HMV. Future direction would be to create a national registry for HMV use to allow for interval monitoring of service delivery and regular survey on patient experience.
The authors would like to express gratitude towards the Centre of Research and Innovation Office at TTSH for rendering advice on study design and statistical analysis, HVRSS team members (including but not exclusive to) Ms Janet Chua Pei Lu, Ms Anura Tamar Peters and Ms Tao Sun for their tireless service and Associate Professor John Arputhan Abisheganaden (Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Head of Department) and Associate Professor Thomas Lew Wing Kit (TTSH Chairman Medical Board) for the continuous support and success of the programme.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: Ethical approval was granted by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (reference no 2017/00471).
- Simonds AK. Home mechanical ventilation: An overview. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016;13:2035-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
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- Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Ambrosino N, et al. Patterns of home mechanical ventilation use in Europe: results from the Eurovent survey. Eur Respir J 2005;25:1025-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
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- Nathan AM, Loo HY, de Bruyne JA, et al. Thirteen years of invasive and noninvasive home ventilation for children in a developing country: A retrospective study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017;52:500-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tan GP, McArdle N, Dhaliwal SS, et al. Patterns of use, survival and prognostic factors in patients receiving home mechanical ventilation in Western Australia: A single centre historical cohort study. Chron Respir Dis 2018;15:356-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
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- Dreyer P, Lorenzen CK, Schou L, et al. Survival in ALS with home mechanical ventilation non-invasively and invasively: A 15-year cohort study in west Denmark. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014;15:62-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, et al. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:140-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Watt JW, Wiredu E, Silva P, et al. Survival after short- or long-term ventilation after acute spinal cord injury: a single-centre 25-year retrospective study. Spinal Cord 2011;49:404-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Health. Singapore’s healthcare financing system [Internet]. Singapore: Ministry of Health. Available online: https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/resources-statistics/educational-resources/3menglish_final.PDF
- Marangi G, Traynor BJ. Genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: New genetic analysis methodologies entailing new opportunities and challenges. Brain Res 2015;1607:75-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen L, Zhang B, Chen R, et al. Natural history and clinical features of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in China. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015;86:1075-81. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Liu X, Yang L, Tang L, et al. DCTN1 gene analysis in Chinese patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0182572. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Fallat RJ, Jewitt B, Bass M, et al. Spirometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1979;36:74-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Calvo A, Moglia C, Lunetta C, et al. Factors predicting survival in ALS: a multicenter Italian study. J Neurol 2017;264:54-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wong WM, Tan AK, Koh GC. Health-related Quality of Life of Home Ventilated Patients (HoMe V) from a Tertiary Hospital in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2017;46:399-403. [PubMed] | <urn:uuid:05cdf426-140c-4d5f-a5f4-172a027167ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/27412/html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578558125.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422155337-20190422181337-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.942252 | 5,764 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Stainless steel crowns instead of a filling?
While baby teeth do not remain forever and often fall out by the time a kid reaches the age of 13, it is critical that children take care of their temporary teeth and visit a children’s dentist to ensure that they are healthy. Tooth decay and cavities, on the other hand, can be extremely harmful to baby teeth. Placing a stainless steel crown on the afflicted tooth is a common strategy utilized by pediatric dentists to address these concerns.
Children's tooth decay
Tooth decay, or the breakdown of tooth enamel, can occur in children over time as a result of a high-sugar diet, insufficient fluoride intake, or poor dental hygiene. Visible white patches on the teeth and probable dental discomfort are common early symptoms of decay. If left unchecked, acids eat away at the teeth and develop holes, resulting in cavities. These holes are first light brown in hue. If plaque builds up and the cavity is not identified right away, it will deepen and turn a darker brown or black color.
Cavities frequently cause tooth pain as well as sensitivity to extremely hot, cold, or sweet meals and beverages. Some adults, however, may not detect any symptoms, and small children may not be able to effectively articulate their distress. During an examination or an X-ray, dentists can often detect indicators of tooth decay or cavities. It’s a good idea to visit a children’s dentist on a regular basis to catch a cavity before it gets worse, or to go in right away if you notice any symptoms.
Cavities are being treated in a children’s dental office.
A cavity can easily be treated with a filling to fix the hole if found early. A local anesthetic is used to numb the mouth before removing decay with a dental drill and filling the cavity with a tooth-colored composite.
Fillings, on the other hand, cannot be used on teeth with big or many cavities. Stainless crowns are frequently used in these situations. This solution is more durable than a filling and can be used on teeth with significant deterioration. A stainless steel crown is unattractive, which isn’t often an issue for molars, which are located at the back of the mouth. A plastic white facing can be placed instead of a filling if a cavity forms on a visible front tooth.
Baby teeth, like permanent teeth, are necessary for effective speech and chewing, as well as preventing future overcrowding by serving as a placeholder for permanent teeth. As a result, when a child’s baby tooth is affected by cavities or decay, it’s crucial to look into ways to save the tooth rather than simply extracting it until an adult tooth emerges. A stainless steel crown fitted at a children’s dentistry is one option for dealing with serious tooth decay that will endure longer. | <urn:uuid:1164b47b-4c7c-4b9b-969d-024d48f8b419> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dentalark.com/stainless-steel-crowns-instead-of-a-filling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104542759.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705083545-20220705113545-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.944087 | 600 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Refractive stamping has become a very popular method of applying foil for many different applications that creates detail, dimension, and movement. A refractive foil stamped image is created with a specialty engraved brass die. Very thin lines are etched in the engraving to demonstrate texture and detail in the foil stamped object. The foil is a standard hot stamping foil and is no different than foil used in a flat stamping application. The finely engraved lines create the texture and detail in the foil stamped image. The advantages of utilizing refractive foil stamping include the following:
Allows the creation of detail in the image without embossing the paper
The thin refractive lines actually can create the illusion of movement in the image that cannot be done with other foil stamping methods
Refraction with holographic foil is an inexpensive alternative to creating a custom ‘hologram’
Types of Refractive Engravings
Standard Patterns – Most engraving companies that offer refractive dies have a library of standard patterns that can be etched in an image. This is most commonly used on lettering and simple line art. This is the most inexpensive method of utilizing refraction.
Custom Refraction – A custom refraction is more labor intensive than a standard pattern. The engraver starts with a standard pattern, but actually places the patterns at different angles and in many different areas within the image. The result is a beautiful, extremely detailed foil stamped image that appears to move as you look at it under a light.
Refraction and Overprinting – This interesting and dramatic application of hot stamping foil combines refraction with overprinting and is very popular for paperback books, software, and other packaging applications. This effect is accomplished by first foil stamping the image with a refractive engraving, usually using a metallic silver foil. Then the piece is sent to a printer to overprint the foil stamped area with translucent 4-color inks. Special inks are used to allow the ink to dry. Communication between the foil stamper, printer, and designer is extremely important, as the registration of the 4-color lithography over the foil is very tight. The designer must make sure the same film is used to create the engraving and the printing plates to ensure correct registration.
Content for this weeks’ eNewsletter was provided courtesy of the FSEA. | <urn:uuid:cfbb35b0-9d12-4c09-a972-d6cbe9a79614> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://kluge.biz/news/refractive-stamping-on-your-kluge-press/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.928827 | 480 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin, To Be a Jew (New York: Basic Books Inc., 1972), p. 72.
2Boaz Cohen, Sabbath Prohibitions Known as Shebut (New York: W. F. Albright, 1949), p. 21.
3Abram Kanof, “Sabbath,” Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 14 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing, 1971), p. 557.
4Hans-Joachim Krause, Worship in Israel (Richmond, VA: John Knox Press, 1966), p. 79.
5Simon Greenberg, A Jewish Philosophy and Pattern of Life (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1981), p. 347.
6Donin, p. 63.
9Kanof, p. 559.
10Nathan S. Barack, A History of the Sabbath (New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1965), p. 14.
11Kraus, p. 87.
12Cf., “The Westminster Shorter Catechism,” of A.D. 1647: “Question. 1. What is the chief end of man? Answer. Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever.” See Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, vol. III (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1990), p. 675.
13Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1958), 3:2, p. 457.
14Ibid., p. 458.
15Steven S. Schwarzchild, “The Messianic Doctrine in Contemporary Jewish Thought,” Concepts that Distinguish Judaism (Washington, D.C.: B’nai B’rith Books, 1985), p. 245.
16Kanof, p. 562.
17An early Jewish exposition of the underlying significance of a Bible text.
18Donin, p. 62.
19Barack, dedication page.
20Donin, p. 62.
21Donin, pp. 89-96.
22John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. by Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960), II:vii, 29. Emphasis mine.
23Ibid. Cf. J. I. Packer, A Quest For Godliness: The Puritan Vision of the Christian Life (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1990), pp. 236-243.
24Ibid., p. 68. | <urn:uuid:b617efee-fb91-4adb-b5a5-3fdd6a8b24f6> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://founders.org/fj24/footnotes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982297973.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195817-00103-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.667733 | 547 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Selected animal - and bird - proverbs as reflectors of indigenous knowledge systems and social mores : a study from Zulu language and culture.
Selected animal- and bird- proverbs as reflectors of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and social mores: a study from Zulu language and culture is a research that focuses on the human-animal and bird interface to explore the role animals and birds play in the manifestation of a composite picture of Zulu society. This research also proposes to investigate various concepts related to animal and bird metaphors as manifested in the images of proverbial metaphors with an objective of examining the philosophical thought, moral values and attitudes ofZulu society. The primary objective ofthis research is to contribute to an understanding of the ways in which humans use animal and bird behaviour in constructing healthy social relationships as well as meaningful social coexistence. This research is conceptually based on the nature of language as a symbolic representation of reality. It attempts to do a critical interpretation of images reflected in proverbial metaphors with the help of international theories which might be applicable to a Zulu situation as well as oral testimonies of local informants as the research is based on local concepts. Language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behaviour can be experienced, explained and shared. This makes language the most efficient means of transmitting culture, and it is the owners of that culture that lose the most when a language dies. Every culture has adapted to unique circumstances, and the language expresses those circumstances. Identity is closely associated with language. What we talk about, think, and believe is closely bound up with the words and symbols we have, so the history of a culture can be traced in its language which is a major form of human communication and interaction. Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge Systems is being encouraged in most parts of the world as it enriches and enhances indigenous peoples' self esteem. In Mrica for instance, the recognition of indigenous peoples together with their Indigenous Knowledge Systems seems to have given rise to a concept called 'African Renaissance' which implies the renewal or the regeneration ofthe African continent. Indigenous Knowledge Systems are vital in teaching us different ways of thinking about life, of approaching our day-to-day existence on the environment. Recognising and developing these traditional knowledge systems might help indigenous peoples all over the world preserve their traditional knowledge about the environment as well as their cultural identities ofwhich language is a major component. Language and human identity are inherently linked and inseparable. For many people, like the Zulu, the loss of language may bring loss of identity, dignity, sense of community and traditional religion or spirituality, When language is lost, people of that particular language also lose the knowledge contained in that language's words, symbols, grammar and expressive elements such as proverbial metaphors and indigenous aphorisms that can never be recovered if the language has not been studied or recorded. Selected animal and bird species form the basis ofthis research on account of their direct link on Zulu people's culture, indigenous medicine and language reflected through proverbs and idioms. For example, images of the big four of the wild which are: the lion, leopard, buffalo and elephant, and are commonly known as the favourites of the Zulu royal house are used in the presentation ofthe symbolic figure ofKing Shaka. A society is formed by a common culture and language, and is moulded by acceptance of rules, customs, ways of life and moral responsibility that promote ideas and ideals that secure the survival of society. The understanding of such a background context about a society helps for a better analysis of its literature, particularly proverbs. Proverbs are the most valuable source for the understanding of a society because they are the reflection of a society from which they originate. Proverbs, as the product of an entire society, need to be studied in society and society through them. Proverbs are concerned with people's behaviour an~ attitudes as they relate to the treatment of persons through the use of moral principles and by giving a device for providing guidance for people's lives. Proverbs are also an oral thread that permeates throughout both tradition and culture in order to manifest the golden heritage invested in these genres. They also serve as a code for establishing standard in ethical and moral behaviour. Ethical behaviour is a normative principle that ensures ease of life lived in common as it acknowledges both the rights and the responsibilities of every citizen in promoting individual and societal well-being. There are several proverbs directed primarily at instilling basic values of honesty, sharing, gratitude and respect to children. Adult members of society seem to have a binding duty of instilling good habits of behaviour, guidelines and boundaries in life towards self-discipline to the young generation and this prepares them to be responsible and considerate citizens in future. Communal responsibility in raising children is an African practice. A framework against which to examine the social manifestations of the phenomenon of food and eating together in Zulu proverbs is set out. Eating is one ofthe most basic of our human activities. Either we eat, or we die. Because food is so basic to life, it also takes on a rich symbolic importance. Different societies have developed rituals around food and it plays a prominent role in various different religions. We do not simply eat to satisfy a physical need to stay alive. Our eating together of meals goes beyond our physical actions. Food enriches our enjoyment of life and is central to the development ofany human culture and social relationships. Responsible behaviour is the epitome of this research. The Zulu place a high value on responsible behaviour in building an individual's reputation. Responsible behaviour makes social relationships healthy and successful in a holistic manner. The goal ofthis research is to assist in the development of moral, compassionate and fairminded persons who can make positive contributions to society as individuals and as members of society who honour good conduct as an intrinsic value. Every society desires individuals whose actions reflect their integrity and a deep sense of social responsibility. Chronically irresponsible individuals who are inconsiderate seem to become targets of proverbs. Several proverbs referring to animals and birds admonish irresponsible behaviour. For instance, an image of a dog is often used to characterise deceitful and irresponsible behaviour while an image of a bird figures in several proverbs that implicate interpersonal decoru Social life in Zulu culture is based on reciprocal or communal sharing, principles dealing with proper disposition of valuables such as ritualised meat and food. Several of the corpora of this study give guidelines and etiquette of sharing such food. Rituals to link the living community with the community of the dead reflect the inextricable bond between the two communities. Proverbs are therefore, considered an essential catalyst or a common vehicle through which a society can renew and reinforce its values, and restore a sense of pride, dignity and respect amongst its members as they stress the task of nation building in the context of joint action towards the eradication of antisocial practices which do not promote sustainable social relationships as well as survival of society. This research concentrates on the regeneration and re-norming of society through the formulation, propagation and restoration of values reflected by selected animal and bird proverbs. Facilitating the realisation of the moral society through the regeneration of moral values is possible through the realisation ofthe essence ofresponsible behaviour in the minds and hearts of people. This means that reconstructing an environment permeated by a regenerated ethical behaviour which encapsulates credibility, respectability, responsibility, loyalty, cooperation and communal sharing of values provides a paradigm shift to give society a new direction towards a communal dedication to helping each other do our best. | <urn:uuid:30a4e274-dd4c-4427-a2ed-aa4e63254b06> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/3988 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809162458-20200809192458-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.9506 | 1,533 | 3.125 | 3 |
How fast can the internet get?
Samsung recently announced their breakthrough in developing 5G network, good news but there’s much better news that is still not told. Ever thought of internet with download speeds of up to 2 gigabits a second?
Well, Google has ongoing plans to install Google Fibre in different cities, they’ve not reached Africa though. The internet reaches the speeds of up to one-gigabit a second.
Google Fibre received a positive response in Kansas City where it first experimented with super-fast Web connections. Residents quickly abandoned other options. Entrepreneurs relocated to the city to take advantage of the unique offer.
Sony is also planning to install a fibre-based internet service in Japan which could reach download speeds of 2 gigabits a second (Gbps). That is twice as fast as Google Fiber, a 1Gbps connection currently.
So, with companies continually outdoing each other and offering faster download capabilities, the question remains: how fast can you go?
Understanding the optical fibres
Optical fibres comprise a silica glass core, surrounded by another layer of purer silica, the cladding. Over these is a silicone protective layer, and one or more layers of protective tubes. Light is guided along the glass core of the fibre by total internal reflection, which results in very little power loss.
Imagine a glass window 5km thick and only losing 50% of the light; this is how transparent an optical fibre is!
If the core’s diameter is smaller than about 10 micrometers (around one tenth the thickness of a human hair), the light is guided straight down the middle. This is a single-mode fibre, and as there is only one “path” (mode) for the light to travel along, its velocity is very precise.
A very short pulse of light will remain a pulse as it hurtles down the fibre, so we can send many billions of pulses per second without them overlapping. This gives the single-mode bandwidth an enormous data carrying capability, much more than a home could possibly want (unless you have a server farm in the attic).
Optical fibre capacity
While optical fibre transmits large amounts of data – and fast – the options available are by no means as fast as has been demonstrated in laboratories.
Even Sony’s 2Gbps announcement pales in comparison to recent research. Reports have shown rates of 26Tbps (terabits a second, where one terabit equals 1,000 gigabits) from a single laser source along a standard fibre, to more than 1,000Tbps along a 12-core research optical fibre. That’s equivalent to sending 5,000 high definition, two-hour-long videos over 50km – in one second.
Given that the total average download rate of the world is forecast to be only 250Tbps in 2016, then a single strand of this new multi-core fibre could carry all of the world’s internet traffic!
Responding to the question-“Will Google Fibre be rolling out to other cities? ” on their site, Google indicated that they were taking it one step at a time.
Adopting super-fast internet however does not fail to come with its downsides. It will call for increased capital cost of the equipment at the ends of the fibre, more electricity for exchanges and increased prices for internet subscriptions. The ‘product’ makes economic sense when shared by many people but would be too much to bear for an individual.
Extracts from:The Conversation | <urn:uuid:e3cf8c9c-cdbf-4ac8-be90-c3198e313216> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.kenyaengineer.co.ke/the-future-of-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.941275 | 740 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Syracuse (Siracusa - Συράκουσαι) is notable for its rich Greek history heritage, the baroque architecture, and as the birthplace of the preeminent Greek mathematician and engineer Archimedes. The city was founded by ancient Greek Corinthians in 734 BC and became a mighty city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth and exerted influence over the entirety of Magna Graecia, of which it was the most important city. Described by Cicero as "the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all", it equaled Athens in size during the fifth century BC.
Later it became part of the Roman Republic and the Byzantine Empire. Syracuse is mentioned in the Bible in the Acts of the Apostles book at 28:12 as Paul stayed there. The city's patron saint is Santa Lucia, who was born in Syracuse and died in 304 AD during the Diocletianic Persecution. Under Emperor Constans II, the city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire (663–669). It was occupied by the Arabs for two centuries as part of the Emirate of Sicily. After this, Palermo overtook it in importance as the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily. Eventually, the kingdom would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1865.
The city was struck by two ruinous earthquakes in 1542 and 1693 and a plague in 1729. The 17th-century destruction changed the appearance of Syracuse forever, as well as the entire Val di Noto, whose cities were rebuilt along the typical lines of Sicilian Baroque, considered one of the most typical expressions of art of Southern Italy.
Syracuse is located at the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, next to the Gulf of Syracuse at the Ionian Sea and only 65km south of Catania and its International Airport. The road from Catania is excellent, and the bus/car takes less than an hour to arrive in the city center.
Direct trains connect Stazione Catania Centrale with Stazione Syracusa. The journey lasts one and a half hours. The train station is located on the west of the old city and about 1.3km from Ortygia, the main tourist attraction. Taxis and buses are available, but walking does not take more than 15min. Moreover, the train station is 1.6km to the south of the Parco Archeologico Neapolis, which is the other important tourist destination of the city. In general, the city is flat, and one can easily walk from one attraction to the other. Usually, tourists visit Syracuse as part of a bigger Sicilian tour or a day excursion from Catania.
If you have just one day or less to spend in Siracusa, I recommend spending about 2 hours at the Archaeological Park (Parco Archeologico della Neapolis) and the rest of your time on the island of Ortygia. Both are not to be missed and will give you a great sense of the over 2,700 years of history that have helped shape this corner of Sicily.
The Parco Archeologico Neapolis occupies a big area at the southern foothills of Temenite Hill. It corresponds to a small part of the ancient Greek and Roman quarter of Neapolis of Syracuse (from the Greek "Νεά πόλις" = "New Town").
Temenite Hill (Τεμενίτης Λόφος) used to be the heart of the public activity of the ancient Greek colony of Syracuse. Visiting this great historical and natural area, one can understand the grandeur of the Greek city.
Some meters after the entrance to the archeological park, you will find the ticket booth. Be sure to hang onto your ticket when going from one place to the other, as there are two different ticket checkpoints (just to make life complicated): one entering the Greek theater/latomia and one entering the Roman amphitheater.
Greek Theatre (Teatro Greco)
On the highest point of the Temenite hill is the Greek Theater (Teatro Greco), where classical plays are still performed. Overlooking the city, the Greek Theater is the largest example of the theater architecture of the Greek West. Constructed in the 5th century BC, this wonderfully preserved theater has remained in remarkable condition and appears today much as it did centuries ago. It has the peculiarity of being almost entirely carved in stone. In addition to the performances, the theater was used for popular assemblies. After being adapted in imperial times to the circus games, the theater was abandoned.
The excavations, which began in the late 18th century and continued throughout the following century, were completed only in the mid-20th century. On the genesis of the monument, there are different opinions. Still, it is generally agreed that the current shape dates back to the restoration of the years 238-215 BC, during the reign of Hiero II. Today, the scene building is destroyed, and only the cuttings in the bedrock for its foundations are now visible.
At the top of the theater, there is the Terrace of Temenite Hill, a flat area where one can see some manufactured structures, among which is the Grotta del Ninfeo, the Via dei Sepolcri, as well as the casetta dei Mugnai, identified as the last remaining mill on the Temenite hill.
Via dei Sepolcri
The Via dei Sepolcri (road of the tombs) is a 150 meters long road that leads to the top of Colle Temenite. Entering the road, one can see the high rocky walls surrounding it on both sides and the votive shrines that have been dug all along the way. These are shrines made to celebrate the heroes of the city. Syracuse, like all Greek cities, practiced the cult of heroes. As heroes had particularly distinguished themselves in life, they deserved to be honored and revered. This was very important for the Greek religion.
Once up the Via dei Sepolcri, you will come to the top of the Hill. Here are the remains of the Sanctuary of Apollo Temenite (Greek word "Temenos" means "sacred enclosure"), which gives its name to the whole Hill.
Grotta del Ninfeo
The Grotta del Ninfeo (the nymphaeum grotto) is located at the center of the Terrace of Temenite Hill. This manufactured cave is the largest of all in the area. There were statues dedicated to the Muses at the entrance, three of which (dated to the 2nd century BC) are still preserved and are on display at the "Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi". Inside the cave, a fountain is dedicated to the Ancient Greek cult of the nymphs, nature goddesses. The name nymphaeum derives from this.
The Syracusan nymphaeum is thought to have been the ancient location of the Mouseion (the sanctuary of the Muses), the seat of the artistic guild, where the Syracusan actors gathered before descending into the theatre to put on comedies and tragedies in the time of Epicharmus and Aeschylus.
The grotto has a vaulted ceiling, and inside it, there is a rectangular tub in which the water is collected before cascading from a cavity located at the bottom of the rock wall. The water that flows into the grotto derives from two separate aqueducts, both of Greek date; one is called the Acquedotto del Ninfeo (Nymphaeum Aqueduct), while the other is the Galermi Aqueduct. Next to the entrance, some votive aedicula (votive little shrines) were used for hero cults. To the east of the grotto, the last watermill from the Spanish period remains visible even today. It took water from the grotto and redirected it into the theatre after using it to mill grain.
During one of his trips to Syracuse in the second half of the 1700s, the painter Jean-Pierre Houël depicted the Grotta del Ninfeo as he found it.
The gouache shows a much deeper grotta than today, with water descending towards the theatre, where the mills were installed.
In the grotta, some women are busy making cloth.
Mulini di Galerme
The Mulini di Galerme (Mills of Galerme) was a complex of water mills placed above the cavea of the Greek Theater, dating back to the late medieval period. They take their name from the Galermi aqueduct. Of this complex today, only the so-called millers' house (La casetta dei Mugnai) has remained, a sort of tower. Under the intact house, a funerary cave was found, dating back to the Sicilian period; an important finding since it confirms that the relief of the Temenite was frequented already in the pre-Greek era.
Altar of Hiero II (altare di Gerone II)
To the south of the theater stands the Altar of Hiero II (altare di Gerone II). A great sacrificial altar, commissioned by the tyrant Hiero II, where 450 bulls could be sacrificed at one time. This giant altar built in the 3rd century BC is probably dedicated to Zeus Eleuterio. What remains of it is the base section, built into the rock. Like other monuments of the classical age, the highest part was looted by the Spanish in the 16th century, who used the blocks already squared to build up the fortifications of Ortygia.
The sacrificial animals accessed the altar via two ramps that faced north and south, while at the center, there was another raised area where sacrificial fires were lit. The vast square in front was enclosed by a large portico (14 columns on the short sides and 64 on the long sides), at the center of which stood a large fountain with a stand that was thought to support a statue.
Latomia/Orecchio di Dioniso
East of the theater stand the Latomia, deep stone quarries where the vegetation alternates with rocks dug by men and erosion caused by weather conditions. If you do not enough time, most probably you will visit only the Latomia of Paradise (Latomia del Paradiso), which is adjacent to the east side of the theater. This latomia is the biggest and the most beautiful, as it has been shaped into a shady garden. Further to the east, there are more latomia, the Grotticelle Necropolis, and the supposed tomb of Archimedes.
Latomia of paradise today is a charming and delightful place; originally, it was an immense stone quarry mostly covered and subterranean. According to the story of the ancient historians, the latomia were also used as a place of isolation. The greater curiosity of this place is a bizarre, artificial limestone cave with surprising acoustic effects. The slightest hiss echoes inside the cave, and it is repeated and blown out of proportion. These phenomena, as well as its similarity to the human ear canal, have given rise to the legend that the cavern was dug from the tyrant Dionysius I to lock up political opponents and dissidents and overhear their speeches. The so-called Orecchio di Dioniso is 23 meters high and extends 65 meters back into the cliff. Horizontally, it bends in an approximate "S" shape. Vertically it is tapered at the top like a teardrop.
Go all the way to the end of the cave. It gets pretty dark in there, so use your cellphone flashlight to move around. This cave was dug in Greek times as water storage for Syracuse.
The cave was widely known as "Cave that speeches". The name Ear of Dionysius (Orecchio di Dioniso) was given by the painter Michelangelo da Caravaggio, who in 1608 visited the Syracuse latomia after the mathematician, antiquarian, and archaeologist Vincenzo Mirabella took him to visit the grotto.
On the right of the Orecchio di Dioniso, there is the Grotta dei Cordari (Rope Makers Cave), which was not open to the public during the period I visited.
Roman amphitheater (Anfiteatro Romano)
The Romans and the Normans also left their traces in this park. To the south, among the pomegranate trees, stands the Roman amphitheater (Anfiteatro Romano). Although the Roman Amphitheater is not as well preserved as its Greek neighbor, it is still a sight to behold and should not be overlooked. Dating back to the early imperial age, the amphitheater is one of the greatest buildings of this kind in existence. The amphitheater is largely excavated out of the rock, and in the northeast, it takes advantage of the slope of the same rocky outcrop which the Greek theatre is built into.
Almost nothing of the superstructure built from masonry survives due to the 16th-century Spanish devastation. The structure has monumental dimensions, measuring around 140 meters in length and 119 meters in width.
There were two entrances into the arena: the Main one (North), was connected to a large yard to house the chariots of the audience. In the garden, next to the main entrance, are accommodated some impressive sarcophagi. There was a complicated system of steps that led from the upper levels to the exterior. At the center of the arena, there was a rectangular pit, which was originally covered. An underground passage ran from this pit to the entrance at the southern end of the amphitheater. This pit and passage were necessary for machinery used during the shows.
The seating in the cavea is separated from the arena itself by a high platform, under which was a vaulted corridor through which gladiators entered the arena. Above this were the front seats, which were reserved for high-ranking individuals.
Chiesa San Nicolò ai Cordari
At the entrance of the archeological park, there is the Chiesa San Nicolò ai Cordari. The Church owes its name to the artisan manufacturers of ropes to which this was given in 1577. Built in the eleventh century, under the Norman domination of Sicily, it is one of the first churches built after the expulsion of the Arabs and the restoration of the Christian faith. The small (16x8m), single-nave church is partly built on an existing building, a Roman age pool carved into the rock.
First used as a water tank and connected to the water system of the Roman amphitheater, in the Byzantine period, the pool was transformed into an underground church and later used as the crypt of the above church. | <urn:uuid:eb88f38b-6ba4-42ba-9ca3-2a79e36f5e47> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kostas66.com/442526911 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.965329 | 3,139 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Usb Wiring Diagram – usb connections diagram, usb wiring diagram, usb wiring diagram 12v, There are numerous sorts of electronic gadgets on the market. The majority of them use USB cable. The cable may be used to transfer information from 1 apparatus to another. It can also link device to a power supply for charging purpose. Knowing Usb Wiring Diagram will likely to be great for you.
The diagram to get USB cable can help whenever there’s an problem with it. Knowledge on representing parts of USB is going to assist consumer in finding out that part that should be fixed. For crafty users that wish to build their own USBs, this diagram will serve as a principle.
Construction USB Cable According to USB Wiring Diagram
USB cable is known to be quite a serial bus. The cable consists of four threaded wires. Two wires, GND and +5v, are specifically for power. The remaining two cables are for information signals. They’re named as Dand D. Before learning Usb Wiring Diagram, there is another thing to learn about this particular cable.
There are four types of data levels in USB cable. The first one is Low Speed with transfer rate about 1.5 Mbit per second. Full rate has transfer speed of approximately 12 Mbit per second There’s also Hi-Speed data transport speed about 480 Mbit per second. The Super Speed rate goes beyond that with transfer rate of 4800 Mbit per second.
In order to construct a USB cable, then you need to gather these substances.
- Cat-5 cable of desired length
- USB connectors
- Shrink tubing
- Sharp knife
- Soldering iron
- Electric meter
- Stripper for cables
According to Usb Wiring Diagram, you will find just four wires used in the cable. Typically it uses black, black, white and red wire colours. Black wire serves as ground, just like in every other apparatus. The red one is for sure cable with DC ability of 5 volts. Green and white function as data cable with green indicates white and negative as optimistic.
If you’re utilizing Cat-5 cable subsequently take just four of the wires with colours specified as in the previous part. Utilize the solid cables, rather than the ones that are stripped. Strip about a centimeter in the ends. Following that, pay for the entire wires with large shrink tubing. Each cable should also be coated by smaller shrink tube.
The following part is also vital in the process of earning USB cable. It’s soldering the wires into the connector at an end. Being neat as possible during this procedure is quite important. The cables should not cross each other since the USB cable cannot be used in any respect. Depending upon the Usb Wiring Diagram, every cable is completely protected from one another.
After the first end has been finished, it is time to move to another one. To begin with, the electrical meter should be set into Ohm functioning. Match both ends until the meter creates a noise that indicates closed circuit. Once that happens, it’s time to solder each wire into their respective components. Twist the wires with shrink tubing too.
Once the USB cable was fully created, it is time to check the application. User may check whether the cable can help charging digital device that supports USB connection. Attempting the cable out to look at its information transfer capacity can be highly advised.
Having knowledge of Usb Wiring Diagram and its components can help user finding out what’s wrong with the apparatus when it is not working. Additionally, it may help user building their own USB cable based on particular requirements, such as rate and cable length. Hopefully, this info will be put into a fantastic use!
Soldering – Rewiring Usb Connector On Asus Transformer – Super User – Usb Wiring Diagram Uploaded by Yamama on Monday, February 11th, 2019 in category USB Wiring Diagram.
Here we have another image Micro Usb 3.0 Connector Pinout Diagram @ Pinoutguide – Usb Wiring Diagram featured under Soldering – Rewiring Usb Connector On Asus Transformer – Super User – Usb Wiring Diagram. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the pictures in high quality, simply right click the image and choose "Save As". Thanks for reading Soldering – Rewiring Usb Connector On Asus Transformer – Super User – Usb Wiring Diagram. | <urn:uuid:17e1c8ac-436c-4772-994c-b4a6398c3e63> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://usbwiringdiagram.com/usb-wiring-diagram/soldering-rewiring-usb-connector-on-asus-transformer-super-user-usb-wiring-diagram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882581.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024110118-20201024140118-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.92536 | 936 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What are some of the hardships that the Judeo-Christian God demands of the prophets? How do the prophets treat the enemies of Yahweh/Jehovah?
Why isn't Yahweh/Jehovah not more merciful? The Prophet, Elijah goes in search of God after he slaughters some of the people, but does not find God in Nature -- what did Elijah discover about God? Of what significance is a transcendent God. How did Isaiah add more definition to God as dreadful and terrible.
4 Answers | Add Yours
What a great question. Here are some important points to keep in mind.
God calls his prophets to do many difficult things. First, almost all of the prophets are called to people do not want to hear them. Isaiah 6 is a good example of this point. Jeremiah is called the weeping prophet, because he pronounces destruction upon his people. Another example is Jonah. He is called to go to declare repentance to the enemies of Israel, the city of Ninevah. Hebrews 12 even speak of people of Yahweh that were sawn in two. So, there was active persecution.
In terms of how the prophets treated the enemies of Yahweh is variable. Sometimes there is destruction that the prophets proclaim, but sometimes they pronounce salvation and the mercy of God, like Jonah. The emphasis is equal.
Now as for why is not Yahweh not more merciful, this is a difficult question to answer and it really depends on your perspective. You can say that Yahweh is merciful - after all he does save people. Or you can say that his judgment is just and not cruel. Imagine a world without justice. This is no better.
Finally, the book of Isaiah gives a picture of God that is merciful. He will send a suffering servant, who will save his people.
Well i will show you two hardships in fact: Daniel was a example of a good prophet who went through hardships one example was proving the ruling babylonian king wrong "Nebachadnezzar" who actually was against the teachings of one god. He said, that his one god was better than his many gods which where Marduk, Moloch, Bel the dragon, Ishtaar the sun godess and god of fertility. He peresecuted many Jews and put them in a low class, but the story in Daniel about the writing on the wall which nobody in the land could read thereof except Daniel who could translate as a warning to the reign of Nebachadnezzar and his son belshazzar will bring out the fall of their kingdom...in this verse of the bible:
God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it ,thou art weighed by the balances, and art found wanting. Thy kingdom is divided by the medes and persians. Daniel ch. 6 verse 26-28
So I see that this is quite a feat by Daniel, his prediction soon came true. He even was persecuted by Nebachadnezzar's own son Belshazzar whom was the biggest persecuter of Jews even more than his father whom knew peace Belshazzar did not know of peace only war.
God mainly wanted the prophets to spread the word that many Jews have denied. Yahweh in hebrew is also called Elohim or the most high. Legend goes that many of the prophets talk about our modern times. Over the years the Jews have been exiled again & again to the point that they never returned home. this point of history in our modern times Israel is hated by everyone leading to mass hysteria for Israel. Palestininans by legend are descendents of the Cannaanites whom have demanded the fall of Israel for years.
In many lost books of the bible like the book of Enoch details a prediction as well as a act of god in our modern time and that right now is the beginning the restoration of all things and that all things will go downside until everyone creates a more wise world:
Wisdom went forth to dwell among the sons of men, but she obtained not a habitation. Wisdom returned to her place, and seated herself in the midst of the angels. But iniquity went forth after her return, who unwillingly found a habitation, and resided among them, as rain in the desert, and as a dew in a thirsty land.
this website has a list of lost books in history as well as biblical history......
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:042f977d-7549-43dd-aeb6-3fc9b787ae6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-some-hardships-that-judeo-christian-god-285927 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770400.105/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00090-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977277 | 938 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Activities include touching animals or coming into close contact with them, so there are some things you should make sure you do, for the sake of hygiene.
To make sure that you enjoy this incredible experience in complete safety, please read through this information.
We thought it might be helpful to you if we explain the reason behind some of these guidelines. All animals can carry infections which can be harmful to people and cause illness. If you follow our guidelines, this reduces the risk of picking up an infection. When you touch or feed animals, your hands may be contaminated with bacteria from the animals. There may also be bacteria present on gates, fences, walls, floors and other surfaces that the animals have touched, as well as animal droppings on the ground. That is why we advise you to observe these precautions, so you stay safe and happy!
There are also some physical dangers on the farm and in other activity areas, so please ensure you and your children pay close attention to the Wildlife Rangers, and follow all instructions they give, such as not touching a particular animal or standing in a particular place.
Our Wildlife Rangers have won awards for the excellence of the Wildlife Experiences, so just follow their clear instructions and you can relax and enjoy a 'once in a lifetime' experience. | <urn:uuid:383f7215-c2e4-452a-8326-5751e730d4ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.gwelanmor.com/stay-safe-stay-happy/feadon-farm-wildlife-centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215176.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819125734-20180819145734-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.944105 | 260 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The traits of a police officer include emotional stability, honesty, integrity and incorruptibility. In addition interpersonal skills, sound judgment, justice, service mindedness, resourcefulness and the ability to empathize are required. Empathy is defined as the capacity to take the role of the other. Officers are conferred power and entrusted to use it to perform their dangerous work, given they are first responders. Unless officers can treat individuals with respect and dignity, they may act outside the parameters of the law. In sum, every action of a police officer has implications for the lives of the public. Finally, police officers are the heroic because their actions achieve moral outcomes.
Who is the mentally ill individual the officer is encountering? It’s likely this individual has experienced countless devaluing interactions. Being victim to pervasive devaluation and stigmatization psychologically incapacitates the mentally ill individual, causing them to abandon hope and without hope one cannot appreciate the possibility of meaningful living. The mentally ill individual is ultimately disempowered and unable to exercise self-determination. This ultimate vulnerability is analogous to a sort of social death – being victim to powerful forces resulting from a diminished capacity to exercise effective and adaptive decision making. Schizophrenia is the most severe of the psychopathologies; a cruel, unmerciful, debilitating, formal thought disorder that disturbs one’s perceptual system leaving one incapacitated, vulnerable and unable to exercise adaptive decision making to ensure they are safe in the dark, dangerous alleys and underground of our cities.
To enact compassionate policing of the mentally ill means police officers are sufficiently trained to interact with these individuals in respectful ways that achieve desired outcomes. If unnecessary, unreasonable force is used with a mentally ill individual, the risk for tragic outcomes increases. Officers are trained to establish command presence, control and give instructions to subjects to ensure the safety of the officer and subject. In encounters other than with a mentally ill subject, this protocol will likely achieve desired outcomes. Studies also indicate that the mentally ill are not more prone to violence than anyone in the general population and they account for 3-4% of the violence in society. The myth being perpetuated is that the mentally ill are violent and unpredictable. The reality is that the mentally ill are often too disorganized and lack the means to commit crimes. The myth persists because some people believe that strange people with unusual mannerisms and weird ideas are dangerous. In the end, the otherness we perceive in the severely mentally ill results in their marginalization and they become a threat to our safety.
The severe, persistent mentally ill individual is the most irredeemably, stigmatized human being. Their self-esteem, self-confidence and self-evaluation erode, depriving them of self-worth, dignity and the opportunity to make meaningful contributions to society. Unless officers understand and appreciate how interacting with a mentally ill individual requires an approach guided by respectful communication, the potential for escalating force increases significantly. A psychotic, homeless Schizophrenic may be responding to a voice saying the officer is a devil disguised as a police officer, and to not respond to their instructions. In this encounter, a sufficiently trained officer recognizes that respecting the mentally ill individual’s space, and reassuring him/her that they are not a devil could avert the use of force. However, unless the officer appreciates that the mentally ill subject is terrified of them, and that this is the reason for their defiant attitude to not sit on the curb, he may escalate the encounter leading to the use of force. The use of force may leave the subject or officer injured.
Training officers on compassionate policing will increase their knowledge and provide skills to ensure they achieve cooperation and desired results for the mentally ill. Ideally, we divert the mentally ill from incarceration to appropriate treatment facilities. Based on our experience from the last seven years of training law enforcement, officers genuinely attempt to honor their code of ethics by being respectful toward the mentally ill and directing them to needed treatment.
Article By Elijah Levy, PhD – Author and Professor at Southern California University Health Sciences and University of Redlands | <urn:uuid:9c1e871c-2411-4675-b88f-670615b3c6f7> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://embassyconsultingservices.com/compassionate-policing-of-the-mentally-ill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530060.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420220657-20190421002657-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.947162 | 821 | 3.25 | 3 |
What is it?
TPACK is an acronym that stands for "Technological, pedagogical, content knowledge" (this site explains it more in-depth). You can see the need for the acronym! Sometimes this is also referred to as TPCK. The idea behind TPACK is that if teachers have it, they are more intuitive, creative, innovative, and successful in their efforts to integrate technology into their classrooms in ways that yield not just meaningful, but high impact results on student learning.
Saturday, September 28, 2013
Monday, September 23, 2013
Weebly is an excellent web page tool that is easy to set up, edit, and publish, and has a beautiful interface with a wide array of nicely designed templates.
Recently, I've had my middle school tech students, who are fairly experienced with blogs, set up Weebly accounts and begin some fun projects just to learn the tool. I allowed them to select whatever interested them, then categorize that for the purpose of building pages. They then had to add and cite images, videos, and text while building these pages. | <urn:uuid:3d4a234d-73ea-4805-9bd8-49b9eff37b8e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://edtechsec.blogspot.com/2013_09_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888041.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119144931-20180119164931-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.967771 | 226 | 2.625 | 3 |
EATING snacks containing a fat substitute designed for slimmers can speed up the removal of dioxins and PCBs from the body. This treatment is now being used to help two women with severe dioxin poisoning.
Dioxins and PCBs are stored in body fat. Once there, it takes seven years for half the dose of the chemicals to be cleared from the body. But Michael MacLachlan of the Baltic Sea Research Institute near Rostock, Germany, and his colleagues have found that eating the fat substitute Olestra clears dioxins and PCBs much faster.
Olestra, made by the US-based food company Procter & Gamble, tastes like fat but passes straight through the gut. Dioxins can leave the body by diffusing from body fat into fats in the blood, and from there into the intestine, where they are excreted in the faeces. MacLachlan's team reasoned that Olestra in the gut would absorb dioxins and ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:c8a9edcd-29bb-4156-a8ef-383fb89216c1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422093.500-fast-food.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054096/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00086-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951384 | 234 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Video answer: Generating electricity from biogas made from household kitchen garbage
Top best answers to the question «Can we make electricity from garbage»
When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas… Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas is collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This is called landfill gas.
Landfill gas is gathered from landfills through extraction wells placed depending on the size of the landfill. Roughly one well per acre is typical. Gas is then used to produce electricity, heat, fuels and chemical compounds. Today, more than 900 thermal WTE plants operate around the globe.
Video answer: Making electricity from rubbish
7 other answers
On average, the company produces 550 to 750 kilowatt-hours of electricity per ton of waste, said Chief Sustainability Officer Paul Gilman. While the power comes from burning garbage, there's a big...
Generating electricity in mass-burn WTE plants is remarkably straightforward and follows seven basic steps: The MSW is dumped out of garbage trucks into a large pit. A crane with a giant claw attachment is used to grab the waste and dump it into a combustion chamber. The waste, which now becomes the fuel, starts to burn, releasing heat.
Waste-to-energy is a waste management option. Producing electricity is only one reason to burn MSW. Burning waste also reduces the amount of material that would probably be buried in landfills. Waste-to-energy plants reduce 2,000 pounds of garbage to ash weighing about 300 pounds to 600 pounds, and they reduce the volume of waste by about 87%. Waste-to-energy around the world
We can generate electricity by burning solid waste found in the landfills. A community must have a waste to energy facility that incinerates garbage and transforms chemical energy into thermal energy. The following methods are used to turn waste into energy The most common technology for waste to energy conversion is incineration.
Pyrolysis is normally used to generate energy in the form of heat, electricity or fuels, but it could be even more beneficial if cold plasma was incorporated into the process, to help recover ...
Vegetable, fruit waste can produce electricity Think about all the fruit and vegetable waste left behind during harvest, lying unused and unwanted in farm fields and processing plants. Not only does it literally go to waste, it often takes time and labor to get rid of it. But what if all that unused produce could be turned into energy?
Other companies, such as Wheelabrator, simply fortify the gas and burn it directly to produce electricity—although that can result in the emissions of toxic chemicals, such as dioxins—or employ... | <urn:uuid:434f4135-e208-4b6c-aec3-f63ecaed8e22> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ecologyinfo.com/can-we-make-electricity-from-garbage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334912.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926144455-20220926174455-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.935762 | 562 | 3.40625 | 3 |
22 June 1998
Both satellites have been designed and constructed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) at the Surrey Space Centre's purpose-built facility at the University of Surrey in Guildford.
FASat-Bravo is an identical replacement for the FASat-Alpha which was launched on 31 August 1995 but became stranded in space when it failed to separate from the main Ukrainian satellite to which it was attached. It has been constructed under a Technology Transfer Programme between the Chilean Air Force and SSTL.
The main task of this first Chilean satellite will be to monitor the destruction of the ozone layer above Chile. This will be done from a sun-synchronous orbit 835 km above the Earth, so lighting conditions will be identical during each overhead pass. The experiment will measure the amount of solar ultraviolet light which is scattered by the upper atmosphere. The data collected will be correlated with ground-based observations made by the Chilean Meteorological Directorate.
The satellite will also carry a sophisticated Earth imaging system composed of a wide angle camera providing meteorological images with a resolution of 2000 metres and a narrow angle camera with 200 metre resolution. Up to 600 images of 300 Kb each can be stored on the satellite's solid state data recorder.
"We are delighted to work again with Chile on this exciting project," said Professor Martin Sweeting, Director of the Surrey Space Centre and CEO of SSTL," and are looking forward to a successful mission."
According to Lt. Col. Mario Arancibia, Chilean Air Force Project Manager, "FASat-Bravo renews the Chilean Air Force commitment to bring the benefits of space to all Chileans with a spacecraft that directly stimulates the interests of the environmental, scientific and youth communities."
The second Surrey-made satellite is Thailand's first microsatellite (TMSAT). SSTL signed a 4M pound contract for a microsatellite technology transfer and training programme with Thailand in November 1995. TMSAT has been constructed by Thai engineers with the aid of SSTL and will operate from low Earth orbit carrying a number of experimental payloads. These include a digital signal processing system to investigate ways of enhancing satellite communications, in addition to wide and narrow angle cameras capable of taking 100 metre resolution, multi-spectral images of the Earth's surface.
SSTL was formed in 1985 as a company wholly owned by the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. With 140 staff and postgraduate research students, the Centre houses state-of-the- art satellite research and construction facilities. The company has pioneered inexpensive yet powerful microsatellites - the size of a TV set and weighing just 50 kg. Its customers have come from Chile, France, Portugal, Korea, Pakistan, South Africa, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, USA and UK.
Having already designed and built 12 satellites - an average of two each year since 1990 - SSTL has become a world leader in small satellite engineering. The aim of the company is:
Further information on SSTL is available on the Web. | <urn:uuid:04da46b2-a3e1-4e60-b717-00665bd3fb81> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://carlkop.home.xs4all.nl/microsat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124236.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00008-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945337 | 624 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Read the rest at Max McNabb's website.
Thursday, May 7, 2015
The Power Brothers by Max McNabb
Old man Power didn’t want his sons to be cannon fodder in the First World War. Jeff Power told his boys, John and Tom, not to register for the draft. The rich man’s war had nothing to do with them. In 1918, the Power family, originally from West Texas, had a gold mine to work in Arizona’s Gila Valley.
“They reacted the way Texans would react,” historian Jeff Robenalt says in the documentary Power’s War. “They didn’t cause the war… they didn’t make the draft. Why should they register for it?”
The young brothers planned to remain in the Galiuro Mountains until the war ended, then everything would blow over. But the US government had other plans. On February 9, 1918, Deputy US Marshal Haynes, Sheriff McBride, and Deputy Kempton met with volunteer Deputy Kane Wootan. The lawmen rode up into the mountains to arrest John and Tom Power for failing to register for the selective draft.
All four of the lawmen were members of the Mormon Church. Writer Roderick Roberts notes the Gila Valley was heavily Mormon and the Power family’s status as non-Mormon newcomers caused some of their neighbors to view them with hostility. The Powers claimed the Wootans wanted their gold mine and were willing to use the WWI conscription to take it. Sheriff McBride served as chairman of the county draft board. If John and Tom were drafted, their father couldn’t work the mine alone and would have to sell.
Just before dawn, the sound of startled horses woke Jeff Power in the family cabin. He stepped to the door and opened it. A voice in the darkness shouted, “Throw up your hands!”
Jeff Power raised his hands. Three shots cracked and the old man fell, shot down in his own doorway.
The gunfight that followed was the deadliest in Arizona history. The posse fired into the cabin. John and Tom Power grabbed Winchesters and fought back. The family’s hired hand, an ex-Army scout named Tom Sisson, took cover. When the smoke cleared, Jeff Power and three lawmen were dead, a fourth escaped, and the Power brothers had suffered wounded eyes from flying splinters and glass. The attackers never identified themselves as lawmen. Only after standing over the bodies did the Powers realize the dead men wore badges. | <urn:uuid:39cf9cb8-e147-4ee3-827b-647b0c1929f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://georgefsmith.blogspot.com/2015/05/the-power-brothers-by-max-mcnabb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123484.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00621-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97611 | 535 | 2.96875 | 3 |
‘I may disagree with what you say but I will defend to my death your right to say it’.
Earth is big and, as a result, it has a strong gravity. By comparison, the moon is smaller and has less gravity, roughly one-seventh of Earth’s. If someone on the moon wants to attack a spot on the Earth, all they need to do is to throw a moon rock hard enough to leave the moon’s weak gravity well. The rock will then pass into Earth’s gravity well and fall down it, finally striking its appointed target on the Earth’s surface. This process is like a giant on a mountain tossing a boulder on to a fertile valley below. This is a kinetic weapon, as the damage it causes is entirely down to the speed at which it strikes the target, due to the extreme height from which the object has fallen.
To make such a weapon work on the moon, the attacker needs ammunition - rocks - of which the moon has loads, and some means to toss those projectiles in a guided way, in order for them to hit their intended target. Previous science-fiction stories have explored this idea, such as Robert Heinlein’s ‘The Moon is a Harsh Mistress’, in which rocks coated in iron are launched from the Moon, at Earth, by an electromagnetic cannon. Although Heinlein’s book was a masterwork of speculative fiction, wrapping such rocks in iron as a way to propel them is a dated method and unfeasible. Iron is heavy and rare on the moon. There is a better alternative and it involves more modern technology, that of lasers and solar power.
To launch a rock from the Moon to the Earth, you need a) a power source of some kind for the launching and b) something that launches the rocks out of the moon’s gravity. The first requirement, power, can be supplied by solar power. The moon can receive the full intensity of the sun’s rays, uninterrupted, for long periods of time, making this an ideal spot for solar power generation.
The next thing needed is something to launch the rock. Lasers can carry out this task. A possible mechanism is as follows:
On the far side of the moon, a solar array is installed on its surface, along with a robot and several lasers. The solar array charges up the robot. The robot then digs a rock out of the lunar surface and places the rock in a harness hung from poles above the ground, placed in the centre of a circle of lasers. The robot retreats and the lasers, powered by the solar array, fire beams at the rock in the harness. The heat of the laser beams on the rock causes material on its surface to heat up and boil off. This emission of gases pushes the rock in the opposite direction to the gases it emits. Using this ‘action and reaction’ effect, the lasers ‘push’ the rock upwards, against the moon’s weak gravity. By altering the intensity of their beams and where they hit the rock, the lasers guide the rock upwards and entirely away from the lunar surface, accelerating it out of the moon’s gravity well. Once the rock is free of the lunar gravity, the lasers are turned off and the rock is left to fall down the Earth’s gravity well until it finally hits the intended target.
There are many practical benefits to investing in this type of weapon. It runs entirely from its own power source. It also has effectively limitless ammo. If it is placed on the far side of the moon, it is not even vulnerable to any Earth-based lasers’ attempts to disable it. It effectively becomes the most powerful catapult ever created, firing its shot from the highest-ever castle, behind the thickest-ever wall. Although the weapon’s location would make communication with it from an Earth-based command centre very difficult, the weapon’s computer could be semi-autonomous, or even receive its instructions from probes located further away from Earth than the moon, for example at one of the Sun’s Lagrange points, that have relayed instructions to it from an Earth-based command centre.
Is such a weapon on the minds of the super-states racing to explore and colonise the moon? I don’t know, but I would very be surprised if none of them have done a feasibility study. The idea isn’t new to science-fiction and recent developments in laser efficiency, solar power efficiency and robotics make it far more achievable than when Heinlein wrote about it, fifty years ago. Knowing what we do about human-kind, it's sensible to believe that one or more super-states will install such a weapon if they think it's worth the cost. Civilisation has followed a logical path for millennia and there’s no reason to think that will change, at least until natural factors bring it to a painful end. I think the moon will be a key piece in our next global war. Someone will establish a weapon on our moon and use this new high ground to devastating effect.
Note: Thinking about this again, a day later, I'm keen to check through some more of the technical aspects. For example, how big does a lump of rock that's travelled from the moon need to be to avoid being burnt up in Earth's atmosphere? This could be tricky to work out but I'll see what I can do. | <urn:uuid:8ec4b9d5-f37f-450b-b00a-e0619a5166a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://adrianellis.co.uk/blog/files/tag-war.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.952782 | 1,124 | 3.140625 | 3 |
15. New York
> Median household income: $60,850
> Population: 19,795,791 (4th highest)
> 2015 Unemployment rate: 5.3% (23rd highest)
> Poverty rate: 15.4% (17th highest)
While the median household income in New York is relatively high — roughly $5,000 higher than the corresponding national figure — not all state residents are benefitting. Alongside higher incomes is a higher poverty rate. In fact, New York is one of a handful of rich states with a poverty rate above the 14.7% national rate — 15.4% of state residents live in poverty. With higher than average incomes and relatively pervasive poverty, New York has the worst income inequality in the country.
Those at the lower end of the income spectrum are further strained by a high cost of living. Goods and services are 15.7% more expensive in New York than they are across the country as a whole.
> Median household income: $61,255
> Population: 945,934 (6th lowest)
> 2015 Unemployment rate: 4.9% (22nd lowest)
> Poverty rate: 12.4% (18th lowest)
Delaware’s median household income has not increased meaningfully last year, reflecting little improvement in the residents’ standard of living. Still, incomes in the state remain considerably higher than they are across the country. High median incomes likely drove up home values. The median home value in the state of $240,200 is among the higher values nationwide.
Higher educational attainment typically translates to higher incomes. Delaware residents benefit from higher incomes despite having a college attainment rate roughly in line with that of the nation. In Delaware, 30.9% of adults have a bachelor’s degree compared to 30.6% of adults nationwide.
> Median household income: $62,912
> Population: 2,995,919 (20th lowest)
> 2015 Unemployment rate: 3.5% (5th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 11.3% (12th lowest)
The typical household in Utah earns $62,912 a year, over $7,000 more than the typical American household. Furthermore, only 11.3% of state residents live in poverty, well below the 14.7% of American residents who do. With high incomes and a low poverty rate, Utah has the lowest income inequality in the country.
The relative prosperity and equality across the state is likely bolstered by a healthy job market. The state’s 3.5% unemployment rate was one of the lowest in the country in 2015.
> Median household income: $63,488
> Population: 5,489,594 (21st highest)
> 2015 Unemployment rate: 3.7% (9th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 10.2% (4th lowest)
Higher levels of education typically lead to higher incomes. In Minnesota, where 34.7% of adults have at least a bachelor’s degree compared to 30.6% of adults nationally, incomes are also — predictably — higher. The typical household in the state earns $63,488 annually, considerably more than the $55,775 the typical American household earns a year. In addition to higher incomes, poverty is relatively scarce in Minnesota. Only 10.2% of state residents live below the poverty line, the fourth smallest share of any state.
> Median household income: $63,909
> Population: 5,456,574 (22nd highest)
> 2015 Unemployment rate: 3.9% (10th lowest)
> Poverty rate: 11.5% (14th lowest)
Incomes in Colorado have increased meaningfully in 2015, while the food stamp recipiency rate fell. The typical household in the state earns $63,909 a year, up from $61,351 in 2014. Meanwhile, only 8.4% of state residents rely on food stamps, down half a percentage point from 2014. Both of these measures demonstrate that Colorado is better off economically than much of the country.
The state’s improved economic outcomes are likely the result of an improving job market. The 3.9% unemployment rate in 2015 was one of the lowest in the country and a marked improvement over the 5.0% unemployment rate in 2014.
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Investing in real estate can diversify your portfolio. But expanding your horizons may add additional costs. If you’re an investor looking to minimize expenses, consider checking out online brokerages. They often offer low investment fees, helping you maximize your profit. | <urn:uuid:fe58f066-f10c-4fe6-8a70-8246c845e78d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://247wallst.com/special-report/2016/09/15/americas-richest-and-poorest-states-4/9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.941085 | 1,076 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Health Check: Insulin pump
Diabetes is a condition where the body doesn't produce enough properly-functioning insulin, so the level of sugar in the blood gets too high.
Nearly 90 years ago, diabetics started to use insulin injections to help control their blood sugar levels, but these injections sometimes give rather blunt control.
Swings in blood sugar levels can cause both long and short term health problems, so doctors have long tried to perfect the process of taking insulin.
Now a device known as an insulin pump may provide a solution for many patients.
Professor John Pickup of Guy's Hospital in London has been pioneering the device in Britain, and tells Health Check how the pump mimics the way someone without diabetes receives insulin from their pancreas: a slow background supply of insulin, with boosts at mealtimes.
Patients wear the pump permanently so it can deliver a constant trickle of insulin into their bloodstream, and press a button before eating to increase the dose.
Diabetic patient Andy Skinnard switched to the pump recently, having injected insulin for 20 years. He's one of just 2% of insulin-dependent diabetics using the pump in the UK. | <urn:uuid:3ffe7626-b358-445c-8bcf-ebbb79a8eb33> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.bbc.com/news/health-10893575 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660818.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118213433-20190118235433-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.930825 | 243 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Champions of Groundwater
Duration: Four 1-hour CWC led campus visits and 3 short teacher-led activities (an optional field trip can replace one of the CWC led campus visits)
Location: Classroom and San Lorenzo River/local tributary
Materials and teaching provided free by the Coastal Watershed Council
Supported by generous funding from the County of Santa Cruz Green Schools Program, City of Santa Cruz, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Supports Next Generation Science Standards:
2-PS1-2: Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.
2-ESS2-3: Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.
Complements FOSS Kit
Grade 2: Pebbles, Sand, and Silt
Lesson Series Overview
Focus Question: How can we get water into the ground?
Through hands-on activities, discussions and reflections, students will discover the answer to this focus question. Students will examine how we can help get us out of a drought by helping water enter the ground. Students will compare permeable and impermeable to determine which is best at helping water enter the ground. The program culminates with a student-led action project to help water enter the ground.
CWC led activity: Investigate the problem of drought and how getting water into an aquifer can help us store and save water.
Supplemental teacher led activity: Investigate what happens when you dig a hole and it rains.
CWC led activity on school campus or field trip: Investigate what surfaces allow water to go into the ground.
Supplemental teacher led activity: Identify permeable and impermeable surfaces on the school campus.
CWC led activity on school campus: Examine examples of permeable designs that help water enter the ground and begin preparing for action project.
Supplemental teacher led activity: continue preparation for action project
CWC led activity on school campus: Begin action project and celebrate accomplishments by being sworn in as Watershed Rangers
Supplemental teacher led activity: complete action project if additional time is needed
Coastal Watershed Council Commitment to Education Equity
CWC is committed that every youth is supported, welcomed, included and championed as part of their education program. As such, CWC is seeking to incorporate culturally and linguistically responsive teaching and learning practices, principles of Universal Design for Learning, support mechanism for multi-lingual learners and wellness and mindfulness practices into each lesson. A number of activities are intentionally designed and set-up to validate, affirm and include all youth. We will also include some questions related to how we supported education equity into our teacher surveys. We welcome ideas, feedback, considerations as we continue to build more education equity. | <urn:uuid:0c9155b3-af59-4ea2-bb6f-313fccf476f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://coastal-watershed.org/at-or-after-school/teachers/water-go-2-4-grade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711218.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207185519-20221207215519-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.931784 | 604 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Study questions, activities, and resources is buenos aires a symbol list specific references to dust does eveline identify with her mother in any way. What does dust symbolise in eveline essays & research papers eveline by james joyce these symbolic features we make compelling inferences to what eveline’s life is really like. In the short story eveline, the author james joyce, capture's symbolism, through eveline's feelings of disparity of the life, she lives symbolism in meaning appears very simple, yet, is very complex as it hides within a story, giving a story much deeper, richer meaning as symbolism grabs the readers attention and keeps it until the very end. Dust is symbolic of the lack of life in the house and how nothing ever really changes much like dust, lack of movement makes more of this fine debris accumulate in life, sta gnation also begets more stagnation unless some kind of willful movement changes us dust is mentioned repeatedly to reinforce eveline's own lack of movement. Six: 'eveline ' by james joyce they symbolize the exotic places people do not like or. What does the dust symbolize in eveline (points : 3) a sense of duty hope for the future the power of the past family affection. Summary eveline hill, a 19-year-old woman who works in a dublin shop wondering where on earth all the dust came from), dublin is at least familiar.
Transcript of eveline james joyce symbolism how would frank drown her dust italy harry’s job “helpless animal why does eveline grip the iron railing. She is unable to rid herself of the dust and dirt that surround her, drowning her in a sea of grime no matter how much she eveline can do nothing. Eveline does not even choose in the strict sense of the word to go to the symbolism of individuals in society expresses many different situations that are. She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue her head was leaned against the window curtains and in her nostrils was the odour of dusty cretonn. Is there any symbolism in out of the dust save cancel already exists would you like to merge this question into what does the dust symbolize in eveline.
Where in the story is eveline compared to an animal why does the writer what does the dust symbolize eveline_focus_questions. James joyce’s “eveline symbolism: sunset dust = paralysis, stagnation, death what does her father mean when he tells her. Dust (mythology, mysticism and symbolism) from dust we come, to dust we return - biblical verse when we hear from dust we come, to dust we must return.
Analyze the first short paragraph of the story what image do we get of eveline dust and the smell of “dusty cretonne” (a type of fabric) is mentioned several times throughout the short story w. Dust is associated with decay and lifelessness eveline lives a dismal and hopeless life, and it is the idea of spiritual lifelessness and paralysis which drives the narrative of joyce's story eveline as the narrative opens, eveline sits at the window and regards the evening as it invades the neighborhood. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on what does dust symbolise in eveline. Eveline's holding onto the bars near the end of the story is significant because this action what does the dust symbolize in eveline existing questions more.
What does the phrase ashes to ashes, dust to dust mean in the bible. An analysis of “evelinein the dubliners by james joyce posted by nicole smith, dec 4, 2011 “where on earth all the dust came from. English help what does the dust symbolize in eveline (points : 3) a sense of duty hope for the future the power of the past family affection 3.
In eveline, the symbol used is dust which covers everything in eveline’s life in everyday use, the quilt is the symbol that represents heritage also. Get everything you need to know about dust in eveline analysis, related quotes, timeline. Fear in james joyce's eveline from dubliners essay eveline is dead inside dust is also a symbol of what remains, ever unchanging you can dust dust away.
Eveline (1914) she sat at the wondering where on earth all the dust came from what he would do to her only for her dead mother's sake. Check me answers if wrong, please correct 1 in “eveline”, the dust is a symbol for__ 4what does the train symbolize in “the train from rhodesia” a. Dust is symbolic of the lack of life in the house and how nothing ever really changes much like dust, lack of movement makes more of this fine debris accumulate in life, stagnation also begets more stagnation unless some kind of willful movement changes us dust is mentioned repeatedly to reinforce eveline's own lack of movement. | <urn:uuid:12193bd8-f1eb-4ac7-9195-8e7af1a8168d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://pgassignmentmoqe.rivieramayaexcursions.us/what-does-dust-symbolise-in-eveline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211719.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817045508-20180817065508-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.937728 | 1,074 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In September 1974, after forty-four years as ruler of Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie, The Lion of Judah, was deposed. This book examines in depth the causes of the unrest which finally led to the army taking power. During the early 1970s there were extensive changes in the complex of relationships between the government, the army and the peoples of Ethiopia. To explain these developments Patrick Gilkes, who lived in Ethiopia for many years, uses detailed and often confidential sources in his examination of government corruption, local government administration, land tenure and the tragic famine, the revolutionary student movement which played a major part in the build-up of criticism of the Emperor, and other forms of opposition, both violent and non-violent. The book is a valuable analysis of political and economic power in a developing country. It puts into perspective the causes and symptoms of the failure of modernization, looking in particular at the feudal system used to control power which finally led to the tension and conflict of 1974. | <urn:uuid:601c8156-9593-462d-bec6-c317da5b200f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.mahiber.com/marketplace/product/347-the-dying-lion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683683.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707033101-20220707063101-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.97372 | 200 | 2.875 | 3 |
How To Scroll Panels
The interface for WhoTookFluffy.com is structured in “panels.” Panels are rectangular spaces on the computer screen which contains various features of the activity.
For example, the lesson for the Footprint Analysis lab will be in one panel and the quiz for the same lab will be in another panel. Both the quiz and the lesson can be visible on the screen and easily referenced at the same time. A student can also easily pop-open the Classroom scene for reference, or the Footprint Analysis lab at the same time.
Being able to concurrently access these panels in WhoTookFluffy.com allows to student to mentally construct a coherent narrative of the activity, supported by facts and science.
The interface makes active use of the built-in horizontal and vertical scroll bars of the browser to help navigate these panels. There are additional “panel management” tools in a drop-down In the top right corner of each panel. (Select the three vertical lines icon.) These allow the user to control how much space will be allocated on the screen for each panel.
Play the video below to see the panel controls in action. | <urn:uuid:b6650b3d-30af-46d2-b5c8-bd5f77d1ca53> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://help.learn-engines.com/who-took-fluffy/how-to-operate-whotookfluffy-com/how-to-scroll-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711286.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208082315-20221208112315-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.912077 | 243 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Is this your first visit to the site? If so, we recommend you start by reading the overview on the homepage, which sets out the key facts of our setting.
When the human elite chose to live in Moller Fields, experiencing time at 0.01% of the normal rate, they made it possible for humans to communicate and travel between the stars.
However, their new lifestyle involved many challenges. Outside their habitation zones, time would pass at normal speed – which, from their perspective, would seem like fast-forward. Asteroid impacts and other external disasters would seem to happen ten thousand times more frequently. Stars and planets would have drastically reduced lifespans. Left to their own devices, the non-elites – who lived and worked outside the Moller Fields – would innovate and evolve ten thousand times more quickly than their masters. Since the adoption of Moller Time, the vast majority of initiatives in science and government have sought to address these problems, to the detriment of other fields.
On the flip side of the coin, the dramatic difference between real time and subjective time also created exciting opportunities. For instance: if the Society needed to terraform worlds, or wished to influence the evolution of animals, they would witness a million years of change in a mere century of lived time. Computers running calculations outside the Moller Fields would seem to perform them ten thousand times more quickly. In short, retreating into Moller Fields would have massive consequences, both good and bad.
For historical reasons, in the far future, a “standard year” is used in the Moller Fields, with each containing 365 days of 24 lived hours. The habitation zones are artificially lit, since natural day and night change far too quickly to be useful.
For each standard year, ten thousand pass in the wider universe. Unless noted otherwise, when we’re describing events from the point of view of the starfaring peoples, we use Moller rather than real time. | <urn:uuid:c517eb97-7023-4390-a0bc-83bb18da175a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://farfarfuture.com/2022/12/29/some-implications-of-moller-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.955611 | 404 | 3.5 | 4 |
Besides side effects, a number of people who experience allergic reactions after taking antibiotics. If someone had known previously allergic to certain antibiotics, it certainly will not be given to these antibiotics.
Allergic reactions caused may vary. The most common is itching or hives. Dangerous, if there is edema, or swelling of the throat that makes someone like suffocation.
Other reactions, there is a trigger asthma symptoms such as shortness of breath. Other serious reactions are Steven Johnson syndrome, which causes the entire surface of the patient’s skin inflamed. Even then emerge as chickenpox blisters all over his body. If this occurs, the patient should be treated immediately, because the situation was an emergency. However, the most extreme anaphylactic shock appears to lead to death.
penicillin group of antibiotics referred to by Dr.J.Hudyono, MS.Sp.Ok often cause allergies. Therefore, physicians more willing to penicillin when the patient was in hospital having the tools to emergencies.
Taking into account the possible side effects, including allergic reactions and damage resistant, Dr.Hudyono giving advice before taking antibiotics.
1. The consumption of antibiotics as prescribed by doctors for both dose and duration.
2. Include all the information your doctor if you have a history of allergy to antibiotics.
3. Do not take the initiative to use antibiotics on their own will because of the disease is not necessarily the same as the above diseases.
4. Do not give antibiotics to family members while their cases are very similar. Antibiotics are not necessarily appropriate for them. Especially if family members have allergies that could endanger themselves.
5. Do not request antibiotics to doctors. Remember, antibiotics used for bacterial infections, not viral infections. So if the flu caused by viruses, does not need antibiotics.
6. Changing the mindset of any disease, if not given antibiotics can not cure. The truth is that antibiotics are used in accordance with the bacteria that infected him. | <urn:uuid:8a3d0a56-e4ba-4b1b-bc7f-dcc8765795e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.rcuv.org/antibiotics-can-cause-allergies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646652.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610233020-20230611023020-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.953603 | 413 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The wolf and the lamb shall feed together,
the lion shall eat straw like the ox;
but the serpent– its food shall be dust! They shall not hurt or destroy
on all my holy mountain, says the Lord.
That’s the end of today’s Isaiah text. By an oddity of the lectionary, in just three weeks we’ll hear something very similar in Isaiah chapter 11, on the second Sunday of Advent:
The wolf shall live with the lamb,
the leopard shall lie down with the kid,
the calf and the lion and the fatling together,
and a little child shall lead them.
The cow and the bear shall graze,their young shall lie down together; and the lion shall eat straw like the ox.
The nursing child shall play over the hole of the asp,
and the weaned child shall put its hand on the adder’s den.
They will not hurt or destroy
on all my holy mountain;
for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord
as the waters cover the sea.
Today’s text, Isaiah 65, is referring back to this part of Isaiah 11. These passages are 54 chapters and perhaps 200 years apart. The original Isaiah was a prophet, someone who speaks God’s words to the people, living in the eighth century before Jesus. Isaiah 11 falls in the midst of prophecies, oracles, about invasion, conquest, destruction and loss – and promises that a faithful remnant of God‘s people will survive and be able to rebuild.
This famous passage in chapter 11 moves from the historical to the eschatological. Eschatological texts are concerned with the end, or rather the fulfillment, of history. They’re about things that will happened in God’s time, not human time; and by God‘s power, not human power.
Isaiah 65 is alluding back to Isaiah 11, almost as a kind of shorthand – from a very different historical moment. This writer is often called Second Isaiah or Exilic Isaiah. The consensus of scholars is that there are at least two, maybe three, main voices in the Book of Isaiah – but these later voices are so deeply steeped in the language and vision of First Isaiah that it really is all one book.
By the time of Isaiah 65, God’s people Israel have been through invasion and conquest, destruction and loss. Many have been killed; many have been dragged into exile in Babylon. Two generations later, the new boss of the world, Cyrus of Persia, allows them to return to their homeland and even funds their rebuilding.
This period is fascinating to me. The returnees were so full of hope, and of idealized visions of what Judea and Jerusalem were like in their grandparents’ day. But they had to deal with the reality that you can’t just recreate the past – and the past you’re trying to recreate may never have existed anyway. There were conflicting priorities and identity struggles and disappointment and disillusionment.
Isaiah 65 was probably written when the great Temple in Jerusalem was at least partly rebuilt. God speaks through this prophet to call God’s people to a bigger vision than just getting back to some approximation of what they had before.
Another text from this part of the book that may be familiar is Isaiah 60: “Arise, shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the Lord has risen upon you! Nations shall stream to your light, kings to the brightness of your glory!” We often sing this text in the season of Epiphany. It’s a vision of Jerusalem as much more than the capital of an independent nation, but as the holy heart of the whole world.
Isaiah 65 pushes this vision even farther into eschatology: God says, For I am about to create a new heavens and a new earth! This isn’t just rebuilt Jerusalem, this is cosmically renewed Jerusalem.
How would this have sounded to the rebuilding generation? Maybe it was a word of comfort: God’s power and God’s faithfulness are equal to the challenges of this time. Maybe it was a word of challenge: God has bigger plans for you than you have for yourselves. Either way, this prophet is intentionally bringing back – and building upon – the vision of Isaiah 11, of a promised realm of peace. Holding up this hopeful image, so that perhaps struggle and disillusionment may alchemize into a new determination to keep on building what is just and good and holy.
Isaiah 11 is famous for its imagery – often called the Peaceable Kingdom. And it’s associated closely with the work of the artist Edward Hicks.
Hicks was an American folk painter, and a minister and writer in the Society of Friends – better known as the Quakers. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1780. As a young man he learned the trade of painting coaches – and discovered that he had a knack for artistic or decorative painting as well.
But at the age of 23 he became a Quaker, and married a Quaker woman. His new faith carried with it a strong commitment to simplicity and plainness in all things. The decorative arts were viewed with suspicion as worldly distractions.
Though Hicks’ painting business was making good money and helping support his growing family, in 1815 he gave it up and attempted to support his family by farming.
This was an unmitigated disaster.
In 1816 a friend approached him and convinced him to save his family from starvation by returning to painting.
Hicks later wrote about this period in his life: “I quit the only business I understood, and for which I had a capacity, painting, for the business of a farmer, which I did not understand, and for which I had no qualifications whatever. I verily thought then, and still think, farming more consistent with the Christian, and was willing to sacrifice all my fondness for painting. But it would not do, for notwithstanding I worked hard, I went behind hand daily. The cruel moth of usury was eating up my outward garment, soon to expose me a poor naked bankrupt.”
He continues: “If the Christian world was in the real spirit of Christ, I do not believe there would be such thing as a fine painter in christendom. It appears clearly to me to be one of those trifling, insignificant arts, which has never been of any substantial advantage to mankind [but has been] the inseparable companion of voluptuousness and pride.”
But at the same time, he admits, “there is something of importance in the example of the primitive Christians… to mind their calling or business, and work with their own hands at such business as they are capable of, avoiding idleness.” (Thanks, Edward, for tying in that difficult Epistle for me…)
We may not share Hicks’ view of the decorative arts as inconsistent true Christian faithfulness. To a significant degree, Hicks’ Quaker faith was defining itself against our faith heritage as Anglicans, with our worldly fondness for beautiful buildings, stained glass windows, fine wines, and all that sort of thing.
But I hope we can hear that this was a genuine conflict of conscience for Hicks… and respect his decision to use his God-given gift, rather than starving as a farmer.
Having, in his own words, “been unsuccessful in every attempt to make an honest an honorable living,” Hicks settles in to be a painter for the remainder of his life. He does a variety of types of decorative painting – signage, landscapes, historical scenes.
But he also starts creating art that expresses his faith convictions. As a Quaker, Hicks was deeply committed to peace and reconciliation. The Quaker tradition places a strong value on non-violence – and so these Isaiah passages – They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain! – are particularly meaningful.
In 1820, at the age of 40, Hicks paints his first Peaceable Kingdom painting, an artistic rendering of Isaiah 11. Over the remaining 29 years of his life, he paints 62 versions of this scene. But close observers of his work point out that he wasn’t simply repeating himself.
Hicks’ early Kingdom paintings had a naïveté and simplicity. Often in the background he would include a stylized depiction of some historical event that seemed to him to be a fulfillment of Quaker ideals about peacemaking – such as William Penn’s treaty with the Lenape tribe.
However, in the 1820s, there was rising conflict among Quakers in the Northeast, leading to a schism in 1827. Hicks’ older cousin Elias Hicks was one of the core leaders of that struggle.
This was very painful for Edward Hicks and other Quakers. Their religious movement, with reconciliation and peace as core values, couldn’t even work through its own internal conflicts. It must have felt like a profound failure of faithfulness and witness.
Holland Cotter, art critic at the New York Times, observes that in this period – from 1827 into the 1830s – Hicks’ kingdom paintings become more expressive and strange. Cotter writes, “Additional children and animals crowd in. The carnivorous beasts — lions, leopards, wolves — grow in size. Where once they had cast their eyes docilely to the ground, they now stare out, alert, aggressive, challenging, even rabidly agitated… Occasionally animals are in conflict. But even when they aren’t, the assemblies have a jumbled, restive feeling. The ground beneath them is eroding…”
But then, Cotter observes, around 1840, when Hicks turned sixty, the mood of the paintings shifts again. Hicks accepts that the ideological battle will remain unresolved; the ideals at the heart of his faith and his life will not be fulfilled in his lifetime, and perhaps not in this world. The animals in his paintings start to look aged and weary. Sadder but wiser, perhaps.
Victoria Emily Jones writes, “Although Edward was initially hopeful about [humankind’s’ ability to establish peace on earth by simply exercising biblical principles, over time he became more and more cynical… The animals in many of his middle- and late-period paintings are tense or exhausted… Hicks wrote later in life that all the intrafaith dissension he witnessed had destroyed his hope of ever seeing established in the here and now a kingdom like the one Isaiah envisioned. But that realization only caused him to cling to Christ all the more tightly.”
Hicks never stopped painting Peaceable Kingdoms, despite struggle and disillusionment. He was still working on his final Peaceable Kingdom painting, a gift for his daughter, when he died in 1849.
I really love Hicks’ Kingdom paintings. Their strangeness; their simplicity and complexity. The emotions that seem to swim within them – hope, yearning, ambivalence, frustration, a kind of wry humor.
I wonder how Hicks’ contemporaries – his friends, his enemies – received these images of improbable peace. I wonder how we receive them. Maybe there’s comfort here: God’s power and God’s faithfulness are equal to the challenges of this time.
Maybe there’s challenge: God has bigger plans for us than we have for ourselves.
Either way, Hicks’ art makes him yet another Prophet Isaiah, carrying forward that eschatological vision of a realm of peace. Holding up this hopeful image for a new generation, and generations to come – so that perhaps, again, struggle and disillusionment may alchemize into a new determination to keep building what is just and good and holy.
https://artandtheology.org/2016/12/06/the-peaceable-kingdoms-of-edward-hicks/ – Victoria Emily Jones | <urn:uuid:b581555a-a440-4ca0-9480-429a0d07129f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://stdunstans.com/2022/11/sermon-nov-13-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.975274 | 2,480 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Like any country in the Southeast Asian region, Cambodia has a tropical climate, consisting of only two seasons: wet and dry. Wet season begins in May until October while dry season begins November to April.
Cambodia is generally humid. The average temperature in the country is 27°C though it had been known to go down as low as 14°C. For those who are not accustomed to the heat, it is best to avoid going to Cambodia in April, the hottest month of the year. Everything dries up, and one would probably remember—not just the temples and tourist attractions—but the heat and dust while going around the country at this time.
During the South Westerly wet monsoon from May to October, the mornings are clear and sunny, followed by rain for a few hours. This is quite regular, so one can plan sightseeing around it. However, there will be times when it will rain the whole day; prepare to get wet if you go around Cambodia during the rainy season.
There is also the risk of encountering floods at this time. The water level of the Tonle Sap rises, flooding a number of areas around it. The daily rainfall turns the roads into mud pits as well, significantly delaying one’s travel time.
One advantage, however, is the lack of tourists during the wet season. There is no dust, and the energy-draining heat is absent. The rain also makes the greenery in the countryside all the more lush and vibrant.
The best time to visit Cambodia is during its cool months, from November to January. At this time, the skies are generally clear, and the temperature is mild. Scuba divers flock to diving spots in the country during these months for the clear and cool water, and the beaches in Sihanoukville get filled up with beach bums who want to soak the sun and enjoy the clear calm waters of Cambodia.
Posted by: Björn A | <urn:uuid:dabeb7d1-a994-4687-947f-9a7bc7202ff3> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.sihanoukville.info/climate-and-weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430450458964.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501032058-00060-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975159 | 399 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Asbestos is common in older commercial buildings due to its high fire resistance — using asbestos in floor tiles, ceiling tiles and insulation was a very good way to slow down the spread of fire within a building. Unfortunately, asbestos poses a health hazard to visitors and employees. When asbestos is disturbed, it can release fibers into the air that become trapped in your lungs forever if you inhale them, and the fibers increase your risk of developing cancer.
Because of the health risks that asbestos poses, it's important for building owners to prevent the people visiting and working in the building from being exposed. At the same time, it's important to avoid disrupting normal business operations within the building, since this can lead to lost revenue. To learn how to mitigate the risk of asbestos in your building while preventing operations from being disrupted, read on.
Determine Where the Friable Asbestos in Your Building Is Located
When you're trying to prevent asbestos exposure in your building without disrupting operations, it's important to concentrate on the most dangerous form of asbestos first. Friable asbestos is the one that poses the most risk to your visitors and employees, since it will easily crumble apart when touched, releasing asbestos fibers into the air. Asbestos insulation is the most common type of friable asbestos found in older commercial buildings.
Non-friable asbestos, on the other hand, can often be left in place. Asbestos floor tiles and ceiling tiles are examples of non-friable asbestos. You can't break them apart easily by hand, which reduces the likelihood that anyone will be exposed to the fibers while working in your building.
In order to find out where the friable asbestos is located, you'll need to have your building inspected by a commercial asbestos removal service. They'll test all materials that can potentially contain asbestos and tell you which ones pose the most risk to the employees and visitors in your building.
Encapsulate and Enclose Asbestos Whenever Possible
Encapsulation is the quickest way to reduce asbestos risk, which means that it's the least disruptive to business operations. A commercial asbestos removal team will encapsulate friable asbestos by spraying a sealant onto it, which will harden and prevent it from breaking apart easily. This reduces the likelihood that employees will be exposed to fibers if they touch them.
Unfortunately, encapsulated asbestos can still be accidentally broken apart using power tools. Friable asbestos in areas where employees such as maintenance workers will be using power tools needs to be enclosed instead. In order to enclose asbestos, an airtight steel box will be constructed around it to prevent it from being damaged by power tools accidentally while your employees are working.
Remove Asbestos in Areas Where Employees Need to Make Repairs
One downside of enclosing asbestos is that your employees won't have access to the area, so maintenance employees will be unable to make repairs. For example, enclosing the asbestos insulation surrounding a pipe is a poor solution to mitigate risk — your employees wouldn't be able to access the pipe to repair a leak.
In this case, you'll need to have the asbestos removed instead. A commercial asbestos removal team will seal off the area with plastic sheeting, wet the asbestos in order to prevent fibers from being released, and then remove all of the asbestos from the area. Afterward, it will be safely disposed of in a hazmat landfill.
Ultimately, the secret to minimizing the disruption to your business operations when mitigating asbestos risk is to focus on friable asbestos. You should encapsulate or enclose it wherever possible since these are the quickest ways to prevent employees and visitors from being exposed to asbestos fibers. If your building contains asbestos, contact a commercial asbestos removal service in your area and have it inspected — they'll be able to develop a plan to prevent your employees from being exposed to asbestos without unnecessary disruption to your business operations | <urn:uuid:c4b3a891-b0fb-43cb-9989-a4419f028242> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://husbysateri.com/2022/03/16/how-do-you-mitigate-asbestos-risk-in-a-building-without-disrupting-business-operations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662525507.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519042059-20220519072059-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.939103 | 779 | 2.859375 | 3 |
St. Nicholas, the patron saint of thieves, prostitutes, sailors, and children, is where the Santa Claus story begins. Nicholas, or Nikolaos, was a fourth century Greek Bishop of Lycia, in what is now modern day Turkey. Known for his generosity to children and the poor, Nicholas may well have been an oily-skinned, Mediterranean man reeking of garlic and feta cheese. A fifteenth century Russian icon in the Swedish National Museum pictures St. Nicholas as a black man. The Westernized version of Santa begins with the Dutch legend of Sinterklaas, who parallels Odin, a major god among the Germanic people. It seems that the white bearded Sinterklaas brings gifts to children on his feast day accompanied by his posse of mischievous helpers with black faces known as "Zwarte Piet," literally translated, "Black Peters,"- Megyn Kelly's worst nightmare. In the middle ages, the feast day of Sinterklaas, December 6th, was known for mass displays of public drunkenness. Today, Sinterklaas doesn't arrive in Holland in a sleigh, but on a steamboat from Spain, every year in mid-November for your visual entertainment. Sinterklaas was eventually merged with the swarthy St. Nicholas and England's Father Christmas to bring us the jolly Santa we have come to know.
The white Santa didn't emerge until 1881 with a Thomas Nast illustration of Clement Moore's immortal poem, "A Visit from St. Nicholas," or what is currently known as "The Night Before Christmas." In Moore's poem, old St. Nick is depicted as a morbidly obese, red-suited man with red-cheeks and proboscis gin blossoms, probably indicating a drinking problem, who forces miniature, "tiny," reindeer to haul his fat ass through the snow. If such a man appeared committing these acts during daylight hours, the A.S.P.C.A. would have him arrested for cruelty, especially to poor Rudolph, who wasn't allowed to join in the reindeer games, a bi-ennial, arctic caribou athletic competition. And if Santa is from the North Pole, either he's the only white man there, or he's an indigenous Inuit, an Alaskan people who crossed a land bridge from Asia in the first century AD, known for their high suicide rate- I guess because Eskimo elves are hard to find and Santa only pays minimum wage. This would likewise make Mrs. Claus an Inuit, whose diet consists of fish and caribou. Now we know what happens to the reindeer that can't cut it anymore.
As for Megyn Kelly's "verifiable fact" that Jesus was white- I'm certain that He is on the blue-eyed picture on her wall, but that is in conflict with historical and geographical certainties. We know that Jesus was a Semite, born in Judea, and appeared among his contemporaries as one of them. This means that He was likely a dark-skinned man with curly black hair and facial features typical of the Semitic people of the time- or what some lesser informed individuals once referred to as "Jewish looking." If Jesus sat next to Megyn Kelly in an airport, she would likely report Him to the TSA as a terrorist. Yet Kelly remains oblivious to the heart of the contention that white people should dictate the appearance of what non-whites should revere. It's an extension of the "we want our country back" mentality that has permeated the Tea Party-driven Republican agenda and their propaganda arm, the Fox News Network. In Kelly's world, allowing an ethnic group other than her own a different interpretation of the appearance of a fictional character is an act of inclusion that is simply beyond her comprehension. The renowned, twentieth-century, western philosopher Frank Zappa once said in his 1966 song Trouble Every Day, "Hey, you know something people? I'm not black, but there's a whole lots a times I wish I could say I'm not white." | <urn:uuid:f14a95ab-77eb-4dbf-ae1b-662003a301ca> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bornagainhippies.blogspot.com/2013/12/reindeer-games.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768982.112/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00047-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971855 | 839 | 3.5 | 4 |
The basic parameters of internal combustion engines reflect the working performance and quality of the internal combustion engine. Therefore it is of great significance to design the operating parameters of vehicle engine by design optimization method. In this paper, hybrid genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize operating parameters of vehicle engine, so that optimization process was simplified and the global optimal solution is ensured reliably. Being satisfied with the heating loading, mechanical loading and the conditions of gas mixture of engine and boundary constraints, the optimization mathematical model is created which is to minimize the heating surface area of engine. Considering the problem of low efficiency and local optimum caused by traditional optimal methods, the hybrid Genetic Algorithm are adopted to solve the optimization model. So that the optimization process is simplified and global optimum is acquired reliably. | <urn:uuid:685b6f5e-5d18-4c1f-ab49-b12ee7b8fdee> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.scientific.net/AMM.26-28.186 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00341-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930721 | 150 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2007)|
The Cayuse Tribe land area
|126 in 1990|
|Regions with significant populations|
|English, Cayuse (extinct)|
|Related ethnic groups|
|Umatilla, Walla Walla, Nez Perce|
The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation and government in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The reservation is located near Pendleton, Oregon at the base of the Blue Mountains.
The Cayuse called themselves the Liksiyu in the Cayuse language. Originally located in present-day northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, they lived adjacent to territory occupied by the Nez Perce and had close associations with them. Like the Plains tribes, the Cayuse placed a high premium on warfare and were skilled horsemen. They developed the Cayuse pony. The Cayuse ceded most of their traditional territory to the United States in 1855 by treaty and moved to the Umatilla Reservation, where they have formed a confederated tribe.
According to Haruo Aoki (1998), the Cayuse called themselves Liksiyu in their language. Their name Cayuse was derived from a French word for them, adopted by early Canadian trappers of the area. The tribe has been closely associated with the neighboring Nez Percé and Walla Walla. The Cayuse language is an isolate, independent of the neighboring Sahaptin-speaking peoples.
The Cayuse Indians were a nomadic tribe that occupied territories at the heads of the Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Grande Ronde Rivers, and from the Blue Mountains to the Deschutes River in Washington and Oregon.
The Cayuse were known for their bravery and as horsemen. They bred their ponies for speed and endurance, developing what is now called the Cayuse pony. They frequently were in conflict with the Snake people and other smaller tribes.
As white settlers moved into their territory in large numbers following the opening of the Oregon Trail in 1842, the Cayuse suffered. Even settlers passing through competed with them for game and water. Crowds of whites invaded the region during the California Gold Rush beginning in 1848 and when gold was discovered in Eastern Oregon in 1862.
The tribe gained wide notoriety in the early days of the white settlement of the territory. In 1838, Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa established a mission among the Cayuse at a site about seven miles from the present-day city of Walla Walla. In 1847, a measles epidemic, contracted from white settlers, resulted in high fatalities among the tribe. The Cayuse believed the missionaries and their strange religion had caused it. (Native Americans had no immunity to the endemic Eurasian diseases carried by European Americans.) In addition, cultural differences and settler encroachment had caused growing tensions.
The Cayuse attacked the missionaries, killing Whitman and his wife Narcissa, and thirteen others. They captured 54 European-American women and children and held them for ransom. They destroyed the mission buildings. This attack prompted an armed response by the United States and the Cayuse War ensued.
The Cayuse put the captives to work together with their members; the adults made clothing for the tribe. They released the hostages after the Hudson's Bay Company brokered an exchange of 62 blankets, 63 cotton shirts, 12 Hudson Bay rifles, 600 loads of ammunition, 7 pounds of tobacco and 12 flints for the return of the now 49 surviving prisoners. The Cayuse eventually lost the war. They were forced to cede their land to the US and shared a reservation with the Umatilla and Walla Walla.
By 1851, the Cayuse had long intermarried with the neighboring Nez Percé, with whom they had sheltered; many learned their language.
In 1855, the Cayuse joined the treaty with the Umatilla and Walla Walla by which the Umatilla Indian Reservation was formed. Since that time, they have officially resided within the reservation's limits. During the mid-twentieth century, some members moved to cities under the Indian Relocation Act of 1956, an effort to give better access for contemporary jobs.
Their number was officially reported as 404 in 1904; this number may be misleading. A count in 1902 found one pure-blooded Cayuse on the reservation. Descendants with ancestry partially of the other tribes may still have identified as Cayuse. The Cayuse language is believed to have become extinct by then. As the members of the three tribes have intermarried, they no longer keep separate population numbers.
The Cayuse Indians were located in the Columbia Basin and were nomadic, sometimes moving on a daily basis. They lived in teepees, which many nomadic tribes used for portability. The Cayuse were skilled horsemen, and used horses in hunting. They also used them for their trip over the Rocky Mountains each year to hunt a supply of buffalo to bring back for their families. The men hunted game and fished salmon. The women gathered and picked berries and dug and processed roots. The women also processed the animal skins to make materials for shelter and clothing. The men considered bravery to be an important quality, with brave warriors being held in high esteem. The strongest would be made chief.
The Cayuse language is a language isolate. Scholars have proposed that it may be related to Molala, making up a Waiilaptuan family ultimately related to the Penutian stock. This proposal is currently unproven. The language has been extinct since the 19th century.
The Cayuse's main food source was salmon from the Columbia River. They also hunted deer, as well as small game such as rabbits and fowl. Additionally, the women gathered roots and berries, processing them for cooked and dried foods for their journeys.
- Tauitau (known as Young Chief), Head Chief, uncle and predecessor of the next Young Chief (Weatenatemany), was a well-known leader and warrior
- Young Chief (Weatenatemany, c.18??–1859), Head Chief, nephew of Tauitau, became the new Young Chief in October 1853, leader of the more conciliatory faction of the Cayuse, killed in a skirmish with the Snake during the summer of 1859.
- Five Crows (also known as Hezekiah), principal rival to Young Chief (Weatenatemany) for the role of Head Chief, brother of Tauitau, and leader of the hostile Cayuse
- "Cayuse Tribe", Lewis and Clark record, National Geographic, 1996, accessed 18 September 2013
- Haruo Aoki (1998), A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others, Manuscript. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
- Young Chief (Weatenatemany), Washington History
- Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, The Cayuse Indians: Imperial Tribesmen Of Old Oregon. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972.
- Clifford E. Trafzer, Yakima, Palouse, Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Wanapum Indians, Scarecrow Press, 1992
- Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, official website
- "Cayuse", Languages of Oregon, University of Oregon | <urn:uuid:b534e1e6-c141-424c-9cfa-5bcd0fb0b19b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00148-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960579 | 1,569 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Before any railroad trains chugged through Rantoul Township, before there was a gristmill at Rantoul center, before Rantoul Center came to be called Potter, the civil war began. As the war clouds were just beginning to form on the horizon, a small handful of German immigrants, Lutheran by faith, gathered in Rantoul to hear pastor Jox of Reedsville conduct their first church service. The year was 1857. These German Lutherans knew they had to have more of this.
The very next year, 1858, on the 16th of June, Trinity congregation was organized with 10 members. Soon thereafter a 5-acre tract of land was purchased for $12.50 with the high hope of erecting a church thereon.
In the fall of 1860 the little congregation happily dedicated their first House of Worship to the Lord. It was an 18 by 24 foot log building located in the general area of where Trinity Church is today. | <urn:uuid:60cdfb6e-b18d-4f94-bb08-7d31a4c424d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://trinityrantoul.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221111943-20190221133943-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.984543 | 199 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Whalebone: The "Adam" of the modern Thoroughbred
In mammals, an individual’s sex is determined by the chromosomes it inherits from its parents. Two X chromosomes lead to a female, whereas one X and one Y lead to a male. Y chromosomes are only passed from fathers to sons, so each Y chromosome represents the male genealogy of the animal in question.
In contrast, mitochondria are passed on by mothers to all their offspring. This means that an analysis of the genetic material or DNA of mitochondria can give information on the female ancestry. For the modern horse, it is well known that mitochondrial DNA is extremely diverse and this has been interpreted to mean that many ancestral female horses have passed their DNA on to modern horse breeds. In the Thoroughbred there are ~17 different mitochondrial haplotypes that make up the commercial breed (there are approximately 33 in the entire breed, but many are non-commercial and small in terms of overall representation).
Until recently, though, essentially no sequence diversity had been detected on the Y chromosome of the domestic horse. Not only does the lack of sequence markers on the Y chromosome make it impossible to trace male lineages with confidence, it also represents a scientific paradox. How can a species with so many female lines (all breeds, not just Thoroughbreds) have so few male lines? This gap has been filled by Barbara Wallner and colleagues at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, who present information on the genetic variability in the horse Y chromosome and show how various breeds of the modern horse are interrelated. The paper "Identification of genetic variation on the horse Y chromosome and the tracing of male founder lineages in modern breeds" by Barbara Wallner, Claus Vogl, Priyank Shukla, Joerg P Burgstaller, Thomas Druml and Gottfried Brem can be read by clicking here.
The results confirmed what had previously suspected by many: that the Y chromosomes of modern breeds of horse show far less variability (only five positions turned out to be variable) than those of other domestic animals. An examination of over 600 stallions from various equine breeds showed that the horse could be grouped into just six Y Chromosome haplotypes which is an incredibly small number. Reflective of pedigree records and previous studies by Cunningham et al, in turns out that in terms of the modern Thoroughbred, the Y Chromosome is dominated by Eclipse, or more specifically his great grand-son Whalebone, and that Whalebone (across multiple breeds) had a unique Y Chromosome mutation that identified him and his sons as a separate Y haplotype altogether when compared to other descendants of Eclipse (as well as in descendants of the less popular Matchem & Herod sirelines). | <urn:uuid:7f747505-6f81-42f5-afbb-83a67d9d23e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.performancegenetics.com/post/2013/04/10/whalebone-the-adam-of-the-modern-thoroughbred | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.954965 | 567 | 3.25 | 3 |
"Climate is what we expect, weather is what we get."
While the above quote is often attributed to Mark Twain, it is unclear if it was he who originally said the statement.
Regardless of source, the quote pretty much sums up the difference between the two words.
Weather data is added up day by day and the average of this data becomes climate.
Because climate is an average of days, months, and years of data, extreme weather events can skew the numbers.
As the long term trend in global climate continues to indicate a rise in temperatures, there is some question as to how much influence this warming has on weather events.
This week, The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society published a report titled "Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective".
You can read the full report by clicking here.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also published a summary of the report. Read that by clicking here.
Scientists reviewed a dozen extreme weather events from 2012. (See map below for location of the events)
According to ClimateCentral.org the researchers "found that human induced climate change had little impact on the intense drought, but did contribute to the long stretch of record warmth across the East. Also, climate change related sea level rise played a part in Sandy's destructive surge and has nearly doubled our chances of a Sandy-level flood recurrence as compared to 1950."
With global temperatures forecasted to continue warming over the coming decades, studies such as this are important for preparation.
After all it is not a matter of 'if', but 'when' severe weather will hit again.
Copyright 2013 Tucson News Now. All rights reserved.
7831 N. Business Park Drive | <urn:uuid:9f9a7f80-dfca-48e7-8496-c87cbd3fb27a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/story/23360591/extreme-weather-and-climate-change-new-study-looks-at-the-link | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835844.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00430-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944564 | 350 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The irregular satellites are natural moons of the giant planets in our solar system. While the regular satellites, like the Galilean are on prograde, near-circular orbits close to the equatorial plane of their host planet, the irregular satellites are on more distant, highly eccentric and highly inclined orbits. A major fraction of the irregular satellites are retrograde with inclinations greater than 90 degrees. Currently there are 107 known irregular satellites (54 orbit Jupiter; 38 orbit Saturn; 9 orbit Uranus; and 6 orbit Neptune). The difference in the known numbers is generally attributed to the increasing difficulty experienced in observing these objects as the distances to the planets increase.
One major feature of the irregular satellites is that their orbits are dynamically clustered into families (Gladman et al. 2001; Sheppard & Jewitt 2003). The families orbiting Jupiter have been named after their largest known member. Jupiter has at least five known groups, two of which are prograde (with the biggest members being Himalia and Themisto) and three that are retrograde (Ananke, Carme and Pasiphea). The families of irregular satellites around Saturn have been named for the mythos that inspired the names of their members. There are two known prograde groups, the Inuit and the Gallic. The retrograde satellites, except for Phoebe, are named after nordic ice giants, and no clear family structure is apparent, although more than three dierent groupings may exist.
We found observations of nine irregular satellites of Jupiter in the WISE single-exposure image and extract source data. Five of the objects (J6 Himalia, J7 Elara, J8 Pasiphae, J9 Sinope, and J11 Carme, ) were detected in all four bands. One object (J10 Lysithea) was detected in three bands. The remaining three objects (J12 Ananke, J13 Leda, and J17 Callirrhoe) were detected in the two longest bands. While J18 Themisto should be bright enough to be seen by WISE, it crossed the spacecraft eld-of-view while it was close to Jupiter and its flux was completely drowned out by the scattered light from the planet. Observations of two additional Jovian irregular satellites, J23 Kalyke and J27 Praxidike, were extracted in one band by stacking all available observations of the objects. Stacks were also created using the ephemerides of J19 Megaclite, J20 Taygete and J24 Iocaste, but no signal was detected for these objects. Only S9 Phoebe was bright enough among the Saturnian irregular satellites to be detected by WISE in single observations, with strong signal available in the three bands. We were able to use stacking to extract one band observation of S26 Albiorix and S29 Siarnaq. Stacks were attempted for S20 Palliaq and S21 Tarvos, but no signal was detected in either band for these two objects.
The irregular satellites, particularly the retrograde Jovian irregulars, show some of the lowest visible geometric albedos on any population of small solar system bodies observed by WISE, with a inverse variance weighted mean albedo of 4.3%±1.4%. With the exception of S9 Phoebe, every irregular satellite observed by WISE is on the dark end of the distribution of geometric visible albedo found in the dark component of the main asteroid belt, the Hilda population, the Jovian Trojan population, and blue component of the Centaur population (Masiero et al. 2011; Grav et al. 2011, 2012a,b; Bauer et al. 2013). Only the comet population, with a mean geometric visible albedo of 3.8%±0.9%, have similarly dark surfaces. The low albedo of the irregular satellites may be indicative of an origin for these bodies that are distinct from other solar system objects, or may trace unique physical or evolutionary processes that these bodies were subjected to between formation and the present day. Further photometric and taxonomic studies of these objects will enable us to place them in context of the rest of the solar system and help to constrain potential evolutionary pathways.
This work has been accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal and the full pre-print is available at arXiv. | <urn:uuid:4f60a341-5cd0-418e-9e0a-39921ebd53d7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://drtgrav.com/tag/irregular-satellites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.943199 | 900 | 3.515625 | 4 |
I love the tactics meant for alluring: "very hard question", "my teacher couldn't answer", "impossible to solve", "many smart people".
Anyway, the vector BG is certainly parallel to the vector AH, which is why BG is some constant multiple of AH = b.
Draw the straight line segment from B to G, and draw the vertical line segment from A to the line from B to G, and call the point of intersection for I. It's not hard to convince yourself that AHGI is a parallellogram, so the lenght of IG is the same as the lenght of b. To find the rest of the lenght of BG, you need to find the distance from B to I, but do notice that triangle ABI has one right angle and two angles of both 45 degrees. Therefore AI has the same lenght as a (which is the same as the lenght of b), and by the Pythagorean theorem, you get that the lenght of BI is sqrt(2) times the lenght of b, in total, the vector BG is (1+sqrt(2))b. | <urn:uuid:65fb4729-9486-4f66-9800-4dc4274f9763> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/179848-complicated-vectors-problem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00492-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960225 | 242 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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Well-Trained Mind Press also sells products from other publishers, whose copyright policies may differ from ours. Check with the other publishers to learn their copyright policies. | <urn:uuid:88fc1e4f-8d4a-4f12-995d-491b13d1c3fd> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://support.welltrainedmind.com/hc/en-us/articles/360024301433-What-is-your-copyright-policy- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039526421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421065303-20210421095303-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.892913 | 298 | 2.53125 | 3 |
10/24/2021 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 10/24/2021 13:46
For all those who took part in this webinar or those who would like to catch up.
You can view the live recording here
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have recognised that bioenergy represents the largest current contributor to renewable energy across the world and is likely to remain that way for at least the first half of this century. They also highlight the role that bioenergy can play in carbon removal as well as in the development of bioenergy-based fuel alternatives for fossil fuels as biorefinery technologies mature. The IPPC also reports on the complimentary role bioenergy can play alongside the food, fibre, and forestry products sector but this is a sector that will require investment, support and the right policy measures in place to ensure the continued sustainability of the sector.
Speakers at this webinar explored the following areas:
• The potential for bioenergy in Ireland is significantly lagging behind Europe.
• Bioenergy is part of a suite of emissions reduction measures required.
• The scale of the challenge to decarbonise heat, transport, electricity and agriculture.
• The blinds spot that exist in Irish policy and supports towards bioenergy.
• Recognising the role of bioenergy in achieving 51% emissions reduction by 2030.
Paddy Phelan - IrBEA President & CEO of 3 Counties Energy Agency (3cea)
Dr Paul Deane - Research Fellow at University College Cork MaREI
Christian Rakos - President World Bioenergy Association
Harmen Dekker - Director European Biogas Association
Seán Finan - CEO Irish Bioenergy Association (IrBEA) (Chair) | <urn:uuid:c7de15e5-956c-4dad-bbaf-4e311b23c379> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.publicnow.com/view/10AE8FCF7ABADFD9CC6C9649624229F0E97C8FA5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305266.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127133107-20220127163107-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.908057 | 368 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Can Solar Power Be More Than Window Dressing?
Solar power has been only capable of producing a small part of data centre energy needs, but this may change, says Peter Judge
Solar power has always seemed a good long term bet for renewable energy. After all, pretty much every single Joule of energy we use on the planet comes from the sun originally
The sun’s energy is caught by plants, which make fuels, either through the long process of fossilisation producing oil and gas, or by directly producing wood, or man-made ethanol to burn. Animals’ energy comes from plants, and the sun drives the water cycle which produces hydro-electric energy.
Nuclear power uses energy stored from older suns where the heavier elements are made. Geothermal energy does include energy originating on earth – it is the heat of the earth’s core, but it is maintained at that temperature by radioactive decay inside the earth.
Why is solar power so difficult?
Solar panels have taken a long while to reach marketable quality and government programs have backed the idea that solar will get better – and fostering a UK solar power business could give Britain a head-start in an economy trying to move away from fossil fuels.
But these hopes have been dashed, by the coalition government’s decision to reduce the generous feed-in tariffs which were persuading domestic users to buy into solar power and generate the kind of market which it needed.
However, even if solar did take off, it still faced an obvious problem – it only works in the day time. Our grid requires continuous power, so it is very difficult to replace fossil fuels with anything intermittent like solar or wind power.
One answer to this problem is, of course, a way of storing excess solar energy until it is needed, using batteries. That would require a massive improvment in battery technology – and there are signs this may eventually emerge.
Google, it seems, feels solar has a way to go. The search giant had funded a research program to make solar energy cheaper than coal, but recently pulled the plug on it, focusing on its core business. However, it is still supporting home solar power, and schemes to use solar in data centres.
IBM, too, is using solar in data centres, though only to supplement other power sources, and provide a small fraction of the sites’ energy needs.
But that will always be the shape of solar use. It can’t replace other sources, but (as with domestic feed-ins) it can displace demand. If managed properly, it could reduce overall demand in the long term.
Continued support from tech giants could keep solar from disappearing behind a cloud of disappearing public support. | <urn:uuid:82f16dd4-526d-4fe9-8855-297f16f89e1a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/comment/could-solar-power-be-more-than-window-dressing-46979 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00035-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950778 | 557 | 3.359375 | 3 |
GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC DATA
Note: Based on an exchange rate of US$ 1 = peso 51.63 (2003)
Notes: (1) Excludes 988 888.2 t of seaweed (wet weight). (2) Includes 44 567 t of fishmeal (~89 134 t live weight). (3) Excludes 42 594 t of seaweed (dry weight).
FISHERIES SECTOR STRUCTURE
Overall Fisheries Sector
The Philippine fisheries industry comprises marine fisheries, inland fisheries, and aquaculture. Marine fisheries can be further divided into municipal fisheries and commercial fisheries. Recreational fisheries have not developed in the country.
Municipal marine fisheries operate in coastal waters within 15 km from the coastline (“municipal marine waters”), using vessels ≤3 GRT, as well as fishing without the use of vessels. Commercial fisheries operate outside municipal waters, using vessels >3 GRT.
Inland fisheries operate in inland waters such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers, including estuaries. Aquaculture involves aquatic organisms in fresh, brackish and marine waters.
The Philippines ranked eleventh among the top fish producing countries in the world in 2003, with production of 2.63 million tonnes of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants (including seaweed).
As an archipelagic state with over 2.2 million km2 of highly productive seas, the Philippines is fortunate to have vast fishery resources at its disposal. However, all of the country’s main fish species and marine organisms are showing signs of overfishing.
In 2003, reported marine fisheries production was 2 169 164 tonnes: 45.38% from municipal and 54.62% from commercial fisheries.
Tables 1 and 2 show catches of the major species in municipal and commercial fisheries in 2003.
Source: BFAR, 2005
In the catch from municipal fisheries in 2003, small pelagics, tunas, demersal fishes and invertebrates constituted 54.5%, 22.9%, 7.4% and 15.2%, respectively.
Source: BFAR, 2005
The commercial fisheries catch in 2003 comprised small pelagics (59.6%), tunas (36.2%) and demersal fishes (4.2%).
Comparing the catches given in Tables 1 and 2, of the eight top species caught by both municipal and commercial fisheries, almost two-thirds were harvested by commercial fishers compared with one-third caught by municipal fishers. This suggests that, although the commercial and municipal fisheries are purported to be two distinctly different sectors, they are in fact competing directly with each other.
Despite the continued expansion of the country’s commercial fishing fleet, total fish catch levelled off at around 1.65 million tonnes in the early 1990s. Indeed, the country had reached the maximum economic yield from its demersal fish stocks as early as the late 1960s, except in the offshore hard bottoms around Palawan, Southern Sulu Sea and the central part of the country’s Pacific coast. Studies on pelagic fisheries also indicate overfishing and declining catch per unit effort (CPUE). Exceptions are in lightly fished areas in waters off Palawan, parts of the country’s Pacific coast and some parts of Mindanao. Such findings are supported by an observed change in species composition, i.e. anchovies have partially replaced sardines, scads and mackerels in the catch, an indication of gradual stock collapse (Green et al., 2003).
A major fishing ground, Lingayen Gulf, reached its maximum sustainable yield (MSY) more than 20 years ago. The fishery now has four times the optimum effort for the available fish stocks. Catch rates in the gulf are only one-fifth of what they were 15 years ago, compelling fishers to invest more time and money in dwindling catches (Green et al., 2003).
In some areas, not only has the volume of catch been reduced, but also quality. For example, in Central Visayas, there has been an overall shift in catch composition, away from coastal pelagic to oceanic pelagic species and away from demersal to pelagic species. In the Visayan Sea, one of the most productive fishing grounds of the country, a major change in composition of catch took place in the 1980s, with coastal pelagics replacing the demersals as the most abundant catch, and invertebrate species shifting from shrimp-dominant to squid-dominant, reflecting a shift in the ecosystem due to fishing pressure and a shift away from trawling to purse seine and ring net. These changes indicate that the Visayan Sea was exhibiting signs of overexploitation as far back as the 1980s (Green et al., 2004).
Table 3: Fish ports being managed by the Philippine Fisheries Development Authority (PFDA) and their landings in 2003
Other fish ports are either jointly managed by the PFDA and the local government units (LGUs) or solely managed by LGUs. The biggest fish port (Navotas Fish Port Complex) had 16.74% of total landings from commercial fisheries in 2003.
Fishing production means
Philippine fishing boats are classified into municipal (≤3 GRT) and commercial (>3 GRT). Municipal fishing boats may further be classified into non-motorized and motorized types. Commercial fishing boats have three categories: small (>3–20 GRT), medium (20–150 GRT) and large (>150 GRT) (Aguilar, 2004).
A majority of boats are double-outrigger craft, consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached bamboo outriggers, commonly called banca.
The non-motorized municipal fishing boats use either paddle or sail as means of propulsion, and carry from one to several people, depending on the fishing gear used. During favourable monsoon weather, popular fishing gear used by sail-powered craft include trolling, handlines and gillnets. It is also usual for fishers to sail to payao (bamboo rafts, a fish aggregating device), moor their boats to these and fish using handlines.
The motorized municipal fishing boats are equipped with 3–6 hp gasoline or diesel engines. Gillnets, handlines, traps, small ringnets and other small gear are usually operated from these boats.
The small commercial fishing boats are outrigger boats ≥3 GRT and use trawls, skim nets, ringnets, liftnets and Danish seines. Currently, many still operate within municipal waters, depending on the municipality.
Medium commercial boats are mostly outrigger boats, which include the basnig or liftnet boats; the large Danish seiners or super hulbot; medium trawlers; and old monohulls fitted with outriggers. The monohulls that exist (both wooden and steel) are mostly engaged in ringnet or baby purse seine operations. The operations of fishing craft in this category are those most affected by the 15-km ban on commercial fishing (in terms of number affected and increased cost of operations).
Large commercial fishing boats mainly engage in purse seining, with most catchers targeting tuna or seasonal small pelagic fishes such as mackerels and roundscad. The mode of operation is mostly fleet-type, where a carrier boat is dispatched to several catcher boats located in the fishing grounds. The carrier boat loads fish from the catchers and brings it to a port or processing facility. Large commercial vessels travel all over the archipelago to fish.
A variety of fishing gear is used by commercial and municipal fisheries to exploit the small pelagic resources. Commercial fisheries use mostly purse seines (61.6%), ringnets (15.7%) and bag nets (12.4%). The small pelagic catch of the municipal fisheries is taken using gillnets (45.5%), hook-and-line (15.3%), ringnet (11.5%), beach seine (8.3%), purse seine (3.7%), fish corral (2.9%) and bag net (2.9%), based on 1995 statistics (Zaragosa et al., 2004a).
A variety of fishing gear is used to catch tuna. The purse seines, ringnets and handlines usually account for over 80% of the annual tuna catch, with nearly half the commercial tuna catch in 1995 taken by purse seine. The municipal fisheries employ a variety (over 20 types) of fishing gear for tuna. In 1995, two-thirds of the municipal fisheries tuna catch came from line gear (Zaragosa et al., 2004b).
The payao fish aggregating device (FAD) has been singled out as the most important factor triggering the phenomenal development of the tuna fishing industry. The effectiveness and efficiency of payao in attracting tuna (especially yellowfin and skipjack) greatly reduced the time spent in searching and fishing for commercial volumes. The extensive use of payao, however, may be rapidly removing undersized juveniles from the stocks and altering migration and feeding patterns of tunas in Philippine waters (Zaragosa et al., 2004b).
Bottom trawl was the major fishing gear used for demersal fishes from the late 1940s until the mid-1980s. However, due to increases in fuel prices and depletion of demersal resources, trawl operations dwindled and have been replaced by more fuel-efficient Danish seines (Armada, 2004).
There is a great variety of fishing gear employed in municipal fisheries. In Central Visayas municipal fisheries, for instance, there are about 50 generic types of fishing gear, with about 200 specific variations (Green et al., 2004).
According to the 2002 Census of Fisheries (NSO, 2005) the most common fishing gear used by municipal fishing operators in 2002 was hook-and-line, with 9.45 million sets recorded. Other types of gear, including cast nets, cover pots and crab hook, numbered 4.51 million, with 1.19 million gillnets.
Municipal fishing operators use boats of 3 GRT or less, and rafts. The number of such boats doubled between 1980 (388 200) and 2002 (777 700). Likewise, rafts doubled over the same period, from 13 600 in 1980 to 32 500 in 2002.
In 2002, hook-and-line gear, at 54 900 sets, was also the most common fishing gear used by commercial fishing operators. Second was a group of other types of fishing gear (50 600 sets), followed by gillnets (22 700 nets).
The number of fishing vessels licensed in the commercial sector tripled in the period 1980 to 2002, from 3 400 to 10 900.
There is evidence of overcapacity in the commercial fishing fleet. For example, in 1988, the total tonnage in the sector was 150 260, but that had increased to 216 090 GRT in 1994 and to 270 281 GRT by 2000. In 1997, the commercial fishing effort in the Philippines, at 2.09 million hp, was estimated to be 192% of the optimum level of 1.14 million hp. The commercial fisheries sector has continued to receive both direct and indirect subsidies, tax breaks and even a rebate on fuel oil tax through the Department of Finance, which are intended to improve their capacity to travel farther offshore and explore underdeveloped fisheries, especially in the Philippine EEZ. Imports of boats over 40 GRT, sonar, fish finders and other fishing equipment are exempt from taxes and other import duties. The owner of a 30 GRT commercial fishing boat pays a minimal “license fee” of P 1 000–3 000 every three years to the government to have access to millions of pesos worth of fish in one of the world’s most productive fishing grounds (Green et al., 2003).
Analyses of CPUE in six coastal provinces in the Philippines for the common hook-and-line type of fishing reveal alarming results: fish catch is in some cases less than 5% of the levels of only a few decades ago (Green et al., 2003).
Research conducted by the WorldFish Center in 1998–2001 found that, overall, “the level of fishing in the grossly modified stock [in the Philippines] is 30% higher than it should be”. This excess fishing is resulting in economic costs conservatively estimated at about P 6.25 billion (US$ 125 million) per year (Green et al., 2003).
Fishers, getting little or no catch, and believing they have little choice left, use illegal and destructive fishing gear to improve their catch. In the Philippines, illegal and destructive fishing practices include compressor fishing, spear fishing and blast fishing.
The principal stocks exploited in the Philippines are small pelagics, tuna and other large pelagic fishes, demersal fishes and invertebrates.
Small pelagic (surface- and mid-water-dwelling) fishes as a group comprise predominantly roundscads (Decapterus spp., Carangidae), anchovies (Stolephorus spp., Engraulidae), sardines (Sardinella spp., Clupeidae) and mackerels (Rastrelliger spp., Scombridae). Also included in this group are the round herrings (Clupeidae), flying fishes (Exocoetidae) and halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae).
The small pelagic fisheries comprise an important segment of the country’s fisheries industry. Small pelagics are considered the main source of inexpensive animal protein for lower-income groups in the Philippines.
The large pelagic fishes consist of tunas and tuna-like species, such as billfish, swordfish and marlin. The tuna fisheries became the largest and most valuable fisheries in the Philippines during the mid-1970s, when payao was introduced. The country became the number one producer of tunas in Southeast Asia in the 1980s. When the catch rate of tunas in the Philippines started declining in the late 1980s, Filipino fishing companies started to fish in international waters. This made the Philippines one of the distant-water fishing nations in the Pacific, in addition to the United States of America, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan (Province of China) and China (Zaragosa et al., 2004b).
Twenty-one species of tuna have been recorded in Philippine waters but only six are caught in commercial quantity and form the basis of the tuna fishing industry. Of the six species, only four form the bulk of catches and are listed in Philippine fisheries catch statistics, namely yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), eastern little tuna or kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard).
The oceanic large pelagics, such as marlin, swordfish and sailfish, are not fully exploited at present (Barut, Santos and Garces, 2004)
Demersal (bottom-dwelling) fishes include slipmouths, spadefishes, groupers and catfishes. In 2003, slipmouth was the only demersal species included in the top ten species caught, from both municipal and commercial fisheries. The state of demersal stocks in the Philippines is clearly shown by the decline in trawlable biomass during the past five decades. The need to manage exploitation of the demersal fishery resources was already recognized as early as the 1960s, and echoed for several decades afterwards. Since the major cause of overextraction is the high fishing effort, its reduction would have been the logical course of action. In its current state, it will take a long time to re-build the stock of demersal species that have been practically eliminated by uncontrolled fishing (Armada, 2004).
A so-called live reef food fish trade (LRFFT) in the Philippines developed in response to a demand for live food fish, initially from Hong Kong and Taiwan (Province of China), and later on from mainland China. Live food fish is conventionally caught using hook-and-line fishing gear. However, LRFFT has been closely associated with the problem of cyanide fishing, which was first detected in the aquarium trade. In 1999, there were at least 24 species of marine vertebrates and invertebrates being harvested for LRFFT in the Philippines. The leopard coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus) was dominant in the catch.
Among the invertebrates, crabs are one of the most important invertebrate resources taken, and contribute significantly to global food supply. There are 51 species of swimming crabs reported in the country, but only about 7 are considered marketable. The blue crab (Portunus pelagicus) is the main species exploited, comprising over 90% of crab landings. Crab fisheries in the country have shown a boom and bust history (Ingles, 2004a).
Other important invertebrates are squid and Acetes shrimp.
The marine aquarium or ornamental fish trade in the country involves harvesting many targeted coral reef fish and invertebrate species that are valued for their aesthetic appeal. The prospects of better resource management in this subsector are considerably brighter than those for many other fisheries. There is now a relatively high level of environmental awareness in the ornamental trade market (Ochavillo et al., 2004).
The deep-sea fisheries resources in the country are in many cases uncharted and unknown, and are believed to be relatively underexploited. The only deep-water fisheries resource that has a documented history of large-scale exploitation is the dogfish shark (family Squalidae). The dogfish shark fishery is another case of boom and bust. There is an urgent need to manage the deep-water fisheries resources because they are the country’s very last marine frontier (Flores, 2004).
There are some specialized fisheries in the Philippines targeting postlarvae or early juveniles of certain fish species that are very marketable since they are considered delicacies, including goby fry; postlarvae or early juveniles of anchovies of the genus Stolephorus; and early juveniles of rabbitfish (Siganidae). Others are targeted as seed stock for aquaculture production (e.g. milkfish (Chanos chanos) fry). The by-catch of these fry collection activities is usually abandoned on the shore (Hermes, 2004).
The Philippines is located in the most biologically diverse marine area in the world in terms of coral and tropical reef diversity. Aliño et al. (2004) gave an integrative assessment of the critical fisheries habitats in the country, such as coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves. Alava and Cantos (2004) reviewed the status of vulnerable or endangered marine species in the country, such as sea turtles, dugongs, cetaceans, whale sharks, mantas and seahorses. The results from these assessments reflect the combined effects of intense exploitation and habitat degradation on these resources.
Management applied to the main fisheries
In the Philippines, critical issues affecting fisheries (Green et al., 2003) include:
In February 1998, the Philippine Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550) was signed into law. The Code consolidates all laws pertaining to the fisheries sector and repeals or modifies previous statutes that are inconsistent with it. It declares as a state policy that achieving food security is the main consideration in the development, management, and conservation of fisheries and aquatic resources. Its provisions reflect a strong adherence to long-term sustainability, fully recognizing its multiple dimensions and complex elements in the fisheries context through several prohibitive and regulatory measures seeking to balance protection with reasonable and responsible use (Ingles, 2004b).
Earlier, in 1991, the Local Government Code (LGC) devolved authority over the management of municipal waters to Local Government Units (LGUs) within the parameters set by national fisheries legislation and policies.
The establishment of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) at the national, provincial and municipal levels has established a legal commitment by the government to involve stakeholders in the development and management of the fisheries industry.
The Government of the Philippines’ most significant policy shift in the past decade has been the introduction of joint management mechanisms of the fisheries sector, involving both the central government and the municipalities, and the government and the fishers (through the FARMCs). The Philippine Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM) programme has been very successful at awareness building, with notable pockets of success in implementation. The Philippines has been a leader in devolution of authority for coastal resource management through the LGC and has thus become an example for such actions. However, the challenges of managing fisheries resources in a sustainable manner still remain in most areas.
Silvestre and Pauly (2004) outlined seven main categories of management intervention that the authors believed to be appropriate, given the status of coastal fisheries in the developing countries of Asia. These management interventions are:
1) Limited entry and effort reduction.
2) Gear, area and temporal restrictions.
3) Improvement of marketing and post-harvest facilities.
4) Enhancement of awareness and participation of stakeholders.
5) Reduction of environmental impacts.
6) Institutional strengthening and upgrading.
7) Enhancement of research and information.
Some of the fisheries management measures in the Philippines are considered below, using the above categorizations.
Limited entry and effort reduction
Licensing in the Philippines is still generally viewed as a statistical and revenue generating exercise rather than as an effective management tool to limit entry and control fishing effort. The frameworks for municipal and commercial fisheries registration and licensing have now been prepared and efforts have already commenced to put them in place.
Gear, area and temporal restrictions
Measures influencing composition of catches in terms of species and size, and to a certain extent the sex and maturity stage, include: (1) technological controls or limitations, e.g. gear restrictions, including mesh regulations, hook size control and trawl bans; (2) spatial restrictions, e.g. marine sanctuaries and area closures; and (3) temporal restrictions, e.g. seasonal closures.
Table 4. Examples of regulatory instruments influencing selectivity of fishing operations in the Philippines
Improvement of marketing and post-harvest facilities
Post-harvest support facilities (i.e. access to salt, ice and cold storage) are lacking in strategic locations in many areas. There is a need for more private-sector participation in providing such facilities.
Enhancement of awareness and participation of stakeholders
There can be considered to be adequate legislation on fisherfolk empowerment in the country. There are some pockets of success in sustainable coastal resource management (e.g. Apo Island, Cebu, and San Vicente Bay, Palawan), which should be replicated throughout the country.
Reduction of environmental impacts
Laws on the protection of the marine environment are in place and there is growing environmental awareness in the country. However, much still needs to be done.
Institutional strengthening and upgrading
Enhancement of research and information
Municipal fisherfolk are considered the “poorest among the poor”. In 2000, households whose heads were fishers had a significantly higher poverty incidence than households in general. Their daily income was roughly the retail value of 2 kg of fish. Low incomes can be attributed to declining fish catch, estimated to be about 2 kg per day, down from the 20 kg per day that was the average catch during the 1970s.
Households of fishers and those in the fishing industry also had heads with relatively lower education levels compared with households in general. Fishers’ households had lower access rates to basic necessities like safe water, sanitary toilets and electricity than other households, and were more likely to live in makeshift houses or were squatting. Also, the average size of households of fishers and of those in the fishing industry was greater than the national average (Israel, 2004).
According to the 2002 Census of Fisheries, there were 1.8 million municipal and commercial fishing operators. This was a three-fold increase from the 584 000 fishing operators recorded in 1980. Municipal fishing dominated the fishing industry in terms of numbers of operators. In 2002, 1.78 million operators (99.6%) were engaged in municipal fishing compared with only 7 800 in commercial fishing operations.
The vast majority of municipal fishing operations (1.752 million or 98.4%) were individual operations. At 1.7 million, male operators accounted for 94.5% of the municipal fishing operators, with a median age of 41 years.
In 2002, out of 7 200 commercial fishing operations, 7 190 were operated by individuals, and almost all (98.6%) were males, with a median age of 39 years.
Women have a role in fisheries and helping in the livelihood of the family (Siason, 2004). Their roles include: (1) fish marketing or vending, (2) fish processing, (3) fry gathering, (4) gear preparation, (5) fishing, (6) net mending, and (7) fishing boat ownership and operation.
Government statistics combine production from municipal marine fisheries and inland fisheries. Based on the statistics for the period 2001–2003, inland fisheries contribute an average of 13.3% to the aggregate (marine and inland). In 2003, inland fisheries produced a reported 133 292 t of fish. In spite of its low quantity, inland fisheries provides subsistence livelihood for thousands of marginal fishermen.
Inland fisheries production fell from 229 973 t in 1992 to 136 347 t in 2001. The reduction can be attributed to overexploitation and increasing pollution (Juliano, 1996).
The bulk of production from inland fisheries consists of molluscs (67%), finfish (30%) and crustaceans (3%). Nearly one-third of the finfish catch (31.2%) consists of tilapia species. Other major species are carps, mudfish, goby, silver perch, catfish, freshwater sardines, milkfish, mullet, climbing perch and gourami (BAS, 2005).
The bulk of the catch comes from the major lakes in the area – Laguna de Bay (90 000 ha) in Laguna and Rizal provinces; Taal Lake (24 400 ha) in Batangas province; and Lake Naujan (11 000 ha) in Mindoro Oriental province.
The country has almost 500 000 ha of inland bodies of water, comprising 246 000 ha of swamplands, 200 000 ha of lakes, 31 000 ha of rivers and 19 000 ha of reservoirs (BAS, 2005).
Fishing production means
The fishing methods used in inland waters are much simpler than those used in coastal waters (Juliano, 1999). Gear includes snare rake, cover pot, fish trap, lift net, fish trap, pole-and-line, push net, skimming net, cover net, gillnet, dredge, beach seine, cast net and purse seine.
Molluscs (e.g. snails) and finfish (e.g. tilapia) are the main inland fisheries resources.
The Philippines is blessed with many fish species that are a natural resource heritage and unique to the country. Foremost of these species are the small freshwater gobies. The smallest fish in the world, Pandaka pygmaea or pygmy goby, was found in an estuary, the Dagat-dagatan Lagoon in Navotas, Rizal, which has subsequently been converted and developed into a housing project. The pygmy goby is believed to be extinct.
In Lake Buhi is found the “smallest commercial fish in the world”, the sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis). This species is now threatened with extinction. Another small goby, Mirogobius lacustris, is found in Laguna de Bay, but its population is on the brink of extirpation (Juliano, 1999).
Inland water bodies of the Philippines suffer from an inherent paucity of ichthyodiversity due to the geological origin and isolation of the archipelago. A number of fish species have been introduced, but it is not at all clear that all of these introductions were appropriate (Bernacsek, 1996).
Management applied to main fisheries
The following are some of the needs in inland water resources management that require the attention of inland water resources managers (Juliano, 1999):
Addressing these needs is not going to be easy, especially in inland waters surrounded by heavily populated areas (urban centres) and where many uses of the inland water body and its basin already compete and conflict with each other.
Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country, is the most stressed lake in terms of pressure from large local populations and rapid industrialization. Its problems are probably the most complicated among the inland waters and will be the hardest to resolve in order to provide maximum sustainable yields from resources while minimizing conflicts among the complex, multiple uses of the lake.
Socio-economic data on inland fisheries communities are limited in the literature. More data can be found on small-scale fisherfolk in coastal communities. However, it can be assumed that the socio-economics of coastal fishing communities will not differ significantly from those of inland fishing communities (Juliano, 1999).
In 2003, aquaculture produced 17.70% of total fish production. Marine fisheries produced 77.23% and inland fisheries produced 5.07%.
Seaweed (988 889 t), milkfish (202 973 t), tilapia (109 373 t) and jumbo tiger shrimp (34 997 t) were the main aquaculture species in 2003. Aquaculture production came from seaweed culture (67.99%), brackishwater fish ponds (16.84%), freshwater fish ponds (4.95%), freshwater fish cages (3.63%) and other (4.12%).
Practices and systems of culture
The farming methods for the seaweed Eucheuma take two forms: farming in shallow waters and farming in deep waters. The stake or bottom method is used in shallow waters, while monoline, raft and spider web methods are employed in deep waters.
Most of the milkfish production come from brackishwater fish ponds using various methods according to the intensity, namely extensive, shallow-water, straight-run (traditional and improved); modified extensive (deep water, plankton; multi-size stocking; modular or progression); semi-intensive; and intensive.
Most tilapia production comes from freshwater ponds and cages.
The major aquaculture species in the Philippines are:
Aquaculture regulations are covered in the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 and the Local Government Code of 1991. Some of the Fisheries Administrative Orders so far issued by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) since 1998 concern the granting of Fishpond Lease Agreements for public lands; importation and exportation of aquatic organisms; and food safety. The Fisheries Code and Local Government Code transferred government supervision and the licensing for the construction and operation of fish pens, fish cages, fish traps and other structures for aquaculture to LGUs.
Espejo-Hermes (2004) provided an overview of the trends in and status of fish processing technology in the Philippines.
Fish is consumed as fresh, fermented, dried, smoked or canned. Data on the disposition of catch in the Philippines are inadequate. Around 70% of the total catch is consumed fresh or chilled, while 30% is processed into cured, canned, frozen products or disposed of live. The bulk of cured fish and fishery products are consumed locally, while only a small quantity is exported as ethnic products. Canned products, particularly tuna, are consumed locally in small quantities compared with the export volume, and most of the frozen products are for export.
There is a growing trend towards increased mechanization in operations in the fish processing industry, brought about by the need to reduce cost and to manufacture products of consistent quality. Most of the processing plants manufacture traditional products, such as dried and smoked fish for both foreign and domestic markets. Several plants are engaged in processing of frozen and canned products, mainly tuna for export purposes. Some manufacture miscellaneous fishery items, including value-added products.
Old ways of handling the catch are still current in many fishing communities. However, in areas where the demand for good quality fresh fish, particularly for export, is high, improved methods of handling (proper icing and use of insulated containers) are widely practiced. In general, aquaculture products are better handled than those caught in municipal fisheries.
There is a growing demand for modern freezing equipment in processing plants that cater to the export market. Contact plate freezers are commonly used for processing shrimps, while air blast and brine freezers are usually employed for tuna. The main frozen products for export are tuna loins, cephalopods and shrimps.
The majority of the canneries in the country meet international standards in terms of product quality, styles of pack and packaging. New equipment is being used in production lines to improve canned products. Variations for canned fish, particularly tuna, that suit the local taste have been made to attract local consumers and to maximize use. By-products from the canning industry find their way into flavouring, pet food and the fishmeal industry.
Value-added products in the form of fillets, comminuted and surimi-based products and ready-to-heat main fish dishes are growing in demand. Locally, comminuted or minced products, such as fish balls, fish sausages, squid balls and fish nuggets, are becoming common in many supermarkets. The industry absorbs by-catch and market surpluses, including farmed species. To date, a shift to the use of farmed species, such as milkfish and tilapia, is occurring due to scarcity of raw materials from capture fisheries. A number of processors of de-boned milkfish are also converting their by-products to value-added products, such as fish rolls and dumplings, to minimize waste. In general, the value-added-product industry needs to upgrade its technology and quality standards, including in-plant hygiene and sanitation.
Processing into traditional products, such as salted, dried, smoked and fermented fish, is still widely practiced. These products are mainly manufactured where there is a guaranteed supply of raw material. The processors are generally small-scale, family establishments that have limited capital and do not receive assistance from government agencies and financing institutions. The processing methods they employ vary considerably, resulting in inconsistent quality and limited shelf-life of finished products. There are very few local processing plants that make use of modern technology (mechanized smokehouses and dryers) and have made progress in improving quality standards. Only those that export their products have improved processing practices, equipment, hygiene and sanitation in the plants.
The primary problem in the industry is shortage of raw material. Other problems of the fish processing industry include poor quality of raw material; inconsistent quality of products; lack of appropriate safety standards for traditional products (e.g. inappropriate use of additives); insufficient capital to improve the enterprise; and lack of appropriate infrastructure (e.g. chilling or cold storage facilities) for product storage.
The extent of losses in the post-harvest phase of fisheries is difficult to quantify. Locally, there is an estimated loss of 25–30% of the total catch due to improper handling.
The Philippines is an exporter as well as importer of fish and fishery products. In 2003, the balance of trade was positive in terms of quantity and value.
In 2003, total exports of fish and fishery products amounted to 202 016 t, valued at over US$ 525.4 million. The products consisted mainly of fresh and processed fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Leading fishery products were tuna, shrimp and seaweed. The major export destinations of tuna were Japan and the United States of America. The major export destinations of shrimps were Japan, Spain and the United States of America. The major export destinations for dried seaweed were China, France, Republic of Korea and the United States of America, while the major export destinations for carageenan were Denmark, France and the United States of America.
For the past several years, the Philippines has been importing large quantities of pelagic species such as tuna (mainly from Indonesia). Large quantities of fishmeal are also imported (mostly from Peru and the United States of America) for feed preparations.
FISHERIES SECTOR PERFORMANCE
Economic Role of Fisheries in the National Economy
In 2003, the fisheries sector had a total value of US$ 1 832 million, accounting for 2.2% of GDP. The Philippines ranked 11th among the top fish producing countries in the world for 2001, accounting for 2.2% of global production. The Philippines is the world’s largest producer of carageenophyte seaweed.
However, globally in the last 20 years, the Philippines’ ranking in world aquaculture production steadily slid from 4th place in 1985 to 12th at present. From 5% of global farmed fish supply, the Philippines now contributes only a little over 1% of world production.
Fish demand is robust in the Philippines, with three main uses.
The supply divides as about 83% for human consumption and 17% for exports and non-food uses.
Fish contributes around 22.4% of the total protein intake of the average Filipino. It is the main source of animal protein in the diet, contributing 56% to animal protein intake (Espejo-Hermes, 2004). The Philippine per capita fish consumption was 28.8 kg in 2003.
Bernacsek (1996), writing on the role of fisheries in food security in the Philippines, stated that:
“There are clear indications that fisheries quantity production is approaching real limits to further growth. Government of the Philippines fisheries policy should re-orient and re-focus to emphasize growth in product value added and increase in profitability, rather than the historical focus on quantity output. A new development climate needs to be created which will facilitate active entrepreneurial exploration of new markets for fish products and new export opportunities. Parallel to this policy shift, sustainability of domestic production needs to be achieved through effective management in order for producers to be able to provide a secure source of raw materials for processors and marketers.”
The foreign trade performance of the sector for 2003 recorded a trade surplus of US$ 445 million. Total fishery exports showed a 3.6% growth in value terms compared with the previous year. Combined, the earnings of the top three fishery exports (tuna, shrimp and seaweed) contributed US$ 363.2 million (69.3%) to total fishery products exports of US$ 524.3 million.
Significant changes in international trade policy, quality and safety criteria have put pressure on the fish processing industry to improve the products that are being manufactured. Many countries, including the Philippines, have adopted the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for food safety management. The Philippines continues to face challenges regarding access of its fishery products in international markets.
According to the 2002 Census of Fisheries (NSO, 2005), there were 2 009 300 fishing operators and aquafarm operators. Municipal fishing operators, commercial fishing operators and aquafarm operators constituted 88.6%, 0.39% and 11.0%, respectively. Estimates of the employment generated from ancillary industries are not available, but it is accepted that they provide jobs for many people.
Various socio-economic data indicate that the ability of the sea to provide a cheap source of food and income for the Filipino masses has been severely compromised. The Philippines – one of the world’s 40 largest fish-producing nations – is also among the 10 low-income, food-deficit countries of the world (Green et al., 2003).
With regard to aquaculture, its full potential for rural development has yet to be realized.
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
In their 2004 paper, Luna et al. identified the following issues confronting Philippine marine fisheries today:
Open access is one of the main interconnections among all the issues identified.
Development Prospects and Strategies
Luna et al. (2004) recommended six critical actions to reverse the decline in Philippine marine fisheries:
On the proposed re-structuring of the aquaculture subsector into an efficient and sustainable agribusiness, Bernacsek (1996) recommended that the Government of the Philippines should withdraw from the fish pond ownership business. All ponds should be privatized, with existing landholders having first right of option to purchase at market prices (minus depreciated value of investment).
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 provides for the creation of a National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), to serve as the primary research arm of BFAR. The major project of the interim NFRDI is the National Stock Assessment Project, which has been designed to institutionalize stock assessment so that continuous and reliable time series data will be available for the development of sound fisheries management strategies.
State universities, such as the University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV) and the Marine Science Institute (MSI) of the University of the Philippines, Diliman, have active research programmes on marine science and fisheries.
For aquaculture, the presence of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC AQD) in the Philippines has resulted in the filling of many gaps in Philippine aquaculture research. Through a system of consultation and discussion with the industry and the local aquaculture R&D sector, SEAFDEC AQD prioritizes its research and avoids duplication of work with local institutions. SEAFDEC AQD research outputs are published mostly in international refereed journals.
SEAFDEC AQD has the following ongoing programmes: (1) Broodstock and Seed Quality Improvement; (2) Sustainable Aquaculture Technologies; (3) Collaborative R&D Programme with Philippine’s DA-BFAR; (4) SEAFDEC-JIRCAS Collaborative Programme; (5) Promotion of Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture in Southeast Asia; (6) Fish Diseases Diagnostic Methodologies for Aquaculture; (7) Aquaculture for Rural Development; and (8) Supply of Good Quality Seed.
Fisheries R&D is being coordinated (and funded to some extent) by the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development Council under the Department of Science and Technology and the Bureau of Agricultural Research under the Department of Agriculture.
The other state universities engaged in aquaculture R&D include the Central Luzon State University (CLSU) and Mindanao State University (MSU).
BFAR has several aquaculture centres and stations throughout the country, which provide aquaculture extension services.
Some private companies (e.g. feed companies) also engage in aquaculture research and extension.
The Philippine fisheries industry is currently preparing a Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan (CNFIDP), and among the issues that have been raised are the inadequate programmes of R&D and Extension, and lack of commercial impact. The causes include: (1) limited government funding; (2) limited investment by the private sector; (3) lack of awareness of commercial realities among too many researchers and extension workers; and (4) the blinkered focus of many researchers – too focused on basic research and too publication-oriented. This situation results in: (1) poor adoption of new technologies by industry; (2) loss of competitiveness with other animal farming industries and in the export market; and (3) wastage of valuable R&D and Extension resources. The proposed solution includes: (1) focusing government programmes of R&D and Extension towards immediate needs of the aquaculture sector; and (2) increasing R&D and Extension investments from the private sector.
There are several state universities and colleges engaged in fisheries education in the country. However, only a few (e.g. CLSU, UPV and MSU) have been recognized to have significantly contributed to fisheries education and R&D in the country.
All educational institutions in fisheries are supported by the state. There are more than 40 state colleges and schools of fisheries under the aegis of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), with seven under the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) (Juliano, 2004).
Foreign assistance in the form of loans and grants shifted more to conservation and resource management after the late 1980s.
An ongoing major fisheries project, Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) Project, builds upon the foundation and lessons learned from the USAID-funded Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) and other projects to achieve the next crucial benchmark in managing fisheries and coastal resources in the Philippines. This benchmark calls for integrated fisheries management driven by informed, disciplined and cooperative stakeholders at national and local levels of engagement.
The FISH Project is a seven-year (2003–2010) technical assistance project funded by USAID and implemented in partnership with BFAR, other national government agencies, LGUs and non-governmental (NGO) and other assisting organizations. The FISH Project activities focus on four target implementation areas: Calamianes Islands (Palawan); Danajon Bank (Bohol, Southern Leyte, Leyte, Cebu); Surigao del Sur; and Tawi-tawi.
FISH is expected to result in a 10% increase in fish stocks by 2010 in the four target implementation areas. To achieve this, national and local activities will be implemented to build capacity, improve the national policy framework and develop an informed constituency for fisheries management.
The Philippine fisheries sector continues to need external assistance, particularly for capacity building.
FISHERIES SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
Fisheries management in the Philippines rests jointly on two authorities: BFAR, that has regional offices in each of the 16 Philippine regions, and the LGUs that operate under the Local Government Code of 1991.
Among the functions of BFAR under the Fisheries Code is the formulation and enforcement of rules and regulations governing the conservation and management of fishery resources, except in municipal waters, and the legal instruments issued are called Fisheries Administrative Orders (FAOs).
National legislation is further supported and amplified through the issuance of Provincial and Municipal Fisheries Ordinance (under the Local Government Code) for more local management rules and regulations within their areas of jurisdiction, which is within 15 km from the coastline for municipalities. Provinces do not have responsibility for the management of a formal physical area of the sea. Their role is the coordination of activities of the municipalities within the province. Through this coordinating function they become involved in the fisheries management process to assist BFAR Regional Offices maintain consistency in policies and implementation of management plans.
Other agencies directly involved or influencing fisheries management include:
All legislative changes or new proposals for management interventions are subject to an extensive stakeholder review process that involves all levels of government (national, provincial and municipal), the BFAR regional offices and the FARMCs.
Registration and licensing of fishers, vessels and gear in both the municipal fisheries and commercial fisheries have yet to be strengthened.
National agencies such as the Navy, Air Force and the Coast Guard have the mandate for compliance monitoring outside municipal waters, and can be asked for assistance within municipal waters. The Maritime Police, Coast Guard and LGU-designated/BFAR trained “Deputy Fish Wardens” are mandated to carry out compliance monitoring and enforcement functions in municipal waters.
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
As noted earlier, the industry is currently preparing the Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan (CNFIDP) and in almost all consultations there has been agitation for increased partnership among government, business sector and civil society to pursue sustainable and competitive fisheries for the country. The diagram below proposes an implementation structure for CNFIDP.
The following are some important Internet links to national administrative and research institutions:
GENERAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Legal instruments applicable to the fisheries sector include:
Aguilar, G.D. 2004. Philippine fishing boats. pp. 118–121. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Aliño, P.M., Atrigenio, M.P., Quibilan, M.C.C. & Tiquio, M.G.J.P. 2004. The significance of coastal ecosystems stewardship to fisheries productivity. pp. 79–83. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Armada, N.B. 2004. State of the demersal fisheries. pp. 42–46. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Bernacsek, G. 1996. The role of fisheries in food security in the Philippines: A perspective study for the fisheries sector to the year 2010. Paper presented during the Second National Fisheries Workshop on Policy Planning and Industry Development, Cavite, the Philippines.
Barut, N.C., Santos, M.D. & Garces, L.R. 2004. Overview of Philippine marine fisheries. pp. 22–31. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
BAS [Bureau of Agricultural Statistics]. 2005. Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 2001–2003.
BFAR [Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]. 2005. Philippine Fisheries Profile, 2003.
DA-BFAR [Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]. 2004. In turbulent seas: The status of Philippine marine fisheries. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, the Philippines. 378 p.
Espejo-Hermes, J. 2004. Trends and status of fish processing technology. pp. 122–126. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Green, S.J., White, A.T., Flores, J.O., Carreon, M.F. III & Sia, A.E. 2003. Philippine fisheries in crisis: A framework for management. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 77 p.
Hermes, R. 2004. Capture fisheries for larval and juvenile fish. pp. 70–71. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Ingles, J.A. 2004b. A review of the capture fisheries provisions of the Fisheries Code: Synthesis of plenary papers and workshop outputs. pp. 10–16. In: WWF-SSME Program. Towards an improved Philippine Fisheries Code: An analysis of the capture fisheries provisions. WWF Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Program. WWF-Philippines, Quezon City. 80 p.
Juliano, R.O. 1996. Inland fisheries and lake management: Situation, issues and problems, and recommendations. Paper presented during the Second National Fisheries Workshop on Policy Planning and Industry Development, Cavite, the Philippines.
Juliano, R.O. 2004. Professionalizing fisheries and upgrading fisheries education and training. pp. 69–73. In: WWF-SSME Program. Towards an improved Philippine Fisheries Code: An analysis of the capture fisheries provisions. WWF Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Program. WWF-Philippines, Quezon City, 80 p.
Luna, C.Z., Silvestre, G.T., Carreon, M.F. III, White, A.T. & Green, S.J. 2004. Sustaining Philippine marine fisheries beyond “turbulent seas”: A synopsis of key management issues and opportunities. pp. 345–358. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Mamuag S. 2004. The live reef food fish trade in the Philippines. pp. 53–59. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
NSO (National Syatistica Office), 2005.
Ochavillo, D., Hodgson, G., Shuman, C. & Ruz, R. 2004. Status of the Philippine marine aquarium fish trade. pp. 60–64. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Siason, I.M. 2004. Women in fisheries in the Philippines. pp. 144–149. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Townsend, R. 2004. Economics of fisheries management in the Philippines. pp. 127–130. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v.
Zaragosa, E.C., Pagdilao, C.R. & Moreno, E.P. 2004a. Overview of the small pelagic fisheries. pp. 32–37. In: DA-BFAR, 2004, q.v. | <urn:uuid:88afa716-6a99-499b-8d97-4894f1082647> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/PHL/profile.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999675662/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060755-00035-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921417 | 11,067 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Researchers at Arizona State University have created a simulation to map CO2 emissions in cities to individual buildings and roadway segments (or “fine spatial and temporal quantification” in academic terms). Called the Hestia Project, the simulation uses local data from buildings, air pollution reporting, and hour-by-hour traffic data to quantify emissions.
Cities are hungry for detailed emissions data, as in most cases what they can get from utilities is whole-city data, not broken down by neighborhood or building.
The idea is that while cities might be able to guess at where their CO2 emissions mostly come from, it’s more useful to know precisely where the hotspots are — a neighborhood of older houses, for example, or a handful of energy-wasting factories, or a frequently snarled intersection or merge point on a highway. By concentrating on these, a city could make significant improvements in its overall emissions picture with relative ease.
“We want to help them get the greatest reductions per dollar, the biggest bang for the buck,” said project leader Kevin Gurney, of Arizona State University.
A finer grain of detail will help target local emissions-reduction strategies. However, as our emissions measurement tools get better, we need to make sure not to miss the key land use-transportation connection that drives a big portion of greenhouse gas emissions. If a “frequently snarled intersection” looks like a significant emissions source in your community, the easy answer is widen the road, add some turn lanes, and voila, the source is reduced. Freeway-widening might have a similar, short-term impact. But adding capacity to the roadway to reduce total emissions will obviously backfire.
Another related issue deals with accounting or “responsibility” for emissions. Suburban locations may look pretty green, since by comparison, not much of the regional travel occurs inside their boundaries. All the “hotspots” are core freeways and intersections. If we look at emissions based purely on geography, we miss the fact that suburban growth drives urban transport emissions. That’s why in the community greenhouse gas accounting world, the newest methodologies use a “demand-based” method for accounting for transportation emissions, which more accurately assigns emissions to communities base on regional travel patterns. It would be great to see the Hestia project “reassign” some of the roadway emissions to the origin and destination locations and see how the map colors change. | <urn:uuid:a82b7b64-9e0d-4b36-b916-22eab0b8eafd> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://netdensity.net/2012/10/10/the-geography-and-spatial-allocation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803944.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117204606-20171117224606-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.93401 | 516 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Focus on food and morality.
A fascinating array of topics takes front stage for the 2007 Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, which features the theme, “Food and Morality.” This annual symposium is an educational charity that brings together writers, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, scientists, chefs and others. This year they address the study of food in history, its place in contemporary societies and related scientific developments. Here are a few of the papers being proposed for the 2007 Symposium that is scheduled for September 8-9 in Oxford, England:
- “Virtuous food – selling ‘conscientious production’ as moral imperative”
- “Scientists and food: moral, immoral or amoral?”
- “The moral economy of meat in Australia”
- “Perspectives on the first iron biofortified rice in the Philippines”
- “Ideology of fasting in the Reformation Era”
- “Main themes in the theology and practice of modern Christian vegetarians”
- “What stories tell children about responsible food behaviors”
- “An ethical consideration of pet food”
Information posted at: www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk
Ten red flags of junk science.
We have added to the ACDC collection an article from the European Food Information Council that identifies 10 red flags of junk science. The Council suggests being careful if the information contains:
- Recommendations that promise a quick fix
- Dire warnings of danger from a single product or regime
- Claims that sound too good to be true
- Simplistic conclusions drawn from a complex study
- Recommendations based on a single study
- Dramatic statements that are refuted by reputable scientific organizations
- Lists of “good’ and “bad” foods
- Recommendations made to help sell a product
- Recommendations based on studies published without peer review
- Recommendations from studies that ignore differences among individuals or groups
“Courage comes in many flavors,”
Said community newspaper editor Laurie Ezzell Brown in accepting a special award during April. She offered that perspective when she and her family were honored with the Tom and Pat Gish Award for courage, tenacity and integrity in rural journalism. This award to the Ezzell family and The Canadian Record of Canadian, Texas, was presented by the Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues at a banquet in Lexington, Kentucky, during a National Summit on Journalism in Rural America.
Ezzell Brown cited examples of how complex small-town newspapering can be and how local citizens sometimes display stand-up courage. Two generations of Ezzells have edited the weekly Record since 1949. Nominators reported that members of this family have “held local, state and national politicians accountable, fought political extremism, opposed unwise military adventures and helped protect the environment, often against organized and violent opposition.”
You can see related articles at:
A snapshot of what Americans know and feel about avian influenza.
A report we have added from the Food Policy Institute, Rutgers University, highlighted findings of a mid-2006 nationwide survey among American consumers. Some of the findings:
- Most Americans (93 percent) indicate they have heard of avian influenza.
- Still, most “don’t know much” about it.
- They hold conflicting beliefs about recognizing and preventing it.
- They “aren’t very worried about illness with avian influenza,” yet “most report greater perceived risk specifically associated with the consequences of eating chicken infected with avian influenza.”
- More than 90 percent say they currently eat chicken; most consider chicken products in the U. S. safe to eat.
- “Many Americans are unlikely to eat chicken if the avian influenza virus is found inside the U.S.”
According to Institute Director William K. Hallman, results of the study suggest that much of the American public does not yet have the information needed to make informed choices about purchasing, preparing and consuming poultry products should avian influenza emerge in the United States.
Title: Avian influenza on people’s minds
News release posted at:
Full research report posted at: www.foodpolicyinstitute.org/docs/reports/fpi_ai_report_final_c_2007_small.pdf
Want to see how a football can help catch goanna?
Three young Aboriginal film makers (ages 9-13) from rural Western Australia were honored recently for producing a video about hunting goanna. This brief video, entitled “Papinmaru” (goanna), was honored as “most impressive achievement” in an international Lonely Planet video competition. It “shows the boys making a slingshot from the insides of an old football and talking about the chase, the best bits to eat, traditional names and why they like getting out of town.”
You can see the video at
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lessthanthree > “The next Spielberg”
Preparing information professionals to serve rural communities.
What kind of studies can help information professionals serve marginalized and rural communities throughout the world? A recent article in Webology identified the types of knowledge, skills and experiences such persons need, within and outside the formal information studies curriculum.
Communicator activities approaching
August 22-25, 2007
Annual conference of the Association of Food Journalists in Minneapolis, Minnesota USA. Information: www.afjonline.com
September 5-9, 2007
17th Annual Conference of the Society of Environmental Journalists at Stanford University, Stanford, California USA. Information: www.sej.org/confer/index1.htm
September 8-9, 2007
“Food and morality.” Theme of the 2007 Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery at St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, England. Information: www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk
September 17-23, 2007
51st World Congress of the International Federation of Agricultural Journalists in Tokyo and elsewhere, Japan. Information: www.knt.co.jp/ec/2006/ifaj_e
What a delightful world it would be.
We close this issue of ACDC News with a thought from a 1906 column, “Burba’s Barbs,” published in Agricultural Advertising:
“What a delightful world it would be if every man could elect the other fellow’s reading matter.”
Do you have thoughts, examples or suggestions related to any topics featured in this issue?
Please send them to us by return e-note.
Get in touch with us:
- When you cannot locate information you need about communications, as related to agriculture, food, natural resources and rural affairs in any part of the world.
- When you see in this collection interesting items you cannot find, locally or online. Tell us the titles and/or document numbers. We will help you gain access.
And please suggest (or send) agricultural communications documents we might add to this unique collection. We welcome them in hard copy (sent to Ag Com Documentation Center, 510 LIAC, 1101 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801) or electronic form at firstname.lastname@example.org
Best regards and good searching. | <urn:uuid:84c8403a-e3a2-4b63-ac09-2560888df324> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.library.illinois.edu/funkaces/author/ejray2/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.911515 | 1,596 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Image Credit :|
Delhi, officially the capital territory of India is a collection of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region and has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC. Being the second most populous urban cluster in India, Delhi’s growth has expanded to incorporate towns in neighboring states.
A union territory, Delhi resembles any state of India, with its own government, high court and an council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. However it is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi.
Being such an important city throughout Indian history, the city has been constantly working to improve its design and infrastructure. Ancient invaders have made sure that they left the mark on the city be designing different pieces of beautiful architecture that are itself an amazing piece of work.
Delhi will drive anyone crazy when get a views of its age old style and zealous past. It is an actual glimpse of its mystic history. From ancient buildings to the modern wonders Delhi offers anything one can desire for. The rulers who have ruled India from Delhi have left their influence in the cities designed in their own style. True to its past, Delhi even today is the center of India’s political and governmental activities.
When you drive through the lesser known corners the experiences are most rewarding such as Lodi Gardens at dusk, listening to qawwali at Nizamuddin or the great fort of Purana Qila. This is an ideal way to uncover the real delhi. If you wish to explore the city with some assistance then take one of the city’s tours or hop on to the metro that is gleaming, cheap , efficient and connects delhi end to end along with its neighboring cities.
Delhi has been home to many people for centuries and people from all part of India have stayed here and have enriched the city with their ethos and customs. Very few cities in India offer the real spirt of India at one place. Delhi is home to clamor of news makers, devoted essence of armed forces, allure of early world, allure of stylishness and definitely a sense of power. It always has remained a focal point of change which helped in churning our democracy for better results throughout the history.
Influence by different rulers, the city has been home to different design masterpiece such as Indraparastha, Daulatabad, Old Delhi and many more. Surrounded and influenced by different flavors of architecture, culture and traditions, Delhi in one way resembles India’s history. With the addition of Metro Rail, Delhi has definitely has connected different eras of Delhi and added another great feature to its different design.
Delhi binds India by catering to the needs of every household of India and it is probably the only city that is filled with love.I would like to end my view of Delhi with Quote from famous author Khushwant Singh “That's Delhi. When life gets too much for you all you need to do is to spend an hour at Nigambodh Ghat,watch the dead being put to flames and hear their kin wail for them. Then come home and down a couple of pegs of whisky. In Delhi, death and drink make life worth living”
What drives us from within is what makes us great. Check more details at http://madeofgreat.tatamotors.com/ | <urn:uuid:ebc8b9db-69cf-49c1-a090-34b99466fff4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.foodydelight.com/2015/12/drivedesign-in-capital-of-india-delhi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186891.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00584-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96569 | 692 | 2.609375 | 3 |
China’s economic growth rate may be slowing, but the Chinese public overwhelmingly recognizes the economic progress their country has made over time. Most say they are better off financially than they were five years ago, and with near unanimity they believe they enjoy a higher standard of living than their parents did.
However, they also believe their country is facing a variety of challenges. In particular, corruption – which has been a major focus of President Xi Jinping – remains a serious concern. Fully 84% say corrupt officials are a big problem, and 44% think they are a very big problem. But people are optimistic that this problem can be dealt with – 63% say the corruption problem will get better in five years.
Meanwhile, there are signs that China’s remarkable economic expansion has had some negative side effects. For instance, many Chinese are concerned about air and water pollution, as well as widening inequality. And serious concerns about food safety have nearly tripled since 2008.
People express mixed reactions to the rapid changes China has experienced. Most say they like the pace of modern life, but they also believe that their traditional way of life is getting lost and that it needs to be protected against foreign influence. And a growing number see consumerism and commercialism as a threat to their culture.
These are among the key findings from a Pew Research Center survey in China, which is based on face-to-face interviews conducted from April 15 to May 27, 2015, among a nationally representative sample of 3,649 randomly selected adults.1
Corrupt Officials Seen as Top Problem
Among the 15 issues included in this survey, nine are considered either a very big or moderately big problem by at least 70% of the Chinese public. However, no issue tested is rated as a very big problem by half or more of the population. Concerns over corrupt officials top the list, with 44% of Chinese saying this is a very big problem. Still, this is down 10 percentage points from 2014, when 54% cited corrupt officials as a top concern.
About a third of Chinese are worried about environmental damage, with 35% saying air pollution is a very big problem and 34% saying the same about water pollution. Three-in-ten or more cite the gap between the rich and poor, safety of food and rising prices as top concerns.
Only about two-in-ten cite corrupt businesspeople, education, unemployment, traffic and working conditions as very big problems for China.
Concerns about food safety have risen over the past seven years amid several high-profile scares. In 2008, baby formula tainted with melamine was linked to the deaths of six infants and affected almost 300,000 babies. More recently, nearly a half-billion dollars’ worth of meat was seized by authorities in June 2015, some of it having been frozen in the 1970s. Roughly a third (32%) now say food safety is a very big problem, up 20 percentage points from 12% in 2008.
While the safety of medicine and the quality of manufactured goods are cited as a top worry by fewer than three-in-ten Chinese, concerns have risen by 19 points and 15 points, respectively, since 2008.
On the other hand, concerns about inflation have eased substantially. In 2008, when inflation stood at 5.9%, about seven-in-ten Chinese (72%) were very concerned about rising prices. With a more manageable 1.4% inflation rate projected for 2015, only 30% cite rising prices as a top concern, a decline of a staggering 42 percentage points over seven years.
Chinese Divided on Whether Many Problems Will Get Better or Worse
When asked whether a series of top problems will get better, get worse or stay the same in the next five years, the Chinese public offers mixed views. More than six-in-ten (63%) believe corruption problems will improve in the next five years. A plurality (43%) is also optimistic that progress will be made in food safety. However, the public is split on water pollution: 37% believe it will get better over the next five years, while 34% believe it will get worse. Similar divides are found on air pollution (36% better, 34% worse) and the gap between the rich and poor (35% better, 31% worse).
In China’s two largest cities, pessimism about air quality is widespread. More than half of those living in Beijing and Shanghai (53%) say air pollution will get worse in the next five years, compared with roughly a third (34%) of those living elsewhere in China. A recent study linked air pollution to 1.6 million deaths a year in China, with some of the most concentrated sources of pollution found in the northeast corridor that extends from Shanghai to Beijing.
On the issue of corruption, optimism about improvement varies considerably by education and income. For example, 71% of higher-income Chinese believe corruption will improve in the next five years, compared with 58% of those with lower incomes.2 Roughly two-thirds of Chinese with a secondary education or higher (68%) expect corruption to get better, compared with about six-in-ten among people with less than a secondary education (59%).
Widespread Belief that Standard of Living Has Improved
Despite concern about a wide range of issues, many are satisfied with their economic situation. Majorities in China have consistently rated their personal economic situation positively. In 2008, 66% of Chinese said their personal finances were good. In 2015, 72% hold this view.
Roughly three-quarters of Chinese (77%) believe their family is better off today than they were five years ago. Only 4% say they are worse off financially than they were five years ago and 17% say they are about the same.
Not only do many Chinese rate the current state of their finances positively, but an overwhelming majority sees the effects of China’s economic advancement over the past generation. Nearly all Chinese (96%) say their current standard of living is better than their parents’ standard of living at the same age. This is relatively unchanged from 2012, when 92% of Chinese said their standard of living was superior to that of their parents’ generation.
Chinese See Traditions and Culture under Threat
China’s economic transformation has led to many changes in the everyday lives of its citizens. Most Chinese embrace a modern lifestyle, with 66% saying they like the pace of modern life. However, the same percentage says their traditional way of life is getting lost. And 79% believe their way of life needs to be protected against foreign influence (though only 30% completely agree with this view).
In a society with a rapidly growing middle class, slightly more than half (53%) think that consumerism and commercialism are a threat to their culture, up from 43% in 2012. Just 34% say consumerism and commercialism do not pose a threat. | <urn:uuid:a480b3d1-f372-4e64-b959-d14ae5210fd1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/09/24/corruption-pollution-inequality-are-top-concerns-in-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.974744 | 1,406 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The next ship in line to deliver cargo to the International Space Station is undergoing final checkouts on a launchpad at Wallops Island in Virginia. If all goes well, the Orbital Sciences Cygnus, an unmanned, pressurized cargo ship, will lift off on its first demonstration flight to orbit in late February or early March, reach the station in early April with a payload of about 1800 pounds of cargo, and begin regular cargo service to the ISS some time after that.
The Cygnus will compliment the SpaceX Dragon that is already in service delivering cargo to the station. It will be the first time in history that two American ships capable of flights to the space station will be in service at the same time, trying to start filling the gap left by the retirement of the space shuttle.
Orbital Sciences, based in Dulles, Va., has built a new rocket called Antares around a pair of Russian NK-33 engines. Those engines were built in the early 1970s as part of a design intended to power the Soviet Union's N1 manned moon rocket. The Russians never sent astronauts to the moon, but the engines are remnants of the moon race.
Aerojet acquired the engines in the 1990s, and Kurt Eberly, deputy manager at Orbital for the Antares, figures Aerojet got 38 of the original 80 to 100 engines. Refurbished by Aerojet and renamed AJ-26, a pair of the Russian-made engines will now power the first stage of Orbital Science's Antares rocket. It will be the first time the engines will be used in flight, and they will be discarded after a single mission, along with the rest of the rocket and the Cygnus itself.
"It's never easy," Eberly, a 21-year veteran of Orbital Sciences, says of developing a new rocket. "You just have to have the determination to see it through to the end." After more than five years in the making, he says, "it's just really exciting to finally get to the point of having some operations in front of us. I'm really anxious to get to the point of starting to fly these things."
An Antares first stage is sitting on the pad at Wallops Island, slated for a hot-fire test in February. The twin AJ-26 engines will light up just as they would for a launch, but the stage will remain bolted in place and the engines will shut down after 30 seconds—long enough for engineers to check whether they will perform as expected. Before the demonstration flight happens in February or March, the Antares first stage will be topped with a solid-fuel second-stage called a Castor 30B. That stage is built around a motor provided by Alliant Techsystems, or ATK, the same company that made the space shuttle solid-rocket boosters.
"We take their rocket motors," Eberly says, "and we integrate them as the prime contractor." That means installing Orbital-built avionics and building a fairing around them and doing other work to turn the motors into functional booster rockets.
The Cygnus spacecraft will ride to orbit atop the Castor. Orbital Sciences builds the service module of Cygnus, containing the guidance, navigation and control systems, propulsion system, sensors, and other gear needed to get it to the space station. The pressurized cargo section, enclosing about 60 cubic feet of cargo space and able to carry about 4400 pounds in its first iteration, is made by Thales Alenia in Italy. "It's like the bed of the pickup truck," says Carl Walz, a former NASA astronaut and space station resident and current vice president of human spaceflight operations at Orbital. After its demonstrations and its first three real cargo missions are in the books, Orbital plans to upgrade to an Enhanced Cygnus enclosing about 85 cubic feet and capable of carrying close to 6000 pounds.
"Cygnus is fully assembled, fully checked out," Walz says. "The last thing we have to do is load modified software [to match software upgrades on ISS], and we're ready to go."
Orbital has no immediate plans to build more of the AJ-26 engines, even though Aerojet has a license to do so from the original manufacturer, the Kuznetsov Design Bureau. Nor does it plan to fly astronauts on Cygnus. The company is under contract for eight cargo missions to the space station following the two demo flights. That will have the company flying about two missions a year. Whether Antares/Cygnus flights will continue after that is up for grabs.
That means the sole-purpose Cygnus is a different animal from the SpaceX Dragon, which was designed from the start with eventual crew-carrying capability in mind and is part of SpaceX founder Elon Musk's vision of one day colonizing Mars. Nevertheless, Walz argues the Cygnus fills an important niche.
"As a former NASA astronaut, this is something I've always hoped that the United States would do—develop this autonomous cargo capability," Walz tells PM. | <urn:uuid:be174038-40d1-4018-891f-00d48906ee7e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a8608/orbital-sciences-preps-for-iss-launch-14991680/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686034.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919202211-20170919222211-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.955398 | 1,039 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What is Radon?
- Radon is an invisible, odourless, and tasteless radioactive gas.
- Long-term exposure to high levels of radon can lead to lung cancer.
- Radon is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers and the second leading cause of lung cancer overall (after smoking)
The only way to know how much radon is in your home is to test for it.
Page Last Updated: 22/11/2019 | <urn:uuid:e89c4c66-0457-4852-a1e5-99fc4a6d0faf> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.ab.lung.ca/radon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655901509.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709193741-20200709223741-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.926891 | 100 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Kelly Posner Gerstenhaber, PhD
Every 40 seconds, someone in the world dies by suicide. According to a 2010 study, suicide has claimed more lives worldwide each year than war, homicide and natural disasters combined, and kills more people in the U.S. than car crashes. It is the No. 1 killer of teenage girls in Europe and Southeast Asia and the second-leading cause of death in all people aged 15-34 in the U.S. Eight percent of your average adolescents report making a suicide attempt each year and two-thirds of all gun deaths are suicides.
The CDC recently reported that life expectancy in the US has dropped, making us the only developed nation in the world with a downward trend and suicide is a significant contributor.
Suicide and its greatest cause, depression, do not discriminate—they touch everyone. It is often the No. 1 cause of death among police and in an average 100,000-employee corporation, every six days an employee or family member will die from suicide. Depression is the No. 1 cause of work-related absence.
These numbers only echo the devastating ripple effects suicide has on families, communities and the economy: 135 people are affected for every person who dies by suicide and these effects linger across generations because of the silence that often follows.
We don’t have a cure for cancer but we do know how to prevent suicide. One of the greatest barriers to saving lives is people failing to view mental health like physical health. The biggest cause of suicide is depression, a heritable biological medical illness, and the most debilitating disease in high- and middle-income countries (and soon to be everywhere). However, our society does not view depression the same as, for example, cancer, where you wouldn’t hear the word “choice.”
Since we’ve developed modern antidepressants like Prozac, suicide rates have dropped dramatically across the world. Treatment saves lives, but unfortunately most people who need treatment don’t get it. We don’t have this problem with other medicines like antibiotics or insulin.
Another barrier: lack of screening for suicidal thoughts. Nearly 50 percent of suicides see their primary care doctor in the month before they die, and most adolescents who have tried to end their own lives present to the ER for non-psychiatric reasons.
We need to screen and monitor like we do for blood pressure, hearing or vision. People want to be asked. My friend Kevin Hines survived jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge and said if just one person had asked him if he was OK, he wouldn’t have done it.
The person buying the gun at the gun shop does not want to die but does not know there is hope and help available.
These are exactly the reasons why we have seen the remarkable power of asking; putting the right questions in everyone’s hands has actually helped lower the suicide rate. We must go into communities to break down the walls of stigma and misunderstanding, because when a community comes together there is hope.
Now parents are asking their children, and millions of people around the world know that it is OK to ask. That is helping us to save lives.
Please join Cristina Cuomo for a LIVE discussion on Mental Health: Mitigating COVID-19
with Columbia Psychiatry at Presbyterian Hospital’s Professor Dr. Kelly Posner Gerstenhaber, who is also recipient of the Secretary of Defense Medal for Exceptional Public Service. WHEN: Thursday, May 30th at 5 PM EST and 3 PM MST. and 2 PM PST. Your questions will be answered and one lucky winner will receive a one-on-one consultation with this global expert in suicide prevention. | <urn:uuid:60f52cc4-a057-472e-b1ca-2578f2505cbd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thepuristonline.com/2020/04/connect-4-kelly-posner-gerstenhaber-phd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500456.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207102930-20230207132930-00863.warc.gz | en | 0.953777 | 758 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The first lesson package is being published today, October 2 – 24 hours after the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced.
“Nobel Prize Lessons” consist of different lesson packages – one for each prize – published within 24 hours after that particular prize has been announced. The objective is to enable teachers to use the material directly with their students. Each Nobel Prize Lesson package includes a slide show with a speaker’s manuscript for the teacher, student worksheet including questions, a short video that explains the prize and a simple teacher’s guide.
“Many teachers are looking for good educational materials about the Nobel Prize. We have noted that it may be difficult for each individual teacher to develop a lesson in a short period of time. So we believe the material we are now producing will be widely used in schools around the world,” says Annika Hedås Falk, Vice President Education for the Nobel Center.
The material is based on well-reported sources and also refers readers to more detailed information from the prize-awarding institutions. The main target group for Nobel Prize Lessons is students aged 13–19 but with minor adjustments or supplementary material it can also be used for other levels in education too. The material is being published in both Swedish and English. It is freely available as part of the Nobel Center’s new programme for schools and teachers, the Nobel Prize Education Network.
All Nobel Prize Lessons in Swedish can be found here:
All Nobel Prize Lessons in English can be found here:
For further information, please contact:
Annika Hedås Falk, Vice President Education, Nobel Center
firstname.lastname@example.org, +46 72 230 39 48
Rebecka Oxelström, Head of Communications, Nobel Center
email@example.com, + 46 734 12 66 75 | <urn:uuid:b9c143dd-641a-4247-8e50-bf2ca5d7609f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://nobelcenter.futurniture.site/en/nobel-prize-lessons-bring-the-2018-nobel-prize-into-the-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.930659 | 394 | 2.84375 | 3 |
by Octavio Jiménez Robles & Gabriel Martínez del Marmol Marín.
In North Africa, three species of large paleartic vipers have been recorded inside the genus Macrovipera sensu Herrmann et al., 1992 (Schleich et al., 2006). Several phylogenetic studies suggest the allocation of two of these species inside the genus Daboia (Lenk et al., 2001; Garrigues et al., 2005; Wüster et al., 2008; Pyron et al., 2011): D. mauritanica (Duméril & Bibron, 1848), and D. deserti (Anderson, 1892). The third described clade in North Africa is Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea Nilson & Andrén 1988, not included in any recent phylogenetic analysis. The validity of the taxa transmediterranea and deserti as full species is currently uncertain due to the scarcity of records along all their supposed distribution.
After its description in 1988, the existence of M. l. transmediterranea has never been accurately confirmed. It was described from five specimens tagged from Algiers and Tunis (the capitals of Algeria and Tunisia) as a sympatric species with D. mauritanica with shorter body length, reduced number of dorsal scale rows and different colour pattern (Nilson & Andrén, 1988). Another transmediterranea specimen not collected was mentioned to be observed in Djebel Murdjadjo, near Oran, Algeria (Nilson & Andrén, 1988). Bons & Geniez (1996) suggested the possibility that this viper occurs in northeast Morocco, although for the moment there is no information about it. Recently one (or several) snake(s) was(were) identified as M. l. transmediterranea after being captured in rocky areas of north Tunisia, without exact locality (Bazaa et al., 2005; 2006; 2009; Sanz et al., 2006; Liman et al. 2010). In those venom proteomic publications it is not specified whether this specimen was deposited in a scientific collection, so for the moment its identity as the taxon transmediterranea remains unverifiable. In Dobiey & Vogel’s book (page 143, 2007) there is a picture of a viper named as this species, but the specimen has an unknown origin (J.J. Calvete & A. Bazaa, pers. comm.), so it cannot be assigned neither to transmediterranea nor to Tunisia.
|colour pattern||wavy undulating zig-zag band along the back which constitutes 23 to 33 blotches or windings (sometimes reddish or brownish with weakly developped pattern)||rather pale with wavy undulating band weakly developed or absent (it fades with age)||34 to 41 transverse bands (31-46; Herrmann et al., 1992)|
|number of scale rows between the dark blotches and the ventrals (Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963)||5||3-4||?|
|midbody dorsal scale rows||27||27||25|
|neck scale rows||26-27||26-27||~24|
|scales on upper surface of head||keeled||smooth||keeled|
|rostral shield||broader than high||higher than broad||broader than high|
|ventrals||157-174 ♀♀; 163-170 ♂♂||164-170 ♀♀; 166-169 ♂♂||150-164 ♀♀; 154-163 ♂♂|
|subcaudals||45-48 ♀♀; 45-50 ♂♂||44-51 ♀♀; 46-51 ♂♂||37-43 ♀♀; 42-51 ♂♂|
Appart from its scarcity of records, the morphological diagnostic traits of transmediterranea are doubtful. Besides transmediterreanea dorsal colour pattern was described as transversal bars (see Table 1; Nilson & Andrén, 1988), several authors consider it similar to the wavy undulating pattern of mauritanica (Herrmann et al., 1992; Venchi & Sindaco, 2006). Other differences such as the reduced dorsal scales might be inside the variation of juveniles of mauritanica as well (Venchi & Sindaco). Hence, the validity of transmediterranea is questionable (Venchi & Sindaco, 2006; Agasyan et al., 2009; R. Sindaco, pers. comm.). However a specimen of the Natural History Museum of London has recently been identified as M.l. transmediterranea (W. Wuster, pers. comm.).
The only concise way of solving this uncertainty on the phylogenetic allocation of the taxon transmediterranea, would be including genetic material of the syntypes in next molecular phylogenetic studies. We suspect the taxon transmediterranea will be probably allocated in the Daboia clade, as it is widely separated from other Macrovipera populations in the Eastern Mediterranean, and close to other Daboia. Evenmore, transmediterranea might be a synonymy of D. mauritanica.
Daboia deserti was described as a subspecies of M. lebetina differing from the type of D. mauritanica by the absence of canthus rostralis and interorbital scales not keeled (Anderson, 1892). As an anecdote, Anderson used for comparison some two of the specimens that later would become syntypes of transmediterranea (Nilson & Andrén, 1988). The colour pattern of deserti was described as “pale yellowish brown above with very faint indications of the dorsal and lateral dark spots distinctive of Algerian and Cyprian examples of the typical form” (Anderson, 1892).
Since the description of deserti its distribution and phylogenetic relations with mauritanica are not clear. Kramer & Schnurrenberger (1963) suggested that deserti should be regarded as a subspecies of D. mauritanica. They stated a disjunct distribution for both taxa: north of the High Atlas Range and coastal areas of Algeria for mauritanica, and from south of the Atlas Range to Libya for deserti. Another morphologic trait was pointed for the diagnosis: the number of scale rows between the dorsal dark blotches and the ventrals is normally more than 5 in mauritanica and 3-4 rows in deserti (Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963).
After considering deserti as a close taxon to mauritanica due to morphologic similarities (Kramer & Schnurrenberger, 1963), the work of Herrmann and collaborators (1987; 1992) with non-genetic molecular methods showed differences to separate them again as independent species. The immunological distance of mauritanica to the Cypriotic M. l. lebetina, was smaller than the distance with deserti (Herrmann et al., 1987).
In Morocco some specimens with a pale colour pattern have been found (Destre et al., 1989). They were attributed to a pale morph of D. mauritanica (Saint Girons, 1956; Nilson & Andren, 1988) distributed along the Antiatlas and the south of the High Atlas (Geniez et al., 1991; Bons & Geniez, 1996). However, other authors identified them as D. deserti (Destre et al., 1989; Schleich et al., 1996).
In more recent phylogenetic research with mitochondrial DNA fragments both mauritanica and deserti were grouped together with very short branches (Lenk et al., 2001; Pyron et al., 2011), suggesting a very low genetic differentiation, even below the species level (Miras et al., 2006; Stümpel & Jöger, 2011; U. Jöger, pers. comm.).
The separation of deserti and mauritanica as different species (Herrmann et al., 1987; 1992) has been criticized from the morphological point of view (Wade, 2008), because specimens of the most separated limits of the distribution of both species were used: D. mauritanica of Aouolouz, Morocco and D. deserti of Djebel Nefusa, Libya, without examining specimens of the middle of the distribution of both species (Algeria). The analysis of specimens of the “pale morph” of D. mauritanica in Algeria suggests the possibility of a clinal differentiation from northwest to southeast (Wade, 2008). In fact, apart from the colour pattern, some of the traits used in the description of deserti, such as the smooth upper head scales, are not consistent in all the currently known specimens (Schleich et al., 1996).
The distribution areas of both coloration patterns remain unclear. The contrasted morph of mauritanica is found in north Atlas and coastal areas of Algeria; while the pale morph of mauritanica/deserti has been observed from south of Atlas range to Lybia through the Saharan Atlas in Algeria and Tunisia. However exceptions to this range pattern have been found. The variability in the coloration of Daboia in the Maghreb is rather high.
The specimen from Djebel Murdadjo (Algeria; Nilson & Andrén, 1988) might belong to the pale morph of Daboia mauritanica/ Daboia deserti (P. Geniez, pers. comm.).
Mario Schweiger found two sympatric specimens with different colouration south of the Atlas: one contrasted (male) and one pale (female).
Whereas Tomas Mazuch and collaborators (pers. comm.) found two Daboia specimens with “deserti” pattern in Mediterranean habitat in northwest Tunisia, Karel Rozínek found a specimen with “mauritanica” pattern in Chambi National Park, Atlas range, where Daboia deserti should be the expected species (T. Mazuch, pers.comm.). A possibly similar pattern is found in the Chalcides ocellatus species complex, as specimens of a North Moroccoan-Algerian clade were found in Redeyef, aproximately 90 km south of Jebel Chambi (Kornilios et al., 2010).
In the areas between Agadir and Tan-tan (Morocco) it is even possible to find individuals of both morphs, intermediate individuals and sometimes specimens of both “morphs” with a reddish coloration. This pattern was described for D. mauritanica (Saint-Girons, 1956, Nilson & Andrén, 1988).
Further research with genetic phylogenies with a wide sampling all over northwest Africa, is necessary to clarify the identity of clades such us transmediterranea or deserti as full species (or subspecies). They might be simply morphological variations of D. mauritanica, or something else as a consequence of certain isolation. In a next future the population structure of this species complex will be better known.
We thank Roberto Sindaco, Ulrich Joger, Tomas Mazuch, Wolfgang Wuster, Mario Schweiger, Ed Wade, Philippe Geniez, Fernando Martínez Freiría, Juan Timms, Daniel Gómez, Hazel Skeet, Karel Rozínek, Juan Jose Calvete, Amine Bazaa, Alexander Westerström, Raúl León and Peter Stafford’s family for their pictures, articles or information.
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- Wüster, W.; Peppin, L.; Pook, C.E. & Walker, D.E. 2008. A nesting of vipers: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (2): 445-459 | <urn:uuid:6dae64e4-d8c3-48a5-8890-79771a9bc696> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.moroccoherps.com/en/vipers-macrovipera-and-daboia-in-north-africa/?replytocom=18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301737.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120100127-20220120130127-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.677272 | 5,062 | 2.5625 | 3 |
THE BLOG IS MOVED TO
(I wrote this as report for GeoInformatics course by LI Yan, Fall Semester 2007, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan)
Ms.Word .doc Version: Creating A World Without Poverty
Creating A World Without Poverty
Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty
Figure 1. Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_1_dollar_day
Proverty and Solidarity Lending
Proverty is a major issue facing much humankind of this age. More than before, economic and social gaps are widening particularly in urban areas. One of a major factor that blocks the poor still being poor is that they have no money to produce money. Being able to live out of the box of poverty is a basic human right. Recently one of many solutions stands out and captured attentions of many of those who are concerned with the welfare of the poor. It is a system of Solidarity Lending. An early pioneer of Solidarity Lending, Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh through his microfinance organization, The Grameen Bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
What is truly amazing about Solidarity Lending system is how it can alleviates poverty. Like what I mentioned earlier, what blocks many people to live life without poverty is the lack of capital to start up business. To borrow money from banks for business start-up would be very difficult as banks would require thorough complicated procedures and collaterals. Not everybody can afford that, imagine a poor man who has been living his life in rural areas, not only he is deprived of banking knowledge, he does also not have any substantial significant collateral that can be used to make loan deal with banks. Here comes the role of Solidarity Lending banks, lending money to the poor without any need for collateral.
How it Works
How it works is unique of its kind. It works in a system of solidarity lending in form of self help groups. Each borrower must belong to a five-member group however the group is not required to give any guarantee for a loan to its member. This is also beneficial to the Solidarity Lending banks, as there is a fixed cost associated with each loan delivered, bundling individual loans together and permits the group to manage individual relationships can realize substantial savings in administrative and management cost.
The repayment responsibility solely rest on the individual borrower, while the group and the centre oversee that everyone behaves in a responsible way and none gets into repayment problem. However, group members are not responsible to pay on behalf of a defaulting member. (Mohammed Yunus). Dr.Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh describes the dynamics of lending through solidarity groups this way:
|… Group membership not only creates support and protection but also smoothes out the erratic behavior patterns of individual members, making each borrower more reliable in the process. Subtle and at times not-so-subtle peer pressure keeps each group member in line with the broader objectives of the credit program.…Because the group approves the loan request of each member, the group assumes moral responsibility for the loan. If any member of the group gets into trouble, the group usually comes forward to help.|
Payback rates to the bank were also very high, as noted in Grameen’s Bank track record, 98 percent. Solidarity lending levers various types of social capital like peer pressure, mutual support and a healthy culture of repayment. These characteristics make solidarity lending more useful in rural villages than in urban centres where mobility is greater and social capital is weaker.
Grameen bank focus mainly at rural areas yet and it had been proven very successful at the rural areas of Bangladesh. Not only that rural communities can cooperate better in, but also we have to consider that in rural areas, there are very much opportunity and business fields that can be developed for the betterness of the local community. Even if we assume that a certain village is not in poverty line, we can agree that there would still be much to be done for the sake of better life of the people. Somebody would be better starting off electricity accessibility in the village, either it through the hard way of conventional electric line or by using SHS (Solar Home System), utilizing solar panel electricity which is eco-friendly and is more suitable for isolated village areas due to its portability. And from there we can list a lot more businesses that can be generated through the accessibility of electricity in the village. And of course, all of those efforts would require quite a sum of money, which is a big barrier for innovation and improvements.
Figure 2. As can be seen from figure above, people living in rural areas are still of much significance of the population
Modernization of a rural community is not a simple task that each government of each country can handle and take care of. If the process of modernization of rural communities are left up to the hands of government, it would take several more decades to see some significant results. In the contrast, what governments should let the people of rural communities themselves be in primary responsibility of the improvements and modernization of their own area, government would be good playing as supporting and facilitating role in it, particularly by fostering accessability of funds, in which Solidarity Lending system have proved very successful.In deeper analysis, it is not wrong to say that the Solidarity Lending system can be regarded as one of a tool key in promoting prosperity of the whole, both as individual and as a nation. Such system grows the economy of the nation by utilizing rural communities to also take bigger part in it. Production of service and goods can increase more which then provides more opportunity for export and trade, or at least for the nation’s own consumption itself, therefore also in by-effect reducing dependency on other nations, being more independent economically. As earnings increase, taxing would also increase as well as consumption therefore benefiting producers and manufacturers.
So far, we have only been seeing it in scope of rural communities, but as we broadens our view to bigger scope of urban communities, we can be amazed at how much benefit it would be for everybody if this Solidarity Lending system can work out well in such areas. By available accessability of business-start up funds, people would be more encouraged to own business rather than to work for somebody else , entrepreneurship would grow at higher rate which means innovative businesses and sectors would soon to be seen in the areas impacted, resulting in richer life of the general society. More convenience in a more narrow scope of a certain area even if we are to assume that the community lacks the will of entrepreneurship.
What is more important from the point above is how at least people having opportunity to own their own businesses not only reduce unemployment rate by employing themselves as the business owner, but also that the act of opening up businesses provides more job vacancies for many other people. Not only this result in similar economic advantage as analyzed before in case of rural communities (but at much more larger scale), but also it has much beneficial effects in the social point of view, therefore socioeconomic impacts as a whole. As unemployment rate decrease followed by increase in earnings, crime rate, particularly those crimes conducted by the poors would drop, benefiting the society as a whole. Continual increase in personal expenditure of the poor would allow access for better health and reduce illiteracy and increase education rate. Again, the benefits never always only goes to the poor, but impacts the society as a whole in positive ways.
So as we can see from simple analysis above, if we can improve the economy and well-beingness of people in the lowest part of the economy pyramid (the lowest but also the most in number as constituents of the pyramid), the whole pyramid itself would grow in size, therefore it is betterness for all.
World Development Indicators (2007) (http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org) WorldBank. Retrieved on 2007, Nov
Wikipedia (2007). Poverty. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty)
Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007, NovWikipedia (2007). Solidarity Lending. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_lending) Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007, Nov
Wikipedia (2007). Grameen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen) Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007, Nov
Further Reading (Books)
Extra: Get Involved!
(From: http://www.grameenfoundation.org )
Spread the word: Learn how you can use online tools such as our website or your own blog to tell others about the power of microfinance.
What do you find most inspirational about microfinance and our fight against world poverty? Perhaps you’re touched by the story of a microfinance client, or excited about one of our program initiatives, or interested in how technology can help the world’s poor. Whatever your interest, here are some ways to spread the word: · Send a free e-card · Organize a friendraiser · E-mail a page to a friend · Use del.icio.us · Feature us on your blog · Use our brochure
(More details at: http://www.grameenfoundation.org/get_involved/spread_the_word/ )
Work with us: Grameen Foundation periodically has a variety of employment and consulting opportunities available at our Washington, DC office and around the world. We welcome qualified applicants committed to helping the world’s poorest people lift themselves out of poverty with dignity.
We offer several kinds of opportunities for you to work with the Grameen Foundation – a group of friendly, multi-cultural professionals. | <urn:uuid:adef0f4a-6ae7-41c6-8baa-af475da70987> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://wer1family.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/creating-a-world-without-poverty-micro-lending-and-the-battle-against-world-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541220.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00315-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954164 | 1,985 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sky Pioneers: The Airmail Crosses Wyoming
In February 1931, advances in radio technology reached tiny Medicine Bow, Wyo., allowing pilots to fly coast to coast regardless of weather conditions. While few understood the significance at the time, aviation historians now equate the event with the driving of the golden spike that completed the transcontinental railroad 62 years earlier.
When the Medicine Bow low-frequency radio signal connected the radio beams from Rock Springs and Cheyenne, Wyoming, this completed the route from San Francisco to New York, and pilots now could fly across the country more safely and efficiently than ever before. The event was a game-changer for aviation and the transcontinental airmail system, which helped create the passenger airlines people rely on today.
The railroad had played an important role, too, in helping pilots find their way. From the air, early U.S. Mail pilots followed the tracks, referring to them as “the iron compass.” Often, the mail was carried on the airplanes part of the way and then transferred to trains for land transport. The installation of a series of beacons and large, concrete arrows visible from the air aided pilots day and night in so-called contact flying.
The post office tries out airmail
The transcontinental airmail actually began during World War I, thanks to an idea generated by U.S. Post Office executives. The war itself had brought about rapid advances in aircraft design and engine reliability, advances which did not go unnoticed by two visionaries within the administration of President Woodrow Wilson.
In fiscal year 1917-1918, Postmaster General Albert Sidney Burleson and Second Assistant Postmaster General Otto Praeger won a congressional appropriation of $100,000 and embarked on a bold experiment to sponsor the growth of commercial aviation with federal support. Trial flights began in May 1918 on a short, 218-mile route from Washington, D.C. to New York City, with a stop in Philadelphia. But flying even over that short distance with unreliable compasses, inadequate maps and no ground-based navigational aids, pilots often got lost.
For the next five years, they resorted to “contact” flying, maintaining visual contact with geographic features such as rivers, shorelines and the “iron compass”—the tracks. Flying at night or during stormy weather was hazardous, and all pilots risked their lives delivering the mail. And despite the hazards, the mail got through—the completion rate gradually improved to 95 percent or better.
By 1921 the U.S. Airmail Service had firmly established itself as a daytime-only operation between New York and San Francisco—sometimes referred to as the Columbia Route, or the T Route. Mail planes would land in the evening at selected points; mail would be transferred to a waiting train, which would haul it further down the line to be picked up in the morning by another plane. This leapfrogging drew the ire of congressional appropriation committees and the scorn of rail officials, as it yielded only a minute commercial advantage.
On February 22, 1921 with the threat of Congress’ cancelling further funding for the Air Mail Service, Colonel Paul Henderson, Second Assistant Postmaster General, staged a daring night flight from coast to coast. Only one pilot got through—Jack Knight, who braved treacherous winter weather in a heroic night flight between North Platte and Chicago—thus convincing congressional members of the value of the airmail system.
Beacons light the route
To make night flying safer, the post office in 1923 began building a series of lighted beacons between Cheyenne and Chicago, Ill., improving on marine technology developed by General Electric and the American Gas Accumulator Company. This particular section was chosen partly because of its relatively flat terrain and proximity to commercial power.
But more importantly, westbound planes leaving New York could reach Chicago by nightfall, while eastbound departures from San Francisco could land in Cheyenne before dark. Supplementing the beacon system were intermediate landing fields every 30 to 50 miles to provide a haven in the event of difficulties. Westbound flights could now traverse the continent in 34 hours, while eastbound services, with their prevailing tailwinds, took only 29 hours, besting the railroads by some two days.
The state of Wyoming was surveyed by ground and air in the summer of 1923. Construction of the airway started in the summer of 1924. Airways were designated by the first letters of their terminal cities and read from west to east and south to north. They were designed so that no segment exceeded 1,000 miles and were subdivided in to 100-mile sections. Wyoming fell within the Salt Lake to Omaha section of the route which was designated SL-O. In the interest of bookkeeping, the beacons were numbered based on mileage from a terminal point west to east with the unit digit dropped. Thus Medicine Bow along the SL-O airway, 325 miles from Salt Lake City, became Site 32.
Fourteen intermediate fields located, from east to west, at Pine Bluffs, Burns, Federal, Laramie, Rock River, Medicine Bow, Dana, Cherokee, Latham, Red Desert, Bitter Creek, Lyman, Le Roy and Knight spanned the state. Sites located far from any nearby municipalities were named for the closest railroad siding. Land was leased from private individuals, the state or commercial entities based on prevailing land values, with leases running anywhere from a year to ten years.
The Medicine Bow intermediate field was one of 90 established along the Columbia route from New York to San Francisco and was initially located one mile west of town. It was relocated about 1929 to its present position, about nine-tenths of a mile southeast of Medicine Bow, to take advantage of the proximity to local utilities.
While under the administration of the federal government, the field had several classifications.
Earliest records list the property as a type “C”field. This was an intermediate field with boundary lighting, a rotating 24-inch beacon atop a 51-foot skeletal tower with primary electrical power supplied by an onsite gasoline generator with an extra generator for standby power.
The beacons rotated at six revolutions per minute.
Drum-style beacons housed a 24-inch parabolic mirror with a 1,000-watt Mazda lamp projecting 1,000,000 candlepower. Inside the drum was an automatic lamp changer with a spare lamp. Should the lamp burn out, the replacement could be installed and in focus in a matter of seconds. Flashing every ten seconds for one-tenth of a second, the beam was elevated about one degree above the horizon and could be seen at a distance of 40 miles on a clear night.
Below the beacon were two course lights, mounted on a 6-foot square maintenance platform, pointing forward and backward along the airway. Equipped with red or green lenses, the course lights indicated the presence of a beacon only (red) or a landing field within two miles of the beacon (green). Amber colored course lights denoted a landing field suitable for daytime operations only. The course lights flashed out a system of codes, which allowed the pilots to determine their mileage along the airway.
Concrete arrows point the way
Fifty-four-foot concrete day-marker arrows pointing to the next higher numbered beacon—that is, the next beacon to the east—were also installed as navigational aids. These were originally painted chrome yellow with an 8-inch black border. During the night, this arrow was lit from above by high intensity lights mounted on the beacon tower frame. At the “feather” end of the arrow was a 22 foot by 14 foot power shed housing a Kohler or Westinghouse generator if no local power was available. On the roof of the power shed was painted the airway route and the beacon site number.
Although the lighting of the federal airways was a profound success for night navigation, it fell far short of the requirements for all-weather work. The beacon system still required pilots to navigate by the contact method and was virtually useless when it was needed most—in times of low or nonexistent visibility. Commercial aviation had to compete with existing forms of transportation on reliability. It was toward this goal that researchers and engineers began to experiment with a technology that would revolutionize scheduled commercial flying: Radio!
Radio signals connect the coasts
As early as 1916, engineers at the National Bureau of Standards recognized the value of radio for marine and aircraft guidance. At the time, two technologies were available: The German designed Telefunken and the Bellini-Tosi radio compass. At the behest of the U.S. Post Office, research continued until 1919, which proved the practicality of the Bellini-Tosi system. By 1921 the Post Office had lost interest; however, the U.S. Army Signal Corps and the National Bureau of Standards at College Park, Maryland during the next four years continued to refine the Bellini-Tosi system along with incorporating several European patents.
After much experimentation the definitive version that emerged was the aural radio range that transmitted four courses and operated on frequencies between 200-450 kilocycles, which had an effective range of about 100 miles. The letters A (dash dot when transmitted in Morse code) and N (dot dash) were used as alternate signals; the signals overlapped and provided a steady monotone, or Morse-code T. This created a “beam” for pilots to use as their course.
If a pilot flying the “beam” drifted off course, an N or A would predominate in his earphones and warn him to make the necessary corrections. The signals were interrupted for station identification every 20 seconds and every 15 minutes for weather information. Wherever possible, the radio range courses were made to overlie the existing lighted airway.
By 1926, the four-course aural range had come into technical maturity and was only awaiting practical application along the federal airways.
On July 1, 1927, the Department of Commerce, Aeronautics Branch took over the U.S. Post Office’s existing infrastructure and began fulfilling its congressional mandate to upgrade the nation’s airways.
That fall, the airmail system ceased to be funded directly by the government and began to be operated by private contractors. The city of Cheyenne purchased a $600,000 facility and leased it to Boeing Air Transport, which had won the mail contract to San Francisco. According to Wyoming Aviation Historian Michael Kassel, interviewed for the Wyoming PBS documentary, “Without airmail, lots of companies we know as passenger airlines wouldn’t exist.”
In 1928, the Bellefonte, Pa., range became the first four-course aural range to be commissioned on the federal airways. Three years later, on Feb. 12, 1931, the Medicine Bow low-frequency radio range was switched on, thus connecting the two powerful beacon signals from Cheyenne and Rock Springs, Wyo., and completing the all-weather Columbia route, ushering in the world’s premier commercial airway.
The implications were profound. Now for the first time, an airliner could traverse the entire continent on schedule, without regard to the limitations of adverse visibilities. Airlines now had a commodity—service—that they could sell with confidence, and passengers could purchase a ticket with the reasonable expectation of arriving at their destination on time.
In the 1930s, Cheyenne’s Transcontinental Airport was among the busiest in the nation. Cheyenne eventually became the maintenance base for United Airlines, and the mechanics, according to Kassel, performed “literally magician’s work.” Many of them had learned their skills repairing aircraft flown during the early transcontinental airmail days.
During World War II, Cheyenne also served as a B-17 modification plant. When the plant was operational, 4,000 aircraft were modified there, according to aviation historian Moser. After the war, the service was no longer needed, and airline hubs moved to Chicago, Denver and San Francisco.
Airway keepers help pilots
Across the country, in the 1920s and 1930s, intermediate fields were staffed on site by Department of Commerce personnel, referred to as airway keepers, who were fortunate enough to be provided prefabricated accommodations at a nominal fee. Assistant Airway Keeper Edwin Crucikshank, at Medicine Bow, received an annual salary of $1,200 and was charged $20 per month for his quarters.Pilots, in comparison, earned $4,000 per year for flying the mail across the country.
Bachelor quarters were fully furnished, while families had to provide their own furnishings. Medicine Bow had two assisitant airway keeper’s residences, each with its own seperate septic system, which were built along the northwest boundary fence approximatley 100 feet east of the teletype office. A third residence, the supervisor’s, was located approximately 1,200 feet east of the teletype office in the seven acres allocated for the radio range.
“K” quarters, as they were called—keepers’ quarters—were 22 by 28 feet. Roofs painted in red served as aeroglyphs with the name of the field, airway route, elevation and site number painted with yellow letters and numbers outlined in black. Families took advantage of the markings to identify their residences by referring to the roof markings.
“Each house had two bedrooms, a very small kitchen with built-in cupboards; the dinning room and living room were combined,” Betty Jean Cruickshank recalls. “The greatest thing about the new house was the indoor plumbing! It was a very small bathroom, but we had a toilet, a bathtub, a sink, a medicine cabinet and linen closet, which I was quite impressed with as we never had a linen closet in our other homes. We also had hot and cold running water. By today’s standards, it was a very small house, but to us it was a castle!”
Although many sites were isolated, personnel often led idyllic lives. Leave time was ample, and keepers and their families found time to enjoy areas that often abounded with fish, game and pristine forests.
Airway keepers shared their unusual experiences in a publication of the Department of Commerce Air Commerce Bulletin’s section called “Along the Airways.” Intermediate fields were open to all aircraft. Keepers were obligated to extend aid and hospitality to all aircraft and their occupants, as the following two incidents from the bulletin reveal:
“On August 3, 1933, Pilot Jack Huff in NC215M enroute from Tulsa, Oklahoma to Riverton, Wyoming with two expert nitroglycerin men and three hundred pounds of nitro for shooting a burning oil well at Riverton, landed at Medicine Bow for an overnight stay. On August 8th while on another trip of the same type, Huff said that due to the excellent condition of the Medicine Bow field, he decided to land for another night stay with three hundred more pounds of nitro for the same well at Riverton. On both visits the crew at Medicine Bow field was more than glad when the above part[ies] were safley in the air.”
In Feburary 1934, the U.S. Army began flying the mail after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order canceling all existing commerical airmail contracts. The following illustrates the degree of ingenuity exhibited by airway personnel:
“One Army pilot landed at night and shut off his motor.[T]he next morning the weather was very cold, and with the aid of a large size blow torch, borrowed from the local garage, and a stove pipe, inserted through the motor cover, along with heating the oil, the motor started almost immediately. Several trips were made to town and to the post office with the mail, and transporting the pilot. For which no one was compensated for.”
By the early 1930s with the introduction of longer-range, all-metal monoplanes-such as the faster and more reliable Boeing Model 247 and the Douglas DC-2, along with budget cuts demanded by President Roosevelt’s economic measures, there was a substantial decrease in the intermediate field network. Intermediate fields were reduced from a high of 385 in 1931 to 250 in 1934. Medicine Bow survived the budget cuts until 1938 when the radio range, communications equipment and weather reporting capabilities were deactivated; however, the intermediate field still remained as a Department of Commerce operated facility until March 1, 1958. At that time, stewardship was assumed by the town of Medicine Bow.
- Air Commerce Bulletin, 1, no. 8, 1929; 2, no.17, 1931; 4, no. 9, 1932; 5 no. 10, 1934. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- Cheskaty, Larry. “ The Last Lighthouse.” FAA News. Oklahoma City, Okla.: Federal Aviation Administration, 1977,19-20.
- Cole-Keller, Betty. Edwin M. Cruickshank, Airways Keeper Site 32, Medicine Bow, Wyoming. Hudsonville, Mich.: Self-published, 2007.
- Heister, Dale.“Airways” End of the Seat-of-the Pants Flying.Los Angeles: Self-published, 1978.
- “How The Zeppelin Raiders Are Guided by Radio Signals.” Popular Science Monthly, April 18, 1918, 632-634.
- Jackson, William P., ed. The Federal Airways System.Washington, D.C.: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 1970.
- Komons, Nick A. Bonfires to Beacons. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.
- Manufacturers Aircraft Association, Collection 6858, Box 373, Folder 25.American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo.
- New York Times, May 18, 1918, A:1.
- “Night Air Mail Started July 1st.” Rock River Review.July 3, 1924, 1.
- Oral Interview with author. Robert Cruickshank. Son of Medicine Bow Airway Keeper Edwin Cruickshank. Basin, Wyo. March 2006.
- Roberts, Henry. Aviation Radio. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1945.
- Rosenberg, Barry and Catherine Macaulay.Mavericks of The Sky. New York: Harper Collins, 2006.
- Smithsonian National Postal Museum. “Airmail Creates an Industry: Knight’s Night.” Accessed May 25, 2016, at http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/airmail/coast/airmail_coast_knight.html.
- U.S. Department of Commerce.Airway Bulletin, No. 786. Oct. 15, 1929. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (hereafter GPO).
- _____. Bureau of Commerce Radio Facilities. March 5, 1935. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
- _____. Daily Radio Report. Form 68. June 30, 1930, Washington, D.C.: GPO.
- _____. Domestic Air News, No. 49, March 30, 1929; No. 7, June 30, 1927. Washington, D.C: GPO.
- _____. Time Sheets, Form 46. August-December, 1930. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
- Warner, Edward P.The Early History of Air Transportation.A Lecture Delivered by Edward Pearson Warner; under the James Jackson Cabot Professorship of Air Traffic Regulation and Air Transportation at Norwich University, November 21, 1937.Northfield, Vt.: Norwich University, c1938.
- Wolff, Steve. “Sentinels of The Airways.” Airways, (May 2008):58-61.
- Wyoming PBS. “Cowboys of the Sky.” Producer, Steve McKnight.KCWC-TV, 2013. Accessed May 20, 2016, at http://video.wyomingpbs.org/video/2365117704/
- Wyoming Tales and Trails. “Cheyenne Photos.” Accessed May 25, 2016, at http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/cheyairport.html.
- The 1920s postcard of the Air Mail Service hangar at Cheyenne is from the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming. Used with thanks. The 1936 photo of the field at Dana, Wyo., is from the Kitching Collection of the Hanna Basin Museum. Used with permission and thanks.
- The rest of the photos are from the author’s collection. Used with permission and thanks. | <urn:uuid:0c9d61d3-6016-47fc-9f6c-b24517967f6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/sky-pioneers-airmail-crosses-wyoming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500151.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204173912-20230204203912-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.959489 | 4,331 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Tákos is one of the small villages situated on the hills along the river Tisza, in the Bereg historical and geographical region. Its very famous monument is the church built on the highest point of the settlement, which is also a masterpiece of 18th century popular architecture.
Its old church was built probably on the very same place, since it was mentioned in 1733 that the village had a small wooden church, covered with shingle. The first, eastern part of the present church was built in 1766 (It was built by the Noble Calvinist Holy Congregation of Tákos based on their financial contribution with the help of God on 30 June 1766.), and its was extended later in westward direction in 1784 and in 1804. It has two bells, the largest of which has the following inscription: It was made by the Calvinist Noble Congregation of Tákos based on their financial help in 1755. The smaller bell has the following inscription: Soli Deo Gloria 161 S. and on the other side: Hoc opus fieri Joannes Budai.
The church is built on a wooden frame and its walls are made of sticks covered on both sides with clay and mud (‘patics’). The foundation is made of wooden beams having diameters between 40 to 45 centimetres. Holes have been carved in these beams in order to insert the poles supporting the walls. Afterwards, pickets were added and sticks were woven around these pickets to cover them in the end with mud mixed with chaff.
The eastern end of the church is enclosed by three sides of an octagon. Five small rectangular windows were cut through its southern and eastern walls. There is an open, wooden narthex in front of the entrance.
The coffered wooden ceiling consists of 58 painted panels. This painted wooden ceiling is a masterpiece of popular art and was made – as one of the panels also attests – by Ferenc Lándor Asztalos. All panels are decorated with floral motifs, however, the decorations of all individual panels are different. This ceiling is in fact the church’s pride. It must be mentioned that guild regulations prescribed that all panels had to bear different patterns.
The hexagonal pulpit bears floral motifs, too, and is also the work of Ferenc Lándor Asztalos, who painted it in 1766.
The balustrade of the gallery reserved for unmarried men, that is, of the western gallery, is composed of 15 panels and according to its inscription it was painted in 1779. Opposite to the pulpit, one can see the bench reserved for the patrons of the church. Its balustrade is divided into three parts and was ordered by the noble Dancs family in 1867. The front side of the balustrade bears floral motifs being thus in harmony with the rest of the painted surfaces of the church
In 1948, the flood toppled the belfry situated on the western side of the church, but the villagers re-erected it.
Reconstruction of the church started in 1961. Damaged wooden structures have been repaired or restored, new webs of sticks were made and the mud walls were remade as well. New shingles were also placed on the roof.
In its present state, (It was rebuilt and has been open to the public since St. Lucy´s day in 2003) the church in Tákos, called also ‘the barefooted Notre Dame’ or the ‘Temple of the Sun’, is together with the church in Csaroda a special attraction of the Bereg region and represents in a unique manner the church architecture of small villages.
You can read about this tiny church in Hungarian here… | <urn:uuid:2f6dc743-3f7f-439e-b5f3-d081bfc127a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://huns2huns.com/the-barefooted-notre-dame-takos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.985929 | 785 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Positioning of CAD software
Software such as AutoCAD is well known due to its long history in the CAD market. 30 years ago, AutoCAD made it possible to move from drawing board to computer-based drawing design. In fact, AutoCAD is still widely used in 2D drawing design today, although it has been integrating 3D functions natively for several years.
Other Computer-Aided Design software is also very present on the market with a different positioning of AutoCAD. Sketchup is growing well, for example, because the software is user-friendly and allows fast rendering that highlights colors and light in addition to the basic plans. The 3D representation of a building is therefore very accessible without any mental projection effort.
Finally, software such as DraftSight is positioned on a more aggressive price in order to attract agencies and firms with a more modest budget.
Practical and precise, quickly choose CAD software to facilitate your 3D design work! Discover the advantages of using a CAD software solution. Here are some tips to help you choose the most appropriate design software for your company!
Guide to CAD software
CAD software has become essential because it is so practical and facilitates calculations before creating an object. All right! All right! But what is it really about? CAD is a Computer-Aided Design. Unlike CAD software, CAD solutions go further than drawing software. It leads to the design of an object or a product assembly by 3D modeling. It has replaced the traditional technical drawing in the industrial field, but not only. Furniture, architecture, urban planning, the fields of application of CAD are very varied. Indeed, the 3D CAD planning software offers a useful tool for various companies. Saving time, more precision, simulating constraints, CAD is also ideal for digital models or 3D modeling. Your company will find it interesting to choose a 3D design solution. Your team will test the imagined products. Explore the world of computer-aided design and select the most suitable 3D CAD software. Intuitive, free software, design software? We explain everything to you so that you can make the best purchase according to your company's needs!
What is CAD?
As its name suggests, the design is supported by powerful computer software. CAD is a real asset for the design of objects with diversified parameters. Indeed, the 3D CAD software takes into account the many constraints. It integrates the strength of the materials, the weight constraint or the ability to bend apart. Assemble components, manipulate 3D objects and manage large assemblies in a few clicks from your desktop with the performance of your 3D design software.
For which uses to choose a CAD software?
With CAD, you can make simple plans with computer assistance. CAD software is a more complete tool because it simulates by not neglecting the weight and strength constraints or the practicality of an object. CAD is essential in the industrial field but is not limited to this universe. Widely used in design or as architectural software, CAD software can also be used to design objects for medical purposes. It can be used by all companies that produce technical drawings and need to interact with various constraints and materials.
CAD software in the cloud or on a fixed workstation?
The answer to this question depends on how you use it in your company. Will there be several of you working on a project? In this case, the cloud offers you the possibility to initiate collaborative work but also to be accessible from anywhere. If you only have one person to manipulate the software for 3D design, direct your choice towards a single software. Then decide whether you want free software or paid software. The first solution is free but often limited. You will not have access to all the features. It is sometimes more sensible to opt for a paid version in order not to limit the possibilities of your 3D rendering.
What are the advantages of CAD software?
The 3D design software no longer has so much to prove as it has made its place in the professional field. CAD software is:
- Saving time in product design.
- The precision of the ribs that automatically adapt when you change scales.
- The possibility to select various materials whose constraints are included in the data of the 3D modeling software.
- An extensive library of predefined shapes that you can adapt to your needs.
- Various textures with shadows and light effects.
- The ability to view the object from all angles.
- Accurate calculations and the ability to estimate the costs of manufacturing a product.
- Manage large assemblies that are not always easy to handle in reality.
Which CAD software for your company?
To choose the most efficient 3D creation software, it is essential to clearly define your company's needs. Here are some 3D CAD software at your disposal:
- Google Sketchup: This is a very intuitive and easy-to-use modeling software. It is particularly well suited to the field of architecture but can also be used in other fields. It is free of charge.
- AutoCAD: On Mac or Windows, it is ideal for mechanical and electronic engineers but is also very useful for urban planning and architecture. AutoCAD 2018 offers a free trial version.
- Catia: This is the 3D design software solution designed by Dassault Systèmes. It is one of the most widely used software and is perfectly suited for companies of all sizes.
Complementary solutions of CAD
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Business Process Management (BPM)
Field Service Management
Product Information Management (PIM)
Product Lifecycle Management
Supply Chain Management
Project Portfolio Management (PPM)
Governance, Risk & Compliance (GRC)
Material Resource Planning (MRP)
Event Check In | <urn:uuid:b303cd70-a8ab-43a2-a41d-4a97ed0e715c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.appvizer.com/operations/cad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482038.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205190939-20191205214939-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.927197 | 1,188 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The article analyses the treatises of scientists who studied the problem of the sustainable development and its various strategies; and the foreign experience of implementation of sustainable development strategy.
Also in the article the stages of the land owner strategy creation in the conditions of the sustainable development of regions are defined.
It was concluded that the overall goal of the strategy as a means of sustainable development of regions should be implemented through the implementation of the main directions of the public land policy, the creation of favorable conditions for sustainable development through regional planning, the development of highly effective, competitive land use in the innovative development context.
The implementation of such sustainable development strategies of the regions is defined as: the strategy for effective use of the existing regional natural-resources potential; the strategy for the land management development; the strategy for marketing collateral of the land use; the strategy for economic stimulation of sustainable development; the strategy for staffing improving; the strategy for the favorable investment climate creation in the amalgamated communities.
The features of the proposed strategies are described.
It is noted that in order to achieve a sustainable level of land use it is necessary to lay down a regional program for the land use and protection within a certain region, to implement program for the top soil restoring and for the natural-resources potential and keeping it at the proper level.
The personal standpoint of the sustainable development strategy of the regions is presented, which will help to create a favorable investment climate through the achievement of regional attractiveness, to increase the farm production efficiency through the use of resource efficient technologies, to diversify the rural economy through the dispersal of rural activities.
Keywords: strategy, sustainable development, foreign experience, sustainable development strategies, stages of the strategy creation, environmental production, investment climate, region. | <urn:uuid:b6bdfce1-158f-4af4-befa-8494d481a3ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://visnyk.mnau.edu.ua/en/n99v3r2018lazareva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670036.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119070311-20191119094311-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.903982 | 353 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is a Ball Grid Array?
You may have heard the term BGA. Not sure what it means? We have you covered. BGA, short for ball grid array, is a specific type of surface mount technology (SMT). In most cases, BGA packages are used by professionals to mount different types of devices, like microprocessors, permanently. This is done by melting balls of solder between the circuit board and face of the device.
Did you know that a BGA can easily provide more interconnection pins than you can put on either a dual in-line or flat package? The great thing is that professionals can use the whole bottom surface of the device, instead of only the perimeter, and this is very convenient. The appearance of most ball grid arrays stems from people’s high expectations for modern electronic products with various functions, small size, high performance, and lightweight.
Also, it is worth noting that ball grid arrays comprise several overlapping layers. These have one to more than one million multiplexers, flip-flops, logic gates, or other circuits. Note that BGAs vary considerably. Certain BGAs, for example, have no connections in the center. In contrast, other BGAs have pins located all across the bottom of the package. Keep in mind that you can accomplish manual routing without creating any breakout pattern for simpler BGAs that have greater pitch and more space in the center of the BGA.
Alignment of Soldier Balls
Note that a ball grid array aligns its solder balls in a grid under the bottom surface of the connected device. This is unlike the dated perimeter-only package type that usually places soldering pins right along the edges of the device.
The benefit of this approach is that it leaves a significantly smaller or more compact footprint on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), inducing better electrical and thermal properties compared to a conventional perimeter-style mounting package. You can imagine that the popularity of this format has considerably grown in line with the rapid miniaturization of electronics.
Benefits of BGAs
Makes the Most of PCB Space
Did you know that the use of BGA packaging usually means the involvement of fewer components? Also, note that smaller footprints can help save the space on most custom PCBs. And this is excellent as it highly improves the effectiveness of any PCB space.
Better Thermal Performance
This is another crucial benefit. The compact size of PCB based upon BGA packaging allows heat to be dissipated more quickly and easily.
Note that when you mount silicon wafer on top, then most of the heat can easily be transmitted down to the ball grids. And when you mount the silicon wafer at the bottom, then the back of that wafer is securely connected to the top of the packaging. And this is one of the most effective heat dissipation methods.
There is no doubt that the efficient and effective use of PCB space offers opportunities to save material and enhance thermoelectric performance at the same time. This is important as it helps ensure the overall quality of various electronic components and reduces the risk of defects.
Better Electrical Performance
The fantastic thing about BGA packaging is that it has no pins that can be broken or bent, which makes BGA packaging sufficiently stable so that you can ensure the electrical performance on a large scale.
Increasing Use of BGA
Using BGAs is very rational because it is quite straightforward, while other technologies have had their share of issues. For example, the traditional quad flat pack style packages featured very closely spaced and thin pins. And this configuration causes a number of serious difficulties. Some of them are as follows.
The pins on a Quad Flat Package (QFP) are very thin. This is why professionals have to control the positions of these pins very carefully. As a result, any mishandling is likely to lead to the displacement of these pins, and when it happens, they are very difficult to restore.
Due to the extremely close spacing of these QFP pins, meticulous control of the soldering process is needed; otherwise, contacts may be easily bridged.
If you have any questions about using BGA’s in your design or how we work with them for your assembly please give us a call. | <urn:uuid:86638d3d-e1ee-4786-b4f4-5a474518a94d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://novaenginc.com/bgas-what-are-they/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737019.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806180859-20200806210859-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.941343 | 864 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Are you familiar with solar energy? Solar energy works from the sun and provides electricity. It is a great alternative to using other sources like coal. If solar energy is something that appeals to you, then keep reading to find out how you can get started with it.
You don't have to go overboard when adding solar power set-ups. It is possible to simply put up a few outside lights that are solar powered. During the daytime, they will charge. At night, they will light up from the power they have stored.
If you would rather transition to solar power slowly, look for small-scale solar power installations. There are two ways that you can accomplish this. You can find small-scale panels to prop on your window to recharge electronics. The other way is to buy camping tools like lanterns and cooking equipment that is solar powered. Each tiny bit helps you lower those bills!
Only lease equipment which allows you to transfer the lease. This is essential if you plan to sell your home before it's paid off. Having that transfer option can help you out of the contract and let the new homeowners enjoy its benefits.
While you will need to spend extra initially, properly installed solar panels will save you money. Solar panels are expensive and a long-term investment. This project is best postponed until you are sure you are not going anywhere.
Your government may reward you for your solar energy investment. In some places, you could get approximately 30 percent of the money you put into your system back. Search the Internet or call a representative for information on local programs.
Are you tired of paying high heating bills or taking quick showers to conserve the hot water? Remember that a photo-voltaic solar panel needs a minimum of five hours of good sunshine every day to work its best. Solar water heating is often used to reduce the cost of heating a swimming pool.
Learn your energy usage patterns. Before going out and switching to solar power, you need to know how much energy you need to produce for your home. This is important to choose the right size solar energy system. You should look at the past year's utility bill.
When converting your domicile to solar power, begin with the spaces that are the easiest. You might want to begin with small appliances, so that you don't have a lot of disruption in your daily routine. A gradual conversion can help the long-term commitment.
Now that you have learned more about solar power and what it can do for you, look into local companies who can get you hooked up with the power of the sun today. Knowing about solar energy can only be useful when you put the things you learned into practice. Use the tips you just read and do more research on solar power. Share what you have learned with family and friends and start making the world and your future better today. | <urn:uuid:f79a5b57-3ba9-47e3-8c4f-4486a82294d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.greenerlivingtoday.com/tips-on-how-to-utilize-solar-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806388.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121132158-20171121152158-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.960586 | 576 | 2.765625 | 3 |
According to the World Health Organization, the Surgeon General United States and several other organizations, environmental tobacco smoke, or so-called "second-hand smoking" is the cause of a number of serious diseases, such as lung cancer, heart disease and respiratory disease in children.
These organizations have concluded that there is no safe level of data on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), so the most effective way to protect him from smoking - a ban on smoking in public places.
Risks associated with exposure to environmental cigarettes smoke on health have been studied in epidemiological studies. These studies are mainly conducted using polling methods. The data obtained were compared the incidence of diseases such as lung cancer among non-smoking women whose husbands were smokers, and among non-smoking women whose husbands did not smoke.
The results of extensive studies of lung cancer showed that the relative risk of disease associated with prolonged exposure to ETS nonsmokers is estimated at 1.3. Relative risk at 1 indicates no risk, while heavy smoking for a long period of time, usually associated with a relative risk of lung cancer by about level 20 and above.
Speaking of heart disease, research shows that the relative risk of disease associated with prolonged exposure to ETS non-smoker, is estimated at about 1.3. Relative risk of heart disease with active smoking is generally estimated to be between 3 and 5.
Many epidemiologists believe that the relative risk below 2 indicates a weak relationship between the disease and its source. As a rule, this risk is difficult to measure as compared to the higher degree of risk. Possibly due to the fact that the level of relative risk measured in the individual studies, usually below 2, many studies do not reach statistical significance.
Study of respiratory diseases in children whose parents smoke, and the effect of passive smoking on the aggravation of symptoms in people with respiratory conditions like asthma, suggest that ETS may increase the risk of respiratory diseases in children, as well as to influence the course of development pre-existing conditions such as asthma.
Published: Wednesday, November 28, 2012 | <urn:uuid:126f678d-cdb3-4e13-aa8f-06617e71b093> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://1001cigarettes.com/articles/second-hand-smoking.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512836.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020142647-20181020164147-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.971057 | 419 | 3.546875 | 4 |
New reading-heavy SAT raises ELL concerns
The redesigned SAT seeks to expand opportunities for all students to go to college—but its focus on reading comprehension may make the exam more difficult for English-language learners and low-income students.
The SAT updates were announced two years ago, and first rolled out in March. The new test aligns with the Common Core, and asks students to analyze lengthy reading passages rather than work through the stodgy vocabulary sections of the past. This focus on comprehension extends to the math section, which will cover fewer concepts but test a deeper level of knowledge, says Cyndie Schmeiser, the College Board’s chief of assessment. Also, the essay section is now optional.
“The new SAT is an achievement test focused on what research says is most important for college readiness” Schmeiser says. “These are exactly the skills teachers are teaching every day in the classroom.”
But some critics worry the increased focus on reading comprehension will only measure—rather than close—the achievement gap between wealthy and low-income students.
Representatives from Kaplan Test Prep and other national SAT prep providers expressed concern that the wordiness of the math problems would hurt students exposed to fewer rich texts at home, especially those from immigrant backgrounds, according to published accounts.
“What we see measured in standardized test scores is who has opportunity and who doesn’t” says Flynn Ross, associate professor of teacher education at the University of Southern Maine. “The SAT is not an aptitude test, but an achievement test.”
College Board provides all students with free, online SAT prep through Khan Academy. It also waives college application fees and added more than $180 million in scholarship opportunities for low-income and minority students this year.
“These resources are intended to help [disadvantaged] students” Schmeiser says. The new test includes fewer questions and fewer words in general. “We were mindful of not adding verbal load to the test, and keeping words to a minimum.”
The SAT was created in the 1920s, and the content was last modified in 2005. At that time, a separate essay section was added, raising the total possible points a student could achieve to 2400 from 1600. The new exam returns to the 1600 scale, with a separate score for the optional essay. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers.
Several past studies argue that the 2005 version of the SAT did not accurately predict a student’s potential. A preliminary College Board study of the redesigned test showed a positive relationship between SAT scores and college grades. The company will conduct a major study of the 2017-18 freshman class to determine how well test scores predict college achievement. | <urn:uuid:607a5388-f05c-4ca0-8953-839810d8c2a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://districtadministration.com/new-reading-heavy-sat-raises-ell-concerns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.951944 | 563 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Two European emperors died today over 1,500 years apart.
Alexander the Great was the son and heir of Phillip of Macedon. Famously taught by Aristotle, Alexander inherited a Greek state and a battle-hardened army which he took on a grand conquering tour of the Middle East. During his campaigns, he founded over twenty cities bearing his name and encouraged the diffusion of Greek culture across the Middle East.
Alexander married twice but there is a persistent rumour that his true love was Hephaestion. Aristotle, who taught both when they were boys, said of them that they were one soul in two bodies. The two shared everything and when Hepheastion died, Alexander’s grief was intense and public. Alexander died within a year of his friend’s death aged only 32.
Alexander died after a massive drinking bout in which he downed a large bowl of unmixed wine. It took two weeks of agony for him to die. Some suggest he died of meningitis or appendicitis but whatever the cause of his death, his followers entombed him in a giant golden sarcophagus filled with honey and his honey-covered corpse was then taken to Alexandria and has been lost. His great empire fell apart after his death with his generals creating various dynasties that ruled the Middle East for centuries.
The other emperor to die today drowned crossing a river while leading the Third Crusade in 1190. Frederick Barbarossa or red beard was 68 years old and had ruled as the Holy Roman Emperor for almost 35 years. On the crusade Barbarossa had decided to walk his horse through the Saleph River instead of crossing the bridge that had been too crowded with his troops. The current was too strong for the horse to handle, and his suit armour was too heavy for him to swim in: both were swept away and drowned.
Barbarossa’s corpse, unlike Alexander’s was put in a barrel of vinegar. The barrel and its contents were lost on the crusade’s panicky march to Acre. Barbarossa’s death had plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicking, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many of his troops deserted, were killed, or even committed suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a small fraction of the original force, eventually arrived in Acre.
So two great conquering European emperors died while on campaign in the Middle East and although one was covered with honey and the other with vinegar, neither substance allowed their mortal remains to be preserved as both corpses have been lost.
Empire and Emperors all must, consign themselves to dust.
Not honey nor gall, will save our corpses from earth’s dusty pall.
– Posted by Douglas Racionzer (http://www.serendipiday.blogspot.com/) | <urn:uuid:0d0dd95b-7f35-45a9-8a87-cb2d81f9b6ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://whammedia.co.za/today-in-fact-10-june/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.988813 | 581 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Lost jobs and lost careers. Promising businesses in shambles. The college acceptance letter returned to its envelope. This is how President Obama recently described the effect of the tanking economy on ordinary Americans -- and the stresses keeping them up at night.
Sleeplessness is a problem even in good times. One in 10 U.S. adults routinely has trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep, and 3 in 10 experience occasional sleeplessness, federal statistics show.
But these are definitely not good times. More than 1 in 4 -- 27% of Americans -- say anxieties about personal finances, the economy or a job loss kept them awake in the previous month, according to a new poll by the National Sleep Foundation.
If that isn't enough evidence of our increasingly sleep-deprived state, consider this: Since September, audiences of such after-prime-time network shows as "Late Night With Conan O'Brien" have risen. No wonder the collective experience of "sleepless nights" found its way into a presidential address.
As Americans struggle for a good night's rest, they are looking for help from a pill. Prescriptions for sleeping medications topped 56 million in 2008 -- a record, according to the research firm IMS Health, up 54% from 2004.
Those numbers could grow. With an economic turnaround not expected before late 2009, some specialists are predicting another record year for sleeping pill use.
"The first stress symptom people experience is insomnia," said Dr. Gregg D. Jacobs, an insomnia specialist at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester. "The size of the sleeping pill market can only go up because of the economy and stress."
But sleep medications are not without risk: next-day drowsiness is the most common among a list of adverse reactions that include dependence and memory loss. As more people take the drugs, the number of people experiencing problems is likely to rise.
For those reasons, some sleep disorder experts say, it may be time we learned to fall asleep on our own.
Effects on the brain
Sleep is a complex physiological process connected to such environmental factors as light and temperature. As night falls and temperatures drop, chemicals in the brain begin to slow the activity of neurons responsible for attention and wakefulness -- and drowsiness sets in.
The two largest classes of sleeping pills enhance the activity of one of these brain chemicals, a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This neurotransmitter is an imperfect drug target because it performs multiple functions in the brain. Depending on the receptors involved, GABA may promote sleep, decrease anxiety or relax muscles.
Benzodiazepines, an older class of sleep medicines that includes Valium, enhance the broad range of the neurotransmitter's effects -- one reason why benzodiazepines are also used to treat panic attacks. But benzodiazepines lost their popularity as sleep medications in the 1990s after reports of side effects, including drug dependence. England removed the sleeping pill Halcion from the market in 1991 because the medication was associated with depression and memory loss. Although Halcion is still available by prescription in the U.S., it carries a strong warning.
The newer GABA-enhancing pills are known as the Z drugs, so-called because the drugs have the letter "z" in their generic names. Now the most popular prescription sleep medications, the class includes Ambien (zolpidem), Sonata (zaleplon) and Lunesta (eszopiclone). Ambien and Sonata act on the receptor connected to sleep more selectively than other GABA-enhancing drugs The Z drugs carry a smaller risk of dependence than benzodiazepines, a key reason for their popularity. However, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration classifies both the benzodiazepines and the Z drugs as scheduled drugs, meaning they all have some risk of dependence.
Another of the newer pills, Rozerem (ramelteon), does not target GABA. It acts on the melatonin receptors in the brain, which are thought to help regulate sleep-wake cycles. It is the only prescription sleeping pill that does not carry a risk of dependence. But doctors tend to think it is not as effective as competing pills.
The perceived safety advantages of the newer drugs over the benzodiazepines -- and aggressive consumer advertising -- have spurred prescription growth.
During 2007 and 2006, drug manufacturers Sanofi-Aventis (the maker of Ambien), Sepracor (maker of Lunesta) and Takada (maker of Rozerem) spent an average of $11.8 million a week to advertise sleep medications, according to the market research firm TNS Media Intelligence. Total prescriptions for sleep medications increased 10% and 15% respectively in those years, according to IMS Health.
Drug makers have since slashed ad spending in response to competition from lower-cost, generic versions of Ambien, 50% in 2008 alone, but the demand for sleep help continues to rise. Those cheaper pills are now driving most of the prescription growth.
The Z drugs reduce the average time it takes to fall asleep by 18 minutes and increase total sleep time by 28 minutes compared with a placebo, according to a National Institutes of Health-funded analysis published in 2005. Some sleep specialists believe the improvement is minimal, but other sleep experts contend the extra sleep makes a difference when accumulated over several nights.
Rozerem was approved in 2005 and not included in the analysis, which was performed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The agency noted it used published studies to get its results, so the real-world performance of the drugs may be worse.
Researchers are continuing to search for better insomnia drugs. Swiss drug maker Actelion is conducting a late-stage clinical trial of almorexant, a drug that blocks the activity of a peptide called orexin, which is believed to have a role in wakefulness. In a previous study, 147 subjects taking almorexant fell asleep 18 minutes faster -- no better than what is seen with existing pills. But researchers found no association between almorexant and "next day" effects.
Sleep specialists say the pills can be useful to help break a cycle of sleeplessness, or to overcome jet lag. But some doctors are concerned that the heavy prescribing contributes to a false impression that the medications are perfectly safe. In fact, many sleep medications can cause what doctors call a "next-day effect" - a pill-induced drowsiness that spills into the next day.
The Food and Drug Administration two years ago required strong warnings on 13 sleep medications, including Ambien and Lunesta, because rare but bizarre behaviors have been linked to the pills, including cases of sleep-walking, sleep-driving and sleep-eating. Some people have set small fires while trying to cook, their minds in a fog induced by sleeping pills. In the morning, they don't remember the incidents.
Researchers aren't sure why the pills cause odd reactions. One theory has it that the people reporting bizarre behaviors are neither fully asleep nor awake. They have no memory of their nocturnal forays because the pills can have a mild amnesiac effect, blocking the formation of memories.
In January, a 51-year-old Wisconsin electrician was found frozen to death after sleep-walking outdoors in subzero temperatures. Sawyer County coroner Dr. John Ryan said the man had been drinking and the sleep aid Ambien was detected in his bloodstream. Alcohol is known to increase the risk of side effects from sleeping pills, he noted.
"It's my strong suspicion that's what did it," Ryan said.
Drug makers say patient safety is a priority and the labels on their products display information about side effects, including advice to avoid alcohol when taking the pills.
Dr. Michael Thorpy, a sleep specialist at Montefiore Medical Center in New York and a consultant who commented at the request of Ambien maker Sanofi-Aventis, said strange sleep behaviors can occur naturally and it's wrong to blame the pills in all cases. Some complaints of memory loss might be due to sleep, which also has an amnesiac effect; it's one reason why people forget waking in the middle of the night, he said.
But the risk of side effects and dependence isn't the only potential downside to a prescription for sleep medications.
Dr. David Fassler, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont, said some doctors may be prescribing medications instead of treating the underlying cause of sleeplessness, such as depression or anxiety.
"Trouble sleeping can be a sign of multiple disorders," he said in an e-mail. "It can also be a response to stress or conflict at home, in school or at work. People need a careful assessment to figure out that's actually going on. Effective and appropriate treatment really depends on an accurate diagnosis."
Younger pill takers
Of particular concern to some sleep specialists is the age at which people are turning to sleeping pills.
Adults under age 45 are fast replacing the elderly as the prime market for sleeping pills, according to the research firm Thomson Reuters. The most dramatic growth was seen among college-age adults, whose use of prescription sleep aids nearly tripled to 1,524 users per 100,000 in 2006 from 599 users per 100,000 in 1998.
"If they start to depend on sleeping pills in their late teens and early 20s, they are setting themselves up for a pattern of sleeping pill use," said Jacobs of the University of Massachusetts Medical Center's sleep clinic. Like many sleep specialists, he recommends patients first try behavioral therapy to help them overcome the negative thoughts keeping them awake. Jacobs also has a company that markets a drug-free insomnia treatment program.
Many college students probably use the pills to manage sleep habits that are often out of sync with class schedules.
"Going to bed at 3 in the morning and sleeping until noon on weekends is not unreasonable at that age," said researcher James K. Walsh, a spokesman for the National Sleep Foundation, who manages the sleep clinic at St. Luke's Hospital in St. Louis. Students with an early-morning class might use medications to help them get to bed earlier the night before, he said.
But college students are not immune to the economic stresses that are taking a toll on older adults. Scripps College sophomore Jane Logenbaugh Sherwood said she takes a pill to lull her to sleep when worries about her career prospects keep her awake. "I'm in college so I can go out into the world and find a job," she said. "I'm stressed out about the rest of my life." | <urn:uuid:c37cc3bb-64bf-4bfa-8290-8e5f4a2b9df2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.mcall.com/health/sns-health-sleeping-pills-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170253.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00491-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947332 | 2,184 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Romney’s recent characterization of the mindset of the 47 percent of Americans who don’t pay income taxes has spurred discussion about who pays what, and how income, taxes and entitlements affect American voters’ decisions in the voting booth. And though percentiles have become a trendy way to describe groups of people, they sometimes aren’t as effective in telling the whole story as we might like.
That said, The Guardian‘s Data Blog has a put together an interactive map that attempts to break down America’s 47 percent even further, showing how different groups of Americans are distributed by state: “The US has become a land of percents: the 1 percent versus the 99 percent, the 8 percent unemployed or the 15 percent in poverty,” writes Guardian news editor Simon Rogers. His map groups Americans not just by taxes, employment and poverty; it also shows the seven percent who are veterans, the 15 percent without medical insurance, the 13 percent over 65 years of age.
– Most of the states with the highest percentage of people without health insurance are in the south – and these same states also have high percentages of residents with no tax liability and residents living in poverty. Most of these states went to John McCain in 2008 – the exceptions are Florida and New Mexico.
– The richest Americans live in California and are clustered in the northeast — in New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and Massachusetts. In 2008, those states all went to Obama.
-Americans receiving Medicare are fairly evenly distributed across the country. The exceptions are Utah and Alaska, which are also America’s most youthful states – only 8 percent of the population of Alaska and 9 percent of the population of Utah is over 65 years old. The states with the most senior citizens are Florida, Maine, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. On average, 13 percent of state populations are over 65. | <urn:uuid:ebb045b3-0ae6-4460-bd40-4c8809c03ab3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://billmoyers.com/2012/09/19/america-the-land-of-the-percents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407289.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530040743-20200530070743-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.947815 | 383 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Until the late ’80s, a gigantic landfill stood next to the Turnpike in the Meadowlands of Kearny, New Jersey. Just outside New York City, along the Hackensack River, local industry had turned much of the wetland area into an unsightly and polluted wasteland. Sky Mound, a huge work of public art, was one of the first projects aimed at conservation of the Meadowlands, and most people don’t even notice it.
Artist Nancy Holt began the work, which is an ongoing project, in 1988. Holt’s art can be placed into the Land Art school, which was exemplified by large-scale outdoor projects involving the movement and shaping of soil, rocks, and water to create monumental art pieces out of the Earth itself. And Sky Mound is unequivocally a land art piece: an enormous mound of earth covered in grass that rises up out of the flat industrial landscape. But at the same time, it serves an environmentally-friendly and functional purpose; the mound reclaimed the space of a landfill and is now a sanctuary for migratory birds. Sky Mound is also meant to raise awareness about how we deal with garbage, and Holt, who died in 2014, planned on using methane from the former landfill to provide energy for the neighboring communities.
For many New Yorkers and New Jerseyans, however, Sky Mound remains unknown, even if they drive by it every day. For now, the work is quietly doing its job of conservation and beautification. Given the alternative of staring at an ugly landfill, taking a large-scale artwork for granted is surely the better option. | <urn:uuid:706aee60-c163-4d22-ade6-f5ed648883bb> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://assets.atlasobscura.com/places/sky-mound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.962897 | 331 | 3.1875 | 3 |
To perform grid computation, the process must be divisible into several subprocesses and run in parallel. The following are some of famous projects that have been designed for grid computation.
♦Human Genome Project (HGP)
The human genome is composed of 24 distinct chromosomes
with about 3 billion DNA base pairs organized into 20,000~25,000
genes . To identify these genes and determine the sequences
of 3 billion DNA base pairs, running a computer simulation would
be expensive and time consuming. Coordinated by the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE) and the National Institute of Health (NIH), the
Human Genome Project was completed in 2003, three years ahead
of the target goal. The institutes involved in this research are
Wellcome Trust, Sanger Centre, and HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has accomplished almost 1/3
of the total work. The project identified about 20,000~25,000
genes in human DNA, determined the sequences of the 3 billion
chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, stored this information
in databases, improved tools for data analysis, transferred related
technologies to the private sector, and addressed the ethical,
legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project
♦Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF)
After the Human Genome Project was completed, scientists
wanted to understand the function of human proteins, which affect
human health, to discover the cure for diseases such as AIDS and
cancer. Today, only the function and structure of 30 % of human
proteins are known .
To identify all human proteins could take up to 1,000,000 years
using the most advanced personal computer to perform the analysis.
Therefore, the Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) was started
and ran on two computational grids; World Computing Grid (WCG)
and United Devices'
grid.org , which
tried to identify all human proteins' functions and structures
in a short time. The institutes that participated in this research
include the Institute for Systems Biology, the University of Washington,
Seattle, and the IBM Corporation. For more information about HPF,
visit Institute for Systems Biology website: http://www.systemsbiology.org/Scientists_and_Research/Technology/
♦World Community Grid
The World Community Grid is an experimental project led by IBM, which accepts volunteer members. It is a non-profit organization, which welcomes anyone in the world to donate some computing resources when staying online but doing nothing. It supports all kinds of research that benefits humanity, at no cost. To participate in World Community Grid you can download the software from their website (http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/) and install it. The software is free and secure. The current projects running are Help Defeat Cancer, FightAIDS@Home,
and Human Proteome Folding - Phase 2 . You may also submit your project proposal to them by filling out the application form online.
Chemical reactions or molecular behavior can be huge and complicated processes. Chemists have been trying to determine molecular structure, simulate molecular behavior, and predict the reaction processes. Computational chemistry has been operational for a long time; however, some chemistry problems, like quantum mechanics, would take hundreds of years to simulate on a personal computer. Therefore, grid computation plays an important role in computational chemistry, which not only saves equipment costs but also processing time. Computational Chemistry Grid (CCG, https://www.gridchem.org/) is one of the most important virtual organizations, which provides all necessary software and resources for computational chemistry.
Grid computation is not only used in science, but also in business computation, where all corporate resources can be pooled so they can be processed efficiently in parallel, according to the business demand. Based on this design, enterprise level business-to-business (B2B) collaborations will be the virtual organization, which handles resources management .
Oracle has developed the most famous database management system in the world, and most enterprises like its reliable data management ability and powerful data query process. The Oracle 10g, in which g stands for "grid," has become the first database management system for grid computation. The Oracle 10g runs all database systems in a virtual environment (grid) where all systems are considered a resource pool, using resources efficiently and dynamically for business needs .
Searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), is a compelling scientific research topic. SETI@Home, directed by UC Berkeley, utilizes grid computation technology to analyze space-based radio signals collected from a radio telescope, at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. This project uses a new platform, Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC), to support the research. This platform will automatically update without having to download new versions.
Sun Microsystems Inc. has made a great contribution to the SETI@Home project by providing UC Berkeley with required equipment and software . By downloading a screensaver program bundled with required software, almost a half million personal computers have been connected, through this technology, to perform grid computation for the SETI@Home project.
Grid computation can also be used in financial modeling, earthquake simulation, and climate/weather modeling, which are complex processes requiring an intricate infrastructure. A dynamic grid environment, which can perform parallel processing under a collaborative network, must be created to deliver the information .
Go To Software, Security & the Future
List of Visuals
- Graphic interface for the world community grid | <urn:uuid:4a931676-8c27-4e9f-980e-0be462b93616> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/grid/review3.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500814701.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021334-00419-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900754 | 1,153 | 3.296875 | 3 |
|Change with digital technologies in education (#OERuCDTE)|
|Arena of change||Introduction and objectives | Video Signpost | E-Activity - Mindmap | Overview of change models | Theory of innovation diffusion | E-Activity - Essay plan|
|Niki Davis introduces the "arena of change"
In this video Prof Niki Davis introduces the "arena of change" which is used as a metaphor for describing change with digital technology in education from an ecological perspective. The video is best viewed in full screen mode.
Change with digital technology in education can be a chaotic and complex process. Niki has developed an "arena" to help us understand how the different players and ecosystems work together.
Think about your own context or experiences with change in digital technology and identify the players and ecosystems in your own situation. | <urn:uuid:b53f7b35-8755-4709-ad46-f11c9e2ceb09> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://wikieducator.org/Change_with_digital_technologies_in_education/Arena_of_change/Video_signpost | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.887016 | 173 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Celebrate This Independence Day With Freedom From Health Worries
- Preventive care via checkups can help you live healthier for longer
- Health screenings can detect problems early and aid treatment
- A full body checkup keeps tests hormonal balance, metabolic function, etc.
Much like the efforts made to achieve independence, staying healthy is also a proactive endeavor. Too many people simply react to an illness and wait to get sick before going for a checkup. If this is something you do as well, then make a change on this special day! Put your health first and get freedom from health worries by making preventive care a priority. You can start small and schedule appointments for health screenings or simply visit your local physician.
Remember the golden rule, prevention is always better than cure. This is true for more than one reason, as untreated sicknesses can lead to worse complications. Additionally, it is a lot more expensive to treat an illness than it is to prevent it. For a better idea of what it means to be proactive about healthcare, how to go about it, and what tests you should get done, read on.
What is preventive care?
In the simplest terms, preventive care is when you focus on preventing diseases. You can either get medical assistance to do this or you can make lifestyle changes. Generally, a combination of the two is the best way to go about it. However, it is very common for healthcare to take the backseat and only become an issue when you are sick. At this stage, you can only react to it, and hope the treatment cures the problems completely.
There are many benefits to putting healthcare first. Not only does it help you live a happier and healthier life but also reduces medical bills and the risk of disease. Preventive healthcare helps you get rid of unhealthy habits. Many people are unaware of their harmful habits, and only a medical specialist can offer the right guidance to bring about change.
How can you be proactive about your health?
Thanks to modern medicine and digital care options, there are many ways to stay healthy today. The first and best way to do so is to visit a doctor and take their advice. Many people read about diseases online and assume the role of a specialist. This is harmful and can cause you to ignore crucial signs of health problems. What’s worse, there may be instances where you ignore healthcare completely, even when there are signs of sickness. A survey found that 17% of patients with rectal tumors did just that by ignoring doctor advice and medical help.Additional Read: 10 Heart Tests to Ensure You Have a Healthy Heart
Doctors know best, and you should make the effort to find one who works for you. Besides listening to your doctor, here are other ways to actively focus on your health and its care.
- Go for regular health checkups
- Get tested for common health issues, such as: Cholesterol problems, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Liver cancer
- Seek help for mental issues like depression or early signs of it
- Approach a specialist if you’re overweight
What are the routine diagnostic tests to get done?
Since not all diseases show up with clear symptoms, sometimes all that’s needed for a diagnosis is a simple blood test. However, this isn’t enough for everyone. Based on your and your family’s medical history, you may be at higher risk for other illnesses. This is why it is better to get a range of tests done to get a clean bill of health.
Here is an overview of routine diagnostic tests you should get done,
The body needs many essential vitamins and a lack of any can cause related illnesses. There are many vitamin tests, and you can either book a vitamin test for a specific one or a complete vitamin profile.
Bone profile testGet a bone profile test to check if your bones are healthy or not. This is important for older people as many metabolic processes can affect bone health.
If you are obese, have family members with diabetes, or at risk due to your lifestyle, you should book a diabetic profile test This illness can be managed if detected early.
Both men and women should book cancer screening tests This is a disease that is treatable if detected early.
Cardiac health check
While you may assume you have a healthy heart, cardiac tests help you know for sure. Get a cardiac health checkup done every few months or even twice a year.
If you’re planning to start a family, book fertility tests to rule out problems. In the event that there is an issue, you can work toward a solution quicker and avoid delaying your plans.
A smart option to choose is to get a full body checkup. These include a complete panel of testing, checking for all issues and deficiencies. This is something you should do if you suspect or have been informed about hormonal imbalance.
The pandemic is still at large and you must be prepared to take the right precautions to keep you and your family safe. At the first hint of infection, book a COVID-19 test to check if you’re exposed. Failing to do so puts everyone around you at risk and this should be avoided.
This Independence Day, liberate yourself by putting health worries aside. Schedule a panel of tests, visit your doctor, and live healthier. Book appointments, tests, and even virtual consults on Bajaj Finserv Health to stay in the pink of health.
Please note that this article is solely meant for informational purposes and Bajaj Finserv Health Limited (“BFHL”) does not shoulder any responsibility of the views/advice/information expressed/given by the writer/reviewer/originator. This article should not be considered as a substitute for any medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always consult with your trusted physician/qualified healthcare professional to evaluate your medical condition. The above article has been reviewed by a qualified doctor and BFHL is not responsible for any damages for any information or services provided by any third party.
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Get the link to download the app | <urn:uuid:7417ab41-c981-49e8-bce1-f31e70c56561> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.bajajfinservhealth.in/articles/celebrate-this-independence-day-with-freedom-from-health-worries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500392.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207071302-20230207101302-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.945049 | 1,361 | 2.625 | 3 |
The world is changing fast and to keep up you need local knowledge with global context.
JOHANNESBURG — Well-known columnist Ivo Vegter has written an interesting article for the Institute of Race Relations (IRR) in which he outlines the critical importance of South Africa’s mining industry. The reality is that mining in South Africa has been in a downward spiral for several years now. The heydays of the Randlords and the country’s status as the world’s top gold producer are a distant memory. But the country is still rich in many other mineral resources, and the latest major oil and gas find by TOTAL off the country’s Southern Coast is a sharp reminder of this. What South Africa needs now is better incentives for miners in order for the sector to become a greater contributor to the economy again. – Gareth van Zyl
By Ivo Vegter*
Below the soil of South Africa lies an estimated R35trn worth of mineral resources, one of the richest non-oil resource bounties in the world. It is the world’s leading producer of platinum, vanadium, vermiculite, manganese and chromium, and the second largest producer of ilmenite, industrial garnet, palladium, rutile and zirconium.
Yet the mining industry is in trouble. The Fraser Institute ranks South Africa as the tenth-worst country in the world in which to own mining interests, out of 91 with significant mining industries.
Most mining companies report that regulatory uncertainty, the taxation regime, labour relations and employment law, and political instability are a deterrent to investment in the sector.
In 1980, mining contributed 21% to South Africa’s GDP, just behind manufacturing. By 2016, mining accounted for a mere 7% of GDP. Industry employment peaked in 2012, and has declined by 15% since. Between 2013 and 2018, the industry made a net loss. The JSE Mining Index has fallen by more than 50% since its peak in 2008.
Despite the hard times, mining still employs nearly 5% of South Africa’s employed workforce, makes a significant direct contribution to GDP, sits on extensive reserves, and remains a world leader in the production of many minerals.
The decline of the mining sector might seem expected in a world that is marching towards a services and information economy. There are, however, a great many reasons to be alarmed at the negative trend and sentiment surrounding the industry. As the primary producer of raw materials, it underpins an outsized share of the South African economy. Let’s consider some of the many ways in which the mining industry benefits the country at large.
The largest share of value created by the mining industry, 47%, goes directly to employees, and this share has seen a dramatic rise from just 27% as recently as 2012. By contrast, shareholders took home only 6% of the value created in 2018, up from a mere 2% in 2017, and down from 20% in 2012.
Industry wages have risen sharply in recent years. Mine workers are now the highest paid industrial workers in the country. Including benefits, overtime and bonuses, entry-level remuneration even in the faltering gold sector can be as high as R150,000 per year.
There are 465,000 people directly employed in mining, who in turn support some 4.5m dependants with the R126bn they earn per year. In addition, the industry can claim credit for some 1.4m indirect jobs. If the same worker-to-dependent ratio applies to these jobs, the industry supports, directly or indirectly, almost 20m South Africans.
The industry has a strong transformation record, exceeding the requirements of the 2010 Mining Charter by a large margin, including in procurement and staff demographics at all levels of the business.
Community investments, such as building houses, schools and clinics, upgrading local infrastructure, and providing child and adult education facilities, accounted for 2% of the mining industry’s expenditure in 2018, or R3.5bn.
The mining industry accounts for by far the largest share of South Africa’s exports, at 38% in 2018. Counting the products of minerals beneficiation, that share rises to 60%. Mining is critical to earning foreign exchange to pay for our massive appetite for imports.
After employees, the national treasury is the second-largest beneficiary of value created by the mining sector, at 24% in 2018. Although direct company taxes vary with profitability, royalties and employee taxes are a reliable source of income for the state. More than half of the government’s tax revenue goes into social protection services ranging from free and subsidised housing to clean water, electricity and education, all of which benefit from the taxes paid by the mining industry.
At R89bn in capital expenditure and R159bn in operational spending, the mining industry nearly rivals government itself as a primary consumer of the country’s goods and services. More than half of the operational spending went to the transport, storage and communication sectors, making up almost a third of those industries’ total revenues. Mining is also a large buyer of petrochemicals, rubber, plastics, metals, machinery and equipment.
South Africa has struggled with what experts call “premature de-industrialisation”. Its manufacturing sector is much smaller than those in comparable developing middle-income countries. This weakness has proved to be an important reason for the country’s sluggish economic growth.
The manufacturing sector has a symbiotic relationship with mining. It is the biggest user of the products of the mining industry, while the mining industry in turn is a large customer for manufactured products, especially in the construction and engineering sectors.
The transport industry is equally reliant on mining. Coal alone accounts for 60% of the railways’ revenue. Truck transport likewise depends heavily upon customers in the mining industry.
South Africa’s energy sector is heavily dependent on a thriving mining industry, and will remain so for the foreseeable future, even under the government’s most ambitious plans to phase out coal.
Johannesburg is famously built upon gold. It has now diversified, but six of South Africa’s 16 largest towns measured by contribution to GDP are still substantially reliant on the mining industry. A decline in the mining industry will hit these towns hard, as happened with the gold mines upon which the town of Welkom was built.
Mining has been critical in developing the country’s skills and technology. The industry is a world leader in many aspects of mining. Seven of the world’s ten deepest mines are in South Africa. The mining industry directly led to the establishment of the Universities of Pretoria and the Witwatersrand, and continues to contribute heavily to higher education. It is also the third-largest spender on research and development in South Africa.
Finally, mining has a hand in the rich cornucopia of products that consumers use every day. From tin cans to burglar bars, bicycles to ships, and pharmaceuticals to pacemakers, almost all raw materials not derived from farming, forestry or fishing are produced by the mining industry.
The health of the mining industry matters not only to mining investors, managers and workers. It has a disproportionate influence on the well-being of all South Africans.
It is a matter of considerable urgency that the present malaise in the mining industry is decisively addressed, through policy measures that radically simplify laws and ease regulations, that evolve empowerment principles to reduce economic drag, that lower the tax burden, and that significantly improve labour flexibility.
Mining still matters. South Africa needs the mining industry not just to survive, but to thrive.
- Ivo Vegter is an independent researcher and writer, and author of Why Mining Still Matters, an occasional report for the Institute of Race Relations.
Cyril Ramaphosa: The Audio Biography
Listen to the story of Cyril Ramaphosa's rise to presidential power, narrated by our very own Alec Hogg. | <urn:uuid:17c7d534-7f30-4c26-9c78-e78e6352492d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2019/03/18/ivo-vegter-why-mining-matters-sa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401624636.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929025239-20200929055239-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.953839 | 1,653 | 2.609375 | 3 |
While visiting a spring, you may see a variety of wild animals. Deer, bobcat, raccoons, and other animals are usually spotted near the springs. While canoeing, you may encounter beavers and their dams, or be followed by a curious river otter. You may also see an endangered Florida manatee.
The great egret, great blue heron, tri-color heron, snowy egret, and other wading birds can be seen at or near springs. Limpkins forage along the banks for their favorite meal of apple snails. In the water, double-crested cormorant and anhinga hunt for fish, and common moorhen or American coot forage for small invertebrates and aquatic plants along the marshy shorelines.
In nearby swamps, you may hear the call of a red-shouldered hawk or a barred owl. You may also encounter one or more wood ducks as you canoe down river.
Fish are one of the most abundant inhabitants of springs and spring runs. Various sunfish (bass and bream), suckers, gar, bowfin and minnows can be seen.
One of the more unusual features of the fish community of Florida springs is the presence of marine species. The hard, calcareous water of Florida's springs and spring-fed rivers permits many marine fishes found at the river mouth to migrate upstream.
A number of turtles and snakes are found in and near Florida's springs. Most of the snakes are harmless, although one, the cottonmouth, is venomous. American alligators also thrive in the springs and spring-run streams of the state.
Turtles are perhaps one of the most readily observed reptiles in springs. Various sliders are frequently seen sunbathing on logs bordering the spring run banks.
One of the more interesting of these is the Suwannee River cooter, a large slider associated with only a few large river systems in the southeastern U.S.
The Suwannee River region represents the southernmost range of the alligator snapping turtle in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:67858b5e-a199-43c4-a941-2e22ec88fe95> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.srwmd.state.fl.us/index.aspx?NID=317 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826343.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00247-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949026 | 434 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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