text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axis dimensions determine the edges of a multidimensional result set. Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) uses the SELECT clause to specify axis dimensions by assigning a set to a particular axis. The following information describes how this assignment is handled in MDX.
In the following syntax example, each
value defines one axis dimension. The number of axes in the dataset is equal to
the number of
<axis_specification> values in the
Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) query. An MDX query can support up to 128
specified axes, but very few MDX queries will use more than 5 axes.
The breakdown of the <axis_specification> syntax is:
<axis_specification> ::= <set> ON <axis_name> <axis_name> ::= COLUMNS | ROWS | PAGES | SECTIONS | CHAPTERS | AXIS(<index>)
Each axis dimension is associated with a number: 0 for the x-axis, 1 for the
y-axis, 2 for the z-axis, and so on. The
<index> value is the
axis number. For the first 5 axes, the aliases COLUMNS, ROWS, PAGES, SECTIONS,
and CHAPTERS can be used in place of AXIS(0), AXIS(1), AXIS(2), AXIS(3), and
An MDX query cannot skip axes. That is, a query that includes one or more
<axis_name> values must not exclude lower-numbered or
intermediate axes. For example, a query cannot have a ROWS axis without a
COLUMNS axis, or have COLUMNS and PAGES axes without a ROWS axis.
However, you can specify a SELECT clause with no axes (that is, an empty SELECT clause). In this case, all dimensions are slicer dimensions, and the MDX query selects one cell.
<set> value defines the contents of the axis. For
more information about sets, see Members,
Tuples, and Sets. | <urn:uuid:d9e75024-7b38-49cb-81dd-0324df163228> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://olapcube.com/mdxhelp/ContentsAxisDimension.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887077.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118071706-20180118091706-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.737334 | 439 | 2.90625 | 3 |
By Elli Leadbeater
The dementia patient's drawings get more bizarre with time
Although many people might not draw a duck very well, few would include four legs and eyebrows in their picture.
But those who suffer from a common type of dementia confuse concepts such as "bird" and "dog", and will produce the strangest drawings.
The area of the brain that stores meaning is damaged in these people.
Researchers from the University of Manchester may have finally solved a 150-year-old debate by pinpointing where that area actually is.
They think that a brain sector just underneath the ears, called the temporal pole, is responsible.
Professor Matthew Lambon Ralph, of Manchester University said: "At the heart of communication is me getting a meaning from me to you.
"If you don't understand that meaning, then the middle part of all communication falls away."
The researcher and his team had previously suspected the temporal pole was involved.
Their suspicions were based on images which had shown that people with semantic dementia, who can struggle with even simple concepts such as "car" and "fork", have lost tissue from that area.
But until now it was impossible to be sure, because these patients might also have other brain damage, too.
The temporal pole is found in a region of the brain near the ears
By artificially slowing down the temporal pole's activities in volunteers with normal brains, the researchers have been able to show that it does play a part in storing meanings.
The research team used a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS.
This involves placing a magnetic coil on the side of the head, just above the temporal pole. The magnetic pulses exhaust the part of the brain underneath, so that for about 10 minutes it is too tired to work properly.
"When we tire it out in normal subjects, we get some of the same effects that we see in the patients, although to a much milder degree," said Professor Lambon Ralph.
"The people don't make wild four-legged-duck errors, but if we ask them to name pictures or to understand concepts, they're about 10% slower than they were before.
"It really reinforces the idea that the temporal pole is where those concepts are encoded."
Researchers had previously thought that a different, nearby brain area, called Wernicke's area after a German neurologist, probably stored this information.
Although the team has not yet studied whether TMS would have similar effects if it was applied to Wernicke's area, it is confident that the temporal pole has the main role in storing meaning.
Semantic dementia is the second most common form of dementia in people under 65.
"For these patients, it's not like words have been deleted from the dictionary, so that you know about a duck one day and then the next day you don't," explained Professor Lambon Ralph.
"Instead, your information about ducks gradually gets fuzzy, and so you sort of vaguely know what a duck's like, but you don't know the details."
The symptoms are very obvious when the patients are asked to make drawings.
The patient who drew the strange duck had initially been asked to make a direct copy of a picture placed right in front of her. She made a good drawing.
But when asked to make the same copy either 10 or 60 seconds after seeing the picture, the patient started to confuse the concept of a duck with other animals.
Such patients can also no longer connect certain smells, or touch sensations, with particular objects. For example, if they smell a lemon, they no longer know what it is that produces that aroma.
The team is working with therapists to see if there is a form of speech training which could help the patients. | <urn:uuid:5919c914-8500-4f9a-967b-42c49d075180> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5321054.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982950827.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200910-00066-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973932 | 774 | 2.6875 | 3 |
10 December 2017
What is truth? Is truth merely a lie we all tell ourselves to agree upon? Is truth a singular type of story? Can it be multiple things? Perhaps it can be all of the above. Lispector’s The Passion According to G.H., O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, Nietzsche’s “On Truth and lies in an Extra-Moral Sense,” Cixous’ “The Laugh of the Medusa,” and Freud’s “Infantile Genital Organization & Medusa’s Head” bring about similar topics of stories, lies, and variances of abstract truths through their different works.
This begs the question of what exactly is truth? According to O’Brien, there are three types of truth regarding events. There is the happening truth, the seeming truth, and the story truth. First off, O’Brien describes happening truth as the event itself that happened in a factual sense. It is the men dying in the war, blown up just feet from you by a grenade. But like O’Brien the young soldier, you do not look at the faces of the men who are fallen near you (O’Brien 58). This lack of observing the happening truth around you brings about the story truth. Story truth is a fictional truth written about the factual truth of people dying in the war, in order to bring about the seeming truth. Story truth would be that the men fallen near you are not faceless, but are your comrades with names, lives, and families that you had formed relationships with and you did observe them passing into death (O’Brien 12). The seeming truth is the truth that not a grenade killed your comrade near you, but the sunlight he stepped into sent him flying into the air at such a force that he exploded (O’Brien 67). The story truth is created to help remember the happening truth through the seeming truth. Similarly, in Lispector, the happening truth is that she killed a cockroach and ate it, discovering the truth of human life over humanized life (Lispector 174). The story truth is the entire book, she is rewriting her experiences with new perspectives of the experience (seeming truth) she underwent in order to not forget what changed her life. Both Lispector and O’Brien’s characters faced life changing experiences, one in war, one in discovering the neutral, which they both want to remember, so they create alternative truths to never forget.
According to Nietzsche, truth is an arbitrary word that really is just a socially accepted lie. In order for society to function the way it does, according to Nietzsche, humans decided to create these lies to agree upon to create order (Nietzsche 53). These lies are simple ones such as 2+2=4 and thou shall not kill. However, the danger that comes with these agreed upon truths to Nietzsche is the fact that humans forget that we lied to ourselves to create them. Nietzsche says we humans willingly put on this disguise in order to have a high functioning society, but all too often we forget the disguise is on and in turn think accept the lie as reality (Nietzsche... | <urn:uuid:a5b4e6fe-739c-4239-8237-facdd773a931> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://ostatic.com/essays/what-is-truth-a-literature-review-gmu-phil-253-final-paper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371833063.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409091317-20200409121817-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.957072 | 668 | 3.234375 | 3 |
How Does Water Get into Coconuts?
The watery liquid that we call coconut water does not get into the coconut from the outside. It is actually produced in the coconut by the tissue of nut itself. It’s actually what we call the endosperm of the coconut plant which provides nutrition for the developing seed.
As the fruit ripens the coconut water gets converted into the solid fruit that you find in there. If you have an unripe coconut the water will be quite sweet and very nice. The riper it gets the less pleasant it gets to drink.
The coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. Inside the tough husk is the inner seed, or nut. Just inside the hard shell is a layer of white coconut “meat.” The hollow center is filled with a watery liquid which supplies moisture for the seed.
At the blunt end of the hard shell are three round spots. It is through one of these “eyes” that the young coconut palm sprouts from the kernel inside. | <urn:uuid:5e0876df-7998-4e36-84a7-9b00b1bd1a62> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.juniorsbook.com/tell-me-why/how-does-water-get-into-coconuts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805114.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118225302-20171119005302-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.949306 | 214 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Scramble for Europe
Richard J. Evans
- Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler by Shelley Baranowski
Cambridge, 380 pp, £17.99, November 2010, ISBN 978 0 521 67408 9
A few decades ago, historians searching for the longer-term roots of Nazism’s theory and practice looked to the ruptures and discontinuities in German history: the failed revolution of 1848; the blockage of democratic politics after unification in 1871; the continued dominance of aristocratic elites over a socially and politically supine middle class; the entrenched power of the traditionally authoritarian and belligerent Prussian military tradition – in short, everything, they argued, that had come by the outbreak of the First World War to distinguish Germany from other major European powers and set it on a ‘special path’ to modernity that ended not in the creation of a democratic political system and open society to go with an industrial economy, but in the rise and triumph of the Third Reich.
Such arguments were discredited by the 1990s, as it became clear that imperial Germany’s middle classes had been far from supine, its political culture was active and engaged, and its aristocratic elites had lost most of their power by the outbreak of the First World War. The 1848 Revolution was shown to have transformed German political culture, not to have restored the old regime. Comparisons with other countries revealed similar deficits of social mobility and openness in Britain, tendencies to authoritarianism in France, military domination in Austria and more besides. But if there was no domestic ‘special path’ from unification to the rise of the Third Reich, where should historians look instead?
Over the last few years, the answer, it has become increasingly clear, can be found only by expanding our vision and viewing German history not in a domestic context or even a European one, but in the context of global and above all colonial developments in the Victorian era and after. This view of German history is perhaps possible only at a time when we have become acutely aware of globalisation as a contemporary phenomenon, but it has thrown up many vital new interpretations and generated a growing quantity of significant research that links Germany’s relation to the world in the 19th century with its attempt under the Nazis to dominate it. Now this research has been brought together in a powerful and persuasive new synthesis by Shelley Baranowski, previously known for more specialised studies, notably an excellent book on the Nazi labour and leisure organisation, Strength through Joy.
Baranowski’s story begins in the mid-1880s, when Bismarck reluctantly agreed to the establishment of colonial protectorates in order to win the support of National Liberals and Free Conservatives in the Reichstag. Bismarck was wary of the financial and political commitment involved in full colonisation, but he was soon outflanked by imperialist enthusiasts, merchants and adventurers, and by 1890, when he was forced out of office, Germany had a fully-fledged overseas empire. It was, admittedly, not much to write home about. The ‘scramble for Africa’ had left the Reich with little more than leftovers after the British and the French had taken their share: Namibia, Cameroon, Tanganyika, Togo; elsewhere in the world, New Guinea and assorted Pacific islands such as Nauru and the Bismarck Archipelago. A younger generation of nationalists, who didn’t share Bismarck’s sense of the precariousness of the newly created Reich, complained it was an empire on the level of the (late 19th-century) Spanish or Portuguese empires, hardly worthy of a major European power.
Moreover, the colonies Germany did possess proved in more than one instance peculiarly difficult to run. The colonial regime responded with policies of extreme harshness. Prussian military doctrine held that the complete destruction of enemy forces was the prime objective of war, but in the colonies this became enmeshed with racism and a fear of guerrilla attacks to create a genocidal mentality that responded to unrest and uprisings with a policy of total annihilation, by methods that included deliberate starvation: 150,000 Hehe were killed in this way in Tanganyika and a further 300,000 people in the Maji-Maji revolt. Even more notoriously, 60 per cent of the Hereros and Nama were exterminated in Namibia, many of them driven into the desert without supplies, their water holes poisoned, their cattle sequestered, their crops destroyed, and large numbers imprisoned in concentration camps, where they died of disease and malnutrition. Victory was followed by the establishment of an apartheid regime with laws and regulations forbidding racial mixing and reducing the Africans to the status of poorly paid labourers.
Already, however, German policy had begun to move towards the acquisition of new colonies. Where were they to come from? With Kaiser Wilhelm II’s assumption of a leading role in policy-making, Germany began the construction of a large battle fleet in 1898. By focusing on heavy battleships rather than light, mobile cruisers, the navy’s creator, Admiral von Tirpitz, was adopting the high-risk strategy of working towards, or at least threatening, a Trafalgar-style confrontation in the North Sea that would defeat or cripple the British, whose domination of the seas was regarded as the major obstacle to German imperial glory, and force them to agree to an expansion of the German overseas empire. Germany now adopted an aggressive ‘world policy’, aiming to boost the status of its empire and gain a ‘place in the sun’ comparable to that of other European powers. Soon, uncontrollable imperialist enthusiasms were bubbling up from the steamy undergrowth of pressure-group politics.
The full text of this book review is only available to subscribers of the London Review of Books. | <urn:uuid:dcbcd084-2d6f-4649-bae1-39b814ecbdfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n03/richard-j-evans/the-scramble-for-europe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.965818 | 1,215 | 2.71875 | 3 |
NEVER feed these ... not ever!
Bird Seed? No ... it is NOT good to feed!
You probably know that many brands of parrot food on the market advertise a “healthy blend of seeds and dried fruit" well unfortunately that statement couldn't BE more false. High seed content diets are not healthy, dried fruit is not something that should be fed either due to high levels of sugar and sulfites used in the drying process.
A large number of companion birds die each year due to Fatty Liver Disease, which is largely associated with a ALL or HIGH seed-based diet. The problem is seeds are high in fat and birds tend to consume so much of them without balancing their intake with veggies and fruits.
Do your research on parrot diet recommendations and feed seeds responsibly. A sprinkle on the chop is plenty. Look for seeds that provide good nutritional balance.
Check out this blog on Seeds
Wild birds, almost constantly active, are able to maintain everyday living off of seed because it is high in calories and permits them to spend more time flying and foraging for their alternative food sources so they burn off the fat. The kinds of “seed” these wild birds consume aren't even the same as the seed sold in pet stores which don’t have comparable nutritional qualities ... that's why most are vitamin fortified. How do you think those vitamins are added? They are sprayed on the shells which is the part that falls on the bottom of the cage/cup, so the argument further loses credibility.
<-- And THIS is what happens to your bird's blood if they're fed a high seed or all seed diet. | <urn:uuid:480c71ba-e429-4b27-8569-5125a0e1f7e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.parrotproblemsolving101.com/no-not-ever | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902496.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710015901-20200710045901-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.960835 | 335 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Helping your child to get a good night's sleep
We all want our child’s bedroom to a place that they can enjoy being, with stimulating toys and nice furniture. But if your child is experiencing difficulties sleeping, it is often useful to look at whether as well as a great place to spend play time, it is also an environment that helps them to prepare for sleep. In doing this there are some key questions.
To understand why a bedroom needs to be dark, we need to understand that human beings have evolved as diurnal creatures, which means that we are naturally programmed to be outdoors during daylight hours and at home in the dark, asleep, at night. When our brain senses that darkness is falling, it begins to convert the brain chemical and natural stimulant serotonin into the sleep hormone melatonin which signals to us that it is time to sleep. If a child’s bedroom is too light it can delay this production of melatonin – making it harder for them to settle. The ideal, therefore, is for a child to get used to, from an early age, having a bedroom that is completely dark. In many cases, however, a child wants the comfort of a nightlight – but this should be as small and dim as possible so as not to keep their brain in daytime mode. Blackout curtain-linings can also be very useful in the summer months and extend the whole family’s night by a few precious hours!
Of course not every bedroom can be silent – and indeed, the gentle noises of other family members moving around the house, the background hum of the washing machine or of distant traffic can be comforting to a child dropping off to sleep. Families where babies learn to settle in an environment where normal quiet, household noise continues when baby is put to bed find that find that this becomes a useful pattern for their sleeping habits later on. But too much noise – especially noise associated with daytime stimulation such as loud television/ music or sudden disturbing banging of doors can make it hard for a child to settle and be disruptive to their sleep. Sometimes, if they have a pet in their bedroom – especially a hamster with a wheel, their nocturnal activities can contribute greatly to a child’s wakefulness. Small modifications in this area can often have big pay-offs.
We have almost all experienced – often on holiday but occasionally in this country – the heat keeping us awake and indeed, the temperature of a bedroom greatly affects the quality of our sleep. Most people find that they sleep best in a slightly cooler room with a window slightly open for fresh air; but this has to be balanced against any noise from outside. It is also important that the room is not too cold and that bedding is adequate for the time of year. Climbing into a bed that is made – rather than one left over from the morning rush – can also send a powerful signal as part of a bedtime routine that this is a place prepared for sleep.
When an adult goes to the doctor with difficulties sleeping, the doctor will often talk to them about something called ‘sleep hygiene’ – their habits around sleeping. They would often be advised, for example, to ensure that the bedroom is a place reserved solely for sleeping so that the brain begins to build the pattern that when it goes bed that is what it is expected to do. Now, obviously, children’s bedrooms often serve the function of a playroom too and so to remove all other stimuli from them would be completely impractical. But parents do often find it helpful if they and their child get into the habit of ‘packing away the day’ as part of the bedtime routine. By putting games away in cupboards and turning the lights down low for a story the environment signals that something different and more restful is now expected. | <urn:uuid:681dfe68-0f7a-457c-bbcc-a1d2f76617fc> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://kids-sleep-matters.com/environment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869404.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00198-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972491 | 776 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Avocados: Health Benefits, Nutritional Information!
Avocadosare a stone fruit with a creamy texture that grow in warm climates and are often a feature of Mexican and South American cuisine.
Also known as an alligator pear or butter fruit, the versatileavocadois the only fruit that provides a substantial amount of healthy monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Avocados are a naturally nutrient-dense food and contain nearly 20 vitamins and minerals.
ThisMNTKnowledge Center feature is written by MNT’s qualified nutritionist and forms part of a collection of articles on the health benefits of popular foods. In the article we take an in-depth look at the possible health benefits of eating avocados as well as a nutritional breakdown of the avocado. To maintain balance, we will also look at the possible health risks of consuming avocados.
Possible health benefits of avocados
Eating a diet that contains plentiful fruits and vegetables of all kinds has long been associated with a reduced risk of many lifestyle-related health conditions. Numerous studies have found that a predominantly plant-based diet that includes foods such as avocados can help to decrease the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and overall mortality while promoting a healthy complexion and hair, increased energy and overall lower weight..
Healthy for the heart: According to registered dietitian Patricia Groziak, MS, RD, with the Hass Avocado Board, avocados contain 25 milligrams per ounce of a natural plant sterol called beta-sitosterol. Regular consumption of beta-sitosterol and other plant sterols has been seen to help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.1
Great for vision: Avocados contain lutein and zeaxanthin, two phytochemicals that are especially concentrated in the tissues in the eyes, where they provide antioxidant protection to help minimize damage, including from ultraviolet light.
As the monounsaturated fatty acids in avocados also supports the absorption of other beneficial fat-soluble antioxidants such as beta-carotene, including avocados as part of a healthy diet may help to reduce the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration.6
Osteoporosis prevention: Half of an avocado provides approximately 25% of the daily-recommended intake for vitamin K, a nutrient that is often overlooked, but which is essential for bone health. Vitamin K is often overshadowed by calcium and vitamin D when thinking of nutrients important for maintaining healthy bones, however, eating a diet with adequate vitamin K can support bone health by increasing calcium absorption and reducing urinary excretion of calcium.3
Cancer: H, low levels of which have been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Adequate intake of folate from food has also shown promise in protecting against colon, stomach, pancreatic and cervical cancers.
Although the mechanism behind this apparent reduction in risk is currently unknown, researchers believe that folate protects against undesirable mutations in DNA and RNA during cell division.
Healthy babies: Folate is also extremely important for a healthy pregnancy, with adequate intake reducing the risk of miscarriage and neural tube defects. Recent research from McGill University also found a 30% higher incidence of a variety of birth defects in baby mice conceived using sperm from mice with a folate deficiency compared to mice conceived using sperm from mice without a folate deficiency.4
Lower risk of depression: Foods containing high levels of folate may help to decrease the risk of depression as folate helps to prevent the build-up of homocysteine, a substance that can impair circulation and delivery of nutrients to the brain. Excess homocysteine can also interfere with the production of the serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which regulate mood, sleep and appetite.5
Improved digestion: Despite its creamy texture, an avocado is actually high in fibre, with approximately 6-7 grams per half fruit. Eating foods with natural fibre can help to prevent constipation, maintain a healthy digestive tract and lower the risk of colon cancer.
Natural detoxification: Adequate fibre promotes regular bowel movements, which are crucial for the daily excretion of toxins through the bile and stool. Recent studies have shown that dietary fibre may also play a role in regulating the immune system and inflammation.
Protection from chronic disease: According to the Department of Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences Program of the University of Kentucky, high fibre intakes are associated with significantly lower risks of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and certain gastrointestinal diseases. Increased fibre intake has also been shown to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and enhance weight loss for obese individuals.
Avocados: Health Benefits, Nutritional Information! Avocados are a stone fruit with a creamy texture that grow in warm climates and are often a feature of Mexican and South American cuisine.
Also known as an alligator pear or butter fruit, the versatile avocado is the only fruit that provides a substantial amount of healthy monounsaturated...
email@example.comAdministratorHealthy Life Style 365 | <urn:uuid:5d2cc3bd-c0f7-4117-8264-61864f99faa0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://healthylifestyle365.net/avocados-health-benefits-nutritional-information/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056711.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919035453-20210919065453-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.939516 | 1,051 | 3.234375 | 3 |
People, pets and food are the main carriers of germs into the home. Once in, germs can get everywhere.
Find out where germs lurk in your home. It makes for uncomfortable reading and may prompt you to want to know more about preventing germs from spreading.
Most people think of the toilet as the most contaminated part of the house, but in fact the kitchen sink typically contains 100,000 times more germs than a bathroom or lavatory.
When you flush, germs from the toilet bowl can travel as far as six feet, landing on the floor, the sink and your toothbrush. A study showed that significant quantities of microbes float around the bathroom for at least two hours after each flush. Always put the toilet lid down before flushing.
A used kitchen sponge can contain thousands of bacteria per square inch, including E. coli and salmonella. The sponge's moist micro-crevices are a trap for germs and are difficult to disinfect. Replace sponges regularly.
The average kitchen chopping board has around 200% more faecal bacteria on it than the average toilet seat. Hygiene experts advise you to use separate chopping boards for red meat, poultry, fish and vegetables.
Hands are the biggest spreaders of germs in the home. Studies show that hand washing lowers the transmission of diarrhoea and colds, and targeted disinfection at critical sites reduces the spread of infection in the home. Wash your hands frequently during the day with hot water and soap to prevent spreading germs. Wash them every time you've been to the toilet, and before and after preparing food.
While some germs cause disease, not all microbes are harmful. They are the foundation of the food chain that feeds all life on earth and we would not survive without them.
Bacteria can grow and divide every 20 minutes. One single bacterium can multiply into more than eight million cells in less than 24 hours.
Carpets are the largest reservoir of dust in the home. They contain hair and skin cells, food debris, dirt and insects. A home with floorboards is believed to have a tenth of the dust of one with wall-to-wall fitted carpets.
The greatest risk of infection in the bathroom comes from surfaces that are frequently touched by the hands, including the toilet flush handle and seat, taps and door handles.
Clothes, towels and linen can carry germs. Washing very soiled items at a high temperature reduces the risk of infection. Wash your hands after handling dirty laundry.
More than 50% of raw chicken contains the campylobacter bacteria, which causes more illness than salmonella in Britain. Cooking chicken until it reaches a temperature of 70C (158F) can help to ensure that it's safe to eat. You can test the temperature of food with a food thermometer.
Campylobacter is carried by about half of all dogs and cats, and can cause food poisoning in people. The bacteria are passed on when you stroke your pets. Always wash your hands after coming into contact with pets.
The bedroom is the perfect breeding ground for dust mites, which feed on dead skin. The average person sheds up to 10g (0.35oz) of dead skin a week and up to 18kg (40lb) in their lifetime.
About 40% of cases of food poisoning occur in the home, according to a European-wide study by the World Health Organization in 2003.
A swab of a handbag showed up to 10,000 bacteria per square inch. A third of bags tested positive for faecal bacteria. Bags come into contact with some very dirty places, including public transport, public toilets, and restaurant and bar floors.
Our shoes pick up all kinds of dirt when we're outdoors, including animal faeces. When we walk around in them at home, these germs get liberally spread around, settling into carpets and increasing the risk of infection. Hygiene experts advise taking your shoes off before you walk around the house.
Placing hot food in the fridge can lead to uneven cooling, which can cause food poisoning. It can take a long time for the temperature in the middle of the food to drop, which creates the perfect environment for bacteria to multiply.
Important: Our website provides useful information but is not a substitute for medical advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor when making decisions about your health. | <urn:uuid:1c4806bb-d373-4585-a5fd-8a0f350c6047> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.your.md/condition/homehygiene-food-and-home-hygiene-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.94534 | 913 | 3.59375 | 4 |
An indirect Coombs' test determines whether there are
antibodies to the
Rh factor in the mother's blood.
A normal (negative) result means that the mother
has not developed antibodies against the fetus's blood. A negative Coombs' test
indicates that the fetus is not presently in danger from problems relating to
An abnormal (positive) result means that the
mother has developed antibodies to the fetal red blood cells and is
sensitized. However, a positive Coombs' test only
indicates that an Rh-positive fetus has a possibility of being harmed. A
positive test cannot indicate the amount of fetal harm that has occurred or is
likely to occur.
If test results show that antibody amounts are increasing during
pregnancy, the fetus may be at greater risk of harm.
A fetus who is Rh-negative will not be harmed, even if the mother is
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. | <urn:uuid:f2079585-01ce-48e0-927c-ba288bc3e51f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.sutterhealth.org/healthwise/index.php?A=C&type=info&hwid=hw139013§ion=hw139013-Credits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860608.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00095-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926762 | 199 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Lords work in Parliament's second Chamber - the House of Lords - and complement and operate alongside the business of the House of Commons. It is one of the busiest second chambers in the world. The expertise of its Members and flexibility to scrutinise an issue in depth means the Lords makes a significant contribution to Parliament's work. The UK public does not elect Members of the Lords.
Making laws takes up the bulk of the House of Lords time, and Members are involved throughout the process of proposing, revising and amending legislation. Some Bills introduced by the Government begin in the Lords to spread the workload between the two Houses.
Checking the work of Government
Lords check the work of the Government by questioning and debating decisions made by Ministers and Government Departments.
There are permanent committees investigating work relating to Europe, science and technology, economics, communications and the constitution. Occasionally one-off committees are set up to deal with issues outside these areas. | <urn:uuid:1fb4bcce-b1ac-4d8a-89c8-cb0ab9f71a7e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://webarchive.parliament.uk/20160607130700/http:/www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530452.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211074417-20191211102417-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.950249 | 193 | 3.046875 | 3 |
08 July, 2011
What does fact checked mean?
At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. Our team periodically reviews articles in order to ensure content quality. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data.
The information contained on this site is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for the advice of a professional health care provider. Please check with the appropriate physician regarding health questions and concerns. Although we strive to deliver accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee to that effect is made.
Can Too Much Caffeine Give You a Headache?
A headache can make you miserable — sometimes just for an hour or so, sometimes for days, especially if you suffer severe or repeated migraines. So you may reach for an over-the-counter migraine medication or perhaps a prescription. But it may not occur to you that those medications contain caffeine, and while caffeine can help relieve pain, it can also inflict headaches.
Caffeine the Drug
According to Drugs.com, caffeine is indeed a drug. A central nervous stimulant, it is quickly absorbed into the body and then taken up by the brain. A moderate intake is three 8 ounces cups of coffee a day. Those three cups contain about 250 milligrams of coffee, but caffeine content of coffee and other caffeine sources such as soda, tea or energy drinks is variable. Can have from 143 to 206 milligrams of caffeine per 16 ounce cup.
Caffeine and Headaches
When it comes to headaches, caffeine is a double-edged or perhaps even a many-edged sword. That’s because caffeine added to something like aspirin or acetaminophen can relieve a headache, but regular use of these pain relievers can also cause what is called rebound headache. Too much caffeine can cause caffeine intoxication — and headache is one symptom of this condition. And finally, while caffeine can help stop a migraine in people who don’t usually ingest it, that same caffeine can trigger migraines or make them worse.
What the Experts Say
Knut Hagen, Kari Thoresen, Lars Jacob Stovner and John-Anker Zwart noted in the March 2004 “The Journal of Headache and Pain” that high caffeine consumption tended to increase the frequency of headaches. Holly Pohler noted in a January 2010 article for the “Journal for Nurse Practitioners” that as little as 250 mg of caffeine could cause nausea and vomiting, agitation, nervousness, headache, tremor and sleep disturbances. Neurologist David Buchholz of Johns Hopkins University, author of “Heal Your Headache: The 1-2-3 Program for Taking Charge of Your Pain,” says that coffee may trigger a migraine. But he adds that while in the short term it may seem to be warding off the headaches, it causes rebound headache in the long term. He recommends migraine suffers completely eliminate caffeine in all forms.
Considerations and Warnings
So what’s the answer for you? You could try going without caffeine — and if you make that choice, says Drugs.com, you should taper off gradually rather than going cold turkey to avoid caffeine withdrawal headaches. But if you suffer from frequent, chronic or severe headaches, the best choice is to discuss your condition with a health-care professional.
- LennartK/iStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:1ca467c7-2a47-4120-8ba8-0ac8e2aa20cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://healthfully.com/454923-can-too-much-caffeine-give-you-a-headache.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668954.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117115233-20191117143233-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.914014 | 722 | 2.921875 | 3 |
If the concentrations are low, a combination of measurements and models may be
used in non-agglomerations. A combined use of measurements and models may also
reduce the monitoring need in agglomerations .
The FWD also states the requirements for the assessment of air quality, such as design
of monitoring programmes, requirements of the methods to be used etc.
There are several reasons for assessing nitrogen oxides in the air, the most important
being to identify the levels of NO2 in areas where people are likely to be exposed, and
to identify areas where air quality standards are exceeded. For the abatement of
pollution, the identification of major sources is necessary, as well as monitoring the
effectiveness of applied abatement strategies.
Due to the close relationship between NO and NO2, both should however be
measured, to provide a basis for abatement strategies. It is also useful to measure O3 in
connection with the measurements of nitrogen oxides due to the "titration" of NO.
Recommendations for monitoring O3 will be included in a future position paper for
401 - 402 - 403 - 404 - 405 - 406 - 407 - 408 - 409 - 410 - 411 - 412 - 413 - 414 - 415 - 416 - 417 - 418 - 419 - 420 - 421 - 422 - 423 - 424 - 425 - 426 - 427 - 428 - 429 - 430 - 431 - 432 - 433 - 434 - 435 - 436 - 437 - 438 - 439 - 440 - 441 - 442 - 443 - 444 - 445 - 446 - 447 - 448 - 449 - 450
castellano: DISPER CUSTIC DESCAR RADIA italiano:
deutsch: DIS CUS DES RAD
castellano: DIS CUS DES RAD english: DIS CUS DES RAD
português: DIS CUS DES RAD italiano: DIS CUS DES RAD
français: DIS CUS DES RAD | <urn:uuid:4b302d31-d322-4bd0-a2cc-2a56eae5fec6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.canarina.com/pagina_447.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.780728 | 417 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Who invented the yo-yo, and why?
Dear Straight Dope:
Who invented the yo-yo? And what was its original purpose?
Unfortunately, there's not a simple answer. The yo-yo may have been a Chinese, or Greek, or Filipino invention. It's not clear if the toy arose independently in different locations, or spread from one spot to another. The key to the modern American yo-yo, in America, however, lies in the Philippines. Its name and popularity date from the 1920s, with a major contributor being Pedro Flores (more later).
But let's start earlier. According to Asian historians, yo-yo-like toys originated in China about 1000 BC, in the form of two disks sculpted from ivory, connected by a central peg with a silk cord. The first indisputable evidence, however, is from Greece, around 450 to 500 BC--a bowl depicts a boy playing with a disk dangling on the end of a string. The disks were made from wood or painted terra cotta and the toy was called (duh) a "disk." Either way the yo-yo is the world's second oldest toy--only dolls are older.
That's the toy origin. But some claim that 16th century hunters in the Philippines had a yo-yo-like weapon consisting of large disks connected by a twine. The hunter hid in a tree and flung the disk at his prey, somewhat in the manner of slingshot, I suppose. The twine could be used to pull back the disks if his aim was off. It is also possible that the twine ensnared the animal's legs and tripped it so it could be killed more easily.
So there is some argument that the toy in the Philippines originated as a weapon, but no hard evidence. The most likely scenario is that the little round toy on a string made its way from ancient China to both Greece and the Philippines.
Mentions of the yo-yo are common from the 1760s on as the toy traveled from India to Europe, becoming especially popular among the upper classes in England and France. As it traveled it acquired various names: a "quiz" in England, "émigrétte" or "bandalore" in France, "coblenz" and other names elsewhere in Europe. Yo-yos were often richly decorated, carved of ivory or even glass with polished brass axles, and painted with geometric designs that produced mesmerizing patterns while spinning.
A painting from 1789 shows the child who would have been Louis XVII holding a yo-yo. Aristocrats fleeing France (émigres) during the Revolution brought the toy to Coblenz--hence the names émigrétte and coblenz. There is a drawing of General Lafayette flinging one. Beaumarchais' The Marriage of Figaro (1792) has Figaro show nervousness not by conventional wringing of hands, but by playing with his émigrétte and commenting, "It is a noble toy, that dispels the fatigue of thinking."
Napoleon's armies played with yo-yos. The Duke of Wellington is reputed to have been an enthusiast. A British cartoon from 1862 shows two kids terrorizing an old woman with their "quizzes." The U.S. granted a patent in 1866 for an "improved bandalore," weighted at the rim.
Somewhere along the way, the Filipinos improved the yo-yo by looping the string around the axle, allowing the toy to "rest" or "sleep" at the end of the string before the disk returned upward. The simple down-and-back toy was thus transformed, and a wide variety of tricks became possible. The yo-yo became a national pastime in the Philippines, with the disks hand-carved from a single piece of animal horn or lignum wood.
Following the Spanish-American war, many Filipinos emigrated to California and brought their culture with them, including the yo-yo. In 1916, the Scientific American Supplement, in an article called "Filipino Toys," called the spinning disks a "yo-yo." The term is Tagalog (the main language in the Philippines) for "come-come" or "come back." So it's not unreasonable to say that the true origin of the modern yo-yo is the Philippines.
If we are to credit one person with the global popularity of yo-yos from the 20th century onwards, it would be Pedro Flores, although few except aficionados remember him today. A Filipino immigrant, Flores never claimed to have invented the yo-yo, but always said that it had been a game in the Philippines for centuries.
He was a yo-yo expert who could make the toy do amazing tricks. He registered a version with the U.S. Patent Office under the name "Flores Yo-Yo" and produced hand-crafted wooden models. He started in 1928 with a dozen yo-yos, all handmade; eighteen months later, he had three factories producing 300,000 yo-yos daily and employing 600 workers. According to yo-yo historian Lucky Meisenheimer, Flores started the yo-yo spinning contest that inspired the first yo-yo frenzy in the U.S. His ads used the phrase, "If it isn't a Flores it isn't yo-yo."
The earliest contests, started by Flores in 1929, were endurance tests, won by the person who could keep the yo-yo spinning without a miss for the longest time. Other contest categories included the yo-yo thrown the farthest with a full return, and the largest number of perfect spins in a timed five-minutes. Prizes were given for handmade yo-yos, and Meisenheimer says that "yo-yos made out of bicycle wheels and wood barrel tops were not uncommon submissions." Contests were commonly held in theatres.
A businessman named Donald F. Duncan saw the Flores Yo-Yo and bought the rights, trademark, and company from Flores in 1932 for a quarter of a million dollars--a fortune in the Depression. He began manufacturing what became the American standard: the "Duncan Yo-Yo." He had the name "yo-yo" trademarked, forcing competitors to market "whirl-a-gigs" and "twirlers."
Financially, the Duncan Yo-Yo Co. has had its ups and downs (sorry, couldn't resist). In the 1930s, the Duncan Yo-Yo was promoted by groups of Filipino yo-yo experts, who would stand outside local candy stores or movie houses, doing yo-yo street theatre for the crowds. There were promotional contests. During the Great Depression, yo-yos sold well--they were cheap, fun, and long-lasting. About the only thing that could go wrong was the string breaking, and replacing the string was cheap and easy. The disks were made of various hardwoods, and could survive hours of being hit against cement sidewalks (like in the trick called "walking the dog").
Sales declined after WWII, but in 1962 Duncan launched a TV ad campaign and sales again skyrocketed. The company sold a record 45 million yo-yos one year in the U.S., whose child population at the time was only 40 million.
The Flambeau Plastics company of Baraboo, Wisconsin, purchased Duncan Toys in 1968 and made plastic Duncan Yo-yos (same shape and size as the original wooden model, the Duncan 77). They fought to keep the name "yo-yo" trademarked, but that battle was lost in 1965--the Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the term "yo-yo" was so widespread that it had become part of common speech. (Aside: The word "yo-yo" has now taken on wider significance, and can mean "to vacillate" as when applied to a politician, or "stupid" as when applied to a jerk.)
The company didn't do well through the 70s and 80s: the inexpensive product had low profit margins and marketing and advertising costs were high. But there was another boom in the 90s as Baby Boomer parents introduced the toy to their children.
How do yo-yos work? Damned if I know--I could never do anything but make them go down and come back, and even then I only had about a 50% success rate. Good thing I work for Cecil, rather than sitting up in a tree trying to bring down small game. Scientific jargon on the physics/mechanics would probably be something like "kinetic energy in a rotating mass." If you care, check out the article by Wolfgang Burger in the March-April 1984 issue of American Scientist, "The Yo-Yo: A Toy Flywheel."
Enthusiasts speak excitedly of the popularity and global reach of yo-yos. There are about a dozen different models of Duncan Yo-Yo today, and you can find versions with innovations that Pedro Flores could scarcely imagine, the least of which is sparkly lights and glitter. There are debates about what string to use (cotton or silk or . . .). Yo-yo experiments were tried in 1985 and 1992 on the space shuttle (the yo-yo wouldn't "sleep" in microgravity). June 6 (Donald Duncan's birthday) is National Yo-Yo Day (bet you didn't know that). For those of us of a certain age, the "Yo-Yo Man" will always be little Tommy Smothers. Yo-yo contests are held under strict competitive rules. Collector yo-yos can run into thousands of dollars--check out Lucky's Collector's Guide to 20th Century Yo-Yos for some jaw-dropping examples and great pictures.
For more, get in touch with the American Yo-Yo Association, 627 - 163rd Street South, Spanaway, Washington 98387 (phone 707-542-9696). If you're outside North America, check with your local Yo-Yo Association.
Why Didn't I Think of That? Bizarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Couldn't Live Without, by Allyn Freeman and Bob Golden (John Wiley & Sons, 1997)
Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things, by Charles Panati (Harper & Row, 1987)
"History of the Yo-Yo," article by Valerie Kranz, Spinastics Skill Toys, Inc., 1996
"Pedro Flores," article by Lucky J. Meisenheimer, in American Yo-Yo Association Newsletter, September 1997
Lucky's Collector's Guide to 20th Century Yo-Yos, by Lucky J. Meisenheimer, M.D. (Oct 1999)
. . . and dozens of websites--search under "yo-yo" or check with the American Yo-Yo Association. | <urn:uuid:833dc2b2-679b-4aa5-a07a-f11be95b2fd9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1928/who-invented-the-yo-yo-and-why | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146600.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00213-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967726 | 2,247 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a powerful technology, with proven potential to radically change the way that humans interact with the environment—and with each other. By enabling a connection between our brains and the outside world, BCI technology makes it possible for people who can’t communicate through movement or speech to express their thoughts, enables people to control devices with their minds, and could even have the potential to one day act as an extension of ourselves.
A BCI links the brain and an external device, enabling direct communication between the two. BCI technology can be invasive (implanted into the grey matter of the brain), semi-invasive (implanted inside the body and not directly in the brain), or non-invasive (such as wearables or headsets which function most commonly on EEG readings to translate brainwaves into data that devices can read). Non-invasive EEG wearables are increasingly accessible and have a wide range of current and future uses.
Future BCI Assistive Applications
The best-known application of the brain-computer interface is in medicine. BCIs enable people with very serious disabilities or illnesses to communicate with loved ones and caretakers.
MindScribe Device for ALS Patients: The MindScribe communication system powered by NeuroSky is designed to harness the power of the mind for people dealing with severe symptoms of ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) and similar diseases. Designed with NeuroSky’s trusted EEG-monitoring technology, MindScribe reads the patient’s brainwaves and translates them into messages, such as “yes” or “no”, and lets the user express feelings such as “happy” or “sad”, or type full sentences.
Healing Spinal Damage: BCI has also been used to increase neurological signals and help heal the brain from serious injuries, such as stroke and paralysis. One experiment had participants with complete spinal cord injuries wear caps with EEG sensors. The participants were fitted for exoskeletons equipped with a BCI that read their brainwaves. The patients were then able to direct the exoskeleton as an extension of their bodies, and some reported being able to feel or move their limbs for the first time since their injury occurred.
Using BCI for Entertainment
BCI applications aren’t all serious. Being able to control a device simply by using brainwaves has exciting implications for entertainment outside of medicine or research.
Sporting Events: Recently, BCI technology has been used in a drone race put on by the University of Florida. Participants’ brainwaves were monitored and translated into directions by a team of coders who then created commands to guide the drone to the finish line.
Gaming: The potential doesn’t end there—imagine being able to play video games just by thinking about what you want a character to do, or to thinking about how to get a ball it into a goal? The potential for BCI entertainment is endless.
Harnessing BCI to Enhance Daily Life
If you’ve ever wished you could add something to your to-do list simply by thinking about it, you might be in luck. By combining the power of BCI technology with the Internet of Things, you might just find that you think of something, and—as if by magic—it appears!
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnectedness of physical objects, enabling them to “speak” to each other. Devices, buildings, or vehicles can be linked with software, sensors, or electronics, and IoT enables these objects to receive, store and exchange data without requiring any human interaction. But what if humans could also connect to these devices?
Personal Assistant: IoT is already being used to control the temperature via smart thermostats, heartbeats are being controlled with enhanced pacemakers, and sensors even help prevent car accidents by sending environmental information to our vehicles, but what if it could do even more to help us on a daily basis? In the future, brain-computer interfaces could enable us to add eggs and apples to the grocery list just by remembering that we need them, or turning the air conditioning at home up or down just by thinking about the right temperature.
Access to Information: Brain-computer interfaces might also help us to access the vast amount of information available on the Internet, effectively giving us the power to have any piece of information online available at our fingertips.
The potential for BCI is endless, and when combined with powerful EEG products, such as NeuroSky’s ThinkGear AM EEG sensor or MindWave™ Mobile EEG headsets, it’s easier than ever to create—and enjoy—brain-computer interfaces that make us healthier, happier and smarter. | <urn:uuid:0987cdf5-2601-4bac-9f9d-76c0f5b71297> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://neurosky.com/2016/11/bci-what-is-it-and-where-is-it-going/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.943869 | 979 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Part Three: Principles of Colloidal Silver Production
This third part of our basic colloidal silver generator tutorial provides the three critically important principles behind colloidal silver production, and provides the theory and basic knowledge needed to create a quality colloidal silver product-- especially when one later decides to improve the quality of the generator.
Three Principles to Mastering Colloidal Silver Production
1. Purity: The quality of any colloidal silver is foremost determined by 1) the purity of the silver used, 2) the purity of the initial water supply, and 3) the cleanliness of both the silver rods and the glass container used for production. Even variables such as air quality and light concentration can influence colloidal silver production.
2. Current Control: The entire colloidal silver generation process is geared toward strict regulation of the flow of silver ( both ions and particles ) into the distilled water base. The more command one successfully wields toward this end, the higher the end quality will be. Variable conditions include everything covered in the purity principle, plus: a) The voltage applied, b) the amount of current, c) the size and the shape of the silver electrodes, d) the amount of water used, e) the water temperature, f) the size and shape of the container, g) the spacing between the silver rods, h) the motion ( if any ) of the water in the container, and even i) the Earth's electromagnetic field and j) the shape of the silver electrodes.
3. Timing: Understanding and properly measuring the duration of each batch of colloidal silver is of paramount importance both to the particle size of the silver ions and the concentration of the batch itself, and thus critical to the end quality of the product. All variables of the timing are dependent upon the variables of the first two principles. Timing influences particle sizing and particle dispersion ( otherwise known as proper hydration of the silver ).
Each of these three principles relies upon the other. Mastery of these simple principles equates to the mastery of colloidal silver production. Every advanced colloidal silver generator IS advanced due to the fact that it addresses one or more of these principles more successfully than the basic generator is able to. Some "advanced generators" defy the above principles, and the end result is always a lower quality product. These production flaws can only be detected by expensive analysis of the end colloidal silver, including both Atomic Adsorption Spectronomy ( AAS ) and Transmission Electron Microscopy ( TEM ).
The Basics: Demystifying Colloidal Silver
What is Colloidal Silver?
Simply stated, colloidal silver is water containing both microscopic particles of elemental silver and silver ions. The most common electrolysis processes used to create colloidal silver sinter metallic silver from a silver rod or wire, and deposit ions ( Ag+ ) and particles ( particles with no charge and clusteres of charged particles, Ag- ) into the water.
What separates electrically isolated colloidal silver from other types of silver products is the fact that the state of silver is either in isolated ionic form or pure particle form ( not bonded with other elements ), and the size of any silver particles is incredibly small compared to other methods of silver production. In other words, the silver ions and particles are isolated by water molecules only. Whether the benefit of colloidal silver is due solely to the silver, the size of the silver particles, the ionic charge or particle charge, or a combination of all three, is a matter of debate. Please keep in mind that the term "colloidal silver" should be considered a generic term and not a scientific one, as colloidal technically means particles in suspension, not dissolved solids.
How is quality gauged?
The therapeutic quality of colloidal silver is determined by 1) the product purity 2) the size of the silver particles, 3) the concentration and/or ratio of ionic silver to particle silver, 4) and both the dispersion of silver in the water and the surface area that active silver area covers ( which is related to the size of the silver particles ).
One of the greatest motivating factors for manufacturing one's own colloidal silver is to ensure product purity. By using inferior silver or thoughtless bonding agents ( even accidentally ), it is just as easy to toxify the body as it is to heal it. For instance, Silver Nitrate is a known toxic substance, and silver chloride has questionable benefit in the body. While it is true that even the poorest quality colloidal silver available for purchase is unlikely to contain enough contaminants to do the body serious harm, it is equally true that ANY contaminants cause the formation of larger silver particles and silver compounds. This may significantly decrease the benefit possible compared to a properly made colloidal silver.
Using the production methods on these pages will ensure both a safe and effective colloidal silver. However, it should be noted that home brewing colloidal silver can only be taken so far without a sterile lab environment and incredibly sophisticated controls. That said, just because a colloidal silver is "lab made" does not mean that the producers are making it properly!
The size of silver particles is important for three reasons:
The smaller the particle size, the more likely the colloidal silver will be adsorbed in a useable form by the body. A high quality colloidal silver should have particles small enough to be adsorbed sublingually and through lung tissues.
Small particles of silver cover a greater surface area, increasing the potential contact with microbes.
Ionic silver is a whole field unto itself. A high quality colloidal silver has ionic silver that does not readily agglomerate.
By properly making colloidal silver with the basic generator, particle sizes between .001 - .04 microns may be uniformly achieved ( with concentration strength between 3 - 5 parts per million ) - a decent colloidal silver.
The concentration strength is the amount of actual silver contained within the water by volume, and is measured in ppm ( parts per million ). Five parts per million is generally accepted as a safe and effective general purpose strength. However, a 5ppm solution is not universally regarded as effective. Generally speaking, one may achieve a suitable quality 50 ppm solution using a more advanced generator. The basic generator, with practice and extreme care, can safely generate a batch ( estimated ) of about 10 - 12 ppm, although there will be a quality difference as compared to a batch of 3-5 PPM.
With all of these variables, and without lab equipment, can one be certain to achieve a quality colloidal silver with a basic generator?
Yes. The primary purpose of this tutorial is to introduce colloidal silver to the interested novice. The following instructions will provide both the method of achieving a safe and effective colloidal silver solution and a method of testing it. After experimentation, and with continued interest, one should explore a more advanced generator.
times since August 2009
Page Last Modified: 08/23/17 06:18 | <urn:uuid:67ddb95e-ad72-40d5-a230-4f5ddd7ba3ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.silvermedicine.org/basics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401643509.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929123413-20200929153413-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.907144 | 1,426 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Paleontology and geology
The Precambrian: The oldest rocks in Missouri are igneous and metamorphic rocks approximately 1.8 billion years old. No fossils are known from these rocks.
The Paleozoic: Warm, shallow seas covered Missouri through much of the Paleozoic, up until the Late Carboniferous. Fossils of trilobites, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, corals, and bryozoans are common in many of the state’s Paleozoic rocks. Sharks and various fishes have also left their remains in some of these rocks. Late in the Paleozoic, erosion of great mountains along the eastern part of the United States, formed during the Alleghenian Orogeny, dumped vast quantities of sediments westward into this shallow sea, creating huge deltas with swampy lowlands. By the end of the Paleozoic, most of the state was above sea level and erosion outpaced deposition.
The Mesozoic: Missouri was primarily above sea level throughout most of the Mesozoic, and erosion outpaced deposition. In Late Mesozoic (Cretaceous) rocks, fossils of molluscs and marine reptiles indicate that the sea flooded the far southeastern part of the state, in an area known as the Mississippi Embayment. The only known dinosaur fossils from Missouri come from a Cretaceous clay in this area. Fossil leaves from some of the first flowering plants have also been found in the state’s Cretaceous rocks.
The Cenozoic: Early Cenozoic deposits in Missouri consist of stream-deposited clays, sands, gravels, and a few poorly consolidated sandstones that formed along the shores of the Mississippi Embayment, where the early Gulf of Mexico flooded the region. Plant fossils indicate that this was a time with a relatively mild climate. During the Late Cenozoic (Pleistocene), glaciers covered parts of the state north of the Missouri River, leaving behind deposits of till, clay, gravel, and loess (wind-blown silt). Fossils of Missouri’s ice age mammals, particularly mastodons, are famous.
Organizations | Education and Exhibits | Research and Collections
Education and Exhibits
Parks (showing 1 of 1 listings)
Mastodon State Historic Site: This site provides information about the programs and exhibits offered, including the Kimmswick Bone Beds that have produced many mastodon bones.
Top of List
Research and Collections
Virtual Exhibits (showing 2 of 2 listings)
Pennsylvanian Fossils of Missouri: Although these Pennsylvanian pages are named "Pennsylvanian Fossils of Missouri", this web site is more accurately devoted to a study of the Altamont Formation, containing the fossiliferous Lake Neosho Shale, at one locality in the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian Outlier.
Mississippian Fossils of Missouri: The Mississippian Fossils of Missouri project is focused on the Mississippian exposures in the St. Louis area.
Top of List
Researchers (showing 1 of 1 listings)
Dr. Thomas W. Kammer: Specialty: Evolutionary paleoecology of Paleozoic crinoids, plus lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy of marine Mississippian rocks in the east-central United States. Field areas include West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa.
Top of List
Ongoing Research Projects (showing 2 of 2 listings)
Paleontology and Geology of Missouri: This site is a Paleontological research project based in
St. Louis, Missouri, devoted to the study of the geological
formations in Missouri. Primary focus is the study of the
fossils found in these formations.
The bryozoan Evactinopora: Evactinopora is a star-shaped bryozoan, one of the most unusual Mississippian fossils that occur in the midcontinent region of North America.
Top of List | <urn:uuid:fdb1df67-9146-4889-9901-61ec8dac8332> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space§ionnav=state&name=Missouri | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044452-00169-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930867 | 868 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The world is being eaten by software development. It is projected that the world will have over one million job openings for computer specialists. This research was conducted by the Department of Labor in United States. However, it is a sad tale that the current universities will not be able to match this demand not even by 30% of the demand. It is with this understanding that anyone who wishes to learn programming should be psyched even more. The door is wide open for all to learn computer science. However, since the technology world is awash with an array of programming languages, you need to know where to start.
Some of the programming languages that you need to be on the lookout for in year 2018 are as discussed here:
SQL is an acronym that stands for Structured Query Language. This is not a program that instructs the computer on what to do and create data. SQL is a query language that is aimed at helping in data retrieval. The program can fetch data and retrieve it from any source and compile the data to come up with a report. The syntax of SQL is pretty easy and it takes only a handful of hours and commitment to learn it as well as being able to run some basic reports. Excel wizards are lucky since there is a lot of similarity between SQL and excel. SQL is used in hospitals, banks and other organizations that rely on data retrieval and reports to understand information relevantly. Anyone who relies on relational database is a candidate of SQL
This is a programming language that is made in such a way that it can run on any computer. Java does not rely on the type of device at stake. It is comprised of modules of code and it is an object-oriented language. It can be applied on other programs without necessarily having to rewrite it.
You can do anything with the Java programming language. You can deploy applications, build applications, create sophisticated GUIs, and develop Android apps among other things.
You need to learn to speak it first before you can use it.
Java has a steep learning curve but it slowly falls as you advance. Those programmers who seek instant gratification from programs may be disappointed since Java does not offer that. It is a mature language that has been in use for all computer years. It is spread widely and it can run on any device.
Python is well known by programmers due to the simple syntax that it has and readability. It is an object-oriented programming language. It is used in data analysis as well as in programming desktop and web applications. It is easy to learn as compared to other languages such as C++ or Java. The programming language allows you to focus on the paradigm shifts of programming as early due to its ease of learning.
Python is a consistent language that can out of the box. It can complete similar tasks as other programming languages with fewer lines of code. It is task specific not industry specific. | <urn:uuid:62207029-909a-4491-9a70-92a280db70f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://webbygram.com/blog/coding-languages-to-learn-in-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145742.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223001555-20200223031555-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.972939 | 583 | 3.078125 | 3 |
When you are pregnant, you have to stay healthy in every way possible. You should break the habits you once had before becoming a mom. Breaking your habit may be tedious especially when it comes to your diet. Making sure your food is healthy for you and the baby is not always easy. To stay in proper nourishment, you have to avoid the food that may risk the life of your child. Here are some of the food you should not eat as an expectant.
Avoid Undercooked Eggs
Eggs are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and protein. They offer a lot of silver linings for pregnant women only if they are cooked thoroughly. Under-cooked eggs like sunny-side-ups and other food groups with raw eggs like mayonnaise, Caesar’s dressing, and eggnogs are hazardous as they contain salmonella bacteria that harm the health of the bun in the oven.
Pregnant women need vitamin A. It is vital for the early growth, and it helps repair tissues after labor. Vitamin A can be found in veggies, fruits, meat, and dairy products. However, too much Vitamin A can cause congenital disabilities on the baby. Beef liver provides Vitamin A that is more than enough; hence, avoiding it while in pregnancy is a wise decision.
Alcoholic beverages are said to harm the baby while on pregnancy, but supporting evidence were not yet presented. However, there is also no proven facts that it won’t hurt the baby. In a nutshell, avoiding alcoholic beverages is an intelligent act of prevention from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
The intake of coffee while in pregnancy has been a serious topic in the health industry. Coffee, as an indulging beverage, is said to cause danger to the baby because of the caffeine. Don’t worry; you do not have to sober about it. Experts still approve drinking of one to two cups of coffee each day. Drinking too much coffee can lead to miscarriage. Tea with caffeine must also be drunk with limitations.
While on pregnancy, you have to keep in mind that you are eating for two. Healthy nourishment on your trimesters can result in a healthy baby. Have a regular consultation with your physician and discuss the diet that concerns you. | <urn:uuid:69bd0ec5-908c-42e6-b563-5cd0d58528db> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.tummy2mummy.ca/foods-pregnant-women-should-avoid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648226.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323122312-20180323142312-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.964197 | 460 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Act Now - Stop a Suicide
What can you do when you are concerned about someone?
Thanks to stopasuicide.org for the information summarized below, download entire document here.
Have you heard someone say:
- Life isn't worth living
- My family would be better off without me
- Next time I'll take enough pills to do the job right
- Take my (prized collection, valuables)--I don't need this stuff anymore
- I won't be around to deal with that
- You'll be sorry when I'm gone
- I won't be in your way much longer
- I just can't deal with everything--life's too hard
- Nobody understands me--nobody feels the way I do
- There's nothing I can do to make it better
- I'd be better off dead
- I feel like there is no way out
Have you observed:
- Getting affairs in order (paying off debts, changing a will)
- Giving away articles of either personal or monetary value
- Signs of planning a suicide such as obtaining a weapon or
- writing a suicide note
Have you noticed the following signs of depression:
- Depressed mood
- Change in sleeping patterns (too much/little, disturbances)
- Change in weight or appetite
- Speaking and/or moving with unusual speed or slowness
- Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
- Withdrawal from family and friends
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or guilt
- Thoughts of death, suicide, or wishes to be dead
If depression seems possible, have you also noticed:
- Extreme anxiety, agitation, or enraged behavior
- Excessive drug and/or alcohol use or abuse
- Neglect of physical health
- Feelings of hopelessness or desperation
What to look for -- and what to do -- if you are concerned about someone
- Do take it seriously. 70% of all people who commit suicide give some warning of their intentions to a friend or family member.
- Do be willing to listen. Even if professional help is needed, your friend or loved one will be more willingto seek help if you have listened to him or her.
- Do voice your concern. Take the initiative to ask what is troubling your friend, co-worker or loved one, and attempt to overcome any reluctance on their part to talk about it.
- Do get professional help immediately. If the person seems willing to accept treatment, do one of the following...Call 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) to find resources in your area. Bring him or her to a local emergency room or community mental health center. Your friend will be more likely to seek help if you accompany him or her. Contact his or her primary care physician or mental health provider. If the person seems unwilling to accept treatment...Call 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or a local emergency room for advice. and if all else fails... call 9-1-1.
What NOT To Do
- Don't try to cheer the person up, or tell them to snap out of it.
- Don't assume the situation will take care of itself.
- Don't be sworn to secrecy.
- Don't argue or debate moral issues.
- Don't risk your personal safety. Just leave, and then call the police.
Posted on Fri, April 19, 2013
by Joe Karlin filed under | <urn:uuid:63756786-738b-415d-b1b7-94ff6f5e48da> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.tomkarlinfoundation.com/act-now-stop-a-suicide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.933493 | 741 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The National Aeronautic Association is the official record keeper for U.S. aviation, tracking nearly 100 record attempts each year. Along with 10 observers, Art Greenfield, Director of Contests and Records, verifies it all: from jets to parachutes to gliders—even spacecraft. Associate Editor Rebecca Maksel spoke with Greenfield last summer.
Air & Space: How does one become a records observer?
Greenfield: We’ve got a Contest and Records Board that’s responsible for overseeing all the airplane records that are set here in the United States. That’s where our observers come from. Currently there are 10 people on our Contest and Records Board. All the Board members are volunteers, and are not paid for their time.
A&S: Wow, just 10? I wouldn’t think that would be enough people.
Greenfield: For the 100 or so records that we have every year, probably three quarters of those are airplane records, and the percentage of those that require observers is probably only 10 or 15 percent. There’s not a huge demand for observers. A lot of the records that are set are for speed-over-recognized-course, and city-to-city types of records—Los Angeles to New York, for example—we use air traffic controllers to certify the times.
A&S: Is there a particular record (or records) that people try most often to break?
Greenfield: Well, I think the majority, probably 50 percent or so, would be city-to-city records. But in addition to airplane records we have records for ballooning and hang-gliding and paragliding and sailplanes, and the list goes on.
A&S: Can you tell me the record that has remained unbroken for the longest period of time?
Greenfield: That’s an easy one. What instantly comes to mind was the record set by Mario Pezzi. I’ve had a lot of people ask about that record over the years. That was a record for altitude in a piston-engine airplane: 56,047 feet.
A&S: Why do you think it has not been broken? | <urn:uuid:ce28d030-d3ef-4075-8e66-aa75fb7cd277> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/the-witness-81809266/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096686.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00058-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955136 | 457 | 2.53125 | 3 |
On September 11, Catalans celebrated 'La Diada', the equivalent of America’s Fourth of July. The major difference is that La Diada doesn’t celebrate independence, it commemorates the loss of the historic rights suffered by the Catalans upon the defeat and occupation of Barcelona in 1714 during the last year of the War of the Spanish Succession.
These ancient privileges dated back to the Kingdom of Aragon and the fight against the Moors; they had been slowly accumulated and defended against feudal lords and centralizing kings and ministers for centuries after the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united in a dynastic union that gave birth to the Kingdom of Spain.
Upon the death of Charles II, the Spanish Habsburg dynasty ended without a direct heir: but there was a familial connection by marriage to the Bourbon line of Louis XIV through Phillip, Duke of Anjou, as well as the Austrian Habsburg line, put forward by the Archduke Charles. The French and Castilians backed the Bourbons; pretty much everyone else backed Charles, fearing the power of France should she have access to the still considerable wealth of Spain’s American Empire. To make a long story short, the French were defeated in Europe, but successfully installed Phillip on the Spanish throne; the Catalans, who had backed Charles, were left to their own devices after more than a decade of bloodshed in the rest of Europe. The Castilians were not gentle when they sacked Barcelona: indeed, parts of the city were razed completely and rebuilt by the occupying forces.
This year’s commemoration marks the 301st anniversary of that defeat and subsequent subjugation; but many pro-independence Catalans think it will be the last time La Diada is celebrated. They are hopeful to soon replace it with a true Independence Day. Approximately 1.4 million people took to the streets – a remarkable number considering Barcelona’s urban population is 1.6 million. Despite an atmosphere made tense by the impending regional election on 27 September and an increasingly bitter debate on independence and what it means to be a Catalan, the festivities were remarkable for their peacefulness and civility. Not even the most fervent unionist could accuse the masses of any violence or excess, even if they would not have been at all pleased by the enormous estelada, the Catalan independence flag, hanging prominently from the Arc de Triomf.
That possibility looks increasingly likely. Back in July, the Spanish national press – and I use both adjectives deliberately – was crowing that Junts Pel Sí (JPS) was polling less than its constituent parts had polled separately during the European Parliamentary Elections in May 2014. JPS is the principle pro-independence party consisting of the governing Convergéncia Party and the main opposition, Esquerra Republicana, along with some smaller organizations and civic actors. Voter intention for JPS stood at 35.8%, very far from the necessary majority. Even with the 4.2% of voter support for CUP, another pro-independence party, the pro-independence factions would have depended on support from Sí Que És Pot, which is lukewarm at best.
Three months later, and only two weeks from the election, voter intention for both Junts Pel Sí and CUP has surged to just over 38% (+3%) and 5.9% (+2%) respectively, while the “alternative” federalist parties of Ciutadans and Unió have fallen dramatically to 14.8% (-4%) and 1.5% (-3%) respectively. The Catalan Partit Popular continues its descent into irrelevance. As it stands, the pro-independence movement would fall short of a majority of votes, but would have a majority of seats in the Catalan Parliament, which raises an interesting dilemma. Artur Mas has said that even one seat more than a majority is enough for the process to continue; and strictly speaking, that is how parliamentary democracies work, like it or not. However, the intention all along has been to win a resounding mandate, and I’m reasonably certain that Mr. Mas and other independence leaders would prefer to win both a parliamentary and an electoral majority.
That is still a possibility. Recent polls in Europe have been notoriously bad and Spain is no exception. The pollsters were far off the mark regarding the recent autonomous community elections. It is entirely possible that “get out the vote” efforts will successfully mobilize the latent supporters of Convergéncia and Esquerra in the numbers seen during previous elections. The enormous organizational effort involved in La Diada and the short-term boost provided by it ought to give the naysayers pause for thought.
The likeliest scenario now appears to be that Junts Pel Sí and CUP will continue to strength enough to secure a 3 or 4 seat majority in the Parlament, but not an outright electoral majority. Is that an ideal situation for Junts Pel Sí? No; but there wasn’t majority support for the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 either. In such a case, the process will continue.
Even if Junts Pel Sí had, on its own, won an electoral majority, it is unlikely that this victory would have been followed by a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI). Pro-independence leaders are playing a very dangerous game and they know that any misstep could land them all in jail, or worse: the last time a Catalan President tried to declare independence, he was shot. Like in most aspects of life, timing is everything. The timing of the regional elections cum plebiscite: right after La Diada and while the hated Partido Popular was still in power in Madrid. The timing of independence is different: Junts Pel Sí does NOT want the Partido Popular, with its absolute majority in the Spanish legislature, to still be in charge. That is convenient, because the Spanish general elections are in December and every indication is that Spain will lurch into a fragmented government.
A strong showing by Podemos would be the most favorable outcome from the Catalan point of view: though opposed to secession, Podemos is on the record as supporting people’s right to decide, a broad revision of the Spanish Constitution, and opposed to the use of force against the people. There is no realistic scenario where Podemos would be in a position to achieve their goals; but as a senior coalition partner with the Socialists and United Left, they might be in a position to restrain Madrid.
Restraint is necessary: I’ve always argued that the risk of a violent Spanish reaction to a unilateral declaration of independence is high. That implies an escalation from legislative and judicial measures – which would be ignored – to suspension of autonomy and police measures. If these are met with resistance, a state of insurrection and military occupation might follow. There is nothing in Spanish history or culture that would lead me to believe that they would act otherwise. Pro-independence leaders in Catalonia have argued that the Spanish position is weak, and this is true: but it is not any weaker than in 1898 when the Spanish government resignedly went to war with a far more powerful United States. The government of Práxedes Sagasta knew it was going to lose; but they felt that the national honor demanded they go down fighting. The Partido Popular has not changed a jot in sentiment.
How do you gain independence without provoking a reactionary backlash? Very slowly. In the Pacific, the Chinese face a similar problem of pushing the boundaries of their sovereignty without provoking a military response from Japan or the United States. Over there, they are pursuing what are called 'salami slicing tactics'; but while the Catalans have their own national deli meat, 'butifarra-slicing tactics' work in exactly the same fashion.
The outcome remains the same: independence. The means to achieve it are to encroach upon the institutions of the state and slowly appropriate them. To create a shadow administration that does everything the central authorities do, but without any irrevocable breach until the time is right. In other words, the Generalitat will create a Catalan tax authority in parallel to the Spanish one, but will still pay taxes to Madrid. It is a delicate balancing act: the Spanish state will see these parallel structures being built, but no single step must be sufficient cause to “send in the tanks”.
This process is not a secret, it has been well-publicized by Messrs. Mas and Junqueras previously. The “plan of action” envisages an 18-month transition period after a victory by Junts Pel Sí, culminating in a declaration of independence, a Constitutional referendum and the first elections of the independent Catalan Republic. What does the transition plan look like?
1. An initial declaration of a mandate and formal avowal of the transition process by the Catalan Parlament;
2. Formation of a unity government, which actually means a government formed of all pro-independence groups. Convergéncia would take 60% of the posts and Esquerra Republicana the other 40%. That would be conditioned on the need for CUP support: they would demand a number of posts proportional to their votes. A few posts might be reserved for pro-independence personalities outside of the three parties to demonstrate a broad and representative civic base;
3. An invitation to the Spanish government to recognize the mandate and to enter into negotiations for a peaceful separation;
4. The initial drafting of a new constitution, led by civil society. Critically, the Generalitat would not be involved at this stage, thus avoiding gifting Madrid with a justification for intervention;
5. The continual creation of parallel state structures in the area of taxation, law, security, telecommunications, infrastructure, water and energy, and external relations;
6. After 8 or 9 months, the Parlament would vote on a declaration of independence and authorize both a referendum on the new Constitution and elections for the new Catalan Republic. These would be held no more than 18 months from the date of the elections on 27 September 2015.
At any point, the declaration of independence could be accelerated, depending on the attitude that Madrid takes.
It is questionable whether the 18-month period is really necessary; Mr. Mas’s government has been assiduously building parallel state structures for some time now and there is probably little left to be done accept draft a new constitution. On the other hand, the delay is advisable: the Generalitat wants the Partido Popular out of power before moving aggressively. Time is also needed to demonstrate the complete intransigence of the Spanish state to any sort of negotiation whatsoever: if conclusive enough, it could convince many leaders of Sí Que Es Pot to revise their opposition to independence and vote in favor. The larger the “sí” vote on the declaration, the greater the legitimacy of it.
I am confident that the language used in the initial declaration of a transition mandate will be so worded as to avoid giving Madrid an excuse to declare it outright treasonous. The majority of the politicians in Madrid and Barcelona are lawyers; they will appreciate the nuances. That won’t stop Madrid from trying to intervene legally, but Brussels won’t tolerate the iron fist short of a declaration of independence, so the new Generalitat probably won’t face anything worse than what Mr. Mas’ Administration has for the past 24 months.
Then it will just be a matter of slicing that butifarra very thinly. Time appears to be on the side of the Catalans, for a number of reasons:
- 1. The Partido Popular government, with its absolute majority in the legislature and nationalist authoritarian streak, is unlikely to outlast the December elections. If the outcome of the autonomic elections is any indication, they will be replaced by a much weaker “Broad Front” government consisting of the Socialists, Podemos and the United Left;
- 2. In the meanwhile, the Partido Popular is likely to continue making its usual gaffes, such as a recent statement by the Defense Minister declaring that armed intervention in Catalonia would not be necessary if everyone obeys the constitution: leaving little to the imagination should events to the contrary occur. These declarations rightly infuriate all but the most ardent unionist Catalans, but they whip up the conservative, nationalistic base of the Partido Popular. This is, of course, a far more important consideration than pouring oil on troubled waters or attempting to mollify millions of people you call your countrymen.
- 3. The more the Spanish government and judiciary are viewed as irredeemably corrupt and biased against Catalans, the more adherents to the pro-independence cause will come out to vote, which is why the police raid into Convergéncia’s headquarters as part of a corruption probe are so ill-timed. No one doubts that Convergéncia has some skeletons in the closet – it is part of the rotten Spanish political system after all – but no one doubts that the investigation was ordered by Madrid. They are therefore presented with the spectacle of a Catalan party being singled out (again) whilst Luís Bárcenas is treated to a tax-payer funded vacation and every one of the Popular politicians fingered by him as part of one of the largest corruption probes in history – from Mr. Rajoy on down - continues to hold office, immovably fixed like some degenerate Rodin sculpture. More of the same is sure to follow;
- 4. The much vaunted Spanish recovery – a recovery in GDP and corporate profits, but not in employment or social welfare – is likely to slow down or even reverse itself. Instability in China’s financial markets and a wider slowdown in Asian economies in general is one factor; another is the outflow of hot money from Latin America and Asia back to the United States in anticipation of a Fed rate hike. Brazil is on the verge of a serious recession and has just been downgraded to junk status; Mexico is also weakening. They will drag down the rest of Latin America; which means that Spanish corporate profits are going to take a severe beating very soon. So much for the “austerity miracle” of Mr. Rajoy;
- 5. So far, Spain’s foreign creditors and bond traders have paid little or no attention to the true political situation of the country. That is changing rapidly. With the public debt-to-GDP ratio continuing its inexorable rise, the stability of the Spanish state to make those payments matters very much. Already the risk premium of the Spanish bond over the German 10-year Bund has begun to creep up and is once again above Italy. Although the ECB maintains the capability of intervening massively to provide the Spanish sovereign with unlimited liquidity, it also means that Mario Draghi would have the same power to make or break the Spanish government as he had over Alexis Tsipras and the Syriza government of Greece. Should Spain pursue a course that runs counter to EU interests, the leash will be very short indeed.
This is a two-edged sword, however, as the ECB can also choose to backstop any policy from Madrid it does agree with, which it essentially what it has been doing for the past 3 years. It is not yet clear if the EU will be willing to intervene decisively in a “domestic matter” or one which sets a precedent that they are at pains to avoid: not to mention the latent issues of Scotland, Flanders, Padania, Corsica and other regions within the EU, there is also the burning problem of the separatist regions in Ukraine’s eastern provinces. Russia might capitalize on EU support of Catalan independence to push for the secession of Donetsk and Lugansk.
The fundamental causes of Catalan discontent are not going to disappear with the Partido Popular government, though the latter has acted as a tremendous irritant over the past four years. There is no consensus in Spain that would reasonably permit a productive constitutional reform; nor is there appetite in the other regions of Spain to transfer greater fiscal authority to the Catalans, since that would make the central government’s fiscal position untenable. Theoretically, Spain could rectify this situation, but practically it will not; therefore, the “Catalan process” is likely to continue to its logical conclusion.
Sources and Notes
Author note: In compliance with Spanish Intellectual Property law, the author no longer quotes nor reproduces links to sites based in Spain. Verification of the veracity of this information is the sole responsibility of the reader.
It is an interesting historic footnote to consider that Isabel, Queen of Castile had two suitors: Fernando of Aragon, who she eventually married; and Joao of Portugal. If she had fancied Joao, the whole history of the world would have been very different.
Such as the Born Market
“Gateway to Catalan Republic: 1.4 million rally for independence in Barcelona,” RT, 11 September 2015
V. Ruiz-Alejos, link deleted, La Razón, 27 July 2015
Javier Oms, link deleted, El Mundo, 10 September 2015
The American Colonies were divided with roughly 40%-45% fervently patriot, 15%-20% fervently Tory and the rest neutrals, who simply wanted to be left alone and govern themselves; with significant regional variations. It was the British military occupation and the war that followed that truly broke the last links of the old allegiance to the Crown. Source: Michael Schellhammer, “John Adams’s Rule of Thirds,” Journal of the American Revolution, 11 February 2013
Lluis Companys, executed by firing squad in Madrid in 1940.
Pau Rodríguez, link deleted, El Diario, 21 July 2015
link deleted, Europa Press, 8 September 2015
Filipe Pacheco and Blake Schmidt, “Brazil Credit Rating Cut to Junk by S&P Amid Budget Strain,” Bloomberg, 10 September 2015
Get our weekly email | <urn:uuid:fa51a40a-9bfb-48e7-89c4-1fbe40ed9fbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/catalonia-butifarra-slicing-towards-independence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303864.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122134127-20220122164127-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.955453 | 3,812 | 3.1875 | 3 |
What Is Thymus Cancer?
Click to Enlarge: Position of the Thymus in the body
The thymus is a small organ in the front part of the chest under the breastbone. It runs from the lower neck to above the level of the heart. During development in the womb and in childhood, the thymus makes a type of white blood cell called a T-lymphocyte. T-lymphocytes are important to the immune system. They grow in the thymus and then travel to the lymph nodes where they help protect the body against infections and cancer.
The thymus is lined by epithelial cells on its outer surface. These cells are where thymus tumors start.
Types of thymus cancer
Different types of thymus tumors can be identified by the way they look under a microscope. There are two main types of thymic tumors, both of them very rare:
Thymomas. These are the most common type of tumor in the thymus. They begin in a type of cell called thymic epithelial cells. When a thymoma is found, the doctor usually looks at whether it has spread beyond the thymus and, if so, how far. All thymomas are potentially cancerous. They often appear together with an immune or endocrine disease.
Thymic carcinomas. These tumors also develop from epithelial cells in the thymus, but this type of cancer is more aggressive. It can spread to nearby tissues and sometimes to other parts of the body.
Other rare thymus tumors include lymphomas, as well as sarcomas and carcinoids of the thymus. | <urn:uuid:e4c556c8-6d29-4c60-802c-ba2e6b2cce7a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mwmc.com/medical-services/cancer/health-library/cancer/what-is-thymus-cancer- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944041 | 348 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Asteroids deal with breakups better than we thought
There go our hopes of nuking an apocalyptic asteroid.
If scientists ever discover a giant asteroid heading toward Earth, someone somewhere is going to remember the good times they had watching Armageddon and suggest we just blow it up. And while there are many, many reasons why this is utterly ludicrous, we now have one more reason to throw that strategy into the garbage bin. In findings published in the new issue of Icarus, a group of researchers found that city-sized asteroids may be much tougher than we initially thought, putting the kibosh on the notion of turning such a rock into a pile of harmless rubble.
Not all asteroids are created equal. According to KT Ramesh, a materials scientist at Johns Hopkins University and the lead author of the new study, while gravity does a good job of modeling large celestial objects into hardy spheres, things are much more eccentric at smaller sizes. Gravity is not necessarily strong enough to mold asteroid-sized things out into spheres, so they tend to be different shapes and sizes. There are few cases that encapsulate how strange this gets better than the former-bowling-pin-former-snowman-now-double-pancake-shaped object called 2014 MU69.
Moreover, there’s an age factor here. “The way we tend to think about this,” says Ramesh, “is that it’s likely all asteroids get hit by other asteroids over time. If they’ve been around for a couple billion years, then they’ve been hit many times.” So presumably, if they’ve been hit hard enough, they’ve been broken up many times over. Gravity then puts these pieces back together, and this process occurs again and again and again. “We tend to call these things ‘rubble piles,’” possessing loose regolith and fractured internal structures.
If a good chunk of larger asteroids are nothing more than fast-moving rubble piles, than that means they should be pretty easy to just blow up if we ever find ourselves staring down a collision—right? But we’ve only had a few chances to really study asteroids through direct observations. We don’t fully understand the internal and surface structures of these billion-year-old rocks, the range of sizes for which “rubble pile” theory is true, and how much energy it would really take to outright destroy an asteroid. So Ramesh and his team decided to do what scientists have become so accustomed to doing in the 21st century: they created a simulation of a 25-kilometer-long asteroid getting hit by a 1-kilometer-long asteroid cruising through space at five kilometers per second.
The computer modeling used to simulate and characterize an asteroid impact isn’t entirely new, but where it does distinguish itself from prior models is in “a new way of describing how rocks fare,” says Ramesh. “This model actually captures the speed of cracks very well, and what the consequences are.” Asteroid cracks can move at several kilometers per second, but there are also limits in how they can move and propagate through the rock, and how they’ll move through the defects in the rock. The new model takes these patterns into account. In addition, the study’s models incorporate a computational technique for simulating solids and fluids that had not been used in planetary science before, called the “material point method.” “It turns out to be a very good way of coupling the effects of impact with the effects of gravity,” Ramesh says.
In the simulated impact, the larger asteroid does not neatly break up as was previously predicted. It’s damaged, sure, but the cracks don’t propagate as fiercely as one might think, and gravity is able to hold together the various pieces pretty well.
“They don’t break the way we thought,” says Ramesh. “Now we know it takes significant time for this to happen. And the end result is that these bodies [after being impacted] could be significantly damaged, but not broken up.”
Don’t get all morose about the dark fate of the world just yet. Simulations provide estimations, not predictions. “We just don’t have enough information about what most asteroids are made of, what their current structures are, how the densities work,” says Ramesh. “We really need more data.” Current missions like Hayabusa-2 and OSIRIS-REx will shed more light on asteroid composition, but we’ll need more missions like NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) that can better study in the internal structure of these rocks before we truly understand how to assess an asteroid threat—and what we could do to protect ourselves.
And fundamentally, trying to destroy the asteroid is not a particularly wise move. “You certainly don’t want to try what the movies do and blow these things up,” says Ramesh. “That’s not going to help very much.” Trying to destroy an asteroid might simply break it up into multiple pieces that are each hazardous to the planet. “What you really want to do is move the asteroid out of the way.” Deflection is the name of the game.
Mark Boslough, a former scientist at Sandia National Laboratories and the chair of the Asteroid Day Expert Panel, finds the new study’s asteroid models to be more robust and sophisticated than what’s come before, and thinks the suggestion that many asteroids aren’t just rubble piles but have a more monolithic core is “in principle, a testable idea.”
He does caution, however, that the study’s simulation of a single 25-kilometer-long asteroid is not all that realistic when considering practical applications. “We only know of one of those that’s a near-Earth object. So I’m not sure if the study really applies to planetary defense, since it doesn’t really scale down to smaller asteroids.” Former astronaut Ed Lu, a co-founder of the B612 Foundation, notes the “city killer” asteroids that most planetary defense experts are concerned with are roughly 30 to 100 meters in diameter. A city-sized object that’s 25-kilometers long is “extraordinarily uncommon.”
On the assumption that the results do scale down to smaller asteroids, however, Boslough actually thinks the findings are good news. “If we make the discovery far enough in advance [of an asteroid] to actually implement a deflection, that means we could actually hit it hard enough to make it miss the Earth without breaking it up.”
While the implications to planetary defense are worth considering, Ramesh thinks the findings are probably more relevant to future robotic and human exploration of the asteroids themselves. “Think of asteroid mining as an example,” he says. “You need the ability to take materials from the asteroids, which raises questions of what you’ll need to know about the asteroid surface and structure to go about that.”
That’s a much more realistic way of contextualizing the results. None of the strategies we have to save ourselves from an extinction-level asteroid are developed beyond any kind of theoretical sci-fi phase. There’s no magical space gun or gravity tractor (yet) to push the threat out of the way. The best we’re going to hope for is that our ungodly array of nuclear missiles might—might—just nudge an asteroid over a bit so that it misses us, completely or at least in bulk. Really, we may as well just hope we all don’t die in the aftermath.
The only immediate goal for NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office right now is to identify and track as many threatening near-Earth objects as it can. And then, possibly, we can decide how to actually respond to an object hurtling toward us.
“The most important thing is to actually find these objects,” says Boslough. “If we don’t find them, there’s nothing we can do about them.” | <urn:uuid:fb760f41-f2f7-44d8-9dd6-3f87053bb0a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.popsci.com/asteroid-rubble-tougher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335448.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.948972 | 1,753 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How far away is a fully electric passenger plane?
Sustainability and net-zero emissions have reached the aviation industry, where start-ups, major aircraft manufacturers, aerospace engine manufacturers and even NASA are developing and testing battery-powered aircraft.
The world’s first all-electric commuter plane is preparing for its first flight, which is expected to take place in a few weeks, thanks to the company Eviation. Evasion Alice all-electric aircraft has a maximum range of 440 nautical miles (just over 500 miles). Battery technology is much more difficult to perfect in planes than in cars, not only considering the range of the battery but also the weight of the battery, which, currently, is a big drawback for electric planes that become competitive with large passenger aircraft.
A true electric aircraft with the capability and technology to carry as many passengers as the kerosene-powered aircraft is a decade or more away.
Still, start-ups and traditional aerospace companies are working on developing all-electric planes, and some say they’re ready for first flight.
One is Eviation’s Alice, who underwent engine trials north of Seattle last week. The plane is weeks away from its maiden flight, Eviation CEO Omer Bar-Yohay said. CNN Business.
Eviation designed three versions of Alice – a shuttle to carry nine passengers, a six-passenger executive configuration, and a freighter configuration.
Unveiling the executive setup in December, Eviation VP of Sales Jessica Pruss noted, “It is electrifying to present the design today and to announce that we are currently taking orders for the aircraft which will be delivered in 2026.”
Freight configuration also has orders, such as DHL Express order last year, 12 all-electric Alice eCargo aircraft from Eviation, which plans to deliver the Alice electric aircraft to DHL Express in 2024.
Other aerospace companies are also working on electric planes.
NASA and GE Aviation announcement in 2021 a new research partnership, aiming to conduct ground and flight testing of a megawatt (MW) class hybrid-electric propulsion system by the mid-2020s. As part of the Electric Powertrain Flight project NASA Demonstration (EPFD), $260 million will be invested by NASA, GE Aviation and their partners over five years to accelerate the introduction of hybrid electric flight technologies for commercial aviation.
Related: The Story Behind “America’s Worst Energy Policy”
This week, GE Aviation said it had Boeing selected to support flight testing of the hybrid-electric propulsion system using a modified Saab 340B aircraft and CT7-9B turboprops.
“Working with GE Aviation, we will have a significant impact on the advancement of electrified propulsion for commercial air travel,” said Per Beith, president and CEO of Boeing subsidiary Aurora Flight Sciences.
Aerospace engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce noted last month that its ‘Spirit of Innovation’ all-electric aircraft is officially the fastest all-electric aircraft in the world, having set two new independently confirmed world records.
“This is another step that will help make ‘jet zero’ a reality and support our ambitions to deliver the technological breakthroughs society needs to decarbonize air, land and sea transport,” said Warren East. , CEO of Rolls-Royce.
Along with major advancements in battery and propulsion technology, the all-electric passenger plane will also need to be clearly regulated by aviation authorities. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), for example, is still working on guidelines and adding regulatory framework for electric planes.
“Some certifications may require the FAA to issue special conditions or additional airworthiness criteria, depending on the type of project. Determining the qualifications of these aircraft is an ongoing process,” an FAA spokesperson told CNN.
Commercial passenger jets are at least a decade away, analysts say.
If all-electric commuter and charter jets take off, it could be the turn of electric commercial passenger jets.
“For that, we need Boeing or Airbus to come out with a real electric plane. I would see that in about 10 years,” Ross Aimer, CEO of Aero Consulting Experts, told CNN.
As aerospace companies try to figure out the all-electric aircraft, oil majors are eyeing a much cheaper solution for net-zero flying: sustainable aviation fuel. BP collaborate with British Airways on Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), Shell targets at least 10% of its global aviation fuel sales will be SAF by 2030, while TotalEnergies spear Production of SAF at its Mede biorefinery in southern France and its Oudalle plant near Le Havre last year.
By Tsvetana Paraskova for Oilprice.com
More reading on Oilprice.com: | <urn:uuid:3e2e5e79-2636-45eb-991e-35cef01efe3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://viventingonlinemarketing.com/how-far-away-is-a-fully-electric-passenger-plane/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.938281 | 993 | 2.75 | 3 |
Due to the number of questions we get about syllabi, course topics, and schedules, we've created Course QuickGuides for all of our online prerequisite courses.Download the QuickGuide to General Chemistry 1 by completing the form below.
Syllabus Overview for HCHEM-453-DL General Chemistry I with Lab
Note: The lab for this course is included; no additional registration is required.
- Visit our online bookstore for the most up to date textbook and course material information
- Online Resources
- LAB KIT: Your kit is delivered to your house. Many materials are the same as those used in onsite labs. You have 3-4 weeks to complete the labs. You have support from your instructor, lab TA and kit manufacturer. You write a report describing your findings and conclusions. You discuss your findings with peers and instructors.
• Atoms, Molecules and Ions
• Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• Electronic Structure of Atoms
• Periodic Properties of the Elements
• Basics of Chemical Bonding
• Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
• Solids and Modern Materials
General Course Activities/How To Plan Your Time
– Weekly discussions
– Lab experiments and reports
• We recommend planning several 1-2 hour study blocks throughout the week and checking into the course daily once the discussions begin.
Labs you will complete
• Data measurement
• The scientific method
• Electron configuration
• Acids and bases
• Chemical reactions
• Report submission
• Molecular models
• The mole and Avogadro’s number
• Ideal gas law
This course uses the learning platform software called Desire2Learn (D2L.) D2L integrates text, video, and audio. Before enrolling in the course, please review the D2L system recommendations. | <urn:uuid:6cd92139-902c-49f3-b128-6ef276d78f16> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.mghihp.edu/node/12421/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.844876 | 378 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A while back I wrote an article about a specific form of hydrogen that is known to exist in interstellar gas clouds. Now I am pleased to present present some results along the same lines, which suggest that we know even less than we thought we did. These clouds form a reaction chamber which is quite unlike anything we have on earth. The temperature is very low so the energy to start a reaction cannot be obtained by simply banging the atoms together. Instead, the driving force behind interstellar chemistry comes from the ultraviolet radiation emitted by surrounding stars. However, this produces an unusual set of conditions for a reaction to proceed. For instance an ultraviolet photon may ionize a species by stripping off an electron. If it then collides with another atom which is also in a pre-prepared state, a reaction may occur. However, it can just as easily collide with an electron in which case it returns to a neutral state. Thus, many strange intermediate species of hydrogen molecules are possible.
One of these talked about species is H2-, which is essentially two protons and three electrons. This species is important, since it is expected that the production and decay rate of this species will dominate the equilibrium state of such clouds. Despite this, numerous attempts to accurately detect the existence of the species have failed. Now a laboratory experiment has both confirmed that such a anion does exist and measured how long it lasts before falling apart. The answer turned out to surprise everyone, H2- survives for about 8 microseconds. The theoretical predictions for such a beast are pretty simple; like a child's block tower it falls apart as soon as it can, giving it a lifetime of just half a microsecond.
Interstellar chemistry is throwing up a few surprising results, which show we don't understand the underlying fundamental physics and chemistry as well as we should. | <urn:uuid:08af93dc-6d79-4453-87e8-34621dc2a00f> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://arstechnica.com/science/2006/07/4530/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158958.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923020407-20180923040807-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.967915 | 367 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Skip to comments.Possible Mars Impact Highlights Risk To Earth
Posted on 01/03/2008 4:38:58 PM PST by blam
Possible Mars impact highlights risk to Earth
00:01 04 January 2008
NewScientist.com news service
Asteroid 2007 WD5's orbit takes it from just outside Earth's orbit through Mars's orbit to the asteroid belt (Illustration: JPL/NASA)Tools
An asteroid hurtling towards Mars has a 1 in 28 chance of walloping the Red Planet, according to the latest calculations.
The rock's discovery just a couple of months before a possible impact begs the question of what would happen if it were instead headed for Earth the only option, astronomers say, would be to evacuate any inhabited areas it might hit.
The asteroid, called 2007 WD5, was discovered on 20 November by a 1.5 metre telescope near Tucson, Arizona, US, that combs the skies as part of NASA's efforts to detect asteroids with a chance of hitting Earth.
It is an estimated 50 metres across, putting it in the same class as the Tunguska object that exploded over Siberia in 1908, flattening trees in an area extending many kilometres from the explosion.
Early calculations gave the asteroid a 1 in 75 chance of striking Mars on 30 January 2008.
Then, additional observations of the asteroid on 8 November were found in archival images from the 2.5-metre telescope at the Apache Point Observatory near Cloudcroft, New Mexico, US. As a result, NASA's Near Earth Object Program, based at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, US, reported on 28 December that the impact probability had increased to 3.9%, or about 1 in 20.
But new observations taken between 29 December and 2 January using a 2.4-metre telescope at the Magdalena Ridge Observatory in New Mexico have revised the probability again, slightly lowering it to 3.6%, or about 1 in 28.
(Excerpt) Read more at space.newscientist.com ...
1 in 28? It was 1 in 25 last week...
Still got my fingers crossed. (for a mars impact)
One of those “sooner or later” things. Just like global warming and global cooling.
I suppose Chinese Fire Drills aren't like they used to be in the old silent movies, but this would be a lot like that.
Hope the Rovers don’t go the way of the dinosaurs . They should be able to get pictures if it hits in their vicinity .
The error radius will decrease in the days ahead but the center of most likely path will be about where it is now and the radius will not include Mars so the probability will go to zero.
You guys are getting slow.
MARTIAN WOMEN AND MINORITIES HARDEST HIT!!!
Could be, perhaps, maybe, could happen, sooner or later, possibility science at its best. ;-)
Maybe New Orleans will get a 2nd chance to do it right.
Life on Mars will not be the same.
Thing that freaks me out is this thing is only 150 feet wide, but could flatten a city. It’s almost “unfair” that due to the speeds one of these things doesnt have to be very big to wipe us out. A mile wide would be enough to mess up the planet. And if it’s several miles wide we are cooked.
I wonder why do they say the only option would be to evacuate? Why couldn’t we try to alter the course of a 50 meter wide rock?
Of course there is a greater risk for the Earth (than for Mars), we are a bigger target.
This is one of my favorite themes which I will not go into at this time, but we could capture such an asteroid and park it for later possible use for something else.
It would be utmost kool if it hit, but it looks like a miss.
I don’t suppose there’s any chance that Mars will perturb it enough to hit earth?
I’ve always liked the idea of using earth crossing asteroids as a means to transport supplies and equipment closer to places we needed them out in the solar system.
We should have a continuously operating shuttle system between earth and moon, and earth and Mars if we want to get serious about this space thing. Regular operation like a city bus system. Would cost something to set up, but once operating it would save beaucoup bucks.
If it were to hit Mars there would be a greater risk to productive life forms than if it hit the Ninth Ward dead-on.
I know that one of our former astronauts has proposed the idea of a series 4 or 6 of unmanned ships that continually orbit between earth and mars. Sort of an interstellar bus line.
Yeah, it’s an excellent plan if we are serious. This business of launching single flights like Apollo is way too expensive for a substantial continuing program.
Hillary’s campaign bus would make a good target. ;-)
Although it would work for Gummint science stuff, I wouldn’t see a commercial reason at all involving Mars; the asteroid belt is a different story.
Sticking with the space treaty is foolish. Anyone who believes that a nation like China would pass up the chance at the mineral wealth of the asteroid belt is fooling themselves.
The only thing stopping China from doing it now is the lack of ability. American corporations probably would have been well on their way without that damned treaty.
Agree on that. When the super huge pipelines are built for natural gas from Siberia or Alaska to markets thousands of miles away, or when water pipelines are built from Alaska/Canada to California or Georgia the steel requirement will be monstrous and a huge drain on the steel industry worldwide. Asteroid mining could supply that need, and already would be doing so except for the Treaty. Indeed.
How about a headline like “Mars turns Red over Asteroid; Moscow is happy.”
Do you know what Martian parents tell their children when they misbehave? “Don’t make an asteroid out of yourself.”
I know these are bad but what do you want so early in the year?
Where I went to school we were known as “The Comets” so yes we do indeed rule.
Maybe we can get Al Gore to start a “Save Mars!” campaign.
Let’s send Al Gore TO Mars to save it. I’ll pay for that trip. Probably would need a Saturn V rocket to launch that payload.
Or we could make him the third moon of Mars - Algore - along with Deimos and Phobos.
Dude, read (FReeper) Jeff Head's book where we harvest rocks in space and convert them into "Rods From God" against the hegemonistic Chinese. It's SO you.
....An asteroid strike.
If Algore really wanted to do something useful, he's promoting the wrong catastrophe.
After seeing FEMA in action before Katrina, we better get started now.
And that is a small one....
150 feet across will take out more than a city. Think about all of the volcanic ash for the last 25 years being tossed into the atmosphere within a millisecond. That would take the edge of global warming for a few months.
Get used to eating canned food. Nothing will grow for about year. A sunny day at the beach would be a memory for a few years.
Starving will take folks minds off Brittany though. So we got that going for us.
Daddy would have gotten us Uzis...
Better them than us...
Those odds are better than my picking the winner in any given football game on any given day. I think I'm about 0 fer 1000 over the last few years.
Not even close. Mining asteroids for steel to build pipelines for natural gas and water is my interest. Bombardment by arachnoids is somebody else’s pipedream.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:d47a52d6-7ca3-454a-8487-3e8df1848571> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1947979/posts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274987.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00422-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951632 | 1,728 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship research exposes gender inequality for female digital entrepreneurs
Women who run online businesses are less likely to be given funding or be taken seriously despite expectations that the Internet would level the entrepreneurial playing field.
Challenges, according to research from Loughborough University, include overcoming unwelcoming business networks, securing important funding and battling social hierarchy in order to be accepted and taken seriously.
Numerous variables create obstacles for women managing businesses on the Web, said Dr Angela Martinez Dy, a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at Loughborough’s London campus, who examined the barriers preventing success.
In an 18 month study, she looked at the experiences of 26 female entrepreneurs, all from a range of backgrounds, and varying resources, with a view to understanding the influences associated with their failure and success.
Dr Martinez Dy highlighted the tech industry in particular, where she said gender was a major factor in determining levels of success and failure.
She said: “Although there are some women who are successful in their digital enterprises, the masculine stereotypes associated with tech and entrepreneurship certainly work to women’s detriment.
“We are not always taken seriously when it comes to our ventures or digital ideas and we are statistically less likely to receive venture capital funding.
“Woman find it harder to integrate into high-ranking business networks, which tend to be dominated by men, and as a result don’t have the same access to opportunities.”
The study defined ‘digital entrepreneurial success’ as a business model which demonstrated sustainability, profit and which could be maintained or grown as desired.
Whether or not businesses were able to achieve this definition of success was found to be affected by the socio-economic background of the entrepreneur, which influenced educational and employment experiences.
"Other factors like gender and race also impacted the opportunities and avenues available to them.” She added: “What is often left out of the conversation about entrepreneurship is the fact that human and social capital are inextricably tied to social conditions and issues like gender, class and race.
“The opportunities people are given as a result of their families of origin, for example education, previous employment, the ability to be low-debt or debt-free – these all contribute to what they will be able to do in the future in terms of enterprise, whether or not that is online.
“Yes, the Internet does reduce some start-up costs, but it does not reduce all of them.
“It also introduces new costs and challenges that tend to go under the radar, and which people only find out about when they are trying to start a business online.”
These characteristic influences “warp” what is expected to be a level playing field for people from all walks of life, said Dr Martinez Dy.
And, she added, the established perceptions of the Internet – being equally accessible to everyone – should be redefined to reflect its dynamism and fluidity.
She suggested that the idea that everyone has the same digital opportunities once they have Internet access is not correct.
“There are some unspoken popular assumptions about the Internet, one of which is that it is universally accessible,” said Dr Martinez Dy. “This gives the impression that all one needs to do is ‘connect’ and they will have access to all the benefits the Internet has to offer.
“My findings show that this is categorically untrue – different people, with different human, social and financial capital, use the Internet in different ways, and to dramatically different ends.
“We therefore need to complicate our understanding of ‘the Internet’ – it is not a monolith, but a diverse and dynamic resource that can be leveraged effectively – or not.”
Dr Martinez Dy suggested that the same online obstacles were present in ‘real-world’ industry with many women in tech, science and engineering encountering identical impediments to those focused online.
She said: “There is also the tri-partite issue of employment in tech and related fields.
“In recruitment, for example, where there are low numbers of women entering into STEM subjects – at least in the West.
“The glass ceiling, where we see women being promoted only to a certain level and not to top management, and the ‘leaky pipeline’, or the vast numbers of women who leave their masculine work environments because of persistent sexist attitudes, policies and practices, which of course are compounded by racism and other intersecting issues of discrimination.”
However, she added: “Despite these challenging obstacles, there are still many successful women in tech, which is incredible in the face of all of these hindrances.”
Rebalancing the inequalities, said Dr Martinez Dy, could not be done by focussing efforts on the web alone.
A much more holistic and expansive approach would be needed which involves altering cultural and societal influences and instituting huge changes such as the redistribution of wealth.
She said: “The Internet is a technological resource that cannot by itself remedy the deep and lasting inequality that has been bred into the contemporary social world.
“Entrepreneurship was the first solution offered as a means to achieve this, and the gap between rich and poor has actually widened since the culture of enterprise was first introduced in the 80s.
“We need to make society in general more equal and key resources more accessible; to do so, I would look to more structural, instead of individual, solutions, like the redistribution of wealth from the top 1% to the bottom 99% of people, closing corporate tax loopholes, and bringing investment back into social programs, education, and the support of working people, especially mothers.
“These are the only ways that we will see real social progress made in the direction of equality and any hope of levelling out the playing field.”
Dr Martinez Dy’s paper on her study, entitled ‘A Web of Opportunity or the Same Old Story? Women Digital Entrepreneurs and Intersectionality Theory,’ was published recently in the organisation studies journal Human Relations.
It is available here: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0018726716650730 | <urn:uuid:d804ea19-5f24-499a-86f5-9bfe5dec16da> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.lborolondon.ac.uk/news-events/news/2017/successful-business-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945724.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423031429-20180423051429-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.956777 | 1,305 | 2.625 | 3 |
Read Aloud by the Teacher or
Use as Supplemental Stories for Reading (Chapter Books)
- Edward Goodbird as told by Gilbert L. Wilson
- Goodbird The Indian: His Story (About a Hidatsa Indian man from Fort Berthold, North Dakota)
- Told by Waheenee to Gilbert L. Wilson
- Waheenee: An Indian Girl’s Story (About a Hidatsa Indian woman born in 1839 amid a devastated tribe). | <urn:uuid:ef00e221-3ef6-4a01-bd0a-f990c2d0f830> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/web-links/aind/supplemental.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052034/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00089-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864512 | 103 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is rapid prototyping?
by Duncan Geddes
Rapid prototyping, as the name suggests, relies on the speed at which you can create a prototype.
Initially used within the automotive industry, this form of prototyping was first introduced in the 1980s and adopted CAD technologies, which had been in development for decades – leading to computer numerical control (CNC) rapid prototyping.
Techniques are used to quickly create an at-scale version of a product, or parts. Rapid prototyping techniques often include computer-aided design (CAD) and additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing. Different techniques offer different pros and cons, some resulting in high-fidelity models that closely resemble the concept and final product, while others give lower-fidelity models with increased strength.
3D printing and rapid prototyping
3D printing is the most frequently used method of creating prototypes quickly. The process is quick, simple and inexpensive, which is why 3D printers are such widely adopted rapid prototyping machines. These machines are also capable of building prototypes with close attention to detail: as the layers are assembled, complexities and small details within internal areas of the product can be created, often through undercuts.
Despite 3D printing playing a huge role in the rapid prototyping process, other manufacturing techniques can be adopted, for example, high-speed machining, casting, moulding and extruding.
The subtractive technique sees prototypes carved from a single block of material. This process enables the manufacturer to create a model with end-use materials – giving an accurate representation of how well the material works, its durability and practicality. The subtractive technique also creates a product made from a solid composition, rather than the layers produced in 3D printing. This solid composition can establish a greater structural integrity, which is often crucial during product testing.
This method can involve the use of techniques such as milling, grinding and turning to create a wider variety of surface textures. Opposed to the ‘stepped finish’ usually given with 3D printing, subtractive rapid prototyping can leave you with smooth finishes, or engraved or grainy textures.
Through the compressive technique, either liquid or semi-solid materials are formed into the desired shape. The compressive method can use casting, compressive sintering or moulding to form the prototype’s shape. Once the material has set, the prototype can go on to be tested.
With this process, designs must be less intricate. While additive manufacturing can build within a prototype’s cavities, this is not the case for compressive techniques.
Rapid prototyping methods
As well as the different techniques used to create rapid prototypes, within additive manufacturing there are numerous methods that can be adopted when creating a product.
SLA rapid prototyping
Stereolithography (SLA), or vat photopolymerization, was the first successful method used within commercial 3D printing. It was initially used by 3D Systems, Inc. in 1988, after the company’s CTO and former president, Chuck Hull, invented the technology two years prior. Using a bath of photosensitive liquid, each layer is solidified using a computer-controlled, low-power, highly focused UV laser. The technique is fast, affordable and accurate, making it very popular.
SLS rapid prototyping
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is often used when working with metals or plastics. A powder bed builds the prototype layer by layer with a laser, before sintering the material into shape. This process can often leave the surface of the prototype quite rough – a second process may be required to smooth the material.
FDM rapid prototyping
Fused deposition modelling (FDM), or material jetting, will see a 3D printer build objects using a melting technique. A spool of thermoplastic filament is melted in a printing nozzle barrel. A computer deposition program then directs the liquid to be laid layer by layer. This process is generally cheap and fast but can result in weaker prototypes.
SLM rapid prototyping
Selective laser melting (SLM), or powder bed fusion, uses fine metal powder. The powder is melted by a high-powered laser, a layer at a time. Industries such as aerospace, automotive, defence and medical often use this method, as it is known for creating strong prototypes that can be more complex to build.
LOM rapid prototyping
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM), or sheet lamination, works with CAD. Following patterns made through CAD, the technique uses a laser to cut through layers of thin laminate. The LOM method doesn’t require specially controlled conditions, which makes it more accessible than other processes.
DLP rapid prototyping
Digital light processing (DLP) polymerises resins, cured with a light. The process is similar to SLA, though initially faster. However, the DLA method often requires additional curing once the object has been created, as well as support structures to aid strength.
Binder jetting rapid prototyping
With binder jetting, more than one part can be built at once, making it ideal for a quick turnaround. Nozzles spray micro-fine droplets of a liquid onto a powder bed, bonding particles together to build the layers of the prototype. A roller then compacts the layer allowing another layer to be added. When finished the object is cured. Despite being a fast method of prototyping, objects are not always the strongest, which can impact testing.
Pros and cons of rapid prototyping
There are both advantages and disadvantages of rapid prototyping manufacturing.
Advantages of rapid prototyping
The first benefit of using rapid prototyping is obviously the speed. Being able to quickly turnaround a prototype has its advantages – whether you’re meeting deadlines, wanting to create several models or simply have more time to change your designs. Shorter production times can also save you money and help you spend your time productively.
Rapid prototyping can be a cost-effective solution. The various methods range in cost, but this process of prototyping is one of the most inexpensive, due to the low volume of production. While production is low, it still results in full sized prototypes – ideal for testing.
Disadvantages of rapid prototyping
Despite the many additive manufacturing methods that can be used to build your object, in reality the techniques available beyond 3D printing are quite limiting. Subtractive and compressive processes are available but will not be suitable for all designs.
As the focus of rapid prototyping is to create the model quickly, the object may not feature as much detail or be made from the same materials as the end product. This can infringe on testing, inhibiting accurate analysis and assessment. | <urn:uuid:b2fe9f18-daa1-4bd9-bc18-4114c838f4ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.technicalfoamservices.co.uk/blog/what-is-rapid-prototyping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374391.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306035529-20210306065529-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.934199 | 1,399 | 3.921875 | 4 |
edited by Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan
The Tempest has long been regarded as Shakespeare’s swan-song. Critical readers from Coleridge onward have interpreted Prospero’s epilogue, ending ‘Let your indulgence set me free’, as Shakespeare’s own farewell to the stage; however, this interpretation has since been queried by more recent chronologies that suggest the playwright went on to compose Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen after The Tempest.
In its first publication (in the First Folio of 1623), The Tempest appears in the ‘Comedies’ section. In modern criticism, it is more likely to see The Tempest described as a ‘late play’ (written towards the end of what we perceive to be Shakespeare’s writing career, c. 1607-13) or a ‘romance’ – a group of plays set in an unspecified time and/or place, whose loose plots revolve round familial reunion and fantastical happenings.
Prospero, a magus and the usurped Duke of Milan, and his spirit-servant Ariel, conjure a storm that casts Prospero’s treacherous brother (the current Duke of Milan), the King of Naples and their courtiers onto an unnamed island. The king’s son, Ferdinand, now alone on the island, meets Prospero and falls in love with his daughter, Miranda. Meanwhile, Caliban, the deformed offspring of the island-witch Sycorax, encounters Naples’ jester Trinculo and butler Stephano, who desire to overthrow Prospero and become kings of the island themselves. All parties are eventually reunited, and Prospero forgives his brother and reclaims his dukedom. Miranda and Ferdinand are married, and Ariel is set free, whilst Caliban is castigated for his actions.
The first recorded performance of the play is in November 1611 before King James I at Whitehall. A year previously, in 1610, word had reached England of the shipwreck of an exploratory vessel, the Sea Venture, in the Bermudas. One survivor, William Strachey, wrote a lengthy letter home narrating their encounter of the ‘dreaded I[s]land . . . given over to Devils and wicked Spirits’. His account has been seen as a major influence of The Tempest, along with the essay ‘Of the Caniballes’ by sixteenth-century French humanist Michel de Montaigne, whose Essais (translated into English by John Florio in 1603) have been perceived as a significant influence upon Shakespeare’s Jacobean oeuvre.
The play’s dramatic opening (with the stage direction ‘A tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning heard’), its abundance of music and its lavish masque suggest that The Tempest was written for the indoor theatre at Blackfriars, which Shakespeare’s company, the King’s Men, had taken over in 1608. Unlike the ‘wooden O’ of outdoor amphitheatre venues such as the Globe on Bankside, Blackfriars offered a much darker, more intimate space, suited not to the large battles of Elizabethan plays such as we see in the Henriad, but to the psychological drama and fantastical set-pieces of ‘romances’ such as The Winter’s Tale.
The trajectory of responses to The Tempest has moved from a Restoration emphasis of the centrality of the patriarchy, to Romantic enthusiasm for the individual creative genius represented by Prospero, to post-colonial readings of the enslaved native Caliban, to feminist re-appropriations of the play’s only living female character, Miranda. | <urn:uuid:1a4ec40a-672f-4416-adf7-dfd52e8b1910> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the-tempest-arden-shakespeare-third-series-iid-121396 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530100.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421000555-20190421022555-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.947311 | 786 | 2.578125 | 3 |
So here's some monkey wrenches:
1) System Caching - there are levels of speed that a program can operate at based on where it sits in your computer. The level that it sits at can change for many reasons, but generally because it is running for the first time, or because another program took priority and pushed you out of the faster level. If it sits in the hard drive and needs to be retrieved it will take a long time. If it sits in RAM, it will be quicker, but still seam sluggish when you are hoping for an optimized result. If it sits in L1 L2 or L3 cache which actually resides on top of the CPU, then things are going to be very quick. It's nearly impossible to say which level your data is sitting at at any given time on all computers.
2) Compilers implement things in different ways, so code compiled on MingW will work differently than code compiled on Cygwin.
2.5) Operating Systems work in different ways, so code run on Windows will have different results than those running on MAC and or Linux. Many functions called in the C++ libraries are actually routed to system calls in some way.
3) Different platforms (ARM vs x86_64) - I think you can guess it from 2 and 2.5... Different implementations taking different routes to activity.
In general it's fine to test the speeds of one function vs another when it's just for your own use, but don't use that result as a rule. It gets messy if you expect the results to be the same for everyone. You're best option is understanding BigO, do your research, and just try to do things as efficiently as you can. Don't get sucked down the wrong optimization rabbit hole.
<- how researching general computer hardware and standards, minor calculus, and using the most basic tools can produce impressive results. | <urn:uuid:dbe4dda9-6462-4c07-927d-31bf9efeac72> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://cplusplus.com/forum/unices/276309/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.94798 | 388 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Hog Island Wiped Out In 1893 Hurricane
This old photograph shows Hog Island, a large island off the coast of Far Rockaway that was attached to the beachfront by a causeway. The island held some homes and amusements and it was a favorite of many Rockaway beachgoers. The area in the center part of the photo is roughly where Wavecrest Gardens stands today at Beach 20 Street. The photo was taken prior to 1893, because on August 23 of that year, the entire island sank from sight in a massive hurricane that sped over Long Island and wiped out parts of New England. Noted Queens College expert Nicholas Coch believes that this is the only reported incidence in history of an entire island being wiped out in a hurricane. Some resettlement occurred on the small section of the island that still stood above the surf, but the Island was reportedly completely gone by 1902. The history of the island was revealed when Coch and a group of his local coastal geography students were monitoring a beach replenishment project and saw many artifacts being dredged up in the sand, taken from the East Rockaway Inlet – including whiskey bottles, beer mugs and a hurricane lamp. They began to unravel the history of Hog Island from those artifacts. | <urn:uuid:8dfb8215-f7ec-4f41-bca2-c7d55fcc798c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.rockawave.com/news/2012-06-08/Community/Hog_Island_Wiped_Out_In_1893_Hurricane.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990177.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00003-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975461 | 247 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Project Earth Rock
Multi-media resource for K2 sustainability education
Singing and animations with lessons and slides
Key Stage 2
12 fun themes in a cross curricular format
Based on school size
What you are going to learn
Through catchy songs and engaging animations your KS2 pupils will learn how to make a cleaner, greener and more climate-safe world. This award-winning musical approach is cross-curricular and will engage your class with concepts that can sometimes be hard to make relevant to their daily lives.
Jess Gold and the Project Earth Rock team have created a resource to help schools teach about the new topics of sustainability and climate change through catchy songs and animations.
Each lesson module contains:
A lesson plan with curriculum references
- Smartboard/Powerpoint slides
- Song-teaching video
- Karaoke video
- Lyrics sheet
- An animation
- Sheet music
Musician and Educator
Jess co-founded School Councils UK and oversaw the roll out of ground-breaking school council resources reaching 50% of UK schools. Having become involved in Friends of the Earth, she began refocussing her educational interests into climate change and sustainability. As a sing-songwriter she was well placed to explore the important role of the arts in enabling children and adults understand new ways of helping create a climate safe future. Through workshops and her concert programme, “The Greener Transport Show”, she trialled materials that evolved into Project Earth Rock.
I have loved using Project Earth Rock with our pupils. The songs are engaging and interesting and support well what we are trying to achieve through the music curriculum. The lesson plans are clear and easy to use and challenge the children’s thinking on a range of environmental issues.”
Teacher responsible for music at Kemble Primary School
I think the materials that you are producing are ideal...it is educating the teacher at the same time as educating the children. Using the arts and music is a fantastic way to embed the basic knowledge as well as getting the children curious about the subject."
Headteacher Mulgrave Primary School | <urn:uuid:7c8bcc76-ece8-43fc-8da1-ea83b9e3a065> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://projectearthrock.learnworlds.com/home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.94243 | 433 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Alisov, Mikhail Ivanovich
Born circa 1830 in the village of Pankovo, Kursk Province; died 1898 near Yalta. Russian inventor in the fields of printing and typography.
In 1869, Alisov designed a duplicating machine, which he called Poligrafiia. Russian revolutionaries used such a machine to duplicate proclamations. Alisov wrote a brochure describing his method; this brochure passed the censorship in 1870, and 20,000 copies were printed. He distributed it to the public before the opening of the Paris Exhibition in 1878. The German entrepreneurs Quaisser and Husak took advantage of this and patented Alisov’s invention in their name in 1879.
In 1870, Alisov built an original typewriter with 240 letters of various type and a working speed of 80–120 characters per minute. He also invented a photomechanical method for making matrices for music typesetting. For his inventions he was awarded medals of the Russian Technical Society and of the Paris and Philadelphia world’s fairs.
WORKSPoligrafiia ili novyi sposob razmnozheniia teksta, risunkov, chertezhei i proch., izobretennyi M. I. Alisovym. St. Petersburg, 1879.
Pishushchaia mashina. S prilozheniem opisaniia mashiny. St. Petersburg, 1878.
REFERENCESBurinskii. “Pishushchaia mashina g. Alisova.” Vsemirnaia illustratsia, 1878, no. 484.
Ob’iasnitel’naia zapiska k “Skoropechatniku” M. I. Alisova. St. Petersburg, 1874. (Hectograph.)
Vinogradov, G. A. Nabornye mashinny russkikh izobretatelei. Moscow, 1949. | <urn:uuid:cb0e9e09-6228-4753-8b2a-b587cb98d3f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mikhail+Alisov | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.835359 | 438 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The study found that 81% of regions with more than 200,000 residents were more segregated in 2019 than they were in 1990, despite fair housing laws and policies created to promote integration. Some of the most segregated areas included Chicago, Milwaukee and Detroit in the Midwest and New York, northern New Jersey and Philadelphia in the mid-Atlantic.
Conversely, large metropolitan regions that saw the biggest decrease in segregation included Savannah, Georgia, San Antonio and Miami.
Related: Shorewood Hills accused of racial bias in rejection of low-income apartments
Madison recently expanded our least diverse schools, despite nearby space. | <urn:uuid:17cf55a3-f57f-425e-973b-ecc013afae4c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.schoolinfosystem.org/2021/06/24/most-us-major-metropolitan-areas-have-become-more-racially-segregated-study-shows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.968537 | 121 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Human Race: From white collar to shock collar
The puppet Pinocchio and the android Data from “Star Trek: The Next Generation” shared a common dream: they wanted to be human.
I can understand why a wooden construct with a predilection for elongating his proboscis might want to become flesh and blood. But why would a formidable artificial being like Data want to clutter his positronic brain with feelings and emotions?
In many ways, I think the oft-stated desire of a robot becoming a human is just a literary trope. It’s a way for writers to assuage readers’ concerns about the perceived advantages of the man-made creations. The assumption seems to be that as long as humans have something that robots can never have, we will remain superior to them. But I think the race to be human will never get started.
Many people worry that robots will take over our society. We’ve already seen blue-collar jobs disappear through automation. Now, white-collar jobs are in jeopardy due to increasingly powerful software programs. Are we doomed to an end game of shock collars for humans dominated by dictatorial machines? I don’t think so.
If thinking machines do evolve from the marriage of tomorrow’s robots and artificial intelligence, it would be arrogant to assume they would become just like us. For example, they may view humans very differently from how we view ourselves. Instead of wanting to rule us, they may choose to ignore us. Their path may lie along a completely different trajectory of growth – one that would completely obviate the need to become human at all.
I think it’s more likely that humans will become more robotic in the coming years. Consider all the medical advances we already enjoy, such as hip and knee replacements and pacemaker implants. New developments in bioengineering may make artificial organs possible in the near future. Neural implants may augment our knowledge to give us the appearance of being more intelligent — like having Google hard-wired into our thought processes and always available when we need it.
As I age, I often think of the advantages of transhumanism. If we could enhance our intellectual or physical abilities, why not do so? Faulty body parts could be swapped out as needed — no more daily medications for aches and pains. If there were a reliable synthetic pancreas that produced insulin available today, I’d schedule the surgery tomorrow.
Even Isaac Asimov’s long-lived human form robot, R. Daneel Olivaw, needed to replace his components over time. Ironically, as Olivaw became more sophisticated, he ultimately had to replace his mechanical brain with a biological one. Maybe humans will win the race after all.
Scott Tilley is a professor at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. Contact him at TechnologyToday@srtilley.com
Source: The Human Race: From white collar to shock collar
Via: Google Alerts for AI | <urn:uuid:05abfc72-1d09-43b9-af5a-465c48aee19c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://homeai.info/blog/news-stories/the-human-race-from-white-collar-to-shock-collar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00115-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96372 | 612 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Energy types and their fuel sources are important things that affect you every day. Both acute and sustained energy are essential, and how you prepare your body will determine your success in using either type.
Acute, or “quick,” energy: This is the energy that you use when you are exerting yourself to a peak level. When in this energy-burning state, you will definitely be breathing heavily and sweating. We often don’t realize that we don’t have enough fuel for this type of energy output until it is too late, and we crash and burn during a workout or a hot day.
Acute energy fuel sources: The key source of fuel for acute energy use is carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the most quickly accessible type of fuel for your cells and, because of this fact, your body stores glucose (a simple sugar) in your liver and muscles just in case it needs it. If you don’t get enough carbohydrates to maintain acute energy output (e.g., during a workout) you can experience weakness, dizziness, lack of focus, and many more symptoms of a decrease in glucose, or blood sugar. You want to avoid low blood sugar, especially when exercising. To fuel properly, eat a balanced meal about 1–3 hours before a workout and, if really working hard, consume carbohydrates throughout your exercise (e.g., with your electrolyte sports drink).
Sustained energy: This is the energy that keeps your body and mind going at a steady pace. We often take this type of energy for granted and don’t consider the fuel sources needed for this type of energy. When we don’t have enough fuel for sustained energy, we begin to feel lethargic and less focused. It is typical for people to get food cravings during this time.
Sustained energy fuel sources: To give yourself enough fuel for a day’s worth of sustained energy, you need to eat a good balance of all fuel sources: protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Another key point is that these fuels need to be consumed at regular intervals. The goal for maintaining sustained energy is to keep your blood sugar balanced throughout the day. Your blood sugar naturally changes continuously, based on the foods you eat and other factors, to meet the needs of your body and brain. Did you know that when you are stressed, your blood sugar trends slightly higher than normal? (1) And that’s one of the reasons you can crave “sugary” foods when you are stressed. But instead of choosing a high-sugar food or drink, a better option is to choose fuel that will help keep your blood sugar balanced. That goes for both days when you are stressed and those when you are not. The fantastic foods that help balance your blood sugar won’t come as a surprise. Choose foods that are rich in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and pair them with a healthy protein and fat.
Whatever the energy type you are planning for your day, you should fuel accordingly. Doing so puts your body and brain in the best position for a goal performance, no matter if that’s a new personal workout record or getting through the afternoon lull.
Games, participating in the 10-meter Air Rifle event in 2012 and 2016. Her experience as an elite athlete and her status as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) and Licensed Nutritionist (LN), make her perfectly suited to consult with Shaklee athletes on their nutritional needs. Sarah graduated from Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas with a BS in Nutrition in 2013, and then earned an MBA in Entrepreneurship and Healthcare Management. She specializes in weight loss, improved sport performance, diabetes prevention, heart health, healthy aging, smoking cessation, and performance goals. Her hobbies include church ministries, mountaineering, physical fitness, and gardening. | <urn:uuid:26496cb0-a45d-4ffc-859e-3921baf84c38> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://go.shaklee.com/acute-vs-sustained-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.950461 | 800 | 3.375 | 3 |
Health Information Resources
Being informed about your health can lead to a better quality of life. Our medical team is always ready and willing to answer your questions and help you access the care you need. As an active participant in your care team, we invite you to learn more about these common health issues
is a condition in which you body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use its own insulin as well as it should. Insulin is a hormone that your body needs to get glucose (sugar) from your bloodstream into the cells of your body. Diabetes can be managed with proper care and attention. It can also cause serious health complications if not treated properly.
You can learn more about diabetes and how to manage it here: https://www.diabetes.org/
3 things you can do if you have diabetes:
- Follow a healthy diet and avoid foods that are high in sugar and fat
- Be physically active for at least 30 minutes per day for days a week
- Take your medications as prescribed | <urn:uuid:50be570a-b829-4618-ba19-51915bc80e6f> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://catherineshc.org/home/patient-resources/health-information-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487635724.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618043356-20210618073356-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.951258 | 211 | 3.15625 | 3 |
00:00 04 February 2009
Whales evolved from land mammals sometime between 50 and 30 million years ago. New Scientist discovers what the transition species might have looked like
Image 1 of 11
Whales evolved from split-hooved land mammals. Very little is known about the animals that first ventured into the water, so drawings are entirely speculative.
This is one interpretation of what a Pakicetid may have looked like. They are sometimes described as the "first whales" because they were mostly land-based but the structure of part of their inner ear is very unusual and resembles only the ear structure of modern and fossil cetaceans.
(Image: Carl Buell, courtesy of the Thewissen lab) | <urn:uuid:3ec73647-97c2-4864-9c57-ae3114d7b74a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/dn16530-whale-evolution/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927245.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00313-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963409 | 149 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Ulan Bator, or Ulaanbaator, is the capital of the Republic of Mongolia. Founded in 1649 as a monastery town, today it is the junction point of the country's major roads and caravan routes; it lies on the Trans-Siberian RR, linking Russia with Beijing. The city is home to a library of ancient Mongolian, Chinese, and Tibetan manuscripts. The 1904 British expedition to Tibet prompted the Dalai Lama to leave Lhasa for Ulan Bator, where he remained for 4 years. In whose honor was Ulaanbaator named?
P. G. Wodehouse
Back in the day
This two-day event was the first women's rights convention held in the US and is often cited as the birthplace of the feminist movement. At the conference, women issued a call for the US government to grant them equal rights, including the right to vote and to maintain custody of children after divorce. Though the first session was intended to be for women only, men who came were not turned away. The US Declaration of Independence served as a model for what document issued at the convention?
Born on a day like today
Lizzie Borden, a New England spinster, was tried for the brutal axe murders of her father and stepmother in the late 19th cent. Though she was acquitted, the trial stirred pubic interest, and she was widely believed to be guilty. No one else was ever tried, and Borden was ostracized until her death in 1927. The case's notoriety has endured in American pop culture and is still referenced today. What popular poem helped perpetuate the idea that Borden was guilty? | <urn:uuid:295e9e1c-bc77-4679-ace6-5a262ea39b3c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://mohanjith.net/2007/07/19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.980159 | 341 | 3.203125 | 3 |
(NaturalNews) Ohio farmers are more reluctant to plant genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in their fields than their counterparts in other Midwestern states, planting nearly 30 percent of their fields with non-modified corn. In contrast, less than 20 percent of corn acreage in Indiana, Illinois and Iowa is planted with non-transgenic seed.
"This year in our Ohio Corn Performance Trials, we tested nearly 40 non-transgenic hybrids, which is the most we've tested in several years," said Peter Thomison of Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. "Many non-transgenic hybrids are still competing effectively with transgenic hybrids."
Thomison attributes this trend primarily to economic factors, including less need for pesticides in Ohio than in neighboring states.
"Most of these growers are looking at non-GMO from an economic standpoint. It's less costly to buy non-GMO seed," he said. "In addition, we don't have as much of a problem with insect pests, like the first-year rootworm variant, as states further west do. Growers also like ... to take advantage of [better prices] for non-GMO grain."
Growers across Ohio deliberately plant non-GMO seed for organic products or for other products explicitly certified as GMO-free. For example, Whole Foods and Trader Joe's only use explicitly non-GMO products for their in-store brands. Because so many Ohio growers depend upon certified non-GMO seed for their livelihood, concern is growing in the state about genetic contamination.
If pollen from GMO plants fertilizes non-GMO plants, the resulting crop will contain modified genes and may be rejected by GMO-free certifiers.
As Jeffrey M. Smith explains in his book "Seeds of Deception," "Some foods with soy or corn products are labeled 'Non-GMO' because the crops were grown from non-GM seed. But non-GMO seeds and crops can be contaminated. Therefore, each manufacturer decides how much vigilance is used to support that claim.
"Some companies rely only on affidavits by farmers. Others test their products. One common test is an on-site 'strip test.' Like a home pregnancy test, a strip is dipped into a test tube containing a special solution mixed with the powdered crop. It will change color if there are GMOs present." | <urn:uuid:9a7c6963-97c5-4664-a76f-a44e17fec62e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.naturalnews.com/031817_GMOs_seeds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663060.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00481-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956559 | 488 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Estimated read time: 1-2 minutes
This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.
Deanie Wimmer ReportingWe've seen an unfortunate coincidence in Utah: The same week that schools have focused on safe walking, we've seen a series of tragic pedestrian accidents. Now some neighborhoods around the state are making efforts to keep kids safe.
Parents walked their kids to school en masse this week, to put special emphasis on pedestrian safety.
Mother Amy Beckstrand says, "Especially with all the accidents with the sun being in people's eyes, they need to be aware there are a lot of kids walking to school every day."
Auto-pedestrian crashes are the second leading cause of death among young children. In Layton, 40 percent of auto-pedestrian accidents involved kids under 14. So now they're spotlighting the basics: using crosswalks and staying on the sidewalk.
Jeri Boren, with Davis County Safe Kids, says, "It's important to get these kids to realize the dangers out there, teach them appropriate ways."
In Taylorsville the statistics are more serious. Nearly two dozen kids were hit by cars just last year. Surprisingly, the Salt Lake Metro Region has the 25th worst pedestrian accident rate in the country.
A new radar sign in front of Arcadia Elementary and a redesigned bus zone are improvements aimed at drivers.
Taylorsville mayor Russ Wall says, "It's so the parents can be reminded of the speed they're going as they drive down the road."
At schools in Draper and in Park City, safe bicycling was the pedestrian message, teaching kids safe practices and hoping drivers become more aware. | <urn:uuid:b6a5a5e6-399d-488d-81b6-9989337f9f82> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ksl.com/article/1926188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.953057 | 386 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Top 25 Aboriginal Art Backgrounds that can Amp Up your Design Project
Aboriginal art backgrounds are quite the rage now. They can be seen across categories like home décor, lifestyle and fashion, and accessories. Aboriginal art originated in Australia and belongs to the indigenous people of Australia. They used this art form to tell stories about their culture, values, and belief. Though they have been prevalent since historic times, this art form has always been popular because of its character and essence. Essentially an aboriginal art is all about symbols. Different symbols come together to tell a story
Interesting facts about Aboriginal art forms
Here are some very interesting facts about aboriginal art forms.
Aboriginal art is all about symbols. Aboriginal art is a form of visual storytelling and hence symbols play a very important role in this art. Each symbol has its own meaning and the interpretation and significance depends on the placement of the symbols in the entire art
The same Aboriginal art has layers and can be interpreted in different ways by different audiences. At an initial glance, it may just tell a story, but when delved deeper, it may speak on a spiritual level too
Aboriginal art is not just about paintings. This art form is very versatile and can be used across different mediums like wood, metal, textile, clay, and more.
Each piece of aboriginal art is unique. Because this art is a reflection of the artist’s individual life journey, no two artworks can ever be the same.
One doesn’t need to be an aboriginal to appreciate this art. While an aboriginal can definitely decipher the painting and appreciate the storytelling, one doesn’t have to be of an indigenous origin to appreciate this art form. This art form is abstract, vivid, earthy, vibrant, and hence very pleasing to the eye and can be appreciated by one and all.
At HelloVector, one will find original royalty-free aboriginal art backgrounds for download, that can be used for various purposes. Listed here are some of the top background designs that can amp up any design project
Aboriginal backgrounds for large / wide spaces.
These patterns would look great in large spaces like wallpapers, murals, textiles, and fashion. | <urn:uuid:29183204-38d3-42c4-9ef2-033f893a7546> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hellovector.com/blog/top-25-aboriginal-art-backgrounds-that-can-amp-up-your-design-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.944905 | 458 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This timeline will help you see the history of the period 1920 to 1968 in context. Select each decade to reveal some important events during the struggle for civil rights. Think about how each event leads on to the next and how it might have influenced the way people were feeling at the time. Use your notes or recall to think about how and where other incidents might fit in.
Within the timeline, there are five key topics for you to study in depth: Attitudes in the 20s, Desegregation of Schools, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Summer and Black Power.
Each study topic gives you the opportunity to explore sources and find out what they tell us. There is also a revision source with an exam-style question to practise your interpretation skills! | <urn:uuid:61c4407c-fc38-4bd9-b921-ab338e9dec88> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/hist/freeatlast/timeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273874.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00108-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953284 | 153 | 4.1875 | 4 |
While nosebleeds may be scary, they are usually quite harmless. The most common type of nosebleed (epistaxis) originates from the anterior (front) part of the nose where there is a network of fragile blood vessels. During the winter months, when the indoor air is warm and dry, these vessels can become irritated and prone to bleeding. Rubbing, blowing or picking the nose can also cause irritation, which is why children or those suffering with a cold or allergies often get nosebleeds. Anterior nosebleeds usually present with bleeding from only one nare and can range from small streaks on the tissue to a significant amount of blood trickling out.
If you are experiencing a nosebleed, try pinching the nose with constant pressure for 10-15 minutes. Make sure you sit up straight with your head tilted slightly forward as tilting the head back will not stop the bleeding and may cause you to swallow and subsequently vomit the blood. When the bleeding subsides, try not to rub or blow as this may cause re-bleeding. Use a humidifier and apply nasal saline or petroleum jelly to the nose for prevention.
While anterior nosebleeds usually resolve with pressure and time, there are more serious nosebleeds that originate from the back of the nose, which require emergency intervention. These posterior nosebleeds are more common in elderly patients, those with bleeding disorders or anyone taking blood thinners such as coumadin or aspirin. Therefore, if the bleeding does not subside with the above measures and/or if you are experiencing any dizziness, increased heart rate or are at risk for a posterior nosebleed, seek immediate medical care. | <urn:uuid:7658b455-adf9-46ee-820a-9eb7a7135d5f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://gwdocsipc.com/what-to-do-emergency-tips-by-dr-brigit-britton-nosebleeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812247.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218173208-20180218193208-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.916827 | 341 | 3.546875 | 4 |
At start, ninety% of infants born with congenital CMV will current as asymptomatic, displaying no obvious and visual signs of the virus. These youngsters are anticipated to reside healthy lives, usually following commonplace development and development patterns. Your child might experience minor challenges as he or she develops, so if you’re involved a few mental, behavioral, or bodily developmental difficulty, please seek the advice of your kid’s pediatrician.
Genetic counseling is the method of providing people and households with info on the character, inheritance, and implications of genetic disorders to assist them make informed medical and private decisions. The following part offers with genetic risk evaluation and using family historical past and genetic testing to make clear genetic standing for family members. This section just isn’t meant to address all private, cultural, or ethical points that people could face or to substitute for session with a genetics skilled. —ED.
MT-CO1 encodes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Six individuals with severe-to-profound deafness confirmed cosegregation of a homoplasmic G-to-A transition at nt7444 of MT-CO1 and the 1555A>G pathogenic variant in MT-RNR1 Pandya et al 1999 Five of the six people confirmed maternal inheritance and two had a earlier history of aminoglycoside use. As against the variable hearing loss related to MT-RNR1 1555A>G, all people with this double variant showed severe-to-profound impairment and penetrance was full.
Myringosclerosis of the tympanic membrane develops in response to infection or inflammation ( Figure three ). Irregular white patches consisting of calcium are visible on the membrane. 9 Isolated myringosclerosis of the tympanic membrane not often causes significant conductive listening to loss. However, extensive myringosclerosis, referred to as tympanosclerosis, involves the tympanic membrane, ossicular chain, and middle ear mucosa, and causes significant conductive hearing loss by stiffening your entire system.
As mentioned above, hospitals routinely carry out hearing screening on infants within the first 24-forty eight hours after birth. If an infant fails the initial screening, he or she is normally scheduled for a second screening just a few weeks later. However, typically infants who pass Patient Health the listening to screening at start could exhibit indicators of listening to loss as they age. If you assume your baby is having problem listening to you, visit your pediatrician instantly.
Waardenburg syndrome is often inherited in an autosomal dominant sample, which means that one copy of the defective gene is adequate to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected individual has one guardian with the condition. A small percentage of circumstances result from new mutations in the gene the place there is no such thing as a history of the dysfunction in the affected individual’s family.
X-linked Inheritance: A male offspring has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, while a female has two copies of the X chromosome only. Each female inherits an X chromosome from her mother and her father. On the other hand, each male inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. In general, solely one of the two X chromosomes carried by a feminine is energetic in anyone cell whereas the other is rendered inactive. This is why when a feminine inherits a defective gene on one X chromosome, the traditional gene on the opposite X chromosome can normally compensate. As males solely have one copy of the X chromosome, any defective gene is more more likely to manifest right into a disorder.
In most cases the manifestation codes may have in the code title, ‘in illnesses classified elsewhere.’ Codes with this title area part of the etiology / manifestation convention. The code title signifies that it’s a manifestation code. ‘In illnesses labeled elsewhere’ codes are never Sports Health permitted to be used as first listed or principal diagnosis codes. They should be used together with an underlying condition code and so they must be listed following the underlying condition. | <urn:uuid:168201f0-644b-4ac3-9733-85fdc9b44e00> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.pairsun.com/sensorineural-hearing-loss.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120191321-20181120213222-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.936585 | 842 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Michael J. Franklin's Romantic Representations of British India is a timely study of the impact of Orientalist knowledge upon British culture during the Romantic period. The subject of the book is not so much India, but the British cultural understanding of India, particularly between 1750 and 1850. Franklin opens up new areas of investigation in Romantic-period culture, as those texts previously located in the ghetto of 'Anglo-Indian writing' are restored to a central place in the wider field of Romanticism. The essays within this collection cover a wide range of topics and are written by an impressive troupe of contributors including P.J. Marshall, Anne Mellor, and Nigel Leask. Students and academics involved with literary studies and history will find this book extremely useful, though musicologists and historians of science and of religion will also make good use of the book, as will those interested in questions of gender, race, and colonialism. | <urn:uuid:4f254b9d-a774-4b9d-8973-c3f840ae4b94> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://readrate.com/deu/books/romantic-representations-of-british-india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719960.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957504 | 185 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sept. 3, 2004 -- Chest pain can be a sign of serious illness. How much do you know about chest pain?
What is chest pain?
Known in medical terms as angina, chest pain is the most common symptom of heart disease. It occurs when blood flow in the arteries on the heart muscle is temporarily blocked and the heart is deprived of the oxygen and nutrients it needs to do its job properly.
What does it feel like?
Angina can be described as a discomfort, heaviness, pressure, aching, burning, fullness, squeezing, or painful feeling. Chest pain related to angina is often mistaken for indigestion or heartburn, but doctors can perform tests to rule this out quickly.
Angina is usually felt in the chest, but it may also be felt in the left shoulder, arms, neck, throat, jaw, or back.
What should I do if I feel chest pain?
If your chest pain worsens and lasts more than five minutes, especially if you're short of breath, feel weak, nauseated, or lightheaded, call 9-1-1 and seek immediate medical assistance; this may be a sign of a heart attack.
Does chest pain differ among men and women?
Is chest pain the only warning sign of a heart attack or other serious heart problems?
No. Chest pain is a common symptom of heart attack, but some people may experience a heart attack without feeling any pain in the chest.
Other signs of a heart attack may include:
- Shortness of breath
- Palpitations (irregular heartbeats, skipped beats, or a "flip-flop" feeling in the chest)
- A faster heartbeat
- Weakness or dizziness
Are there different types of angina?
Yes, there are two types of angina, stable and unstable.
With stable angina, you may notice the problem only when your heart is working harder and needs more oxygen, such as during exercise. The pain or discomfort goes away when you rest because your heart no longer needs as much oxygen.
With unstable angina, chest pain can occur even without exertion. Here a clot partly or completely blocks your heart arteries for a short period of time. However, the clot either breaks up by itself or breaks up after treatment with medications, so permanent damage to the heart does not occur. If the clot persists, a heart attack will result. With a heart attack the blockage lasts long enough to permanently damage part of your heart muscle. The longer your heart muscle goes without oxygen, the larger the heart attack. Your doctor will consider three important factors in deciding whether you are having a heart attack:
- Your description of your symptoms
- Your EKG results
- Your blood tests (cardiac enzymes show heart muscle damage)
What other conditions may cause chest pain?
Although chest pain is the most common symptom of a heart attack and heart disease, discomfort in the chest may also be caused my many other conditions, such as:
Digestive system problems:
- Stomach acid moving upward into the esophagus (esophageal reflux or heartburn)
- Muscle spasm of the esophagus
- Gallbladder disease
- A sore in the lining of the stomach or small intestine (peptic ulcer)
- Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs (pleurisy)
- Inflammation of the membrane covering the heart (pericarditis)
Heart, lung, and heart valve problems:
- A tear in the wall of the aorta (aortic dissection)
- Narrowing of the aortic valve (aortic stenosis)
- A blood clot in one of the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
- Panic, anxiety, stress, or depression
- Shingles (herpes zoster), a reactivation of the chickenpox virus that causes pain and rash
- Pain in the bones and/or muscles of the chest wall | <urn:uuid:7f721a14-8f85-403c-83bd-3e25c64f2b58> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20040903/quick-facts-on-chest-pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737019.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806180859-20200806210859-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.902587 | 836 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Eleanor Palmer Science Lab is a small but carefully crafted timber building, which uses simple timber construction techniques to create an inventive space dedicated to teaching science to young children.
The Eleanor Palmer Science Lab is a small but carefully crafted timber building, which uses simple timber construction techniques to create an inventive space dedicated to teaching science to young children. Project architect Anthony Boulanger, founding partner of AY Architects, describes it as ‘a learning environment that aims to foster enquiring minds, curiosity and wonder in the world’. He envisages it as a timber ‘wonder room, a cabinet of curiosities and a place for discovery and experimentation.’
Completed in 2018, the lab sits in a corner of the playground of Eleanor Palmer Primary School in Kentish Town, north London, where its purpose is to accommodate classes and after school clubs for up to 31 pupils, aged 3 to 11, and to be shared with other schools and with the local community.
It is part of Camden Council’s programme to develop science, technology, engineering and mathematics in primary schools. But whereas most other projects in the programme adapted or extended classrooms, the lab is a new model building typology. Client and the architect worked together to develop the brief and the result is a building which is multi-layered, and designed to encourage children to engage their curiosity and enjoy the sciences.
The new lab replaces the exact footprint of an under-used canopy structure built against the high Victorian boundary wall of the school playground, a place with complex site and boundary conditions, between a noisy road and a disjointed playground. It is a large, single-volume learning space flooded with light, not only from a row of windows but also from two triangular timber roof structures which rise up above the main roof. They provide northlight clerestory glazing and ventilation, and give additional height for science experiments. The two raised roof structures are set back from the street boundary to reduce the visual impact of the building on the street facade, while adding to the character of the boundary wall.
A single deep window punched through the boundary wall gives glimpses out onto the main road, a visual connection which helps to link the lab with the local community. A door at the far end of the lab leads to a specially designed Science Garden that incorporates planting, a rainwater butt, anamorphic play equipment and a pedal powered outdoor disco. | <urn:uuid:155b5736-2523-43c9-9802-9887032e1e4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://timberdevelopment.uk/case-studies/eleanor-palmer-science-lab-london/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102637.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210190744-20231210220744-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.946564 | 490 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A pair of space telescopes is giving astronomers an unprecedented view of stellar birth and death in the Andromeda Galaxy, located about 2.5 million light-years away.
The space telescopes view the universe in wavelengths of light that are absorbed by Earth's atmosphere and thus unavailable to ground-based telescopes.
Herschel, which is sensitive to far infrared light, picks up the rings of star formation seen here as reddish circles filled with clouds of cool dust and gas. It is the most detailed image ever acquired of the galaxy in this wavelength, showing five concentric rings of star-forming dust, ESA reports in today's image advisory.
Inside the dusty clouds, stars are pulling themselves together in a gravitational process that can last hundreds of millions of years. Once a star reaches enough density, it will shine in light visible to ordinary telescopes.
Superimposed on the infrared image is an X-ray view made with the XMM-Newton observatory. X-rays show stars in their violent death throes. This image highlights hundreds of X-ray sources clustered around the center of Andromeda. Some of the X-rays are from debris rolling through space from exploded stars; others are pairs of stars locked in a gravitational fight to the death, according to ESA.
In these fights, already-dead stars pull in gas from their still-living companions. As the gas falls through space, it heats up and emits X-rays. The living star will eventually become depleted as the stellar corpse wraps itself in the stolen gas. This corpse could then explode.
The Andromeda Galaxy is similar to our own Milky Way, though about twice as big. Over the years, it has consumed dwarf galaxies that wander too close to it, and astronomers believe it is headed our way for a merger in about 3 billion to 5 billion years.
For more on the Andromeda Galaxy, check out these stories below.
- The galaxy next door
- Andromeda is a cannibal and heading our way
- NASA captures amazing view of Andromeda
- Andromeda involved in galactic collision
John Roach is a contributing writer for msnbc.com. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by hitting the "like" button on the Cosmic Log Facebook page or following msnbc.com's science editor, Alan Boyle, on Twitter (@b0yle). | <urn:uuid:a1025ef5-776b-4fa9-992e-4d4fd42e9a09> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/01/05/5771179-andromedas-once-and-future-stars?lite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922788 | 468 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In 2012, 8,616 individual cases of elder abuse and self-neglect were reported to the Los Angeles County Adult Protective Services program.1 However, research shows that for every abusive incident reported, 13 incidents go unreported.2 By these estimates, as many as 120,624 older adults in Los Angeles – or 1 in 10 adults aged 65+ – may be victims of abuse or self-neglect.3
Elder abuse is more than just physical assault and battery. It can include isolating an elder from family and friends, withholding or mismanaging medications, refusing to seek appropriate medical care, leaving an elder in soiled clothing or sheets, , abandoning a dependent elder, stealing checks or money, enticing vulnerable elders to give away large amounts of money or property, or knowingly encourage an elder with cognitive impairments sign legal documents. Self-neglect occurs when an older adult is unable to care for their physical, emotional or psychological needs. This can include using poor judgment to make decisions that may lead to harm, refusing to comply with medical treatment, living in deplorable or hoarded conditions, and being unable to provide for one’s food, clothing and shelter.”
Social workers, police officers, doctors, nurses, psychologists, and gerontologists work to investigate and intervene in cases of abuse, but everyone has a role to play. Most abuse victims live in the community, and many continue to drive, shop for their own groceries, and do their own banking. Family members, friends, neighbors, professionals, and everyday service providers are uniquely positioned to monitor older adults and report suspicions of elder abuse to professionals to resolve cases of mistreatment.
The Guide for Elder Abuse Response (GEAR) application was developed for use by community members and elder abuse professionals in Los Angeles. The app provides practical information on abuse, tools, resources, and ways to report abuse.
This app is provided as a resource by the University of Southern California Davis School of Gerontology, a leader in aging research and gerontological education, and the Los Angeles County Elder Abuse Forensic Center, a multidisciplinary team of elder abuse professionals dedicated to the investigation, intervention, and resolution of abusive situations.
3 U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved online from census.gov
Call Adult Protective Services
Long-Term Care Ombudsman | <urn:uuid:8a321476-de75-4582-be95-b8655d257bfd> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://guideforelderabuse.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122276676.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175756-00142-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941183 | 474 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Microlattice is the lightest metal ever to be invented – the structure is 99.99% air
Aerospace Boeing has invented the lightest metal ever, called microlattice. The product is 99.99 per cent air and will be used as a primary component in aerospace engineering – it’ll be used to make space rockets.
By utilizing microlattice, Boeing could find ways to cut down on the weight of its jets and save substantially on fuel costs. It’s an important invention, because although it is lighter than foam, as it is made of metal it is very strong.
This will save a lot of money in fuel costs while still maintaining a strong structure.
The company released an informational video about the material earlier this month, which shows the metal in high definition and explains why it is so important.
“[the] metal-based microlattice structures are significantly less dense than the rarest aerogels and other ultralight foams, while exhibiting high strength and an unexpectedly high ability to absorb energy and recover shape after compression.”
The structure is comparable to the hollow honeycomb structure of bon, and is is composed of a network of thin, hollow struts. The struts are around 100 micrometers in diameter and have walls just 100 nanometers thick.
Microlattice was first announced in 2011 by a research team consisting of scientists at UC Irvine, HRL Laboratories and Caltech.
It can sit on top of a dandelion without crushing the seeds, and if dropped from a height ‘floats’ down to Earth like a feather.
Bill Carter, manager of the architected materials group at HRL, told the LA Times: “It’s sort of like a feather — it floats down, and its terminal velocity depends on the density,”
“It takes more than 10 seconds, for instance, for the lightest material we’ve made to fall if you drop it from shoulder height.” | <urn:uuid:7e8bdd3f-3ce9-47f7-bc98-8c4260474fc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://alien-ufo-sightings.com/2015/10/the-lightest-metal-ever-has-been-developed-by-boeing-its-lighter-than-styrofoam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00025-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937209 | 421 | 3.5 | 4 |
Measuring the basal melt rate of Antarctic ice shelves using GPS and phase-sensitive radar observations
Jenkins, Adrian; Corr, Hugh; Nicholls, Keith; Doake, Chris; Stewart, Craig. 2006 Measuring the basal melt rate of Antarctic ice shelves using GPS and phase-sensitive radar observations. Forum for Research into Ice Shelf Processes (FRISP). Report, 14. 149-156.Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)
Basal melting of Antarctica’s floating ice shelves accounts for between 15 and 35% of the total mass loss from the ice sheet and helps to precondition the shelf waters for deep convection. Despite this pivotal role in ice sheet-ocean interactions, there are only a handful of measurements of actual melting rates. Almost all published figures are of steady state melt rates; that is, the melt rate required to maintain the ice shelf in a state of equilibrium, deduced from the residual of the other mass balance terms. Such observations have obvious limitations, such as the impossibility of determining the role of basal melting in driving ice shelf thinning or retreat. Over the past two Antarctic field seasons we have conducted a series of experiments to measure the actual melt rate at various locations on George VI and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves. The key to our technique is a precise measurement of the ice shelf thinning rate, by phase-sensitive radar. The thinning rate can be partitioned between vertical strain and melting without the need to assume that the ice shelf is in equilibrium, given contemporaneous measurements of the vertical strain rate.
|Item Type:||Publication - Article|
|Programmes:||BAS Programmes > Antarctic Science in the Global Context (2000-2005) > Global Interactions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet|
|Date made live:||10 May 2012 13:39|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:3b4e546f-ad9d-4419-8b2c-5769ac90242e> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/18021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125857.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00157-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839491 | 390 | 2.875 | 3 |
Yale Unlocks Vaults to Show its Rarest and Oldest Printed Objects
NEW HAVEN, CT—July 2, 2013—The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale has unlocked its vaults to display its rarest and oldest printed objects in the new exhibit, “Permanent Markers: aspects of the history of printing.”
The exhibit, which is part of the Beinecke’s year-long 50th anniversary celebration, focuses on the history and story of printing, how America has been defined in print, and the role of print in daily life.
The exhibit begins with “Story of Printing” section, which features some of the oldest, reliably dateable pieces of printing in the world, including a set of three Buddhist sutras printed by woodblock between 764 and 770 A.D. in Japan to mourn the war dead after the suppression of the Ema Rebellion of 764, and to offer prayers for lasting peace.
Also on display are three books attributed to Johann Gutenberg in the years following the appearance of his landmark Bible, including Thomas Aquinas’ “De Articulis Fidei,” “Giovanni Balbi’s Catholicon,” and Matthew of Kraków’s “Dialogus Rationis et Conscientiae.” The first book printed in England, “The Book Named the Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophhres” (circa 1477), is also included, along with other rarely displayed items that reveal the human creative process, including fragments of early printed books recovered from fragile bindings, such as unfolded sheets of pages, and misprinted leaves.
The section on “America Made by Printing” includes the extremely rare first book printed in British North America, “The Bay Psalm Book” (1640), and a copy of the Declaration of Independence (1776). The ways that America was defined in print are explored in early geographies and spelling books, as well as first editions of Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass” (1855) and Herman Melville’s “Moby Dick” (1851), complemented by versions issued in the 20th century related to film and comic book versions of the classic novel. Also on view are copies of the first printing of the Book of Mormon, Phillis Wheatley’s “Poems on Various Subjects Religious and Moral” (1773), and a pair of notable American “firsts”: the first image of the natives of the New World, a woodcut in Christopher Columbus’ letter on his first voyage (1494) and the first use of the word “American” to refer to residents of the country in Thomas Gage’s “The English-American, His Travail by Sea and Land.” (1648).
The exhibit concludes with “Forms & Functions,” an exploration of how print plays a part in everyday life, in the form of printed paper money, playing cards, postcards, and shopping bags. The display features experiments and do-it-yourself printing, from 18th-century French trials with printing in color, to clandestinely printed punk magazines produced on a shoestring in East Berlin during the 1970s. Among the feature items unique to the Beinecke are “disguised” miniature books from France produced during World War II, that appear on their covers to be poetry books, instead reveal instructions for sabotaging German tanks; “rent party” cards collected by poet Langston Hughes to document a social aspect of the Harlem Renaissance; and both of the famous “metal books” produced to celebrate the Futurist aesthetic in the 1930s, “Parole in Libertà” (“Words in Liberty”) and “L’anguria Lirica” (“The Lyrical Watermelon”).
Alternate forms of printing are shown in an early book produced for students of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, using a pre-Braille system of raised Roman letters; printing of stories for children on handkerchiefs (given as awards for academic achievement in the 19th century); books made with rubber stamps and on mimeograph machines; and the first computer-generated poem, Alison Knowles’ “A House of Dust” (ca. 1972).
The exhibit is free and open to the public, and a free commemorative booklet is available to all visitors.
“Permanent Markers” is on view through Sept. 14 and some images from the exhibit are online. For exhibition gallery hours and addition details visit the Website. | <urn:uuid:a7a738dd-1f4a-4d90-85c8-4aa0f893c9bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.piworld.com/article/yale-displays-permanent-markers-aspects-of-the-history-of-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525781.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210013645-20191210041645-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.941197 | 1,003 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Battle of Cold Harbor subtracted 177 men from the ranks of the 12th New Hampshire. Of those, sixty-three were killed or mortally wounded. The remaining 114 were wounded. Infamously, some of those wounded men were caught between the hostile lines for four days. Not until June 7 did Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant seek a truce so that his men could reclaim the dead and wounded.
Even before the truce became official, Union soldiers traipsed into the hostile no-man’s-land; they knew that time was of the essence. The wounded could not remain untreated for long. The weary New Hampshire bluecoats attempted their forays in the dead of night. Although the fighting had ended, the crunching of leaves always invited fire from Confederate sharpshooters. Asa Bartlett, the regimental historian, remembered:
Here then is such a picture of war as does not often present itself even to the veteran of a hundred battles. Two armies so closely confronting each other that their main lines in some places are scarcely a rifle shot apart, and the exposure of a hand or head, upon either side, is pretty sure to result in a furlough for thirty days or eternity; while upon the narrow space between, in plain sight of both friend and foe, are lying thousands of the dead, wounded, and dying, all stricken down from the ranks of one of the opposing armies, and all unprotected and uncared for. That the wounded were thus allowed to remain in suffering helplessness upon the field day after day, unless sooner rescued by their pitying comrades, was because of such a shameful and criminal negligence as no common words can fully and justly characterize. . . . Thus in silent darkness, for none but whispered words could be spoken, they crept around among the still more silent dead listening, for they could make no call, for some deep sigh or low moan that would tell them where amid the surrounding gloom of night and death they might find one in whose veins the vital fluid still continued to circulate. And when by some such sound or mere accident a comrade at last was found, with whispered caution to make if possible no cry of distress or groan of agony, he was carefully lifted up, a blanket or stretcher put under him, and borne away with noiseless steps to where they would receive all the comfort and care that kind hearts and willing hands could render. And thus the noble work of rescuing suffering humanity went on, not only for that night, but the next and even the third, until all of the living and most of the dead were removed, leaving but comparatively few to be buried, on the field where they fell, under a flag of truce, which was not until just before dark on the 7th, or five days after the battle.
During these nighttime excursions, the survivors of the 12th New Hampshire found two men barely clinging to life, Captain Nathaniel Shackford of Company E and Captain Arthur St. Clair Smith of Company G. Shackford, age thirty-seven, had been wounded three times: a grape shot had clipped three inches of bone out from his elbow, a piece of shell had passed completely through his back, and a bullet had bruised his right hip. Smith, age twenty-three, had been hit five times: three bullets had bruised him and two bullets had penetrated his flesh. And, by the way, these wounds were not the first wounds that either officer had suffered. Shackford had received four wounds in 1863—one at Chancellorsville and three at Gettysburg. Likewise, Smith had received a wound to the arm at Chancellorsville.
(Capt. Nathaniel Shackford, Co. E, 12th N.H. Vols., who was thrice wounded at Cold Harbor.)
(Capt. Arthur St. Clair Smith, Co. G, 12th N.H. Vols., who was wounded five times at Cold Harbor.)
In the middle of the night, the unwounded survivors bore Shackford and Smith off the field by carrying them on stretchers. Near Beulah Church, they loaded the two grievously wounded officers onto an ambulance bound for White House Landing, the location of the nearest field hospital, about ten miles distant. Smith remembered, “I shall never forget my ambulance ride with Captain Shackford.”
(Litter bearers and an ambulance bore Shackford and Smith from the field.)
This remembrance by Smith sounds like a simple line, but I think the words, “never forget” challenge us to consider what this ambulance ride was like. Their horse-drawn wagon bounced over bumpy, dirt-filled roads in the black of night. It could not have been a pleasant experience for a either soldier; both of them nursed multiple wounds. As Smith remembered it, he expected Shackford to die during the journey. Perhaps, then, no words exist to describe the suffering.
(This image by Mathew Brady depicts White House Landing on the Pamunkey River. This image shows what the landing looked like in June 1864.)
The horse-drawn ambulance was not their only conveyance. Shackford’s wounds required his immediate transfer to a general hospital near Washington. On June 10, medical personnel loaded him onto the steamer Connecticut, along with 674 other wounded men. It took twenty-eight hours for the steamer to sail down the Pamunkey, then down the York River, and then into the Chesapeake Bay before finally ascending the Potomac. As a newspaper reporter wrote, “The wounded brought up in the Connecticut were all very severe cases, and it was found necessary to move the boat along at moderate speed, as the working of the engine went at full speed affected them unfavorably.” Even so, fifteen men died as the ship sailed to its destination: Washington, D.C.
(Here is USS Connecticut, the steamship that transported Capt. Shackford to Washington.)
As for Smith, he remained a few days longer at White House Landing, with 2,000 other wounded men. He experienced the same awful trip, but later.
Amazingly, the two men survived their wounds. In fact, both returned to duty that autumn and mustered out with their regiment in 1865. Shackford served as a state prison appraiser, and later, he supervised a hosiery mill. He died on October 20, 1920. Arthur Smith became a lawyer and served as justice of the peace at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Later, he became a judge, city council member, alderman, and state legislator. He died on December 19, 1895.
Even though they lived long lives, it is safe to say that they never forgot their ride in an “ambulance,” whether it was by stretcher, horse-cart, or steamship.
(Here, you can see Capt. A. St. Clair Smith in December 1864. You can see that he has recovered from his wound and rejoined his regiment.)
(Here is newly-promoted Major Shackford, from the same photograph as the one above.) | <urn:uuid:c9608f03-f772-4a82-aee3-a956f1ae6c6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://talesfromaop.blogspot.com/2014/04/i-shall-never-forget-my-ambulance-ride.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019012514-20171019032514-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.982445 | 1,465 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Net neutrality is an issue no one can remain neutral about, you either like being spied on or you don’t. Our list of companies against net neutrality.
Net Neutrality And Opponents of Net Neutrality
Net neutrality is a hot topic and one that has been debated since early on in the history of the Internet. It is the principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) and regulators must treat all data crossing the Internet the same without regard to source, destination, type, use or mode of transport. The term was coined in the early 90’s and is an off-shoot of the concept of common carrier as applied to the telephone systems. In the common carrier paradigm service providers must provide unrestricted access to the public and under a regulatory scheme. The US FCC ruled in early 2015 that ISPs were in fact common carriers in order to enforce net neutrality, this classification was later changed effectively deregulating the Internet.
Because at face value it seems favorable to enforce net neutrality we must first ask which companies are against net neutrality. In this case it is most commonly the ISPs. In order to understand why they are against it we must dig deeper still to see what types of ISPs there are and the difference between them. There are 7 sub categories of ISPs. Each has its own unique features, some more fully functional than others. All things aside what they each have in common is that they function across the Internet and provide services for the public.
- Access Providers
This is the traditional ISP, what you think of when you here the word Internet Service Provider (ISP). These are the people that connect you, your home and your business to the World Wide Web. Technology can be as simple as landline connections and telephone modems all the way through cable, Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Originally passed exclusively by copper cables the system is now linked primarily with fiber optics. Within this subset are a few more specific designations depending on the size, type and need of your business or organization. An access provider may be against net neutrality because of pricing regulation. Providers could offer differing levels of services, faster or slower connections, at differing price levels.
- Mailbox Providers
Mailbox providers are just what they sound like, organizations with the infrastructure to support email accounts, send, receive and store email. These providers are most often also an access providers or some other form of ISP but may also be stand-alone. Some popular stand-alone mail box providers are Gmail, Yahoo!, Bing, Outlook and POBox. A mailbox provider who is also an ISP may be against net neutrality for the same reasons as the stand-alone access provider: the ability to charge differing prices according to whatever schedule they devise. An access provider may block free mail accounts in order to provide it’s own subscription email account instead. A stand-alone email provider may be for net neutrality so that they have the same access to clientele as the access providers.
- Hosting ISP
A hosting ISP provides the servers necessary to power websites, email, digital storage or cloud services. These providers include companies like GoDaddy.com who host websites and email but also those like Oracle, Amazon, Google and others engaged in cloud storage/computing, SaaS or PaaS computing. These companies might be for net neutrality, an Internet free of impediment is beneficial for the cloud computing industry.
- Transit ISP
The Transit ISP is the provider who provides service to your provider. They are the bigger fish in the sea, the ones with networks that span continents not just cities, states or nations. The network of ISPs and Transit ISPs is very complex as networks both up and downstream may connect with more than one other network, or connect with one network in more than one point-of-presence, at any time as need arises. The transit ISP, like the access ISP, may oppose net neutrality as having control of the net gives them quite a bit of power.
- Virtual ISP
A virtual ISP is a company that purchases connection bandwidth from another ISP and then markets it as its own. This is similar in practice to off-market telephone or electric companies buying excess capacity and selling it on the secondary market. They too may oppose net neutrality, a net free and clear of regulation is in their favor.
- Free ISP
A free ISP is just that, free. Of course free isn’t really free when someone is giving it to you, right? A free ISP usually comes with streaming ads attached and is in reality a way for the provider to sell ad space. Some free ISPs are non-profit and run on a volunteer basis. In terms of neutrality they may be in favor of it in order to remain competitive.
- Wireless ISP
Wireless ISPs provide access through a wireless network. These networks can be set up in a variety of ways including wireless mesh networking or use of dedicated radio frequency. As far as neutrality goes it depends on what types of services are being offered across the wireless network.
Follow The Money To Companies Against Net Neutrality
When the battle for net neutrality reached a peak in late 2014 lobbying dollars were thrown at the issue. The 3 biggest spenders in the US are Verizon, AT&T and Comcast (all access providers and companies against net neutrality) spent three times as much as their opposition. Opponents included Google, Level 3 Communications and Microsoft, all companies doing business as non-access providing ISPs. In terms of activity, in the years leading up to the 2015 enactment of US neutrality laws, lobbying firms opposed to the new laws filed reports at a pace nearly 3 times as fast as those in favor. In terms of volume the top five report filers were all opposed to neutrality, led by Verizon and Comcast with over 100 reports. The top ten report filers only included 4 in favor of neutrality and they filed less than 100 reports between them. This imbalance clearly shows the divide between those in favor of controlling the Internet for gain and those who rely on its free access. The amount of money spent in opposition is an indication of just how much they have to lose.
What do opponents of net neutrality argue? In recent media tech companies including big access providers came out in favor of neutrality, a watered down less strict version of the 2015 regulations. Comcast, an ISP providing access to the Internet, said that net neutrality proponents “create hysteria”. They say the fears are unfounded, that it is Comcast right to control access in whatever way they see fit and that the company is a responsible steward of all of our information. CenturyLink, another access provider, says they are in favor of net neutrality, complete and utter freedom with no regulation where business can control the net as they will.
- The Day Of Action was a protest in response to the FCC’s plans to deregulate the Internet mid-2017. It resulted in millions of emails to US Congress and comments on the FCC website, more than 125 million businesses, websites, organizations and individuals in the US were involved in the protest.
The telecom lobby group USTelecom stands by the claim that the idea ISPs play favorites in order to chose which traffic will or won’t be blocked has long been debunked. They say “Net neutrality is something we all strongly support, and ISPs are committed to modern rules that protect the universally-embraced principles of no blocking, no throttling, and no slow lanes”. However, board members AT&T and Verizon are both believed to participate in activities that go against these ideals. The advocacy group Free Press keeps a list of believed violations and both of these companies feature prominently on it.
The Companies Opposing Net Neutrality Have Changed Their Tune
Comcast in the US is responsible for bringing the issue of neutrality to a head. The company was caught internet filtering and throttling BitTorrent traffic in efforts to cut down on bandwidth usage, thereby freeing up space for other users. The company used readily available tracking and monitoring techniques to identify which users were utilizing high bandwidth applications such as BitTorrent and then decreased the amount of bandwidth they were allowed to use. The company now says it is in favor of neutrality without “burdensome FCC regulation”. When the FCC came out in favor of reducing their control over the ISPs Comcast and the rest were the first to throw in their support. There are similar examples of ISP using traffic shaping techniques in other countries. For example, it is a know fact that a French ISP Free Telecom throttles streaming traffic in the evening when most of their users get home and, obviously, start watching YouTube, TV show broadcasts, Netflix and other media streaming services online.
- BitTorrent is a file sharing application that allows the transfer of high volume files, above and beyond what is permissible with email and other more common methods of digital communications. One of the issues surrounding this service and others like it, aside from the large amount of bandwidth they use, is that they can also be used for illegally sharing files such as music and movies.
Verizon is also at the heart of the neutrality issue. When the FCC first tried to regulate the Internet in 2010 they were faced with a vicious lawsuit from the wireless and Internet access provider. The rules proposed at that time were tame in comparison to what came later but ultimately quashed by the legal proceedings. The FCC came back using the Title II authority granted by the 1934 Telecommunications Act. The Title II authority grants the FCC power over common carriers, the issue at hand was whether or not the Internet qualified as a “common carrier”. In 2015 the FCC voted unanimously to classify the net as a common carrier thus bringing it under their watchful eye. Bringing things forward to 2017 a new FCC Chairman Ajit Varadaraj Pai reversed the earlier decision and enacted less strict rules.
Verizon’s argument today is that the Title II rules meant to govern and regulate rotary telephones and monopoly railroads. Their view is that the FCC should craft rules that fit the modern digital age in a way that will not stifle innovation or investment in the network. Looking back on the telephone industry and the way in which regulation was rolled it is clear to see that it removed incentive for telecoms, if the network belongs to “the people” and not to me why should I build it?
USTelecom puts up a valid argument. They believe that the push for net neutrality is really a push by “big Internet” to make even more money and it is true, an Internet with free and open access would help them to make more money. They go on to say that what really slows down the Internet is reduced investment and that is what will result from stricter neutrality rules and specifically if the Internet is classified as a common carrier.
Along with this attitude is the idea that Title II laws are not enforceable. Both Comcast and Verizon issued briefs in which they reference old laws that are not legally enforceable in today’s world. The counter to that of course is that yes, they are enforceable they just aren’t the laws you want to abide by. Other industries, such as the cable industry, have also tried to get on the right side of the issue. They, through the NCTA -the Internet And Television Association, have said that the cable industry has always been on the side of a free and neutral Internet in which users can go and do what they like without being throttled or impeded in any way, except of course for Comcast who thought throttling was the thing to do.
AT&T, a phone Internet and TV provider, has not remained silent either. The company publicly voiced its support in joining The Day of Action and FCC regulation despite an earlier attempt to block the rules put in place in 2015. The company went so far as to solicit help from customers asking them to submit prewritten statement in support of reduced regulation. The key term here of course is reduced regulation.
Companies Opposing Net Neutrality Roll Back
Some companies were truly for net neutrality and against the roll-back of Obama era rules protecting websites, content and traffic. Twitter took sides on a public issue for the first time in it’s history by promoting a Tweet and a hashtag in favor of regulation. Public forum Reddit took similar action by promoting an ad describing how ISPs could slow down traffic. Google‘s policy team shared a message to mobilize Internet users in The Day of Action protest.
Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg published a blog post in favor of regulation. “Right now, the FCC has rules in place to make sure the internet continues to be an open platform for everyone . . . At Facebook, we strongly support those rules. We’re also open to working with members of Congress and anyone else on laws to protect net neutrality.” This sentiment is echoed by SnapChat spokesperson saying “without a free and open Internet Snapchat would not be what it is today”. Obviously, these companies are not access providers and rely on free flowing traffic for their revenue.
The Debate Will Rage On
If there is one thing clear it is that the debate over net neutrality will rage on. With so much money at stake, trillions of dollars annually, and the sides so polarized there is little hope of reaching an agreement in which both sides are truly happy. In the meantime it seems as if the big access providing ISPs have accepted that some form of net neutrality will prevail, the fight now for them is to ensure regulations aren’t too stiff.
What Internet users need to keep in mind is two-fold:
- Net neutrality is important.
- Net neutrality is something they can ensure on their own.
All it takes is a VPN, virtual private network. The VPN is today’s leading technology to ensure safety, security and anonymity on the Internet. It works in combination with anti-virus, anti-malware, firewalls and internet best practices to complete digital security for individuals, families, organizations and businesses. The best part is that it comes with many side benefits, unintended consequences if you will, that make it a useful tool in the fight for Internet freedom. Read on to find out about the 15 cool and exciting ways to use a VPN.
What VPN does is create secure connections over the Internet. They do this by masking data packets (your connections) and re-routing them through a dedicated system of VPN enabled servers, bypassing the ISP servers. This means you use your ISP’s gateway to enter the net but instead of using their servers to route your traffic you use the VPN servers, which means the ISPs have no way of knowing who you are or where you are located in order to filter your traffic, if they could see it, which they can’t. If anything all they could know is that someone, somewhere is using a VPN on their gateway.
Le VPN is a top VPN provider with a network of VPN servers spanning 120+ countries. The service is incredibly inexpensive at $4.95 per month, considering all it does, and can be used with any of today’s personal computers, laptops and mobile devices. It can even be used with a VPN router allowing an unlimited number of devices within a home or business to access the Internet safely, and with complete neutrality. Download Le VPN Android app on Google Play or Le VPN iOS app on AppStore and test it for yourself with a 7-day free trial!
Get Le VPN from $4.95 per month with a 7-Day Money-Back Guarantee and
Enjoy the Internet by Your Own Rules!
SERVERS IN 120+ COUNTRIES
EASY TO USE APP
7-DAY MONEYBACK GUARANTEE
SMARTDNS & HYBRIDVPN
CONNECT 5 DEVICES AT ONCE
ULTRA HIGH SPEEDS | <urn:uuid:eca19c70-1278-428f-b503-768baebd18c0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.le-vpn.com/companies-against-net-neutrality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.958198 | 3,231 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At least five African countries have set up "home grown school feeding" initiatives aimed at improving child nutrition and developing local agricultural markets.
For Kenyan education official Nur Guleid, there is no food like home-grown food. "We have gone out to monitor at the school level. They said they enjoy it [the food] because the food is fresh, they get it when they want it, it is easily accessible and available, and they are very happy about this program," Guleid said.
The Kenyan government gives money to schools in 36 districts reaching nearly 600,000 students. A management committee in each school uses the money to purchase produce directly from farmers within a 50-kilometer radius of the school.
Farmers and school officials are connected through the Ministry of Agriculture's Eradication of Hunger in Kenya program.
Everyday in participating schools, each child receives 150 grams of cereals, most commonly maize, 40 grams of pulses, usually beans, five grams of oil used to cook the food, and salt. Typically, the lunch meal is a stew consisting of maize and beans, called "githeri" in one local language.
Guleid says the program has made a huge impact, especially on the poor. "The children would have not come to school were it not for this food. It takes them to school, it also keeps them in school [and] helps them improve on their performance and also their cognitive abilities," Guleid said.
Kenya is one of five African countries that have an active "home grown school feeding" initiative. Programs are also found in Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Mali. Other countries such as South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia are also setting up similar initiatives.
In these programs, local farmers supply produce to schools to feed students, with the aim of improving child nutrition and developing local agricultural markets.
The "home grown school feeding" initiatives are supported by a partnership of groups including the World Bank, the World Food Program, the Global Child Nutrition Foundation, and other agricultural, children's and women's groups.
One such partner is the London-based The Partnership for Child Development, which advises governments and organizations on how to coordinate links between farmers and schools.
Partnership for Child Development Home Grown School Feeding Coordinator Kristie Neeser says for many governments procuring food locally is a new and unusual concept.
"Over the years, a lot of it [food for schools] has been external aid coming in from other countries like the U.S. and the U.K. Creating a new understanding about the opportunities for supporting local economic development within the countries has been a shifting of mindset," Neeser said.
When food is procured locally, individual farmers or farmers' cooperatives earn income from selling their produce to the schools.
Kenyan farmer Ruth Kihanga supports her three children by selling her beans and maize to a school near the town of Thika. She also purchases food from other farmers to sell to the school, creating a network of grateful farmers.
"I have a small shop. This shop I use to sell some [cooking] fat, sugar, soap and such things. Those farmers who I buy maize from, then they come to buy some items in my shop," Kihanga said.
But farmers are not the only ones to benefit.
In Nigeria, the government transfers funds to the bank accounts of cooks, who use the money to purchase food from local markets. Each cook prepares food for 50 children.
"This has created nearly 3,000 jobs for these local women who are employed by the program. The community members are involved in the hiring process for the cooks. There is really strong monitoring at the local grassroots level. Every week, each kid is supposed to receive one egg, and they do not receive the egg their parents will call in to the program and say, 'the cook has not provided the egg for the kids this week,'" Neeser said.
The Ivory Coast government, which feeds more than one million schoolchildren each day through its program, gives agricultural inputs to women-farmers' groups. One third of what the women produce goes to the home grown school feeding program.
Food purchased in the program typically consists of local staple crops such as rice, maize, millet, sorghum, as well as local vegetables such as spinach, leafy greens, sweet potatoes.
Most programs supply the schools with one meal a day, either at breakfast or lunchtime. | <urn:uuid:238ebed5-c66e-4537-a983-7dab1285198e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.voanews.com/a/african-countries-feeding-students-with-local-produce-122877339/158209.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00030-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969291 | 926 | 3.09375 | 3 |
After baby loggerhead turtles hatch, they wait until dark and then dart from their sandy nests to the open ocean. A decade or so later they return to spend their teenage years near those same beaches. What the turtles do and where they go in those juvenile years has been a mystery for decades. Marine biologists call the period the “lost years.”
Following the tiny turtles has proved to be difficult. Researchers tried attaching bulky radio tags, but the devices impeded the turtles' ability to move. The size of the tags shrank over time, yet the batteries remained stubbornly large. Then Kate Mansfield, a marine biologist at the University of Central Florida, got the idea to go solar.
She saw that other wildlife researchers were tracking birds with small solar panels. So her team decided to use similar tags with a matchbook-size panel, bringing the weight down to that of a couple of nickels. The researchers also figured out how to attach the tags securely without warping the turtles' shells, an idea that came from a team member's manicurist. She suggested acrylic lacquer as the base coat to hold silicone glue, which can grow with the turtles.
Mansfield's group tagged 17 turtles that ranged from three to nine months old. The scientists then plopped them—the biggest, seven inches long—off the coast of Florida and into the Gulf Stream, which is part of the North Atlantic Gyre, a system of currents that flows clockwise up the U.S. East Coast. Bryan Wallace, a marine biologist at Stratus Consulting and Duke University who was not involved in the work, said the study is likely to be remembered as a seminal paper in sea turtle biology. It was published in April in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
“Based on long-standing hypotheses, we'd expect that the turtles would remain in the outer gyre currents and head toward the Azores,” an archipelago off Portugal, Mansfield says. As the team tracked subjects over a few months, however, it found the turtles did not stick to this itinerary. Many of them swam into the center of the gyre, where seaweed accumulates. The turtles forage in the seaweed and use it for shelter.
The turtles also traveled faster than predicted, reaching the waters off North Carolina within three weeks. At that speed, they could easily reach the Azores in less than a year. Although that timeline agrees with estimates based on passive drifting, the turtles take many side trips, which means their actual speed of locomotion is impressive.
Another surprise: the tags' temperature sensors consistently read several degrees higher than the turtles' local water temperature, which suggests that the seaweed mats keep these cold-blooded reptiles warm, an important condition for growth. | <urn:uuid:1d22ae97-3689-4fe6-84f2-5aef5dcdc1fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/where-do-baby-sea-turtles-go/?mobileFormat=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835844.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00309-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956984 | 570 | 3.6875 | 4 |
32Crmov Çeliğinin Aşınma Direncini Arttırmak İçin Yeni Bir Isıl İşlem Metodunun Geliştirilmesi
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.MetaDataShow full item record
In the boriding process, steel materials are kept in the boron-rich media during a certain period of time at a given temperature in order to form very hard second phaseses such as FeB and Fe2B (1500HV-2000HV ) on the surface of the steel by penetrating the boron into the material [2–5]. In this thesis, both powder boronizing and paste boronizing are applied in the boriding process. Using the boron paste, the protective layer is formed during the heat treatment, and thus the material is protected against oxidation. On the other hand, in powder boronizing, the experiments are conducted in a controlled atmospheric environment to prevent oxidation and in this thesis, atmosphere control is performed by using the inert gas argon . In both methods, after the heat treatment, the material is cooled rapidly by water quenching. This is due to the stabilization of the microstructure by rapid cooling. Different from the powder boronizing, the cooling process is also carried out in the cold part of the oven. Then, the material is cut in half to analyze the diffusion of boron to the surface. The material is first grinded using rough to fine SiC papers, and then the polishing process is performed with diamond suspension. The material is further etched with %2 nital solution in volume. Etching is a process for revealing the microstructure. The microstructures of etched materials are analyzed with optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is further utilized for observing the microstructures at higher magnification. To determine the phases formed on the surface, the materials are analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. Carburizing experiments are conducted without the use of inert atmosphere. The reason is that for the carburizing reaction, the initial reaction is needed in carboncontaining power material and the resulting CO provides the diffusion of carbon atom into the material. Commercially available charcoal, is used as a carbon powder for the carburizing process, all the steps described above are applied in the same fashion. | <urn:uuid:c1742132-3742-43b0-9cfc-4ccbf3072ba0> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11655/2873 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.920289 | 527 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Harmful and underage college drinking are significant public health problems, and they exact an enormous toll on the lives of students on campuses across the United States.
Drinking at college has become a ritual that students often see as an integral part of their higher education experience. Some students come to college with established drinking habits, and the college environment can lead to a problem. According to a national survey, almost 53 percent of full-time college students ages 18 to 22 drank alcohol in the past month and about 33 percent engaged in binge drinking during that same time frame.1 For the purposes of this survey, binge drinking was defined as consuming 5 drinks or more on one occasion for males and 4 drinks or more for females. However, some college students drink at least twice that amount, a behavior that is often called high-intensity drinking.2
What is “Binge Drinking?”
Many college alcohol problems are related to binge drinking. NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent—or 0.08 grams of alcohol per deciliter—or higher.* For a typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about 2 hours.11
Drinking this way can pose serious health and safety risks, including car crashes, drunk-driving arrests, sexual assaults, and injuries. Over the long term, frequent binge drinking can damage the liver and other organs.
*BAC of 0.08 percent corresponds to 0.08 grams per 100 milliliters.
Consequences of Harmful and Underage College Drinking
Drinking affects college students, their families, and college communities.
The most recent statistics from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) estimate that about 1,519 college students ages 18 to 24 die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.3
The most recent NIAAA statistics estimate that about 696,000 students ages 18 to 24 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.4
Although estimating the number of alcohol-related sexual assaults is exceptionally challenging—since sexual assault is typically underreported—researchers have confirmed a long-standing finding that 1 in 5 college women experience sexual assault during their time in college.5 A majority of sexual assaults in college involve alcohol or other substances.6,7 Research continues in order to better understand the relationships between alcohol and sexual assault among college students. Additional national survey data are needed to better estimate the number of alcohol-related assaults.
About one in four college students report experiencing academic difficulties from drinking, such as missing class or getting behind in schoolwork.8
In a national survey, college students who binge drank alcohol at least three times per week were roughly six times more likely to perform poorly on a test or project as a result of drinking (40 percent vs. 7 percent) than students who drank but never binged. The students who binge drank were also five times more likely to have missed a class (64 percent vs. 12 percent).9
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
Around 9 percent of full-time college students ages 18 to 22 meet the criteria for past-year AUD, according to a 2019 national survey.10
Other consequences include suicide attempts, health problems, injuries, unsafe sexual behavior, and driving under the influence of alcohol, as well as vandalism, damage, and involvement with the police.
How Much Is a Drink?
To avoid binge drinking and its consequences, college students (and all people who drink) are advised to track the number of drinks they consume over a given period of time. That is why it is important to know exactly what counts as a drink.
In the United States, a standard drink (or one alcoholic drink-equivalent) is one that contains 0.6 fl oz or 14 grams of pure alcohol (also known as an alcoholic drink- equivalent), which is found in the following:
- 12.0 oz of beer with about 5 percent alcohol content
- 5.0 oz of wine with about 12 percent alcohol content
- 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (e.g., gin, rum, tequila, vodka, and whiskey) with about 40 percent alcohol content
Unfortunately, although the standard drink (or alcoholic drink-equivalent) amounts are helpful for following health guidelines, they may not reflect customary serving sizes. A large cup of beer, an overpoured glass of wine, or a single mixed drink could contain much more alcohol than a standard drink. In addition, the percentage of pure alcohol varies within and across beverage types (e.g., beer, wine, and distilled spirits).
Factors Affecting Student Drinking
Although some students come to college already having some experience with alcohol, certain aspects of college life—such as unstructured time, widespread availability of alcohol, inconsistent enforcement of underage drinking laws, and limited interactions with parents and other adults—can lead to the problem. In fact, college students have higher binge-drinking rates and a higher incidence of driving under the influence of alcohol than their noncollege peers.
The first 6 weeks of freshman year are a vulnerable time for heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences because of student expectations and social pressures at the start of the academic year.
Factors related to specific college environments also are significant. Students attending schools with strong Greek systems or prominent athletic programs tend to drink more than students at other types of schools. In terms of living arrangements, alcohol consumption is highest among students living in fraternities and sororities and lowest among commuting students who live with their families.
An often overlooked preventive factor involves the continuing influence of parents. Research shows that students who choose not to drink often do so because their parents discussed alcohol use and its adverse consequences with them.
Addressing College Drinking
Ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of how to address the persistent and costly problem of harmful and underage student drinking. Successful efforts typically involve a mix of strategies that target individual students, the student body as a whole, and the broader college community.
Strategies Targeting Individual Students
Individual-level interventions target students, including those in higher risk groups such as first-year students, student athletes, members of Greek organizations, and mandated students. The interventions are designed to change student knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to alcohol so they drink less, take fewer risks, and experience fewer harmful consequences.
Categories of individual-level interventions include the following:
- Education and awareness programs
- Cognitive-behavioral skills-based approaches
- Motivation and feedback-related approaches
- Behavioral interventions by health professionals
Strategies Targeting the Campus and Surrounding Community
Environmental-level strategies target the campus community and student body as a whole. They are designed to change the campus and community environments where student drinking occurs. Often, a major goal is to reduce the availability of alcohol, because research shows that reducing alcohol availability cuts consumption and harmful consequences on campuses as well as in the general population.
Alcohol Overdose and College Students
Thousands of college students are transported to the emergency room each year for alcohol overdose, which occurs when there is so much alcohol in the bloodstream that areas of the brain controlling basic life-support functions—such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature control—begin to shut down. Signs of this dangerous condition can include the following:
- Mental confusion, stupor
- Difficulty remaining conscious or inability to wake up
- Slow breathing (fewer than eight breaths per minute)
- Irregular breathing (10 seconds or more between breaths)
- Slow heart rate
- Clammy skin
- Dulled responses, such as no gag reflex (which prevents choking)
- Extremely low body temperature, bluish skin color, or paleness
Alcohol overdose can lead to permanent brain damage or death, so a person showing any of these signs requires immediate medical attention. Do not wait for the person to have all the symptoms, and be aware that a person who has passed out can die. Call 911 if you suspect alcohol overdose.
A Mix of Strategies Is Best
For more information on individual- and environmental-level strategies, visit NIAAA's CollegeAIM (which stands for College Alcohol Intervention Matrix) guide and interactive website. Revised and updated in 2020, CollegeAIM rates more than 60 alcohol interventions for effectiveness, cost, and other factors—and presents the information in a user-friendly and accessible way.
In general, the most effective interventions in CollegeAIM represent a range of counseling options and policies related to sales and access. After analyzing alcohol problems at their own schools, officials can use the CollegeAIM ratings to find the best combination of interventions for their students and unique circumstances.
Research suggests that creating a safer campus and reducing harmful and underage student drinking will likely come from a combination of individual- and environmental-level interventions that work together to maximize positive effects. Strong leadership from a concerned college president in combination with engaged parents, an involved campus community, and a comprehensive program of evidence-based strategies can help address harmful student drinking.
For more information, please visit: https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/CollegeAIM
1 SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table 6.21B—Types of Illicit Drug, Tobacco Product, and Alcohol Use in Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 22, by College Enrollment Status and Gender: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2019.htm#tab6-21b. Accessed January 11, 2021.
2 Hingson, R.W.; Zha, W.; and White, A.M. Drinking beyond the binge threshold: Predictors, consequences, and changes in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52(6):717–727, 2017. PMID: 28526355
3 Methodology for arriving at estimates described in Hingson, R.; Zha, W.; and Smyth, D. Magnitude and trends in heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-impaired driving, and alcohol-related mortality and overdose hospitalizations among emerging adults of college ages 18–24 in the United States, 1998–2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 78(4):540–548, 2017. PMID: 28728636
4 Methodology for arriving at estimates described in Hingson, R.; Heeren, T.; Winter, M.; and Wechsler, H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: Changes from 1998 to 2001. Annual Review of Public Health 26:259–279, 2005. PMID: 15760289
5 Muehlenhard, C.; Peterson, Z.; Humphreys, T.; Jozkowski, K. Evaluating the one-in-five statistic: Women's risk of sexual assault while in college. The Journal of Sex Research 54(4-5):549–5756, 2017. PMID: 28375675
6 Carey, K.B,; Durney, S.E.; Shepardson, R.L.; Carey, M.P. Incapacitated and forcible rape of college women: Prevalence across the first year. Journal of Adolescent Health 56(6):678–680, 2015. PMID: 26003585
7 Lawyer, S.; Resnick, H,; Bakanic, V.; Burkett, T.; Kilpatrick, D. Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women. Journal of American College Health 58(5):453–460, 2010. PMID: 20304757
8 Wechsler, H.; Lee, J.E.; Kuo, M.; et al. Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study Surveys: 1993-2001. Journal of American College Health 50(5):203–217, 2002. PMID: 11990979
9 Presley, C.A.; and Pimentel, E.R. The introduction of the heavy and frequent drinker: A proposed classification to increase accuracy of alcohol assessments in postsecondary educational settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 67(2):324–331, 2006. PMID:16562416
10 SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table 6.23B—Alcohol Use Disorder in Past Year among Persons Aged 18 to 22, by College Enrollment Status and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2019.htm#tab6-23b. Accessed September 17, 2020.
11 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Defining binge drinking. What Colleges Need to Know Now. https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/1College_Bulleting-508_361C4E.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2021. | <urn:uuid:6416aa4e-c703-4003-8c29-dd933ebf0047> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/college-drinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.917515 | 2,832 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Mary Glendinning (1768-1847), wife of David Thomson (1763-1834), was known as the Mother of Scarborough, Ontario.1 When the couple settled there in 1799, they were the first permanent European residents of the future Toronto suburb. David, a stone mason as well as a farmer, was often away working, leaving Mary at home to do the household chores and raise their 11 children.2
In addition to her role as mother to her own children and symbolic mother of this pioneer farming community, Mary was also aunt to my two-times great-grandfather, John Glendinning, and his siblings, and that family eventually followed Mary from Scotland to Scarborough.
Mary and David Thomson came to Upper Canada in 1796.3 At first they lived in Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) with David's brother Archibald. In 1797, they moved to York, as Toronto was then known, where David had a contract to build Governor Simcoe's new government houses, while Mary took in sewing. But York was in a marshy area near Lake Ontario and Mary complained it was damp and unhealthy, so the family took the old trail used by the native people east from the town until they found a spot they liked near Highland Creek, Scarborough Township. There, they began clearing trees, built a log house and planted crops.
|Thomson Memorial in St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Cemetery (see Note 1 below)|
The Thomsons were originally from Westerkirk parish, Dumfriesshire, in the southwest of Scotland. They must have written enthusiastic letters to their relatives back home, telling them of the fertile farmland available in Upper Canada. For people like the Glendinnings, who had been tenant farmers and labourers for generations and had no hope of ever owning land in Scotland, immigration offered a unique chance to own property.
Very few immigrants were able to join the Thomsons until after the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815) ended. This series of international conflicts made it very difficult for civilians to cross the Atlantic. When peace came, not only did travel become easier, but an economic depression in Great Britain pushed more people to take a chance on starting new lives abroad.4
Mary’s sisters Lilas and Jane and her brother John remained in Scotland, but her brother James Glendinning and his family settled in Streetsville, in Upper Canada, and brother William went to New Brunswick.5 Another brother, Walter Glendinning (b. 1770), and his wife, Elizabeth Park, probably immigrated to Scarborough, probably around 1820 .6 Their children – Mary’s nieces and nephews – unquestionably immigrated, since there are records of their births in Dumfriesshire and their marriages and deaths in Scarborough.
According to Ian Glendinning, compiler of the online Glendinning family tree (http://www.glendinning.name/index.html, Walter and Elizabeth Glendinning’s children were:
James, b. Westerkirk, 1796; m. Eliza Jane Wilkinson; d. Scarborough, 1861
Janet b. Westerkirk, 1798
Andrew, b. Westerkirk, 1800
William, b. Westerkirk, 1802; m. Elizabeth Borthwick, 1830; d. Scarborough, 1842
Archibald, b. Westerkirk, 1804; m. Jean Stobo, 1834; d. Scarborough, 1883
John, b. Westerkirk, 1807; m Margaret Whiteside, 1833; d. Scarborough, 1855
Walter, b. Westerkirk, 1809
Isabel, b. Westerkirk, 1814; d. Scarborough, 1832
Margaret, b. c. 1819, Scotland; m. Andrew Bertram; d. before 1861
When the Thomsons arrived in Scarborough in 1799, the government granted land to settlers for free, although people had to improve the land before they received title to it. Many of the people who received land in Scarborough’s early days were Loyalists, but few of them actually lived there or cleared the land for farming. Most of the early property owners rented out and eventually sold the land at a profit to later immigrants, like the Glendinnings. The Glendinnings would have rented until they could afford to purchase their farms.
A Toronto directory published in 18377 showed five Glendinning households in Scarborough: Walter on Concession I lot 28; Archibald and William both on Concession I lot 29 (the brothers shared the farm and Archibald had additional business interests, including the first store in the area); John on Concession V, lot 35; and James on Concession II, lot 23.
Ontario land title records8 confirm that members of the Glendinning family did eventually buy their farms. In 1829, William Glendinning and Archibald Glendinning purchased Concession I lots 29 and 30 from John Richardson. In 1850, John Glendinning bought lots 34 and 35 on Concession V from Thomas Street and, in 1861, Archibald Glendinning bought Concession I lot 28 from Kings College. Finally, they achieved their dreams of land ownership.
“The Glendinnings of Westerkirk”, Writinguptheancestors.blogspot.ca, Dec. 3, 2016, http://writinguptheancestors.blogspot.ca/2016/12/the-glendinnings-of-westerkirk.html
“Isabella Hamilton the North-West Rebellion,” Writinguptheancestors.blgospot.ca, Nov. 8, 2013, http://writinguptheancestors.blogspot.ca/2013/11/isabella-hamilton-and-north-west_8.html
(Isabella (Glendenning) Hamilton, daughter of John Glendinning and Margaret Whiteside, was my great-grandmother.)
Notes and Sources
1. There is a monument, erected in 1921, in St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Scarborough, “to the memory of Mary Thomson, the Mother of Scarborough, who died the 8th of Nov. 1847, aged 80 years.” The inscription recounts some of the hardships Mary experienced living in the wilderness, and it notes that, “as her husband, she lived and died respected, leaving behind her about 100 descendants.”
The inscription across the bottom of the monument reads, “Erected to the memory of David Thomson and his wife Mary Glendinning by the descendants of David, Andrew and Archibald Thomson and Walter Glendinning, the pioneer settlers of Scarborough. May the memory of their immortal courage inspire us in the difficult paths of life.” I assume the Walter Glendinning mentioned in this inscription was Mary’s brother (and my three-times great-grandfather). Source: St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Cemetery (Bendale), Scarborough, Ontario. Transcribed by the Ontario Genealogical Society, Toronto Branch, 1988 and 1993.
2. Robert R. Bonis, ed. A History of Scarborough, Scarborough: Scarborough Public Library, 1968; PDF, http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/281086.pdf. This book includes a chapter on the early pioneers of Scarborough, including the Thomsons.
3. David Thomson’s brother Archibald was the first member of the Thomson family to come to North America, settling in New York State in 1773. He remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution and moved to Canada after the war, eventually settling in Scarborough. David’s other brother, Andrew, also immigrated to Canada and lived on the farm next to David and Mary.
4. Peter Aitchison and Andrew Cassell, The Lowland Clearances: Scotland’s Silent Revolution, 1760-1830, East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd, 2003. This book describes the wave of emigration from the lowlands of Scotland because the landlords wanted to clear the tenant farmers off the land, enclose the fields with fences and raise cattle. This was not exactly the situation in Dumfriesshire, however, the book puts the family’s decision to leave their homeland into historical context.
5. The home page of Ian Glendinning’s family tree is http://www.glendinning.name/index.html
Mary Glendinning, # 51, and her brother Walter, # 52, are fourth generation, http://www.glendinning.name/ancestry/glenfam/pafg04.htm; Walter’s children, who immigrated to Upper Canada and married there, are the fifth generation on this tree.
6. History of Toronto and the County of York Ontario, Volume II, Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson, publisher, 1885, p. 270. https://archive.org/details/historyoftoronto02mulvuoft This book states that Archibald Glendinning (Walter’s son, b. 1804) arrived in 1820, and other later publications repeat that date, but there is no evidence it is accurate and not just someone’s guess.
I have not yet found death records for father Walter Glendinning or his wife Elizabeth, so I cannot confirm that they came to Upper Canada, but it is very likely they did so since their children were very young in 1820, when the family is said to have arrived. Also, Walter had a son Walter (b, 1809), so it is not clear whether the Walter Glendinning listed in an 1837 directory of the Toronto area was the father or the son.
7. George Walton, The City of Toronto and the Home District Directory and Register with Almanack and Calendar for 1837, Toronto, U.C., printed by T. Dalton and W. J. Coates, p. 128; http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/706129.pdf
8. This information was provided by the Scarborough Historical Society archivist from microfilm of the Ontario land records. | <urn:uuid:5c2ba1d3-91fe-448f-8f2c-7fcf036eee8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://writinguptheancestors.blogspot.ca/2016/12/the-glendinnings-of-scarborough.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607242.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522230356-20170523010356-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.957632 | 2,148 | 3.3125 | 3 |
A history of Puerto Rican immigration to Philadelphia
From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia
Puerto Rican Workers and Postwar Economies
Search the full text of this book
Carmen Teresa Whalen
"We were poor but we had everything we needed," reminisces Doña Epifania. Nonetheless, when a man she knew told her about a job in Philadelphia, she grasped the opportunity to leave Coamas. "He went to Puerto Rico and told me there were beans to cook. I came here and cooked for fourteen workers." In San Lorenzo, Doña Carmen and her husband made the same decision: "We didn't want to, nobody wanted to leave. . . . There wasn't any alternative." Don Florencio recalls that in Salinas work had gotten scarce, "especially for the youth, the young men. . . . The farmworker that was used to cutting cane, already the sugar cane was disappearing," and government licensing regulations made fishing "more difficult for the poor."
Puerto Rican migration to the mainland following World War II took place for a range of reasonsglobalization of the economy, the colonial relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico, state policies, changes in regional and local economies, social networks, and, not least, the decisions made by individual immigrants. In this wide-ranging book, Carmen Whalen weaves them all into a tapestry of Puerto Rican immigration to Philadelphia.
Like African Americans and Mexicans, Puerto Ricans were recruited for low-wage jobs, only to confront racial discrimination as well as economic restructuring. As Whalen shows, they were part of that wave of newcomers who come from areas in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia characterized by a heavy U.S. military and economic presence, especially export processing zones, looking for a new life in depressed urban environments already populated by earlier labor migrants. But Puerto Rican immigration was also unique, especially in its regional and gender dimensions. Many migrants came as part of contract labor programs shaped by competing agendas.
By the 1990s, economic conditions, government policies, and racial ideologies had transformed Puerto Rican labor migrants into what has been called "the other underclass." Professor Whalen analyzes this continuation of "culture of poverty" interpretations and contrasts it with the efforts of Philadelphia Puerto Ricans to recreate their communities and deal with the impact of economic restructuring and residential segregation in the City of Brotherly Love.
"[R]epresents the best of several writings...in English on the social and cultural history of Puerto Ricans in the United States. Whalen's magnificent prose tells the story of several generations of Puerto Rican families from the municipalities of Salinas and San Lorenzo who have chosen the path of migration to Philadelphia. Her detailed descriptions and rich analyses are the result of research in firsthand archival records and documents on Puerto Rico's planned migration and show how that policy formed one of the many pillars of the country's economic development strategy early in the 1940s."
"Whalen pushes us to consider whether this is the direction that women's history needs to go if it wants to treat racism and migration seriously: telling community stories rather than focusing on women per se, and showing, rather than assuming, that gender is an important piece of how racism and colonialism are lived."
List of Maps, Figures, and Tables
Carmen Teresa Whalen is Assistant Professor of Puerto Rican and Hispanic Caribbean Studies at Rutgers University. | <urn:uuid:705fc90d-f28d-45b4-ac24-e1fac5a8b78f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1524_reg_right.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458866468.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501054106-00099-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961612 | 698 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of scientific evidence, but it has also begun to uncover divides within scientific communities themselves. While conspiracy theories and misinformation abound, there is an equally vital discussion to be had on the relationship between scientific evidence, citizen understanding and agency. What sources of scientific evidence should we trust and why? How transparent should scientific models and projections – and the advice following from these models and projections – be, and how are citizens even to interpret this? What are the responsibilities of governments and the media in interpreting and questioning these models, and how is this possible if ministers, advisers and journalists lack proper education in scientific methods? More generally, how is the coronavirus pandemic reshaping our relationship with science and what are the impacts on our individual and collective agency? What can we learn about the relationship between scientific evidence and political decision-making in relation to climate change? | <urn:uuid:d5458882-c5db-49f6-86e4-dd5460b3f8c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ditchley.com/evidence-and-individual-agency-coronavirus-pandemic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.950155 | 179 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For the first time, scientists have a clearer understanding of how to control the appearance of a superconducting phase in a material, adding crucial fundamental knowledge and perhaps setting the stage for advances in the field of superconductivity.
The paper, published in Physical Review Letters, focuses on a calcium-iron-arsenide single crystal, which has structural, thermodynamic and transport properties that can be varied through carefully controlled synthesis, similar to the application of pressure. To make this discovery, researchers focused on how these changes alter the material's Fermi surface, which maps the specific population and arrangement of electrons in materials.
"The Fermi surface is basically the 'Genetic-Code'>genetic code' for causing a certain property, including superconductivity, in a material," said Athena Safa-Sefat of the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which led the research team. "We can make different phases of this material in single crystal forms and measure their structure and properties, but now we have Fermi surface signatures that explain why we can't induce superconductivity in a certain structural phase of this material."
Superconducting wires conduct electricity without resistance and could save the nation billions of dollars per year by virtually eliminating transmission losses on the grid, or they can be used to make compact, light and powerful motors and generators. This particular material is of special interest because it adds critical knowledge to the field of superconductivity that will ultimately allow such widespread applications.
The lead author of this paper, Krzysztof Gofryk, who did this work as a post-doctoral fellow at ORNL, showed how the interplay of structure and magnetism affected the Fermi surface and hence the electronic properties.
This research was funded by DOE's Office of Science and by LANL's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program.
Tell us what you think of Chemistry 2011 -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. Have any problems using the site? Questions? | <urn:uuid:51fee7cc-e3a4-411c-bd0d-ada4913d0c10> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.chemistry2011.org/news/PhysicalChemistry/MaterialsScience/CluesForSuperconductivityInAnIronbasedMaterial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00313-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930799 | 410 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Climate change is any major change that has been occurring for at least 10 years in the temperature, precipitation, wind, and other weather patterns that we measure. Across the planet in general, temperatures are rising and rainfall is increasing, but changes are not occurring everywhere. In some places temperatures may stay the same or drop, while other places may have far less rainfall. As a result of the changing climate, serious weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods, and tropical cyclones happen more often. Some types of air pollution may also increase. These changes have the potential to affect human health in several direct and indirect ways, some of them severe.
This symbol means you are leaving the CDC.gov Web site. For more information, please see CDC's Exit Notification and Disclaimer policy.
Copyrighted images: Images on this website which are copyrighted were used with permission of the copyright holder and are not in the public domain. CDC has licensed these images for use in the materials provided on this website, and the materials in the form presented on this website may be used without seeking further permission. Any other use of copyrighted images requires permission from the copyright holder.
Tracking Hot Topics
- Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction
- EPA's Map of Radon Zones
- 28 Days to a Healthier Heart
- Go Red for Women — How to Prevent Heart Disease
- Heart Health and Air Pollution Toolkit
- What You Can Do to Prevent Heart Disease
- Tracking Fellowship Milestone
- View our Tracking Success Stories to learn how Tracking is making a difference across the U.S. | <urn:uuid:dae9471f-6d80-4e60-be43-39b413e093e2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showClimateChangeLanding.action | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463165.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00319-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918795 | 327 | 3.703125 | 4 |
+ Positive Mitzvah
Tell of the Exodus from Egypt on the 15th of Nissan at night.
“You shall tell your son on that day..” Shmos 13:8
The Mitzvah is to tell the children according to their understanding, even if you don’t have a son it’s a Mitzvah to relate this story.
The more one tells of the Exodus from Egypt the more praiseworthy it is.
This applies in every place at all times for men and women. | <urn:uuid:798d9dee-07a9-4853-89b1-0b11638eafeb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dailymitzvot.org/positive/24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506658.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924155422-20230924185422-00854.warc.gz | en | 0.927892 | 115 | 2.515625 | 3 |
"Interactive hydrothermal mineralisation; 'the rock with the hole' demo". The mineralising chemicals dissolved in hydrothermal fluids have two possible sources:
a) when rocks deep underground are heated, the fluids they contain are able to dissolve minerals in the surrounding rocks more readily, and then the hot fluids rise;
b) when igneous magmas cool, at a late stage of cooling, a watery fluid rich in mineralising chemicals often separates and rises.
Tin, lead, copper and iron are common metallic hydrothermal minerals.
This is one of many interactive, hands-on Earth-related activities which can all be found on our website. | <urn:uuid:699a9ca0-f78c-4fec-810c-e79ee3a2cd58> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://earthlearningidea.blogspot.com/2012/03/hydrothermal-mineralisation-rock-with.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900030.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00241-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915458 | 138 | 2.75 | 3 |
A pregnant woman usually has a million thoughts going through her mind about her labor and delivery. One thing that many women don’t think about is the possibility of fatal placenta complications occurring in their pregnancy. Even though the women might not think about them, the doctors who care for pregnant women should always be on the lookout for these types of issues. One of the serious issues that can occur is when the placenta attaches too deeply to the uterine wall.
What are the the names of these placenta issues and how often do they occur?
Depending on how deeply and severely the placenta is attached, the condition is classified as placenta accreta, placenta percreta or placenta increta. These three conditions occur in only around one out of every 2,500 pregnancies.
What is placenta accreta?
Placenta accreta is the least severe of all three types, and it occurs in around 75 percent of these cases. In this instance, the placenta is attached too deeply to the uterine wall, but it isn’t attached so deeply that the muscles are penetrated.
What is placenta percreta?
Placenta percreta is the most serious of these cases, and it occurs in around 5 percent of cases. In this instance, the placenta penetrates through the uterine wall and muscle, and it attaches to another organ. In some cases, that organ is the bladder.
What is placenta increta?
Placenta increta is in the middle of the other two conditions, and it occurs in around 15 percent of cases. In this instance, the placenta attaches too deeply in the uterine wall and it penetrates the uterine muscle.
When one of these placenta issues is present, surgical delivery of the baby is usually necessary. In some cases, it might be possible to spare the uterus, but a hysterectomy might be necessary. If a woman has a placenta issue and it isn’t handled properly, she and the baby are at risk of death. Mishandling of these conditions can lead to medical malpractice lawsuits.
Source: American Pregnancy Association, “Placenta Accreta,” accessed Nov. 17, 2016 | <urn:uuid:a8bbbdd4-d39e-4bac-8b2a-9c298e9d0783> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.parhamlaw.com/blog/2016/11/what-problems-occur-with-a-deeply-attached-placenta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703500028.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116044418-20210116074418-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.944717 | 487 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The North and South poles are the points on the Earth where the axis of rotation intersects the surface of the planet. They are the furthest points from the equator.
Because they are on the axis of rotation, the spin that gives the rest of the world day and night does not have the same effect at the poles. The orbit, not the spin, causes the sun to move up and down in the sky. The sun goes around and around in the sky at the North pole in Summer, and around in the sky at the South pole in Winter. The equinox is the only time the sun can be seen from both poles, and then, it is on the horizon. All the rest of the time, the sun shines on one pole and the other is in darkness. It reaches it's maximum altitude of about 23.5 degrees above the horizon at the solstice, the same as the angle between the equator and the ecliptic. The poles are cold because the sun never gets very high, so the sunlight (and radiant heat from the sun) is spread more thinly over a larger area.
Latitude is an angular measure of the distance between a point and the equator, colatitude is an angular measure of the distance between a point and the poles. The poles are at 90 degrees latitude, 0 degrees colatitude. The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are at 23.5 degrees latitude, (90 - 23.5) degrees = 66.5 degrees colatitude. The equator is 0 degrees latitude, 90 degrees colatitude.
The poles are the two places on the Earth where there is no longitude. | <urn:uuid:f1958c57-82c3-46ec-bb3b-d75ac9939016> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://m.everything2.com/title/Poles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514570740.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915052433-20190915074433-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.919616 | 342 | 4.21875 | 4 |
View from India: Covid-19 keeps R&D busy
Dealing with the rapidly increasing number of Covid-19 infections in India has opened channels for collaborative work and research. The approach is multidisciplinary and technology is being used at scale for mass reach.
The Government of India (GoI) and state governments, along with science and technical institutions, are working on various solutions and test kits to detect symptoms of the virus. These innovative scientific measures will help in bolstering the Make in India Initiative.
The Department of Science and Technology-Science and Engineering Board (DST-SERB) has announced special research projects to ramp up national R&D efforts against the epidemic.
DST-SERB has put together a special expert committee, which has selected five projects whose technologies will help find effective measures to combat the infection. As of now, there is no vaccine or treatment for Covid-19 but R&D labs and premier educational institutions have begun work in this direction.
The first of the five projects will help identify novel therapies; a potential metabolite biomarker signature for the Covid infection needs to be identified to make this happen.
The second revolves around the development of cost-effective virucidal coatings for surgical masks. This is required to prevent infectious diseases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).
The third R&D project will focus on antiviral surface coatings to prevent the infection from spreading. Small molecular and polymeric compounds coated on various surfaces will kill respiratory viruses upon contact.
The fourth project will develop chemical formulations for decontamination of surfaces, with a focus on materials that can, for example, be used in mops to remove any viruses or bacteria.
The fifth and final project is concerned with the development of antibody-based capture of 2019-nCoV and inactivating it at the point of entry through lipid-based in-situ gels.
Scientists are also being urged by the DST to put on their thinking caps and work on mathematical models that will reveal how Covid-19 spreads in a population. Their insights will offer data-driven forecasts of coronavirus infections.
GoI has launched a new mobile app called Aarogya Setu, an official source of Covid-19 information, which aims to connect citizens to essential health services. It supports Indian vernaculars and warns users if they have come close to people infected with coronavirus. It can be accessed free of charge on the Google Play Store.
The Union Ministry of Agriculture's web-based platform, e-Nam (National Agriculture Market), has launched new features fine-tuned to decongest markets, enabling farmers to sell their produce safely through initiatives such as remote bidding and mobile payments.
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, the administrative body responsible for civic amenities in Bangalore, has brought in drone developers to maintain levels of hygiene and disinfect public places including markets, bus stops and railway stations. Drone developers Neel Sagar G (an aerospace engineer), Vinay Kumar (an aeronautical engineer), Nishanth Murali (a civil engineer) and Naga Praveen (an electronic engineer) have used six hexacopter drones, which can carry 15 litres of disinfectant and operate for six to seven hours a day.
Covid-19 has paved the way for new collaborations between educational institutions and medical bodies. A case in point is the partnership between the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Roorkee and All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh. Together, they plan to develop a low-cost ventilator called Prana Vayu. A prototype is being created and the technology is expected to be low-cost, safe and reliable, as well as lend itself for mass production.
With some innovation and out-of-the-box thinking, the R&D Team at IIT Guwahati has developed a polymerase chain reaction machine. The machine can analyse 1,000 samples in 12 hours and two such units are already up and running at the Guwahati Medical College.
Across India, ventilators are in great demand and there are shortages. The Indian Institute of Science, located in Bangalore, has sprung into action with a group of engineers coming together to build a prototype of an electro-mechanical ventilator. The ventilator is being made from scratch with Indian components and is expected to be ready in the coming weeks.
Pune’s Mylab laboratory has arrived at test kits for R-PCR (rapid-polymerase chain reaction). This is being implemented in Kerala for testing people with Covid-19 symptoms.
The Indian Council of Medical Research has approved of an at-home screening test kit created by genetic and microbiome testing firm Bione based out of Bangalore. The finger-prick test is the first of its kind in the country during this pandemic.
While a real breakthrough solution for Covid-19 is yet to happen, all these efforts will hopefully send out alerts to the country and its citizens in view of such virus spreads in future. Let’s wish that these solutions are fast tracked to be deployed to every last individual.
Sign up to the E&T News e-mail to get great stories like this delivered to your inbox every day. | <urn:uuid:0b3c8ca4-2dcf-48f0-a98f-16d35d6b2564> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/04/view-from-india-covid-19-keeps-rd-units-busy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388012.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525063708-20200525093708-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.945673 | 1,112 | 2.703125 | 3 |
An analysis of the DSM-IV field trials revealed differences in ages at onset according to ADHD subtype, with the inattentive group exhibiting a later onset (3). The authors of this report also questioned the criterion's diagnostic utility, as its adoption increased false negatives in comparison with clinical validation diagnosis (clinicians validated 75% of cases meeting symptom criteria but lacking the onset criterion). Data from an adult population survey showed that only 50% of individuals with clinical features of ADHD retrospectively recalled an onset before age 7; by contrast, 95% recalled an onset before age 12 and 99% before age 16 (4). A series of studies examining later-onset ADHD cases found that individuals who did not meet the onset criterion resembled those with the full diagnosis in terms of neuropsychological profile, comorbidity, substance use, personality traits, and impairment (5—8). Response to treatment with stimulants has also been shown to be similar among children, adolescents, and adults whether or not they met criterion B (9, 10). Cohort studies, which are unbiased by memory recall, have confirmed the similarities between early- and late-onset ADHD groups in terms of psychopathology and impairment (11—13). For example, in a representative sample of the British population prospectively assessed for ADHD, those with symptoms before age 7 years and those with a new onset of symptoms between ages 7 and 12 years did not differ significantly on clinical, cognitive, and impairment measures or in environmental stressors or perinatal risk factors (G. Polanczyk et al., personal communication, 2009). Prospective data also demonstrate the poor stability of the recall of age at onset, with nearly one-half of the children assessed and diagnosed with ADHD not meeting the onset criterion in later life when reassessed retrospectively (12). In contrast, no studies provided significant findings differentiating children with onset before and after age 7 years. | <urn:uuid:7013f116-d67f-44b4-ab5d-61d4cf40a3d6> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=102072 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164959491/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134919-00067-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930209 | 387 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Reads a file in table format
Reads a file in table format and creates a data frame from it, with cases corresponding to lines and variables to fields in the file.
WARNING: This method is very much in an alpha stage. Expect it to change.
This method is an extension to the default
function in R. It is possible to specify a column name to column class
map such that the column classes are automatically assigned from the
column header in the file.
In addition, it is possible to read any subset of rows. The method is optimized such that only columns and rows that are of interest are parsed and read into R's memory. This minimizes memory usage at the same time as it speeds up the reading.
# S3 method for default readTable(file, colClasses=NULL, isPatterns=FALSE, defColClass=NA, header=FALSE, skip=0, nrows=-1, rows=NULL, col.names=NULL, check.names=FALSE, path=NULL, ..., stripQuotes=TRUE, method=c("readLines", "intervals"), verbose=FALSE)
connectionor a filename. If a filename, the path specified by
pathis added to the front of the filename. Unopened files are opened and closed at the end.
Either a named or an unnamed
vector. If unnamed, it specified the column classes just as used by
read.table. If it is a named vector,
names(colClasses)are used to match the column names read (this requires that
header=TRUE) and the column classes are set to the corresponding values.
TRUE, the matching of
names(colClasses)to the read column names is done by regular expressions matching.
If the column class map specified by a named
colClassesargument does not match some of the read column names, the column class is by default set to this class. The default is to read the columns in an "as is" way.
TRUE, column names are read from the file.
The number of lines (commented or non-commented) to skip before trying to read the header or alternatively the data table.
The number of rows to read of the data table. Ignored if
An row index
vectorspecifying which rows of the table to read, e.g. row one is the row following the header. Non-existing rows are ignored. Note that rows are returned in the same order they are requested and duplicated rows are also returned.
Same as in
Same as in
read.table(), but default value is
fileis a filename, this path is added to it, otherwise ignored.
Arguments passed to
TRUE, quotes are stripped from values before being parse. This argument is only effective when
(readLines())is used internally to first only read rows of interest, which is then passed to
"intervals", contiguous intervals are first identified in the rows of interest. These intervals are the read one by one using
read.table(). The latter methods is faster and especially more memory efficient if the intervals are not too many, where as the former is preferred if many "scattered" rows are to be read. | <urn:uuid:c059960d-bb20-4808-9b71-a879785ec45b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/R.utils/versions/2.9.0/topics/readTable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400249545.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926231818-20200927021818-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.790875 | 683 | 3.375 | 3 |
Cervical Herniated: Symptoms and Treatment
The cervical is the area of the spine that supports the head. All the vertebrae of the spine are interspersed with cartilaginous discs, which are useful to avoid friction between the vertebrae. When a cartilaginous disc moves, by pressing on the adjacent nerve root, they form the hernia.
When the compression of the nerve affects the cervical spine, it is called cervical hernia, which usually is between c4 and c5, c6 and c5 or c6 and c7 (i.e. between the fourth and the seventh cervical vertebra).
The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae stacked like bricks, among which are the cartilage disks. The vertebrae are numbered from top to bottom and depart from c1 to c7.
What are the cervical hernia symptoms?
Usually, the cervical hernia develops in the age group between 30 and 50 years and can be from some sort of trauma or injury to the neck. The most common symptoms are …
- Neck pain
- Pain in the arm
- Numbness and tingling that starts from the arm and reaches up to the fingertips
- Weakness of the neck muscles
- Weakness and shoulder muscle pain
How is a herniated cervical disc?
The primary goal of treating cervical hernia, for each patient, is to help alleviate the pain and other symptoms caused by slipped. To achieve this, the treatment plan for each patient should be individualized depending on the source of the pain, severity and symptoms.
The therapies are based on take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy and rehabilitation, surgery in severe cases.
You may also like to read another article on CarolineJoyBlog: How to cure cervical
Cervical Herniated: Exercises to get better
Neck strengthening exercises, in the case of cervical hernia, can help to improve the functioning of the neck, reducing the risk of further injuries and protect against secondary arthritic events.
The isometric exercises are useful for the strengthening of the neck muscles. Between these …
- Put your palm against his forehead (contrasted forward flexion).
- Push against the hand, using your neck muscles. We must offer some resistance to the muscles of the neck pushing forward.
- Continue to push for 10-30 seconds, breathing normally.
- Repeat the exercise 2-3 times.
- The same exercise should be done by placing the palm of the hand laterally to the head (opposed lateral flexion).
- Run, then, the rotation of the head slowly from left to right and from right to left.
The postural alignment of the spine should be performed by placing the entire column on a wall, while the subject is in an upright position with legs slightly apart and arms dangling, bend the legs and slid down until you obtain a bending of the legs of approximately 90°. Go up slowly, remaining adherent to the wall. | <urn:uuid:e42a4a63-3ce1-4e1c-9f5b-7b2e80289735> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://carolinejoyblog.com/cervical-herniated-symptoms-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358469.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128043743-20211128073743-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.927222 | 639 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Operation and Supply Chain Management: An overview
Supply chain management is a process for assembling materials, manufacturing to turn them into a product, and finally delivering them to customers. The day-to-day activities and coordination required of the supply chain executive are with various departments. Having said that, they work closely with every touchpoint of the supply chain such as logistics, suppliers, manufactures, delivery agents, and so on. More often you will find companies handling supply chain activities of international giants like Amazon, Flipkart, and so on.
The Supply chain management PGDM course teaches you in-depth knowledge of the process required to conduct supply chain activities. Students learn how critical aspects of supply chain processes are resolved. The most critical part of the process is evaluating the risk involved and the security measures needed. Since now everything has shifted to digital, the main concern is to keep an eye out for any cyber-fraud incidents and make sure end-to-end encryption is present to keep the information discreet.
The responsibility of a supply chain manager is to keep track of all the activities, make sure there is an SOP in place, keep a check on the suppliers. They also play a vital role in forecasting demand for the future to look over inventory management. Students who opt for operations and supply chain management courses are briefed about the roles and responsibilities in the field of the supply chain.
In today’s world where everything has become online, it has given a rise to the business of the supply chain. Hence, the industry requires students who have the desired skills to work in this sector. Operations and supply chain management course focuses on brushing the skills of every student to prepare them for their roles and responsibilities. These individuals are also expected to add value to the supply chain processes of organizations.
Operations management handles more of the internal business processes of an organization. The main focus is to make sure that all the internal functions are smooth such as planning, maintenance of different departments, and analyzing various systems of the organization. A operations and supply chain management PGDM course gives a detailed overview of which departments are involved in operations. For example, an operations manager’s job is to keep the coordination intact between different departments of the organization. The purpose of this is to maintain the business operations.
The industry expects operations and supply chain course students to be skilled at knowing the recent trends of the industry. Simultaneously, they also require candidates who can improve the work efficiency of organizations by bringing innovative methods.
Choosing the right institute for Operations and Supply Chain Management PGDM course.
Since operations and supply chain management is a very critical part of business activities, the industry wants management students to have the right knowledge and skills required to do the job. As the industry looks at management students as future leaders/managers, they expect institutes to groom the personality and skills of every candidate. However, you will see very less institute that focuses on taking an extra step towards personality development, or, building the confidence of a student
ITM iConnect Program has a 2-year full-time course in Operations and Supply Chain Management. The program is designed to build confidence in students so that they can tackle business challenges. ITM has an intensive 5 months internship program that helps them to know the ground realities of businesses. The in-house placement cell of the institute guarantees 100% placement assistance. It also helps students acquire PPO during their internships. The curriculum of the Operation and Supply Chain Management course at ITM is tailor-made by industry experts.
What is the difference between Operations and Supply Chain Management?
The main difference between operations and supply chain management is that Supply Chain Management is more concerned with the external activities of the business such as distribution, manufacturing, logistics, delivery, and so on. Whereas, Operations management deals with internal operations of an organization such as maintaining coordination with the departments, planning and controlling, etc.
Operations and Supply chain management post-graduate course gives an in-depth understanding of the difference between the two. The role of an operations manager is to look at the daily activities of the organization. The role of a supply chain manager is to spend much of their time dealing and negotiating with the suppliers and distributors.
To build a successful career, students need to understand that the industry is looking for management graduates. They need to have accurate skills and knowledge about the roles and responsibilities of operation and supply chain. Hence, students are advised to do a PGDM course in Supply and operations management. This will give a competitive edge while entering the industry.
A operations and supply chain course will allow students to gain hands-on experience on various software and tools required to conduct business operations. | <urn:uuid:c2988189-f60b-436e-ad77-041591f9de4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.itm.edu/blog/operations-and-supply-chain-management-decoding-the-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.961245 | 953 | 3.125 | 3 |
How could you say this story follows the classic fairytale motif ?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Two Kinds involves the dream of becoming greater than one already is. Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty - they all rise about the situation they are in to become princesses. Here, the mother wants to transform her daughter into a sort of American princess, a musical prodigy that would be the "awe" of all the neighbors. This theme is further pushed when they see a young Chinese girl on the Ed Sullivan show.
Where this story leaves the motif, however, is when the daughter exerts her rebellion against the piano lessons. She causes an abrupt end to the lessons, and to the dream.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:5f2db6ac-299a-4c1e-9c8f-69134e435040> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-could-you-say-this-story-follows-classic-9855 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00138-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94749 | 167 | 2.625 | 3 |
Fallen arches or Pes Planus is a postural deformity where the foot appears flatter due to collapse of the foot’s arch. This condition can be present from birth or may develop over time. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of this condition such as genetics, fractures, obesity, arthritis and/ or damage to tendons. Commonly, fallen arches develop due to a weakened or injured Posterior Tibial Tendon. Several problems can develop due to this condition and it also puts you at greater risk of developing foot, knee and hip related problems.
Structural problems in your feet like fallen arches can alter your walking and running pattern and as a result cause pain throughout your body. Clear and accurate assessment of the mechanics of your lower limbs is key to understanding the profound effect that subtle faults in your foot, ankle, knee and hip alignment can cause.
People who suffer from Fallen Arches often experience other conditions such as Plantar Fasciitis, Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints), and in some case knee, hip and back pathologies
Custom orthotics are specially designed insoles, which are made for your by prescription. This is done by taking a digital scan of the foot standing still and while walking so that your prescription is made to your exact specifications. The insole then correctly aligns your foot and as a result your body. This will relieve abnormal strain of tissues and structures which can cause pain.
For less severe mal-alignments or for sports use a wide variety of temporary insoles are also available in our retail section of the clinic.
We have a number of Biomechanical Specialists working as part of our highly skilled team of Physiotherapists and podiatrists. They perform detailed investigations to determine how each patient moves (kinematics), or identify the causes of body movement (kinetics) to enhance our understanding of issues concerning health and exercise.
Our Biomechanical Specialists will take a lower limb mechanical assessment of you, to provide a complete diagnostic analysis of foot and lower limb function; allowing treatment or orthotics to be prescribed accurately. They have extensive experience working in this area so you know you are in safe hands.
For more information on our podiatry service, click here. | <urn:uuid:2c1c454a-a843-416d-8b1c-60598876e4a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.thephysiocompany.com/injury-or-condition/fallen-arches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615093.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530105157-20170530125157-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.938954 | 469 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Socialist revolutions did not triumph in the advanced industrialized nations of the North, as Marx, Engels, and Lenin had anticipated. Rather, when they triumphed, it was in the neocolonies of the world. Of particular importance with respect to the above-mentioned post on “Exploitation in Cuba,” the great majority of the people in the neocolonies suffered not only exploitation, but also superexploitation. That is, the people endured not only being paid less than the value of what they produce (exploitation), but also earning less than what is necessary for purchase of the minimal necessities of life (superexploitation). In the North, superexploitation exists, but it has pertained to the minority of workers, and it often is transitional. But it is more pervasive and more systemic in the South, because the superexploitation of workers in semi-peripheral and peripheral zones is central to the core-peripheral relation of the world-economy, and the structures of the world-system are designed to guarantee its preservation.
Not only did the revolutions triumph in places not anticipated; they also assumed characteristics not anticipated by classical Marxist theory. The revolutions of the neocolonies were not precisely proletarian revolutions against the capitalist class; rather, they were popular revolutions in opposition to the national bourgeoisie and in opposition to the imperialist powers to which the national bourgeoisie was subordinate. Further, when these revolutions triumphed, they faced conditions of underdevelopment, and they found that the sovereignty of their nations was curtailed by colonial economic structures and by the actions of the imperialist powers. In this context, the popular revolutions in semi-peripheral and peripheral zones reformulated the concepts and the goals of classical Marxism, even as they appropriated from the socialist revolutions of the North in imagining and forging a reformulation from the Third World.
Marx and Engels had formulated their understanding in a particular historical and social context defined by the awakening of a proletarian revolution in the context of bourgeois dominated political-economic systems in the core zone of the developing capitalist world-economy. From that vantage point, Marx interpreted human history as the history of class struggles, a story reaching culmination with the triumphant proletarian revolution.
But the proletarian revolution did not triumph. The bourgeoisie was able to contain the proletarian revolutions of the core through reformist concessions, made possible by wealth attained on the foundation of colonial and semi-colonial domination of vast regions of the world; and through political repression and ideological manipulation. During the course of the twentieth century, the proletarian movements of the core evolved from revolution to reform, and revolutionary thought became increasingly alienated from revolutionary practice.
At the time of Marx, the popular revolutions in the colonized regions were still in an early stage. Most of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America had become independent. But with the popular revolutionary impulse contained, the Latin American republics settled into a semi-colonial relation with Great Britain, an expanding colonial power. Marx insightfully discerned some of the implications of all of this, but he was not in a social situation that would enable him to apply these insights consistently to a formulation of the meaning of human history. Lenin began to see the future importance of the popular struggles in the colonized regions of the world, but like Marx, he was not socially positioned to fully grasp its implications.
During the course of the twentieth century, the full implications of the early projections of classical Marxist theory were developed on the foundation of the revolutions in the colonies and semi-colonies. In China, Mao drew upon nationalist resentment toward the unequal treaties imposed by the Western imperialist powers to forge an adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions. In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh synthesized the anti-French nationalism of Confucian scholars with Marxism-Leninism. In Latin America, anti-imperialist popular movements influenced by Marxism-Leninism evolved during the course of the twentieth century, receiving its most advanced formulation in Fidel’s synthesis of the Cuban revolutionary nationalism of José Martí with Marxism-Leninism. In the Arab World, Nasser’s nationalist vision of Arab secular republics expressed anti-imperialist hopes for the region. In Africa, Kwame Nkrumah sought to establish the unity of the newly independent states as a counter to the economic stranglehold in which they found themselves in the neocolonial stage; while Julius Nyerere sought to synthesize modern socialism with traditional African values.
The epicenter of the global socialist revolution had shifted from Europe to the region of the world that called itself the Third World, implying a political realignment beyond the Cold War, and implying a Marxist theoretical formulation that went beyond Marx. In his time, Marx went to the places where the emerging proletarian revolution was expressing itself, and from that vantage point of the worker, he analyzed the capitalist economy, previously analyzed from a bourgeois point of view. And from that vantage point of the worker, he grasped the importance class division, seeing the struggle between classes as the primary dynamic in human history.
If we were to follow the example of Marx, we would go to the epicenter of the global revolution today, and we would allow the formulations of today’s revolutionary subjects to shape our own understanding. If we do not do so, we become dependent on concepts that have ossified, because they were formulated in an earlier revolutionary moment. They have not been nourished by continued revolutionary practice, inasmuch as the revolutionary force of the North has been overwhelmed by a confused and divided mix of revolution and reform.
But if, like Marx, we were to go to the epicenter of the popular and socialist revolution, and we were to take seriously what they are thinking and doing in that revolutionary climate, we would reformulate our understanding. We would see that human history is indeed the history of class struggle, but it is, more fully, the history of domination. Looking at human history from the vantage point of today’s conquered and colonized, we would see that conquest and domination is the basis of empires and civilizations in human history. And we would see that it must come to an end, because the neocolonial world-system has reached the geographical limits of the earth and overextended its ecological limits, and thus it is neither politically nor ecologically sustainable.
Not that the dimension of class would be absent. Taking into account and reflecting on Marx’s insight, we would see that class is a dimension of conquest. On the one hand, when the conquered people is assimilated in an expanding kingdom, it is incorporated as a marginalized lower class, thus integrating in practice the theoretical constructs of race/ethnicity and class. On the other hand, in cases in which the conquered nation is permitted a degree of autonomy in the empire, the upper class of the conquered nation is subordinated to the imperial power; it receives material rewards for representing imperialist interests, thus accentuating class divisions with the conquered society.
But personal encounter with today’s epicenter of the global revolution implies an alternative frame of reference, different from the frame of classical Marxism, even though it has appropriated from the insights of classical Marxism. Central to the narrative from the Third World is not class exploitation but colonial and neocolonial domination, even though class exploitation is a component of the dynamic of domination. And the primary expression of abuse is not exploitation but superexploitation, and it is the latter becomes the central motif of emancipatory projects. In accordance with this alternative frame of reference, political projects emerge that demand national liberation and sovereignty against neocolonial political and economic structures, and that demand the right of sovereign states to take decisive action in defense of the social and economic rights of the people, standing against a legacy of superexploitation.
In addition, central to the Third World reformulation of Marxism is the concept of the nation. It has maintained that, with respect to the regions of the world that had been colonized, the structures of the neocolonial world-system negate in practice the principle of the sovereignty of nations. It proclaims that Third World states, as sovereign states, have a right to act decisively as the regulator and principal subject in their economies, in order to strengthen capacity to provide for the needs of their peoples in such areas as education, health, housing, and nutrition. Accordingly, the Third World reformulation reflects a quest for both national liberation, standing for sovereignty and against imperialism; and for social liberation, seeking to overcome the legacy of underdevelopment and superexploitation. The revolutionary Third World project is a project of national and social liberation.
In addition, the Third World revolution in defense of the nation and in defense of the social and economic rights of the people is a popular revolution, that is, a revolution of the people, and not only workers, or workers aided by peasants, or workers plus other sectors. It is a popular revolution against the national bourgeoisie and against the imperialist powers to which the national bourgeoisie is subordinate; it seeks the sovereignty of the nation, in order to protect the social and economic rights of the people. There is evident here a reformulation of the classic Marxist narrative.
The Third World revolutionary project of national and social liberation, therefore, has formulated a series of principles, which have been disseminated in popular movements today in the Third World. Central to these principles is the nation: the right of the nation to be sovereign, to create an alternative political system that responds to the persistent hopeful voice of the people; and to construct an autonomous economic system, in which the state is the regulator and principle actor, and which responds above all to the material needs of the people. In forging these principles, the Third World project has been pushing forward an evolution of understanding in the concepts of Marxism-Leninism, and on the basis of revolutionary practice. Unlike the nations in the core, the leaders and intellectuals in the Third World have not been trying to understand things in a social and political context removed from revolutionary practice.
Any Marxist from the North who listens to and reads what Third World leaders and intellectuals have been saying and writing could not fail to notice: (1) the consensual basic understanding in the various regions of the Third World, in spite of differences in particularities; and (2) the difference of this consensual understanding from the classic formulation of Marx and Engels. The centrality of the nation is primary, inviting the formulation of national narratives that place the struggle of the people(s) in the nation in a world historical context. That world-historical narrative does not see exactly a history of class conflict, but a history of conquest and domination as the foundation of human advances in knowledge and culture, with class divisions understood as integral to this dynamic of domination. It calls not the proletariat to revolution, but the people, all of the sectors of the people: workers, peasants, students, women, professionals, and ethnic minorities. It calls the people to unity, standing against the national political-economic elite that is subordinate to foreign interests; it teaches that unity is the key to establishing the dignity of the nation. It does not focus on exploitation, as defined by Marx, but on superexploitation, defined as working for less than what is necessary to live. Inasmuch as the majority of the people work in various economic sectors in conditions of superexploitation, attention to their human needs is the highest priority: housing, nutrition, health care, and education.
The revolutionary leaders of the Third World have dominated the art of politics, focusing on strategies that would lead the people to the taking of political power. Once in power, they have taken decisive steps in defense of the people’s needs, showing the people that the delivery on promises by leaders with political power is within the realm of human possibilities, if the leaders owe their power to the support and action of the people and not to the support of wealthy interests. The leaders continually exhort, calling the people to a secular and inclusive society with full equality for all. But they know the people intimately, and they understand that its characteristics have been formed by centuries of abuse and exclusion; the people cannot be transformed in a day. Revolutionary leaders in power take measures designed to teach the people its own capacities, but they understand that only the people themselves can construct the new society they envision; it cannot be imposed. If some of the people want to indulge in a level of frivolous consumerism, if some want to become small-scale entrepreneurs, if some display religious objects to protect themselves from evil spirts, let them be, at least for the present historic moment. This is politically intelligent: the people must be kept on board in a unified resistance against the powerful world actors that have declared their intention to destroy the unfolding revolution; they cannot become divided within, arguing about issues that in the current historic moment are of secondary concern.
For those of us who are Marxists from the North, our basic premise has to be that we have much to learn from the unfolding popular revolutions in the Third World. We have been shaped in a social context not of revolution but of reform. Understanding emerges in the context of revolutionary practice, and our revolutionary practice has been limited. We have not yet learned what revolution is, and our activists often seem to think those most dedicated to social change are those who shout the loudest, who express frustrations without editing, and/or make the most extreme proposals, without evaluating their impact on the people, to whom all that we propose and do must be explained.
We ought to go to any of the innumerable social spaces of the world where the Third World revolutionary process is unfolding. We must go not to educate, to analyze, or to evaluate on the basis of concepts that we have learned in our context of limited revolutionary understanding. We must go to listen and learn. Of course, we are all human, and we will have some tendency to say, “Listen, you are proposing thus and so, and I am not sure I am in agreement with that, because . . .”. But our basic orientation has to be to listen and learn, permitting their understanding to shape our own, because Third World leaders and intellectuals have been formed in a context of sustained revolutionary practice, and we have not.
On the foundation of our more universal understanding formed on a foundation of encounter with the Third World revolution, we can return to our own nations, critically reflecting on our own reformist and revolutionary popular movements, discerning their limitations, and discerning the steps that must be taken from here and now. Something like this would be necessary, if we are to become revolutionary subjects acting in solidarity with the revolutionary movements of humanity, which have been emerging in an historic moment in which the capitalist world-economy is demonstrating its unsustainability.
We are speaking here of the need for a horizon shift, a shift in the basic assumptions, concepts, and narratives of the nations of the North. Only the Left in the North has the possibility of formulating it, because of its legacy of Marxism, progressivism, and commitment to social justice. However, the Left itself would have to undergo horizon shift, reformulating its understanding through cross-horizon encounter with the movements of the Third World. And it has to combine the reformulation with political intelligence, effectively educating and organizing the peoples of the nations of the North, leading them to the taking of political power. With the recognition that, once in power, the revolution would begin in earnest, as the revolution would use its base in executive and legislative political power to forge a process of political-economic-cultural systemic change. Integral to this change would be the destruction of global neocolonial structures, so that the nations of the North can move beyond their colonial heritage and cooperate with the nations and peoples of the world in the development of a just, democratic, and sustainable world-system, constructing the alternative world-system on the foundation of the established world-system, rebuilding it step-by-step. | <urn:uuid:0358d6ff-07ad-47f1-92af-3b7d5fda0de3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.globallearning-cuba.com/blog-umlthe-view-from-the-southuml/category/marxismleninism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.9534 | 3,265 | 2.8125 | 3 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1An institution providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for sick or injured people.
medical institution, medical centre, health centre, clinic, infirmary, sanatorium, nursing home, convalescent home, hospiceView synonyms
- ‘The medical wards of hospitals admit the oldest and sickest people in our community.’
- ‘The situation in relation to MRSA in nursing homes and hospitals is still under control, however.’
- ‘For adult critical care, star ratings do not reflect the quality of clinical care provided by hospitals.’
- ‘The data is converted to rates that measure how well the hospitals care for their patients.’
- ‘Neath is a smaller hospital with a busy medical intake but no acute surgical services.’
- ‘It gets harder to manage your medication, so people end up in managed care and hospitals.’
- ‘The emphasis of government health care policy is to move care away from hospitals into the community.’
- ‘After a long period of treatment in three hospitals he convalesced in Richmond Park.’
- ‘Seven other people were injured and admitted to nearby hospitals for treatment.’
- ‘They thus become nursing homes rather than hospitals, so that many patients cannot be safely discharged to them.’
- ‘Not all hospitals and healthcare facilities offer palliative care services.’
- ‘Evidence also exists that the quality of such care in hospitals and general practices is inadequate.’
- ‘The money raised has been used to fund care teams based at all major cancer treatment hospitals in the UK.’
- ‘There are four hospitals and five medical clinics in Kuta and the nearby Balinese capital of Denpasar.’
- ‘My doctor has referred me to the eye clinic at the local hospital for surgical treatment.’
- ‘She had been given three weeks of antiretroviral treatment by the hospital in Bergen.’
- ‘The injured were still undergoing intensive care at two hospitals in the city.’
- ‘However, trying to get this information from primary care trusts or hospitals is very difficult.’
- ‘Comparatively little is known about the prevalence of medical error outside hospitals.’
- ‘Four hospitals provide emergency care in the cities of Manchester and Salford.’
2historical A hospice, especially one run by the Knights Hospitaller.
3British in names A charitable institution for the education of the young.
Middle English (in hospital (sense 2)): via Old French from medieval Latin hospitale, neuter of Latin hospitalis ‘hospitable’, from hospes, hospit- (see host).
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:a983bb1c-4561-41eb-ab9b-7e30364214c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/hospital | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805008.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118171235-20171118191235-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.952911 | 622 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Flashcards in TBL14 - Thymus Deck (13):
Where does the thymus reside? When is it fully developed?
1) The bilobed thymus resides in the superior mediastinum
2) It is fully developed before birth
What occurs in the thymus before puberty? How does this change during adulthood?
1) Significant production of immunocompetent T cells occurs in the thymus before puberty
2) During adulthood, maturation of T cells in the thymus progressively decreases
When are most progenies of T cells established? Why does maturation of T cells in the thymus therefore reduce in adulthood?
1) Progenies of T cells are established by the mid-twenties
2) Thus, immune responses can be sustained in adulthood without substantial T cell maturation in the thymus
What are the two lobes of the thymus surrounded by? What projects from this structure? How are the lobes of the thymus subdivided? What two parts does each lobule contain?
1) The two lobes of the thymus are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
2) Short trabeculae project from the capsule into outer portions of the lobes
3) The lobes are subdivided by the trabeculae into multiple lobules
4) Each lobule has an outer dark stained cortex and a central paler stained medulla
What extends between the trabeculae and what does this create? Define the hormonal functions of ERC.
1) A meshwork of epithelial reticular cells (ERC) extends between the trabeculae thereby creating a scaffolding to support billions of T cells within the thymus
2) ERCs secrete the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin, which induce T cell maturation and maintain cell-mediated immunity
What does lymphocytopoiesis do? What occurs to immature T cells once they traverse capillary endothelium in the bloodstream? What do the maturing T cells account for?
1) Lymphocytopoiesis generates mature B cells and immature T cells in the bone marrow; thus, the immature T cells enter the bloodstream and circulate to capillaries within the thymic medulla
2) After traversing the capillary endothelium, the immature cells migrate into the cortex where they become immunocompetent
4) This vast population of maturing T cells accounts for the dark staining of the cortex
Why do recurrent opportunist infections characterize DiGeorge syndrome?
1) DiGeorge syndrome, also known as thymic aplasia, is a rare congenital disorder involving failure of the thymus to develop properly
2) The syndrome is due to a defect on chromosome 22 produced by a recombination error at meiosis. Its selective T cell deficiency leads to immunodeficiency with recurrent opportunistic infections
What are cortical capillaries invested by? What function does this serve?
1) Cortical capillaries are invested by processes of the ERC
2) Tight junctions between the cortical capillary endothelial cells, thick basement membranes, and macrophages along with the ERC processes form the blood-thymus barrier
What is the function of the blood-thymus barrier? What does premature antigen exposure result in?
1) The barrier blocks premature exposure of nonself and self-antigens to the maturing T cells
2) Premature antigen exposure by circumvention of the barrier drives those T cells that react to the antigens into apoptosis thereby preventing immune reactions in the thymus
What do medullary capillaries lack? What does this result in? Relate the transitory presence of immature and mature T cells in the medulla to its weak staining intensity.
1) Medullary capillaries lack a blood-thymus barrier; thus after achieving maturation, T cells return to the medulla to enter the bloodstream
2) In the medulla, immature T cells enter the thymus, go to the cortex, mature, and leave through the medulla. Therefore, the medulla has a combination of incoming immature T cells and outgoing mature T cells that lead to a lighter/weaker staining intensity
What characterizes the thymus to be unique? What forms these unique structures?
1) Thymic (aka Hassall’s) corpuscles in the medulla uniquely characterize the thymus
2) The corpuscles are formed by clusters of ERC and many of the cells are undergoing degeneration
What do viable ERC in the thymic corpuscles do?
Viable ERC in the thymic corpuscles produce cytokines that induce development of regulatory T cells, a subclass that contributes to the termination of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses outside of the thymus | <urn:uuid:bcba8012-f4a0-4fdf-b0b6-62333ec5f8b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/tbl14-thymus-2978904/packs/4704323 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822098.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022132135-20191022155635-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.874765 | 1,031 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Altruism and Fear
The National Institute of Health recently published the results of a study about the ability to read fear in facial expressions. According to the study, those better able to recognize fear were more inclined to behave in more altruistic and compassionate ways. For example, such people are apparently more inclined to donate money and time to help others. In another example, they are willing to say that people are more attractive-if saying otherwise would hurt the feelings of those being assessed.
It has been speculated that psychopaths and criminal types might be less capable of recognizing fear. From this, it has been suggested that such people become that way because they were less capable of discerning suffering and hence less likely to develop empathy and the associated feelings of guilt from wrongdoing.
This is an interesting hypothesis and is similar in some ways to Socrates’ explanation of evil. According to Socrates, people do evil out of ignorance. His view is what is known as ethical intellectualism-to know the good is to do the good. The hypothesis discussed above is similar in that people would do evil things because they apparently do not realize that they are causing harm.
This hypothese does have a certain degree of plausibility. Based on anectdotal evidence, it is common to hear stories about people who treat others poorly described as just not understanding the pain they are inflicting. Of course, there are many altenrative explanations. It might be that these people are well aware of the suffering they inflict but are simply not affected by it in a way that deters such behavior. In short, they know the other people are afraid, but it does not bother them.
To use an analogy, think of how dogs behave. Having observed dogs for years I am fairly confident that a vicious dog knows when other dogs (or humans) are afraid and this actually inclines them to attack such dogs (or people). They know to associate fear with weakness and weakness means an easier kill. Dogs that are better natured also know when other dogs (or people)are afraid of them and act in ways to reduce their fear (lying down and being non-threatening, for example). | <urn:uuid:f17ade9a-792c-4b2f-9c55-598b7de624f3> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://aphilosopher.wordpress.com/2007/05/20/altruism-and-fear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445142.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00025-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979944 | 437 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Seeds of a Breakthrough Technology — Transit-time Ultrasound
The seeds for transit-time ultrasound intraoperative measurement during CABG surgery were planted 40 years ago when a young Dutch engineer Cornelis (Cor) Drost came to work as a research associate at the NYS Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Cor was tasked by Professor of Physiology Dr. Alan Dobson with figuring out how to measure the amount of blood flowing through blood vessels in a manner that would not have to interfere with the flow inside the vessel itself.
In 1978, the group presented Cor’s theoretical breakthrough technology to the world. The technology used non-invasive ultrasound. Its revolutionary aspect was that it measures the actual amount of blood flowing through the vessel directly and with high accuracy, without having to do things to the vessel that would change the very flow that one would want to measure.
After securing a Cornell patent for their transit time ultrasound technology the hard work began. In order to actually make the measurement, the researchers had to push the frontiers of technology way beyond what was then the standard, especially in regard to electronics. The group also had to understand the ultrasonic transducers that worked with the flowmeter, and invent ways of realizing their exacting accuracy requirements.
New technology is no good unless one can actually do something useful with it. So the mission of the Cornell group became: “to Advance Meaningful Measurements.” This meant that the Transonic group had to make things work in real life, with fully implanted sensors that report flows inside the animal under normal, healthy, physiological conditions. This is where the Cornell connection became essential: many flowmeter and flowsensor designs were tested and then improved before the system, five years later, was finally ready for a larger commercial audience.
The first Transit-time Ultrasound Flowmeter was cleared to market for human clinical use in 1988. Open-heart surgery was targeted as a premier application for intraoperative flow measurements. Dr. Verdi DiSesa at Harvard Medical School paved the way for this application with his 1988 publication of the first use of the Transonic flowmeter in a human valve operation at Harvard.
By the early 1990, a series of handle flowprobes had been developed so that surgeons could easily slip a probe around a vessel or graft and get a quick, on-the spot measurement. Dr. Eugene Grossi demonstrated this intraoperative measurement technique during CABG surgery in a 1992 video filmed at NYU. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Charles Canver and Norman Dame published a landmark validation paper proving that transit time technology could accurately measure internal mammary artery flow, which previous electromagnetic flowmeters were not able to do.
Capitalizing on the emerging interest in OPCAB (Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) and MIDCAB (Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting) pioneered by Transonic collaborator Dr. James Fonger in Washinton, D.C., a dedicated clinical flowmeter was launched in 1998. Together with a competitor that emerged in the late 1990’s, the value proposition of intraoperative flow measurements during CABG surgery was promoted and is now universally accepted as a valuable intraoperative graft patency assessment tool. | <urn:uuid:2cb9f0af-1b96-4b53-8741-37b5b4f92176> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://blog.transonic.com/cardiothoracic-surgery/breakthrough-technology-transit-time-ultrasound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.963194 | 667 | 2.859375 | 3 |
January 6, 2020 by mrcaseyhistory
Quaestio: How did Ancient and Classical imperial governments control and organize their empires?
Enduring Issues Essay Directions and Documents- Ancient and Classical Empires
Enduring Issues Essay Organizer
Enduring Issues Essay Rubric
Category: Unit 3: Great Empires of Asia, Unit 4: Classical Mediterranean World
No Instagram images were found.
Enter your email address to follow MRCASEYHISTORY and receive notifications of new posts by email. | <urn:uuid:13e6950f-03f8-4dd2-b570-0cf878e618a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mrcaseyhistory.com/2020/01/06/enduring-issues-essay-ancient-and-classical-empires-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00856.warc.gz | en | 0.874463 | 136 | 2.546875 | 3 |
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Niño is accompanied with high, and La Niña with low air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The two periods last several months each (typically occurring every few years) and their effects vary in intensity.
The two phases relate to the Walker circulation, discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses, an El Niño results, causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average, as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all. An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.
Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño. La Niña and El Niño are opposite phases that require certain changes to take place in both the ocean and the atmosphere, before an event is declared.
Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water from the Southern Ocean northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of Peru. Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean towards the surface, helping to keep the surface cool. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about 8-10 °C (14-18 °F) than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.
The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. The Walker circulations of the tropical Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basins result in westerly surface winds in northern summer in the first basin and easterly winds in the second and third basins. As a result, the temperature structure of the three oceans display dramatic asymmetries. The equatorial Pacific and Atlantic both have cool surface temperatures in northern summer in the east, while cooler surface temperatures prevail only in the western Indian Ocean. These changes in surface temperature reflect changes in the depth of the thermocline.
Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature. Some of these changes are forced externally, such as the seasonal shift of the sun into the Northern Hemisphere in summer. Other changes appear to be the result of coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback in which, for example, easterly winds cause the sea surface temperature to fall in the east, enhancing the zonal heat contrast and hence intensifying easterly winds across the basin. These anomalous easterlies induce more equatorial upwelling and raise the thermocline in the east, amplifying the initial cooling by the southerlies. This coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback was originally proposed by Bjerknes. From an oceanographic point of view, the equatorial cold tongue is caused by easterly winds. Were the Earth climate symmetric about the equator, cross-equatorial wind would vanish, and the cold tongue would be much weaker and have a very different zonal structure than is observed today.
During non-El Niño conditions, the Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds that move water and air warmed by the sun toward the west. This also creates ocean upwelling off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador and brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface, increasing fishing stocks. The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms. The ocean is some 60 cm (24 in) higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.
Within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, sea surface temperatures in the Niño 3.4 region, which stretches from the 120th to 170th meridians west longitude astride the equator five degrees of latitude on either side, is monitored. This region is approximately 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) to the southeast of Hawaii. The most recent three-month average for the area is computed, and if the region is more than 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) above (or below) normal for that period, then an El Niño (or La Niña) is considered in progress. The United Kingdom's Met Office also uses a several month period to determine ENSO state. When this warming or cooling occurs for only seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "conditions"; when it occurs for more than that period, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "episodes".
If the temperature variation from climatology is within 0.5 °C (0.9 °F), ENSO conditions are described as neutral. Neutral conditions are the transition between warm and cold phases of ENSO. Ocean temperatures (by definition), tropical precipitation, and wind patterns are near average conditions during this phase. Close to half of all years are within neutral periods. During the neutral ENSO phase, other climate anomalies/patterns such as the sign of the North Atlantic Oscillation or the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern exert more influence.
When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses and the Hadley circulation strengthens an El Niño results, causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average, as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all offshore northwestern South America. El Niño (, , Spanish pronunciation: [el 'ni?o]) is associated with a band of warmer than average ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the Pacific coast of South America. El niño is Spanish for "the boy", and the capitalized term El Niño refers to the Christ child, Jesus, because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is usually noticed around Christmas. It is a phase of 'El Niño-Southern Oscillation' (ENSO), which refers to variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean and in air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The warm oceanic phase, El Niño, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study.
An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. La Niña (, Spanish pronunciation: [la 'ni?a]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3-5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. The Japan Meteorological Agency for example, declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.
Transitional phases at the onset or departure of El Niño or La Niña can also be important factors on global weather by affecting teleconnections. Significant episodes, known as Trans-Niño, are measured by the Trans-Niño index (TNI). Examples of affected short-time climate in North America include precipitation in the Northwest US and intense tornado activity in the contiguous US.
The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of El Niño. This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters. The strength of the Southern Oscillation is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The SOI is computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between Tahiti (in the Pacific) and Darwin, Australia (on the Indian Ocean).
Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water. El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia. La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.
Although the Southern Oscillation Index has a long station record going back to the 1800s, its reliability is limited due to the presence of both Darwin and Tahiti well south of the Equator, resulting in the surface air pressure at both locations being less directly related to ENSO. To overcome this question, a new index was created, being named Equatorial Southern Oscillation Index (EQSOI). To generate this index data, two new regions, centered on the Equator, were delimited to create a new index: The western one is located over Indonesia and the eastern one is located over equatorial Pacific, close to the South American coast. However, data on EQSOI goes back only to 1949.
The Madden-Julian oscillation, or (MJO), is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30- to 90-day) variability in the tropical atmosphere, and was discovered by Roland Madden and Paul Julian of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in 1971. It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. Rather than being a standing pattern like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the MJO is a traveling pattern that propagates eastward at approximately 4 to 8 m/s (9 to 18 mph), through the atmosphere above the warm parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. This overall circulation pattern manifests itself in various ways, most clearly as anomalous rainfall. The wet phase of enhanced convection and precipitation is followed by a dry phase where thunderstorm activity is suppressed. Each cycle lasts approximately 30-60 days. Because of this pattern, The MJO is also known as the 30- to 60-day oscillation, 30- to 60-day wave, or intraseasonal oscillation.
There is strong year-to-year (interannual) variability in MJO activity, with long periods of strong activity followed by periods in which the oscillation is weak or absent. This interannual variability of the MJO is partly linked to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. In the Pacific, strong MJO activity is often observed 6 - 12 months prior to the onset of an El Niño episode, but is virtually absent during the maxima of some El Niño episodes, while MJO activity is typically greater during a La Niña episode. Strong events in the Madden-Julian oscillation over a series of months in the western Pacific can speed the development of an El Niño or La Niña but usually do not in themselves lead to the onset of a warm or cold ENSO event. However, observations suggest that the 1982-1983 El Niño developed rapidly during July 1982 in direct response to a Kelvin wave triggered by an MJO event during late May. Further, changes in the structure of the MJO with the seasonal cycle and ENSO might facilitate more substantial impacts of the MJO on ENSO. For example, the surface westerly winds associated with active MJO convection are stronger during advancement toward El Niño and the surface easterly winds associated with the suppressed convective phase are stronger during advancement toward La Nina.
Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected by ENSO. The effects of El Niño in South America are direct and strong. An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April-October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.
To the north across Alaska, La Niña events lead to drier than normal conditions, while El Niño events do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions. During El Niño events, increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track. During La Niña, increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track. During La Niña events, the storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal winter conditions (in the form of increased snowfall) to the Midwestern states, as well as hot and dry summers. During the El Niño portion of ENSO, increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal, and more southerly, polar jet stream. In the late winter and spring during El Niño events, drier than average conditions can be expected in Hawaii. On Guam during El Niño years, dry season precipitation averages below normal. However, the threat of a tropical cyclone is over triple what is normal during El Niño years, so extreme shorter duration rainfall events are possible. On American Samoa during El Niño events, precipitation averages about 10 percent above normal, while La Niña events lead to precipitation amounts which average close to 10 percent below normal. ENSO is linked to rainfall over Puerto Rico. During an El Niño, snowfall is greater than average across the southern Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range, and is well-below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states. During a La Niña, snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great Lakes.
The synoptic condition for the Tehuantepecer, a violent mountain-gap wind in between the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala, is associated with high-pressure system forming in Sierra Madre of Mexico in the wake of an advancing cold front, which causes winds to accelerate through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores-Bermuda high pressure system. Wind magnitude is greater during El Niño years than during La Niña years, due to the more frequent cold frontal incursions during El Niño winters. Tehuantepec winds reach 20 knots (40 km/h) to 45 knots (80 km/h), and on rare occasions 100 knots (200 km/h). The wind's direction is from the north to north-northeast. It leads to a localized acceleration of the trade winds in the region, and can enhance thunderstorm activity when it interacts with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The effects can last from a few hours to six days.
El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales. Over the last several decades, the number of El Niño events increased, and the number of La Niña events decreased, although observation of ENSO for much longer is needed to detect robust changes.
The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming. For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.
Future trends in ENSO are uncertain as different models make different predictions. It may be that the observed phenomenon of more frequent and stronger El Niño events occurs only in the initial phase of the global warming, and then (e.g., after the lower layers of the ocean get warmer, as well), El Niño will become weaker. It may also be that the stabilizing and destabilizing forces influencing the phenomenon will eventually compensate for each other. More research is needed to provide a better answer to that question. The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection. For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation. This has resulted in a rapid warming of the Indian Ocean, and consequently a weakening of the Asian Monsoon.
Following the El Nino event in 1997 - 1998, the largest recorded to date, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory attributes the first large-scale water bleaching event to the warming waters. This process, called reef symbiosis, results from warming ocean water temperatures.
Based on modeled and observed Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.
The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, nontraditional ENSO conditions were observed, in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly (Niño 1 and 2) is not affected, but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific (Niño 3.4). The phenomenon is called Central Pacific (CP) ENSO, "dateline" ENSO (because the anomaly arises near the dateline), or ENSO "Modoki" (Modoki is Japanese for "similar, but different"). There are flavors of ENSO additional to EP and CP types and some scientists argue that ENSO exists as a continuum often with hybrid types.
The effects of the CP ENSO are different from those of the traditional EP ENSO. The El Niño Modoki leads to more hurricanes more frequently making landfall in the Atlantic.La Niña Modoki leads to a rainfall increase over northwestern Australia and northern Murray-Darling basin, rather than over the east as in a conventional La Niña. Also, La Niña Modoki increases the frequency of cyclonic storms over Bay of Bengal, but decreases the occurrence of severe storms in the Indian Ocean.
The recent discovery of ENSO Modoki has some scientists believing it to be linked to global warming. However, comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979. More research must be done to find the correlation and study past El Niño episodes. More generally, there is no scientific consensus on how/if climate change might affect ENSO.
There is also a scientific debate on the very existence of this "new" ENSO. Indeed, a number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence, or both, either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction, finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches, or that other types should be distinguished, such as standard and extreme ENSO. Following the asymmetric nature of the warm and cold phases of ENSO, some studies could not identify such distinctions for La Niña, both in observations and in the climate models, but some sources indicate that there is a variation on La Niña with cooler waters on central Pacific and average or warmer water temperatures on both eastern and western Pacific, also showing eastern Pacific Ocean currents going to the opposite direction compared to the currents in traditional La Niñas.
Different modes of ENSO-like events have been registered in paleoclimatic archives, showing different triggering methods, feedbacks and environmental responses to the geological, atmospheric and oceanographic characteristics of the time. These paleorecords can be used to provide a qualitative basis for conservation practices.
|Series/ Epoch||Age of archive / Location / Type of archive or proxy||Description and References|
|Mid Holocene||4150 ya / Vanuatu Islands / Coral Core||Coral bleaching in Vanuatu coral records, indication of shoaling of thermocline, is analyzed for Sr/Ca and U/Ca content, from which temperature is regressed. The temperature variability shows that during the mid-Holocene, changes in the position of the anticyclonic gyre produced average to cold (La Niña) conditions, which were probably interrupted by strong warm events (El Niño), which might have produced the bleaching, associated to decadal variability. |
|Holocene||12000ya / Bay of Guayaquil, Ecuador / Pollen content of marine core||Pollen records show changes in precipitation, possibly related to variability of the position of the ITCZ, as well as the latitudinal maxima of the Humboldt Current, which both depend on ENSO frequency and amplitude variability. Three different regimes of ENSO influence are found in the marine core. |
Pallcacocha Lake, Ecuador / Sediment core
|Core shows warm events with periodicities of 2-8 years, which become more frequent over the Holocene until about 1,200 years ago, and then decline, on top of which there are periods of low and high ENSO-related events, possibly due to changes in insolation.|
|LGM||45000ya / Australia / Peat core||Moisture variability in the Australian core shows dry periods related to frequent warm events (El Niño), correlated to DO events. Although no strong correlation was found with the Atlantic Ocean, it is suggested that the insolation influence probably affected both oceans, although the Pacific Ocean seems to have the most influence on teleconnection in annual, millennial and semi-precessional timescales.|
|Pleistocene||240 Kya / Indian and Pacific oceans / Coccolithophore in 9 deep sea cores||9 deep cores in the equatorial Indian and Pacific show variations in primary productivity, related to glacial-interglacial variability and precessional periods (23 ky) related to changes in the thermocline. There is also indication that the equatorial areas can be early responders to insolation forcing.|
|Pliocene||2.8 Mya / Spain / Lacustrine laminated sediments core||The basin core shows light and dark layers, related to summer/autumn transition where more/less productivity is expected. The core shows thicker or thinner layers, with periodicities of 12, 6-7 and 2-3 years, related to ENSO, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO), and possibly also insolation variability (sunspots).|
|Pliocene||5.3 Mya / Equatorial Pacific / Foraminifera in deep sea cores||Deep sea cores at ODP site 847 and 806 show that the Pliocene warm period presented permanent El Niño-like conditions, possibly related to changes in the mean state of extratropical regions.|
|Miocene||5.92-5.32 Mya / Italy / Evaporite varve thickness||The varve close to the Mediterranean shows 2-7 year variability, closely related to ENSO periodicity. Model simulations show that there is more correlation with ENSO than NAO, and that there is a strong teleconnection with the Mediterranean due to lower gradients of temperature.| | <urn:uuid:8262d892-d632-42d4-95ab-1f1521eeed98> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824775.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021114851-20171021134851-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.923562 | 5,191 | 4.40625 | 4 |
A deportation raid is where the government comes to your house or place of work to arrest you, jail you and possibly deport you, sending you out of the country. In the US they are carried out by agents of Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE), part of Homeland Security.
In a typical raid, there is a knock at the door at four or five in the morning. They say it is the “police”. You open the door and then comes what some describe as:
“the most horrifying moment of their life. Nowhere to run to, no one to scream to for help.”
The ICE agents come into your home. Your children are crying and screaming. ICE is asking you questions, often in bad Spanish. They arrest whoever they feel like – citizen or not (they will sort it out later). They put you in handcuffs in front of your children
How Race Is Made in America examines Mexican Americans—from 1924, when American law drastically reduced immigration into the United States, to 1965, when many quotas were abolished—to understand how broad themes of race and citizenship are constructed. These years shaped the emergence of what Natalia Molina describes as an immigration regime, which defined the racial categories that continue to influence perceptions in the United States about Mexican Americans, race, and ethnicity.
Molina demonstrates that despite the multiplicity of influences that help shape our concept of race, common themes prevail. Examining legal, political, social, and cultural sources related to immigration, she advances the theory that our understanding of race is socially constructed in relational ways—that is, in correspondence to other groups. Molina introduces and explains her central theory, racial scripts, which highlights the ways in which the lives of racialized groups are linked across time and space and thereby affect one another. How Race Is Made in America also shows that these racial scripts are easily adopted and adapted to apply to different racial groups.
The number of unaccompanied minors detained at the U.S. border with Mexico continues to rise, with more than 6,700 taken into custody in December alone, according to the latest figures released this week.
The number is a jump from roughly 5,600 detained in November and 4,973 in October, according to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Compared to same three-month period in 2014, the number of apprehensions in 2015 represents a 117% jump.
This post was written by Chanchala Gunewardena, (Clark University 2011), Summer 2010 intern in WITNESS’ Communications department.
Last Thursday, WITNESS was invited to The Paley Center for Media for a screening of a special segment of NBC’s Dateline, titled America Now: Children of the Harvest. This piece, a follow up to a 1998 Emmy Award winning report on migrant farm workers and their families, attempts to see, what has developed and changed in the lives of a particulargroup of people twelve years on. More specifically however, it is focused on the issue of child labor, as migrant families who work in the agricultural sector tend to be assisted in their work by their whole family, including children under the legal working age (for this specific sector) of twelve.
The country is slowly becoming more like a “rainbow,” according to a new book by Paul Taylor and Pew Research called “The Next America”.
These groups have many people of mixed heritage.
Latino, Black, Asian, Native American, and White
(Hispanic) people are mixed by definition. Hispanic has not been defined as a race, but this seems to be changing. Latin American countries have not had anti-miscegenation laws like the U.S. Most Latinos are part Amerindian mixed with some part(s) Spanish, Portuguese or Black.
people have been mixing with others in the U.S. since anti-miscegenation laws have been abolished, and also before anti-miscegenation laws were in place. After WWII there were more interracial Asian children in the U.S. due to both “war brides”, and a fear that being Asian and looking Asian can lead to discrimination and even internment.
Native American people are often of mixed heritage. The U.S. government made it their policy to assimilate Native American’s into U.S. cities.
“Native American people is the only race in America that has to prove that they’re Indian.” – Dwanna L. Robertson
White people are often mixed with ‘5 shades of White’, or they are White Latino, or they are ‘One drop’ of color / ‘passing as White’, aka 1/16th or 1/32th of color. White is not counted as White when mixed with people of color, which accounts for the decline in White numbers over time. The other reason the numbers for White drop is because Europeans no longer immigrate to the U.S. at any where near the same rate of other groups. European countries tend to provide good universal health care and tend to have lower gun violence. Police do not routinely carry guns on their person in Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, New Zealand and India. In Norway officers carry arms in their cars but not on their person.
Other people includes Native American (1%) and self identified Mixed people (5%).
Intermarriage among people of different races is increasingly common. In 1980, just 7% of all marriages in the U.S. were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity.In 2010, that share has doubled to 15% of all new marriages in the U.S. Hispanics (26%) and Asians (28%) were most likely to “marry out,” compared with 9% of whites and 17% of blacks. – Pew Research
If two people of mixed heritage marry, does Pew Research count that as marrying out / intermarriage?
There is no Mixed American Life without pluralism. There is no pluralism without (im)migration.
The 1964 Civil Rights act, pushed by the civil rights movement and Dr. Martin Luther King, influenced a change to U.S. immigration policy so that quotas are no longer based on race. This explains why the graph above shows population diversity quickly expand after 1964.
Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin.
The Nation Origins Formula restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of U.S. population, severely restricting immigration of people who were not already represented in the current U.S. ethnic groups of the time.
Current U.S. immigration law favors the highly educated. U.S. immigration laws are now based on class instead of race. A problem with this is that class is often linked with race, and even more so now because U.S. immigration laws favor certain class groups, then those class groups become associated with certain professions, whether it be highly educated doctors and IT workers, or less educated agricultural workers and service industry workers.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed in 1943. Years later, U.S. culture finally considers Chinese food to be American food. You can tell because most every significant city in the U.S. has a Chinese restaurant. Chinese food is so popular with Americans as to now be considered American food, the way that Mexican and Italian food is also American food because you see these restaurants in so many cities.
“…we have over a million ancestors counting back just 20 generations.” – G. Reginald Daniel
“And since we are migratory by nature, we mix as we migrate. Some migrations are by choice and some are by force. The force can be the slave trade, war, climate or economic – hence the terms war refugee, climate refugee and economic refugee. Economic policies also constantly change and affect trade agreements, tariffs and embargoes – creating push and pull effects on migration patterns.” -Glenn Robinson | <urn:uuid:d072c04e-1d93-4fa6-aab0-87fac5206d2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://mixedamericanlife.wordpress.com/category/immigrants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00614-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96698 | 1,652 | 3.140625 | 3 |
This condition mainly affects people between 20 to 40 years of age and is far more common in women. Sensitive teeth are one of the main reasons for patients to visit their dentist.
Some people are lucky to only feel a small amount of discomfort whilst for others it manifests itself as severe shooting pains lasting several hours. It can really have an impact on someone’s life.
Simply stated it is when the lower, or underlying, layers of the tooth are exposed by the gums receding. The nerve in the tooth is susceptible to hot and cold drinks and even sugary foods. As a result pain is experienced.
What is the cause?
Gum disease, or Gingivitis, causes the gums to become inflamed which can result in the breakdown of the ligament which anchors the tooth in place. Pain occurs as the root is exposed.
CLEANING PROCEDURES The over zealous use of a toothbrush, or using too firm a bristle type will wear away the enamel and cause the gums to recede.
TEETH GRINDING Over time constant grinding will wear down the enamel. Patients who have Bruxism must consult their dental professional for advice.
DIET A person with a healthy diet rich in smoothies, juices and fresh fruit may in fact experience breakdown of the enamel of the tooth. This is due to the high acidity of the foods that they eat ie citrus fruits and tomatoes
CRACKED TEETH If teeth suffer any trauma cracks or chips may appear. Plaque can then access the tooth and inflame the inner area.
GENERAL AGING Simply, over time, general wear and tear can cause sensitivity as the teeth weaken
WHITENING PROCEDURES Some procedures, both professional and DIY ones can cause problems.
DENTAL PROCEDURES After some normal procedures especially root planning, or having a crown fitted, it is not uncommon for the patient to experience some sensitivity for several weeks until things have settled down.
If you have sensitive teeth it will be highlighted at your normal appointment by your dentist or hygienist. They will check for gum disease and tooth decay plus any exposed roots.
After diagnosis what next?
Effective treatment depends specifically on the actual cause of the condition. General treatment options are:
This can be applied every week or so to reduce sensitivity by building up the protection around the teeth.
Treatment must be carried out by a professional but it can help to alleviate the pain.
Some professionals will fill the area around the tooth where it meets the gum. This will then seal up any exposed dentine.
If none of the above have, or will work, then a root canal procedure may be advisable.
It should be noted that if sensitivity is due to teeth grinding then a professional will help you to reduce the severity of the grinding and as a result the sensitivity will reduce also.
Likewise it is not uncommon for sensitivity to occur after a new filling has been put in. This should disappear after a few weeks but if not a dentist can help with additional treatment.
How to reduce the risk of sensitive teeth
As ever the main way to prevent any problem is to have excellent oral hygiene procedures. Always brush and floss your teeth daily and check for any missed areas. Keep the brush at a sensible angle to the gum and brush gently in a downwards direction or in slow round movements. Never scrub or brush upwards as this will damage the gum area. Periodically check the bristles. If they are squashed and pointing in all directions then you are using too much pressure.
Reduce your intake of acidic foods and when drinking smoothies or juices use a straw to minimise contact between the acid and the tooth. Limit sugary foods and fizzy drinks. This is especially important for children.
Using one may help patients with Bruxism. Simply use one whilst asleep to minimise damage.
Use a soft bristled brush and improve your cleaning technique. Change it every three months, try to use a specific date eg 1st January 1st April etc or simply make a note in your diary. Ask your dentist to recommend a fluoride mouth wash.
Sensitivity is a common side effect of whitening procedures so discuss your treatment fully with your dentist. | <urn:uuid:43be0275-ce84-4818-8870-1c71265eb7f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://brickfieldsdentalcare.co.uk/treatments/sensitive-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160145.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924050917-20180924071317-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.93489 | 872 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This blog series features the NEA Foundation Global Learning Fellows, a cohort of public school educators who participated in a year-long supported professional development learning experience to build global competency skills. The fellowship included international field study and resulted in a set of global learning unit/lesson plans and curriculum that are available to all educators online. This blog post features Nanette Lehmann, a Class of 2014 NEA Foundation Global Learning Fellow and educator at Haines Elementary School in Baker City, OR.
As an elementary teacher, it’s my responsibility to lay a solid ground work for reading, writing, and mathematics for my second grade students. Research claims if students are not reading proficiently by third grade, the likelihood of them becoming proficient readers is slim. With that being said, my instructional focus left minimal room for social studies and science content, let alone experiential learning.
I naively believed if I had some culturally-diverse literature or posters with students from other parts of the world proudly displayed in my classroom, I was exposing students to cultures around the globe. We read stories about children in other countries with discussion around similarities and differences. Unfortunately, my instruction provided minimal connection to life outside the borders of the United States.
The honor of being recognized as a 2014 NEA Foundation Global Learning Fellow changed my perspective on teaching rather than exposing global competency. In preparation for the trip to China, I began investigating how to share the experience with my students during the limited instruction time we have to teach all our content standards.
The unit of study I developed, “Historical Leaders,” enabled me to interweave content standards and global awareness. Elementary students are expected to learn about historical figures, the symbols representing those historical figures and to compare and contrast past and present situations, people, and events in neighborhoods and communities. This unit of study allows students to investigate the comparison between U.S. historical leaders and the First Emperor of China.
By simulating experiential learning with the inclusion of children’s books, imagery and internet research, students explore the association of the symbols representing past leadership and the diverse cultural philosophies for remembering political leaders. A performance task is presented at the end of the unit fostering a self-reflection project for students to establish the most effective leadership disposition they might possess with a symbol created in their memory.
Making memories is imperative for learning to be retained. In this unit, terracotta brick excavations are a great simulation to give students a taste of the archaeological process, and warrants opportunities for students to make connections to the varied leadership cultures of China in comparison to the United States.
At the conclusion of the school year, I asked my students to make a mural of all the things they learned throughout the year. A passer-by would have assumed my classroom instruction consisted primarily of China. Students drew Chinese characters, terracotta warriors, hillsides with hidden tombs, farmland unable to grow do to the undiscovered army hidden sixteen feet below the surface representing the power of one man, and the Great Wall of China constructed to protect kingdoms. This unit of study opened a window into another culture that would never have been opened had I not been motivated to close the global competency gap plaguing our adopted curricula. | <urn:uuid:d2259821-208b-48fe-bac6-928169863910> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.neafoundation.org/ideas-voices/teaching-global-competency-starts-with-experiential-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.94383 | 664 | 2.625 | 3 |
Smartphones have become so dear to all today that it often feels more like a part of your body than an advanced machine. Think about it: how many other generations can boast that they had a phone, camera, all their social and professional networks, a customized organizer and loads more in the palm of their hand except ours? However, like all good things your smartphones have curses too. Here are four, expert-proposed, health effects that spending too much time staring at your smartphones can lead to and suggestions on how to avoid them.
4. Strained Vision
This is probably the most widely known harm that continuously using smartphones can cause. The Vision Council’s 2005 Digital Eye Strain Report said that 37% of millennials spend a minimum of 9 hours on a digital device each day. Most of these people (7 out of 10) report symptoms of digital eye strain like dry eyes, irritation, redness and even prolonged headaches, tiredness and deterioration of near-sight.
Tips to prevent vision deterioration from smartphone use include taking plenty of breaks between long hours of work on phones, avoiding phone use at bed times, not using phones to do long works that can be done on PCs and performing neck stretches couple of times a day. | <urn:uuid:c901422c-fa05-455e-874f-d4baf1f51927> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://curiousmob.com/health-conditions-by-staring-at-your-phone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890514.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121100252-20180121120252-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.960638 | 251 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Lupus is not caused or cured by any specific food; however, a healthy diet is vital in the treatment of this disease. A balanced diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, meats, poultry and fatty fish. A healthy diet strengthens bones and muscles, helps fight medication side effects, reduces inflammation, reduces the risk of heart disease and helps with weight loss or maintenance.
Lupus is an inflammatory disease, so foods that fight inflammation could help reduce lupus symptoms while foods that fuel inflammation could worsen them, although it has not been medically proven. Fruits and vegetables contain anti-inflammatory powers as they contain antioxidants. Fish, nuts, canola and olive oil may also help fight inflammation, since they contain omega-3 fatty acids. Saturated fats, such as fried foods, commercially baked goods, red meat, animal fat and fatty dairy products, though, may increase inflammation, so should be limited or avoided. Alfalfa sprouts can cause lupus flares or symptoms including fatigue, muscle pain and kidney problems. An amino acid in alfalfa seeds and sprouts and garlic can activate the immune system and increase inflammation in lupus sufferers.
A nutritious diet is essential for strong bones and muscles, as noted earlier. People with lupus should specifically be careful with bone health since lupus medications, called corticosteroids, can increase osteoporosis risk, a condition involving the bones weakening and breaking easily. High calcium foods and Vitamin D improve bone health and can be found in dark green vegetables and dairy products, preferably low-fat or fat-free. Soy, almond and lactose free milk, as well as juices fortified in calcium and Vitamin D are also available. A calcium supplement can also be taken if additional calcium is needed in your diet.
A healthy diet can also combat other drug side effects. For example, a low-sodium diet can help reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure, which can be elevated with corticosteroid use. A diet high in folic acid, such as leafy green vegetables, fruits, and fortified breads and cereals, or a folic acid supplement is important if you are taking methotrexate (Rheumatrex). If corticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause stomach pain, it can be helpful taking them with meals.
Lupus and unhealthy weight loss or weight gain are often interconnected, so eating to achieve a health weight is imperative. Loss of appetite and weight loss are concomitant with people recently diagnosed with lupus. Weight gain can occur from inactivity or by the corticosteroid used to control the disease. Speak to a doctor or nurse if these issues are pertinent to you; they can assess your diet and exercise regimen, or may refer you to a dietitian.
Reducing the Risk of Heart Disease
People with lupus have higher risk of heart disease compared to the general population, which makes a heart-healthy diet all the more essential.
Risk factors such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol can be assisted by a low-fat diet and exercise. A low-sodium diet may be prescribed by your doctor if high blood pressure is prevalent. | <urn:uuid:adc42532-38fa-4545-ab90-7f5589227310> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.advanceddermatologypc.com/blog/proper-diet-is-essential-for-treating-lupus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.94342 | 660 | 2.875 | 3 |
Update on possible impacts of January's cold temperatures to the Kansas wheat crop
The extent of possible winter damage to the developing wheat crop due to low temperatures will depend on several variables including:
- Crop development
- Extent and duration of low temperatures
- Soil temperature
- Soil moisture
- Snow cover
Minimum air temperatures and their duration are the leading factors in any possible winter injury. However, it is important to remember that the crown is protected by the soil during this stage, so factors other than air temperature also need to be considered. For instance, crown insulation by the soil (influenced by seed-to-soil contact at sowing and sowing depth), crown root development, above-ground crop development, soil temperature, soil moisture, snow residue, crop residue, and how well the crop acclimated during the fall, will all influence the crop’s response to below-freezing temperatures at this stage.
What level of cold can the wheat crop withstand at this stage?
Wheat needs at least 4-5 leaves and 1-2 tillers prior to winter dormancy for good cold tolerance, but for maximum cold tolerance, 3-5 well developed fall tillers is ideal. In this situation, wheat can withstand air temperatures of -5 to -10 degrees F for a couple hours without significant risk of winterkill (Figure 1) as long as temperatures at the crown level do not reach single digits.
Figure 1. Temperatures that cause freeze injury to winter wheat at different growth stages. Maximum resistance to cold temperatures occur between mid-December and early-February. Adapted from A.W. Pauli.
Wheat that has fewer tillers and leaves will be more susceptible to winter kill, which unfortunately is the situation for the majority of the Kansas wheat crop during the 2017-18 season. During the fall of 2017, wheat sowing was delayed for about 60-80% of the Kansas crop due to early October precipitation. Therefore, the crop is behind in development as compared to the historical average. Many fields in north central Kansas had sowing delayed even further as producers had to finish a summer crop harvest prior to sowing wheat. The crop likely did not have enough time to tiller during the fall (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Upper panels reflect early October sown field (left) and plant (right) and lower panels reflect a wheat field (left) and plant (right) sown in the last ten days of October. Photos by Guilherme Bavia, K-State Wheat and Forages Production Group.
How cold did it get?
January has brought two very cold spells, the first on January 1 (for more information, please click here), and the second during January 13 – 16th. Minimum air temperatures reached very low levels on January 1 across Kansas (temperatures as low as negative 16 degrees F recorded in the north central and northeast portions of the state, Figure 3 upper panel), whereas the coldest temperatures during the second cold spell were recorded in northwest and parts of southwest and north central Kansas (minimum temperatures ranging between negative 7 and 10 degrees F, Figure 3 lower panel).
Figure 3. Lowest Minimum Air Temperatures measured during December 27, 2017 and January 2, 2018 (upper panel) and January 10 and 16, 2018 (lower panel).
How long were these cold temperatures sustained?
As mentioned earlier, the risk of freeze damage to wheat is a function of the minimum temperature and duration of time spent potentially damaging temperatures. During the week ending on January 2, 2018, the number of hours below negative 5 degrees F varied according to geographical location within Kansas (Figure 4 upper panel). The majority of the wheat growing region had anywhere between 4 to 24 hours below -5 degrees F, with counties in the north central and northeast portions recording as many as 30 hours below the threshold. For the January 10-16th period, a total of approximately 2 hours below negative 5 degrees F was measured in southwest Kansas, but it was not as widespread as the January 1st event.
Figure 4. Total number of hours below -5 degrees F for the December 27, 2017 – January 2, 2018 period (upper panel) and January 10 – 16, 2018 period (lower panel).
As freeze damage potential is a result of many interacting variables, evaluating only air temperatures may not completely reflect the conditions experienced by the wheat crop. Air temperatures might induce leaf damage, which might only be cosmetic. The wheat growing point at this developmental stage is located below ground, in the crown. Thus, damages to the crow are actually what might lead to winterkill. In this situation, soil temperatures can help determine the extent of the cold stress at crown level.
Ideally, temperatures at the crown level should be maintained above 10-15 degrees F, as temperatures below these thresholds can lead to damage to the crown. A timeline of air and 2-inch soil temperatures during December 20, 2017 – January 17, 2018 is shown for four selected Kansas locations in Figure 5. Air temperatures reached critical levels for foliar tissue damage and in the three selected locations during both cold spells (threshold being negative 5 degrees F). Meanwhile, soil temperatures at the 2-inch depth were sustained above 20 degrees F Garden City (southwest Kansas) and Hiawatha (northeast Kansas) the entire time period (Figure 5). However, in Scandia (north central Kansas), 2-inch soil temperatures reached single digits during both cold spells, especially the January 1st event. Therefore, for portions of the state where soil temperatures were sustained above single digits, they may have helped buffer the cold air temperatures and thus minimizing possible injury to the wheat crop. However, for north central Kansas, some winterkill might be expected. The effects of cold temperatures are worsened in this region due to this year’s late-sowing induced by early-October precipitation and double cropping wheat after soybeans, a typical practice in the region.
Figure 5. Air and 2-inch soil temperature timeline from December 20, 2017, to January 17, 2018 for four selected locations in Kansas. Graphs by Kansas Mesonet.
Soil moisture directly affects the capacity of the soil to buffer temperature changes. A soil with a higher moisture content will require more energy to increase or decrease temperatures, thus, has a greater buffer capacity. A dry soil, on the other hand, will more easily result in temperature changes. The entire wheat growing region in Kansas is now under some level of drought stress, ranging from abnormally dry in north central and parts of northwest Kansas, to extreme drought conditions in portions of southwest Kansas (Figure 6). The dry conditions currently being experienced might enhance any potential cold damage resulting from the cold air and soil temperatures from the past two cold events.
Figure 6. Kansas drought conditions as of January 16, 2018. Map developed by United States Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu).
Another factor affecting the potential for winterkill to the wheat crop is the amount of snow cover when low temperatures occurred. Snow can act as a buffer to cold air temperatures. If a minimum of 1-2 inches of snow is present on top of the wheat canopy, but preferably 2 or more, temperatures at the soil level should be sustained close to 32 degrees F and mitigate potential winterkill. However, if less snow is present or if windy conditions removed the snow from the wheat fields into field corners or ditches, the buffering effect might not occur.
Figure 7 shows the total snowfall accumulated prior to January 1st (upper panel) and prior to or during January 10-16th (lower panel). Anywhere from 0 to 5 inches of snow accumulated in Kansas prior to the first cold spell, with the largest amounts measured in parts of north central and northwest Kansas (Figure 7 upper panel). During the second cold spell, the majority of the state received some amount of measurable snowfall, ranging between 0 and 7.7 inches (Figure 7 lower panel). The largest measured amounts were recorded in northeast Kansas, but the wheat growing region of the state received anywhere between 0 and 3.6 inches. Wheat fields that were covered by at least 1-2 inches of snow during the cold spell are likely safer than wheat fields that did not receive any snowfall.
Figure 7. Monthly snowfall summary for December 2017 (upper panel, the majority of the measured snowfall occurred between December 24-26), and snowfall measured between January 10-16, 2018 (lower panel).
Air temperatures measured during January 1st were cold enough to harm the wheat crop in many parts of the state, especially north central Kansas where temperatures where sustained below negative 10 degrees F for up to 10 hours. Meanwhile, the cold spell that happened between January 10 and 16th did not produce as cold temperatures.
The effects of the cold temperatures could be magnified by dry soil conditions and poor fall development due to late sowing across the state; thus, the potential for winterkill exists, especially in north central Kansas where very cold temperatures were sustained for a long period of time. In this region, 2-inch soil temperatures reached single digits and might induce winterkill. However, for the remaining regions of the state, soil temperatures appear to have been maintained above single digits at 2-inch depth, which will help the crop withstand the winter.
Snow cover as much as 5 inches in the first cold spell, and up to 7.7 inches in the second cold spell, may also have helped winter wheat survival. Fields where there was no snow cover were more exposed and may have sustained greater levels of damage.
It is difficult to truly assess the extent of the damage at this point. Thus, producers should not take any immediate action. While foliage damage will be apparent a few days after the cold event, the first apparent sign of freeze injury being leaf dieback and senescence, symptoms of winterkill will only be apparent at spring greenup. This is when the crop starts to take up water and nutrients for spring growth. Damaged leaves will appear burned back and dead, but that is not a problem as long as newly emerging leaves in the spring are green. Provided that the crown is not damaged, the wheat will recover from this foliar damage in the spring with possibly little yield loss. If damage to the crown occurred, the crop will not greenup in the spring or will greenup for a short period of time using existing resources, and perish shortly after. In any case, we will only be able to assess the true extent of the damage at spring greenup.
Romulo Lollato, Wheat and Forages Specialist
Mary Knapp, Weather Data Library
Christopher “Chip” Redmond, Kansas Mesonet Manager | <urn:uuid:ba99d906-d007-4922-8f2a-b8d2a23e8fd8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/eu_article.throck?article_id=1667 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.957557 | 2,191 | 3.265625 | 3 |
107 mm gun M1910
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (February 2013)|
|107-mm gun model 1910|
107-mm gun M1910, displayed in Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum.
|Place of origin||Russian Empire|
|Wars||World War I
Russian Civil War
|Weight||2,172 kg (4,788 lbs)|
|Caliber||107 mm (4.21 in)|
|Elevation||-5° to 37°|
|Muzzle velocity||296 - 630 m/s
(971 - 2066 ft/s)
|Maximum firing range||12.5 km (7.76 mi)|
107-mm gun model 1910 (Russian: 107-мм пушка образца 1910 года) was a Russian field gun of World War I era. The gun was initially developed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider, but afterwards was built by Putilovski Works in Saint Petersburg.
The gun was used in World War I and Russian Civil War. In 1930 an upgraded variant appeared (see 107 mm gun M1910/30). As the modernization didn't address some weaknesses of the design, namely mobility problems and small and slow traverse, a new 107 mm gun (the 107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)) was developed.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to 107-mm gun M1910.|
|This artillery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:d8dda701-6657-4b50-bd2c-f826f5c87691> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107_mm_gun_M1910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832052.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00368-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839351 | 356 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Huang di's Canon of Medicine 黄帝内经
"NAN Jing(难经 Nànjīng)," or "The Yellow Emperor's Canon of 81 Difficult Issues," is one of the most important classics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It seeks to explain and clarify some seemingly unfathomable statements in "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the earliest surviving text on the theories and practices of TCM, dating back more than 2,300 years.
Some Chinese scholars claim that "Nan Jing" not only provides answers to difficult questions posed in "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," but also to some from even earlier, long-lost Chinese medical texts, as a number of issues discussed are not found in the Inner Canon.
But one thing most Chinese scholars and historians are agreed upon is that "Nan Jing" made a significant contribution to the evolution of TCM in ancient China.
The book is composed of 81 chapters: chapters 1-22 discuss sphygmology - knowledge of the pulse; chapters 23-29 deal with channels and collaterals; chapters 30-47 explain viscera organs; chapters 48-61 study diseases and ailments; chapters 62-68 focus on acupoints; and the last 13 chapters explore acupuncture.
Through elaborate discussion and careful analyses, the book establishes a number of important concepts and theories, such as the life-gate and sanjiao (or triple body parts) concepts and the idea of the seven important portals - the digestive system. These laid a solid foundation for the further development of TCM theory.
It is believed that the book was authored by Qin Yueren, also known as Bian Que(扁鹊 biǎn què), who lived during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC).
Bian Que was originally the name of a fabled doctor during the reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor between 2697-2597 BC. But the name was given to Qin Yueren(秦越人 Qín Yuèrén), who is widely regarded as the first medical doctor and physician in ancient China.
Qin became an apprentice of a folk doctor when he was still a teenager and traveled with him at work. During the day, he carried out chores while watching closely how his master treated patients. At night, he jotted down what he had observed, as well as his own thoughts and conclusions.
Thanks to his appetite for learning and hard work, Qin soon became a very famous doctor and physician and became known as Bian Que, the highest honor for a doctor in ancient times.
In addition to the traditional medical skills he learned from other doctors and his own experiences, Bian Que also invented his own methods. These include founding the "Four Diagnostic Methods." They are: looking (or observing a patient's complexion and tongue); listening (to a patient's voice and breathing patterns); inquiring (about a patient's physical condition and symptoms); and taking (a patient's pulse). Even today, these four methods remain a foundation for diagnoses in traditional Chinese medicine.
Using his exceptional medical skills, Qin once brought a "dead" man back to life. According to legend, one day he traveled to the state of Guo and saw many people mourning in the streets. Bian Que asked someone what had happened. He was told that a prince of the state, the designated heir to the duke, had just died of no apparent illness.
Bian Que decided to have a look. After introducing himself to the duke, he was taken to see the prince's body. Following careful examination, Bian Que told the duke that the prince was only in a state of "feigned death."
After giving the patient acupuncture and herbal tea, the prince came back to life, and after two more days of treatment had fully recovered.
In addition to Nan Jing, Qin Yueren is also ascribed authorship of "Bian Que's Internal Canon of Medicine" and "Bian Que's External Canon of Medicine." Nowaday, lots of Chinese medical practices are still based on his principles of healing. | <urn:uuid:5d4d3d99-d50e-43c6-847b-1ca6351ec1a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://cn.hujiang.com/new/p586596/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113164312-20191113192312-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.977167 | 853 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The specificity of romanticism in the creativity of English writers
The article is devoted to the definition of the specific features of English romanticism. As a result of the study, it was proved that the specificity of the work of the romantics of England lies in the study of national folklore; interest in the Middle Ages, the use of motifs and images of the Bible, the depiction of the life of the people; the emergence of new topics that tell about travels to exotic lands; preference for lyrics; the creation of lyric-epic poems, dramas; creating a historical novel genre. Studied and analyzed the work of poetleucists, determined the aesthetic criteria of the most famous historical novels of W. Scott, considered outstanding works of Byron.
Thus, English romanticism enriched the world culture with the names of eminent writers. The interest in their personality was combined with an interest
in the identity of the nation, its history, modernity, and culture. By neglecting and denying the prose of the surrounding world, the authors of the romantic works turned to the image of distant countries, distant eras. They were attracted by the exotic East, the original heroes.
English romantic have significantly enriched and expanded the genre of literature. This was manifested in the development of lyrical and lyric-epic poem, ballad, lyric drama, mystery. A significant discovery of the romantics was the historical novel, the founder of which is cobsidering to be W. Scott, who developed aesthetic theory of historical works, local color.
In the literary life of the era of English Romanticism, Byron’s creativity was of particular importance. In his poetry he sang loyalty to friendship and love, glorified the exploits of the patriots, readiness of heroes for self-sacrifice, humanism. Creating by him the image of a «Byronic hero» has become one of the important conquests of Romanticism, not only in English literature.
The lyrical works of the early English romantics Coleridge, Southey, Blake combine the themes of modern life of the people and its history, religious motives, fascination with mysticism depicting the truth of life.
2. Zatonskyi D. Shcho take romantyzm. Slovo i chas. 1988. №4-5. S.70-73 [in Ukrainian].
3. Nalyvaiko D. Romantyzm kak эstetycheskaia systema. Voprosы lyteraturы. 1982. №11. S.156-194 [in Ukrainian].
4. Nikolenko O. Romantyzm u poezii. Kharkiv. 2003. 175 s [in Ukrainian].
5. Russova S. Spetsyfika anhliiskoho romantyzmu i tvorchist Dzh.Bairona. Vsesvitnia literatura ta kultura v navch. zakladakh Ukrainy. 2001. №6. S.
31-35 [in Ukrainian]. | <urn:uuid:37bd3fed-257d-45b8-9fda-cec26a8761eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tdp-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/190 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.903873 | 640 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This course aims to instruct students in basic computer literacy and research skills. Students are required to attend workshop-style classes as well as lessons in the computer lab. Attendance for all components of the course is mandatory. Students are also required to meet with their instructors to discuss their final assignments.
The course aims to instruct students in the following:
•Computer literacy (word processing, using library catalogues, electronic databases and the Internet)
•Library resources (familiarity with the university library system and the sources available through the library’s electronic databases) •Research skills (locating relevant print and electronic sources)
•Using sources (avoiding plagiarism, referencing, quoting and paraphrasing sources, evaluating sources, citing references and bibliography)
•Research writing (developing an argument, integrating sources, treating sources critically, acknowledging and referencing sources, formatting a paper, respecting deadlines).
By the end of the course students should be able to:
•Research a topic using the university library, electronic databases and the Internet
•Produce a typed, properly formatted academic paper that uses sources •Integrate, reference and evaluate sources effectively using the required referencing system
•Write their own bibliography page
Method of assessment: Students are assessed on the basis of their fulfillment of in-class tasks, an in-class test, a take-home assignment as well as their final assignment. | <urn:uuid:397a417e-4f0c-454e-afb0-cfb08e63bfe7> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.enl.auth.gr/course_en.asp?Id=29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164035309/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133355-00054-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912921 | 285 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In the last century, the average life expectancy has radically increased, with an average person now living for a little over 150 years. This has largely been a result of a number of major medical advances that have led to an ever-increasing understanding of the way the human body works, and how to best combat the natural ravages that time inflicts upon it. While many in the medical field would like to point to their own specialty as the leading factor in the improvement of the human experience, in truth it is a combination of disciplines that have worked together to make this possible.
Viruses and bacteria will forever be a threat. As fast as a vaccine can be found, the virus or bacteria in question mutates and begins the cycle anew. For centuries, this was the way it was and there was no end in sight – at least not until the advent of smart vaccines.
Smart vaccines have the ability to follow the mutation of the virus they have been tailored to combat. As the cause of the disease mutates, the smart vaccine adapts itself to the mutation, extending its capability to fight off infection. Someone immunized with a smart vaccine is largely immune for several decades, regardless of any mutation the disease may undergo.
Smart vaccines are not perfect, however. While they can adapt to mutations, they generally can only do so if the vaccine is no more than two generations behind the mutation of the infection. Anything more of a gap often means the vaccine will not recognize the virus or bacteria and will not be able to provide the body the protection it needs. Boosters can minimize this limitation and hospital stores are regularly updated anytime a new mutation is discovered.
A second weakness of these vaccines lies in their vulnerability to previous generations of the disease. While they can keep up with the ever-changing nature of the infection, they eventually lose the ability to counter early generations of the same infection. However, this limitation is generally not a problem as it is rare for an old generation of the infection to reappear in the general population.
In days of old, if a person’s organ failed, either from disease or simply due to age, there were only two options: install an artificial version or find a donor with a compatible spare. Unfortunately, there was no guarantee that the body would accept either and, in the case of a donor organ, one often had to wait until the donor had died. Today, a third and infinitely superior option exists.
Using technology derived from rapid-prototyping, organs that are exact duplicates of a patient’s own can literally be printed in biological 3D. The technology works in two steps. First, a biopsy of the organ in question is taken from the patient. The genetic structure of the organ is then inserted into a special organic liquid called bioreplicant gel. This gel absorbs and takes on the same genetic building blocks as the patient, ensuring that it is completely compatible and reduces the chance of the organ being rejected to zero. The organ in question is then scanned by highly sensitive and precise scanners, building a three-dimensional model. Doctors can then look for any imperfections in the organ and correct them. Once this is complete, the model is fed into a highly specialized rapid prototype printer. The printer builds the organ using the bioreplicant gel, one layer at a time. When complete, an organ that is an exact duplicate of the patient’s own is ready to be surgically inserted. The entire process, sans the surgery itself, takes less than 72 hours. The only organ that is unable to be recreatedin this manner is the brain, which is far too complex for such a procedure to work.
The capability of a lizard to grow a new tail after his old one has been severed or for a crab to replace a missing limb that was torn off by another predator has long fascinated medical researchers. However, it took decades of research before a true understanding of the workings behind those capabilities was obtained.
The long hard work has paid off, however, and today it is possible, with significant help, for a victim of an accident or other trauma to replace a lost limb. Regenerative therapy, as the discipline of regrowing lost limbs has come to be known, is not a perfect science and there are some for whom the therapy simply is not effective. Even for those on whom it does work, the process is long and can require dozens of visits to the hospital. The raw severed stub is submerged in a special bath that stimulates the cells to slowly start to replace those that are missing. In time, the missing limb is slowly regenerated. Early versions of this therapy required the patient to stay in the hospital throughout the process – something that can take upwards of a year to complete. For many, it was simply not a realistic option, as not many can afford to stay out of work for that kind of time. Today, the end of the stub is sealed in a small portable container, generally referred to as a tub, that contains the regenerative bath, as well as the circulation and filtration systems necessary for the procedure to be successful. Every week, this tub is checked and adjusted by the supervising doctor to ensure the process is proceeding correctly.
As with all biomedical technology, regenerative therapy has its limits. The candidate limb cannot have been allowed to begin its own healing process. The human body is not programmed to regenerate its limbs, and once the stub begins to heal the cells needed for the process are replaced and the cellular memory required is lost. The stub also cannot have been cauterized by any means – the severed end must be raw.
For the patient, the regenerative process is always accompanied by some level of constant pain as the nerves are live. The regenerative bath does reduce this to a manageable level but, due to limitations in the process, cannot completely negate it. Live active nerves are a necessary part of the regeneration if the new limb is to be fully functional.
Cybernetics and Bionics
Regenerative limb therapy is not always an option. In some circumstances, for example the military or isolated mining outposts, having an individual incapacitated for up to a year is a neither realistic nor desirable option. Prosthetic replacement is thus a high tech medical alternative.
Cybernetic surgery takes only a matter of hours, and recovery times are in the nature of only a few weeks, rather than the many months necessary for regeneration therapies.
Cyber replacement comes in a variety of ‘grades’:
Baseline: They have few aesthetic graces (although some artists have used them as a canvas to great effect), and are designed primarily for functionality. These have a great deal in common with robotic limbs. Because of the differences between natural and artificial materials, these limbs can be made quite small/thin or “skeletonized” (such that they have the appearance of a — rather thick — skeleton or framework) which makes the limb handy for fitting into tight spaces.
Non-skeletonized limbs take up more-or-less the same amount of space as a normal limb, and are generally seen as less threatening by society. Baseline cyberlimbs of either type can attach gear relatively simply to the exterior. Many pirates (for example) attach weapons to the outside of their cyberlimbs, which has come to be known as a “Pirate Holster” thanks to action viddies.
Faux Cyberlimbs: These cyberlimbs are able to mimic natural arms and legs in form as well as function, as their general construction matches that of existing limbs (or designed using aesthetic anatomy programs).
The outer covering of the faux limb consists of organic skin, synthetically grown and matched in DNA to the chromer so that it can be seamlessly grafted to the rest of the body. Inside, a variety of subcomponents heat the skin, provide it with a pulse and other “lifelike” elements. Together, these make the limb reasonably undetectable by a simple visual check. Some alternatives use a realistic looking synthiskin.
Eyes are still not perfected to be completely undtectable to the practiced observer, but nevertheless modern cyber eyes are pretty inconspicuous.
Oversized Cyberlimbs: Reserved for specialised military uses, particular atheletes or the mentally unbalanced, these have larger than normal frames, are highly conspicuous, and have enhanced abilities. The wearer typically needs additional reinforcement to accomodate them.
Bionics and Biotech: the growth of biotech equivalents and ‘improved biotech’ blending biotech with cybernetics, is not currently available on the mass market. There is little doubt that some of the larger companies are busily developing such technologies however, and no doubt prototypes do exist. | <urn:uuid:aa6879cd-369b-4a44-8dc2-63096df902b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://star-bright.obsidianportal.com/wikis/medicinal-sciences | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864957.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623093631-20180623113631-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.962197 | 1,795 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The most surprising thing to many people is that puppy mills are legal.
The standards governing the care of dogs and cats in commercial breeding facilities are set forth in the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the agency responsible for overseeing the commercial dog breeding industry and enforcing the AWA. Any breeder who wishes to sell to a pet store or to consumers over the Internet with five or more breeding females must be licensed with the USDA.
There are two primary reasons why the AWA and USDA are not sufficient to protect dogs in commercial-breeding facilities:
Even if enforced to its fullest extent, the AWA only requires the bare minimum in housing facilities and care. These standards are far below what most would consider humane, or even acceptable. The AWA also leaves significant discretion in the hands of puppy mill owners to decide what constitutes an adequate level of care for the dogs with respect to living environment, cleanliness and sanitation, feeding, veterinary care, housing structures, and comfort.
What is allowed under the AWA?
What’s wrong with USDA enforcement?
The USDA is overburdened.
*TPMP submitted a FOIA request to the USDA in July, 2014, requesting the number of inspectors and the number of facilities under their purview, but despite our repeated attempts, the USDA has failed to respond to our original FOIA request or follow up requests.
USDA inspectors have a record of leniency towards commercial breeders.
What can you do to help change this?
How can you make an impact and strengthen laws governing puppy mills? Here are several ways: | <urn:uuid:d7329fe2-1330-4753-b846-805923326e60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thepuppymillproject.org/relevant-laws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.931298 | 340 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tomato blight, Early blight, Southern blight
What causes healthy tomato plants leaves to start turning yellow at the bottom of the plant and gradually works up to the top? It's a disease called southern blight or early blight. Control comes from adding cornmeal to the normal organic soil amendments and spraying regularly with compost tea or Garrett Juice and cornmeal juice.
Q: It seems like each year I get a good start on production, and then they turn brown and die. I am originally from Iowa and the producing period in considerably longer. So my question is how do I extend the life of my plants?
A: Use my total organic program and put cornmeal in the soil. Spraying with Garrett Juice and garlic tea will reduce the problem significantly. There are many bushy tomatoes. They are called determinate rather than indeterminate. One of my favorite small bushy varieties is wild current tomato. It is very easy to grow and the tomatoes are small and grape like - also delicious.
Q: On our Tomato plants the leaves are turning yellow at the bottom. What could the problem be?
A: That is common fungal disease that hit all tomatoes to some degree at some time. Spraying Garrett Juice Pro weekly helps as does using cornmeal and/or dry garlic on the soil around the plants. | <urn:uuid:3e4327e1-af6c-45b6-be28-96ed61eedb18> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.dirtdoctor.com/garden/Tomato-blight-Early-blight-Southern-blight_vq481.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400214347.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924065412-20200924095412-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.955287 | 267 | 3.125 | 3 |
In this curated piece from Nautilus, law professor and author Karen Bradshaw argues that, to save the ocean, we should give property rights to the creatures living there
Later this year, the United Nations will finish hosting the final negotiations on a new conservation treaty for the high seas, as waters that lie outside national jurisdiction are known. These cover more than half of Earth’s surface and contain much of the planet’s biodiversity. The moment marks a tremendous opportunity in humanity’s losing battle against biodiversity loss.
Thus far, however, conversations about how best to protect the high seas have missed a crucial element, one that could well be the single boldest, most important conservation move that humankind could make: recognising the property interests of the marine species now living there.
Every whale and shark and sea turtle, every tuna and toothfish, every octopus and even every salp and sea urchin and anemone, has a right to own their part of the ocean.
What does it mean to say that animals have a right to own property? To many people this might seem like a radical idea. Those who follow animal law might say that it’s too big an ask. After all, it’s generally understood that in the United States and most of the world’s nations, animals have very limited legal rights. When activists have fought for legal personhood for animals – as when the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals sued SeaWorld for allegedly violating the 13th Amendment rights of orcas, or the Nonhuman Rights Project’s habeas corpus lawsuits on behalf of captive chimpanzees and elephants – they have usually lost.
It’s not so unprecedented, though. Many existing laws afford certain non-human animals legal interests to the environments in which they live. In the United States, for example, thanks to the federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, a golden eagle’s claim to the tree in which she nests outweighs the right of the tree’s human landowners to cut it down. Most public lands – approximately one-third of the landmass of the United States – are partially managed for animal interests. In the past decade, most states have enacted laws allowing pets to own property bequeathed to them in trust. Some tribal nations in the US have afforded legal personhood to natural entities, such as wild rice in Chippewa ceded territories, which would allow humans to file lawsuits in tribal courts on behalf of rice. Outside the US, New Zealand’s Whanganui River was granted legal personhood in 2017, and Ecuador’s constitution explicitly recognises the rights of nature to persist and regenerate. Once unthinkable assertions of rights for nature’s beings are becoming commonplace.
These developments lay the foundations for explicitly recognising wildlife as property owners. In contrast to how legal scholars historically viewed property – with ownership as an all-or-nothing affair – new models envision property rights as overlapping, a pluralistic conception of ownership in which humans and nonhumans alike can both have legally actionable interests in the same physical space. In this way, modern property law is beginning to embrace what many Indigenous cultures never forgot: Plants and non-human animals are our co-participants in life on Earth.
As applied to the high seas, this suggests that marine species could be understood as owners of the oceanic commons they occupy or, at least, co-owners with the recognised interests of nation-states. Under nearly every legal standard except the unstated qualifier of being a member of the human species, marine animals have property interests to the ocean.
What would this mean in practice? It could take a number of legal forms. One option is for marine species to hold ocean waters in trusts, similar to existing trusts for domestic animals. Humans would be appointed to manage ocean ecosystems for the benefit of the nonhuman living there. They wouldn’t need to consider the fate of every individual fish, but would be legally required to protect the well-being of species and populations.
Alternatively, the United Nations might look to the influential work of philosophers Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka, who have theorised that different kinds of animals could be accorded different types of citizenship. Donaldson and Kymlicka write that domestic animals ought to be treated as full citizens of our own societies, while wild creatures can be likened to citizens of other nations. The United Nations might even create a legal nation-state for marine species, with humans representing them in international affairs.
The United Nations could also simply list marine species as a member of the ocean commons, affording legal recognition of animal interests alongside that of the nations that collectively own the high seas. This would require subsequent treaties to consider wildlife interests.
In all these cases, a formal recognition of rights would advance marine species’ interests in the high seas – and not merely through the human-centered goal of sustainable fisheries management of fisheries, but by elevating the larger biodiversity goals that are at the centre of the high seas treaty negotiations now taking place.
Right now, however, negotiators at the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction – as the UN body drafting the treaty is formally known – are actually moving in the opposite direction. They’re considering dividing the high seas between nations and regions. Nonhuman rights are not on the table.
To be sure, this is part of conversations that also include proposals for marine protected areas and restrictions on high seas fishing, both of which of which would do much to advance the interests of non-human ocean users. But divvying up the ocean without formally acknowledging the ownership interests of the creatures now living there replicates the fatal flaw that colonial governments made when they demarcated land boundaries. Rather than being required to consider the rights of wildlife in future actions, countries and regional management organisations will be able to diminish them even further.
That’s especially likely if regional fisheries management organisations acquire more power, which seems likely. They have a poor track record of biodiversity preservation – and, if given the chance, nations engaged in economic competition over the high seas’ resources will engage in a race-to-the-bottom. Devastating biodiversity loss will almost certainly occur, hastening the sixth extinction.
To avoid further expropriating Earth from other species, the new treaty should permanently title the high seas to its animal occupants. This would radically shift humankind’s trajectory – but, vitally, it would not eliminate human uses of the high seas. Humans could still catch fish and ship goods. It would simply require animal interests in having thriving ecosystems to be represented far more robustly than they have been.
The high seas represent a rare opportunity to preserve animal interests on a global scale; the United Nations has the power to shift the course of life on Earth for the better. We must not waste it.
This article was originally published on the site of our partner, Nautilus in January, 2021.
Nautilus is a different kind of science magazine. Online, in print, and in the classroom, Nautilus leverages deep, undiluted, narrative storytelling to bring science into the largest and most important conversations we are having today. After all, that is where modern science – which is so personal, pervasive, spiritual, and transformative – deserves to be.
Karen Bradshaw (@KM_Bradshaw) is the author of Wildlife as Property Owners: A New Conception of Animal Rights. She is a professor of law and the Mary Sigler Research Fellow at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University | <urn:uuid:abce6282-7d13-4907-b900-062beb4f3c60> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://fivemedia.com/curated/should-marine-species-own-the-high-seas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215790.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703043548-20220703073548-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.946489 | 1,566 | 3.3125 | 3 |
St. Mary's University School of Law
William Todd Keller, Jr.
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice’s lack of air conditioning in offender housing areas is a violation of the Eighth Amendment and deprives offenders of humane living conditions. Unlike most Texans, offenders housed in the TDCJ are unable to adequately protect themselves from the higher, prolonged summer temperatures. Most Texas prisons do not provide air conditioning or other types of cooling systems in offender housing areas, so offenders are at the mercy of the elements with little protection against heat-related illnesses. Several jurisdictions, other than Texas, have recognized extreme temperatures in housing areas can lead to constitutional violations because the Eighth Amendment protects offenders from inhumane living conditions.
While the TDCJ has implemented mitigating measures in an attempt to help keep offenders cool during summer months, these mitigating measures fall short and still place offenders at risk of heat-related illnesses or death. The Southern District of Texas recognized some prison units in the TDCJ disregard the serious risk to offender health and safety because of excessively high temperatures in offender housing areas and the lack of adequate mitigating measures to alleviate the heat. In response, the TDCJ has started adding a limited number of air-conditioned beds into the system for offenders who are at a higher risk of heat-related illness. Only adding a limited number of air-conditioned beds still leaves a large portion of the offender population unprotected. The only way the TDCJ can prevent additional heat-related litigation and safeguard against offenders’ Constitutional rights is to provide air conditioning or other cooling systems in offender housing areas.
Mary E. Adair,
Beat the Heat: Texas’s Need to Reduce Summer Temperatures in Offender Housing,
St. Mary's L.J.
Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol51/iss3/4
Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Government Contracts Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legal Remedies Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons | <urn:uuid:86c16b4a-ef2e-4f65-8cbe-7c2814ce8e8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol51/iss3/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662541747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521205757-20220521235757-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.906437 | 488 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.