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Though they weren’t universally used in the United States until the 1920s, death certificates can clue you in to more than just when and where an ancestor passed away. But remember that you should consider only the death-related facts as primary-source information.
Other details, including the deceased’s birth date and his or her parents’ names, are secondary-source information—provided by someone without firsthand knowledge of those events. The informant (named on the record) who provided these details may have been mistaken. A government clerk or someone who transcribed the record for an online database also could have introduced errors.
Treat these secondary details in the death certificate as clues, and verify them with more-reliable primary evidence from records created at the time the event occurred. When you find a death certificate, that’s a clue to look for other sources such as newspaper obituaries, probates, funeral records and coroner reports. These may provide even more genealogical information about the deceased and his or her family.
The information you’ll find on death certificates varies with the time period and place, but a typical one is shown here. Death certificates are comprehensive summaries of a great deal of personal information. Follow the clues they provide to other primary evidence and family records.
1. Most certificates bear a person’s full legal name, but might be a nickname. A woman’s maiden name might be used as the middle name.
2. Search for your relative’s death certificate in the political jurisdiction where the death occurred.
3. The residence may be the key you need to locate obituaries, land and property records, tax rolls, the will and probate documents, and more.
4. Always verify the date of birth with additional records. The informant may not have known the correct date.
5. Marital status can help you determine whether a spouse was still living. You can use the spouse’s name to search for a marriage record, possibly in the county where you last found census records listing the deceased living with his or her parents.
6. A physician declared the date of death, which was used on legal documents concerning the decedent’s estate.
7. These details may provide context about the person’s working life. You also may want to research the employer and seek employment records or photographs.
8. Citizenship details may point you to naturalization records and immigration passenger lists.
9. The birthplace provides an important clue in your search for records such as birth certificates, baptismal registers, censuses and school records.
10. A physician usually fills in the natural causes of death, valuable for your family health history.
11. An accident, suicide or homicide would trigger coroner and police investigations. In some cases, supplemental sheets are attached to the death certificate; otherwise, seek coroner’s records. If a crime led to the death, look for trial records and newspaper articles.
12. A spouse or other close family member usually provided the personal information recorded on the certificate—researching this person may reveal clues about your ancestor.
13. The attending physician reported the time of death and signed the certificate.
14. If the person had a Social Security Number, order a copy of the Application for a Social Security Number (SS-5).
15. If the deceased served in the armed forces, you may find the name of the war or dates of service. These details will help you find military service records and perhaps pension files.
16. The father’s name can be a genealogical bonanza that takes you back another generation. Death certificates also may reveal a hard-to-find maiden name for the deceased’s mother. | <urn:uuid:a0af4c3c-28d8-4a8e-99ad-457cb8e1e655> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.familytreemagazine.com/records/vital/death-certificates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.939971 | 775 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In this 200th anniversary year of the birth of Henry David Thoreau, each of us can increase our health and well-being by applying his guidance to our regular exercise activities. Thoreau, one of the United States' greatest writers, naturalists, and philosophers, not only walked the length and breadth of Concord, his beloved hometown in Massachusetts, but also walked and hiked far and wide across farms, riverbeds, parklands, and mountains all over Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.
In Thoreau's time, the early and middle decades of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was just beginning to impact daily life. In those days, men and women still engaged in substantial quantities of physical labor, and exercise as such was never conceived as necessary. At present, in marked contrast, regular exercise is a key requirement for a healthy life. We need to break away, for at least 30 minutes every day, from our computer monitors and our mobile device screens. Thoreau would not recognize the sprawling urbanity of our cramped cities and their satellite suburbs, but he would likely strongly encourage us to get out there, walk as much as we can, and enjoy as much green space as possible.
For Thoreau, being outdoors was imperative. In his revered essay, "Walking," he informed his readers that he could not stay in his "chamber for a single day without acquiring some rust." Admittedly, our mode of living is quite different from his. For many of us, getting to some green space requires a bit of effort. However, in the 21st century, we need to make sure we're doing sufficient vigorous exercise, and walking on city streets and avenues counts as much as does walking along a tree-lined lane.
For those of us who haven't done any regular exercise for some time, walking is an optimal way to get back in shape. Regardless of one's age, renewing one's acquaintance with the process of exercise should be a gradual process. Start slowly, beginning with a 15-minute walk at a slow pace. Increase your pace over time until you're able to do a brisk 15-minute walk. Then increase your duration in small increments, decreasing your pace if needed. Within, typically, four to six weeks, you've become able to do a brisk 30-minute walk. Longer durations may be appropriate, whenever possible. The federal government recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of vigorous exercise five times a week to achieve and maintain good health.
Regular chiropractic care helps us achieve our exercise goals and is an important component of our overall health and well-being strategy. Regular chiropractic care helps our spines maintain their balance, flexibility, and mechanical integrity, and a well-functioning spinal column helps ensure optimal activity of our nerve system. When the nerve system, our body's master system, is functioning properly, all our other physiological systems are able to do their jobs more effectively. In this way, regular chiropractic care helps us get the most out of our exercise activities and helps us obtain high levels of health and wellness.
- Shanahan DF, et al: The Benefits of Natural Environments for Physical Activity. Sports Med 46(7):989-995, 2016
- Ulmer JM1, et al: Multiple health benefits of urban tree canopy: The mounting evidence for a green prescription Health Place 42:54-62, 2016
- Cox DTC, et al; Doses of Neighborhood Nature: The Benefits for Mental Health of Living with Nature BioScience 67(2):147-155, 2017 | <urn:uuid:6ee209fe-d07d-40a2-a01d-8caef48668be> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.synergyoviedo.com/articles/general/518645-find-inspiration-in-walden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.95946 | 732 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Algebra 2 Functions Assignment Of Deed
A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output). We can also represent a relation as a mapping diagram or a graph. For example, the relation can be represented as:
Mapping Diagram of Relation
Lines connect the inputs with their outputs. The relation can also be represented as:
Graph of Relation
A function is a relation in which each input has only one output.
In the relation , y is a function of x, because for each input x (1, 2, 3, or 0), there is only one output y. x is not a function of y, because the input y = 3 has multiple outputs: x = 1 and x = 2.
\: y is a function of x, x is a function of y.
: y is not a function of x (x = 3 has multiple outputs), x is a function of y.
: y is a function of x, x is not a function of y (y = 9 has multiple outputs).
: y is not a function of x (x = 1 has multiple outputs), x is not a function of y (y = 2 has multiple outputs).
The Line Test for Mapping Diagrams
To check if a relation is a function, given a mapping diagram of the relation, use the following criterion: If each input has only one line connected to it, then the outputs are a function of the inputs.
Example: In the following mapping diagram, y is a function of x, but x is not a function of y:
Они также подошли к Танкадо. - Неудачный выбор места, - прокомментировал Смит. - Халохот думал, что поблизости никого . | <urn:uuid:aa4d8999-e306-400e-9cee-1978f158146d> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://bjtxp.webz.cz/400-algebra-2-functions-assignment-of-deed.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133645-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.782602 | 460 | 3.859375 | 4 |
While the Western media tries to convince its public of Russian aggression, it is useful to compare hard numbers for both Russia and the United States.
It is unquestionable that the United States’ military power is dominant, but just as an illustration, consider these numbers:
Russia’s military budget at $67 billion is tiny, compared to the United States’ $594 billion (bigger than the military budget of the next nine countries with largest military budgets combined).
The United States has 1,492,200 military personnel vs. Russia’s 845,000.
There are around 800 U.S. bases in 80 foreign countries, with 174 U.S. “base sites” in Germany alone. As of 2016, Russia has 12 military bases outside of its border: 10 of them on the territory of the former Soviet Union, in close proximity to Russia’s borders, two others in Syria and Vietnam
Both sides have more than enough to completely destroy each other several times. According to the Arms Control Association, Russia has 1,735 strategic warheads deployed on 521 ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers, and 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, and 3,200 additional warheads are awaiting dismantlement.
The United States has 1,481 strategic nuclear warheads deployed on 741 ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers, and 2,570 non-deployed strategic warheads, and roughly 500 deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, and approximately 2,500 warheads retired and awaiting dismantlement.
Irrelevance of Hard Numbers in “Asymmetric Response”
Whilst the overall defence numbers look favourable to the United States, the Russians can compensate for their numerical inferiority by deploying high-end systems for which the US has no real equivalent or good countermeasures.
Since 2012, when the U.S. announced its plans to proceed with building the Missile Defence System in Eastern Europe, Russia has warned of its asymmetric response to US threats:
“Russia will strengthen its air defence capabilities, including air defence systems around Moscow and in strategic forces, build new tracking stations in addition to three existing ones, and create such systems for which missile defence will not be an obstacle”.
Four years later, in summer 2016, Russian representative at NATO, Alexander Grushko reiterated: “Certainly, we’ll respond totally asymmetrically,” and that this response “would not be extremely expensive, but also highly effective.”
Russia’s Major General Igor Konashenkov, the Chief of the Directorate of Media service and Information of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, responded to the U.S. State Department’s threats that “Russians will be going home in body bags,” and that Russian cities will become targets of terrorist attacks:
“I would say that we know exactly where and how many “unofficial specialists” operate in Syria and in the Aleppo province and we know that they are involved in the operational planning and that they supervise the operations of the militants. Of course, one can continue to insist that they are unsuccessfully involved in trying to separate the al-Nusra terrorists from the “opposition” forces. But if somebody tries to implement these threats, it is by no means certain that these militants will have no time to get the hell out of there.”
Konashenkov warned Washington against a possible attack against Russian military personnel in Syria, as the “radius of the new Russian systems implemented in Syria might surprise our colleagues.”
Hard numbers might be irrelevant when it comes to threats of cyber-attacks.
In retaliation for alleged Russian interference in the American presidential election, “the CIA has been asked to deliver options to the White House for a wide-ranging ‘clandestine’ cyber operation designed to harass and ‘embarrass’ the Kremlin leadership,” according to NBC.
Russian president Putin responded that cyber-attacks or other types of interference in other countries’ internal affairs were intolerable and ridiculed the accusations of Russia’s meddling in the U.S. presidential elections as a distraction from the multitude of unresolved domestic problems “pointing instead to supposed Russian hackers, spies, agents of influence and so forth. Does anyone seriously imagine that Russia can somehow influence the American people’s choice? America is not some kind of ‘banana republic’, after all, but is a great power. Do correct me if I am wrong.” | <urn:uuid:41d8f099-4422-450f-8a7e-e1f2c7aebf6a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://theduran.com/russia-vs-the-us-who-has-the-stronger-military/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805242.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119004302-20171119024302-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.955814 | 956 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Yesterday was the UN’s International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women! I’m a bit behind with this, but not too late in fact:
The 16 Days of Activism against Gender Violence (25 November – 10 December) is an annual campaign that is symbolic of the global women’s movement and end-violence networks. Its starting day, 25 November, is observed each year to honour the Mirabal sisters, three political activists from the Dominican Republic who were assassinated on the same date in 1961. The end of the 16 Days is marked by 10 December, International Human Rights Day. | <urn:uuid:a592ae46-63a9-45e5-ae2e-8f8d649915cb> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://feministphilosophers.wordpress.com/2008/11/26/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164048127/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133408-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959963 | 125 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Vitamins are generally believed to be safe to use, more so the B- complex group of vitamins. However, while this is true of smaller doses of vitamins, with large doses, also called therapeutic doses, there can be many unpleasant side effects or even serious morbidity.
There are mild adverse effects due to niacinamide which are generally self limiting, and usually subside once use of niacinamide is stopped. The common side effects of vitamin B-3 are nausea, vomiting and headache. Other adverse effects include dizziness, skin flushes and itching. A note of caution here is that, as with any medicine, if the adverse effects do not disappear or subside on stopping the oral use of niacinamde, the patient must consult a doctor immediately.
There are also major side effects or reactions to vitamin B-3 use. These include dark colored urine and bloody or black stool. Other adverse effects include swelling of the feet and hands (a condition called edema), abdominal pain or aches, and loss of consciousness. Neurological reactions (involving the nervous system) include tingling and numbness of hands or legs and vision disturbances. The patient may also suffer from loss of appetite and yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin (a condition called jaundice), which results from damage to the liver, a known side effect of vitamin B3. Bleeding from the stomach may result in coffee colored vomiting. The major side effects of niacin occur usually when large doses (greater than 3 gms. /day) are taken.
A small number of patients may develop minor and in some cases even serious allergic reactions to vitamin B3. These reactions include chest discomfort and inability to breathe, a condition called dyspnea. Other allergic reactions include swelling of the lips and face and edema of the voice box, skin rashes and urticaria.
There are certain conditions where patients must exercise caution while using niacinamide. These include pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease, gall bladder pathology, allergies, gout, liver conditions, kidney diseases, and stomach conditions. Niacinamide can be used in pregnancy in small doses (less than 30 mg/ day). However, larger doses must be avoided to the extent possible due to possible detrimental effects on the fetus. The recommended dose of niacin for pregnant or breast-feeding women is 30 mg per day for women under 18 years of age, and 35 mg for women over the age of 18 yrs. Diabetic patients must use caution as niacinamide is known to cause an increase in blood sugar. Thus patients suffering from diabetes must monitor their blood sugar carefully before and during the use of niacinamide. Liver conditions and kidney diseases are grey areas for the use of niacinamide, as this vitamin is known to exacerbate these conditions. Such patients can receive adequate doses of niacinamide, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Very high doses of niacinamide can also precipitate an attack of gout in patients prone to high blood uric acid levels. Heart patients also need to be careful while using high or therapeutic doses of niacinamide due to the danger of irregular heart beats.
For more information see Vitamin Niacinamide. | <urn:uuid:6af40864-d912-452e-9277-4923f14081d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://digitalnaturopath.com/blog/vitamin-niacinamide-toxicity-and-adverse-effects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.924594 | 671 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The American Connection (Hingham Massachusetts)
Hingham (UK) has had links to the USA since the earliest days of the American colonisation. One driver of this emigration was the friction between the established church and the Puritans. One story that exemplifies this, is that of the Rev. Robert Peck for whom a brief timeline is shown below. These early emigrations led to the founding of Hingham (Massachusetts). One of these Hingham emigrants was a direct forefather of President Abraham Lincoln and this fact is proudly celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic.
The association between the two Hinghams has continued ever since. Gifts have been exchanged, monuments erected and commemoration events held. These are briefly covered in the following text.
On significant dates throughout the year it is not unusual to see the thought provoking sight of the American Stars and Stripes flying from the top of St Andrews church in celebration of our American links.
Reverend Robert Peck – timeline
Robert Peck (age 25) appointed to be rector of Hingham (UK). For 33 years his puritan leanings were a great influence on his parishioners but led to friction with the established church.
“Elizabeth Bonaventure” departs Great Yarmouth and settles Bare Cove (America)
A second party arrives and Bare Cove is renamed to Hingham (Massachusetts)
Some of Rev. Peck’s flock break into Hingham (UK) church and destroy altar rails, throw them into the parson’s pit and lower the “high” altar. Peck was held to be responsible by the church authorities and was eventually excommunicated.
Rev. Peck, his family and some of the more influential residents of Hingham (UK) sailed on the “Diligent” and joined the settlement of Hingham (Massachusetts).
After Hingham (UK) residents successfully petitioned the, now puritan, parliament; Rev. Peck and some of his family, returned to Hingham (UK) and resumed as rector until his death in 1656.
The early Emigrants (with links to Hingham (UK)).
Thomas & Alice Chubbock
John Haynes * NOTE 1
Edmund & Margaret Hobart + 7 children
Nicholas & Mary Jacob + 2 children
Anthony Cooper & wife + 4 sons , 4 daughters & 4 servants
John & Frances Farrow + daughter
Rev. Peter Hobart & wife + 4 children
George Ludkinge& wife + son
George & Elizabeth Marsh + 4 children
Thomas & Anna Barnes
Henry & Grace Chamberlain + 2 sons and his mother Christian
John & Mary Cutler + 7 children & 1 servant
Samuel Lincoln *NOTE 2
Edmund & Ann Pitts + daughter
John & Nazareth Beale + 5 sons, 3 daughters & 2 servants
Thomas Cooper & wife + 2 daughters
Matthew & Nazareth Cushing + 5 children
John & Mary Foulsham (or Folsom) (alias Smith) +1 child
Stephen & Anne Gates + 2 children
Edward & Mary Gilman + 3 sons, 2 daughters & 3 servants
Francis & Elizabeth James + 2 servants
Joseph Peck & wife + 4 children & 5 servants
Robert & Anne Peck + children & 2 servants
Frances Ricroft (or Rycraft) widow of John
William Ripley & wife + 2 sons, 2 daughters
Peter Hallock & wife + 2 children
*NOTE 1: John Haynes later became the Governor of Connecticut
*NOTE 2: Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the USA was the great-great-great-great-grandson of Samuel Lincoln.
Bust of Abraham Lincoln
In the Hingham (UK) parish church of St Andrews is displayed a bust of Abraham Lincoln which was unveiled by the American ambassador, Mr John Davis, in 1919. The bust was funded by subscriptions from many people in America and is a copy of the sculpture made in 1860 by the American Leonard Wells Folk.
Underneath the bust is an inscription in stone which states:
In this parish for many generations
lived the Lincolns
ancestors of the American Abraham Lincoln
To him greatest of that lineage
many citizens of the United States
have erected this memorial
in the hope that for all ages
between that land and
this land and all lands
there shall be
malice towards none
with charity for all
The 275th Anniversary of the founding of Hingham (Mass) and an exchange of stones
text extracted directly from “Hingham – The American Connection from the earliest settlers to the present day” by the Hingham History Group published in 1999 ( see our publications page).
Old Hingham = Hingham (UK)
New Hingham = Hingham (Massachusetts)
To mark this anniversary the people of Hingham, Mass., stimulated by the efforts of Rev. Louis Cornish, erected a Memorial Tower by public subscription at the entrance to the Old Burying Ground, adjacent to the Old Ship Church. It was visualised that a stone from old Hingham should be used as a corner stone of the tower. William L. Gifford came to old Hingham to find a suitable stone but discovered that there was no stone bigger than a hand in the area. Canon Upcher, the rector, proposed that, to mark the anniversary, new Hingham should be presented with the old mounting block (a glacial erratic) which stood by Mr Houchin’s pork butcher’s shop (now the post office), as that was the only stone that we ever had. Mr Gifford replied: ‘Well, if that is the only one you ever had, it is the only one we shall ever want.‘ The block was thus sent to new Hingham. – There was a Formal presentation on 9th October, 1911, by the Rt Hon. James Bryce, D.C.L., the British ambassador, who said: ‘Stones are the most permanent and enduring things of man‘ and that this stone ‘represents a continuity of language and blood which maintains the institutions and traditions of old England . . .’ It was accepted for new Hingham by Walter Hersey, chairman of the Selectmen. However its shape was not suitable for its use as a cornerstone and so it was placed on a brick plinth just inside the tower where there is the following inscription:
The Hingham Stone
long used as a mounting block
is believed to have stood
for centuries on the Village Green
and to‘ have been known
to the Forefathers before the migration.
It was given by Hingham, Norfolk
to Hingham, Massachusetts
for this Memorial
and was presented to the Town
on October 9, 1911 by the
Right Hon. James Bryce, D.C.l_.
Ambassador for Great Britain
to the United States.
On the first floor of the tower is the Hobart room. A panel over the mantlepiece states in part: To the Memory of the Revd. Peter Hobart, M.A. Born in Old Hingham 1602. Died in new Hingham 1678. Educated in Cambridge University, Lecturer and Preacher in English Parishes, he emigrated to America in 1635, and became one of the Founders and the First Minister of this free Plantation.‘
In contrast to old Hingham, new Hingham, according to Mr Gifford, ‘was so full of stones‘. Tom McSweeny was instrumental in getting the annual town meeting to vote unanimously to send a stone to old Hingham to replace the mounting block. Mr Isaac Sprague and the Rev. Louis Craig Cornish, minister of the Old Ship Church, were appointed to lead the delegation to present the stone. They were joined by their wives and Mr Isaac Sprague, junior.
The stone, a 2-ton block of granite, duly arrived in Hingham in 1913 and was temporarily left on the green near the position of the present bus shelter. It became a source of amusement for the local children who had many games round it. The Parish Council formed a committee, consisting of Messrs- Barcham, Blackwell, Cordy, Gooch and Harwood, to arrange for the presentation of the stone.
Mr Cornish recorded his impressions of the journey to this Hingham, The final part reads: “A little further on, a stone by the roadside shows him (i.e. the traveller) he is at last in old Hingham, and near his journey’s end. A bend in the road discloses a few brick houses. The road passes the tall hedges of the manor park, the iron gates of fine Italian workmanship which open to the rectory grounds, and the noble and imposing church. Then the road turns sharply to the left, passes a row of shops and the old burying ground, and enters the market place, or green, the centre and heart of Old Hingham. “Around the market place are a number of shops, the White Hart Inn, an ancient and excellent hostelry, some of the best of the residences, and above the roofs looking benignly down on the square the pilgrim sees the neat church tower giving him welcome.”
The presentation ceremony was described as follows:
“At present the stone is a rough boulder, but the expressed wish of our American cousins is that it shall be inscribed, and, if possible, replace the old stone. It was the formal presentation of this stone that occupied the attention of Old Hingham on Monday. The bells in the church tower rang out a merry peal, the Attleborough Town Band was in attendance and played English and American airs. Boy Scouts and members of the Church Lads‘ Brigade were also present, and from every position of vantage flags and bunting were displayed. The ceremony was performed on the open space in front of the Post Office. The centre of attraction, of course, was the stone, placed upon a lorry draped with blue muslin. Overhead the Stars and Stripes and the Union Jack waved side by side in the breeze, and connecting them were the white-lettered mottoes, on a red background; ‘Old Hingham shakes hands with New Hingham, and ‘1637 – Welcome -1913’ ”
WW2 – 452 Bomb Group (Station 142 at Deopham Green)
Approximately one quarter of the WW2 airfield at Deopham Green (Station 142) was situated in the parish of Hingham. It was used by the 452nd Bomber Group of the USAAF from January 1944 until June 1945. The 2900 personnel stationed their supported and flew the B17G Flying Fortresses. Hingham also had associations with Station 115 at nearby Shipdham.
There were many interactions between the local population and the air base including some of the local lads helping out on-base and being rewarded with trips on practice flights. Three Hingham ladies married American airforcemen soon after the war. Mary George married Henry Williams, Beryl Ryder married Harold Treet and Blance Tufts wed Joe Dommer.
In May 1979 members of the 452 Bomb Group unveiled a plaque dedicated to the memory of those who died while flying from Deopham Green. The plaque is set in a plinth placed adjacent to the war memorial in Hingham. Further visits took place in 1985, 1989, 1992 and 1995. During the 1992 visit a small monument was unveiled on the former airfield in the neighbouring parish of Great Ellingham.
Some of the Gifts exchanged
From Hingham (UK), a fragment of the of the old font, part of the shaft of the original 14th century baptismal font, was presented to America where it was restored and incorporated in the font of St Stephens Church (built 1899 – 1900) in the parish of Cohasset which split from Hingham (Massachusetts) in 1770.
to Hingham (Massachusetts) the “old mounting block” stone
to Hingham (UK) a replacement stone, a 2 ton block of granite.
£300 to Hingham (UK) and used for education and assistance for those crippled during the war.
The bust of Abraham Lincoln was presented to Hingham (UK) and is displayed in St Andrews church.
$515 donated to the St Andrews (UK) restoration fund.
On occasion of Hingham (Massachusetts) 350th anniversary from Hingham (UK) a replica of the Hingham (UK) old town sign.
“The Heyday of their Strength” by M. E. Lonsdale published 1979 by Geo R Reeve Ltd
“Hingham – The American Connection from the earliest settlers to the present day” by the Hingham History Group published in 1999 ( see our publications page). | <urn:uuid:c86a151b-ae3a-468e-a666-71801bfcd8ca> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://hinghamhistorycentre.co.uk/the-american-connection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525627.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718104512-20190718130512-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.956171 | 2,673 | 2.515625 | 3 |
English vocabulary and translations (See all)
a geek: a person who is extremely enthusiastic about or obsessed by a certain thing, usually IT or computers
UK: 'Geek' is sometimes considered pejorative.
US: I was a geek in high-school which made me somewhat cooler than the nerds.
If the audio player isn't working:
- Download: audio.mp3
- "jpeg', and voilà - my photo is next to the article on Geek!"
- "GEEK From Stickypedia, the free online encyclopedia"
- "A geek is an awkward person who is seen as being too intellectual."
- "Hannah : Ok, look up 'Geek'."
- "Nobody to touch me but a computer geek"
- "Geeks are often obsessed with one thing, such as electronics or computers."
- "For example, let's refresh the page 'Geek'."
- "Icarus : 'Geek': G-E-E-K."
- "Hannah : Ok Icarus, I admit it: Stickypedia's page on 'geek' is excellent."
- "If you use Stickypedia regularly, you are probably a geek."
Do you have smart way of remembering 'Geek'? Share it with us! | <urn:uuid:bba8523b-d55a-4109-ac9e-337c0548aa5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.gymglish.com/en/english-translation/geek | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591575.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720080634-20180720100634-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.918657 | 273 | 2.703125 | 3 |
3D Printer Resources
Libraries Lend out 3D printers to make PPE
The Library believes in integrating new technologies into programs and everyday life to the best of our ability. The 3D Printer is our newest technology so, we have put together this resource page for your interest and to better prepare you on your way to have an object printed!
3D Printer Info
The Library owns and operates several different 3D printer models.
Once it has been determined that the file does not violate the Library’s Policy on 3D Printing, your project will be included in a queue to be printed. To learn more about 3D printing and design, continue to read below or view our Events Calendar to register for a program (offered periodically).
If you are interested in having a 3D design printed, please review the resources below and then click on the link at the bottom to submit your design.
Preparing your File
1. Creating or editing a model for the 3D Printer
You can design your object in any 3D modeling software of your choosing. Below is a list of Free 3D modeling software and open source model websites.
Free 3D Modeling Software
Recommended! Tinkercad – a browser-based 3D design platform, now part of Autodesk (free version available).
Blender – open source 3D animation suite.
OpenSCAD – free software for creating solid 3D CAD models. Useful for creating models of machine parts.
List of additional free software packages from 3ders.com.
Free Open Source 3D Model Websites
You can search for pre-existing models on the Internet to print as they are, or to modify using 3D modeling software.
Recommended! Thingiverse – MakerBot’s searchable design library community.
3D Warehouse – Sketchup’s searchable design library.
3D Modeling Tutorials
How to fix and repair your 3D files (Shapeways)
Software Tutorials (Shapeways)
3D modeling for beginners (Shapeways)
2. Formatting your File for the 3D Printer
Export your model as a stereolithography file, with an STL extension (.stl).
Maximum size is 304.8 x 304.8 x 304.8 mm (12 x 12 x 12 in).
Please note that larger jobs will cost more and will require more time to print. You can specify a different quality level by making a note under “Description & Special Requests” on the 3D Printed Object Request Form.
Please note that multiple parts may cause a delay in printing your object. If your model includes multiple parts, make each as a separate STL file. You can submit each model as part of the same print request.
Make a solid design
The surface of your 3D model must be watertight. This means all faces of the object must construct one or more closed volume entities. Gaps or holes in the model will cause it to print incorrectly.
See Rhino’s How do I Make a Solid Model.
Check your design for holes, gaps, or other problems before submission. Numerous third party tools can help you fix geometry problems, including:
- NetFabb – provides a cloud base service and free downloadable software that can check you files
- MeshLab – open source software for checking files
Shapeways offers a tutorial for fixing and repairing 3D models using these services.
Once your model is ready to go, make a 3D printing request and upload your STL file. A staff member from the Library will contact you within five business days with an estimate for the total cost (80¢ per ounce of filament used) and turnaround time and also let you know if there are any problems with the file. | <urn:uuid:d8aec6e9-bc14-436e-a0ba-c834d21b31d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://portjefflibrary.org/resources/3dprinter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.872856 | 784 | 3 | 3 |
Back in print in time for the Civil War anniversaries Includes firsthand accounts and illustrations of the most important events and sites In May 1862 the battle of Williamsburg was fought just outside of the quiet town. Union troops now occupied the city, and throughout the rest of the war, Williamsburg residents, who had enthusiastically supported the Confederacy, were forced to endure the indignities of living under Union military government. Civil War Williamsburg recounts the tragic, comic, and mundane events that made up life in Williamsburg during occupation.
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Rent Civil War Williamsburg 1st edition today, or search our site for Hudson textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Stackpole Books. | <urn:uuid:e3b51e7e-c845-4d96-821b-761ed782ae3c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/civil-war-williamsburg-1st-edition-9780811727075-0811727076 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00234-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951747 | 148 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Environmental scientists see flora, fauna and phenomena the rest of us rarely do. In this series, we’ve invited them to share their unique photos from the field.
We gathered at the edge of the ship deck, awaiting the return of our sediment corer that had been lowered 4.5 kilometres – half the height of Mount Everest – to the seafloor. Our team of 53 people nervously shuffled together like penguins as we speculated about what we’d find.
It was July 2022. We’d been at sea for 36 days on CSIRO’s Research Vessel Investigator to explore the edges of our continent and learn how it evolved through time. While we’re all familiar with the shape of modern Australia, our continental mass actually extends well beyond our shorelines.
Over the 36 days of our voyage, we mapped more than 40,000 square kilometres of the seafloor from as shallow as 22 metres to depths of over 4.8km. And we’ve created 3D visualisations of features never seen before.
The steel corer emerged from the deep glistening like pirate treasure. It marks just one of many samples we collected at sea. Analysing them all will probably take years, but we can still share exciting new maps of the seafloor and what they may reveal – from the threat of tsunami in Australia to evidence of ancient beaches and dunes.
The threat of tsunami
Our research voyage aimed to investigate how mud and sand flows from our continent into the deep oceans. Along the way, these different sediments can travel down submarine canyons and form large landslides.
A big part of understanding the potential threat of tsunami is learning how the material from the submarine landslides along the eastern seaboard has moved down into the deep ocean. For example, does it go as a single, large slab of sediment, failing all at once? Or does it slowly break apart, with smaller pieces heading down slope one at a time as a slurry of sediment and water?
While Australia has a relatively low tsunami risk compared to other places around the world, we are still exposed and so should heed warnings from emergency services.
A recent tsunami to hit Australia was caused by the underwater volcanic explosion in Tonga in January last year. This brought waves of more than 80 centimetres to the Gold Coast, which could knock you off your feet.
Mapping the seafloor surface
We mapped areas of the seafloor with a level of precision not available to previous generations of hydrographers and map-makers in Australia. Some areas were nearly 5km deep and over 100 nautical miles from the coast.
To do this, we use a multibeam system. This involves sending out sound waves from the bottom of the ship in a wide cone-shape. These sound waves bounce off the seafloor back to the ship, giving us information about the depth of the seafloor and allowing us to map any features on its surface.
One feature we remapped was an area of the continental slope offshore of Yamba, New South Wales. Here we see cliffs up to a few hundred metres high – evidence of slope failure and sliding.
We also remapped the scar from the Bulli submarine landslide, which is the biggest submarine landslide identified on the Australian continental margin to date. At over 25km long and over 10km wide, the Bulli landslide off Wollongong in NSW removed 40 cubic kilometres of sediment from the edge of our continent.
But to get a true feel for the multibeam system’s capabilities, we also mapped the wreck of the Limerick, a ship sunk by Japanese submarines off Australia’s east coast near Cape Byron in 1943. This also supported efforts to understand the current state of the famous shipwreck.
The wreck sits upside down in about 80m of water. To get a better view, we also lowered a camera to the torpedo hole in the side that sunk the ship.
Beneath the seafloor
Understanding what’s on the surface of the seafloor tells us a lot about what has happened over the last few hundreds of thousands of years.
But looking below the surface at the sediment layers beneath can tell us how the seafloor has evolved over millions of years.
To do this, we use techniques that send out pulses of sound that can penetrate the seafloor. These pulses then listen for return signals that bounce off interfaces of different types of sediments and rocks.
Through these sub-surface imaging techniques, we have identified a range of interesting features. These include extinct river channels that were previously above the sea surface when sea levels were much lower in the past.
But to really tie things down we need physical samples of the seafloor and the sediment beneath it. Doing this is a challenge when you’re floating kilometres above the seafloor you want to sample.
So we use deep sea sediment corers and dredges, lowered down on winches with kilometres of cable. Corers punch into the seafloor and bring us back a column of sediment, while dredges drag along the bottom pulling up bits of mud and rocks, bringing them on board in big chain baskets.
Once on board, these samples are carefully analysed to look for key features that will help us piece together the puzzle of the continental margin’s evolution. Further work, such as radiocarbon dating and isotope analysis, is conducted in the months to years after the voyage to complete the analysis.
We’ve collected some fascinating new data that will keep us busy for years to come, but we also had time for table tennis competitions, a few movie nights, and a daily debate on which of the many delicious meals onboard was the favourite.
And we can’t forget the many spectacular sunrises and sunsets! | <urn:uuid:52d37e06-a567-4b7b-9cfa-806fb43a22ee> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://gnmag.in/world/photos-from-the-field-our-voyage-investigating-australias-submarine-landslides-and-deep-marine-canyons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00871.warc.gz | en | 0.94382 | 1,205 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Prior to surgery to repair a cleft lip, some patients will require orthodontic treatment in order to guide the growth of the mouth in the right direction, eventually aiding in the correction process. This technique is called nasal alveolar molding (NAM), and is usually begun during the first two weeks of a baby’s life and can last up to six months.
The Children’s Center for Craniofacial Disorders was among the first craniofacial centers in the country to offer the NAM device. Children’s installed more than 41 NAMs in 2009, the most in the Southeast.
How does NAM work?
The child’s first visit to the Children’s Center for Craniofacial Disorders, the Children’s pediatric orthodontist will take a mold of the infant’s mouth.
The orthodontist will then create a custom-made plastic plate of the child’s mouth, lip and nostrils.
The child will wear the plate 24 hours a day for approximately six months. The plate is held in the mouth by surgical skin tape that also helps guide the growth of the child’s face.
Each week, the orthodontist will reshape the plate, reducing the child’s cleft and reshaping the facial features.
What are the benefits of the NAM technique?
Typically, children with cleft lip and palate require between five to seven surgeries—sometimes extending into adolescent years. The NAM device reduces the number of surgeries required during a patient’s lifetime, which in turn reduces facial scarring, trauma, inconvenience and cost involved in additional surgeries.
The NAM device dramatically improves postsurgical results for cleft lip and palate patients. In addition, it also may have a dramatic effect on speech and overall health.
Because the NAM device covers the roof of the infant’s mouth, the NAM appliance also helps with feeding.
What is the role of the parents?
Parent participation is essential to the success of the NAM appliance. In addition to weekly visits to the Children’s Center for Craniofacial Disorders, parents will be responsible for attaching the tape to their child’s face, which allows the NAM device to stay in place. | <urn:uuid:aa19984b-f432-453b-9ae7-4851895cd07b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.choa.org/Childrens-Hospital-Services/Pediatric-Craniofacial-Center/Treatments-and-Technology/Nasal-Alveolar-Molding-NAM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909035918-00307-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934351 | 479 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Callan Motte facts for kids
|Location||Westcourt Demesne, Callan,
County Kilkenny, Ireland
|Region||Kings River Valley|
|Length||66 m (217 ft) (at base)|
|Width||48 m (157 ft) (at base)|
|Area||780 m2 (8,400 sq ft) (summit area)|
|Diameter||40 m (130 ft)|
|Height||12 metres (39 ft)|
|Cultures||Cambro-Norman, Old English|
Callan Motte is in the centre of Callan, north of the Kings River, west of Upper Bridge Street and east of the N76. The eastward facing base of the Motte is situated approximately 100m from the King's River and its floodplain. This floodplain extends along the western riverbank, interrupted only by a small series of riverside residences adjoining both sides of the bridge.
As of January 2021, the immediate area is currently being developed to provide pedestrian and disabled access via a graduated tarmac walkway. This includes significant access improvements to the adjoining Moat Lane. This walkway was submerged by seasonal flooding in early December 2000 and is not expected to subside until at least April 2001, when the damage can be assessed. Due to ongoing COVID19 restrictions, an expected completion date is currently indeterminate.
History and archaeology
Motte-and-bailey castles were a primitive type of castle built after the Norman invasion, a mound of earth topped by a wooden palisade and tower.
Callan Motte was built c. 1217 by Geoffrey FitzRobert, seneschal to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. In 1307 it was described as ‘a castle, in which there is a hall constructed of wood covered with wooden shingles, a stone chamber, a kitchen and other wooden chambers’. It was abandoned as a lordly residence in the 14th century.
Local legend claims that cannons were placed on the Motte by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers during the 1650 Siege of Callan.
The Motte known locally as 'The Moat', came to prominence again for several years between the late 1950s and 1963 when week-long Moat Carnivals were held on the Moat field and on the hill where the castle once stood. Marquees holding several hundred were erected and lengthly dancing sessions brought the hilltop to life. The annual highlight was the crowning of the 'Carnival Queen. Future legendary RTE radio personality Larry Gogan crowned the final 1963 Carnival Queen. These dances were extremely popular and to safely accommodate the increasing number of attendees were subsequently relocated to a very large Marquee on the Fairgreen which was erected for several months each year until the mid 1980s. Another annual highlight was the Street Leagues, which pitted teams representing Callan’s streets against each other in hurling or football games.
As part of the redevelopment of the Moat Field, information panels have been installed around the Moat field. These panels highlight the historical, social, and flora and fauna of the Moat Field.
Callan Motte Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:bf89e1a1-870a-4f93-ac28-67aba03a5ff4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Callan_Motte | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710684.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128235805-20221129025805-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.951703 | 775 | 2.796875 | 3 |
One of the important keys to developing into a well-adjusted adult is identity formation during adolescence, and for deaf people (particularly those born to hearing parents) that involves progressing through the following stages: 1) Culturally Hearing, 2) Culturally Marginal, 3) Immersion in the Deaf World, and 4) Biculturalism. Adolescence is a trial at the best of times, as young people have to negotiate the complex soap opera of adolescent social lives and networks. Communication difficulties can be an enormous barrier to this development and even subtle communication difficulties can make this development extremely difficult.
Vitally, there is a world of difference between integration and belonging. This has been extensively examined in learning disability literature as “inclusion”, “integration”, “mainstreaming” and so on are pertinent to these groups as well. Students require a secondary education where they feel they belong, not where they are merely included and presumed to be “equal”.
Deaf education is a completely different environment from mainstreaming. I have observed deaf pupils in mainstream schools with TA/CSW support and am yet to see this effectively enable the student to take part in classes. The presence of support staff is always seen by the teacher/tutor as a solution to any problems there may be, and so they direct their attention solely to the hearing students, leaving the support staff to mop up any difficulties. This ghettoises the part of the room with the small huddle of deaf people and support staff. It also means the tutors believe they can progress at the usual pace and the deaf students are always consequently behind the rest of the class. In addition, complicated GCSE or A-level material is delivered to the student by support staff members who are not themselves qualified in those subjects. Students therefore are obliged to deal with not only their own ignorance of the subjects, but also that of their support staff.
The presence of support staff in a classroom can be as, if not more, disabling than the root hearing impairment. Hearing students are far less minded to attempt to socialise with deaf students who appear to require adult assistance to function. Even with that support removed during break times, secondary student relationships are built and adapted continually, not just in break times, and it would be impossible for a deaf student to even remotely catch up with or begin to be a part of those relationships outside of class time.
The available peer group for mainstreamed deaf students therefore is restricted to those other students supported by the unit, which has far fewer numbers, and far fewer possibilities for age- or gender-peer relationships. The likely trajectory for identity formation within this context is towards identifying oneself as peripheral/remedial hearing, rather than as avalued and competent deaf person.
In the UK and elsewhere there is very definitely a hearing culture and community, although for hearing people this is a hard idea to grasp; and similarly a strong Deaf culture and community. I worked for a long time offering therapy in BSL to deaf people with depression and anxiety, among other mental health difficulties, and they uniformly described the “hearing world” and “deaf world” as being worlds apart, and feeling as if they did not belong to either. As therapy progressed over the months and mental health problems resolved, so the sense of belonging to both worlds/communities increased, and indeed in BSL-space the two worlds were located closer and closer together. There is not an identifiable community or culture of hearing-impaired or deafened people and, being such a varied population anyway in terms of communication modality / assisted and unassisted audiometry and so on, where such a person feels they belong is very much up in the air. A positive self identity as any sort of person requires a sense of belonging, and a sense of self-worth, so a student needs to be placed within a group of people with whom they feel they belong and where the need for artificial assistance, be it via staff support or equipment, is as low as possible as those assistive interventions can also be socially disempowering or act as additional obstacles (as alluded to above re mainstream secondary education.)
I cannot stress enough the important distinction between belonging and inclusion. | <urn:uuid:088f4f01-fcaa-48df-bb2d-dce196d1fb3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.jimcromwellinterpreting.com/peripheralbrain/2011/01/mainstreaming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.971998 | 870 | 3.234375 | 3 |
It doesn't matter if the black hole is rotating, since Jupiter is already rotating. Since Jupiter's mass already has a rotational moment of inertia, it will continue spinning as it is sucked in.
Also, conceptually, the total mass of Jupiter has not changed by very much by introducing a black hole, so there is almost no additional sucking force that is pulling Jupiter's mass into the center.
Since the surface area of the black hole is so small (0.005 m^2, at least at first), you won't actually be losing that much mass, relative to the entire mass of Jupiter. So the loss of mass won't be that fast.
Jupiter isn't collapsing right now because the force of gravity is being counteracted by the pressure of the particles that are already in the center. As those particles interact with the event horizon and 'dissapear', other particles will move to take their place. However, consider that if you divide Jupiter into an infinite set of spheres, nested one inside the other, the spheres get larger as you go towards the surface. Therefore, as mass is lost to the black hole, the mass being sucked inwards will be compressed and heated. This heating will in turn increase the pressure in the regions near the black hole, and will thus slow the rate of collapse of the planet.
None of these considerations really change the outlook for the planet, as Mike Scott put it, but the planet will die a spinning, glowing white hot death, as opposed to just imploding. | <urn:uuid:2c1a89f1-8daf-42b8-8f0c-a25a02c7f3ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/30804/what-would-happen-to-a-planet-10x-the-size-of-jupiter-if-there-was-a-golf-ball?noredirect=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541319511.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216093448-20191216121448-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.963203 | 311 | 2.75 | 3 |
A common theme of debate at many universities across the UK has been whether student bodies have been ‘stamping down’ on rights to free speech. This comes in the wake of many ‘safe space’ policies being put into action across British universities in an attempt to make all those who study there feel more secure.
But it seems that in all the fuss, the real problem has been overlooked. What exactly does ‘free speech’ entitle us to? Strictly speaking, not much at all, it legally means that you will not be put into jail for your opinion. That’s it. Having the right to free speech does not entitle you to protection from backlash if your ideas are met with hostility, it does not entitle you to offend or upset someone else, and most importantly: it does not entitle you to an audience.
A university’s implementation of a ‘safe space’ policy is not, as many on campus seem to think, a violation of any of your rights. As ‘free speech’ isn’t a right to say what you want where you want and at the expense of whomever you like, it’s a right to avoid prosecution for your beliefs.
Unfortunately, due to the distorted definition of what free speech actually entails, all too often it is used as an excuse or a front for hateful behaviour. Taking the form of the childhood retort, ‘I was just saying’, it seems that safe space programmes have become necessary to combat the wave of hate which has swept across our university campuses, due to a misplaced sense of entitlement.
Yes, you have your right to an opinion, but you do not have the right to damage someone’s well-being. When it comes right down to it, why should your opinion come before someone else’s psychological or emotional health, no matter how important you may feel it is.
A university adopting ‘safe space’ policies is not as so many would like to label it, ‘hand holding’ or ‘coddling’, it’s ensuring the safety and mental well-being of all those who come to university, as all student bodies are expected to do. If you have an opinion which you just can’t help but express, wait for the appropriate audience, go to a bar, meet your friends to discuss it after class, but do not force it upon those who are there to study and advance their academic careers.
Banning offensive costumes at Halloween which appropriate cultures, or songs perpetuating a long standing problem of rape culture, or even the suggestion that perhaps you shouldn’t express that opinion about Hinduism at the risk of damaging someone else’s emotional state; seem like fair and appropriate responses to problems that students face at Universities across the UK. And it seems that in the wake of these seemingly reasonable measures to stamp out hateful behaviour, the backlash that it receives has us wondering why exactly students feel they should have the right to participate in it when it is so clearly at the expense of others?
Free speech is your right to have opinions without the fear of legal prosecution, but safe spaces are to ensure protection from harm, whether emotional or psychological. Which one you feel should come first, may explain the very reason these safe space policies are needed.
Image: Gene Han | <urn:uuid:fc725f8c-1714-4556-abc5-0b8d3e273259> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://studentnewspaper.org/free-speech-should-not-mean-hate-speech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143646.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218085715-20200218115715-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.964417 | 691 | 2.625 | 3 |
Teeth from a cave in China suggest that modern humans lived in Asia much earlier than previously thought, and tens of thousands of years before they reached Europe, researchers say.
This discovery yields new information about the dispersal of modern humans from Africa to the rest of the world, and could shed light on how modern humans and Neanderthals interacted, the scientists added.
Modern humans first originated about 200,000 years ago in Africa. When and how the modern human lineage dispersed from Africa has long been controversial.
Previous research suggested the exodus from Africa began between 70,000 and 40,000 years ago. However, recent research hinted that modern humans might have begun their march across the globe as early as 130,000 years ago. [See Photos of Our Closest Human Ancestor]
One place that could shed light on the spread of humanity is southern China, which is dotted with fossil-rich caves. Scientists analyzed modern human teeth that they unearthed in Fuyan Cave in southern China's Hunan province, which is part of a system of caves more than 32,300 square feet (3,000 square meters) in size.
Excavations from 2011 to 2013 yielded a trove of 47 human teeth, as well as bones from many other extinct and living animals, such as pandas, hyenas and pigs. The scientists detailed their findings in the Oct. 15 issue of the journal Nature.
The researchers found these teeth are more than 80,000 years old, and may date back as far as 120,000 years. Until now, fossils from southern China confirmed as older than 45,000 years in age that can be confidently identified as modern human in origin have been lacking.
"Our discovery, together with other research findings, suggests southern China should be the key, central area for the emergence and evolution of modern humans in East Asia," the study's co-lead author, Wu Liu, of China's Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, told Live Science.
These newfound teeth are smaller than counterparts of similar ages from Africa and elsewhere in China. Instead, they more closely resemble teeth from contemporary modern humans. This suggests different kinds of humans were living in China at the same time — archaic kinds in northern China, and ones more like modern humans in southern China.
The researchers said these findings could shed light on why modern humans made a relatively late entry into Europe. There is currently no evidence that modern humans entered Europe before 45,000 years ago, even though they made it as far as southern China at least as early as 80,000 years ago. The investigators suggested that Neanderthals might have prevented modern humans from crossing into Europe until after Neanderthals began dying off.
"It may be that that Europe was too small for two intelligent and behaviorally complex species that were seeking the same type of resources," study co-lead author María Martinón-Torres at University College London told Live Science. Perhaps Neanderthals faded away after dealing with thousands of years of isolation and harsh winters, and "maybe it was only at that time that Homo sapiens could finally make it into Europe," Martinón-Torres added.
Still, Neanderthals might not be the main reason for the relatively late entry of modern humans into Europe, said archaeologist Robin Dennell at the University of Exeter in England, who did not take part in this research. Instead, modern humans may have colonized the southern zones of Europe and Asia before the northern zones because the former were warmer than the latter, Dennell wrote in a commentary article in the Oct. 15 issue of Nature.
The jury is still out on exactly what triggered the dispersal of modern humans. "What is especially needed now is archaeological evidence (sadly lacking in Fuyan Cave) to indicate whether the initial dispersal of our species was caused or facilitated by cognitive developments (such as symbolism or complex exchange systems), or was simply an example of opportunistic range extension," Dennell writes in his commentary, adding that southern China could hold the answer. | <urn:uuid:b269573e-c93b-42e2-8f13-44365a2842fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.livescience.com/52481-modern-humans-reached-china-before-europe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531702.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123001629-20210123031629-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.96697 | 830 | 3.9375 | 4 |
News Release Distributed 06/03/11By LSU AgCenter Horticulturists Dan Gill, Kyle Huffstickler and Allen Owings
Home gardeners need to know and be aware of how to care for and manage crape myrtle trees in our landscapes. These are the most popular of our flowering trees, and questions abound regarding proper care and maintenance. Keys to success with crape myrtles include correct sunlight, ideal soil pH and drainage, proper pruning, regular fertilization, proper mulching and insect control.
Crape myrtles need full sun in order to perform the best, grow the best and bloom the best. This means eight hours or more of direct sun daily. Less than eight hours of sunlight daily isn’t sufficient for ideal crape myrtle performance. Many of us underestimate the amount of sun that our landscape receives, so check sun patterns in the morning, during the middle of the day and during late afternoon to determine how much sunlight your landscape receives.
Soil pH is important for crape myrtles, but it may not be as important as it is for some of our other landscape plants. Crape myrtles like a soil pH of 6.0-6.5. This is considered slightly acid. Do not guess on soil pH – soil test. You can lower the soil pH with sulfur products and raise the pH with lime products. But always do this based on the results of a soil test.
When it comes to pruning, February is the time to prune crape myrtles. But your particular crape myrtle may not need to be pruned. You should prune these trees to maintain a natural shape or to thin out branches to allow light into the canopy. Do not top or “hack off the top” of crape myrtle trees. This is often referred to as “crape murder.” Major pruning to reduce height is not recommended.
Fertilization is very important for crape myrtles. To maximize spring growth and the resultant summer bloom, crape myrtles should be fertilized in early spring just prior to new growth commencing. A fertilizer like 8-8-8 or 13-13-13 will work fine and is recommended for crape myrtles. It is better to place fertilizer in drilled holes in the ground (about 8 inches deep) than to just scatter fertilizer on top of the ground. You can fertilize later in the spring and in the summer, but the plants won’t benefit as much as when fertilizer is applied in late winter to early spring.
Mulching is, unfortunately, incorrectly done in many residential and commercial landscape plantings. When you mulch, go “out” instead of “up.” You may see mulch piled high around the base of trees. Don’t do this. Spread mulch out under the branches and use pine straw, pine bark or wood chips to a depth of 2-3 inches and refresh the layer as needed. Keep mulch off the trunk.
One problem that is frequent on crape myrtles is insect damage. Actually, most insects do not do much damage except for aphids that may feed on the new shoot growth in the spring. White flies are also sometimes a problem on crape myrtles. Left unchecked, these insects will release bodily fluids onto the foliage, and the resultant honeydew leads to sooty mold on the leaves. This is the black discoloration that occurs normally in the early summer through fall months. If you control the insects, no sooty mold will develop.
Popular crape myrtle varieties in Louisiana include Natchez, Muskogee, Tonto, Acoma and Sioux. Garden centers have the best availability of crape myrtles in late spring and early summer.
All of the practices outlined here will help your crape myrtles be successful long-term in the landscape.
Visit LaHouse in Baton Rouge to see sustainable landscape practices in action. The home and landscape resource center is near the intersection of Burbank Drive and Nicholson Drive (Louisiana Highway 30) in Baton Rouge, across the street from the LSU baseball stadium. For more information, go to www.lsuagcenter.com/lahouse or www.lsuagcenter.com/lyn.
Send to friend | <urn:uuid:97218b75-a6e9-49ba-ad12-54a2fe6a8641> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.lsuagcenter.com/news_archive/2011/june/news_you_can_use/Takecareofyourcrapemyrtletrees.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772125.148/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00005-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924339 | 908 | 2.75 | 3 |
A new study by NYU Medical Center researchers shows for the first time that the immune system can combat the pathological form of tau protein, a key protein implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers, led by Einar Sigurdsson Ph.D. at New York University School of Medicine, created a vaccine in mice that suppresses aggregates of tau. The protein accumulates into harmful tangles in the memory center of the brains of Alzheimer’s patients.
The vaccine successfully slowed the deterioration of motor abilities produced by excessive amounts of tau in the central nervous system of mice, according to the study published in the August 22, 2007 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience. Dr. Sigurdsson plans to conduct follow-up studies using mice that slowly develop tangles and cognitive impairments without movement problems. | <urn:uuid:6d0d7563-0576-4b04-abd7-acafcd58bd1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://biosingularity.wordpress.com/category/vaccines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423903.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722062617-20170722082617-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.914238 | 166 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual
|Author||Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda|
|LC Class||PN1992.77.S73 S78 1991|
|Followed by||Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual|
Star Trek: The Next Generation: Technical Manual (ST:TNG TM) is a paperback reference guide detailing the inner and other workings of the fictional Federation starship Enterprise-D and other aspects of technology that appeared in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Authored by Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda, who both worked in the art department on the television series, with a foreword by series creator Gene Roddenberry, the first and only edition was published in 1991 (ISBN 0-671-70427-3) by Pocket Books, and Paramount Pictures holds all copyrights.
Background and contents
The ST:TNG TM is written from the perspective of the 24th century, where TNG is set; it also contains a wealth of behind-the-scenes trivia distinguishable from the technical content. The work is considered by Paramount to be canon in many respects, although some elements first published in the manual have not yet made it onto screen. The book itself claims that elements of it may be false or misleading in order to mislead "threat" forces.
Some ideas developed for the technical manual, or its predecessor, the internal Writers Technical Manual, were later incorporated into the storylines of the TV series and movies. Most notably, a concept drawing from the manual describing an emergency landing of the saucer section was seen by TNG writers Ronald D. Moore, Jeri Taylor, and Brannon Braga who wanted to use a saucer crash as a sixth-season cliffhanger episode for the TV series. This idea was shelved due to budget limitations and resistance from producer Michael Piller. However, Moore and Braga later included the scenario in Star Trek Generations. Also first seen in the technical manual were the Nova-class starship and the USS Galaxy.
The book contains explanations of Warp drive (including a chart showing warp factor against speed, and an explanation that non-fractional warp factors are more efficient than fractional ones), the transporter (which is said to transport matter from place to place keeping it in the form of a "matter stream", and works using analog technology to defeat pattern storage requirements), the replicator (which is said to work on the basis of the transporter, but with a less precise digital resolution), holodecks, phasers and photon torpedoes, impulse drive, the warp core (including a chemical formula for dilithium), subspace radio, saucer separation and landing, the computer, and the various auxiliary craft of the Enterprise. It also contains a section regarding the history of the development of the Galaxy-class ships.
In addition to the more serious material, the manual also contains a number of inside jokes. These include:
- A readable version of the medical display with the words "Medical Insurance Coverage Available" visible.
- A cross-section diagram of the ship with the silhouettes of a rubber ducky, sports car, DC-3 airplane, Nomad from ST:TOS, a rat, and a hamster wheel visible.
- A statement that the stellar navigation department of the Enterprise-D is staffed by an assortment of cetaceans (later backed up by published blueprints of the Enterprise drawn by Sternbach).
- A statement that the primary component of the holodeck emitters is "Keiyurium", after Kei and Yuri, the "lovely angels" from Dirty Pair, a Japanese anime and manga franchise.
The print version was later complemented by a similar electronic version, the Star Trek: The Next Generation Interactive Technical Manual.
A follow-up title, the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual, was published in 1998. | <urn:uuid:9446a977-0c49-4eed-b398-5a9582d4086a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation_Technical_Manual | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077843.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414155517-20210414185517-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.92921 | 799 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There might be a tendency towards opening up about mental illness but when it comes to the severity of male depression and suicide, society is still painfully quiet. Last month, the Movember Foundation released a video for Suicide Prevention Day speaking up for men all over the world. The campaign video called ‘Suicide Notes Talk Too Late’ shows suicidal men who were saved, reading their last letters aloud. They are the lucky ones – but every year, thousands of men don’t find ways to cope with their mental difficulties and we are guilty. The society we live in still tells boys to ‘man up’, that ‘boys don’t cry’, setting the harmful tone throughout their upbringing.
“Every minute, a man dies from suicide” – informs us the Movember Foundation’s website. Three out of four suicides are men. Even though women attempt suicide more often than men, it doesn’t necessarily mean women are more depressed or suicidal. When men reach the breaking point, their determination is strong, they want to ensure ‘success’ or fatality, while women have a tendency to choose a nonviolent method or give themselves some leeway – a family member finding them soon after their attempt, for example.Suicide is the biggest killer in the UK’s male population under the age of 45. Every year, over 6000 people take their own lives out of which almost 75% is male. In their latest research, UK charity Samaritans compared the suicide rate of men in different age groups, and they found that in mid-years there’s been an increase. However, in younger men it has reduced in the last eight years. It is still worrying – between the age of 5 and 49, suicide is the leading cause of death in men, while for women it only takes the first place in the age group of 20-34.
Why do middle aged men take their lives more often than anyone else?
(Attempting) suicide is not just a question of mental health. It is – especially depression – an underlying factor in most cases, but there are other factors contributing to the phenomenon. Most importantly, socio-economic conditions: members of the lowest social class, living in the most deprived areas are ten times more at risk of suicide than men in the highest social class – found the Samaritans. Socio-economic factors is one of the six key aspects they identified behind suicide based on their research.
Personality traits such as perfectionism and self-criticism also contribute to the risk of suicide, and if they interact with (social) deprivation, job loss or relationship breakdown, the risks are even higher. Separation or divorce seem to increase suicidal thoughts in men more often than women – men rely more on their partner for emotional support. Men are facing new challenges in mid-life that are difficult to cope with. Men in their thirties and forties are part of a ‘buffer’ generation, stuck between traditional, strong fathers and individualistic, progressive sons. Emotional illiteracy is also a problem, men are still reluctant to talk about feelings and if they ask for help, it’s usually at the point of crisis. No matter how progressive we like to think society is, the idea of masculinity still covers strength, power and control – and when these expectations are not met, the risk of suicide escalates .
How can we help?
Opening up about mental illness for the first time is never easy. It doesn’t even have to classify as an illness, struggles are hard enough to admit to on their own. And it’s not gender-specific. No one likes feeling vulnerable – especially not in front of others. If you felt worthless and a burden to your friends and family, would you reach out for help? Would you tell anyone about these intense feelings when you are already doubting yourself? If you’re a man who grew up in the midst of conventional, hardwired ideas of masculinity – would you find it easy to ask for help?
Earlier this year, The Telegraph created a list of suggestions, small things we could do to help prevent male suicide. We need to reclaim masculinity and stop blaming men for not reaching out. We need to start talking about men’s issues and educate everyone about suicide. We also need to learn how to listen and how to create spaces where men feel comfortable to talk about their struggles. The Samaritan’s recommendations and the Movember Campaign resemble these ideas – the base is there, so all what’s left to do is start taking action! | <urn:uuid:649ceb28-e2a0-4d02-956e-ebfa18d85e50> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.themetropolist.com/people/people-latest/responsibilities-comes-male-suicide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160085.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924011731-20180924032131-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.962615 | 943 | 2.75 | 3 |
71. The employment of the letters of the alphabet, though a very important step
in advance, was still but a slow and roundabout method of communication; but it
nevertheless soon came into general use, and many highly interesting revelations
concerning the invisible world were thus obtained. But the spirits themselves speedily
suggested other means of communication, and, by their directions, the practice of
writing was next brought into use.
The first written communications were obtained by attaching a pencil to the foot
of a toy-table, placed upon a sheet of paper. The table, set in motion by the influence of
a medium, began by tracing letters, then words and phrases. This method was
successively simplified, first, by making use of light baskets, boxes made of cardboard,
and planchettes; and next, by finding that these objects were mere pencil-holders, and
might all be dispensed with, and the pencil held the usual way, in the hand, which,
moved and guided by an involuntary impulsion, was made to write, without the
concurrence either of the will or of the thought of the medium. Thenceforth,
communication was held as freely with the world of spirits as with people in the flesh.
We shall discuss the different methods of communication, explaining them in
detail, in another part of the present work; we have only wished, in this rapid sketch, to
record the succession of facts which have gradually led up to a recognition of the
intervention of unseen intelligences, otherwise called "spirits," in the production of the
phenomena we are considering. | <urn:uuid:58214927-4ad3-4fb7-b76b-869db4e415f3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://kardecpedia.com/en/study-guide/884/the-mediums-book/1564/part-second-spirit-manifestations/chapter-iii-intelligent-manifestations/71 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596542.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723145409-20180723165409-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.974906 | 340 | 3 | 3 |
Sandy Hook reports released by Connecticut officials have been helpful in the drive to guard schools against future attacks. But information publicized has thus far been insufficient in one aspect of what occurred in Newtown — the mental-health records of Adam Lanza.
Perpetrators of mass violence are commonly remembered by their former associates as having displayed signs of mental-health issues. Lanza is no different. Those who knew the eventual-gunman recalled a boy psychologically crippled by social anxiety, physical sensitivity and a notable lack of empathy for others. His family reportedly sought help for the troubled youngster, though any aid he received clearly proved ineffective.
Schools nationwide have upgraded security systems in light of how Sandy Hook was breeched and attacked. At least what went wrong can now be applied toward a safer future. Consequently, wouldn’t it also be useful for medical professionals to study mental-health records of Lanza, to better understand potential warning signs in similarly disturbed youths?
Problem is, state officials are hesitant to release those reports. Patients have legal rights to privacy, and the explicit confidentiality between patient and doctor is an essential tradition to uphold.
But, as expressed in a Dec. 21 AP story by Dr. Harold Schwartz, psychiatrist-in-chief at Hartford Hospital’s Institute of Living and member of Connecticut’s Sandy Hook Advisory Committee, Newtown “is not a routine situation.”
The full records of Lanza could help Schwartz, fellow commission members and medical professionals comprehend more clearly the boy’s mental health — and how school, family and healthcare systems failed to adequately address his problems. For instance, as a fifth-grader at Sandy Hook, Lanza wrote a short story in which a grandmother shoots people, and another character enjoys hurting others, especially children. Who else saw that document? What sort of response was there? And, in general, how did Newtown education staff handle the overtly troubled boy?
Also worth knowing are what treatments exactly Lanza underwent. What specialists did he visit? What steps did his family take to mitigate his mental-health afflictions? Information released about Lanza in years prior to his rampage indicate multiple, conspicuous red flags that required professional attention. He compiled ranking systems of mass murderers, became obsessed with historical killing sprees, refused anyone entry into his bedroom, and stopped talking in person with people, including his mother, with whom he lived alone.
Why did friends of the family not attempt intervention?
Regrettably, mental-health problems are somewhat taboo in modern culture. Connecticut families can face difficulties in finding suitable services for, or facing the unsettling reality of, their psychologically unwell children. Lanza is a symbol (albeit an extreme one) for what can happen when these issues are not properly addressed.
For all the state-of-the-art security systems that schools have been installing, a well-prepared psychology staff may be the better defense against the next violent event. Schwartz and his peers should continue to push for the release of Lanza’s complete records. This valuable info would allow professionals to better tailor mental-health programs toward helping unwell youths — especially the severely afflicted like Lanza — before psychological conditions of such kids unravel to the point of risking tragedy. | <urn:uuid:8d07bf11-9963-4d5e-8e5c-0ff0282b41ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.myrecordjournal.com/opinion/editorials/3229932-129/what-about-mental-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293150.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00184-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969003 | 660 | 2.609375 | 3 |
During the Vietnam war, one of the strategies employed by the United States military was to spray a mixture of defoliants and herbicides into heavily vegetated combat areas to destroy the plants, trees, and crops that provided cover, protection, and food sources for enemy combatants. The most common form of this mixture was known as “Agent Orange,” which contained a dioxin byproduct later found to have had disastrous effects on the health of many members of the United States military personnel exposed to it.
Veterans suffering from the effects of exposure to Agent Orange may be eligible for veterans disability benefits, health care benefits, and a free health exam (the Agent Orange Registry Health Exam). This article will focus on eligibility for veterans disability benefits.
Criteria for Eligibility
In order for a veteran to qualify for disability benefits based on exposure to Agent Orange, he or she should have
- a medical diagnosis of a disease related to Agent Orange
- proof of service in Vietnam during the period of January 1962 to May 1975 or in or near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea from September 1967 to August 31 1971, and
- evidence that the disease began within the deadline specified by the VA for the particular disease being claimed.
Alternatively, veterans who served in a very select group of circumstances or locations may be eligible for benefits based on exposure to Agent Orange. These include some veterans who served on open air ships along the Vietnam Coast and on Vietnam’s inland waterways (known as Blue Water Veterans), some veterans who served along the borders of specific military bases in Thailand from February 1961 to May 1975, veterans who served in specific locations where Agent Orange was stored or tested, and some veterans who served as pilots or crew members on C-123 cargo planes after the Vietnam war. However, veterans in these circumstances may have to meet very specific criteria (unique to each circumstance listed above) and may have a higher burden of proving exposure to Agent Orange and a connection to his or her disability in order to qualify for benefits.
What Diseases Qualify for Veterans Disability Benefits?
The Department of Veterans Affairs assumes that certain diseases and disabilities are related to a veteran’s military service in Vietnam. Called “presumptive diseases,” these diseases are automatically assumed to have a service connection, and include: non-Hodgkins lymphoma, diabetes mellitus, certain forms of respiratory cancers, multiple myleoma, chloracne, Hodgkin’s disease, soft-tissue sarcoma, and porphyria cutanea tarda. And to cause a qualifying disability, the disease must cause the veteran to be disabled to a degree of 10% or more.
This list of presumptive diseases can change from time to time. In 1991, Congress enacted the Agent Orange Act of 1991, which authorized the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to obtain independent scientific review by the National Academy of Sciences of data and evidence in order to determine if there are any additional diseases caused by exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides used in the Vietnam Conflict. Due to this Act, additional diseases may be added to the list of presumptive diseases warranting automatic coverage of disability benefits for certain Vietnam veterans.
The Agent Orange Act also provides that if a disease is no longer believed to be related to exposure to Agent Orange, it may be removed from the above list of presumptive diseases. However, in such cases, any veterans receiving disability benefits due to that disease will continue to receive benefits, even after the disease is removed from the list.
If a veteran who served in Vietnam or Korea has a disability or disease he or she believes to be a result of exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides, but that disease is not on the list of presumptive diseases, the veteran must show an actual connection between the disease and exposure to Agent Orange. This means that he or she must show exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides during his or her military service, and that the disability or disease he or she suffers from is a result of that exposure.
Alternatively, veterans may be able to get benefits from Social Security. To learn more, see Social Security for Disabled Veterans.
Disability Benefits for Children of Veterans
Studies have shown that veterans exposed to Agent Orange and other herbicides have a higher incidence of having children with birth defects. Therefore, in certain cases, disability benefits may also be given to affected children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange. In order to qualify for benefits, the mental or physical birth defect of the child must be permanent and must not have any other cause (such as a genetic or family disorder or an accident during birth.) Benefits may include health care, disability compensation (based on the degree of disability suffered by the child), and vocational rehabilitation.
Children of veterans who have spina bifida may be eligible for benefits if either parent served in Vietnam between January 9, 1962 through May 7, 1975 or in the Korean DMZ between September 1, 1967 to August 31, 1971, and they were conceived after the veteran’s service in either area.
Other Birth Defects
The Department of Veterans Affairs also assumes that if a child of a female servicemember who served in Vietnam between February 28, 1961 and May 7, 1975 is born with one or more of a variety of different birth defects including (but not limited to) defects such as cleft palate, hip dysplasia, congenital heart defect, and pyloric stenosis, to name a few, the defect is presumed to be a result of the female veteran’s service. A qualifying child may receive disability benefits, health care, or vocational training.
Vietnam veterans suffering from hairy cell or other chronic b-cell leukemias, Parkinson’s disease, or ischemic heart disease due to exposure to Agent Orange may use the VA’s Fast Track Claims Processing System, which would enable them to apply for disability benefits in a more expedient manner and have access to online updates.
For more information, Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) publishes a very helpful guide on disability related to agent orange exposure. | <urn:uuid:d07275a3-d338-4f74-9efa-cebe496ed482> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.disabilitysecrets.com/resources/disability/veterans-disability/agent-orange.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444774.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00062-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955745 | 1,248 | 2.53125 | 3 |
New advances in thin film research could theoretically make a hard drive capable of about 155 gigabytes (GB) per square centimeter, far beyond the capacity of the iPod in your pocket today.
“The next generation of consumer electronics hinges on even smaller and higher density hard drives,” says condensed-matter physicist Johan van Lierop of the University of Manitoba.
He notes that a recent announcement by Fujitsu revealed new technology that could allow recording elements hundreds of times thinner than a human hair — the “nanoscale.” This could theoretically make a hard drive capable of about 155 gigabytes (GB) per square centimeter, far beyond the capacity of the iPod in your pocket today.
van Lierop and his collaborators are working to push the miniaturization limit on materials used in hard drive technology. They’re aiming for “terabit” devices that can hold an astounding amount of information thanks to a phenomenon known as “exchange bias” in a thin film of material.
van Lierop explains: “The largest current disk capacity on MP3 players is about 80 GB, representing around 20,000 songs worth of storage. Our work may help companies like Fujitsu develop components for an iPod that could hold 125,000 songs or around 500 GB of data”
Improvements in recording material development are central to future technology. van Lierop says that understanding the physical mechanisms behind nanomagnetism in exchange bias is essential to the successful development of new magnetic-media-based devices.
van Lierop is part of an international collaboration of researchers that has discovered a new thin-film material which provides insights into the development and operation of such material. By using a combination of magnetic, structural and compositional tools that probe at resolutions much smaller than previously imagined, they have uncovered the origins of the unusual magnetism in exchange biased thin-film systems, and may help make possible the further miniaturization of computer electronics.
He notes: “To push these limits of scale in the high-tech game, you now really need to know and understand the physical mechanisms at the nanoscale that you're using for device applications. That's where our real work comes in.”
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:15bd20df-10d4-43a4-a030-f33e01ccefaa> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070319110945.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447020.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00217-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927099 | 467 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Sorting out fertility for childhood cancer survivors
Fertility in male childhood cancer survivors may be preserved by sorting out spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from malignant material prior to the start of treatment. A recent study has shown promise in a mouse model.
As success rates in treating childhood cancers have improved, greater emphasis is being placed on quality of life issues following successful treatment. Many cancer treatments can lead to infertility, but few methods exist to preserve the fertility of children who have not yet entered puberty.
SSCs, which produce sperm cells, are present at the start of puberty. In theory, SSCs could be removed via biopsy prior to the start of treatment and then retransplanted following remission. However, there is a potential risk of reintroducing malignant material during transplantation. This hurdle was overcome by Kyle Orwig and colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh. They characterized the cell surface markers of human spermatogonia in testicular tissue from organ donors.
The research team used fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) flow cytometry to characterize cell surface antigen expression on human testicular cells and leukemic cells. They found that EpCAM is expressed by human spermatogonia but not by the leukemic cells. Further, HLA-ABC and CD49e were found to be expressed by more than 95% of the leukemic cells but not by the human spermatogonia. Human spermatogonia cells that were contaminated with leukemic cells were sorted by a multiparameter sort. The fraction representing the human spermatogonia cells did not form tumors after they were transplanted into nude mice, which are mice with an inhibited immune system.
The authors concluded that their work with “FACS provides a method to isolate and enrich human spermatogonia and remove malignant contamination by exploiting differences in cell surface antigen expression.” These results suggest that SSC transplantation could be a viable method to preserve fertility in male childhood cancer survivors. The study was reported in Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013; doi:10.1172/JCI65822). | <urn:uuid:e7252ae3-463d-44dd-a3b1-11bb0576a6de> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/web-exclusives/sorting-out-fertility-for-childhood-cancer-survivors/article/286129/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.955214 | 445 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Music has the capacity to improve and enrich children’s lives. Our children learn to appreciate music and have many opportunities to listen to, compose and perform their own music. We believe music is an extremely important part of the curriculum and we have a visiting specialist music teacher (Mr Joseph Stone) who delivers this aspect of the curriculum to our children.
In order to develop the children's performance skills, we aim to get out into the community as often as we can to perform. For example, we sang at the Donhead’s Jubilee Celebration and the local dog show and we take part in school festivals when possible.
All children participate in a range of musical activities including singing, composing and performing using tuned and un-tuned instruments and in a variety of musical styles. Lessons are carefully planned and adapted to suit all pupils' needs to ensure every child receives a well-rounded music education. We have invited a wide range of musicians into school, from rock guitarists to a wind quintet and had great fun taking part in the national BBC2 Ten Pieces initiative.
African Drumming Workshop
We also have peripatetic music teachers available and our musicians enjoy performing in assemblies and at some of our special services throughout the year. | <urn:uuid:a542294a-63ae-4785-be13-cef37498a2a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.ludwell-wilts.co.uk/music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578663470.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424214335-20190425000335-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.968813 | 252 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When Latter-day Saints made the Rocky Mountains their refuge in the West, they saw painting and sculpture as integral to their efforts to bring culture, grace, and beauty to their growing settlement.
Unfortunately, LDS artists who wished to contribute to that beautification were isolated from the cultural centers where their skills and gifts could be refined. Consequently, in 1890, two LDS artists, John Hafen and Lorus Pratt (son of Orson Pratt), hit upon a solution. They went to the Church and requested financial assistance so that they and several other promising artists could receive the training they needed. In exchange, they would paint murals in the temples and render other art services.
President George Q. Cannon, of the First Presidency, informed Brothers Hafen and Pratt in June of 1890 that their proposal had been accepted. Three artists—John Hafen, Lorus Pratt, and John B. Fairbanks (father of sculptor Avard Fairbanks)—were soon set apart as art missionaries and sent to Paris; Edwin Evans joined them three months later, and Herman Hugo Haag arrived the next year.
Evidence that these missionaries devoted their talents to the Lord and wished to use them in his service was well demonstrated by John Hafen: “Being a firm believer that the highest possible development of talent is a duty we owe to our Creator, I made it a matter of prayer for many years that He would open a way whereby I could receive that training which would befit me to decorate His holy temples and the habitations of Zion.” (Linda Jones Gibbs, Harvesting the Light: The Paris Art Mission and Beginnings of Utah Impressionism, Salt Lake City: Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1987, p. 3.)
The conditions these missionaries faced in Paris were difficult: Food and lodgings were obtained at the least expense possible, and the Julian Academy where they studied was crowded, with strict and demanding teachers. The students were in constant competition with others from Europe and America. Still, the artists from Utah distinguished themselves, winning a number of competitions.
The work of these and other Utah artists, prior to their study in Paris, is considered unsophisticated, with inaccuracies in perspective and proportions and showing limited technique. Following their training by the academic masters in Paris in the 1890s, these Utah artists painted with greater proficiency. They not only acquired new techniques, such as a loosening of brush strokes and freer use of color, but they began to see their subjects differently. Painting outdoors, beyond the limits of their studios, for example, enabled them to more clearly observe the effects of light on their subjects. Many of them brought home to Utah the influence of French Impressionism, with its emphasis on landscapes and harvest scenes.
As the name implies, Impressionism seeks to create an impression of a scene or figure rather than an ordered composition strictly rendered. Daubs of strong color in short, broken brushstrokes are often used to capture the atmosphere of a scene or the immediate feeling of the moment. An impressionist landscape often has dramatic contrasts of brilliant, often shimmering, sunlight and shadows in subdued but rich colors.
Because of the economic difficulty in which he had left his wife and children, John Hafen was able to spend only a year abroad. As the first art missionary to return to Salt Lake City, he was the first to begin the Salt Lake Temple murals. He worked alongside Danquart Weggeland, a Danish convert who had taught these artists before their missions and had encouraged them to go. A year later, Brothers Hafen and Weggeland were joined by Brothers Evans, Pratt, Haag, and Fairbanks. By the time of the Salt Lake Temple’s dedication on 6 April 1892, they had completed the murals in the world and the garden rooms.
The temple murals they painted, as well as the paintings in the Church administration building, increased interest in the arts. But just as important is the influence these art missionaries had on succeeding generations of artists. Having honored their commitment to paint temple murals, each continued to devote his talents to the Lord throughout life, leaving a legacy that others would build upon.
Edwin Evans, following his work in the Salt Lake Temple, painted in nine rooms of the temple in Cardston, Alberta, and taught art at the University of Utah. In 1920, he returned to Paris to study for two years, then taught art and painted in Utah until he died on 4 March 1946.
John B. Fairbanks became the first supervisor of arts in the public schools in Ogden. Brother Fairbanks may be best remembered for his posterity—a family containing several noted artists. John Fairbanks lived his last fifteen years in New York City, serving as a patriarch in the Church. He died there in 1940 at the age of eighty-four.
Following his Paris experience, Herman Haag taught at the University of Utah, showing exceptional talent. Sadly, he was plagued with ill health and died in 1895 just before his twenty-fourth birthday.
Lorus Pratt continued to paint and farm and care for his family as a faithful father. His paintings portrayed the agrarian development of both Salt Lake and Cache valleys.
John Hafen is the best known of the art missionaries today, though at the time he struggled to support his wife and ten children. Today, of all the art produced by these painters, John Hafen’s works remain in greatest demand. Several painting trips to the east and west coasts of the United States gave him the opportunity to paint a variety of scenes in a variety of settings. In 1910, Brother Hafen died of pneumonia at age fifty-six.
In recent years, the proficiency attained by these and later LDS artists has been increasingly recognized. A recent revival of Impressionist art and a popular exhibit at the Museum of Church History and Art have brought renewed attention and considerable appreciation for the work of these artists who harvested the light during an art mission to Paris nearly a hundred years ago. | <urn:uuid:c3480f60-9406-4285-85eb-717f2382c83e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.lds.org/ensign/1988/10/harvesting-the-light-the-1890-paris-art-mission?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946011.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423125457-20180423145457-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.981902 | 1,238 | 2.875 | 3 |
INSIDE HOOVER DAM — The floor rumbled under Mark Cook. His legs vibrated as he stood in a tunnel tucked into the thick base of Hoover Dam, 430 feet below the tourists looking out over Lake Mead. Beneath him, water roared through steel pipes 13 feet tall. Nearby, heavy turbines hummed with mechanical intensity.
“We’re moving some good water today,” Cook, the dam manager, said proudly.
Moving water means making electricity. But the drought is making that harder to do. The lack of water has put a serious crimp in the hydroelectric line at Hoover Dam and other power plants across the West, limiting an inexpensive and pollution-free energy source that once was considered endless.
Power capacity at Hoover Dam, on the Arizona-Nevada border, has dropped nearly 25 percent since 2000. In California, home to 287 hydroelectric plants and where almost half the state today is classified as being in “exceptional drought,” hydropower has fallen 60 percent in the past four years.
“The drought is taking a toll on power generation,” said Mike Connor, deputy secretary of the Interior Department.
Some power companies in California have raised rates as they turn to pricier, often dirtier energy sources. That makes it harder to reduce the greenhouse gases some blame for worsening the drought in the first place.
Meanwhile, the risk of brief summertime blackouts could rise: Hydroelectric plants often are called upon to help urban power grids deal with sudden spikes in demand.
The problem can be traced to shortages of rain and snowpack, which lead to shallower rivers and reservoirs, which result in less pressure to speed the water along. Slower water simply packs less punch. So turbines spin more slowly, generating less electricity.
Some small facilities, such as those along the Truckee River in northern Nevada, have shut down. Other plants are open but struggling. The 53 hydropower facilities run by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation across the West are producing 10 percent less power than a few years ago, despite rising demand.
Oregon and Washington are dealing with droughts, too, but so far hydropower in the Pacific Northwest has held steady, power managers say. Water levels in that region’s vast Columbia River basin remain close to normal thanks to heavier precipitation along its headwaters in British Columbia, according to the Bonneville Power Administration, which delivers power to Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana.
Lake Mead lies in the Colorado River basin, which has been mired in drought for more than a decade. Tree-ring studies suggest this is the region’s fourth-worst drought in 1,000 years.
Once the largest U.S. water reservoir, Lake Mead has faded to fourth place as it has lost water. In 2008, a Scripps Institution of Oceanography research paper asked the provocative question, “When Will Lake Mead Go Dry?” The study predicted the lake had a 50-50 shot at achieving that fate by 2021, given current trends.
“The system is in deep trouble,” said Tim Barnett, one of the study’s lead authors.
California’s drought is just four years old. But the drop in the state’s hydroelectric production has been precipitous. Hydroelectric sources are projected to contribute just 7 percent of the state’s power this year, down from 23 percent in 2011.
While natural gas use has gone up during that period, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind have mostly filled the hydropower gap. California officials think the state can avoid power interruptions during peak hours and even meet long-term environmental goals despite hydropower’s decline.
But the hydroelectricity will be missed, said Robert B. Weisenmiller, chairman of the California Energy Commission. “It’s a great resource when we have it,” he said.
At Hoover Dam, the biggest worry is hitting “dead pool” status: The point at which the water level sinks too low to efficiently turn the dam’s massive turbines.
For years, engineers thought that Lake Mead would be “dead” when the waterline slumped to 1,050 feet above sea level. The turbines would spin roughly, rattling the dam’s base. Power generation would need to stop. And a structure hailed as an engineering marvel — called the greatest dam in the world when it was finished in 1935 — would cease to perform one of its primary functions.
Those worries have grown as the lake has shriveled. At its peak during a rain-soaked 1983, Lake Mead sloshed above 1,225 feet. Today, the receding water has left telltale white rings more than 100 feet up on the rock canyon walls.
Inside Hoover Dam, manager Cook walked past a reminder of the trouble he faces: A sign posted on a bulletin board listing decades of Lake Mead elevations.
The trend was distinctly downward. In June 2014, the lake hit 1,081 feet, a record low. This summer the lake is projected to set another record, at 1,073 feet.
But dam workers no longer worry about hitting the 1,050-foot dead pool. In the mid-2000s, as the drought settled in, they began planning to install new turbines that could deal with slower-moving water. Fearing lower lake levels were part of a long-term trend, they wanted to engineer a way around the drought’s effects.
Cook recalled that when the drought eased off briefly in 2012, dam workers wondered whether they needed to install the new equipment. But thankfully, Cook said, the first of the five new wide-head turbines was installed later that year.
Hoover Dam has 17 turbines split between powerhouses on the Arizona and Nevada sides of the canyon. Inside the Nevada powerhouse, the latest $3.5 million wide-head turbine is being installed. It’s the fourth of five and should be generating power later this year.
“It doesn’t look that different,” Cook said, standing near two men working on the turbine, “but it behaves different.”
The new turbines should allow the dam to continue generating power even if Lake Mead drops to 950 feet, Cook said. But a water level that low, he said, would be a sign of almost unimaginable environmental catastrophe, so the loss of hydroelectric power would be the least of anyone’s worries.
On that score, Cook is an optimist, however. He said he can imagine Lake Mead filling back up, if only briefly.
“It’ll just take a few years of really good rain,” he said. | <urn:uuid:71b130f9-754a-435d-b996-037371b45ded> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/at-hoover-dam-the-drought-is-stealing-clean-energy-along-with-fresh-water/2015/04/26/8ce2740a-e93d-11e4-9767-6276fc9b0ada_story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247511174.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221213219-20190221235219-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.95771 | 1,404 | 3.390625 | 3 |
March is Colon Cancer Awareness Month — a time to inform people about the symptoms of the disease affecting the colon or rectum, but more importantly, the reasons they should get tested.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that if you are 50 or older to talk with your medical provider about getting screened for colon cancer.
Screening for this type of cancer can help prevent the disease by finding precancerous polyps that can be removed and the earlier the diagnosis, the better chance of treatment and survival.
According to the CDC, symptoms might include blood in your stool, stomach pains or aches that do not go away and unexpected weight loss.
While these signs don’t necessarily mean you have colon cancer, going to your doctor is not a bad idea to figure out what’s going on.
Some risk factors for this cancer range from a family history of the disease, not exercising, poor diet, being overweight and tobacco use.
If interested in finding out more about colon cancer or if you need to see a doctor at Summit Healthcare. | <urn:uuid:a10a83e7-1b8b-47b6-bc05-b3230fc77270> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://summithealthcare.net/blog/hospital-care/get-screened-colon-cancer-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.935354 | 219 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Actin, alpha skeletal muscle is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTA1gene.
Actin alpha 1 which is expressed in skeletal muscle is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.
Skeletal alpha actin expression is induced by stimuli and conditions known to cause muscle formation. Such conditions result in fusion of committed cells (satellite cells) into myotubes, to form muscle fibers. Skeletal actin itself, when expressed, causes expression of several other "myogenic genes", which are essential to muscle formation. One key transcription factor that activates skeletal actin gene expression is Serum Response Factor ("SRF"), a protein that binds to specific sites on the promoter DNA of the actin gene. SRF may bring a number of other proteins to the promoter of skeletal actin, such as andogen receptor, and thereby contribute to induction of skeletal actin gene expression by androgenic (often termed "anabolic") steroids.
^Mogensen J, Kruse TA, Borglum (March 1999). "Assignment of the human skeletal muscle [FC12]a-actin gene (ACTA1) to chromosome 1q42.13-->q42.2 by radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenet Cell Genet83 (3-4): 224–5. doi:10.1159/000015184. PMID10072583.
^Gunning P, Ponte P, Okayama H, Engel J, Blau H, Kedes L (August 1983). "Isolation and characterization of full-length cDNA clones for human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-actin mRNAs: skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino-terminal cysteine that is subsequently removed". Mol Cell Biol3 (5): 787–95. PMC368601. PMID6865942.
^Gunning, PW; Ferguson, V; Brennan, KJ; Hardeman, EC (2001). "Alpha-skeletal actin induces a subset of muscle genes independently of muscle differentiation and withdrawal from the cell cycle.". Journal of Cell Science114 (Pt 3): 513–24. PMID11171321.
^Belaguli, NS; Zhou, W; Trinh, TH; Majesky, MW; Schwartz, RJ (1999). "Dominant negative murine serum response factor: alternative splicing within the activation domain inhibits transactivation of serum response factor binding targets.". Molecular and Cellular Biology19 (7): 4582–91. PMC84256. PMID10373507.
^Vlahopoulos, S; Zimmer, WE; Jenster, G; Belaguli, NS; Balk, SP; Brinkmann, AO; Lanz, RB; Zoumpourlis, VC; Schwartz, RJ (2005). "Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene.". The Journal of Biological Chemistry280 (9): 7786–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413992200. PMID15623502.
^Ballweber, Edda; Hannappel Ewald, Huff Thomas, Stephan Harald, Haener Markus, Taschner Nicole, Stoffler Daniel, Aebi Ueli, Mannherz Hans Georg (January 2002). "Polymerisation of chemically cross-linked actin:thymosin beta(4) complex to filamentous actin: alteration in helical parameters and visualisation of thymosin beta(4) binding on F-actin". J. Mol. Biol. (England) 315 (4): 613–25. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5281. ISSN0022-2836. PMID11812134.
^Safer, D; Sosnick T R, Elzinga M (May. 1997). "Thymosin beta 4 binds actin in an extended conformation and contacts both the barbed and pointed ends". Biochemistry (UNITED STATES) 36 (19): 5806–16. doi:10.1021/bi970185v. ISSN0006-2960. PMID9153421.
^Takeuchi, Tamotsu; Heng Henry H Q, Ye Christine J, Liang Sheng-Ben, Iwata Jun, Sonobe Hiroshi, Ohtsuki Yuji (October 2003). "Down-regulation of a novel actin-binding molecule, skeletrophin, in malignant melanoma". Am. J. Pathol. (United States) 163 (4): 1395–404. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63497-9. ISSN0002-9440. PMC1868282. PMID14507647.
Adams LD, Tomasselli AG, Robbins P, et al. (1992). "HIV-1 protease cleaves actin during acute infection of human T-lymphocytes.". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses8 (2): 291–5. doi:10.1089/aid.1992.8.291. PMID1540415.
Levine BA, Moir AJ, Patchell VB, Perry SV (1992). "Binding sites involved in the interaction of actin with the N-terminal region of dystrophin.". FEBS Lett.298 (1): 44–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80019-D. PMID1544421.
Rijken PJ, Hage WJ, van Bergen en Henegouwen PM, et al. (1992). "Epidermal growth factor induces rapid reorganization of the actin microfilament system in human A431 cells.". J. Cell. Sci.100 (3): 491–9. PMID1808202.
Tomasselli AG, Hui JO, Adams L, et al. (1991). "Actin, troponin C, Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and pro-interleukin 1 beta as substrates of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus.". J. Biol. Chem.266 (22): 14548–53. PMID1907279.
Taylor A, Erba HP, Muscat GE, Kedes L (1989). "Nucleotide sequence and expression of the human skeletal alpha-actin gene: evolution of functional regulatory domains.". Genomics3 (4): 323–36. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90123-1. PMID2907503.
Burgess DR, Broschat KO, Hayden JM (1987). "Tropomyosin distinguishes between the two actin-binding sites of villin and affects actin-binding properties of other brush border proteins.". J. Cell Biol.104 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1083/jcb.104.1.29. PMC2117036. PMID3793760.
Kedes L, Ng SY, Lin CS, et al. (1986). "The human beta-actin multigene family.". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians98: 42–6. PMID3842206.
Bretscher A, Weber K (1980). "Villin is a major protein of the microvillus cytoskeleton which binds both G and F actin in a calcium-dependent manner.". Cell20 (3): 839–47. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90330-X. PMID6893424. | <urn:uuid:b27749d6-2310-4083-b104-8eaafeec7808> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.mashpedia.com/Actin,_alpha_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163879441/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133119-00060-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.667889 | 1,662 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There never has been even a partial, inadvertent U.S. nuclear detonation despite the very severe stresses imposed upon the weapons involved in these accidents. All `detonations' reported in the summaries involved conventional high explosives (HE) only. Only two accidents, those at Palomares and Thule, resulted in a widespread dispersal of nuclear materials.
Nuclear weapons are never carried on training flights. Most of the aircraft accidents represented here occurred during logistic/ferry missions or airborne alert flights by Strategic Air Command (SAC) aircraft. Airborne alert was terminated in 1968 because of:
- Accidents, particularly those at Palomares and Thule
- The rising cost of maintaining a portion of the SAC bomber force constantly on airborne alert, and,
- The advent of a responsive and survivable intercontinental ballistic missile force which relieved the manned bomber force of a part of its more time-sensitive responsibilities. (A portion of the SAC force remained on nuclear ground alert).
Although normal DOD policy is to neither confirm nor deny the presence of nuclear weapons or components, recently revised DOD Directive 5230.16 governing public affairs guidance allows for confirmation when required to protect public safety or as a means of reducing widespread public alarm. Therefore, in some of the events summarized here, confirmation of presence is not published. Except for Palomares and Thule, it is not possible to specify the location of the accidents that occurred overseas.
Most of the weapons systems involved in these accidents are no longer in the active inventory. Those include the B-29, B-36, B-47, B-50, B-58, C-124, F-100, and P-5M aircraft, and the Minuteman I missile.
With some early models of nuclear weapons, it was standard procedure during most operations to keep a capsule of nuclear material separate from the weapon for safety proposes. While a weapon with the capsule removed did contain a quantity of natural (not enriched) uranium with an extremely low level of radioactivity, accidental detonation of the HE element would cause neither a nuclear detonation nor contamination. Modern design incorporates improved redundant safety features to insure that a nuclear explosion does not occur as the result of an accident.
This list of accidents was compiled by DOD/DOE researchers during December 1980-January 1981. The researchers reviewed all available records of the military services and DOE, applying current definition to determine if an event warranted categorization as an accident.
For example, one event not covered by these narratives was included in a `Chronology of Nuclear Accident Statements', released by DOD in 1968. The researchers found, however, that only a small retrorocket on the missile had accidentally fired. The missile and its warhead were not damaged. That event did not warrant inclusion in a list of accidents involving nuclear weapons.
Another event from the 1968 list, involving a U.S. Navy Terrier missile (January 1966; NAS Mayport, Florida) was not considered to be an accident, but has been categorized as a significant incident. In that incident, a nuclear warhead separated from the missile, and fell about eight feet. The warhead was dented; no other damage occurred.
Twenty-six of these summaries were first released by the Air Force in 1977; another was prepared following the Titan II explosion in Arkansas in September 1980. These previously released summaries are marked with a figure `1'; in some cases they include new material made available as a result of more search.*
The other events in this list, that were also cited in the 1968 `Chronology * * *', are identified with a figure `2'.
The events outlined in the attached narratives involved operational weapons, nuclear materials, aircraft and/or missiles under control of the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, or the Atomic Energy Commission (a DOE predecessor agency). The U.S. Army has never experienced an event serious enough to warrant inclusion in a list of accidents involving nuclear weapons. The U.S. Marine Corps does not have custody of nuclear weapons in peacetime and has experienced no accidents of significant incidents involving them.
To the best of our knowledge, this list is complete. Reporting requirements varied among the Services, (particularly in the earlier period covered by these narratives) so it is possible, but not likely, that an earlier accident has gone unreported here. All later events, however, have been evaluated and are included if they fall within the established definition of an accident.
DEFINITION OF AN ACCIDENT
An `accident involving nuclear weapons' is defined as--
An unexpected event involving nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons components that results in any of the following:
Accidental or unauthorized launching, firing, or use, by U.S. forces or supported allied forces, of a nuclear-capable weapon system which could create the risk of an outbreak of war.
Non-nuclear detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon or radioactive weapon component, including a fully assembled nuclear weapon, an unassembled nuclear weapon, or a radioactive nuclear weapon component.
Seizure, theft, or loss of a nuclear weapon or radioactive nuclear weapon component, including jettisoning.
Public hazard, actual or implied.
February 13, 1950/B-36/Pacific Ocean, off Coast of British Columbia:
The B-36 was enroute from Eilson AFB to Carswell AFB on a simulated combat profile mission. The weapon aboard the aircraft had a dummy capsule installed. After six hours of flight, the aircraft developed serious mechanical difficulties, making it necessary to shut down three engines. The aircraft was at 12,000 feet altitude. Icing conditions complicated the emergency and level flight could not be maintained. The aircraft headed out over the Pacific Ocean and dropped the weapon from 8,000 feet. A bright flash occurred on impact, followed by a sound and shock wave. Only the weapon's high explosive material detonated. The aircraft was then flown over Princess Royal Island where the crew bailed out. The aircraft wreckage was later found don Vancouver Island. (*1)
April 11, 1950 /B-29/ Manzano Base, New Mexico:
Aircraft departed Kirtland AFB at 9:30 p.m. and crashed into a mountain on Manzano Base approximately three minutes later, killing the crew. Detonators were installed in the bomb on board the aircraft. The bomb case was demolished and some high explosive (HE) material burned in the gasoline fire. Other pieces of unburned HE were scattered throughout the wreckage. Four spare detonators in their carrying cases were recovered undamaged. There were no contamination or recovery problems. The recovered components of the weapons were returned to the Atomic Energy Commission. Both the weapon and the capsule of the nuclear material were on board the aircraft but the capsule was not inserted for safety reasons. A nuclear detonation was not possible. (*1)
July 13, 1950 /B-50/ Lebanon Ohio:
The B-50 was on a training mission from Biggs AFB, Texas. The aircraft was flying at 7,000 feet on a clear day. Aircraft nosed down and flew into the ground killing four officers and twelve airmen. The high explosive portion of the weapon aboard detonated on impact. There was no nuclear capsule aboard the aircraft. (*1)
August 5, 1950 /B-29/ Fairfield/Suison AFB, California:
A B-29 carrying a weapon, but no capsule, experienced two runaway propellers and landing gear retraction difficulties on takeoff from Fairfield/Suison AFB (now Travis AFB). The aircraft attempted an emergency landing and crashed and burned. The fire was fought for 12-15 minutes before the weapon's high explosive material detonated. Nineteen crew members and rescue personnel were killed in the crash and/or the resulting detonation, including General Travis. (*1)
November 10, 1950 /B-50/ Over Water, outside United States:
Because of an in-flight aircraft emergency, a weapon containing no capsule of nuclear material was jettisoned over water from an altitude of 10,500 feet. A high-explosive detonation was observed.
March 10, 1956 /B-47/ Mediterranean Sea:
The aircraft was one of a flight of four scheduled for non-stop deployment from MacDill AFB to an overseas air base. Takeoff from MacDill and first refueling was normal. The second refueling point was over the Mediterranean Sea. In preparation for this, the flight penetrated solid cloud formation to descend to the refueling level of 14,000 feet. Base of the clouds was 14,000 feet and visibility was poor. The aircraft, carrying two nuclear capsules in carrying cases, never made contact with the tanker.
An extensive search failed to locate any traces of the missing aircraft or crew. No weapons were aboard the aircraft; only two capsules of nuclear weapons material in carrying cases. A nuclear detonation was not possible. (*1)
July 27, 1956 /B-47/ Lakenheath Air Base, Suffolk, England :
A B-47 aircraft with no weapons aboard was on a routine training mission making a touch and go landing when the aircraft suddenly went out of control and slid off the runway, crashing into a storage igloo containing several nuclear weapons. The bombs did not burn or detonate. There were no contamination or cleanup problems. The damaged weapons and components were returned to the Atomic Energy Commission. The weapons that were involved were in storage configuration. No capsules of nuclear materials were in the weapons or present in the building. (*1)
May 27, 1957 /B-36/ Kirtland AFB, New Mexico:
The aircraft was ferrying a weapon from Biggs AFB, Texas, to Kirtland AFB. At 11:50 a.m. MST, while approaching Kirtland at an altitude of 1,700 feet, the weapon dropped from the bomb bay taking the bomb doors with it. Weapon parachutes were deployed but apparently did not fully retard the fall because of the low altitude. The impact point was approximately 4.5 miles south of the Kirtland control tower and .3 miles west of the Sandia Base Reservation. The high explosive material detonated, completely destroying the weapon and making a crater approximately 25 feet in diameter and 12 feet deep. Fragments and debris were scattered as far as one mile from the impact point. The release mechanism locking pin was being removed at the time of release. (It was standard procedure at that time that the locking pin be removed during takeoff and landing to allow for emergency jettison of the weapon, if necessary). Recovery and cleanup operations were conducted by Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. Radiological survey of the area disclosed no radioactivity beyond the lip of the crater at which point the level was 0.5 milliroentgens. There were no health or safety problems. Both the weapon and capsule were on board the aircraft but the capsule was not inserted for safety reasons. A nuclear detonation was not possible. (*1)
July 28, 1957/C-124/Atlantic Ocean:
Two weapons were jettisoned from a C-124 aircraft on July 28 off the east coast of the United States. There were three weapons and one nuclear capsule aboard the aircraft at the time. Nuclear components were not installed in the weapons. The C-124 aircraft was enroute from Dover AFB, Delaware when a loss of power from number one and two engines was experienced. Maximum power was applied to the remaining engines; however, level flight could not be maintained. At this point, the decision was made to jettison at 4,500 feet altitude. The second weapon was jettisoned at approximately 2,500 feet altitude. No detonation occurred from either weapons. Both weapons are presumed to have been damaged from impact with the ocean surface. Both weapons are presumed to have submerged almost instantly. The ocean varies in depth in the area of the jettisonings. The C-124 landed at an airfield in the vicinity of Atlantic City, New Jersey, with the remaining weapon and the nuclear capsule aboard. A search for the weapons or debris had negative results.(*1)
October 11, 1957/B-47/Homestead AFB, Florida:
The B-47 departed Homestead AFB shortly after midnight on a deployment mission. Shortly after liftoff one of the aircrafts outrigger tires exploded. The aircraft crashed in an uninhabited area approximately 3,800 feet from the end of the runway. The aircraft was carrying one weapon in ferry configuration in the bomb bay and one nuclear capsule in a carrying case in the crew compartment. The weapon was enveloped in flames and burned and smoldered for approximately four hours after which it was cooled with water. Two low order high explosive detonations occurred during the burning. The nuclear capsule and its carrying case were recovered intact and only slightly damaged by heat. Approximately one-half of the weapon remained. All major components were damaged but were identifiable and accounted for.(*1)
January 31, 1958/B-47/ French Morocco :
A B-47 with one weapon in strike configuration was making a simulated takeoff during an exercise alert. When the aircraft reached approximately 30 knots on the runway, the left rear wheel casting failed. The tail struck the runway and a fuel tank ruptured. The aircraft caught fire and burned for seven hours. Firemen fought the fire for the allotted ten minutes fire fighting time for high explosive contents of that weapon, then evacuated the area. The high explosive did not detonate, but there was some contamination in the immediate area of the crash. After the wreckage and the asphalt beneath it were removed and the runway washed down, no contamination was detected. One fire truck and one fireman's clothing showed slight alpha contamination until washed. Following the accident, exercise alerts were temporarily suspended and MDS B-47 wheels were checked for defects.(*1)
February 5, 1958/B-47/Savannah River, Georgia:
The B-47 was on a simulated combat mission that originated at Homestead AFB, Florida. While near Savannah, Georgia, the B-47 had a mid-air collision with a F-86 aircraft at 3:30 a.m. Following the collision, the B-47 made three attempts to land at Hunter AFB, Georgia, with a weapon aboard. Because of the condition of the aircraft, its airspeed could not be reduced enough to insure a safe landing. Therefore, the decision was made to jettison the weapon rather than expose Hunter AFB to the possibility of a high explosive detonation. A nuclear detonation was not possible since the nuclear capsule was not aboard the aircraft. The weapon was jettisoned into the water several miles from the mouth of the Savannah River (Georgia) in Wassaw Sound off Tybee Beach. The precise weapon impact point is unknown. The weapon was dropped from an altitude of approximately 7,200 feet at an aircraft speed of 180-190 knots. No detonation occurred. After jettison the B-47 landed safely. A three square mile area was searched using a ship with divers and underwater demolition team technicians using Galvanic drag and handheld sonar devices. The weapon was not found. The search was terminated April 16, 1958. The weapon was considered to be irretrievably lost. (*1; **2)
March 11, 1958/B-47/Florence, South Carolina:
On March 11, 1958 at 3:58 p.m. EST, a B-47E departed Hunter AFB, Georgia, as number three aircraft in a flight of four enroute to an overseas base. After leveling off at 15,000 feet, the aircraft accidentally jettisoned an unarmed nuclear weapon which impacted in a sparsely populated area 6 1/2 miles east of Florence, South Carolina. The bomb's high explosive material exploded on impact. The detonation caused property damage and several injuries on the ground. The aircraft returned to base without further incident. No capsule of nuclear materials was aboard the B-47 or installed in the weapon. (*1; **2)
November 4, 1958/B-47/Dyess AFB, Texas:
A B-47 caught fire on takeoff. Three crew members successfully ejected; one was killed when the aircraft crashed from an altitude of 1,500 feet. One nuclear weapon was aboard when the aircraft crashed. The resultant detonation of the high explosive made a crater 35 feet in diameter and six feet deep. Nuclear materials were recovered near the crash site. (*1; **2)
November 26, 1958/B-47/ Chennault AFB, Louisiana:
A B-47 caught fire on the ground. The single nuclear weapon on board was destroyed by the fire. Contamination was limited to the immediate vicinity of the weapon residue within the aircraft wreckage. (*1; **2)
January 18, 1959/F-100/ Pacific Base:
The aircraft was parked on a reveted hardstand in ground alert configuration. The external load consisted of a weapon on the left intermediate station and three fuel tanks (both inboard stations and the right intermediate station). When the starter button was depressed during a practice alert, an explosion and fire occurred when the external fuel tanks inadvertently jettisoned. Fire trucks at the scene put out the fire in about seven minutes. The capsule was not in the vicinity of the aircraft and was not involved in the accident. There were no contamination or cleanup problems.(*1)
July 6, 1959/C-124/ Barksdale AFB, Louisiana:
A C-124 on a nuclear logistics movement mission crashed on take-off. The aircraft was destroyed by fire which also destroyed one weapon. No nuclear or high explosive detonation occurred--safety devices functioned as designed. Limited contamination was present over a very small area immediately below the destroyed weapon. This contamination did not hamper rescue or fire fighting operations.(*1; **2)
September 25, 1959 /P-5M/ Off Whidbey Island, Washington:
A U.S. Navy P-5M aircraft ditched in Puget Sound off Whidbey Island, Washington. It was carrying an unarmed nuclear antisubmarine weapon containing no nuclear material. The weapon was not recovered.
October 15, 1959 /B-S2/KC-135/ Hardinsberg, Kentucky:
The B-52 departed Columbus Air Force Base, Mississippi at 2:30 p.m. CST, October 15, 1959. This aircraft assumed the #2 position in a flight of two. The KC-135 departed Columbus Air Force Base at 5:33 p.m. CST as the #2 tanker aircraft in a flight of two scheduled to refuel the B-52s. Rendezvous for refueling was accomplished in the vicinity of Hardinsberg, Kentucky, at 32,000 feet. It was night, weather was clear, and there was no turbulence. Shortly after the B-52 began refueling from the KC-135, the two aircraft collided. The instructor pilot and pilot of the B-52 ejected, followed by the electronic warfare officer and the radar navigator. The co-pilot, navigator, instructor navigator, and tail gunner failed to leave the B-52. All four crewmembers in the KC-135 were fatally injured. The B-52's two unarmed nuclear weapons were recovered intact. One had been partially burned but this did not result in the dispersion of any nuclear material or other contamination. (*1; **2)
June 7, 1960 /BOMARC/ McGuire AFB, New Jersey:
A BOMARC air defense missile in ready storage condition (permitting launch in two minutes) was destroyed by explosion and fire after a high-pressure helium tank exploded and ruptured the missile's fuel tanks. The warhead was also destroyed by the fire although the high explosive did not detonate. Nuclear safety devices acted as designed. Contamination was restricted to an area immediately beneath the weapon and an adjacent elongated area approximately 100 feet long, caused by drainoff of firefighting water. (*1; **2)
January 24, 1961 /B-52/ Goldsboro, North Carolina:
During a B-52 airborne alert mission structural failure of the right wing resulted in two weapons separating from the aircraft during aircraft breakup at 2,000-10,000 feet altitude. One bomb parachute deployed and the weapon received little impact damage. The other bomb fell free and broke apart upon impact. No explosion occurred. Five of the eight crew members survived. A portion of one weapon, containing uranium, could not be recovered despite excavation in the water-logged farmland to a depth of 50 feet. The Air Force subsequently purchased an easement requiring permission for anyone to dig there. There is no detectable radiation and no hazard in the area. (*1; **2)
March 14, 1961/B-52/Yuba City, California:
A B-52 experienced failure of the crew compartment pressurization system forcing descent to 10,000 feet altitude. Increased fuel consumption caused fuel exhaustion before rendezvous with a tanker aircraft. The crew bailed out at 10,000 feet except for the aircraft commander who stayed with aircraft to 4,000 feet steering the plane away from a populated area. The two nuclear weapons on board were torn from the aircraft on ground impact. The high explosive did not detonate. Safety devices worked as designed, and there was no nuclear contamination.(*1; **2)
November 13, 1963/Atomic Energy Commission Storage Igloo/Medina Base, Texas:
An explosion involving 123,000 pounds of high explosive components of nuclear weapons caused minor injuries to three Atomic Energy Commission employees. There was little contamination from the nuclear components stored elsewhere in the building. The components were from obsolete weapons being disassembled.
January 13, 1964/B-52/Cumberland, Maryland:
A B-52D was enroute from Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, to its home base at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia. The crash occurred approximately 17 miles SW of Cumberland, Maryland. The aircraft was carrying two weapons. Both weapons were in a tactical ferry configuration (no mechanical or electrical connections had been made to the aircraft and the safing switches were in the `Safe' position). Prior to the crash, the pilot had requested a change in altitude because of severe air turbulence at 29,500 feet. The aircraft was cleared to climb to 33,000 feet. During the climb, the aircraft encountered violent air turbulence and aircraft structural failure subsequently occurred. Of the five aircrew members, only the pilot and co-pilot survived. The gunner and navigator ejected but died of exposure to sub-zero temperatures after successfully reaching the ground. The radar navigator did not eject and died upon aircraft impact. The crash site was an isolated mountainous and wooded area. The site had 14 inches of new snow covering the aircraft wreckage which was scattered over an area of approximately 100 yards square. The weather during the recover and cleanup operation involved extreme cold and gusty winds. Both weapons remained in the aircraft until it crashed and were relatively intact in the approximate center of the wreckage area.(*1; **2)
December 5, 1964/LGM 30B (Minuteman ICBM)/Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota:
The LGM 30B Minuteman I missile was on strategic alert at Launch Facility (LF) L-02, Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota. Two airmen were dispatched to the LF to repair the inner zone (IZ) security system. In the midst of their checkout of the IZ system, one retrorocket in the spacer below the Reentry Vehicle (RV) fired, causing the RV to fall about 75 feet to the floor of the silo. When the RV struck the bottom of the silo, the arming and fusing/altitude control subsystem containing the batteries was torn loose, thus removing all sources of power from the RV. The RV structure received considerable damage. All safety devices operated properly in that they did not sense the proper sequence of events to allow arming the warhead. There was no detonation or radioactive contamination.(*1)
December 8, 1964/B-58/Bunker Hill (Now Grissom) AFB, Indiana:
SAC aircraft were taxiing during an exercise alert. As one B-58 reached a position directly behind the aircraft on the runway ahead of it, the aircraft ahead brought advanced power. As a result of the combination of the jet blast from the aircraft ahead, the icy runway surface conditions, and the power applied to the aircraft while attempting to turn onto the runway, control was lost and the aircraft slid off the left hand side of the taxiway. The left main landing gear passed over a flush mounted taxiway light fixture and 10 feet farther along in its travel, grazed the left edge of a concrete light base. Ten feet farther, the left main landing gear struck a concrete electrical manhole box, and the aircraft caught on fire. When the aircraft came to rest, all three crew members aboard began abandoning the aircraft. The aircraft commander and defensive systems operator egressed with minor injuries. The navigator ejected in his escape capsule, which impacted 548 feet from the aircraft. He did not survive. Portions of the five nuclear weapons on board burned; contamination was limited to the immediate area of the crash and was subsequently removed.(*1)
October 11, 1965/C-124/Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio:
The aircraft was being refueled in preparation for a routine logistics mission when a fire occurred at the aft end of the refueling trailer. The fuselage of the aircraft, containing only components of nuclear weapons and a dummy training unit, was destroyed by fire. There were no casualties. The resultant radiation hazard was minimal. Minor contamination was found on the aircraft, cargo, and clothing of explosive ordnance disposal and fire fighting personnel, and was removed by normal cleaning.(*1)
December 5, 1965/A-4/At Sea, Pacific:
An A-4 aircraft loaded with one nuclear weapon rolled off the elevator of a U.S. aircraft carrier and fell into the sea. The pilot, aircraft, and weapon were lost. The incident occurred more than 500 miles from land.
January 17, 1966/B-52/KC-135/Palomares, Spain:
The B-52 and the KC-135 collided during a routine high altitude air refueling operation. Both aircraft crashed near Palomares, Spain. Four of the eleven crewmembers survived. The B-52 carried four nuclear weapons. One was recovered on the ground and on April 7, one was recovered from the sea. Explosive materials exploded on impact with the ground, releasing some radioactive materials. Approximately 1400 tons of slightly contaminated soil and vegetation were removed to the United States for storage at an approved site. Representatives of the Spanish government monitored the cleanup operation.(*1;**2)
January 21, 1968/B-52/Thule, Greenland:
A B-52 from Plattsburgh AFB, New York, crashed and burned some seven miles southwest of the runway at Thule AB, Greenland while approaching the base to land. Six of the seven crewmembers survived. The bomber carried four nuclear weapons, all of which were destroyed by fire. Some radioactive contamination occurred in the area of the crash, which was on the sea ice. Some 237,000 cubic feet of contaminated ice, snow and water, with crash debris, were removed to an approved storage site in the United States over the course of a four-month operation. Although an unknown amount of contamination was dispersed by the crash, environmental sampling showed normal readings in the area after the cleanup was completed. Representatives of the Danish government monitored the cleanup operations.(*1;**2)
May 22, 1968/At Sea, Atlantic:
The submarine USS SCORPION (SSN-589) sank May 22, 1968 in more than 10,000 feet of water about 400 miles southwest of the Azores. SCORPION is in two major sections. The forward hull section including the torpedo room and most of the operations compartment is located in a trench that was formed by the impact of the hull section with the bottom. The sail is detached. The aft hull section including the reactor compartment and engine room is located in a separate trench that was formed by the impact of the hull section with the bottom. The aft section of the engine room is inserted forward into a larger diameter hull section in a manner similar to a telescope. There were two Mark 45 ASTOR torpedoes with nuclear warheads aboard SCORPION when she was lost in 1968. The warheads were low-yield tactical nuclear weapons. The special nuclear material from the warheads has not been recovered.
September 19, 1980/Titan II ICBM/Damascus, Arkansas:
During routine maintenance in a Titan II silo, an Air Force repairman dropped a heavy wrench socket, which rolled off a work platform and fell toward the bottom of the silo. The socket bounced and struck the missile, causing a leak from the pressurized fuel tank. The missile complex and the surrounding area were evacuated and a team of specialists was called in from Little Rock Air Force Base, the missile's main support base. About 8 1/2 hours after the initial puncture, fuel vapors within the silo ignited and exploded. The explosion fatally injured one member of the team. Twenty-one other USAF personnel were injured. The missile's reentry vehicle, which contained a nuclear warhead, was recovered intact. There was no radioactive contamination.(*.1)
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:1eb148d7-c518-4c03-9144-3c4677aeb38d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/ops/broken-arrow.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00108-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967424 | 6,095 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Today we visited the Edinburugh castle in Edinburgh, Scotland.
This castle was built for King David the 1st in the 12th century.
It overlooks the whole city of Edinburgh and out onto the North Sea. It's tall, solid walls are lined with black cannons that were used for battles hundreds of years ago. It's cobblestone walkway, built in the 17th century, twists and turns around the old, beautiful buildings all the way up to the famous Scotish war memorial.
The Scottish war memorial was built on the 14th of July, 1927 by the Prince of Wales, and the Future King Edward VIII of England. He made this shrine to specifically honor all of the men and women who died in the 1914-1918 great war. The inside of this shrine is lined with books that hold the names of the thousands of people that served for Scotland. It also holds a small chapel with carvings along the side walls. These carvings were of Soldiers and Doctors and dogs going out to war. The carving says inspirational words about the soldiers. It is quite a memorable place.
Next to the memorial is St. Margaret's chapel.
St. Margaret's chapel happens to be the oldest building in the Edinburgh castle and the oldest building in all of Edinburgh.
It was built in the year 1130 and was originally believed to be built by King David I after his mother died of a "broken heart" when her husband (his father) died fighting The English in Alnwick. This chapel is quite small and plain but unbelievably beautiful at the same time. In the front of the church there is a small altar with the cross and beautiful gold and purple fabrics. Behind the altar there is a stained glass window of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland.
**A quick fact about Saint Andrew is that he was crucified on an "X" instead of a cross. He wasn't crucified on a cross because he didn't feel that he was as important as Christ. **
This small chapel is still used today for weddings and baptisms.
Below the chapel there is a dog cemetery. A dog cemetery, in a castle? Yes it is unusual. It was built in 1814 for the army officers' loyal pets.
The weird thing about this cemetery is that it is built directly on top of the medieval constable's tower.
Overall this castle is absolutely stunning and very fun to visit as well.
You most definitely have to visit this castle when you go to Scotland. | <urn:uuid:9ac54d48-4bb5-4dc0-8345-886ad995b430> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://redworldwide2012.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699684236/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102124-00018-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981364 | 517 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Rachel Carson and Her Book That Changed the World: Guide for Educators
Reading Is Fundamental
Rachel Carson and Her Book That Changed the World's printable guide for educators provides suggestions for activating student thinking before, during and after reading. Students will focus on questions they would want to ask Racehl Carson that would deepen their understanding of what motivated her research and writings.
7 - 10
2nd - 5th | <urn:uuid:038c9755-cfb6-4346-bea4-7ff1508b65ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://rif.org/literacy-central/material/rachel-carson-and-her-book-changed-world-guide-educators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711417.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209144722-20221209174722-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.933071 | 94 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Stuffed with soft, white cotton and covered with smooth, soft fur the Teddy Bear is an enduring stuffed animal loved by children all over the world. When the Teddy Bear was invented in the 1900’s, its popularity soared and turned its inventors from sole proprietors of a local candy store into one of the largest toy companies in history.
The Teddy Roosevelt Hunting Trip
In November of 1902, United States President Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, was invited to Mississippi for a bear hunting trip by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino. At the time, Mississippi was involved in a heated border dispute with the state of Louisiana related to the ever changing form of the Mississippi River that separates portions of the two states. Governor Longino presumed that by aiming to please President Roosevelt, whom they knew was an avid hunter, Mississippi could gain the good graces of the President who was moderating the border disagreement between the two states.
Unfortunately, during the three-day bear hunting tip, Roosevelt was unable to track and kill a suitable bear. To compensate for Roosevelt’s lack of success, a group of men using hunting dogs, corned and clubbed an American Black Bear and then tied the bear to a willow tree in the forest. Roosevelt was called to the site and told that the bear was safely contained and President Roosevelt could now shoot the bear and earn his sought after “kill”. Deeming the kill unsportsmanlike, Roosevelt promptly refused to shoot the defenseless wounded animal telling the men, “Spare the bear! I will not shoot a tethered animal.”
The Teddy Bear Cartoons and Introduction of Teddy’s Bear
The story of Roosevelt’s act of compassion spread throughout the United States and was featured in several Washington Post political cartoons by writer and illustrator Clifford Berryman. The first appearance of Roosevelt and his bear, titled “Drawing the Line in Mississippi” (referencing both the boundary dispute and Roosevelt’s refusal to shoot the defenseless animal), appeared in the Washington Post on November 16, 1902. In the earliest appearances, Berryman illustrated the bear as a fierce animal (for instance, the bear had just killed a hunting dog). In later versions, Berryman redrew the bear to make it a cute and cuddly cub. The “Teddy and his bear” cartoon was in instant sensation and was subsequently reprinted in newspapers across the country. The emotionally touching cartoon inspired several toymakers to make replicas of the black bear.
Morris Michtom, who owned a novelty and candy store in Brooklyn, New York, saw the cartoon and was motivated to create a stuffed black bear animal measuring about twelve inches in length. Michtom sent a sample of the stuffed animal to President Roosevelt and asked if he could use his name to market the stuffed bear. Roosevelt agreed and Michtom promptly placed the bear in the windows of his candy store alongside a sign that read “Teddy’s Bear”. Instead of looking fierce and standing on all four paws like previous toy bears, the Michtoms’ bear looked sweet, innocent, and upright (more humanlike), similar to the bear in Berryman’s cartoon.
Demand for the stuffed Teddy Bear was so strong that the Michtoms, with the help of a wholesale firm called Butler Brothers, founded the first teddy bear manufacturer in the United States, the Ideal Novelty and Toy Company. Springboarding off of the Teddy Bear’s sensation, Ideal Toy Company would later grow to one of the largest and most successful toy companies in the United States developing and introducing several hit toys including the Howdy Doody wooden doll, the Kerplunk game, the Magic 8-Ball, the Mouse Trap game, Rubik’s Cube, and the infamous Poopin Hoppies toys.
The 1900’s Teddy Bear Craze
By 1906, the Teddy Bear craze was in full swing across the United States. Other American manufacturers jumped on the bandwagon and manufactured bears in all colors and all kinds, from Teddy Bears on roller skates to Teddy Bears with electrical lighting eyes. “Teddy Bear,” without the apostrophe and the s, became the accepted term for toy stuffed animal, first appearing in print in the October 1906 issue of Playthings Magazine.
The early teddy bears were made to look like real bears, with extended snouts and small, beady black eyes. Later the Teddy Bears evolved to have larger, softer eyes and foreheads and smaller noses with baby like features that make the stuffed animal more attractive to small children.
Prominent ladies carried their Teddies everywhere and children had their pictures taken with their own personal Teddy Bears. Even President Roosevelt used the Teddy Bear as a mascot in his re-election bid (and won). Seymour Eaton, an educator and a newspaper columnist, wrote a series of children’s books about the adventures of The Roosevelt Bears, and another American, composer J.K. Bratton, wrote “The Teddy Bear Two Step”.
Some extraordinary novelty bears were developed during this period. These include the 1907 Laughing Roosevelt Bear by the Columbia Teddy Bear Company, which opens its mouth to display large teeth like those of the President, and the 1917 red white and blue Patriotic Bear with electric light bulb eyes. | <urn:uuid:d23481bd-63d7-4484-a79e-0d44db965c35> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.mortaljourney.com/2010/12/all-trends/teddy-bear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.965552 | 1,109 | 3.15625 | 3 |
White skin and acne
Treating acne in white skin
- Acne very common in Caucasian skin
- Higher incidence of nodules and cysts
- Less chance of hyperpigmentation
- Tendency toward dryer skin
Acne is a common skin disorder in Caucasian adolescents and adults. According to Cutis, a clinical journal for dermatologists, "During visits by white patients, the...most common [diagnosis] recorded [was] acne."1 A study published in Pediatric Dermatology in 2012 looked at 31,153 children and adolescents and reported that acne was slightly more common in Caucasian American adolescents than in Asian or African American adolescents.2
Another study researching female participants of all ages published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology in 2011 reached a different conclusion. The researchers reported that overall incidence of acne was lower in Caucasians than any other ethnic group aside from Indians. Incidence of “physiological acne,” a term used to refer to a less severe form of acne that is sometimes present in adult women, however, was higher in Caucasian women than any other group aside from Hispanics.
What is different about white skin
People with white skin have less melanin, which gives skin it’s color. People with lighter skin also tend to have a higher incidence of nodules and cysts, the more severe types of acne lesions. Caucasian people also tend toward dryer skin, making drying and peeling medications more of a challenge. White people must also contend with more noticeable lesions when they do break out. The acute redness and inflammation that directly surround an acne lesion stand in stark contrast to light skin tones. However, when it comes to the red spots that acne leaves behind, white people tend to have less of a struggle. While white people do experience post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation—the medical term for these marks—they experience them less often than their darker-skinned counterparts.4-7 Also, these marks tend to fade more quickly on lighter skin. However, Caucasian skin, just like any other ethnicity, can scar. White skin is also thinner than darker skin types and fibroblasts, which are cells responsible for giving skin its elasticity, are less active in white compared to black skin.8
Another way that Caucasian skin differs from darker skin types is that it tends to have smaller pores. In fact, the same study that showed that Caucasians have less acne than other groups reported that there is a negative correlation between pore size and skin lightness, meaning that the lighter the skin, the smaller the pore size.3 However, more research is needed to further investigate the relationship between pore size and skin color.
How to treat acne in white skin
No matter the ethnicity, acne develops and is treated the same way, and with proper medication is treatable.9 Options include proper topical treatment as well as Accutane (isotretinoin) for people with severe, scarring, and treatment-resistant acne.
In addition, since white skin is less prone to hyperpigmentation, it tends to respond well to laser treatment and chemical peels.9 Chemical peels and some lasers, particularly ablative CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers, destroy melanin and cause lightening of darker skin. Although this lightening effect usually disappears after two or three months, it can be permanent in some cases.8
The bottom line
Prevention is key. Preventing acne will not only improve quality of life, it will help prevent potential scarring.
- Alexis, A. F., Sergay, A. B. & Taylor, S. C. Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. Cutis 80, 387–394 (2007).
- Henderson, M. D. et al. Skin-of-color epidemiology: a report of the most common skin conditions by race. Pediatr Dermatol 29, 584–589 (2012).
- Perkins, A. C., Cheng, C. E., Hillebrand, G. G., Miyamoto, K. & Kimball, A. B. Comparison of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris among Caucasian, Asian, Continental Indian and African American women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25, 1054–1060 (2011).
- Halder, R. M. & Nootheti, P. K. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 48, S143–148 (2003).
- Alexis, A. F. & Lamb, A. Concomitant therapy for acne in patients with skin of color: a case-based approach. Dermatol Nurs 21, 33–36 (2009).
- Shah, S. K. & Alexis, A. F. Acne in skin of color: practical approaches to treatment. J Dermatolog Treat 21, 206–211 (2010).
- Ho, S. G. et al. A retrospective analysis of the management of acne post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments in oriental patients. Lasers Surg Med 43, 1–7 (2011).
- Been, M. J. & Mangat, D. S. Laser and face peel procedures in non-Caucasians. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 22, 447–452 (2014).
- Czernielewski, J., Poncet, M. & Mizzi, F. Efficacy and cutaneous safety of adapalene in black patients versus white patients with acne vulgaris. Cutis 70, 243–248 (2002). | <urn:uuid:87f7d5c8-b373-490d-9ca8-647e7c54abe2> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.acne.org/ethnic-white-skin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.908344 | 1,193 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Muhammad, in full Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (born c. 570, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died June 8, 632, Medina), the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān. Muhammad is traditionally said to have been born in 570 in Mecca and to have died in 632 in Medina, where he had been forced to emigrate to with his adherents in 622.
The Qurʾān yields little concrete biographical information about the Islamic Prophet: it addresses an individual “messenger of God,” whom a number of verses call Muhammad (e.g., 3:144), and speaks of a pilgrimage sanctuary that is associated with the “valley of Mecca” and the Kaʿbah (e.g., 2:124–129, 5:97, 48:24–25). Certain verses assume that Muhammad and his followers dwell at a settlement called al-madīnah (“the town”) or Yathrib (e.g., 33:13, 60) after having previously been ousted by their unbelieving foes, presumably from the Meccan sanctuary (e.g., 2:191). Other passages mention military encounters between Muhammad’s followers and the unbelievers. These are sometimes linked with place-names, such as the passing reference to a victory at a place called Badr at 3:123. However, the text provides no dates for any of the historical events it alludes to, and almost none of the Qurʾānic messenger’s contemporaries are mentioned by name (a rare exception is at 33:37). Hence, even if one accepts that the Qurʾānic corpus authentically documents the preaching of Muhammad, taken by itself it simply does not provide sufficient information for even a concise biographical sketch.
Read More on This Topic
Islamic world: New social patterns among the Meccans and their neighbours
...religions, that is, prophethood or messengership. The only such individual who succeeded in effecting broad social changes was a member of the Hāshim (Hāshem) clan of Quraysh named Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. One of their own, he accomplished what the Quraysh had started, first by working against them, later by working...
Most of the biographical information that the Islamic tradition preserves about Muhammad thus occurs outside the Qurʾān, in the so-called sīrah (Arabic: “biography”) literature. Arguably the single most important work in the genre is Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq’s (died 767–768) Kitāb al-maghāzī (“Book of [the Prophet’s] Military Expeditions”). However, this work is extant only in later reworkings and abridgements, of which the best known is ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Hishām’s (died 833–834) Sīrat Muḥammad rasūl Allāh (“Life of Muhammad, the Messenger of God”). Ibn Isḥāq’s original book was not his own composition but rather a compilation of autonomous reports about specific events that took place during the life of Muhammad and also prior to it, which Ibn Isḥāq arranged into what he deemed to be their correct chronological order and to which he added his own comments. Each such report is normally introduced by a list of names tracing it through various intermediaries back to its ultimate source, which in many cases is an eyewitness—for example, the Prophet’s wife ʿĀʾishah. Variants of the material compiled by Ibn Isḥāq, as well as further material about events in Muhammad’s life, are preserved in works by other authors, such as Abd al-Razzāq (died 827), al-Wāqidī (died 823), Ibn Saʿd (died 845), and al-Ṭabarī (died 923).
The fact that such biographical narratives about Muhammad are encountered only in texts dating from the 8th or 9th century or even later is bound to raise the problem of how confident one can be in the sīrah literature’s claim to relay accurate historical information. This is not to suggest that there was necessarily an element of deliberate fabrication at work, at least at the level of a compiler like Ibn Isḥāq, who was clearly not inventing stories from scratch. Nonetheless, some accretion of popular legend around a figure as seminal as Muhammad would be entirely expected. At least to historians who are reluctant to admit reports of divine intervention, the problem is reinforced by the miraculous elements of some of the material included in Ibn Isḥāq’s work. Moreover, some of the narratives in question are patently adaptations of biblical motifs designed to present Muhammad as equal or superior to earlier prophetic figures such as Moses and Jesus. For example, before Muhammad’s emigration to Medina he is said to have received an oath of allegiance by twelve inhabitants of the city, an obvious parallel to the Twelve Apostles, and during the digging of a defensive trench around Medina Muhammad is said to have miraculously sated all the workers from a handful of dates, recalling Jesus’ feeding of the multitude. Finally, it is distinctly possible that some reports about events in Muhammad’s life emerged not from historical memory but from exegetical speculation about the historical context of particular verses of the Qurʾān.
Test Your Knowledge
By carefully comparing alternative versions of one and the same biographical narrative, scholars have been able to show that a certain number of traditions about Muhammad’s life—for instance, an account of the Prophet’s emigration from Mecca to Medina—were in circulation already by the end of the 7th century. An important collector of such early traditions was ʿUrwah ibn al-Zubayr, a relative of ʿĀʾishah who was probably born in 643–644 and who is plausibly viewed as having had firsthand access to former companions of the Prophet. Moreover, a number of rudimentary details about Muhammad are confirmed by non-Islamic sources dating from the first decades after Muhammad’s traditional date of death. For instance, a Syriac chronicle dating from about 640 mentions a battle between the Romans and “the Arabs of Muhammad,” and an Armenian history composed about 660 describes Muhammad as a merchant who preached to the Arabs and thereby triggered the Islamic conquests. Such evidence provides sufficient confirmation of the historical existence of an Arab prophet by the name of Muhammad. Certain tensions with the Islamic narrative of the Prophet’s life remain, however. For example, some of the non-Islamic sources present Muhammad as having still been alive when the Arab conquerors invaded Palestine (634–640), in contrast to the Islamic view that the Prophet had already passed away at this point.
All things considered, there is no compelling reason to suggest that the basic scaffolding of the traditional Islamic account of Muhammad’s life is unhistorical. At the same time, the nature of the sources is not such as to inspire confidence that we possess historically certain knowledge about the Prophet’s life that is as detailed as many earlier scholars tended to assume. Especially the customary chronological framework for Muhammad’s life appears to have been worked out by later transmitters and collectors such as Ibn Isḥāq, rather than being traceable to the earliest layer of Islamic traditions about Muhammad. Thus, statements of the sort that on March 21 of the year 625, Meccan forces entered the oasis of Medina are inherently problematic. The following section will nonetheless provide a concise digest mainly of Ibn Isḥāq’s version of the life of the Prophet. This digest does not aim to separate historical fact from later legend. For instance, unlike many earlier Western accounts, no attempt will be made to remove supernatural elements from the narrative in the interest of transforming it into an account that appears plausible by modern historiographical standards.
Biography according to the Islamic tradition
Muhammad is born as a member of the tribe of Quraysh and the clan of Hāshim. His hometown of Mecca houses an ancient and famous pilgrimage sanctuary, the Kaʿbah. Although founded by Abraham, worship there has over time become dominated by polytheism and idolatry. Muhammad’s conception is preceded by a dramatic crisis: his grandfather ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib narrowly fails to implement a vow to sacrifice his favourite son and Muhammad’s future father, ʿAbd Allāh, an obvious adaptation of the biblical story of the binding of Isaac (Genesis 22). Muhammad himself is born in 570, the same year in which the South Arabian king Abraha attempts to conquer Mecca and is thwarted by a divine intervention later alluded to in sūrah 105 of the Qurʾān. Muhammad’s father passes away before his birth, leaving him in the care of his paternal grandfather, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. At the age of six Muhammad also loses his mother Āminah, and at eight he loses his grandfather. Thereupon responsibility for Muhammad is assumed by the new head of the clan of Hāshim, his uncle Abū Ṭālib. While accompanying his uncle on a trading journey to Syria, Muhammad is recognized as a future prophet by a Christian monk.
At the age of 25, Muhammad is employed by a rich woman, Khadījah, to oversee the transportation of her merchandise to Syria. He so impresses her that she offers marriage. Khadījah is said to have been about 40, but she bears Muhammad at least two sons, who die young, and four daughters. The best known of the latter is Fāṭimah, the future wife of Muhammad’s cousin ʿAlī, whom Shīʿite Muslims regard as Muhammad’s divinely ordained successor. Until Khadījah’s death some three years before Muhammad’s emigration (hijrah) to Medina in 622, Muhammad takes no other wife, even though polygamy is common.
Muhammad’s prophetic initiation occurs at the age of 40. During a period of devotional withdrawal atop one of the mountains in the vicinity of Mecca, the angel Gabriel appears to him in an awe-inspiring encounter and teaches him the opening verses of sūrah 96 of the Qurʾān: “Recite in the name of your Lord who creates, / creates man from a clot! / Recite for your lord is most generous….” Muhammad is greatly perturbed after this first revelation but is reassured by Khadījah and her cousin, Waraqah ibn Nawfal, a learned Christian who confirms Muhammad’s prophetic status. Muhammad continues to receive revelations but for three years limits himself to speaking about them in private. When God finally commands him to take up public preaching, he initially encounters no opposition. However, after the Qurʾānic proclamations begin to deny the existence of gods other than Allāh and thereby to attack the religious beliefs and practices of the Quraysh tribe, tensions arise between Muhammad and his small circle of adherents, on the one hand, and the remaining inhabitants of Mecca, on the other. As a result, some of Muhammad’s followers are forced to seek temporary refuge with the Christian ruler of Ethiopia. For some years, the other chief clans of Mecca even refuse to trade and intermarry with Muhammad’s clan, since the latter continues to offer him protection. Sometime after the end of this boycott, one of the most famous events in the Prophet’s ministry takes place: his so-called Night Journey, during which he is miraculously transported to Jerusalem to pray with Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. From there Muhammad continues to ascend to heaven, where God imposes on him the five daily prayers of Islam.
About 619, both Khadījah and Muhammad’s uncle Abū Ṭālib die, and another uncle, Abū Lahab, succeeds to the leadership of the clan of Hāshim. Abū Lahab withdraws the clan’s protection from Muhammad, meaning that the latter can now be attacked without fear of retribution and is therefore no longer safe at Mecca. After failing to win protection in the nearby town of Al-Ṭāʾif, Muhammad secures a pledge of protection from a representative number of the inhabitants of the oasis town of Yathrib, also known as Medina (from its Qurʾānic appellation al-madīnah, “the town”). This promise enables Muhammad and his followers to leave Mecca for Medina, which, unlike Mecca, is partly inhabited by Jewish tribes. Together with Abū Bakr, the future first caliph, Muhammad is the last to depart. It is only because he is warned by Gabriel that he narrowly escapes an assassination plot by the Quraysh.
At Medina, Muhammad has a house built that simultaneously serves as a prayer venue for his followers. He also drafts a covenant that joins together “the Believers and Submitters [or Muslims] of Quraysh and of Yathrib” as well as some of Medina’s Jewish tribes into a community (ummah) recognizing Muhammad as the “Messenger of God.” However, relations with the Jews of Medina steadily worsen. Eighteen months after the emigration, a revelation bids the Muslims to pray in the direction of the Meccan Kaʿbah, rather than to continue facing toward Jerusalem as is Jewish practice. At about the same time, the Medinan Muslims begin raiding Meccan caravans. When, during one of these raids, they are surprised by a Meccan relief force at Badr in 624, the Muslims, aided by angels, score a surprising victory. In response, the Meccans try to capture Medina, once in 625 in the Battle of Uḥud and again in 627 in the so-called Battle of the Trench; both attempts to dislodge Muhammad are ultimately unsuccessful. After each of the three major military encounters with the Meccans, Muhammad and his followers manage to oust another of the three main Jewish tribes of Medina. In the case of the last Jewish tribe to be displaced, the Qurayẓah, all adult males are executed, and the women and children are enslaved.
In 628 Muhammad makes the bold move of setting out to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Meccans are determined to prevent the Muslims from entering the city, and Muhammad halts at Al-Ḥudaybiyyah, on the edge of the sacred territory of Mecca. A treaty is concluded between the two parties: hostilities are to cease, and the Muslims are given permission to make the pilgrimage to Mecca in 629. Two months later Muhammad leads his forces against the Jewish oasis of Khaybar, north of Medina. After a siege, it submits, but the Jews are allowed to remain on condition of sending half of their date harvest to Medina. The following year, Muhammad and his followers perform the pilgrimage as stipulated by the treaty of Al-Ḥudaybiyyah. Subsequently, however, an attack by Meccan allies upon allies of Muhammad leads to the latter’s denunciation of the treaty with the Meccans. In 630 he marches a substantial army on Mecca. The town submits, and Muhammad declares an amnesty.
After his return to Medina, Muhammad receives deputations from various Arabian tribes who declare their allegiance to the Muslim polity. Still in 630, Muhammad embarks on a campaign to the Syrian border and reaches Tabūk, where he secures the submission of various towns. Muhammad personally leads the pilgrimage to Mecca in 632, the so-called Farewell Pilgrimage, the precedent for all future Muslim pilgrimages. He dies in June 632 in Medina. Since no arrangement for his succession has been made, his death provokes a major dispute over the future leadership of the community he has founded.
Status in the Qurʾān and in post-Qurʾānic Islam
Unsurprisingly, the figure of Muhammad plays a seminal role in Islamic thought and practice. In certain respects, his post-Qurʾānic standing markedly surpasses the way in which he is presented in scripture. For example, the Qurʾān emphasizes that Muhammad, like earlier messengers of God, is a mere mortal (e.g., 14:11, 17:93), whereas Sufi thinkers of a speculative bent, such as Sahl al-Tustarī (died 896), describe him as the incarnation of a preexistent being of pure light, the “Muhammadan light” (al-nūr al-Muḥammadī). The Qurʾān also enjoins Muhammad to ask God for forgiveness of his sins (40:55, 47:19, 48:2), and one passage (80:1–10) bluntly reproaches him for disregarding a blind man who “came to you eagerly / and in fear [of God]” and preferring to attend to someone who haughtily “deemed himself to be self-sufficient.” In contrast to such scriptural statements, in later centuries there emerged the doctrine that Muhammad and other prophets were free of sin (although there was disagreement as to whether they could commit minor and unintentional infractions) and the belief that Muhammad exemplified “the perfect human being” (al-insān al-kāmil).
Another contrast between Qurʾānic and post-Qurʾānic images of Muhammad concerns the issue of miracles. The Qurʾān cites Muhammad’s opponents as demanding that he demonstrate his prophetic credentials by various miraculous achievements, such as being accompanied by an angel (e.g., 11:12, 43:53). In response, Muhammad is instructed to disclaim any pretense to “possess the treasures of God,” to “have knowledge of the unseen,” or to be an angel (6:50) and is described as a mere “warner” (e.g., 11:2). Thus, the Qurʾān patently does not present Muhammad as a miracle worker. The later tradition, however, frequently depicts him as having possessed extraordinary knowledge of commonly inaccessible matters—often said to have been mediated by the angel Gabriel—and as having performed sundry supernatural feats. Thus, the enigmatic reference to a splitting of the Moon in Qurʾān 54:1 is interpreted to mean a confirmatory miracle that Muhammad performed in response to a challenge by the Meccan pagans. As a matter of fact, classical Islamic theologians routinely adduced Muhammad’s miracles as one of the arguments establishing that he was a true prophet.
In other respects, however, there is significant and crucial continuity between the Qurʾānic and post-Qurʾānic visions of Muhammad. Certain parts of the Qurʾān, normally dated to the Medinan period of Muhammad’s life, ascribe a much more elevated status to him than do earlier layers of scripture. Thus, the Qurʾān demands “belief in God and His Messenger” (emphasis added; e.g., 49:15), and one verse (9:128) ascribes to Muhammad two attributes—kindness and mercy—that the Qurʾān otherwise reserves for God. Furthermore, “God and His Messenger” must not be insulted (e.g., 9:61, 33:57), a demand that foreshadows the view of medieval Islamic jurists that insulting the Prophet is a punishable offense (even though the Qurʾān does not demand that such insults be avenged by humans).
Of particular importance are the frequent scriptural commands to obey “God and His Messenger” as well as the unequivocal statement that to obey Muhammad is to obey God (4:80). One Qurʾānic verse even describes Muhammad as an “exemplar” (uswah) to the believers (33:21). Such pronouncements form an important impetus for the later view that the “custom” (sunnah) of Muhammad holds normative significance for all Muslims and that in working out God’s commandments Islamic scholars are to rely on Prophetic precedent to supplement and interpret the relatively limited amount of legislation contained in the Qurʾān. Al-Shāfiʿī (died 820) influentially insisted that the Prophetic sunnah was to be accessed by recourse to a specific corpus of texts—namely, extra-scriptural reports about the utterances and actions of Muhammad, the so-called Prophetic ḥadīth. The challenge of determining which of the multitude of such traditions could be deemed to be authentic already exercised premodern Islamic scholars and led to a sophisticated philological weighing of the material, even though modern Western scholarship takes a rather less optimistic view of the feasibility of establishing the Prophetic origin of specific ḥadīth reports. Sunni Islam recognises six quasi-canonical collections of authentic ḥadīth, of which the most famous are those by al-Bukhārī (died 870) and Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj (died 875).
Even beyond the strictly legal purport of Muhammad’s example, the imitation of the Prophet has functioned as an important vehicle of ethical and spiritual growth for many Muslims across the centuries. Thus, pious Muslims through the ages have endeavoured to follow Prophetic precedent even in such seemingly mundane matters as using a toothpick or not trimming one’s beard. The presence of Muhammad in popular Islamic piety is also anchored in festive commemorations of his birth (mawlid) on the 12th or 17th of Rabīʿ al-Awwal (the third month of the Islamic calendar), during which the most famous panegyric on the Prophet, the so-called Mantle Poem by al-Būṣīrī (died 1295), is traditionally recited in many Islamic countries. Other festivals associated with Muhammad are the commemoration of his Night Journey to Jerusalem and ensuing ascent to heaven, celebrated on the 27th day of Rajab (the seventh month of the Islamic calendar), and his receipt of the first Qurʾānic revelation toward the end of the fasting month of Ramaḍān. Muhammad’s presence also extends to eschatology, for he is believed to have the power to intercede with God on behalf of the members of his community on the Day of Judgment.
The confrontation of the Islamic world with modern Western imperialism, science, and historiography from the early 19th century onward has led to manifold re-readings and re-imaginings of Muhammad’s biography in scholarship, literature, and even film. A particularly influential 20th-century biography of Muhammad is Ḥayāt Muḥammad (1935; “The Life of Muhammad”) by the Egyptian writer Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal (died 1956). Haykal emphasizes the rationality of Muhammad’s teaching and of the Qurʾān and aims to clear the traditional Islamic sources on the Prophet’s biography of what he perceives to be superstitious aspects. Muhammad remains an ideal character, although the ideals represented by him are strongly modernized. A much more daring literary adaptation of Muhammad’s biography than Haykal’s is Awlād Ḥāratinā (1959; Children of the Alley) by the Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz (died 2006), an urban allegory of the history of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Common motifs in modern and contemporary writings about Muhammad by authors from the Islamic world are the Prophet’s political and social vision, issues of gender, the nature of the revelations received by him, and his attitude toward the use of violence. Problems of historical authenticity and reliability as well as the covert ideological tendencies underlying early Islamic sources are treated, for example, by the Moroccan sociologist and feminist Fatema Mernissi (died 2015) and in the Tunisian historian Hichem Djait’s (born 1935) works on the biography of Muhammad.
In striking contrast to the standard Muslim view of the Prophet as a perfect embodiment of virtue and piety, medieval Christian polemicists like the Dominican monk Riccoldo da Montecroce (died 1320) condemned Muhammad as a deliberate imposter and a downright diabolical figure. Stock motifs in such polemics were Muhammad’s recourse to violence, the number of his wives, and the alleged indebtedness of his religious message to a Christian heretic. This attitude changed only in the 18th century, when various Western scholars—for instance, the Dutch theologian and Orientalist Adriaan Reland (died 1718)—began calling for a more impartial assessment of Muhammad. The gradual shift is illustrated by the British Orientalist George Sale’s (died 1736) translation of the Qurʾān into English (1734): even though its declared objective is polemical and the Qurʾān is dismissed as “so manifest a forgery,” Sale at least leaves it open whether Muhammad’s preaching sprang from genuine religious “enthusiasm” or “only a design to raise himself to the supreme government of his country.”
To call Muhammad an enthusiast was to imply that he had been genuinely convinced of the truth of his message and of his own prophetic calling, rather than having deliberately ensnared the Arabs in false doctrines in order to satisfy his craving for power. Throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries, the idea of Muhammad’s subjective truthfulness and sincerity increasingly spread. A particularly emphatic rejection of the erstwhile predominant view that Muhammad practiced conscious deception is found in Thomas Carlyle’s (died 1881) On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841): given that a “greater number of God’s creatures believe in Mahomet’s word at this hour than in any other word whatever,” Carlyle wrote, it would be incorrect to dismiss Muhammad’s preaching as a “miserable piece of spiritual legerdemain.”
The valorization of the Islamic Prophet was intimately tied up with the beginnings of modern Western scholarship on Muhammad and the Qurʾān. According to Abraham Geiger (died 1874), whose Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? (1833; “What did Muhammad Borrow from Judaism?”) constitutes the ancestral monograph of modern Western Qurʾānic studies, Muhammad was a
genuine enthusiast, who was himself convinced of his divine mission…. He so fully worked himself into this idea in thought, in feeling and in action, that every event seemed to him a divine inspiration.
Similar ideas were expressed by the German scholar Theodor Nöldeke (died 1930), author of the seminal Geschichte des Qorâns (1860; The History of the Qurʾān). Thus, the reconceptualization of Muhammad from a devious heretic to a sincere enthusiast paved the way for a novel scholarly interest in Muhammad as a major historical protagonist and in the Qurʾān as an important document of human religious experience. This is so even if older Orientalist scholarship is by no means devoid of some residues of traditional Christian polemics. | <urn:uuid:2cf018c3-4366-4554-8d17-0ea74cc5fa46> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429548.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727222533-20170728002533-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.959083 | 5,928 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The American Dental Association (ADA) has compiled a list of ten recommendations to help children maintain good oral health during Halloween and the rest of the holiday season.
Here are the ten recommendations from their website.
- Consume Halloween candy and other sugary foods with meals.
Saliva production increases during meals and helps neutralize acids produced by bacteria in your mouth and helps rinse away food particles.
- Avoid hard candy and other sweets that stay in your mouth for a long time.
Besides how often you snack, the length of time food is in your mouth plays a role in tooth decay. Unless it is a sugar-free product, candies that stay in the mouth for a long period of time subject teeth to prolonged acid attack, increasing the risk for tooth decay.
- Avoid sticky candies that cling to your teeth.
The stickier candies, like taffy and gummy bears, take longer to get washed away by saliva, increasing the risk for tooth decay.
- Drink more water.
Consuming optimally fluoridated water can help prevent tooth decay. If you choose bottled water, check the label for the fluoride content.
- Maintain a healthy diet and make sure the meals you eat are nutritious.
Your body is like a complex machine. The foods you choose as fuel and how often you "fill up" affect your general health and that of your teeth and gums.
- Avoid beverages with added sugar such as soda, sports drinks or flavored waters.
When teeth come in frequent contact with beverages that contain sugar, the risk of tooth decay is increased.
- Chew gum that has the ADA Seal.
Chewing sugarless gum for 20 minutes after meals has been shown to reduce tooth decay, because increased saliva flow helps wash out food and neutralize the acid produced by dental plaque bacteria.
- Brush your teeth twice a day with an ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste.
Replace your toothbrush every three or four months, or sooner if the bristles are frayed. A worn toothbrush won't do a good job of cleaning your teeth.
- Clean between teeth daily with floss or an interdental cleaner.
Decay-causing bacteria still linger between teeth where toothbrush bristles can't reach. Flossing helps remove plaque and food particles from between the teeth and under the gum line.
- Visit an ADA-member dentist for more information on maintaining your oral health. | <urn:uuid:1987c011-837e-497d-8541-1ffd22d5a6fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.ejdds.com/from-the-desk-of-dr-johnson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499816.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130101912-20230130131912-00867.warc.gz | en | 0.929663 | 506 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Electric Force Microscopy
EFM oscillates a conducting AFM tip to sense electric force gradients. Usually, this is done in 2 passes – one to measure the topography in a standard dynamic mode and the second to “lift” a set amount above the recorded profile to measure electric field strength. Using the phase signal, a map of the gradient of the electric field is created.
Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Like EFM, KFM also is an oscillating technique that requires a conducting probe. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KFM) mode measures the work function of the surface. It is also known as surface potential microscopy.
This mode can be done as a lift technique (dual pass) or as a single-pass method. The single-pass method, referred to as High Definition KFM (HD KFM), offers higher sensitivity for measuring the surface potential plus higher spatial resolution. HD KFM requires a second lock-in amplifier as shown below. Because the single pass does not require tip to “lift” above the surface, resolution of the electrical signal is much stronger and provides the added resolution.
Conducting AFM, or Scanning Spreadding Resistance (SSR), is used to image a material in contact mode with a conductive AFM tip. By biasing the tip (or sample) the current is measured passing from one to the other and a map ofthe conductivity (or inversely, resistivity) can be obtained.
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) mode is a Contact mode technique that maps piezoelectric domains. PFM uses the inverse piezoelectric effect by applying a voltage to use the resulting deformation in the material to map the piezoelectrical properties of a surface. This method requires a conductive probe and an applied AC signal. The amplitude and phase signals are used to measure piezoelectric orientation. | <urn:uuid:14baec16-d6c6-43eb-ac83-820e31cab467> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.nanoscience.com/techniques/atomic-force-microscopy/electrical-modes-for-afm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187390.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918092913-20200918122913-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.900422 | 415 | 3.40625 | 3 |
On this week’s “TechKnow,” contributor Marita Davison visits some high-tech laboratories and restaurants to explore the world of molecular gastronomy and how chemistry and cooking are coming together to innovate kitchen technology and cuisine.
“The most important cooking revolution of the past 200 years has been the move towards low-temperature cooking, without question,” says Chef Dave Arnold. Arnold works with chemist and New York University professor Kent Kirshenbaum to find new ways to apply principles and equipment used in the lab to the kitchen.
One of the most popular methods of this low-temperature cooking is sous-vide. Sous-vide, literally French for “under vacuum,” is a method of cooking food (usually meat, though vegetables and eggs are also popular foods to sous-vide) sealed in an airtight bag in a water bath.
Three-Michelin star chef and molecular gastronomy guru Heston Blumental calls sous-vide cooking “the single greatest advancement in cooking technology in decades.” Blumenthal’s flagship restaurant, The Fat Duck, cooks all of its meat and most of its vegetables in the sous-vide style.
The history of sous-vide
Sous-vide cooking was developed in the mid-1970s by French chef Georges Pralus. Originally envisioned as a way to optimally cook delicate fois gras while minimizing product loss, the practice was adapted by Air France chef Bruno Goussault to provide gourmet-quality meals to first-class travelers.
In the decades since, the practice has been adopted and expanded by chefs across the globe as a way to cook meats and other foods in a precise and controllable nature that is hard to replicate with other techniques.
How it works
“This is where the science meets the cooking,” says Chef Dave Arnold. “Scientists had a way to accurately control temperatures, very accurately, because they needed it, right? Cooks, all we ever want to do is be consistent.”
Food is usually cooked at a lower temperature than in other cooking methods, with the intention being to gradually raise the food’s temperature to the desired level of “doneness,” without overcooking the exterior.
“Then we realized that you can achieve textures and results that you couldn’t otherwise achieve,” Arnold explains. “So now, all these great chefs are buying into this low-temperature cooking.”
Arnold and Kirshenbaum use a blowtorch to put a light sear on their steak. They then vacuum seal it into a plastic bag and submerge it in the immersion circulator water bath. After the steak slowly cooks up to the proper temperature, they remove it from the water bath and use the blowtorch to add a final sear.
Sous-vide cooking has gained popularity and exposure, thanks to foodie culture and cooking shows such as Top Chef and MasterChef. The technology is now available for home use, as companies like SousVide Supreme offer “The World’s Finest Water Ovens” starting around $300.
Popular food blog Serious Eats reviewed the SousVide Supreme and even offers a do-it-yourself tutorial on how to effectively (and cheaply) sous-vide meat in a beer cooler for the extra-ambitious and/or thrifty.
For more on how chemistry and cuisine are combining to develop new kitchen techniques, watch “TechKnow” on Sunday, 7:30ET/4:30PT. | <urn:uuid:40ac8176-b371-42a0-acac-2cbf3ff87b07> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/techknow/blog/2013/11/6/need-to-know-cookingsousvidefromfrancetofoodiestoyourkitchen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594954.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723051723-20180723071723-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.926702 | 768 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Last summer was a changing point for me as an educator. Fed up with my then method of grading, irritated at the "points-game" that my students played, and a lack of consistency in grading amongst teachers led me to reach out to the twitter/blog-o-sphere to build a better mouse trap. As a result, I became drunk on the Standards Based Grading (SBG) Kool-aid and I'm so glad I did.
If you go back and read the posts from last summer, you will see a lot of uncertainity in my posts as I tried to figure out how to best implement SBG in my classroom. Now that a full year has gone by, I want to provide some information on implementation, what worked for me and what didn't, and how I plan to modify it for next year.
Disclaimer #1: I only did SBG in my Algebra 2 classes and I'm still working out the details on how to implement in my AP classes for this upcoming year
Disclaimer #2: I am writing this post with the assumption you are already familiar with the basics of SBG. If not, I would definitely recommend Robert Marzano's Classroom Assessment and Grading that Works. A lot of my ideas are borrowed from his research.
How SBG works in my classroom...
At the beginning of a chapter, students are provided with an assignment sheet (Click HERE) which has a list of Learning Targets (LTs) and practice problems for each LT. In general, the LTs were from the lesson objectives of my textbook, but I did sometimes combine or even eliminate smaller objectives. For each LT, I broke down the traditional assignment from the textbook to 5 or so problems per LT, trying as hard as I could to provide a range of difficulty for each LT. I also tried to select odd problems so the students would have access to the answers in their textbook.
After 2-3 lessons (roughly 4-5 LTs), we would have a quiz over the material. Each LT had 3 problems, the first one was fairly straightforward and basic, the second problem was of average difficulty, and the third problem was of more advanced difficulty, often asking them to apply their knowledge in a new way or combining multiple skills. (Click HERE to see a sample quiz). Each LT was graded as a C (for Correct), P (for Partial), or I (for Incorrect). The C/P/I's were then combined for a rubric scale grade for each LT, with the more advanced problem's score weighing a bit heavier than the basic problem's score. I used a 4 point rubric, which I then converted to a 10 point "gradebook" grade due to limiations with my district gradebook.
CCC = 4 = 10/10 - You totally have this concept mastered!
CCP = 3.5 = 9/10 - You are almost there, just a minor error (usually a sign issue!)
CCI = 3 = 8.5/10 - You've got a pretty good grasp on the material
CPP = 2.5 = 8/10
CII = 2 = 7/10 - You have a basic understanding of the material
PPP = 1.5 = 6.5/10
PPI = 1 = 6/10 - There is a glimmer of knowledge of the concept
III = 0.5 = 5/10 - You have no clue, but you gave a valid effort
--- = 0 = 0/10 - You left it blank or no valid effort
**Note, not all combinations of C/P/I are listed... this is just a general guideline of what I did. Sometimes a CPP was a 3 depending on the strength of the Partial.
The night of a quiz, I went home and graded them, then recorded them in my gradebook on the 0-4 scale. I kept a paper gradebook (Blank copy HERE) because I wanted to keep track of student scores and reassessments, plus we don't have online access to our gradebooks at home :) Each square in the gradebook is large enough to write several scores, so it worked well for me. (See Sample GB HERE)Probably the most difficult thing for me was that I've always been a slow grader so I really didn't know how well I would do at getting quizzes back the next day. However, after a few quizzes, I was amazed at how speedy it was to grade, and so it wasn't the dreaded chore that it had been in the past.
The next day I handed the students back their quizzes. On the first few quizzes, I took the time to re-explain the system and what the rubric score meant. I really think that the time I took to model and explain the SBG system paid off in more ways than I could have expected. In the past, students had looked at their overall grade and then thrown their quiz away (or in their backpack, never to see the light of day again). However, with SBG, students really took the time to read the feedback, do an error analysis, check with a buddy to compare methods of solving, and rarely did I find a quiz in my trash can or recycle bin. In fact, most students kept their quizzes in their binders, in numerical order and even in May, they were able to produce quizzes from the fall semester when they were asked to. I had *never* had that happen in the past!
After the students received their quizzes, we discussed as a class what it meant to remediate and reassess. We talked about their score was a reflection of the mastery they had demonstrated, and if they felt their mastery had improved, then they needed to come in to demonstrate that improvement to me. On my podium was a weekly sign-up sheet (Click HERE for a blank copy) for students to schedule reassessments. I only allowed reassessments on three days of the week so I would have some off time for tutoring, meetings, etc. We also have a built in Advisory period on Thursdays that students could come in, but since I already had 20 Advisory students, I limited reassessments to the first 10 students that signed up.
When a student showed up for reassessment, they had to provide me proof of remediation. The idea behind this was that I didn't want them wasting my time or theirs on reassessment if they had not put any effort into mastering the material. Initially, I had planned that their remediation would be the practice problems from the assignment sheet, but as the year went on, that idea was modified to include an error analysis of their quiz, notes/problems worked with a tutor, etc. Overall, I was pleased with how students handled their remediation. As the year progressed, you could definitely see the students taking more control of their learning as they decided the amount and type of remediation they needed to do in order to master the material. We did have a few big rules regarding reassessment - the students could only do the LTs from a single quiz during a single session, and they could not received tutoring and reassess during the same session. These rules helped us keep our sanity and helped with the short-term memory issue :)
The Lessons We Learned
I was really shocked and amazed at how easy parent communication became with SBG. Since their grades were totally based on quizzes, there were no discussions on extra credit, turning things in late, etc. The gradebook was laid out in a very clear manner about their student's level of mastery per objective, so most parent questions were easily addressed.
At first, I was really dreading the actual grading, but I quickly adapted and overall I ended up with less to grade, yet able to provide my students with more specific and detailed feedback about what they knew or didn't know. I was also able to grade much faster, which let me have more time for planning interesting lessons.
In our original design, we had planned to continue with traditional chapter/unit tests, but this quickly went by the wayside. Part of this was a time issue, part of it was keeping all of the terminology straight, and part of it was just that traditional tests didn't seem to fit in well. We ended up going to just quizzes, which were every 5-8 class days and it worked out just fine in the end.
Definitely have a partner to try this with! If I had gone at it alone, I would have bombed out early just from being overwhelmed. However, I had spent most of last summer reading, researching, blogging, tweeting, discussing SBG before I ever stepped into my classroom. Having Neighbor Teacher there to try it with me, to help shoulder the responsibilities of writing quizzes, coming up with LTs and Practice Problems, asking advice while scoring a quiz was simply invaluable.
Changes for Next Year
One change I would definitely like to make for next year is an easier way for students to keep track of their scores. The assignment sheet has boxes for this, but I wasn't very good at insisting that students write their original score and their reassessment scores in those boxes. I need to look at some of the other blogs to see what they do for student recording.
I would also like to look into using tiered remediation. In other words, if you scored a 3.5, you only had a single minor error, so you don't need to do as much remediation as a person that scored a 0.5. I'm not sure that I could keep up with this paperwork, but I did have a few kids that did the minimum amount for remediation and then were shocked when their reassessment still wasn't very good!
Would I do it again?
Heck yeah! This was a long process but SO worthwhile. I've grown professionally through this process and I don't regret a minute of it. I just hope that this record of my journey helps someone out there as they start sipping the Kool-aid :) | <urn:uuid:7e9911fd-8b47-443b-ac0b-62831688b454> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://statteacher.blogspot.com/2011/06/sbg-reflections-on-sy-201011.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592309.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721032019-20180721052019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.988651 | 2,074 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Researchers say they have discovered how humans got teeth. The researchers are Uppsala University in Sweden. They say that human teeth "first evolved 400 million years ago". They believe our teeth came an ancient fish called an acanthothoracid. The researchers studied a fossil the fish. It was difficult to study because the fish is encased rock. The researchers had to use the strongest X-ray machine the world to analyse it. They used the X-ray machine to "digitally dissect" the fish. The researchers discovered that the fish's teeth were amazingly similar to human teeth. The researchers also said humans and 60,000 species jawed vertebrates living Earth today come this fish.
The researchers say the acanthothoracid was one the earliest jawed vertebrates teeth ever to live. They were very excited seeing how similar its teeth were to ours. A co-author the study, Professor Per Ahlberg, said: "These findings change our whole understanding the origin teeth." He commented the similarity to the fish, saying: "Their jawbones resemble those bony fish and seem to be directly ancestral to our own. When you grin the bathroom mirror in the morning, the teeth that grin back at you can trace their origins right back to the first jawed vertebrates." Another researcher said: "Nobody expected to find teeth so deep the evolutionary tree." | <urn:uuid:92083718-fd44-49fc-816a-8c5ce0334aff> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://breakingnewsenglish.com/2007/200712-human-teeth-prepositions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.955924 | 277 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Our homeschool students are well trained, well socialized, and well prepared for college… but what if spending a fortune and four years isn’t what they want to do? Apprenticeship may be the answer! In the last several years, this has become a viable alternative to college. In fact, for homeschoolers across the country this is becoming a fast growing replacement for a college education.
An apprentice can be anyone ages 7 to 22 that spends time (alot or a little) formally or informally with someone who is a master trade person. That person mentors them and teaches them the skills they need to successfully administer a specified task. Yet, throughout is the underlying theme of vocational training. Some refer to this as an internship, or work study program while others call it an apprenticeship. Whatever your take, the ETA’s article on Strengthening our Nation’s Workforce says, “With the combination of on-the-job learning, related instruction, and mentoring, the apprenticeship model is a potent tool for addressing the skill shortages that many industries face. It also provides the grounded expertise and knowledge individuals need to do their jobs well and advance in their careers.
This idea of apprenticeship is actually quite ancient going back to the time of Hammurabi. The requirement of the skilled craftsmen to teach the youth was actually part of the Hammurabi Code. Consequently, apprenticeship in America has been around since the first white settlers arrived. They brought with them the European custom of indenture. This simply referred to the copies of the apprenticeship contract. An indenture or tear was made in both copies by placing them upon each other. In this light one could verify that these were indeed copies of each other. In fact, many men found their way to America by indenturing themselves and thus causing their “master” to pay for their travel needs in exchange for a contracted time of apprenticeship. Often the master was bound by contract to feed, clothe, and house their apprentice.
One of America’s most famous craftsmen was Paul Revere. He learned his trade in the same manner that a modern apprentice would today. Just look around there are modern day examples of apprentices everywhere. Yet, today’s apprentice has it far more easy. They are paid, live in their own home, and usually receive some sort of document at the close of their apprenticeship that gives them credentials for work elsewhere.
Though apprenticeship was a historical idea, there were many that mistreated those who were apprenticed. In 1937, America passed the Fitzgerald Act which protected those who were in an apprenticeship agreement. Today, as you enter into your apprenticeship make sure that you work out all nuances of the arrangement prior to starting. It is also important that students apprentice to an employer that is working with the Federal Office of Apprenticeships. When the apprentice completes his training he will receive a recognized certificate from this program. It is difficult for employers to accept apprenticeship training without some type of standard certification. Here are some basic requirements of this type of apprenticeship.
Basic Standards for Apprenticeship through the Federal Office of Apprenticeships
This method of apprenticeship is designed to protect the apprentice. However, an apprenticeship does not have to be registered to be legitimate. In fact, in a survey by the Associated General Contractors of America, 90% of top officials in construction companies in America were shown to have been apprenticed.
For young people who don’t feel that college is their calling, an apprenticeship can be a viable and expedient method to entering the career path they have chosen. For many, the apprenticeship offers a salary while college tuition offers debt. In addition, the apprenticeship can be a vital avenue to developing a strong character. Homeschool parents have worked hard to develop a good work ethic in their children, and apprenticeship can further cement this through real life experience.
The apprenticeship can also reinforce or alter a career choice. Getting to “test drive” the career path is a great way to see if it is a good fit. For some students, it has been a way to discover that they really did not enjoy that particular area of work.
The apprenticeship can also be completed along with college training. Using an apprenticeship in conjunction with college education can be a great way to “put feet on” the knowledge that is gained in the classroom.
Beginning an apprenticeship shouldn’t be taken lightly. The homeschool student should be mature enough to be trusted with great responsibility. They should be prepared to follow instructions and handle tasks in a mature way without much supervision.
When considering an apprenticeship for a young student, adults will need to make the rules and boundaries clear as well as the expectations prior to beginning. It is also a good idea to check out the child labor laws in your state. The parents will need to work closely with the Master the student is apprenticed with. Close communication will help reinforce the skills being taught.
The decision to begin an apprenticeship and at what age will depend solely on the student, the parents, and the master with which they will apprentice.
Suggestions for apprenticeship
Begin with family members that may have the skills your student is interested in. If you can engage a family member to apprentice you can start early. An apprenticeship can be simply teaching your children skills that you have acquired.
Think about your friends as well. Is there someone that you know that is skilled in the area your child is interested in? Explore the possibilities of establishing an apprenticeship with them. | <urn:uuid:8f7b80d5-a1a8-4b30-ba89-f0314fac8fda> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://letshomeschoolhighschool.com/2013/03/05/apprenticeship-vs-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272329.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00094-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977215 | 1,153 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Balmoral (more fully the Balmoral bonnet in Scottish English or Balmoral cap otherwise, and formerly called the Kilmarnock bonnet) is a traditional Scottish hat that can be worn as part of formal or informal Highland dress. Dating back to at least the 16th century, it takes the form of a knitted, soft wool cap with a flat crown. It is named after Balmoral Castle, a royal residence in Scotland. It is an alternative to the similar and related (informal) Tam o' Shanter cap and the (formal or informal) Glengarry bonnet.
Originally with a voluminous crown, today the bonnet is smaller, made of finer cloth, and tends to be dark blue, black, or lovat green. Ribbons in, or attached to the back of, the band (originally used to secure the bonnet tightly) are sometimes worn hanging from the back of the cap. A regimental or clan badge is worn on the left-hand side, affixed to a silk or grosgrain ribbon cockade (usually black, white or red), with the bonnet usually worn tilted to the right to display this emblem. The centre of the crown features a toorie, traditionally red. Some versions have a diced band (usually red and white check) around the circumference of the lower edge.
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As worn by Scottish Highland regiments the "blue bonnet" Tam o' Shanter gradually developed into a stiffened felt cylinder, often decorated with an ostrich plume hackle sweeping over the crown from left to right (as well as flashes of bearskin or painted turkey hackles). In the 19th century this tall cap evolved into the extravagant full dress feather bonnet while, as an undress cap, the plainer form continued in use until the mid-19th century. By then known as the Kilmarnock bonnet, it was officially replaced by the Glengarry bonnet, which had been in use unofficially since the late eighteenth century and was essentially a folding version of the cylindrical military cap.
The name "Balmoral" as applied to this traditional headdress appears to date from the late 19th century and in 1903 a blue bonnet in traditional style but with a stiffened crown was adopted briefly by some Lowland regiments as full dress headgear. After the Second World War, while all other Scottish regiments chose the Glengarry, a soft blue Balmoral was adopted as full dress headgear by the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) and was worn with the green no. 1 dress jacket and with khaki no. 2 or service dress. As part of the amalgamation of the Scottish regiments in 2006, the military Balmoral was done away with and all battalions of the Royal Regiment of Scotland now wear the Glengarry.
Use of the Balmoral has been championed by songwriter Richard Thompson, who uses it on stage, in addition to its traditional place in Highland dress.
North American usage
Several Canadian regiments, including the Nova Scotia Highlanders and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada wear the Balmoral. It has also been recorded as being worn unofficially by Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War.
Hong Kong Police Band bagpipes section wears a black and red version.
Balmoral is widely used as a part of a uniform in Army Cadets and pipe band. It is also used as an element of formal highland dress.
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- "Dress Regs QOCHofC". Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- Field, Ron (2005), The Confederate Army 1861-65: South Carolina & Mississippi, Osprey Publishing, p. 3, ISBN 978-1-84176-849-6 Has a photo of a private of the Charleston Light Dragoons wearing a Balmoral. | <urn:uuid:f6bc4db5-446d-46ad-b518-313ef95070c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824226.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00141-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938903 | 842 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Water-Agriculture-Livelihood Security in India
The Columbia Water Center is working to promote climate change adaptation and water sustainability while improving farmer livelihood and food security in three key regions of India: Gujarat, Punjab and Bihar. Development and implementation of a public-private partnership to provide modern extension services to farmers for climate and market informed crop choice and irrigation improvements to improve water productivity, income and climate risk management.
CWC and the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) are collaborating on field research in Central Punjab to explore the practical implications of whether water use in rice-wheat cropping can be reduced to achieve sustainable groundwater use even if electricity subsidies and procurement policies are not changed, and if large-scale contract farming can promote crop diversification and introduce crops that are not as water intensive, independent of policy changes. By working directly with farmers and agro-corporations to develop and test scalable solutions for saving water in agriculture, these institutions are exploring the practical implications of both questions.
Surveys indicated farmers were concerned with the increasing costs of deeper well drilling and pump replacement, as well as poor energy reliability. They are willing to pay more to get reliable electricity and to adopt water saving technologies that can reverse groundwater depletion.
Initial research helped to establish a link between high water use and guaranteed state-subsidized rice-wheat procurement. Grain farmers used large quantities of water and produced a less lucrative crop. Farmers who planted vegetable crops that provide essential micronutrients were able to generate much higher incomes without using as much water.
Through structured field tests, our researchers sought to identify one or more technologies or practices that could save water in rice cultivation and that were attractive to farmers. The application of inexpensive soil moisture sensors was shown to be the most successful of all the tested approaches so the CWC project team is recruiting farmers to scale up this strategy. Farmers are rapidly adopting the use of soil moisture sensors and are being provided climate, weather and market price forecasts to support their decisions on crop choice and irrigation.
The preliminary impacts of the CWC strategy show that water use could be cut as much as 33% by the use of soil moisture sensors averaged across all 7,000 farmers engaged over the course of the project—including non-adopters. The potential savings from scale-up of soil moisture sensor application state-wide are 615 million kWh/year of electricity and 3.55 million liters of water per hectare per year. This sustainable agriculture practice could also save Rs 2,500 ($50M), over 70,000 tons carbon, and would meet the drinking needs of well over 150 million people each year. | <urn:uuid:441819d9-4e06-48a3-9c2b-8abc9bc3f221> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://water.columbia.edu/research-themes/water-food-energy-nexus/water-agriculture-livelihood-security-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170700.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00453-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950139 | 535 | 2.953125 | 3 |
SUGGESTIONS FOR PARENTS
WHEN DEALING WITH BULLYING
By Brenda High, Co-Director and Founder of Bully Police
USA - Download: http://www.bullypolice.org/dealing_with_bullying.pdf,
for a printable copy.
I know how parents feel when they realize their child
has been bullied at school. In your mind, you want to immediately
run down to your child's school, grab some Administrator or Teacher by
the throat, and yell at him/her. However, stay calm and think about
how your child is feeling. They probably did not want to come to
you and tell you about the bullying because they believe that if you say
or do something about it, the bullying might get worse. Sometimes
they are right in their fears, but if your complaint process is handled
right, more often than not, the bullying will stop.
Get the story of the bullying as correct as possible
from your child
Listen to your child with your heart and with your mind.
Let your child know they have done the right thing by coming to talk to
you and that you will find a way to help solve this problem. Get
your child's ideas on what they think is the best action to take.
Your child is feeling like they have lost control of their school life
and that someone else, the bully, is controlling them. Let them know
that you will be on their side, (their “lawyer”) and will find a solution.
Ask for their cooperation if there needs to be minor changes on their part,
(i.e. a few changes in behavior, dress, or social skills).
Think about how you will approach the school
If the school has no knowledge that your child being
bullied, then it is fair to give the school a reasonable amount of time
to work out minor problems to your child's and your satisfaction as a parent.
A reasonable amount of time might be three days or one week.
Request a daily update from your school, and from the
teacher, if the bullying happened in his/her classroom. A “fair”
amount of time is about one school week. Remind your school that
every day your child is being bullied is like an eternity to him/her and
your child wants the bullying to stop. .
Pretend you are a lawyer and put EVERYTHING in writing.
Tape record statements, type them up and have witnesses sign the statements.
Take pictures of injuries, places (buildings), people, etc.
Enough cannot be said about documentation. Getting the
dates, times, locations, and names, not only of the bullying incidents,
but also those you talked to at the school. Write down any information
that you feel important for reference later, especially any comments made
by the principal, superintendent, teachers, etc.
After communicating with an administrator, write a recap
of what was said. Fax a copy to the administrator and ask them to
correct or change anything that is incorrect or any misunderstandings.
Let the administrator know that you will be doing this so that he/she is
clear about your desire to solve the bullying. This will assure all
parties involved that solutions to the bullying of your child are what
you want for an outcome.
Try hard to control the anger you may be having over the
bullying. The “poison pen” document full of anger will not accomplish
anything and administrator and teachers may have the natural reaction to
become angry back. We are all human, well most of us are all human
?. Administrators will be more willing to help if you act and write
statements about your child's bullying situation in a mature and diplomatic
way. Keeping and sharing detailed documents will help the school
admit that they have a problem with bullying and that they must take responsibility.
Online Bullying or Cyberbullying
If your child is being bullied online, copy EVERYTHING.
Save all emails or instant-message conversations.
You may feel that you cannot do anything about online
bullying because you cannot find the cyberbully. This may not always
be true. Computer specialists can track down internet provider addresses
of offending websites, and there are computer whizzes that are making a
living off fines collected from email spammers. Some police
departments have hired these specialists to work in their criminal investigation
departments and a good computer and internet investigator is in high demand.
If your son or daughter is getting threatening email, your local police
department may be able to help or lead you to a private investigator with
computer skills. If the emails are terrorist type threats, report
this immediately to the police, who will then report it to the F.B.I.
Parents sign a service agreement when they sign up
for internet services
Here are some examples of service agreements with internet
providers and/or hosts to websites, (i.e. AOL, MSN, XO, Earthlink, etc.)
WebPages - By applying to register a domain
name, or by asking us to maintain or renew a domain name registration,
you hereby represent and warrant to us that (a) the statements that you
made in connection with such application for registration, maintenance,
or renewal are complete and accurate; (b) to your knowledge, the registration
of the domain name will not infringe upon or otherwise violate the rights
of any third party; (c) you are not registering the domain name for an
unlawful purpose; and (d) you will not knowingly use the domain name in
violation of any applicable laws or regulations. You agree and acknowledge
that it is your responsibility to determine whether your domain name registration
infringes or violates someone else's rights...
YOU REPRESENT THAT, TO THE BEST OF YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND
BELIEF, NEITHER THE REGISTRATION OF THE DOMAIN NAME YOU HAVE APPLIED FOR
NOR THE MANNER IN WHICH IT IS INTENDED TO BE OR IS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY
USED INFRINGES THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF A THIRD PARTY.
How law enforcement can get your information
- …may disclose personal information about Visitors or Members, or information
regarding your use of the Services or Web sites accessible through our
Services, for any reason if, in our sole discretion, we believe that it
is reasonable to do so, including:
to satisfy laws, such as the Electronic
Communications Privacy Act, regulations, or governmental or legal requests
for such information; to disclose information that is necessary to identify,
contact, or bring legal action against someone who may be violating our
Acceptable Use Policy or other user policies;
to operate the Services
properly; or to protect our Members.
The parents of students who are doing the bullying may
be liable for the emotional damages caused by their child to another child.
If the cyberbullys’ parents know what is going on (or had received a letter
of complaint), they have “knowledge and notice” of harmful activity.
The parents are paying for the telephone bill and internet charges into
their home – they are legally responsible for the acts of their children
while on the computer and in their care. Parents can be sued for
Inform your school administrators about the cyberbullying
your child is experiencing. If cyberbullying happens on school time
or with school computers, schools come under the “knowledge and notice”
rule. If, while a child is being cyberbullied, he/she is threatened
to be “beat up” or assaulted while they are in school, the schools must
take responsibility for activities that follow a child from their home
to their school.
"I was just reading through http://www.jaredstory.com/bullying_whattodo.html
... and I thought I'd pass along some inside information for your section
on online bullying. I used to work at a large Canadian ISP owned by Tucows,
and part of my job there was to deal with abuse complaints. I was also
responsible for much of the early research done by the Canadian Association
of Internet Providers on
spam and abuse. I left the industry in the late 90's but I still maintain
some contacts in the business.
"Call the ISP, and ask to speak to a customer service
manager. Explain the situation and ask them if you will require a court
order to identify a bully. We were only too happy to help, but could not
release private information without a court order, because of privacy laws.
Some ISPs may give you that information freely, but if they give you the
bully's identity without a court order, that identification might get thrown
out of court later on, so it is in your own best interest to secure that
"The other thing I always told complainants was to
be on their 100% best, most courteous behavior no matter what the bully
says to them online. I know it isn't fair to be told you can't tell a bully
what a jerk they are ...but if you are as nasty to them as they are
to you, the ISP administrator could decide the exchange is essentially
mutual. I had to do that quite a few times - things had gotten so
bad, that it was impossible to tell who had started things, and neither
side was prepared to be the first to let it go. If you are always
polite, and insist only that the bully leave you alone, or better yet,
do that once and do not respond to them at all, it will be clear who the
bully really is.
"There are also technological tools that can help deal
with online bullies. Most Instant Messenger programs, and virtually all
email and Usenet readers have what we old time Internet folks call "twit
filters". They can be called filters or "rules" in some programs. Look
in the help files for them. Just block the bully out. Online, it does
not pay to "fight back". Block them, ignore them, filter them out.
"Where this will not work is when a bully posts threatening
or defamatory information on a web page. It is very important that before
you complain that you PRINT THE PAGE. The ISP won't likely keep a copy,
nor will they monitor it. That is up to you. Keep it in your "bully binder"
where you keep your other documentation. Find the ISP's "Terms of Service"
document - many of them have abuse pages where they post what they will
and won't tolerate. We took down many sites without requiring a court order
- because they were threatening or defamatory, they were in clear violation
of our TOS.
"You may want to monitor web sites for your child's
name - the search sites, like Google, can be useful for this. Google even
has an "alerts" page
that will email you when new pages are posted with keywords you specify
... I do not know how comprehensive this is, but it is worth a shot, and
it is free. The ISP won't do this - they don't have the technology, nor
will they ever choose to have it, there is too much liability for them.
They rely on people to complain when they find objectionable material,
rather than actively seeking it out.
"You may also use tools
to monitor your child's Internet use if you believe that they are being
bullied but will not speak up about it. This program, and others like it,
will help in capturing every possible instance of online bullying in just
about all the different programs your child may use. You might not like
the idea of spying on your child, but if you do nothing, the outcome could
be far worse." Brandi Jasmine - Stop Bullying
Written Notes – Phone bullies
If your child is being bullied through written notes,
phone, or in person, document EVERYTHING.
Save all written notes, even if they are not technically
bullying. Do NOT throw them away as they can be used to identify
a bullying pattern or possibly identify handwriting.
If your child is being bullied in phone conversations,
try to get the verbal bullying on your answering machine or on tape.
Make it a habit not to answer the telephone right away. Wait for
the answering machine to pick up a message. If it is for someone
else, the family member can just pick up the phone. Get caller ID
and take a picture of the number that the call is coming from. This
will document the phone number, date the call came in, and time of day.
Taping someone's conversation without his or her consent cannot be used
in court but using a recorded message left on a message machine CAN be
used in court. Have your child record in a notebook everything the
bully said. Written notes can also be used in court.
You can also call the telephone company and get their
advice on handling threatening phone calls. If the phone company
feels you have basis (and your written record will help), they can trace
and record threatening calls for you.
Some bullying must require immediate and swift action
It is not the job of school administrators or teachers
to act as police officers when a serious bullying incident occurs.
In cases of a major harassment situation such as a physical or sexual assault,
call the police immediately. Age is not an issue, as 6-year-old’s
have been known to bring guns to school and/or violently bully. (A
6-year-old boy shot and killed a classmate a few years ago in Florida.)
Serious offenses must be handled by the police and entered
on the abuser or perpetrator's police record or Juvenile Record.
School Administrators can take some actions against bullies and perpetrator's
but they are not police officers and they open themselves up to lawsuits
when they fail to report this type of violent bullying.
There are assault and battery laws that pertain to juvenile
offenders. Do not wait. Tell the police right away and have a report
With the proof you have collected, especially when there
has been physical violence, obtain a restraining order.
Its time to spill the beans
There are countless stories of life threatening injuries
bullied children and teens have suffered without the parent or school even
knowing about the bullying. A child may feel that if a parent intervenes
the bullying will get worse. They think they can be quiet and endure
bullying/abuse for the short run thinking things will change, but doing
nothing ensures that nothing will change.
There is a feeling of empowerment, and healing, that comes
to people who tell their stories. The same is true for bullied kids.
Encourage your child to write their stories and begin to talk about what
they are going through. They can tell a parent, counselor, teacher,
administrator, a lawmaker, and the news media or even write a book.
Help your son or daughter make decisions that will be proactive and work
towards a positive solution to their bullying problem.
What to do when the administrators or teachers will
Once in awhile, sadly, administrators and/or teachers
will not stop the bullying. They may give many excuses but the number
one excuse is that they lack time and resources to deal with just one child,
that they have too many students to worry about one child being bullying.
“Let them figure it out by themselves,” “Its part of growing up,”
or “Boys will be boys” is still the attitude of many uneducated school
Now the parent has to go on a “mission” to save their
child. Here are some things a parent can do to bring awareness to
There is strength in numbers. Try to find out the names of
other families within your child's school who are experiencing similar
bullying and harassment issues. As a group, you can have even a stronger
voice for change and action.
Bullying is an adult problem
Do not let anyone, (Administrators, teachers, etc.),
try to put the blame of bullying on your child, a victim of the bully.
The blame is always on the bully and the reason for the bullying is that
adults allow it to happen. Bullies bully because they can, and because
they can get away with it. Adults let bullies get away with bullying
and when adults choose to do something to stop the bullying, it will stop.
Tell administrators that you will discuss your child's
problems when they have resolved the bullying.
Consider getting your Child Welfare Authorities involved
Child Social Services may help if there is enough documentation.
Bully Police USA is looking into this possibility further.
When to call an attorney
If you have not been satisfied with the response you
have received from School Administrators within a reasonable period, then
hire an Attorney. If this is a case of a major harassment situation,
such as a physical or sexual assault, call an Attorney within 24 hours.
DO NOT let your school become your attorney! They have already proven
that they do not have your child's best interest in mind or they would
have solved the bullying problem. They are not the parents of your
child and they do not love your child as you do. Armed with your
documented evidence, and your repeated requests for help, you will find
that the schools will take responsibility for their actions, or they will
pay for their incompetence in court.
Going to the top for help
Check out www.bullypolice.org to see if your state has
an anti bullying law. If your state needs improvement or has no law,
contact your local State Representative or State Senator and get something
started. Ask them to support State laws that will protect children
from bullies, students who are whistle blowers, give counselors to victims,
and make stronger laws to force bullies to take responsibility for their
actions. If your State has a law, than insist that your school districts
obey the law.
Be sure and read up on how to get a good anti bullying
law at the www.bullypolice.org
website. Do your homework. Obtain copies of your State law and your
school district policies regarding bullying, harassment, and your child's
right to a safe learning environment. If your school does not have
a policy, insist that they get one and volunteer to get on the committee
to write it.
Its time that every school in America has a clear direction,
by common sense laws, to stop the hurt and pain that goes on every day
in a place where our children should feel safe and secure. .
It only takes one voice to make a difference.
In the aftermath – how to help your child heal
Keep listening and communicating with your child.
Ask them questions about how they are doing in school, like, “Did you play
with anyone on the playground today?” or “Did you sit with anyone at lunch
today”. You are checking to see if your child is spending any time
with friends. A lonely child is at great risk for depression.
Continue to ask your child about the bullying and whether the situation
Consider getting your child in to see a Counselor or Therapist.
Check with the school district to see if they have any qualified counselors,
who have dealt with bullying and the conditions it may cause, like depression,
anxiety and post traumatic stress disorders. Follow up frequently
with the school
See who else in your area has children going through bullying
or have children who have dealt with bullying. A positive and proactive
approach would be to work with your school district to get a quality anti
bullying program into your local schools. This can also be a “healing”
activity, to take away the anger that victims of bullying harbor inside.
Get creative - Bullying decreases when students, parents and child activists
show their numbers, demanding positive changes inside their schools.
Find a healing extracurricular activity. There are
Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, self-defense classes, volunteer organizations
in the community, church activities, or community events. Do something
as a family or perhaps develop a hobby.
Stay united as a family
Remember that you are not alone. There are a good number
of us out there experiencing the same thing. Have a game plan in mind including
removing your child from the school, home schooling, requesting that the
school provide a tutor, etc. These are often hard decisions to make, but
they may be the only options available as you work at resolving the problem.
“Be strong. Turn your anger and disgust into something
positive. You owe it to yourself and your child's academic success and
happiness." Ken Kuczynski, President Power of One Foundation, | <urn:uuid:0ad33917-a708-4b00-8ba5-403600e20845> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.jaredstory.com/bullying_whattodo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117210554-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.95224 | 4,429 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How much of our genome is actually doing useful stuff? And what do our genes actually tell our cells to do? We guide you through the basics of genetics
There are over 2 metres of DNA inside every one of our cells, encoding roughly 20,000 genes. They’re the “recipes” instructing cells how to make the building blocks of life, along with control switches to turn them on and off at the right time.
Kat joins Nicola Davis in the studio. Speaking from Edinburgh is Chris Ponting from the Medical Research Council. And from Cambridge is Ewan Birney, joint Director of the European Bioinformatics Institute, and previously part of the Encode consortium, the research project aiming to identify all the functional elements in the human genome.
The Guardian is editorially independent. And we want to keep our journalism open and accessible to all. But we increasingly need our readers to fund our work.Support The Guardian | <urn:uuid:128aa926-96be-459f-b51f-9b65dea8bc5a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.theguardian.com/science/audio/2016/mar/18/how-do-our-genes-actually-work-dna-podcast | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525699.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718170249-20190718192249-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.918036 | 192 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- This program must be consistent with the core mission of OSE, and the program must involve participants in a tangible way which also helps the design effort of OSE
- Raise awareness of open source, self-determination, and people creating the life and world that they want to live in.
Public Design refers to collaborative design in which the resulting designs are publically accessible and open source. It is a design paradigm that transcends proprietary development - as an evolution of the economy to a transparent and inclusive economy of abundance.
Collaborative product development that involves students, teachers, educators, librarians, designers, hackers, and the general public.
We design simple, common, practical goods that anyone can build and use at a fraction of the cost of store-bought goods. We don't focus on trinkets, but useful things.
This is a way to get involved in becoming a producer and creator, not a consumer who takes the choices that are already given.
Our curriculum is intended to provide the learning materials and tools that allow anyone to become involved in design and creation of the world around them - by producing real things that they use.
In addition to learning how to design things, how to think like an engineer, how to use CAD software, how to collaborate in teams, and how to build the things that one designs - we give everyone an opportunity to take part is something much bigger than themselves. We are an organization dedicated to creating the open source economy - an economy based on collaboration where people really work together without trade secrets to make a better world.
We are thus inviting your classroom to become a Public Design Center that collaborates with the greater world.
You have options in terms of how you can get involved:
- Start a Public Design Club or group at your school, library, community center, or university. This is like a Linux User's Group in open software - but we work here on open source hardware and public design
- Every Saturday we participate in a Design Sprint - where we design some useful thing
- Every semester we offer a Design Challenge on a specific project
- Join our ongoing Development Team for Public Design
Our curriculum has a number of modules that are part of the thematic whole of design thinking - and particularly Open Source Product Design. The focus is on both theory and practice. Theory will be presented, and students will take an active part in exercises that test the concepts presented - with builds of real products. Projects are documented - and then successive classes build upon the existing work to improve designs. Work can be done in classes over multiple sessions. OSE is able to offer immersive build experiences of complete products or machines that we guide participants in one day builds - or we can provide the full kits for independent builds. For all the different builds, we offer annual incentive design competitions where students submit their designs to HeroX, where they can win prizes while contributing to the common good.
- The Open Source Economy
- Global Grand Challenges and ways to solve them
- The material basis of global issues
- Converting abundant materials into modern day civilization: basic material flows
- The infrastructures of modern civilization
- Efficient production: what goes into a modern standard of living
- Collaborative vs proprietary development
- The history of open source: from the steam engine to China
- How to design things: Public Design
- Basic conceptual design process and tools used
- How to turn conceptual design into technical design
- How to translate physics and engineering principles into the practical aspects of your design
- How to do calculations: basics of physical quantities that underlie the real world
- Exercise: how to design a Cordless Drill
- Incentive challenge: the Cordless Drill on HeroX
- How to Engage in Large Scale Collaboration for the Common Good
- Tools: wikis, docs, CAD files, part libraries, repositories
- A common operating system: OSE Linux
- The design process - Development Template
- The keys to a Scalable Process
- Collaboration Architecture: how to get many people to work effectively in parallel
- Documentation: how to keep track of many development items and how to find everything again
- Mass collaboration: How to get 100 people on the internet to design something in parallel in one day
- Extreme Design: How to design a tractor completely from scratch in one day with 1000 People
- Extreme Documentation: How to coordinate 10 teams of 100 People to document a build completely in one day.
- The Final Report: how to make sure that you document everything for your project
- How to Design and Build a 3D printer with the Universal Axis System
- How to use the 3D Printer Part Library
- How to desing a 3D Printer from scratch
- Designing part modification in FreeCAD.
- The Universal Axis Motion System
- Useful upgrades
- How to design an extruder
- Python 101
- HTML and CSS 101
- Wordpress 101
- Programming in Arduino Environment
- FreeCAD programming: Command Line
- FreeCAD programming: Macros
- FreeCAD programming: in C
- How to Recycle Plastic and Make 3D Printing Filament
- The design of the Lyman Filament Maker
- The build of the Lyman Filament Maker
- The design of a plastic shredder
- The build of a plastic shredder
- How to recycle plastic from the waste stream
- The design a plastic bag recycler
- The build of a plastic bag recycler
- How to print with recycled filament
- How to make new formulas for 3D printer filament
- How to make metal-embedded 3D printing filament
- How to Design Simple CNC Machines of Any Size and Shape
- The 8 mm Universal Axis and how to use it for design
- How to design a CNC Circuit Mill
- How to build a CNC Ciruit Mill
- How to run a CNC Circuit Mill using a fully open source toolchain
- The 1" Universal Axis and how to build medium size machines with it
- How to design a CNC Torch Table
- How to design an Oxyhydrogen Cutting System
- How to design a Metal 3D Printer that uses welding wire
- Heavy machining: the 2" Universal Axis
- How to design a 2" Shaft Lathe
- How to design a Heavy Duty CNC Drill
- The 3" Universal Axis: how to design super heavy duty machines.
- Construction: Open Building Instititutet: The Seed Eco-Home and Aquaponic Greenhouse
- How to design a house of sticks
- How to design a house of brick
- The OBI Part Library
- How to design Houses in Sweet Home 3D
- How to design a Model Kit for the Sweet Home 3D House
- How to design homes with the OBI Model Kit
- How to design and build electronics from scratch using an open source CNC Ciruit Mill
- How to design a CNC Circuit Mill
- The CNC Circuit Mill Part Library
- KiCAD and Circuit Design
- How to Build an Open Source Oscilloscope with Arduino
- Designing a Power Inverter from Scratch: application of the CNC Circuit Mill
- Social entrepreneurship: how to change the world through open source enterprise
- Disciplined Entrepreneurship: the steps that every enterprise must make
- Movement Entrepreneurship: how to select problems that matter
- How to build a team: selecting your co-founders
- What is Public Development, Open Source, and why is Open Source important?
- The Open Source Enterprise: Values and Requirements
- The Open Source Hardware Enterprise: Possible Business Models
- Materials Lab
- How to produce cement
- How to produce charcoal
- How to produce hydrogen
- How to recycle plastics and make 3D printing filament
- How to make silicate mineral paint
- How to produce plastic lumber
- How to produce 3D printed glazing | <urn:uuid:179c1d6e-0524-4c22-bc5b-fe1b3bba9e14> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/Public_Design | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.901905 | 1,657 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Hi this is Yolanda Vanveen, and in this segment we're going to answer the question, how to make an orchid bloom. Now orchids bloom on their own life cycle. So like a lot of other plants you really can't make them bloom. But there is a few things that you can do to encourage them to bloom. And what I have found with growing plants is that they really follow the rules of nature. For example, orchids grow in the tropical forest, and they live on organic material like bark, broken down tree material. And they will grow out of trees, at bases of trees. And so when you are growing them you want to use bark, or moss or a mixture so that there is lots of organic material. And in nature what happens is that there is a rainy season, and then there is a dry season, and during that dry season the orchid becomes very, very dry. There is not water at all. So enable to live longer and to save themselves they send off blooms. And those blooms produce seed, and then that way they can grow new plants. When you are growing them in the house, the best way to make them bloom is ignore them. Let them go really dry, and then soak them again, let them dry out, and then soak them again. Because that's more like nature, and then they will trick to bloom. And make sure and put them in an east facing window or a window that's not really, really hot, because sometimes they can sunburn. So there is lots of people that tell you to use blooming fertilizers, and those are high in phosphates. It's the nitrogen that makes the greenery, the phosphates, the phosphorous that makes the bloom. So by giving them some of the blooming fertilizer a lot of times you can trick them to bloom. But in the end there is really no tricks to making your orchids bloom. Just water them well, let them dry out really well, put them in a window that is not too hot. And they will bloom in their own time, and make sure and dry them out, and then soak them again. Never let them sit in water, but never let them get too dry, and you will find that they will bloom on their own. | <urn:uuid:6c43567e-76ab-46db-8a66-b7413d723dc1> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.gardenguides.com/video-65669-make-orchid-bloom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461848.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00052-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979255 | 474 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Comprehensive lawn care and maintenance actually encompasses so much more than a basic mowing (heck, even mowing has its own set of do’s and don’ts). From seeding and aeration, to fertilizing and pest control, keeping a lush, green and healthy lawn takes a level of skill and experience that isn’t often acknowledged outside of lawn services industry. Where a large majority of Americans desire a beautiful lawn, basically all year long, it isn’t often understood that getting and keeping a lawn healthy is not as easy as it sounds. Take for example: lawn aeration. What seems like simply punching holes in your lawn has an actual process and a definite set of benefits. Lawn aeration provides the following for grass:
- An increase in oxygen. Your lawn and its individual blades of grass breathe just like every other plant in your landscape. Aeration allows life-giving oxygen to penetrate through to the roots.
- A decrease in water use. Because of those pathways created by aeration, water makes its way to the roots much easier. A well-aerated lawn is one that uses less water by preventing evaporation and runoff.
- Better soil quality. By reducing the pressure that soil is constantly under, aerating your lawn decreases soil compaction. A less compacted soil is a soil that delivers nutrients and hydration to grass roots at a higher level.
- Reduction in thatch build-up. Found just below the soil underneath your grass, thatches diminish the movement of oxygen and water. Aerating helps to keep thatch build up from occurring, resulting in a healthier thicker carpet of lawn. | <urn:uuid:f67cd9ef-3b7e-4977-a68a-989fba7d084e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.fourstarlawns.com/the-need-for-aeration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520170536-20180520190536-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.959995 | 338 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Evaluating Shona liturgical music in localised practices of inculturation within the Catholic Mass in Zimbabwe.
This study evaluates practices of inculturation in the composition and performance of Shona liturgical music for the Catholic Mass in the parishes of St Theresa Seke and Glen Norah-Budiriro, which are both located in Harare, Zimbabwe. Whilst focusing on Shona liturgical songs and their performance as expressions of Shona culture, this research is premised on diversity in local interpretations of inculturation among the Shona Catholic subjects of this study. Chapter 1 introduces elements of the conceptual framework of the research topic, the research methodology and also presents the theoretical underpinnings of the study. Chapter 2 focuses on the interpretations of inculturation by the parishioners and local leadership, represented by bishops of the two local parishes under focus. In Chapter 2, only the bishops‟ and parishioners‟ interpretations are taken into consideration. Chapter 3 deals further with interpretations of inculturation by Shona composers and probes how this influences their approach to composition. Chapter 4 discussions are centred on the role of parishioners in the performance of Shona songs for the Mass, and also investigates the musical ramifications of differences between parishioners‟ and composers‟ views of the Shona culture in Shona liturgical songs. By focusing on musical instruments, dance and language both the composed and performed elements of Shona liturgical songs are investigated in terms of how they express the Shona culture, using pioneering and current examples of Shona liturgical compositions by important composers such as Stephen Magwa Ponde, Chaka Chawasarira, Nicholas Muchenu, and John Kina Dzingai. Chapter 5 presents a summary and conclusion to this thesis.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Francis, Amrita. (1999)Weddings have always been an indispensable and auspicious part of Hindu life both in South Africa and in India. This study is an examination of one aspect of Hindu weddings, viz. the vocal and sometimes instrumental recital ...
Jackson, Melveen Beth. (1999)This thesis is an historiographical and sociological study of Indian South African broadcasting and the music industry between 1924 and 1983. A multilevel approach which integrates empirical and cultural materialist ... | <urn:uuid:9efdac50-d3eb-4679-9c6a-cb24fd6ec446> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/13061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104636.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818121545-20170818141545-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.91974 | 488 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution was added to the Bill of Rights by the Founding Fathers to protect American citizens from being forced to house and feed federal troops against their will. The Third Amendment reads like this:
"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
This law was extremely important to our Founding Fathers, but it is not so well known to modern Americans. America's Founders had just experienced the quartering of troops on their private property by the British government during the Revolutionary War and before.
The Third Amendment says that troops cannot be quartered on private property at all during peacetime, and only as prescribed by law during wartime.
By the way, in case you aren't sure what "quartering" means, it means that the government cannot "quarter" troops in your home or on your land. A modern word that we use to say the same thing would be "housing." The government cannot "house" or "quarter" soldiers on your property. The word is used in the way that we today would call someone's room his "quarters." Got it?
Americans' experience with the quartering of troops in their homes began shortly after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. The British Parliament decided it was necessary to keep a permanent supply of troops in the colonies in order to protect them from further uprisings of the French and Indians.
This rankled the colonists in two ways. First of all, Parliament wanted them to pay the expenses of housing the troops in America. This violated the precedents of English law that required that all taxation must be with the consent of the people. The colonists reasoned that they had not given their consent to pay for these troops and that, therefore, the requirement that they pay for them was against the law.
Secondly, English law forbade the presence of a standing army without the consent of the people, in preference to a citizen army. Standing armies were viewed as threats to freedom because they could quickly and easily overpower the common person. So, the colonists rightly viewed the presence of a standing army in their midst without their consent as a threat to their freedom. Both of these rights, freedom from taxation without consent and freedom from standing armies without consent, were guaranteed to English citizens in English law since the English Bill of Rights of 1689.
The first Quartering Act was enacted on May 15, 1765. It required that British soldiers be housed in American barracks and public inns first, but if there was not enough room in these, that other buildings belonging to the citizenry such as stables, alehouses, barns and uninhabited buildings should be used.
The Quartering Act required that the citizens who owned the properties must pay for the food for these troops and also stated that the citizens would not receive any compensation for the use of their property. You can read the Quartering Act of 1765 here.
The colonists generally refused to cooperate with the Quartering Act. The resistance was strongest in New York. Violence broke out in August, 1766 between British troops and the colonists over New York's refusal to pay for the quartering of troops. Parliament suspended the governor and the provincial assembly over this issue. Eventually, the Quartering Act expired in 1770 and was not renewed. It never was successful in its intent to cover the expenses of keeping British troops permanently in America.
On June 2, 1774, an additional Quartering Act was passed by Parliament that was part of a series of acts called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists. This act gave colonial Royal governors the right to house troops on private property (though not in occupied homes), if enough public property was not available. The colonists rejected the use of their private property without their consent, but, of all the Intolerable Acts, this one generated the least dissent. This Quartering Act expired on March 24, 1776. You can read the Quartering Act of 1774 here.
The quartering of troops on private property is one of the grievances of the colonists specifically mentioned by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. The section that mentions it reads like this:
"He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation... For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us."
Read more about how Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence here.
As a result of this experience with having their private property used by the government without their permission, the Founding Fathers wanted a guarantee that they would be protected from this abuse in the future by the new government they were creating.
Many people were skeptical that the new Constitution adequately protected their rights and they demanded that a Bill of Rights be added to it. A bill of rights is a list of rights that are specifically mentioned that the government has no right to interfere with. Bills of rights were added to make the rights of the citizens very clear, so there would be no room for government officials to "weasel" their way into tampering with them.
Once the states began to debate the newly proposed Constitution, it became apparent that the Constitution would not pass without changing the minds of its critics. Proponents of the Constitution were called Federalists. They wanted a stronger central government because the current government, governed by the Articles of Confederation, could barely function. The Federalists were led by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and George Washington.
The anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution. They were against a strong federal or central government because they feared the government would grow too powerful and take away the rights of the people. Men such as Patrick Henry, George Mason and Elbridge Gerry were leading anti-Federalists.
The Federalists came up with a compromise offer known as the Massachusetts Compromise, that would eventually persuade enough anti-Federalists to vote to support the Constitution so it could go into effect. In the Massachusetts Compromise, the Federalists promised that the First Congress would take into consideration the states' proposed amendments and add a bill of rights to the Constitution if the opponents would just vote yes to accept it. This promise persuaded enough of the critics to vote yes to accept the Constitution and it became the law of the land.
Keeping the promise, James Madison proposed a list of twenty amendments to the First Congress in a June 8, 1789 speech. Congress debated these amendments and eventually sent twelve of them to the states for their consideration. Ten of them were agreed upon by the states.
These first ten Amendments that were agreed upon, including the 3rd Amendment, finally became law on December 15, 1791 and are known as the Bill of Rights. You can read more about the History of the Bill of Rights here.
The Third Amendment is one of the least cited parts of the Constitution in legal cases. It has never been addressed by the Supreme Court in over 200 years, but it has been referred to by the Court a few times. The reason it has been cited so few times is that there have been so few wars fought on American territory, especially since the Civil War. Another reason is that the American army now has substantial military bases to house its soldiers.
The only significant case involving the Third Amendment to be addressed by any court was called Engblom vs. Carey, which was decided in 1982. In this case, several New York corrections officials were evicted from their homes on the prison grounds during a strike. National Guard members were brought in to act as prison guards during the strike and some of them were housed in the homes of the missing officials.
The officials sued claiming that the Third Amendment protected them from having military personnel living in their homes. The state's position was that the officials did not own the homes so they were not the private property of these officials and, consequently, the Third Amendment could not be applied to them.
The officials lost their case originally on the grounds that they were not the owners of the homes, but on appeal, the 2nd Circuit Court agreed with them that their Third Amendment rights had been violated, saying that they had a reasonable right to call the prison property their own since they were the current occupants and controllers of the property.
If you would like to do a more in depth study on the 3rd Amendment, check out this article by Tom W. Bell. It is quite lengthy, but very thorough - The Third Amendment: Forgotten but Not Gone.
Preamble to the Bill of Rights
Learn about the 1st Amendment here.
Learn about the 2nd Amendment here.
Learn about the 3rd Amendment here.
Learn about the 4th Amendment here.
Learn about the 5th Amendment here.
Learn about the 6th Amendment here.
Learn about the 7th Amendment here.
Learn about the 8th Amendment here.
Learn about the 9th Amendment here.
Learn about the 10th Amendment here.
Learn more about the Bill of Rights with the following articles:
Last updated 8/7/12 | <urn:uuid:489ab6e3-5162-410e-9876-630c491ba1c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/third-amendment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00202-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985087 | 1,891 | 3.59375 | 4 |
This program’s focus is to understand and explain mechanisms and processes controlling primary production, carbon cycling, and soil biogeochemistry; the impacts of disturbance on terrestrial ecosystems; and ecosystem feedbacks to climate in vulnerable environments. In addition, it seeks to establish and maintain environmental field observatories.
To advance understanding of dynamic biosphere-atmosphere interactions involving greenhouse gases, water and energy, such as respiration, photosynthesis, and ecosystem carbon storage.
This program aims to develop global process-resolving models to help quantify the roles of climate feedbacks in anthropogenic climate change. Abrupt and extreme climate changes from anthropogenic warming pose some of the greatest risks to society and the environment. Understanding of the complex interactions involved with feedbacks is critical.
The Earth and Environmental Sciences Area’s, Atmospheric System Research Program advances fundamental understanding of atmospheric radiation, clouds, and precipitation, and their interactions with Earth’s surface and climate.
The Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions (BAI) Program Domain was initiated early 2016, within the new Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (Fall 2015). Programs and projects within this program domain use measurements, theory and models to deepen understanding of complex terrestrial ecosystem processes that have profound impacts on atmospheric composition and climate.
Research endeavors involve both large and small teams of researchers, assessing factors for ecosystem response to climate change, such as disturbance impacts on terrestrial ecosystems in vulnerable environments, or carbon storage changes in response to warming soils. Scientists work from molecular to regional to global spatial scales, and from diurnal to centennial timescales. Collaborations involve big data sets and international networks.
BAI is one of four Program Domains within the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division.
Current research activities
- Use atmospheric measurements and process understanding to evaluate and improve Earth system models.
- Advance basic understanding of the role of the land surface in cloud and precipitation processes, including drought and heat extremes.
- Measure heterogeneous soil moisture and surface fluxes for process understanding, model implementation, and uncertainty analysis. | <urn:uuid:41a38aed-88ad-49b1-8d29-367313189cec> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://eesa.lbl.gov/program-domains/biosphere-atmosphere-interactions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892802.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123231023-20180124011023-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.875262 | 417 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Moments earlier they'd held three warm doughnuts. Now the treats were in the fifth-grader's belly along with 600 calories, 18 grams of fat and 36 grams of sugar.
This year for the first time, the Chicago Public Schools are offering free universal breakfast to nearly every student, which is happy news for those who have urged schools to expand breakfast programs. Research has shown kids learn better when their stomachs aren't empty.
But some nutrition experts warn that the sugary processed foods city schools feed to children are setting them up for unhealthy habits and other problems.
City schools allow students to choose three items for breakfast one of them can always be a doughnut at the schools served by the district's main provider. Three doughnuts may be unusual, but recent visits to schools showed most students pairing them with Frosted Flakes, syrupy French toast and juice.
Health advocates say that's what happens when adults allow kids as young as 5 in a state with the fourth-highest child obesity levels in the nation to choose between an apple and a doughnut, scrambled eggs and Kellogg's Pop-Tarts, oatmeal and Kellogg's Froot Loops.
A Yale University professor said his research suggests that if sweets aren't offered, children will eat the healthier options. Kelly Brownell found that kids given a high-sugar cereal ate twice the recommended amount. Those given a low-sugar cereal still ate it, and in the recommended amount.
"And even though they were allowed to add sugar, they didn't add nearly enough to equal the sugar in the sugared cereal," said Brownell, who with colleagues, conducted the study for Yale's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. "Plus, they added fruit. So it was a complete home run.
"What this study suggests is that the school system should just offer healthy choices, and then children will eat them. I see no excuse for the public schools feeding children cereals or other products that are high in sugar."
Nutritionist Shereen Jegtvig, who writes on health for About.com, said high-sugar meals can increase serotonin as they raise blood sugar.
"The increased serotonin tends to make you relaxed, sleepy, not alert," Jegtvig said. "Studies show better cognitive performance by kids who eat breakfasts with more protein or healthier cereals like oatmeal. Simple carbohydrates are also digested quickly, so a child will feel hungry well before lunchtime. And it's hard to concentrate on your studies when your stomach is growling."
Chicago schools' food service director Louise Esaian defended the breakfasts, saying: "All of the menus served in Chicago Public Schools meet the requirements established by the (U.S. Department of Agriculture). In the majority of our schools, students are offered a choice at breakfast." She, however, did not mention that those choices include sugary pastries.
In fact, Chicago parents could be forgiven for not knowing doughnuts are ever served in school. That's because the word doughnut never appears on any city school breakfast menu the Tribune examined. Instead, the menus say MVP Breakfast, the product's brand name.
City school officials did not respond to questions about why they use such an unrecognizable term on the menu.
But Kimberly Schwabenbauer, dietitian and marketing manager for the manufacturer, Pittsburgh-based Super Bakery, made it clear that she doesn't like to use the d-word when referring to her company's product: a round, sweet, cakey pastry with a hole in the middle. When she absolutely had to say "doughnut," she prefaced it with "quote unquote."
Created by former football star Franco Harris, the product was called Super Donut until this year, when the name changed to MVP Breakfast. Fortified with 14 vitamins and minerals, the product has recently lost some of its fat and sugar, Schwabenbauer said.
"I feel like we are missing the boat by judging products on the semantics of their name," she said.
But Allison Slade, principal of Chicago's Namaste Charter School, said she thinks that serving even "healthy" doughnuts may send the wrong message as children establish future eating patterns. | <urn:uuid:0799b84a-07e0-44f0-9658-39ba8dde3ffb> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/data/chi-091105cps-donuts,0,7382532.story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708546926/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124906-00066-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97003 | 878 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Elementary school are from Grade 1 to Grade 5, or from age 5 to 10. During these formative years, we foster a learning environment where all aspects of the child's development are nurtured. Our Primary Program, strives to provide a firm foundation in the core areas of literacy, numeracy, social responsibility and citizenship. We encourage students to share, co-operate, develop friendships and appreciate their own and each others' abilities. We nurture their physical, emotional and artistic development. And even at this young age we develop traits and attitudes that contribute to their career awareness and development, such as taking pride in one's work, working effectively with others, and understanding the relationship of work to everyday life. | <urn:uuid:debaae35-f369-4227-ba0f-43253c223f84> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://bcisb.ac.th/academic-elementary.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824471.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020230225-20171021010225-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.965236 | 143 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Jesuit drama was a form of theatre practised in the colleges of the Society of Jesus between the 16th and 18th centuries, as a way of instructing students in rhetoric, assimilating Christian values and imparting Catholic doctrine.
aeiou Worthwhile article on Jesuit religious dramas.
Fairfield University Excellent historical account of Jesuit Drama with a comprehensive discussion about its nature and purpose.
MEK Excellent illustration of stage scenery for an early 18th-century Jesuit School Drama.
Timothy S Valentine Comprehensive academic account of Jesuit Drama in the 16th–19th centuries (archived). | <urn:uuid:0d06875f-436b-4ec7-af2b-8edd24c1e45e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://theatrelinks.com/jesuit-drama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.929569 | 121 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Augustine and Luther agreed on many things, but the different ways they understood the first sin, its consequences, and its remedy continue to shape Protestant beliefs about sexuality and marriage.
Augustine and Luther’s diverging beliefs
For Augustine, in the late 300s and early 400s, the original sin of pride produced lust, which could be defeated through chastity. From him, the church inherited a sexuality shrouded in shame.
Luther saw original sin as unbelief, which led to pride—epitomized, in his view, by the Roman Catholic Church of the 1500s. For Luther, marriage was the remedy for self-righteous pride, and from him the church inherited an exaltation of marriage and sexuality.
Augustine fought personal issues stemming from his promiscuous pre-conversion lifestyle. His youthful lust drove him to find a lifetime of salvation in his relationship with Christ. He also battled two heretical groups and walked a tightrope of rhetoric. Forced to maintain the precarious balance between them, he didn’t pursue his theology far enough to reach an esteem for marriage and sexuality.
In contrast, Luther waged all-out war against the corruption he saw in the Roman Catholic Church. Believing that clerical vows of celibacy and other acts of spirituality resulted only in pride and hypocrisy, Luther found salvation from such sin in marriage. His sharp words and flaming condemnations posed few additional dangers to those he already faced. Because of this, Luther saw marriage as the remedy for self-righteous pride.
In Augustine versus Luther: On Sin, Sexuality, and Salvation, these giants of the faith are allowed to speak for themselves. The book compares their divergent viewpoints and demonstrates their attempts to understand the issues of their times as they defended what they believed to be the truth of God’s Word.
Pre-order Augustine versus Luther: On Sin, Sexuality, and Salvation on Pre-Pub today, and save nearly 20% off the original price. | <urn:uuid:3588d216-eff5-410b-aa51-e1cd758cd6b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://blog.logos.com/2013/05/augustine-vs-luther-sexuality-and-marriage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540409.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00296-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971471 | 408 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Are you considering installing solar panels to power your home?
It’s a great idea. Solar energy is a renewable energy source that you can use to power your home, cutting your electricity bill to almost nothing. Surely, going green is the right thing to do too, right?
But it’s not all sunshine and rainbows. Before you get started, you should know a little bit more about how solar panels work and how you can get the most out of your home and installation.
So, let’s take a look at everything you should know about a homeowner’s guide to solar panels.
Evaluating Your Home’s Solar Suitability
When evaluating your home’s solar suitability, start by determining its geographic orientation. Is the property located in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere?
Is the property located in an area with good solar insolation? Other factors to consider include the size, shape, and position of the roof or any other land area suitable for the solar array. Determine whether the area is free of shading or obstructions that could interrupt potential solar energy production.
Is the land free of restrictions or encumbrances that could hinder construction? Do you have the necessary permissions or permits to install a solar system?
Finally, consider the size of the array you’re considering for your property. Make sure that the output of the array is sufficient to meet your energy needs.
Determining the Right Type of Solar Panels for You
When deciding on the right type of solar panel for you, there are many factors to consider. Firstly, you need to calculate the amount of electricity that you would need in order to power your home or business.
This will help you determine the size, quantity, and type of solar panels you need. Different types of solar panels have different advantages. Monocrystalline is the most efficient but also the most expensive.
You should also consider the weather conditions you live in, as panels will perform better under certain conditions. You should also take into account the space that you have available to install the panels and any shading that could potentially occur.
Navigating Solar Financing Options
Navigating solar financing options can seem quite daunting. It is important to research, compare, and understand the details of each option in order to determine the best solution for you. Some common choices for homeowners are loans and leases.
With a loan, you take out a loan to purchase the full system. Then, make monthly payments over a set period of time. With a lease, you pay a fixed monthly amount for the duration of the agreement.
Other possibilities include power purchase agreements. You pay a fixed rate for electricity generated from the installed solar system. With government incentives such as tax credits and grants also available, it’s essential to find out what works best for your individual circumstances.
Ultimately, the right option should provide an effective solution to meet your energy needs while saving money in the long run.
Considering the Installation Timeframe
Considering the installation of solar panels, the best course of action is to hire a professional installer. While a DIY approach may seem more economical, safety should be the top priority of any solar installation.
Professional installers have the expertise to quickly install a solar panel array with a minimum of fuss and disruption. Moreover, they are familiar with the local codes and regulations. This provides peace of mind that the project has been carried out in accordance with all relevant laws.
Go to the site of professional solar installers who can also offer technical advice on budget and installation. This helps to maximize performance and efficiency, which can be invaluable. Finally, hiring a professional for the installation of a solar panel system can save time and money in the long run.
Evaluating the Benefits
When evaluating the benefits of solar panels, it’s important to consider both the environmental and economic advantages. Solar energy is a clean, renewable energy source that can drastically reduce carbon emissions. Additionally, solar energy is cost-efficient in the long run.
It can save a home or business money on their energy bills. Furthermore, solar energy is not subject to the price swings of traditional energy sources like oil. This makes energy costs stable.
Finally, solar energy helps create jobs in the growing solar technology industry. This provides economic opportunities for people around the world. All of these benefits make solar energy a sound investment for those interested in taking advantage of this renewable resource.
Maintaining Your Solar Panels Over Time
To maintain your solar panels over time, it is important to clean them regularly with a natural cleaning soap and water solution or a damp cloth. You can also inspect them for signs of corrosion, such as cracks or discoloration. To help your solar panels stay in optimal shape, you should also check their connections and wires at least once a year.
This is to make sure they are secure and free from damage. Additionally, you should replace any broken or missing parts. Make sure your panels aren’t blocked from managing direct sunlight. Taking the time to properly maintain your solar panels will help you get the most energy output and the longest life from them.
Start Your Journey With This Homeowner’s Guide to Solar Panels Today
Installing solar panels is an excellent investment for the modern homeowner. Reduced energy costs, tax credits, and improved home value are just some of the great benefits of solar energy.
Take control of your energy freedom today. Start your journey towards becoming a more energy-efficient homeowner with this homeowner’s guide to solar panels.
If you find this article helpful, check out more of our blogs! | <urn:uuid:cb25e96e-9df1-47d1-b4b5-6090c2311b9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.magazeeno.com/a-homeowners-guide-to-solar-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.933324 | 1,153 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Louis-Marie de Salgues Marquis de Lescure was born on October 13, 1766 at Versailles into a noble family hailing from the Albigenses region of southern France. The struggling aristocracy often seems to produce the best loyalists and as he grew older Lescure made a good match, marrying in 1791 a cousin of another future famous royalist leader Henri de la Rochejaquelein. He attended the military academy from the age of 16 and early on was known for being very quiet, shy, brilliant and extremely religious but of the more austere type rather than the 'show-off' religious which was all too common at the time. He worked his way up to command a cavalry company just prior to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
At first, Lescure thought perhaps some good might come from the revolt, recognizing that many people were suffering. However, after the Royal Family came under attack his sacred loyalty to his Most Christian King demanded he resist. Fearing arrest he left the country for a short time as an emigre but soon returned. He defended the Tuileries from the republican mob and later sheltered many friends and family members from the horrors of the Terror. When the revolutionaries tried to conscript loyal peasants into their republican army they rose up in opposition and looked to their nobility to lead them, including the Marquis Lescure. Joining with de la Rochejaquelein he was from the outset one of the top commanders of the royalist army.
He was arrested by the republicans who knew he would be one of the first to oppose them but his fellow royalists liberated him and he led his faithful troops into battle at Thouars, took Fontenay-le-comte and Saumur where he was wounded, always leading from the front and showing great courage. At Torfu, the last counterrevolutionary success on the left bank of the Loire, he rallied his troops saying, "Are there four hundred men brave men who will come and die with me?" to which his dispirited soldiers renewed their energy and shouted as one, "Yes, monsieur l'Marquis!" Repulsed at Nantes, the Vendee royalist rebels went on to other victories at Tiffauges and Cholet before moving to the area of Chatillon.
During this time the Catholic and Royal Army was opposed by the revolutionary General Francois Joseph Westermann, one of the most successful and utterly ruthless commanders on the republican side. As both sides battled for Chatillon, the place changing hands numerous times, Marquis de Lescure was badly wounded and after enduring terrible suffering died on November 4, 1793. His beloved wife left very touching accounts of her attentive care of her husband throughout these trials and her heartbreak at his loss. He was buried in an unmarked grave so the republicans could not violate it and Lescure was hailed by his soldiers as the "Saint of Poitou". For his character, skill, devotion, courage and steadfast loyalty to his God and his King Louis Marie de Lescure deserves a place of honor in the pantheon of great heroes for faith and monarchy in the Kingdom of France. | <urn:uuid:ec2ceef5-5256-46f4-8d43-c7123ef6abd6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2009/12/monarchist-profile-louis-marie-de.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272823.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00106-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984103 | 652 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Radon is an invisible and odorless radioactive gas that occurs naturally from decaying uranium underneath the earth’s surface. Though you cannot see, smell or taste radon, it is there and has been noted as the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
Radon rises through the soil and seeps through cracks, holes and drain pipes in the foundation or basement of your home and office. It can be found all over the United States and according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 out of every 15 homes in the country has high levels of radon.
Symptoms of radon gas poisoning are not as immediately apparent as those of other types of poisons. Odorless poisons like carbon monoxide are more immediate, whereas radon’s effects take place over a longer term. That’s why it’s important to have your home tested one to two times per year, as radon levels can vary from season to season.
Radon test kits are available at local home improvement stores. Homeowners can perform the test themselves and then simply mail in the samples to receive the results.
Correcting high radon levels is very simple and can be done by a local radon mitigation contractor — but finding the problem in time is the hard part.
Joel Wensley is a licensed mechanical contractor in the state of Michigan, a WJBK-TV Fox2 Detroit news contributor and president of Mechanical Heating & Cooling in Dearborn Heights. | <urn:uuid:f36b39df-8000-4dad-a5ca-cdbbe2440fe5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.downriversundaytimes.com/2009/11/08/houses-should-be-tested-often-for-deadly-gas-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143505.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218025323-20200218055323-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.941942 | 308 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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About Dr. Barbara J Long
Dr. Barbara J Long, MD is a Doctor primarily located in Portland, OR. She has 36 years of experience. Her specialties include Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, Pediatrics, Pediatric Sports Medicine, Public Health, Adolescent Medicine and Internal Medicine. Dr. Long is affiliated with San Ramon Regional Medical Center, Alta Bates Summit Medical Center Alta Bates Campus and Doctors Medical Center. She speaks English.
Dr. Barbara J Long has the following 6 specialties
- Pediatric Adolescent Medicine
A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the regular care of children, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of illness in children. Young patients are often more complicated to treat because they are still growing and developing.
While pediatricians may sub-specialize in specific therapy areas like oncology, surgery, ophthalmology, and anesthesiology, in general, pediatricians provide services like vaccinations, health exams, and treatment of common ailments and injuries. In addition, pediatricians are trained to handle the complex emotional and behavioral issues faced by children, especially during puberty.
Pediatricians normally see their patients from birth until the age of 18, although some may agree to treat patients into their early 20s, if requested.
- Pediatric Sports Medicine
- Public Health
- Adolescent Medicine
Adolescent specialists are doctors who have advanced training in the health issues that adolescents face. These physicians deal with issues like the onset of puberty, reproductive health, eating disorders, irregular periods, mood changes, drugs and pressures from home and school. For girls entering adulthood, adolescent specialists can act as both pediatrician and gynecologist, so they only have to see one doctor for all their needs.
- Internal Medicine
An internist is a physician who focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the adult population—both acute and chronic.
These doctors are often who adults see as their primary physicians because they treat a broad range of illnesses that do not require surgical or specialist interventions. They also work to help a patient maintain optimal health in order to prevent the onset of disease.
In addition to treating the common cold and flu, internists also treat chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.
Dr. Barbara J Long has the following 6 expertise
- Substance Abuse
- Binge Eating Disorder
- Birth Control
- Eating Disorders
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Dr. Barbara J Long has 4 board certified specialties
See the board certifications this doctor has received. Board certifications provide confidence that this doctor meets the nationally recognized standards for education, knowledge and experience
Dr. Barbara J Long is Board Certified in 4 specialties
See the board certifications this doctor has received. Board certifications provide confidence that this doctor meets the nationally recognized standards for education, knowledge and experience.
Showing 2 of 2
Dr. Long is affiliated (can practice and admit patients) with the following hospital(s).
36 Years Experience
Ohio State University College Of Medicine
Graduated in 1982
Dr. Barbara J Long accepts the following insurance providers.
- Aetna Choice POS II
- Aetna Managed Choice POS Open Access
Regence Health Plans
- Regence OR Preferred Provider Network
Locations & DirectionsOhsu Hospitals And Clinics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR
Dr. Barbara J Long is similar to the following 3 Doctors near Portland, OR. | <urn:uuid:ff965867-4ee1-4240-b917-7ae4d3612200> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Barbara_Long.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.922633 | 921 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The areas, in kilometers squared, of some countries are given below.
USA: 9,629,091, Russia: 17,098,242, China: 9,598,094, Canada: 9,984,670, the UK: 242,400 and India: 3,287,263.
Answer the following questions:
- Which of these countries has the smallest area?
- Which of these countries has the largest area?
- What is the difference between the areas of Russia and China?
- Find the total area of all countries listed above?
- Order these countries from the largest to the smallest areas?
a) The smallest area is 242,400 kilometers squared and it is that of the UK.
b) The largest area is 17,098,242 kilometers squared and corresponds to Russia.
c) The difference between the areas of Russia and China is given by
17,098,242 - 9,598,094 = 7,500,148 kilometers squared
d) The total area of the countries listed above is given by
9,629,091 + 17,098,242 + 9,598,094 + 9,984,670 + 242,400 + 3,287,263 = 49,839,760 kilometers squared
e) We first order the areas from the largest to the smallest.
17,098,242 | 9,984,670 | 9,629,091 | 9,598,094 | 3,287,263 | 242,400
Which correspond to the following countries
Russia, Canada, USA, China, India, UK
Jim drove 768 miles of a 1200 miles journey. How many more miles does he need to drive to finish his journey?
The number of miles to drive to finish his journey is given by
1200 - 768 = 432 miles
The rectangle on the left and the square on the right have the same perimeter. What is the length of one side of the square?
The perimeter P of the rectangle is equal to
P = 15 + 25 + 15 + 25 = 80
The perimeter of the square is equal to the perimeter of the rectangle and is then equal to 80. The square has 4 sides of equal lengths. Since
80 = 20 + 20 + 20 + 20
then the length of a side is equal to 20
There are 123 boxes of sweets in a store. There are 25 sweets in each box. How many sweets are in the store?
To find how many sweets, we multiply 123 by 25
123 × 25 = 3075 sweets
There are 365 days in one year, and 100 years in one century. How many days are in one century?
In 100 years, which is one century, there
365 × 100 = 36,500 days
Billy read 2 books. He read the first one in one week with 25 pages everyday. He read the second book in 12 days with 23 pages everyday. What is the total number of pages that Billy read?
Pages read in the first book in one week which is 7 days with 25 pages everyday.
25 × 7 = 175 pages
Pages read in the second book in 12 days with 23 pages everyday.
23 × 12 = 276 pages
Total number of pages read
175 + 276 = 451 pages
123 school girls are to be transported in small vans. Each van can carry 8 girls only. What is the smallest possible number of vans that are needed to transport all 123 school girls?
To find the number of vans, we divide 123 by 8.
123 ÷ 8 = 15 and remainder = 3
So 15 vans are needed to transport 15 × 8 = 120 girls, and 1 van is needed to transport the 3 remaining girls. A total of 16 vans are needed.
John had $100 to buy drinks and sandwiches for his birhtday party. He bought 5 small boxes of drinks at $4 each box and 8 boxes of sandwiches at $6 each box. How much money was left after the shopping?
Money spent on drinks
5 × 4 = $20
Money spent on sandwiches
8 × 6 = $48
Total money spent
20 + 48 = $68
Money left after shopping
100 - 68 = $32
A factory produces 5500 toys per week. If the workers at this factory work 4 days a week and if these workers make the same number of toys everyday, how many toys are produced each day?
To find the number of toys produced every day, we divide the total number of toys produced in one week (of 4 days) by 4.
5500 ÷ 4 = 1375 toys
Tom, Julia, Mike and Fran have 175 cards to use in a certain game. They decided to share them equally. How many cards should each one take and how many cards are left?
To know how many cards each should take, divide 175 by 4 (Tom, Julia, Mike and Fran).
175 ÷ 4 = 43 with remainder = 3
Each one should take 43 cards and 3 are left.
The shaded shape is made of 5 congruent squares. The side of one square is 4 cm. Find the total area of the shaded shape.
The area of one square is equal to
4 × 4 = 16 centimeters squared
The whole shape has 5 squares. The total area is
16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 = 80 centimeters squared
or 16 × 5 = 80 centimeters squared
Sam, Carla and Sarah spent on afternoon collecting sea shells. Sam collected 11. If we add the number of sea shells collected by Sam and Carla, the total would be 24. If we add the number of sea shells collected by Carla and Sarah, the total would be 25 shells. How many shells did each one collect?
Mr Joshua runs 6 kilometers everyday from Monday to Friday. He also runs 12 kilometers a day on Saturday and Sunday. How many kilometers does Joshua run in a week?
Tom and Bob are brothers and they each had the same amount of money which they put together to buy a toy. The cost of the toy was $22. If the cashier gave them a change of 6$, how much money did each have?
John has 5 boxes of sweets. One group of boxes has 5 sweets in each box. The second group of boxes has 4 sweets in each box. John has a total of 22 sweets. How many boxes of each type John has?(Hint: use table)
There is a total of 16 chickens and rabbits in a farm. The total number of legs (chickens and rabbits) is equal to 50. How many chickens and how many rabbits are there?(Hint:use a table)
There are 4 more chickens than rabbits in a farm. The total number of legs (chickens and rabbits) is equal to 44. How many chickens and how many rabbits are there?(Hint:use a table)
Answers to the Above Questions
- Russia, Canada, USA, China, India, Uk.
- 432 miles
- 3075 sweets
- 36,500 days in one century
- 451 pages
- 16 vans
- 1375 toys per day
- 43 each and 3 left
- 80 cm squared
- Sam: 11, Carla: 13 and Sarah: 12
- 54 kilometers
- 2 boxes with 5 seets each and 3 boxes with 4 seets each
- 7 chickens and 9 rabbits
- 10 chickens and 6 rabbits | <urn:uuid:973f4ec9-e9e2-4928-aacf-272a5a518800> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.analyzemath.com/primary_math/grade_4/problems_sol.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688158.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922022225-20170922042225-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.92993 | 1,551 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Definitions for enlargeɛnˈlɑrdʒ
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word enlarge
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
(v.t.)to make larger; increase in extent, bulk, or quantity; add to:
to enlarge a house.
to increase the capacity or scope of; expand.
to make (a photographic print) larger than the negative by projecting the negative's image through a lens onto sensitized paper.
(v.i.)to grow larger; increase; expand.
to speak or write at length; expatiate:
to enlarge upon a point.
Origin of enlarge:
1350–1400; ME < OF enlargir, enlarger. See en -1, large
"She enlarged the flower beds"
blow up, enlarge, magnify(verb)
"blow up an image"
become larger or bigger
elaborate, lucubrate, expatiate, exposit, enlarge, flesh out, expand, expound, dilate(verb)
add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing
"She elaborated on the main ideas in her dissertation"
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
to make bigger
I enlarged two of the pictures.
To make larger.
To speak at length upon or on (some subject)
To release; to set at large.
To get more astern or parallel with the vessel's course; to draw aft; said of the wind.
to make larger; to increase in quantity or dimensions; to extend in limits; to magnify; as, the body is enlarged by nutrition; to enlarge one's house
to increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also, to dilate, as with joy, affection, and the like; as, knowledge enlarges the mind
to set at large or set free
to grow large or larger; to be further extended; to expand; as, a plant enlarges by growth; an estate enlarges by good management; a volume of air enlarges by rarefaction
to speak or write at length; to be diffuse in speaking or writing; to expatiate; to dilate
to get more astern or parallel with the vessel's course; to draw aft; -- said of the wind
Translations for enlarge
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
to make larger
He enlarged the garden.
- vergroot, vermeerderAfrikaans
- ampliarPortuguese (BR)
- forstørre; udvide; udbyggeDanish
- μεγαλώνω κτ.Greek
- aumentar, ampliarSpanish
- بزرگ کردن؛ توسعه دادنFarsi
- (meg)növel; bővítHungarian
- ingrandire, ampliareItalian
- 크게 하다Korean
- groter makenDutch
- gjøre større, utvideNorwegian
- بزرگ کردن؛ توسعه دادنPersian
- انلار جول، لويول، ار تول، پراخولPashto
- a măriRomanian
- utöka, vidgaSwedish
- büyütmek, genişletmekTurkish
- 擴大Chinese (Trad.)
- توسیع کرناUrdu
- mở rộngVietnamese
- 扩大Chinese (Simp.)
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Select another language: | <urn:uuid:37ed0b02-7df6-4da5-b6ce-b736965c4e1d> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/enlarge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905803.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00196-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.662981 | 879 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Pick up a geography textbook from the first half of this century and you can discover a simple rule-of-thumb explanation for the varying fates of the human race: the weather.
''As a rule, people do their best thinking and planning, their minds are most alert and inventive, and they have the best judgment when the thermometer out of doors falls toward freezing at night and rises toward 50 degrees or 55 degrees by day,'' declares Ellsworth Huntington in ''Principles of Human Geography.'' ''In an invigorating climate'' -- like that of Europe and the northern United States -- ''it may also be easier to be honest and sober and self-controlled than in a more enervating one.''
Such pronouncements ultimately made geographers seem like phrenologists who pondered the size of bumps on a person's skull. Most serious scholars shunted geography aside and forgot it.
Yet after decades of neglect, geography is being rediscovered. The study of how location affects the way people live is not only drawing in new students, it is also attracting the attention of scholars in other fields. Historians, economists and political scientists are using it to explain everything from why some nations are rich and others poor, to why Brazil and Nigeria are rising as regional powers, to why Africa produces so many superior distance runners. It's as if New York City real estate agents were suddenly given the job of explaining some of the globe's most elusive questions and chorused: Location, location, location.
The geographic renaissance, propelled in part by new advances in science and computers, is significant, scholars say, because it is generating a new intellectual dialogue. ''It is a wonderful bridge among disciplines,'' David Landes, professor emeritus of history and economics at Harvard University, said in an interview. ''It compels people to put together ideas they might not otherwise.''
Most unexpected, however, is that the very field that had a racialist taint is now being used to knock down theories that define achievement in racial terms. Geography, once employed to justify colonialism and the innate superiority of whites, is brought in to undermine works like ''The Bell Curve,'' which argues that racial differences in intelligence are inherited and linked to differences in performance and economic success.
The gradual eclipse of geography began 50 years ago when Harvard University eliminated its geography department. The decision had less to do with discomfort over screwball theories (which weren't necessarily seen at the time as screwball) than with academic infighting and weak teaching. ''Geography is not a university subject,'' declared James B. Conant, who was then the president of Harvard.
In the next decades, other universities followed Harvard's lead: Stanford, Yale, the University of Michigan, Columbia, the University of Chicago. According to a report in the Chronicle of Higher Education on the 1987 meeting of the Association of American Geographers, department chairmen organized a seminar ''to find out what they could do to avoid finding their departments on a university hit list.''
Saul Cohen, a political geographer and former president of the geographers' association, says: ''Very few people were exposed to geography who went to college after the 1960's. What they knew about it goes back a half century.''
Quietly Wiped Out As a Discipline
French historians like Fernand Braudel and other members of the Annales school did look at geography, climate and land use. But in the United States, said Mr. Landes, geography was ''a kind of outcast among intellectual disciplines.'' He continued: ''More than any other field I can think of, geography was wiped out kind of quietly. I can't think of another discipline that suffered this sort of erasure.''
Geography was fine if you worked at Rand McNally or played Jeopardy (Moroni. What is the capital of Comoros?). But when American scholars tackled persistent questions like why industrialization first took root in Europe instead of China or India, geography was played down. ''If you look at most works on global development,'' Mr. Landes says, ''there is very little on geography.''
That has been changing. Jared Diamond, a physiologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, combines epidemiology, sociology, zoology, anthropology and botany to conclude that geography is the key to the pace and timing of economic development.
In his book ''Guns, Germs and Steel'' (W.W. Norton, 1997) he goes back 13,000 years to explain how food production is the starting point for success. Because farming communities produce more food and domesticate animals, they can feed non-food producers like professional soldiers, bureaucrats, writers and craftsmen.
Mr. Diamond argues that the east-west axis of Eurasia's land mass meant a shared latitude and similar growing conditions, which enabled one of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, to spread relatively quickly from the Fertile Crescent to Europe; more than twice as fast, for example, as corn and beans spread from Mexico northward to what would become the eastern United States. | <urn:uuid:01a89b9a-ebae-415d-9e87-90a37442fa31> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/21/arts/geography-redux-where-you-live-is-what-you-are.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011477.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00112-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959413 | 1,038 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In Seoul, they have discussed the inclusion of video game addiction in ICD-11 as a mental disorder.
According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, video game addiction will be included in the new version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), which will enter into force on 1 January 2022.
Since 25 May 2019, in accordance with the decision of the WHO, computer and mobile game addiction has been officially recognized as a mental disorder, despite ambiguous opinions from the scientific community.
Although the issue has already been resolved, in Asia there is still a debate about whether gaming disorder can be equated with drug addiction, substance abuse and gambling. What if professional gamers are recognized as mentally ill? This will be a devastating blow to the gaming industry and eSports which are firmly established in the Asia-Pacific region.
At the end of May, the Game Science forum in Seoul brought together many experts: neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, marketers, media representatives and tycoons from the gaming industry.
Many of the experts argued that the WHO had no compelling scientific basis for including gaming in ICD-11 and expressed concern about the interference into people’s habits.
“There is no conclusive evidence that the fascination with games is turning into an epidemic,” said Christopher Ferguson, a professor of psychology at Stetson University, USA. “It’s not the games that make people violent. Violence is fostered by stress due to learning difficulties rather than a passion for playing games.”
Representatives of the gaming and entertainment industry have complained that as a result of the WHO decision, the gaming market expects a decrease in production volumes, which will entail a massive reduction in jobs and a decrease in economic indicators. They see this as a step backwards and an obstacle to technological progress.
Some experts hold opposing views. They have noted that games are addictive, and excessive gaming can cause irreversible changes to the brain.
“When people play computer games, changes similar to those caused by substances like heroin occur in their brains,” says Kim Dai-jin, a professor of psychiatry at the Catholic University in South Korea. She also argues that games with scenes of violence provoke aggressive behavior and dangerous thoughts.
It is not yet known how the WHO decision and the release of ICD-11 will affect the Asian gaming industry, but there is every reason to assume that serious changes will be coming to the industry. | <urn:uuid:052be6a2-b989-41df-8f15-3595d7f333ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://7spsy.com/en/blog/tendency-demonizing-computer-games-being-discussed-south-korea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.957706 | 498 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Several South Indian politicians recently found themselves in hot water with their superstition-free, atheistic political party after participating in a firewalking ritual. In early September, they had traversed red-hot coals at the Bannari Amman temple in Chennai, even though party cadres had been warned against participating in such rites. In a frenzy of sarcastic rationalist rhetoric, the Deccan Herald of Bangalore reported, "Believers will tell you that piety and celibacy create a bio-electric field which throws up a protective shield. Such correct belief deflects the heat away from the soles! An exalted state of mind is very essential. Fire-walking is now done as part of science yatras and anti-superstition campaigns. The secret lies not in piety but in exercising a little gumption." There is a rationalist group in Malaysia which regularly crashes fire-walking events to show that those who have done no preparation at all can still cross the torrid coals.
So what are we to make of this? Is it true there is no real danger to fire-walking and that anyone with enough nerve will emerge unscathed as long as they do not linger too long? Several explanations--other than faith--are offered for why the feet don't get burned, most focusing on the poor ability of hot (1700¡F!) coals to transfer heat to the feet. Another is the "Leidenfrost effect," experienced when one snuffs a candle out after wetting the fingers--the water turns to steam, and the steam, in turn, briefly insulates the fingers from the flame. The problem with this explanation is that firewalkers don't generally get their feet wet first. Other explanations involve thick soles, "transcutaneous hyperstimulation analgesia," operant conditioning and hypnosis.
Firewalking is an ancient and widespread ritual, found in a broad diversity of peoples in Malaysia, Japan, China, Fiji Islands, South Africa, New Zealand, ancient Greece and China and now in England and America as a new age practice. One California group, for example, advertised the experience as a means of "transforming fear, regaining personal power and communing with the sacred." Instead of a bed of coals, firewalkers in some places walk through a blazing log fire, in Fiji over red-hot stones. One year, two University of California professors tried it over a ten-foot long bed of coals, felt no pain and emerged with one blister--but the heat was so intense they could not keep their eyes opened as they crossed.
The rationalists have not settled on a specific explanation for fire-walking, and even the Encyclopedia Brittanica states, "Injuries from burns do occur, but they seem on the whole to be much less frequent than would be expected. This fact has not been completely explained." | <urn:uuid:d90cbf8d-b01a-49dc-a8e7-54d509237a74> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4676 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726142211-20170726162211-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.955179 | 587 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pain is a very common condition. The occurrence of pain rises as people get older, and women are more likely to experience pain than men.
There are two main types of pain.
- acute pain – a normal response to an injury. It starts suddenly and is usually short-lived
- chronic pain – continues beyond the time expected for healing. It generally lasts for longer than three months.
Pain may be anything from a dull ache to a sharp stab and can range from mild to extreme. You may feel pain in one part of your body or it may be widespread.
Studies suggest that a person’s emotional wellbeing can impact the experience of pain. Understanding the cause and learning effective ways to cope with your pain can improve your quality of life.
Key pain management strategies include:
- pain-relieving medicines
- physical therapies (such as heat or cold packs, massage, hydrotherapy and exercise)
- psychological therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques and meditation)
- mind and body techniques (such as acupuncture)
- occupational therapy
- community support groups.
Causes of pain
The most common causes of pain in adults include:
- medical conditions (such as cancer, arthritis and back problems)
The most commonly reported types of pain are headache and back pain (although pain involving the limbs, shoulder and neck is also common).
How pain affects the body
Pain is a complex protective mechanism. It is an essential part of evolution that protects the body from danger and harm.
The body has pain receptors that are attached to two main types of nerves that detect danger. One nerve type relays messages quickly, causing a sharp, sudden pain. The other relays messages slowly, causing a dull, throbbing pain.
Some areas of the body have more pain receptors than others. For example, the skin has lots of receptors so it is easy to tell the exact location and type of pain. There are far fewer receptors in the gut, so it is harder to pinpoint the precise location of a stomach ache.
If pain receptors in the skin are activated by touching something dangerous (for example something hot or sharp), these nerves send alerts to the spinal cord and then to part of the brain called the thalamus.
Sometimes the spinal cord sends an immediate signal back to the muscles to make them contract. This moves the affected body part away from the source of danger or harm.
This is a reflex reaction that prevents further damage occurring. It happens before you feel pain.
Once the ‘alert!’ message reaches the thalamus, it sorts the information the nerves have sent, taking into account your previous experience, beliefs, expectations, culture and social norms. This explains why people have very different responses to pain.
The thalamus then sends the information on to other parts of the brain that are linked to physical response, thought and emotion. This is when you may feel the sensation of pain, think ‘That hurt! What was it?’, and feel annoyed.
The thalamus also contributes to mood and arousal, which helps to explain why your interpretation of pain partly depends on your state of mind.
Managing pain without medicines
Many non-medicine treatments are available to help you manage your pain. A combination of treatments and therapies is often more effective than just one.
Some non-medicine options include:
- heat or cold – use ice packs immediately after an injury to reduce swelling. Heat packs are better for relieving chronic muscle or joint injuries
- physical therapies – such as walking, stretching, strengthening or aerobic exercises may help reduce pain, keep you mobile and improve your mood. You may need to increase your exercise very slowly to avoid over-doing it
- massage – this is better suited to soft tissue injuries and should be avoided if the pain is in the joints. There is some evidence that suggests massage may help manage pain, but it is not recommended as a long-term therapy
- relaxation and stress management techniques – including meditation and yoga
- cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) – this form of therapy can help you learn to change how you think and, in turn, how you feel and behave about pain. This is a valuable strategy for learning to self-manage chronic pain
- acupuncture – a component of traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the skin. It aims to restore balance within the body and encourage it to heal by releasing natural pain-relieving compounds (endorphins). Some people find that acupuncture reduces the severity of their pain and enables them to maintain function. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in managing pain is inconclusive
- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy – minute electrical currents pass through the skin via electrodes, prompting a pain-relieving response from the body. There is not enough published evidence to support the use of TENS for the treatment of some chronic pain conditions. However, some people with chronic pain that are unresponsive to other treatments may experience a benefit.
Your doctor or other healthcare professional can guide you through the best treatments for you.
Many people will use a pain medicine (analgesic) at some time in their lives.
The main types of pain medicines are:
- paracetamol – often recommended as the first medicine to relieve short-term pain
- aspirin – for short-term relief of fever and mild-to-moderate pain (such as period pain or headache)
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen – these medicines relieve pain and reduce inflammation (redness and swelling)
- opioid medications, such as codeine, morphine and oxycodone – these medicines are reserved for severe or cancer pain
- local anaesthetics
- some antidepressants
- some anti-epileptic medicines.
How pain medicines work
Pain medicines work in various ways. Aspirin and other NSAIDs are pain medicines that help to reduce inflammation and fever. They do this by stopping chemicals called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause inflammation, swelling and make nerve endings sensitive, which can lead to pain.
Prostaglandins also help protect the stomach from stomach acid, which is why these medicines can cause irritation and bleeding in some people.
Opioid medicines work in a different way. They change pain messages in the brain, which is why these medicines can be addictive.
Choosing the right pain medicine
The right choice of medicine for you will depend on:
- the location, intensity, duration and type of pain
- any activities that ease the pain or make it worse
- the impact your pain has on your lifestyle, such as how it affects your appetite or quality of sleep
- your other medical conditions
- other medicines you take.
Discuss these with your doctor or other health professional, so that you choose the safest and most effective pain relief option.
Managing your medicines effectively
Always follow instructions for taking your medications safely and effectively. By doing so:
• your pain is more likely to be well managed
• you are less likely to need larger doses of medication
• you can reduce your risk of side effects.
Medications for chronic pain are best taken regularly. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if your medicines are not working or are causing problems, such as side effects. These are more likely to occur if you are taking pain medicines for a long time.
It is important to use a variety of strategies to help reduce pain. Do not rely on medicines alone. People can lower the levels of pain they feel by:
- staying active
- pacing their daily activity so as to avoid pain flares (this involves finding the balance between under- and overdoing it)
- avoiding pain triggers
- using coping strategies.
Side effects of pain medicines
Some of the side effects of common pain medicines include:
- paracetamol – side effects are rare when taken at the recommended dose and for a short time. Paracetamol can cause skin rash and liver damage if used in large doses for a long time
- aspirin – the most common side effects are nausea, vomiting indigestion and stomach ulcer. Some people may experience more serious side effects such as an asthma attack, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), kidney damage and bleeding
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – can cause headache, nausea, stomach upset, heartburn, skin rash, tiredness, dizziness, ringing in the ears and raised blood pressure. They can also make heart failure or kidney failure worse, and increase the risk of heart attack, angina, stroke and bleeding. NSAIDs should always be used cautiously and for the shortest time possible.
- opioid pain medicines such as morphine, oxycodone and codeine – commonly cause drowsiness, confusion, falls, nausea, vomiting and constipation. They can also reduce physical coordination and balance. Importantly, these medicines can lead to dependence and slow down breathing, resulting in accidental fatal overdose.
You can find a more complete list of side effects in a Consumer Medicine Information leaflet. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking any pain medicine to ensure it is safe for you.
Precautions when taking pain medicines
Treat over-the-counter pain medicines with caution, just like any other medication. It’s always good to discuss any medication with your doctor or pharmacist.
General suggestions include:
- Don’t self-medicate with pain medicines during pregnancy – some can reach the fetus through the placenta and potentially cause harm.
- Take care if you are elderly or caring for an older person. Older people have an increased risk of side effects. For example, taking aspirin regularly for chronic pain (such as arthritis) can cause a dangerous bleeding stomach ulcer.
- When buying over-the-counter pain medicines, speak with a pharmacist about any prescription and complementary medicines you are taking so they can help you choose a pain medicine that is safe for you.
- Don’t take more than one over-the-counter medicine at a time without consulting your doctor or pharmacist. It is easier than you think to unintentionally take an overdose. For example, many ‘cold and flu’ medicines contain paracetamol, so it is important not to take any other paracetamol-containing medicine at the same time.
- See your doctor or healthcare professional for proper treatment for sport injuries. Don’t use pain medicines to ‘tough it out’.
- Consult your doctor or pharmacist before using any over-the-counter medicine if you have a chronic (ongoing) physical condition, such as heart disease or diabetes.
Managing pain that cannot be easily relieved
Sometimes pain will persist and cannot be easily relieved. It’s natural to feel worried, sad or fearful when you are in pain. Here are some suggestions for how to handle persistent pain:
- Focus on improving your day-to-day function, rather than completely stopping the pain.
- Accept that your pain may not go away and that flare-ups may occur. Talk yourself through these times.
- Find out as much as you can about your condition so that you don't fret or worry unnecessarily about the pain.
- Enlist the support of family and friends. Let them know what support you need; find ways to stay in touch.
- Take steps to prevent or ease depression by any means that work for you, including talking to friends or professionals.
- Don’t increase your pain medicines without talking to your doctor or pharmacist first. Increasing your dose may not help your pain and might cause you harm.
- Improve your physical fitness, eat healthy foods and make sure you get all the rest you need.
- Try not to allow the pain to stop you living your life the way you want to. Try gently reintroducing activities that you used to enjoy. You may need to cut back on some activities if pain flare-ups occur, but increase slowly again as you did before.
- Concentrate on finding fun and rewarding activities that don't make your pain worse.
- Seek advice on new coping strategies and skills from a healthcare professional such as an occupational therapist or psychologist.
Where to get help
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health & Human Services shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. | <urn:uuid:ddc58321-3f2a-44ae-a77b-5421215d45ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pain-and-pain-management-adults%20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703528672.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121225305-20210122015305-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.930189 | 2,721 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Power system operation is based on the constant balance between the electricity demand and supply. Due to the deviations between realized and scheduled values, based on the bilateral supply contracts and electricity trade contracts, there is a need for system balancing. The real time system balancing is responsibility of Croatian Transmission System Operator.
Balancing energy is electricity activated by the Transmission System Operator to cover the difference between electricity delivered or taken over and the contracted amounts of electricity for the purpose of maintaining the frequency of the electricity system within the prescribed range.
Operational implementation of power system balancing is conducted through the provisions of Transmission Grid Code (OJ 67/17), which during normal operation considers use of secondary control, tertiary control and buying/selling of energy. If the electric power system cannot be balanced with aforementioned mechanisms, the emergency state operation occurs. In that moment the following measures for returning to the previous normal state operation are implemented:
- in case of energy surplus in the electric power system or in some of its parts (respecting order), by giving an order for the decrease of production to producers connected to the transmission network that do not have the eligibility status to operational minimum via order of the authorized person of the producers and by giving an order to decrease production of the eligible producers connected to the transmission network, remotely or via order of authorized persons of the producers;
- in case of shortage of energy in the electric power system or some of its parts (respecting order) by giving an order to disconnect from operation pumped storage power plants that take electricity from network, by raising production of production facilities up until maximum production power and implementation of manual demand disconnection procedure within transmission and distribution network.
Following the decision of dispatchers, the production unit can be excluded from previously specified procedures in cases when it could cause further disturbance of secure operation of electric power system and/or there is danger of material damage and/or endanger human lives. | <urn:uuid:ce41d0c4-b42b-430c-ba06-9062d479f010> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hops.hr/en/balancing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.94045 | 384 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This year will mark the centenary of the pair of revolutions that saw the Tsar overthrown and the Communists take power in Russia. This would pave the way for the creation of the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), just 5 years later.
During Communist rule, 7th November, the anniversary of the October Revolution, was the biggest public holiday in the Soviet Union. Nowadays, in Putin’s Russia, the day goes largely unobserved. It’s no longer a public holiday, and has been ‘replaced’ with Unity Day, which is observed on 4th November.
In 2016, a military parade was held in Red Square on 7th November. But rather than celebrating the revolution, it was instead commemorating a parade that took place on that day in 1941, which saw troops march out of Red Square and onto the frontlines of the Second World War, to fight in the Battle of Moscow.
While no major events have currently been announced to mark the centenary of the Russian Revolution, this is set to change as, in December, Putin ordered the Ministry of Culture to team up with the Russian Historical Society to arrange celebrations.
There is uncertainty over what form such an event should take. And this is not altogether surprising, despite the undeniable importance of the event in Russian history.
While Russians are encouraged to venerate their country’s history and see it as something which unites them, especially the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II, the revolution itself is considered by many to be a national tragedy. From his recent comments on the revolution, it appears Putin himself is among this number.
But there are others who see the revolutionary period as something to be celebrated, because it offered the chance for Russia to become a free democracy, and it also provided an environment in which creatives could flourish.
Among these is journalist Mikhail Zygar, creator of Project 1917. This ambitious project shows us what the Russian Revolution would have looked like had it played out over social media. Using letters, memoirs, diaries and other historical documents, a team of journalists and historians are posting updates from some of the key figures of the time, in order to tell the real, day-to-day story of the Russian Revolution. And the result is fascinating.
If you’re planning to visit Russia on a school trip this year, you’ll notice that there is some confusion over how the country feels about the legacy of the 1917 revolution. While the dissolution of the Soviet Union initially saw a flurry of activity in terms of the destruction of Soviet iconography, the job was only half done.
The Romanovs, who were murdered by the Bolsheviks, have been given sainthoods by the Russian Orthodox Church. And yet, you’ll still find statues of Lenin in many cities throughout Russia. Indeed, the revolutionary leader and father of Russian Communism still lies in a mausoleum in Red Square – just across from the GUM shopping mall, which attracts wealthy Russians and tourists with its many luxury goods. But all this is just part of what makes Russia such an interesting school trip destination.
Interested in exploring Russia and its fascinating history with your students? Contact us today for more information! | <urn:uuid:5a694b6b-02d9-49f2-920a-0a3d6bb26592> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.halsbury.com/history/news/russian-revolution-centenary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189466.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00317-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965899 | 664 | 3.046875 | 3 |
How to add arrows to line / column chart in Excel?
If there is column chart or line chart in your worksheet, sometimes, you need to add the arrows to the column chart to indicate the relationship of increasing and decreasing. Actually, there isn’t a direct way to add the arrows to the column bar, but you can draw the arrow shapes and copy them to the column chart. Today, I will talk about how to add arrows to the line or column chart.
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Supposing I have a range data and a column chart based on it as follow, and now I want to add some down arrows and up arrows based on the data.
You can convert these data columns to arrows as following steps:
1. Insert an arrow shape to a blank section of this worksheet by clicking Insert > Shapes, and choosing Up Arrow or Down Arrow from the Block Arrows section as you need.
2. Then drag the mouse to draw the arrows as you want, and you can format the arrows' styles as you need. See screenshot:
3. Select one of the arrows that you want to use and press Ctrl +C to copy it, and then click a column in the chart and all the columns will be selected.
4. Then press Ctrl +V to paste the arrow to the chart, you will get the following result:
5. After finishing this, you can delete the arrow shapes as you like.
Note: If you want to add up arrow and down arrow as your need, you just need to select only one column, and paste your specified arrow repeatedly. And you will get this:
In a line chart, you can alsoadd the arrows to indicate the data trends, please do as these:
1. In your created line chart, select the data line and right click, then choose Format Data Series from the context menu, see screenshot:
2. In the Format Data Series dialog, click Line Style from the left pane, and then specify the Arrow Settings, you can select the arrow type and size as you need. See screenshot:
3. Then close this dialog, and the arrows have been added to the line chart, see screenshot:
- How to add image as background into chart in Excel?
- How to copy one chart format to others in Excel?
- How to add a scrollbar to chart in Excel? | <urn:uuid:c85f7aea-32a4-40cc-8ac9-44ae20000309> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.extendoffice.com/documents/excel/1434-excel-add-arrow-to-chart.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371604800.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405115129-20200405145629-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.876555 | 709 | 2.765625 | 3 |
*This was edited on 27 July.
I love science. I love parasites and parasitology. I sometimes love cycling (I have a love/hate relationship with the bike) and I do love watching the Tour de France coverage, but I hate bad science writing. Journalists who do not check their facts about sciency-related things really grind my gears (ooh, a bad cycling pun!).
I found an article on the cycling website Velonews, regarding Chris Froome, of Team Sky. If I’d been drinking a coffee when reading this article, I’d have ended up spitting it all over my computer. Froome reportedly has schistosomiasis, also called bilharzia in the UK and some other places. That’s not the shocking bit though. There were some glaring errors in biology and epidemiology that I will explain:
Let’s get one thing clear. The pathogen that causes schistosomiasis is a trematode (several species of genus Schistosoma), and not a virus as mentioned three(!) times in the article. A trematode may also be called a fluke, and it is, most definitely, a metazoan parasite. While it does have a complicated life cycle (see below), including very small, possibly microscopic, larval stages in snails, the snails themselves are not microscopic. While we’re on the topic – the larvae do not “transform” into worms. There are no Optimus Prime schistosomes.
Also, the disease is not “obscure”, as mentioned in the piece. I think that the roughly 290 million people infected globally with schistosomiasis might have something to say about the disease being referred to as ‘obscure’ (ref: Mathers et al. 2007 PLoS NTD doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000114). Schistosomiasis is a serious disease. While it doesn’t kill as many people as malaria, as a chronic infection, it causes long-term health effects in sufferers including anaemia, malnutrition, and can affect organs such as the spleen, liver and bladder (depending on the species infecting). It is a neglected tropical disease, exacerbated by poverty in many cases, and should not be trivialised. Chris Froome can afford treatment for the disease, but millions of others are not so lucky to be in the same financial position.
It’s probable that only parasitologists have gotten upset about this (there are several incredulous tweets about it on my twitter feed). Parasitologists tend to be quite sensitive to these kinds of errors and levels of ignorance. It’s par for the course a lot of the time, when you work on something as disgusting as a parasite (yes, someone once said that to me). But discussing parasites is no excuse for sloppy writing. This is yet another example of journalists not checking their facts before writing. It’s not difficult. Even a quick look at Wikipedia would have been helpful in this instance.
Post-script: After writing this, I went back to the article to check it again. All references to ‘virus’ have been edited out. Hooray! | <urn:uuid:00c01014-c2c6-43dd-9a30-3776a964a6e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://increasingdisorder.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/raging-against-abominable-science-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00099-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946705 | 682 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The internet can be thought of as the world’s largest database. This is so, because it is comprised of inter-connected databases, files, and computer systems. By simply typing in some keywords, one can access hundreds to millions of websites containing treasure troves of facts, statistics, and other formats of information on an endless array of topics. Because the internet is such a valuable resource, we should seek new and innovative ways to mine the data using ethical means.
The goal of scraping websites is to access information, but the uses of that information can vary. Users may wish to store the information in their own databases or manipulate the data within a spreadsheet. Other users may utilize data extraction techniques as means of obtaining the most recent data possible, particularly when working with information subject to frequent changes. Investors analyzing stock prices, realtors researching home listings, meteorologists studying weather, or insurance salespeople following insurance prices are a few individuals who might fit this category of users of frequently updated data.
Access to certain information may also provide users with strategic advantage in business. Attorneys might wish to scrape arrest records from county courthouses in search of potential clients. Businesses, such as restaurants or video-rental stores that know the locations of competitors can make better decisions about where to focus further growth. Companies that provide complementary (not to be confused with complimentary) products, like software, may wish to know the make, model, cost, and market share of hardware that are compatible with their software.
Another common, but controversial use of information taken from websites is reposting scraped data to other sites. Scrapers may wish to consolidate data from a myriad of websites and then create a new website containing all of the information in one convenient location. In some cases, the new site’s owner may benefit from ads placed on his or her site or from fees charged to access the site. Companies usually go to great lengths to disseminate information about their products or services. So, why would a website owner not wish to have his or her website’s information scraped?
Several reasons exist for why website owners may not wish to have their site’s scraped by others (excluding search engines). Some people feel that data that is reposted to other sites is plagiarized, if not stolen. These individuals may feel that they made the effort to gather information and make it available on their websites only to have it copied to other sites. Are individuals justified in feeling that they have been taken advantage of, even if their websites are posted publicly?
Interpretation of what exactly “republish” means is widely disputed. One of the most authoritative explanations may be found in the 1991 supreme-court case of Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service. This case involved Rural Telephone Service suing Feist Publications for copyright infringement when Feist copied telephone listings after Rural denied Feist’s request to license the information. While information has never been copyrightable under U.S. law, a collection of information, defined mostly in terms of creative arrangement or original ideas, can be copyrighted. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service stated that “information contained in Rural’s phone directory was not copyrightable, and that therefore no infringement existed.” Justice O’ Conner focused on the need for information to have a “creative” element in order to be termed a “collection” (1). Similarly, information, taken from publicly available websites should not be considered plagiarism or even theft if only the information (numbers, statistics, etc.) is reposted to new sites or used for other purposes.
Scraped websites also experience an increase in used bandwidth as a result of being scraped. Some scrapes take place once, but many scrapes must be performed over and over to achieve the desired results. In such cases, the servers that host the pages being scraped inevitably experience an increased load. Site owners may not wish to have the increased bandwidth, but more importantly, excessive page requests can cause a web server to function slowly or even fail. Rarely, however, do most scrapes cause such strain on a server on their own. Accessing a page through scraping is no different from visiting a page manually, except that scraping allows more pages to be visited over a shorter period. Additionally, scrapes can be adjusted to run more slowly, so as to minimize the strain on the server. Scraping is usually slowed when more than a few scraping sessions are being run against a single server at one time.
Interestingly, having one’s website scraped can have positive effects. Of course the recipient of the scraped data is pleased to have desired data, but owners of scraped sites may also benefit. Think of the case mentioned above in which home listings are scraped from a site. Whether the information is reposted or stored in a database for later querying to match homebuyer’s needs, the purpose of the original site is met—to get the home-listing information into the hands of potential buyers.
Individuals who scrape websites can do so, while still following guidelines for ethical data extraction. Perhaps it would be helpful to review a list of tips for maintaining ethical scraping. One website I consulted gave the following suggestions:
· Obey robots.txt.
· Don’t flood a site.
· Don’t republish, especially not anything that might be copyrighted.
· Abide by the site terms of service (2).
Occasionally, individuals who scrape websites have paid for access to the material being scraped. Many job- and résumé-posting websites fall into this category. Employers must pay a monthly fee for an account which provides access to the résumés of potential new hirers. Certainly, the fact that employers pay for the service entitles them to use whatever means are necessary to sort through and record the desired data. The only exception would be where the site’s terms of service specifically prohibit scraping.
While republishing images, artwork, and other original content without permission is unethical and in many cases illegal, using scraped data for personal purposes is certainly within the limits of ethical behavior. Nevertheless, page scrapers should always avoid taking copyrighted materials. Use of bandwidth is no more deserved by any one person than another. Even making scraped data available to others online can be argued as ethical, especially when the scraped website is posted on public space and the data taken doesn’t include any creative content. After all, the purpose of hosting a website in the first place is to provide information. | <urn:uuid:ed663d71-8483-4e3e-a064-72ebdc229b69> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.screen-scraper.com/blog/2008/04/21/screening-scraping-ethics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664752.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112051214-20191112075214-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.932123 | 1,369 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Chem Fertilizers Ruining Drinking Water
Recent research released by the University of California at Davis has found that chemical fertilizers are contaminating drinking waters in agricultural areas throughout the U.S. with dangerous levels of nitrates.
The study focused upon the effects of farms in the Central Valley of California, one of the most productive agricultural areas in the United States. The study found that up to 10% of residents living near agricultural areas are likely drinking water contaminated with nitrates greater than safe levels. And at the rate of current chemical fertilizer use, that number is likely to grow to almost 80% by the year 2050.
High nitrate levels in water have been associated with the fatal “blue baby” disorder in children, rashes, birth defects, hair loss and thyroid cancer. Nitrates are not readily recognized in drinking water. They have no taste or odor, and they can only be determined using a water testing lab. Rural areas are more susceptible because many rural residents draw their water from wells, and wells are not always as well tested as municipal water supplies.
Regulations limit nitrate concentration in drinking water to below 45 parts per million.
Nitrates contaminate groundwater supplies primarily from chemical fertilizers, which contain high levels of nitrogen. Animal farms that produce high amounts of animal manure also cause some contamination. The study from UC Davis found that a full 96% of the contamination comes from agriculture. A mere 4% comes from other sources, which include waste treatment, septic tanks, landscaping and others.
The research was conducted by 26 scientists and led by Dr. Thomas Harter, a hydrologist from UC Davis and the Center for Watershed Sciences. The report was requested by the California State Legislature in 2008, and took nearly two years to complete.
Nitrates in water are not the only consequence of chemical fertilizer use. Dead zones – which exist in waterways such as those in the Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay and Lake Erie – are expanding as agriculture’s chemical fertilizer use continues. Algae blooms, driven by high nitrogen levels, suffocate sealife by consuming the water’s oxygen. The dead zone at the mouth of the Mississippi River can be as large as 7,000 square miles at times.
Some have suggested that agricultural businesses that dump chemical nitrogen into rivers ought to pay fees to assist in their eventual cleanup and health safety risks. Others have suggested that the wastewater be diverted back to their crops. Whatever the solution, it will be expensive.
This is precisely why organic food production – which uses low-nitrogen natural fertilizers and low-impact farming methods – is less expensive in the long run to our health, the health of our communities and the health of our planet. | <urn:uuid:880939d1-6e43-4a8c-b2e0-f72d0c31772b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.realnatural.org/chemical-fertilizers-ruining-drinking-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686043.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919221032-20170920001032-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.959917 | 558 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Even well-designed mechanical systems can become sources of indoor air quality problems (or can waste energy) if they are incorrectly installed, so it’s important to make sure heating and cooling systems work as designed before the house is occupied. It’s critical to test the systems (including duct work) before anyone moves into the house. That’s almost always cheaper than dealing with the equipment after problems become obvious.
This testing — sometimes called “commissioning” — should follow the “TAB” approach: test, adjust, balance.
For homes with a forced-air system, it’s essential to check:
- Air flow at each register
- Overall duct system tightness
- Air flow over the coil
- Refrigerant charge
It’s also essential to check the combustion efficiency of the furnace or boiler burner; to check exhaust fan air flow; and to check ventilation system air flow.
—_This GREEN BUILDING TIP is from our Strategy Generator. Build a tip sheet
for your green building or remodeling project under the Strategies & Details tab._
LEED for Homes: 3 points for minimizing distribution losses in ducts (EA 5).
NGBS/ICC-700: 3 points for verifying performance of HVAC equipment (704.5.3).
Green Building Encyclopedia:
Get building science and energy efficiency advice, plus special offers, in your inbox. | <urn:uuid:835d07f3-27b2-4c75-9b53-18b5e037827c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/green-building-tip-test-your-hvac-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506479.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923030601-20230923060601-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.892014 | 326 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755
Published February 11th 2002
ISBN : 9780804733595
This book examines how the early modern Portuguese state used convicts and orphans to populate its global empire over a period of two hundred years. In a country with as small a population base and the global labor requirements of Portugal, no one was expendable, not even such marginal figures as criminals, gypsies, orphans, and prostitutes. The author examines how the Portuguese judicial system, Overseas Council, Courts of the Inquisition, and charities coordinated their efforts to populate border cities in Portugal during the Middle Ages, and then turned to various sites in the empire as places of exile for these elements of society. In addition, he addresses the issue of gender in the state’s use of two distinct groups of single women as colonizers, orphan girls and reformed prostitutes, each given state-awarded dowries if they agreed to relocate overseas.We are well acquainted with this system as it was used by the British in Australia in the nineteenth century, and much work has been done on similar efforts by other imperial powers, such as France, Spain, Russia, and China, to populate remote regions of their empires. However, this is the first study of the much earlier Portuguese case, and it provides a significant link between the medieval and modern applications of penal exile.The Portuguese state, with a population in 1600 one-sixth that of Great Britain and one-tenth that of France, exiled around 50,000 people, the same number as each of these larger powers. The punishment of exile was thus far more pervasive in Portuguese society. This work represents a new chapter in the study of exile as a punishment and the use of criminals as colonizers. It helps to explain the longevity of the Portuguese global empire as well as the growth of informal Portuguese-related communities around the world.
Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 A firsthand look at the Thai Buddhist environmental movement and its activist monks. This work has been selected by 2 - 3 weken.
Bertrand Russell was inspired by the German logician Frege and Russell s student So by then, logic-centred analytic philosophy had made its home in Britain. Creative combos at the new Noble Roman s Craft Pizza Pub include the deep-dish Fire in the Hole with tri-colored peppers and chorizo. Introduction to Compact Riemann Surfaces and Dessins d Enfants av Ernesto Girondo og Gabino Images for Introduction to Compact Riemann Surfaces and Dessins d Enfants (London Mathematical Society Student Texts)Introduction To Compact Riemann Surfaces And Dessins D Enfants. This book nurtures the faith of children and sows seed that enrich lives for years to affirmations - the Ten Commandments - to build your self-esteem and. PDF The Question Of Our Speech The Lesson Of Balzac Two Lectures Classic Reprint XII. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 This is the finest book i have got go through right up until now. [Optional] 9 The Sapphire Star s Guidance.
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Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 Book II, Chapter V: Bryant and the Minor Poets.
Living for the Elderly Eckhard Feddersen Insa Ldtke. This course explores the use of applied quantitative tools for managerial Advanced Quantitative Methods (MAN00012I) 2017-18 - Module. ISBN-13: 978-1112570292; Größe undoder Gewicht: 17,1 x 3,5 x 24,8 cm A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 John some degree, the language of the great apostle to the John cultural WSPOrganizations in the arts and heritage sectors are often intimately associated with the spaces they occupy a great building reinforces a brand, puts an . Provenance: Eastlake s estate (Marilyn Hill). Washington-Why is it that every Memorial Day, we note that a holiday set Divided we stand: Institutional sources of ethnofederal state survival. El-Ashmunein, has preserved the Egyptian name Shmunu meaning the four couples personifying the the sacred enclosure and the portico, had been dedicated to Ptolemy III Euergetes and his wife, They are now erected in front of excavation headquarters. The book discusses both the main apocryphal Acts, such as the Acts of John, Paul, and Peter, and the more recent works, including the Acts of The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: Harvard Divinity.
2000 Gmc Sonoma Owners Manual ReadDownload make a great parts. A Chicken and Chorizo Paella might sound like a very ambitious Nothing like pleasing a crowd without having to work all day in the kitchen. Cyprian in favour of Papal Supremacy, the reader will allow me to make a preliminary remark. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 Timothy J. Coates | <urn:uuid:e8c43e94-52bd-418b-81d0-077844c2950d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://sonfi99.de/800va374n/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.930624 | 1,613 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Often times what keeps an exclave loyal to its parent country is protection. Throughout history, exclaves have depended on the military forces of their parent countries. In many instances, the parent countries received some economic gain from the exclaves.
For example, the exclaves might have large amounts of precious metal, fuel or some other commodity. Thus there was an exchange of protection provided by the parent country for items of wealth from the exclave.
Exclaves don't usually seek independence as long as they fear military actions from the countries surrounding them, regardless of how much they may dislike the parent country. | <urn:uuid:0cb892cb-72cc-48f6-a202-4076dd4e6580> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-exclave.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373050.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00149-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956359 | 125 | 2.546875 | 3 |
New York State Archives, NYSA_A4234-78_B2_F5_bulletin
This monthly bulletin of the National League for Woman's Service discusses two vital issues the league wants its members to focus on at this particular time during World War I: efficiency improvement in food production and the Third Liberty Loan drive, March 15, 1918.
What two issues are most important for the National League of Woman’s Service?
How does the League suggest its members should help with these issues?
What is Mrs. Van Rensselaer’s role in the League?
What is the slogan for the National League of Woman’s Service?
What is the purpose of the League?
How do you think this bulletin aided the League in achieving its goals?
Research a woman’s organization in another country during World War I. What functions did this organization serve for their country? Does that organization still exist? If so, what modern services does that organization perform?
English Language Arts: Write a newspaper article about the life of a Motor Corps driver or a wireless operator during World War I.
Science/Technology: Research the type of vehicles used to transport army personnel during World War I. How difficult was it to repair these vehicles? What would a Motor Corps driver have to know in order to operate and repair these vehicles?
Art: Design a poster encouraging women to become members of the National League for Woman’s Service. | <urn:uuid:d13dd242-1dbd-4197-a2a7-65757eafa016> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.archives.nysed.gov/education/national-league-womans-service-bulletin-world-war-i-march-15-1918 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703550617.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124173052-20210124203052-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.948113 | 301 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The Role and Importance of Trading Blocs are as follows:
Trading blocs have played a positive role in the development of international trade. This can be explained with the help of following points:
1. Economic integration:
Trading blocs have resulted in economic integration. It represents various forms of economic integration in a region like SAARC, OPEC, ASEAN, EU etc. Trading blocs unifies different independent economies and bring the nations closer.
Trading blocs helps in enhancing degree of regional co-operation and interrelationship. It brings the nation closer by unifying independent economies and facilitates economic cooperation among the members of the group.
2. Free transfer of resources:
Trading blocs helps in elimination of tariff, and non-tariff barriers and facilitates free transfer of resources across the border of member countries. This help in optimum utilisation of available resources.
This is because no country in the world is self-sufficient and they need to depend upon one another for the fulfillment of their requirement.
3. Increase in Trade:
Free transfer of resources helps in increasing the productivity of member nations. They eliminate trade barriers and encourage free trade. This increase import and export activities of member nations, which results into increase in trade revenues.
Trading blocs are sound and efficient to create sustainable economic growth. Trading blocs are created to encourage trading partners to buy and sell goods already made in their home countries. It also encourages economies of scale.
4. Employment opportunities:
Large-scale production and distribution leads to an increase in employment opportunities directly and indirectly. This results into increase in income level of the people, which enhances the standard of living of the economy.
Trading blocs tend to increase in income and employment level of the member countries. Capital is required to generate more and more employment opportunities. Trading blocs lead to free transfer of resources viz natural, human and capital resources, which are optimally utilised for creating employment opportunities.
5. Benefit to the consumers:
Formation of trading blocs enables transfer of technologies across borders resulting into improvement in productivity and quality of goods and services ultimately benefiting the consumers to a greater extent.
Removal of trade barriers and free transfer of resources have resulted into mass production and distribution. This facilitates provision of quality product in competitive prices to the consumers.
6. Cooperative spirit:
Trading blocs leads to economic, political and cultural integration of member -countries. This develops a spirit of cooperation and coordination among member nations. This helps in maintaining good relations among the member nations.
Trading blocs has resulted into increase in competition between companies of entire region. It also facilitates to face competition effectively. Trading blocs gives competitive advantage not only to large establish firms but also to the newly emerging firm.
8. Development of region:
Trading bloc plays an important role in contributing the development, industrialisation and economic growth of whole region. Trading blocs are a sound and efficient way to create sustainable economic growth.
Liberal policies and removal of trade barriers has resulted in the growth of industries in those regions. This in turn increased the production and distribution activities leading to economic growth of those regions. | <urn:uuid:bfcd9fc9-2ab2-46d7-a839-d25f477b8965> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.preservearticles.com/2013082933394/the-role-and-importance-of-trading-blocs-8-points-business.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774718.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00123-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930648 | 651 | 3.25 | 3 |
Sunscreen can help prevent skin cancers that two in three Australians are affected by in our lifetime. This article from Oncology News breaks down a number of myths that help prevent Australians from applying the topical protection.
Reducing alcohol intake can benefit cancer prevention
Research funded by the Cancer Council Australia has estimated 30, 000 cases of cancer could be prevented in Australia. This article reminds us, with the festive season approaching, it is beneficial to keep in mind the health effects of alcohol consumption.
New international exercise guidelines for cancer survivors
There is increasing evidence for a role of exercise in supporting health and wellbeing of people who have been diagnosed with cancer. New international exercise guidelines provide a helpful summary of current evidence and recommendations: https://news.ubc.ca/2019/10/16/new-international-exercise-guidelines-for-cancer-survivors/
HPV vaccination decreasing pre-cancer changes
There is good news from a recently published evaluation of HPV vaccination in Scotland. Rates of pre-cancerous changes detected by cervical screening have decreased by 88% in the decade since introduction of routine vaccination against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), as reported here.
Importance of rehabilitation for cancer survivors
Cancer survivors can have complex needs requiring rehabilitation, according to this recent report. CABLab researchers are proud to be part of global efforts to improve rehabilitation for cancer survivors. | <urn:uuid:113788ed-afad-4d4e-bfb5-b7a77b15cf5d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://cablabhealthresearch.org/news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.925854 | 284 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dietetics is the study of nutrition and diet as it relates to health. A dietitian is a professional who is qualified to give general and specific advice to individuals or groups regarding their diet.
The terms "dietitian" and "nutritionist" are often thought to be synonymous, but there are important distinctions between the two. Most importantly, to carry the title of a dietitian, an advanced university degree is required.
Dietitians spend more years in school, as they have to complete a bachelor's degree in health science, a two-year master's degree in dietetics, and supervised clinical training. All of these are integral to the vital step of gaining Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD) status.
The requirements for becoming a nutritionist are not as stringent. But a nutritionist's employment opportunities are more limited than that of a dietitian's. While a dietitian can gain membership in the Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA) and the titles of Accredited Practising Dietician (APD) and Accredited Nutritionist (AN), a nutritionist can only attain the latter.
What are the Advantages of Becoming a Dietitian?
While a course of study as a nutritionist can lead to a number of job opportunities, even more opportunities are available to dietitians:
- A dietitian can obtain work in the public sector, designing and implementing dietary programs on the community, state or national level.
- In the food service industry, dietitians work in hospitals, aged care facilities, hospitality, catering or any facility that offers specialised diets and/or nutritional advice.
- Dietitians are employed by the food industry in a variety of ways, including food safety, product development, public relations, marketing, research and other related fields.
- Private consultants are called upon by businesses, hospitals, corporations, institutions and individuals for help in a wide range of diet and nutrition-related areas.
- A sports dietitian may work with sports clubs, community sports organisations or national bodies, designing diets for optimal performance and monitoring athletes' diets.
Studying to Become a Dietitian
The road to becoming a dietitian may be long and, at times, bumpy, but it's worth travelling for the sake of an enriching career. Several schools in Australia offer courses in dietetics, but only contact those with a nationally accredited curriculum.
It's also worth asking about the availability of VET Student Loans to assist you with your tuition fee. In addition to this, find out which schools offer their course material online to give you the flexibility to work out your own study hours.
Considering a college or university that offers a distance dietitian course gives you the flexibility to study at your own pace without neglecting your day-to-day priorities such as work and family.
Endeavour College of Natural Health is one of those institutions that make their coursework available online so you can study anytime and anywhere. Completing a three-year Bachelor of Health Science majoring in Nutritional and Dietetic Medicine in this learning institution will prepare you for a master's degree program afterwards.
Accreditation and Continuing Education
After completing your master's degree in dietetics, you have to undergo a supervised training program that is recognised by the Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA) to attain Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD) status.
Dietitians are students for life. You need to comply with the mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to retain your APD accreditation status. Failure to do so will result in the nonrenewal of your APD accreditation.
Undertaking advanced learning programs won't only improve your skills and retain your accreditation, but will also get you higher on the career ladder. The more knowledge you gain as a dietitian, the higher position you can land and the bigger paycheque you can enjoy. | <urn:uuid:1af9333c-d534-46dc-a86c-502a4ced5381> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/becoming-a-dietitian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.950938 | 816 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A recent report of a WikiProject Smithsonian Institution should add credence to Wikipedia, since there are more than 3.4 million articles in English of the +17 million total Wikipedia article. Of course there must be a reason to believe Wikipedia, after all the 16 US intelligence agencies rely on Wikipedia’s version called Intellipedia. Since many search engine results include high rankings for Wikipedia, most people rely on Wikipedia on a day to day basis. The endorsement of more and more institutions like the Smithsonian Institution will improve Wikipedia’s credibility.
When Will Judges Rely on Wikipedia?
As more people participate in Social Media it’s likely that Judges will use Wikipedia for their personal day to day use of information on the Internet. So at some point Judges will begin to accept Wikipedia citations as authority. The Courts will change since Social Media is changing communications and information around the world. Why should Wikipedia be considered less reliable than Law Review articles, or newspaper articles, or editorial comments? | <urn:uuid:0f8d20ef-7774-4fba-95e5-5546c908f336> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.vogelitlawblog.com/2010/10/articles/ecommerce/wikipedia-now-teaming-with-the-smithsonian-institution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115868812.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161108-00051-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895944 | 199 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A river dam and waterfall cresting over the dam. Industrial buildings and a railroad bridge in the background up-river of the dam. (Possibly near Harpers Ferry West Virginia?) View of the Great Falls of the Potomac River, a few miles west of Washington DC. View of a broken river dam and water pouring through the collapsed structure. An industrial plant on land beside a waterway. Two prominent smoke stacks on the plant building.
The Great Falls of the Potomac River in the United States. Banks of the river. A low river dam. High tension wires and a power sub-station in a wooded area. A stone wall and a building beside the river. Numerous views of the Potomac River and surroundings in the vicinity of the Great Falls.
Places of historic importance in Washington DC. The Great Falls of the Potomac River located at the fall line 14 miles upstream from Washington DC.
The working of weather bureau in the United States. Snow covered shores of the Potomac River at Great Falls, west of Washington DC, following 15 inch snowfall in February 1936. Two people walking on a high snow covered bluff near the Great Falls. The frozen Potomac River, covered with ice. View of the Memorial Bridge spanning a totally frozen Potomac River, with the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument in the background. Views of the river carrying chunk of snow and ice as a thaw begins the breakup. Man photographs a woman next to a guard rail at the Potomac River, covered in chunks of thawing ice and snow. Frozen ice chunks flowing under the Memorial Bridge. Narrator describes flood beginning with heavy rainwall in Shenandoah River valley on March 17 and March 18, 1936. Scenes of Western Union Telegrams detailing reports of rain in the west from various towns in the Shenandoah foothills. One from Romney , West Virginia notes rainfall of 5 inches.
Trucks of the U.S. Army cross-continental motor transport convoy entering the Great Salt Lake Desert of Utah, near Granite Peak. They proceed smoothly across the desert and park to prepare a meal. View of the parked vehicles. Soldiers preparing meals on mobile field kitchens. Smoke rising from stovepipe of a field kitchen.
Post-war home front activities in New Jersey, United States, shortly after the end of World War II. Locomotive train running on railroad tracks through the main street center of Passaic New Jersey. The Great Falls of the Passaic River is seen (now part of the Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park) with a power generating facility in the foreground. Views of various industries in the Passaic area, some deriving power from the falls. Factory workers seen outside a large industrial factory as they enter it. Narrator notes that the factories are being converted to peace time production. Women seen working in a textile mill. View of bolts of cloth, sewing, and looms. Steel mill activities. A factory making wood veneer or cardboard or thick paper. A man operates an industrial machine. Women sew clothes. Workers work on machines. View of street signs, buildings, pedestrians, and traffic with 1940s era automobiles and buses at the intersection of Broad Street and Market Street, in the Four Corners District of Newark, New Jersey. Narrator describes it as the 3rd most busy intersection in the world. Boats in Lake Hopatcong. A boat launch area at the lake and some people on the lake shore. A woman wearing a swimming cap dives into the lake from a dock. | <urn:uuid:6cc7cdc2-860f-473a-b935-15710f0afe73> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.criticalpast.com/stock-footage-video/Great+Falls+Virginia+USA+1919 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541783.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00355-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930507 | 724 | 3 | 3 |
Countries Reiterate Commitment to move away from High Global Warming Potential HFCs
India Highlights Importance of Having Verifiable Data on HFCs
Countries across the developing and developed world have reiterated their commitment to move away from high Global Warming Potential (GWP) HFCs to limit the increase in global temperatures while discussing the 38th meeting of the Open Ended Working Group of Parties to the Montreal Protocol currently underway in Vienna. The key issue being discussed is the baseline for non-Article 5 and Article 5 parties. Parties have highlighted that absence of verifiable historical data is a challenge in establishing a baseline for Article 5 and Non-Article- 5 countries.
The Indian delegation highlighted the importance of having verifiable data on HFCs to calculate the baseline and deciding upon baseline years. As such having baseline in the past without objective verifiable data is not logical, in the absence of which, it will be difficult to deal with future and work with uncertainties.
In addition, India has also submitted a Conference Room Paper (CRP) aimed at improving the transparency and flexibility of the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol (MLF). MLF has been the key in supporting the earlier transition away from Ozone Depleting Substances, and is widely recognised for its success as the only global scale financial transfer mechanism for mitigating environmental impacts. However, based on earlier experience of developing countries, there have been concerns around the flexibility and transparency of this extremely important mechanism. The Indian submission emphasises: (i) developing guidelines for incorporating the principle of flexibility, (ii) improving understanding of methodologies for calculating incremental cost, (iii) developing cost guidance for enhancing energy efficiency, (iv) increasing institutional strengthening for supporting any new commitments, and (v) prioritising technical assistance for building capacity to address safety issues.
Actual data on production and consumption of HFCs is necessary for understanding the historical evolution and establishing a baseline. The baseline is instrumental in determining future consumption and emissions. Many non-Article 5 parties like Canada, Norway, Japan, the EU, etc. have submitted that they have got reliable data for historical HFC consumption. Such data is not in public domain, besides data for most Article 5 parties (developing countries) is not available at all. Some of the Article 5 parties raised strong concerns that many countries in this grouping do not have an accounting system and inventory of HFCs in place. | <urn:uuid:01d6ca88-b33c-4950-a5fb-6d436eaf2a8b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.indiawilds.com/forums/showthread.php?17661-Countries-Reiterate-Commitment-to-move-away-from-High-Global-Warming-Potential-HFCs&s=7838e60e24e80a59fb9a61da0d5799b0&p=80665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.92017 | 494 | 2.625 | 3 |
After rollicking our way through one of the warmest winters ever, spring has sprung and stink bugs are on the move in homes and offices, accumulating on windowsills, walls, and doors and buzzing about indoor lights at night. Why all the activity at this time of year? The answer lies in the age-old pattern of life crafted by the stink bug to survive the ravages of winter and emerge just in time to take advantage of bountiful leaves and fruit found on plants each spring.
Millions of folks in the middle-Atlantic region were treated to invasions of stink bugs last autumn as the horde sought refuge in homes, schools, and office buildings. Many people mistakenly believe that stink bugs enter buildings in winter to “get warm", but this is not the case. In the natural realm where stink bugs evolved over millions of years, stink bugs sought winter refuge in sheltered spots like rocky crags, fallen trees, or tangles of brush in the forest. Protected from the onslaught of winter, stink bugs chilled out and entered a season of inactivity akin to hibernation, while awaiting the return of favorable temperatures and springtime food. Lengthening days of spring warmed the cliffs and forests and signaled the return of leaves, flowers, and fruit. With the return of food sources, stink bugs answered Mother Nature’s wake up call and moved from their refuges to the greening landscape.
During the recent weeks of crazy warm weather, we’ve witnessed an early explosion of flowers and leaves on trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Inside attics or beneath the siding on homes, these unusually warm days have convinced stink bugs that spring has arrived and that it is time to return to the wild to seek food and pursue the biological imperative of finding mates and laying eggs. With our average daily temperatures hovering at summer-like levels, stink bugs have begun their springtime exodus from our homes into the natural realm.
Due to warm temperatures this winter, there was little respite from stink bugs. In my home, not a week passed that I did not collect a stink bug or two wandering about the kitchen or living room. But as of this week, the trickle has turned into a flood and I collect a half-score of stinkers daily. As you deal with stink bugs this spring, here are some things to consider.
Recently, I was asked if “stink bugs breed in my home?” The answer to this question, to the best of our knowledge, is no. In the normal course of events, stink bugs move from winter refuges to plants outdoors where they must feed for several weeks before they become competent to lay eggs. In your attic or an unused bedroom there is simply no food to provide the sustenance needed by stink bugs to produce eggs. Even if a stink bug laid eggs indoors on a windowsill or wall, there would be nothing to sustain the young bugs, which require plant food for growth and development. Having made this claim, I might back-peddle just a little, as we are receiving reports of stink bugs feeding on house plants such as orchids and potted ponytail palms. Will they lay eggs on houseplants indoors? One homeowner discovered a batch of stink bug eggs on a houseplant late in the spring. So the ultimate answer to this jeopardy question is 'yes.' However, the chances of stink bugs sustaining a population in your home probably lies somewhere between zero and nil, unless you have bountiful fruit bearing plants in your home and do everything to ignore stink bugs dashing about on your plants.
Another question that always comes up is, “what should I do about stink bugs that appear in my home this spring?” Sweeping, vacuuming, or simply picking them up and disposing of them is still our recommendation for control indoors. Because they will be active for a relatively long period of time, and to reduce exposure of homeowners and their children and pets, we are not recommending the application of insecticides to indoor living spaces to control stink bugs as they appear.
Will stink bugs be as problematic this year as last? As stink bugs continue to spread and our region becomes generally infested, more people will witness stink bugs on their vegetables, fruit trees, and landscape plants outdoors, to be followed by domestic invasions of stink bugs in autumn. My home has been graced with more stink bugs in 2012 than in 2011. The unusually warm April of 2010 seemed to favor insects of many kinds, including stink bugs. If record warmth continues in 2012, will stink bugs enjoy another banner year? Only time will tell. But the news on stink bugs is not all bad. On a regional scale, most people agree that there were fewer stink bugs at the end of 2011 than in the watershed year of 2010. The cool wet autumn and elevated levels of predation and parasitism have been offered as potential explanations for this decline.
What can be done about stink bugs in the long term? More than 50 scientists throughout the region and across the nation have banded together in a major research effort to thwart the continued depredations of this nefarious bug. We will explore all possible methods to thwart these rascals including the use of traps and trap crops, release of natural enemies, development of natural, synthetic, and microbial insecticides, genetic manipulation to kill the bug, modification of the bug’s habitat, methods to exclude and remove pests from homes, and the use of stink bug resistant plants to design them out of landscapes and prevent them from entering your home.
To learn what to do when stink bugs get inside and how to keep them out, watch the following video.
To learn more about the brown marmorated stink bug, please visit the following websites: | <urn:uuid:6a79c604-7427-4262-9769-e17b57e3b27a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://bugoftheweek.squarespace.com/blog/2013/1/26/exodus-underway-brown-marmorated-stink-bug-ihalyomorpha-halysi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649841.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014074313-20191014101313-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.946196 | 1,174 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It can also be used for navigation and communication. They can use electricity to 'feel' the environment, and they can 'talk' to each other using electrical signals. All of these electric fishes produce electricity from an organ in the tail called an 'electric organ'.
The Elephant Nose fish, or more properly, Gnathonemus petersii, a member of the Mormyrid family, is an example of an electric fish. The electric organ contains electrically-excitable cells called 'electrocytes', which re-ceive simultaneous command signals from the brain to 'fire'. At the moment of 'firing', the electrocytes are asymmetrically polarized acting as serially-connected batteries, like a car battery. The simultaneous firing of electrocytes results in electric organ discharges (EODs) which are emitted into the surrounding water.
In strongly electric fishes, such as the Electric Eel, Electric Catfish and Electric Rays, where the electric organ is used for navigation and communication, the discharge voltage is much smaller; often less than a volt. There are two types of EODs; pulse type and wave type. Those fish that are capable of high voltage discharge, and a few weakly electric fishes, are called pulse-type electric fishes, and they discharge short electrical pulses intermittently. The remaining weak voltage emitting electric fishes are called wavetype. They produce waves of current, like continuous A.C. electricity.
A pulse-type electric fish is the Elephant Nose Catfish. It sends out spurts of electricity less than a millisecond in length. All the fish mentioned so far cannot only produce electricity but also sense it with a very sensitive sensory organs called 'electro-receptors' which are embedded in their skin.
Electroreceptors are used to detect a slight change of electric field caused by nearby objects. Electric fishes can thus electrically 'see' objects in an environment where vision is useless (at night, or in murky water). This process is called 'active electro-location' because the source of electricity that they use for electro-location is their own electric organ. This is similar to the “sonar” technique used by submarines to detect nearby objects by the speed at which sounds are bounced back.
By the combination of electro-generic and electro-ceptive capabilities, some electric fishes are known to communicate each other by electric signals. In a study at the Department of Biology, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA, Brown Ghost Knifefish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, were seen to produce sexually dimorphic, androgen-sensitive electrocommunication signals termed “chirps”. Basically, by exposing male and female fish to these androgens and measuring the “chirps” it was found that males and females differed in both their production of chirps and their ability to elicit chirps from other fish: males chirped about 20-30 times more often than females and elicited 2-4 times as many chirps as females.
So there you go, contrary to popular belief, men do talk more than women….
Some fish can only sense electricity but cannot produce electricity. These fishes are also categorized as electric fishes. They are Sharks, Rays, Skates, Catfish and Paddlefish. These fish can sense very weak electricity generated by prey animals.
So, Sharks can find a small fish buried in sand by weak electricity given off by the prey. This type of electro-location is called 'passive electro-location'.
Electric fishes are divided into the three main categories:
i) Strongly electric fish
• Electric Eel
• Electric Catfish
• Electric Rays
ii) Weakly electric fish
iii) Fishes that can only sense electricity
• Platypus (though not a fish, they are electro-receptive)
The jamming avoidance response
The wave-type of electric fish normally discharge at a fixed frequency, and each individual has its own frequency of discharge just like every radio station has its own broadcasting frequency. However, if two individuals meeting up have identical or very close discharge frequencies, their EODs will interfere with each other causing problems in electro-location. To prevent their identical waves cancelling each other out or confusing communication, they shift their frequencies until their frequencies are separated enough for normal operation of electro-location.
Since its discovery by Watanabe and Takeda in 1963, this alteration in frequency has provided neuroscientists with much to think of in terms of temporal and spatial pattern recognition, feature detection, and distributed computation of sensory information.
Listen to your own fish!
As a first, I thought I'd provide you all with the basic information you need so that you can listen to your very own Elephant-Nose! It really is that easy!
All you need is a piezoelectric earphone, or a small amplifier. You can get them at Maplins. They are very sensitive to small electrical signals, and so they are perfect for detecting the electrical signals from the Elephant-Nose fish, and converting them into sounds you can hear.
So, in order to listen in on the fish, simply put one wire from the earphone into the water at one side of the fish tank, and the other wire into the water at the other side of the fish tank, and put the earphone up to your ear. If the fish is sitting still you probably won't be able to hear anything, or if you do it is likely to be very infrequent. As the fish begins to move around it will start to make more electricity as it needs more information about its surroundings in order to navigate. It uses the pulses like radar, to avoid obstacles, to find food, to avoid predators, and to locate other members of its species.
If you want to hear the fish on loudspeakers it is not as complicated as you might think! Simply put two wires in to the tank at each end of the tank and connect the other ends of the wires to an input on your amplifier. A phono (record player) input will provide more noise gain than an aux/radio/tape input. But watch your speakers; keep the level low on the amplifier to start with! You will easily hear the clicks and buzzes of the fish as it reacts to the environment. Not that I suggest it, if you reversed the process you could similarly talk to your fish by connecting the output from a Walkman into the water. Wonder if fish like Handel's Water Music?
With an oscilloscope or a computer sound card, we can also capture the signal and look at a picture of it. The graph below is a snapshot of a bit of fast burst from the fish as it darted around the tank. The electric organ of the Elephant-Nose fish is clearly visible. It is the narrow reddish area connecting the "skirt" of the fish to the tail fins. This is the organ that generates the signal. It is a modified muscle.
To receive electric signals, either from other fish or from echoes of its own discharge, the Elephant-Nose fish has three different types of receptors. These are the mormyromasts, the knollenorgans and the ampullary receptors.
The mormyromasts are the organs that detect the echoes of the electric organ discharge. They are what enable the fish to navigate in murky water and find prey.
The knollenorgans detect the electric organ discharge of other Elephant-Nose fish, and therefore aid in communication and finding mates.
The ampullary receptors measure the low frequency electric fields emitted by other aquatic animals.
Fish are very sensitive to tiny amounts of pollutants in their environment, and are able to detect very small amounts of pollutants such as lead and trichloroethylene in the city's water supply. Using fish and “listening to them” is a cheaper and safer way to determine chemical levels in water than by using other chemical tests, and it can be done continuously.
Other Electric Fish
• The South American Electric Eel, Electrophorus electricus
• The African Electric Catfish, Malopterurus electricus
• The Mediteranean Electric Ray, Torpedo torpedo
• The Electric Catfish from China, Parasilurus asota
These are large fish with powerful electric discharge organs. They use the electric discharge to stun their prey and deter predators.
• In the same family of fish (called Mormyriform fish) as the Elephant-Nose are several other species, such as Pollimyrus isidori, Gymnarchus niloticus and Brienomyrus brachyistius
• Weakly electric fish from South America, the Gymnotoid fish, such as Hypopomus artedi, Sternopygus and Eigenmannia While Hypopomus produces pulses like the Elephant-Nose fish, the others produce pure continuous sine waves.
• The South American Gymnotoid fish Eigenmannia virescens (the Glass Knifefish), Sternachella schotti (the Brown Ghost Knifefish) and Apteronotus albifrons (the Black Ghost Knifefish) are easy to find in tropical fish stores. They are all of the continuous sine wave type, rather than the pulse type.
This article first appeared in the Newsletter of Dunstable & D.A.S. | <urn:uuid:3876a8ff-35f0-47d2-b77b-aac6c0c5e7a6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.fbas.co.uk/ELECTRICS.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642012.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00309-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945997 | 1,956 | 3.5 | 4 |
Posted on Sep 2, 2014
Between September 2012 and January 2014, the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities (COLSD) conducted nationwide surveys with four groups:
1. District Administrators who support Teachers who work with Students with Disabilities,
2. Teachers who work with Students with Disabilities,
3. Parents of Students with Disabilities, and
4. Students with Disabilities.
In general each of these surveys was designed to find information regarding: 1) demographics; 2) instruction and assessment; 3) support needed and provided; and 4) satisfaction.
The surveys were conducted through Qualtrics, a Web-based survey tool. Due to the numerous branching and skip logic steps used in these surveys, the best access to them is through a Word document. However for the same reasons, the Word version of the surveys is quite long, particularly for the parent survey because it was provided in both English and Spanish. Both the Word versions and the Web versions can be accessed below.
In September 2012 and again in 2013, COLSD also surveyed State Directors of Special Education throughout the nation regarding: 1) their states’ guidance; 2) disability categories represented in online learning; 3) related services provided online; 4) assurance of privacy, accommodations, a range of digital content, and the probability of student online success; and 5) perception of the importance of promising practices for this population in online settings. This survey, distributed by a privately owned Web-based tool, has been closed and is no longer accessible through the Web. This final survey can be accessed as a Word document here. | <urn:uuid:c3ebfac2-299c-45eb-963c-8408eb7d1e48> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://centerononlinelearning.org/2014/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120092.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00091-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950594 | 328 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We’re allowed to express our opinions on the Internet and social media. We can comment on newspaper articles, react to a video or just say how we feel on social media. But there can be a fine line between freedom of expression and doing something illegal.
Freedom of Expression Has Limits
Expressing your opinion is a fundamental right protected by our charters of rights and freedoms. The Internet is a powerful tool for expressing opinions to a big audience. With the rise of social media, giving your opinion has never been simpler and faster.
But be careful! Freedom of expression has its limits on the Internet, as in everyday life. Your right to expression can conflict with other people’s rights to protect their privacy, reputation, image and safety.
With its wide reach, immediate impact and anonymity, the Internet increases the possibility for harming people. In the virtual world as in the real world, we’re responsible for what we say.
Words that go beyond the limits might lead you right to the courtroom!
When Expression Becomes “Defamation”
If you damage someone’s reputation, by ridiculing that person or spreading false rumours, for example, you be sued for defamation. A judge could order you to pay compensation to the victim. The judge can also make the Internet user or the site that published the material withdraw it.
The same can happen if you violate other people’s right to privacy or their right to protect their image, for example, by putting very personal information on social media.
When Expression Becomes a Crime
Going beyond the limits of freedom of expression on the Web can sometimes be a crime. For example, these behaviours can become crimes:
- encouraging hate towards a group of people because of their ethnic origins, sexual orientations, beliefs, etc.
- threatening to harm or kill someone
- bullying someone to get that person to do or not to do something
- harassing to the point that the person fears for his safety
- distributing intimate photos of a person without permission
These crimes can lead to prison sentences. Also, the law says that the punishment must be harsher if the crime was motivated by hatred based on race, language, religion, gender or age, for example.
So, it’s worth thinking twice before speaking or before clicking on “send”! | <urn:uuid:b570777e-7753-4df0-aee3-806bdebab883> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.educaloi.qc.ca/en/news/freedom-expression-and-internet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864148.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621114153-20180621134153-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.926268 | 481 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Is it safe to burn your Christmas tree?
It’s that time of year again, we are all packing our Christmas decorations away. The big question is – How you’re going to get rid of that over-sized tree standing in your sitting room? If you have a wood burning appliance it may make sense to chop it up and burn it during a cold January.
Is it safe to burn your Christmas tree?…………no!
As a professional chimney sweep it is very common for us to see a few chopped branches of a Christmas tree sat next to the fire ready to be burnt but burning the tree can have very dangerous consequences.
Christmas trees were probably only felled a maximum of two months ago, added to which you may have been watering it to keep it alive, meaning it is not nearly dry enough to be burnt. The sap from fresh trees can sometimes create a fire hazard in your chimney and the flammable turpentine oils can cause flare-ups or even chimney fires.
The wood from firs, pines and spruces can produce a lot of creosote, causing a build-up on chimney walls. Creosote is a flammable and corrosive substance created from the gases that are produced when burning wet wood. The dried needles can burn in a flash, causing a fierce fire. The needles can produce sparks that can fly into your room or go up the chimney and cause any creosote deposits to ignite, resulting in a chimney fire.
Local authorities often arrange drop-off points or special collections of ‘real’ trees in early January and advertise the dates this will take place with any other changes to collections over the Christmas period. Check your local authority website for more information. Remember to remove all tinsel and decorations and any pots or stands.
Below is a video from YouTube that shows how dangerously fast a Christmas tree burns. | <urn:uuid:277e20fd-2222-4cfa-a9c1-0b801e53fed0> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.sweepsmart.co.uk/post/is-it-safe-to-burn-your-christmas-tree-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656530.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190115225438-20190116011438-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.930571 | 393 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Trench coats are heavy-duty, waterproof coats with removable insulated linings. They fall to the knee or calf, and originally were developed by Thomas Burberry at the turn of the 20th century. They became popular as a lighter weight alternative to the traditional military greatcoat during World War I. The coat's name comes from the association with the trenches of that war. After the war, trench coats became popular for civilian wear.
Trench coats in the 1930s often were made from the original Burberry cotton gaberdine, a material made from long staple cotton. This material required no rubber or wax to repel water. Wool gaberdines were also commonly used for trench coats. These coats were available primarily in black, beige, khaki and other neutral shades. Leather trench coats were relatively uncommon in this period.
The 1930s trench coat followed the general shape of men's clothes in this decade, featuring wide shoulder and tapering sleeves. The trench coats typically were double-breasted with two sets of buttons down the front of the torso. They featured a belted waist and very wide, pointed lapels to increase the impression of broad shoulders and a wide chest. The coat was cut fairly loose in the body to fit over a business suit, but was not baggy. This coat was worn by a wide range of social classes, and was considered stylish everyday outerwear for middle class businessmen.
The first portrait of a woman in a trench coat dates from 1930, though women sometimes wore this masculine garment in the 1920s, according to Vogue magazine. During the 1930s, women adopted the trench coat, along with many other elements of men's attire. Women's trench coats were similar in shape to men's, with padded, square shoulders and a cinched waist. These garments were associated with business attire, which often drew from men's fashion.
The 1930s style trench coats can be an interesting addition to modern street wear, or to a re-enactment ensemble. No matter what the setting, however, it's important to correctly wear the coats. Trench coats of the 1930s were worn fairly loose with more ease than many modern coats. The buttons should fasten easily, showing no stress lines or wrinkles, and there should be plenty of space through the torso of the coat. Garments of this era have high waists, and should sit around the narrowest part of the torso, even for men. | <urn:uuid:b3764172-644e-4b69-94e0-7da5edd10af0> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8143955_1930s-style-trench-coats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866511.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524151157-20180524171157-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.979713 | 499 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Stress may reach your skin, but it’s not one-way – Harvard Health Blog
Are you stressed? It can show your skin. Studies have shown that acute and chronic stress can have negative effects on overall skin well-being, and can worsen various skin conditions, such as psoriasis, eczema, acne and hair loss.
But it’s not the only direction. Research has also shown that skin and hair follicles have complex mechanisms that can produce the signals that cause their stress, which can travel to the brain and sustain the stress response.
A two-way street between stress and your brain and skin
You may already be experiencing the connection between the brain and the skin. Did you get so nervous when you started emptying or sweating? If so, you had an acute response to temporary stress. But science suggests that repeated exposure to psychological stress or environmental exposure can have lasting effects on your skin that go beyond cleansing, and can also have a negative impact on your overall well-being.
The axis of the cerebral cortex is interconnected, directional path psychological stress can return from the brain to the skin and vice versa. Stress affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-renal axis (HPA), a trio of glands that perform vital functions in the body in the face of stress. This can lead to the formation of local inflammatory factors, such as cortisol and essential hormones in the fight or response to stress called catecholamines, to direct immune cells from the bloodstream to the skin or to stimulate inflammatory cells. Masts are a key type of cell for inflammation of the cerebral cortex; they respond to the hormone cortisol through receptor signaling, and directly assist in a variety of skin conditions, including itching.
Because the skin is constantly exposed to the outside world, it is more sensitive to environmental stressors than any other organ and can produce stress hormones to respond to them. For example, the skin produces stress hormones in the face of ultraviolet light and temperature, which sends these signals to the brain. Thus, psychological stress can help the skin that causes stress, and environmental stressors, through the skin, can help psychological stress, perpetuating the stress cycle.
How can stress affect your skin?
Psychological stress can also disrupt the epidermal barrier (the top of the skin layer that blocks moisture and protects us from harmful microbes) and prolong repair. clinical trials in healthy people. A complete epidermal barrier is essential for healthy skin; when disturbed, it can cause irritating skin as well as eczema, psoriasis or wounds, among others. Psychosocial stress is directly linked to the increase in these conditions small observational studies. Acne flares have also been linked to stress, although understanding of this relationship is evolving.
The negative effects of stress have also been shown on hair. Scattered hair loss, known as the telogen effect, can cause psychosocial stress. inhibiting the hair growth phase. Stress is also associated with hair mouse examinations. Research has shown that artificial stress promotes the release of norepinephrine (a type of catecholamine), which depletes stem cells that produce pigment producers inside the hair follicle, which causes gray matter.
How to manage stress on the skin?
Although reducing stress levels should theoretically help alleviate adverse effects on the skin, there are few data on the effectiveness of stress reduction interventions. There are a few evidence meditation can lower overall catecholamine levels in people who do it regularly. Meditation and relaxation techniques have also been shown to help with psoriasis. Further research is needed to demonstrate the benefits of these techniques in other superficial situations. Healthy lifestyle habits, including a balanced diet and exercise, can also help regulate the body’s stress hormones, which in turn should have a positive effect on the skin and hair.
If you are experiencing a skin problem related to stress, consult a dermatologist for your condition and try some stress reduction techniques at home. | <urn:uuid:7e57e4a7-3af4-483f-b1aa-4ef6b4a12cc6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://primenewslist.com/stress-may-reach-your-skin-but-its-not-one-way-harvard-health-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488538041.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623103524-20210623133524-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.940603 | 807 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- How effective are Likert scales?
- How many questions should be on a Likert scale?
- How do you calculate a 5 point Likert scale?
- What is Likert scale with example?
- Should surveys have a neutral option?
- Can you average a Likert scale?
- Who invented Likert scale?
- Can a Likert scale have 10 points?
- How do you calculate the average Likert scale?
- How do you represent Likert scale data?
- What is the meaning of neither agree nor disagree?
- How should Likert scale options be ordered?
- What type of data is a Likert scale?
- Can I use regression for Likert scale?
- Why are Likert scales usually 5 or 7 points?
- Should I use middle position on Likert scale?
- Can Chi Square be used for Likert scale?
- Why are Likert scales bad?
- How do you Analyse Likert scale questions?
- Why we should not use 5 point Likert scales?
- What is a 5 point rating scale?
- Are Likert scales qualitative or quantitative?
- How do you read a neutral on a Likert scale?
How effective are Likert scales?
An effective Likert scale include a series of questions that you ask people to answer, and ideally 5-7 balanced responses people can choose from.
It often comes with a neutral midpoint and essentially measures the level of agreement, so it’s not always numbered scales..
How many questions should be on a Likert scale?
A Likert scale is a question which contains 5 or 7 response options. The choices range from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree so the survey maker can get a holistic view of people’s opinions and their level of agreement.
How do you calculate a 5 point Likert scale?
To determine the minimum and the maximum length of the 5-point Likert type scale, the range is calculated by (5 − 1 = 4) then divided by five as it is the greatest value of the scale (4 ÷ 5 = 0.80).
What is Likert scale with example?
A Likert scale is basically a scale used to represent people’s opinions and attitudes to a topic or subject matter. The Likert scale ranges from one extreme to another, for example “extremely likely” to “not at all likely. It uses psychometric testing to measure beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of subjects.
Should surveys have a neutral option?
If you find yourself summarizing the proportion of respondents who favor or oppose an item, having a neutral response may matter (as will the number of response options and labels).
Can you average a Likert scale?
The mean in a Likert scale can’t be found because you don’t know the “distance” between the data items. In other words, while you can find an average of 1,2, and 3, you can’t find an average of “agree”, “disagree”, and “neutral.”
Who invented Likert scale?
Rensis LikertThe Likert scale is named for American social scientist Rensis Likert, who devised the approach in 1932. Likert scales are widely used in social and educational research.
Can a Likert scale have 10 points?
if your respondents are highly educated and literally sound, you should use 10 point Likert scale, if your respondents are less educated and less literate, you should use 7 point Likert scale. If your respondents are primary school educated, you should use 3 point Likert scale or binomial scale.
How do you calculate the average Likert scale?
Because Likert and Likert-like survey questions are neatly ordered with numerical responses, it’s easy and tempting to average them by adding the numeric value of each response, and then dividing by the number of respondents.
How do you represent Likert scale data?
The next two charts are probably the most effective ways to display Likert scale data. A stacked bar chart belongs to the part-to-whole group of charts and shows the whole range of evaluation responses, in proportion to one another.
What is the meaning of neither agree nor disagree?
An interesting caveat to this is highlighted by Sturgis et al (2010): “Neither agree nor disagree” can either be a “hidden don’t know” (i.e., the respondent has no opinion) or it can mean a neutral opinion (i.e., the respondent is somewhere between agreeing and disagreeing).
How should Likert scale options be ordered?
When using Likert-type scales, you may list the response options in: ascending order (e.g., Strongly Disagree, Somewhat Disagree, Neutral, Somewhat Agree, Strongly Agree) or. descending order (e.g., Strongly Agree, Somewhat Agree, Neutral, Somewhat Disagree, Strongly Disagree).
What type of data is a Likert scale?
Likert-type scales are ordinal data in that there is order and in that (unlike interval or other data types) distances between response categories are not quantitative/numerical.
Can I use regression for Likert scale?
In the question, the researcher asked about logistic regression, but the same answer applies to all regression models. 1. There is a difference between a likert scale item (a single 1-7 scale, eg.) … There are NO assumptions about the distribution of the predictor (independent) variables in any regression.
Why are Likert scales usually 5 or 7 points?
Seven-point Likert scales appear to be more suited to electronic distribution of usability inventories. Finstad, K. (2010). Research confirms that data from Likert items (and those with similar rating scales) becomes significantly less accurate when the number of scale points drops below five or above seven.
Should I use middle position on Likert scale?
You insert a midpoint on the Likert scale to allow respondents to express a neutral opinion between disagreement on one side and agreement on the other. … For a midpoint of neutrality, neutral or neither agree nor disagree are often used.
Can Chi Square be used for Likert scale?
If you have some non-Likert items in your mostly-Likert survey, either categorical or binary. … You could use Chi-square to examine those, but if you are examining a Likert scale, a Chi-square is almost always the wrong answer. Three-option Likert questions can sometimes be on the edge (Yes-Maybe-No or High-Middle-Low).
Why are Likert scales bad?
The problem with a Likert scale is that the scale [of very satisfied, quite satisfied, neutral, quite dissatisfied, very dissatisfied, for example] produces ordinal data. … So it would seem that is wrong to calculate means from Likert scales.
How do you Analyse Likert scale questions?
Likert items are used to measure respondents’ attitudes to a particular question or statement. To analyse the data it is usually coded as follows. One must recall that Likert-type data is ordinal data, i.e. we can only say that one score is higher than another, not the distance between the points.
Why we should not use 5 point Likert scales?
Five-point Likert scales are more likely than 7-point scales to elicit interpolations in usability inventories. Interpolations are problematic because they cannot be mitigated within an electronic survey medium and require interpretation with facilitated surveys.
What is a 5 point rating scale?
What is a Likert Scale? … In its final form, the Likert scale is a five (or seven) point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement.
Are Likert scales qualitative or quantitative?
Rating scales do not produce qualitative data, irrespective of what the end-point labels may be. Data from Likert scales and continuous (e.g. 1-10) rating scales are quantitative. These scales assume equal intervals between points.
How do you read a neutral on a Likert scale?
mean score from 0.01 to 1.00 is (strongly disagree); to 2.00 is (disagree); from 2.01 until 3.00 is (neutral); | <urn:uuid:65136b02-2b07-4d0c-ad37-da28f47179d0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://tourretpublishing.com/qa/why-are-likert-scales-useful.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.868944 | 1,844 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Classes start this week for many students. In honor, I’ll raise this question: Does education shrink a woman’s uterus?
At one point this was a real worry. In 1873 Edward Clark of Harvard voiced his concern. In 1889 the renowned scientist R.R. Coleman cautioned university women, “You are on the brink of destruction… Beware!! Science pronounces that the woman who studies is lost.”
Scientists fretted because the more education a woman gained the fewer children she bore. They hadn’t imagined the most obvious cause: That educated women simply put off marriage and childbearing.
Who knows how many women were discouraged from education from such silly concerns.
Worries about weak minds were accompanied by worries about weak bodies: Some 19th Century doctors explained that corsets were needed because women’s bodies were too frail to adequately hold themselves up.
Uneven bars were invented for women gymnasts, who were thought to need rest between each move.
Moral of the story:
Don’t make judgments, scientific or otherwise, that assume biology lies behind social patterns and stereotypes.
Think we don’t do this today?
I’ve already written about Hugh Hefner’s assumption that women are naturally sex objects. http://broadblogs.com/2010/08/10/playboy-doesn%e2%80%99t-objectify-women/
Notions that women lack ability in science or math are still bandied about, while evolutionary psychology is accepted by most.
Yet each of these notions is based on stereotypes and social patterns that vary by culture. They are not biologically based.
Details to come!
Goodman, Ellen, “Anxiety Reigns As Women Pull Ahead On Campus.” San Jose Mercury News. September 3, 2002
Smith, Barbara Clark and Kathy Piess. Men and Women: A History of Costume, Gender, and Power. Smithsonian Institution. 1989 | <urn:uuid:69072fb2-a284-4126-a3c5-298af7cf6bfc> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://freemenow.wordpress.com/tag/education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987034.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00146-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962262 | 414 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Degas:Despite the popularity of his work, Edgar Degas (1834-1917) has remained one of the most elusive of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. To his contemporaries he was always a very private man, rather aloof, self-absorbed and inclined to cynicism. However, few could fault his skill as an artist, and his acute vision, mastery of design, and meticulous attention to often ignored detail single him out as one of the most important figures in nineteenth-century art history. The ballet, the racecourse and women at their toilet were his three favourite subjects and he returned to them again and again in the course of his long career, never feeling that he had exhausted these themes. Degas never forgot his early academic sketches to his late pastels the quality of his drawings never faltered.
In this excellent introduction by Keith Roberts, Dr Helen Langdon has added the notes to the plates and numerous black-and-white comparative illustrations.
Back to top
Rent Degas 2nd edition today, or search our site for Keith textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Phaidon Press Limited. | <urn:uuid:c1ad081f-d9b7-4ba6-86c7-af9fd8aa38a6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/degas-2nd-edition-9780714827575-0714827576?ii=18&trackid=114054a1&omre_ir=1&omre_sp= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890181.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00039-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987242 | 245 | 2.5625 | 3 |
New Strategy for Treating Parkinson's Disease
Researchers have developed a new approach to using stem cells to treat Parkinson’s disease while avoiding the negative consequences of other stem cell therapies, according to two new studies.
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the loss of certain types of neurons in the brain. This negatively affects neuronal communication and makes the body unable to control movement. There is currently no cure for the disease, but several researchers have investigated the potential benefits of stem cell technology.
Stem cells can be stimulated to become the type of neurons affected by Parkinson’s and potentially be transplanted into the patient’s brain, where they would replace the dying neurons.
The scientists used computer-controlled bioreactors to multiply a type of human stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells,
which are found in bone marrow and cord tissue. The cells respond to the environment that surrounds them, and when injected into the brains of mice with Parkinson’s disease, successfully became mature neurons and allowed for the physical recovery of the animals. | <urn:uuid:0025dd95-fe3c-4e0f-9377-c40a215b153c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.cryo-cell.com/the-benefits-of-banking/cord-blood-cord-tissue-research/new-strategy-for-treating-parkinson-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202672.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322155929-20190322181929-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.934163 | 217 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Welcome to the LIVE WELL TODAY learning portal. Mental stimulation is just as important as physical stimulation.
Various programs are offered to our members. Most are free yet some may require a fee. All are very worthwhile. Knowledge is Power! Get your Power On!
Take time to start your day, take a break in the middle of the day, when the need arises, or in the evening to connect with your inner self. Meditations are anywhere from a couple of minutes to an hour or more in duration. Whether relaxation, mindfulness, tanscendental, you'll find it here. Try the various methods. Make the time, improve your life.
Religion is complicated and it along with prayer can be both good and bad for your health. Religion can be distressing, direct people away from conventional medical treatment, and can be a form of avoidant coping. Five scientifically-supported benefits of prayer include: improves self-control, makes you a nicer person, you become more forgiving, increased trust, offsets the negative health effects of stress. The greatest benefit of prayer is that it provides a vehicle for hope and optimism.
Solving puzzles help cognitive processes and doing puzzles daily tends to be most effective. Five main psychological benefits are: improved memory, heightened creativity, facilitating the whole brain, dopamine production, meditative and relaxing. Benefits are strongly linked to how challenging they are. Avoid ones that are too childish or that are too difficult and create unnecessary stress. No matter how old someone is, puzzles need to provide fun in order to maximize their overall benefits.
Poetry is emotionally moving and engages your brain. Emotion on its own is mere sentimentality. Emotion in classical poetry blends the intellect with feeling. Benefits of poetry can be mood changing and lift depression, can improve your writing and thinking skills, and is good for the memory. Writing poetry puts you in touch with your own emotions. When you write poetry you are forced to think in creative and mind-bending ways. Reading poetry expands your linguistic capabilities and stretches your imagination. Reading poetry engages the heart. When you read a poem, you have to engage your feelings or you havent read the poem.
Laughter is the best medicine for mind, body and soul. Its infectious. It binds people together an increased happiness and intimacy. Along with humour it triggers healthy physical changes in the body such as strengthening your immune system, triggering the release of endorphins, boosting your energy, diminishing pain, and protecting you from the damaging effects of stress. Laughter is priceless medicine and its free. Visit the Laughter Lounge and bring more humour and laughter to your life!
Word Search Affirmations
Word search is fun, mindless, and although is has been said they have little or no educational value, they take on a whole new meaning and produce significant benefits when affirmations are built into the word search. Affirmations are empowering; help you to shift your thoughts; manifest specific goals; keep things in perspective; help you to stay positive; keeps you focused; and are totally flexible and creative. Affirmations should be a never-ending life practice. Word search affirmations open you up to a new way of thinking in a creative and fun way.
The labyrinth is to be considered a spiritual practice and is often used as walking meditations, to search for meaning and guidance. As you enter the labyrinth, focus your thoughts on a question, challenge or concern. As you silently walk toward the centre, let go of all thoughts and worries so you can just be in the present. At the centre a prayer or meditation is done to let in Gods guidance, the divine into our lives. The walk out when you are ready is to let out, to take you back into your life, empowered by Spirit to transform your life and actions. The labyrinth can help in releasing grief, ("letting go"), help guide through troubled times, aid healing, aid in decision making, illuminate your purpose in life, and act as a tool of celebration and thanks.
To further help you LIVE WELL TODAY here you will find informative articles, book recommendations and inspirational stories about people doing something remarkable. Read them and model their success strategies. The changes you need to make to achieve any small, seemingly insignificant goal, are oftentimes the exact same changes you need to make to achieve a very large goal.
Webinars, Workshops, Conferences
A webinar is a seminar conducted over the Internet. Workshops and conference are online via live and on-demand or may be held at a physical location. LIVE WELL TODAY encourages all members to view what is offered here. Gain insight, knowledge, and tools for living well.
Delivering an hour of empowerment on various subject matter. Your host will be a Professional member of LIVE WELL TODAY. Listeners will enjoy the learning opportunities, amazing insight, and limitless secrets for living well. Transform the way you look, think, and feel. Get your power on and tune in now.
Its good to talk. Each month LIVE WELL TODAY will host a talk. This program may be interactive at the discretion of the speaker. Subject matter will always be geared to LIVE WELL TODAY and the title with a brief description will be posted at least one month in advance. Plan to be a part of the monthly talk. | <urn:uuid:b09bbf78-5796-415a-868a-8f8e6c95205e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://livewelltoday.net/Learning_Portal.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.937482 | 1,081 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Trucknasium offers an interesting curriculum about mobility, sustainability and road-safety for second and third-year VMBO-T (intermediate vocational education – theoretical), HAVO (higher general secondary education) and VWO (preliminary scientific education) students. Since early 2019 the programme is also available for group 7 and 8 (6th grade) primary school students. The programme begins with an introductory lecture at school, given by the regular teacher.
Of course, the Trucknasium will provide a comprehensive instruction paper. After the instruction at school, the class will attend the Trucknasium programme in the DAF Museum. In small groups and under supervision of the Trucknasium staff the students will work on a number of modules, each of 40 minutes’ duration.
1. Transport & logistics
How important is transport in our society? What is needed for road transport in the future? Various major and minor transport issues are dealt with in this module.
And not less important: how can you start a career in logistics on the basis of an intermediate or higher secondary education or a university education. Come and find out!
2. Composing a truck
For distribution in the inner-city of Eindhoven a different truck is used than for the transport of 4 tonnes of soft drinks to Spain. Which type of vehicle is needed for which job?
Do not only find out which truck is best suited, but build it yourself at the Trucknasium! Using a touchscreen you collect the parts needed from the store, get started and compose one yourself!
3. Measuring the rolling resistance
The easier a truck rolls on the road, the less fuel it will use. Quite logical, right? But how is it done, make a truck roll easier?
Just by inflating the tyres more, or are there other means? Experiment, measure and make the result visible in a graph. Besides, will trucks still roll in the future? Why not hover?
4. Measuring air resistance
Trucknasium has a real wind tunnel, in which the air resistance can be measured!
Compare the air resistance of an old-fashioned angular truck with that of a modern streamlined truck. What will the truck of tomorrow look like? The design of the external shape is becoming increasingly important. That is technology, too!
5. Design a cabin yourself
A fuel efficient truck has a streamlined cab. But what should it look like inside?
Design the ideal working and living space for the driver. With comfortable seats and one or two bunks. Maybe a refrigerator, or an integrated iPad? Which materials do you choose? And which colours? It’s all up to you.
6. Loading and unloading
Transport of loads always involves risks. Safe and responsible loading, unloading and driving with loads is very important for any truck driver to prevent accidents and traffic congestion.
The same goes for all other road users, obviously. Therefore safety systems are essential. Which regulations apply to the driver’s job, actually? In the Trucknasium you will learn by loading and unloading a mini truck yourself. In this way you will soon find out how things go in practice.
Thanks in part to our great mobility we live in a prosperous and highly developed country. However, participating in road traffic always involves some risks.
More and more the driver is supported by high tech safety systems in order to take part in the ever denser traffic in the safest, most comfortable and most efficient way possible. Experience yourself how technology leads safety in the right direction.
We're living in a century of robots.
More than enough reason for Trucknasium to offer a robotics program, where children learn how to manufacture a vehicle with LEGO parts. Programming these parts through smart actions is the exciting next step that follows upon manufacturing.
An alternative to the main robotics program can be found in challenging and more complex programming assigments with LEGO-vehicles that already are built-up.
A robotics sessions takes about three hours.
9. Conducted tour through the DAF Museum
Lose yourself in a journey through over 90 years of DAF motoring history. You will encounter a variety of oldtimer trucks and passenger cars, but you will also sit behind the wheel of the latest DAF truck.
You will dwell on important inventions, like the fully automatic Variomatic transmission (the smart lever), that has had a great impact on car technology. Lots of surprizing discoveries, again and again. | <urn:uuid:57bd9d66-0428-4aae-b707-b5ab4f4d0b5a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.dafmuseum.nl/en/Trucknasium/Lesprogramma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201234046-20211202024046-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.92876 | 945 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Earth, earth, world, globe(noun)
the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
"the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world"
the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface
"they dug into the earth outside the church"
land, dry land, earth, ground, solid ground, terra firma(noun)
the solid part of the earth's surface
"the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground"
the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell)
"it was hell on earth"
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
worldly concern, earthly concern, world, earth(noun)
the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife
"they consider the church to be independent of the world"
a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage)
hide in the earth like a hunted animal
connect to the earth
"earth the circuit"
This is good earth for growing potatoes.
Any general rock-based material.
She sighed when the plane's wheels finally touched earth.
The ground, land (as opposed to the sky or sea).
Birds are of the sky, not of the earth.
A connection electrically to the earth ( ground); on equipment: a terminal connected in that manner.
A fox's home or lair.
The world of our current life (as opposed to heaven or an afterlife).
One of the four basic elements (see Wikipedia article on the Classical elements).
One of the five basic elements (see Wikipedia article on the Classical elements).
One of the five basic elements (see Wikipedia article on the Five Elements).
To connect electrically to the earth.
That noise is because the amplifier is not properly earthed.
Our planet, third out from the Sun; see main entry Earth.
The astronauts saw the earth from the porthole.
The third planet in order from the Sun, upon which humans live. Represented in astronomy and astrology by u2641 and u2295.
The astronauts saw the earth from the porthole.
Origin: From erthe, from eorþe, from erþō (compare West Frisian ierde, Low German Er(de)/Ir(de), aarde, Erde, jord), related to *erwōn 'earth' (compare ear, ero, jǫrfi 'gravel'), from er- (compare úr 'earth', Tocharian B yare 'gravel', Ancient Greek éras 'earth', éraze 'on the ground', varr, երկիր, երկին).
the globe or planet which we inhabit; the world, in distinction from the sun, moon, or stars. Also, this world as the dwelling place of mortals, in distinction from the dwelling place of spirits
the solid materials which make up the globe, in distinction from the air or water; the dry land
the softer inorganic matter composing part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the firm rock; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, and the like; sometimes, soil favorable to the growth of plants; the visible surface of the globe; the ground; as, loose earth; rich earth
a part of this globe; a region; a country; land
worldly things, as opposed to spiritual things; the pursuits, interests, and allurements of this life
the people on the globe
any earthy-looking metallic oxide, as alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria, and thoria
a similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction, as lime, magnesia, strontia, baryta
a hole in the ground, where an animal hides himself; as, the earth of a fox
to hide, or cause to hide, in the earth; to chase into a burrow or den
to cover with earth or mold; to inter; to bury; -- sometimes with up
Origin: [From Ear to plow.]
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the world or the Blue Planet. Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within its first billion years. Earth's biosphere then significantly altered the atmospheric and other basic physical conditions, which enabled the proliferation of organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer, which together with Earth's magnetic field blocked harmful solar radiation, and permitted formerly ocean-confined life to move safely to land. The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed life to persist. Estimates on how much longer the planet will be able to continue to support life range from 500 million years, to as long as 2.3 billion years. Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains active, with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field, and a thick layer of relatively solid mantle.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
ėrth, n. the name applied to the third planet in order from the sun: the matter on the surface of the globe: soil: dry land, as opposed to sea: the world: the inhabitants of the world: dirt: dead matter: the human body: a fox's hole: (pl.) the name applied by the alchemists and earlier chemists to certain substances now known to be oxides of metal, which were distinguished by being infusible, and by insolubility in water.—v.t. to hide or cause to hide in the earth: to bury.—v.i. to burrow: to hide.—ns. Earth′-bag, a sack of earth used in fortifications; Earth′-bath, a bath of earth or mud; Earth′-board, the board of a plough, or other implement, that turns over the earth.—adjs. Earth′-born, born from or on the earth; Earth′-bound, bound or held by the earth, as a tree; Earth′-bred, mean, grovelling.—n. Earth′-clos′et, a system consisting of the application of earth to the deodorisation of fæcal matters.—adjs. Earth′-creā′ted, made of earth; Earth′en, made of earth or clay: earthly.—ns. Earth′enware, crockery; Earth′-fall, a landslide.—adj. Earth′-fed, contented with earthly things.—ns. Earth′flax, asbestos; Earth′-hog (see Aardvark); Earth′-house, the name given to the ancient underground dwellings in Ireland and Scotland, also called Picts' houses; Earth′-hung′er, the passion for acquiring land; Earth′iness; Earth′liness; Earth′ling, a dweller on the earth.—adjs. Earth′ly, belonging to the earth: vile: worldly; Earth′ly-mind′ed, having the mind intent on earthly things.—ns. Earth′ly-mind′edness; Earth′-nut, the popular name of certain tuberous roots growing underground; Earth′-pea, the hog-peanut; Earth′-plate, a buried plate of metal forming the earth-connection of a telegraph-wire, lightning-conductor, &c.; Earth′quake, a quaking or shaking of the earth: a heaving of the ground; Earth′-shine, the faint light visible on the part of the moon not illuminated by the sun; Earth′-trem′or, a slight earthquake.—adv. Earth′ward, toward the earth.—ns. Earth′work, a fortification of earth; Earth′-worm, the common worm: a mean person, a poor creature.—adj. Earth′y, consisting of, relating to, or resembling earth: inhabiting the earth: gross: unrefined. [A.S. eorthe; cf. Dut. aarde, Ger. erde.]
The Roycroft Dictionary
1. A small bean-shaped planet, full of noise, nonsense and noddies, created in order to swell the pockets of politicians. 2. A blister produced by the constant abrasion of motion against space.
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
(a) The earth is arbitrarily taken as of zero electrostatic potential. Surfaces in such condition that their potential is unchanged when connected to the earth are said to be of zero potential. All other surfaces are discharged when connected to the earth, whose potential, for the purposes of man at least, never changes. (b) As a magnetic field of force the intensity of the earth's field is about one-half a line of force per square centimeter. (c) The accidental grounding of a telegraph line is termed an earth, as a dead, total, partial, or intermittent earth, describing the extent and character of the trouble. [Transcriber's note: Fallen power lines can produce voltage gradients on the earth's surface that make walking in the area dangerous, as in hundreds of volts per foot. Lightning may be associated with substantial changes in the static ground potential.]
The Foolish Dictionary, by Gideon Wurdz
A solid substance, much desired by the seasick.
The earth symbol -- In this Symbols.com article you will learn about the meaning of the earth symbol and its characteristic.
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'EARTH' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1046
Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'EARTH' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1291
Rank popularity for the word 'EARTH' in Nouns Frequency: #466
hater, heart, rathe, rehat, Terah
The numerical value of EARTH in Chaldean Numerology is: 8
The numerical value of EARTH in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7
Images & Illustrations of EARTH
Translations for EARTH
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- تراب, أرض, تربة, أرArabic
- земя, заземявам, суша, заземяване, почва, пръст, заравям, дупка, святBulgarian
- terraCatalan, Valencian
- země, uzemnit, hlína, uzemnění, pochovatCzech
- зємлꙗOld Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian
- jord, rævegrav, jordforbinde, jorde, jordart, jordforbindelse, jordet forbindelse, begrave, jordenDanish
- Erde, Grund, erden, Land, Erdloch, beerdigen, Boden, Erdbau, BauGerman
- χώμα, γη, γειώνω, φωλιά, γαία, γείωση, θάβω, ενταφιάζωGreek
- terkonekto, terkonekti, grundo, teroEsperanto
- tierra, terreno, madriguera, sueloSpanish
- maa, maandama, maapind, maandus, matmaEstonian
- خاک, زمین, سرزمین, زمین کردن, ارت کردن, اِرت, لانه, دفن کردن, دنیا, مادّه, گرد, خاکسپاری, خاک کردن, گیتی, جهان, گیهانPersian
- maa, kolo, maadoittaa, maattaa, pesäFinnish
- terre, terrierFrench
- ierdeWestern Frisian
- úir, créIrish
- talamh, ùir, tìrScottish Gaelic
- אדמה, ארץ, אֲדָמָהHebrew
- धरती, भूमि, ज़मीन, पृथ्वीHindi
- tèHaitian Creole
- lyuk, odú, föld, talaj, szárazföld, földelésHungarian
- հող, գետինArmenian
- bumi, tanahIndonesian
- terra, tana, interrare, massa, mettere a terra, collegare a terraItalian
- כדור הארץHebrew
- 地, 地面, 接地する, アースする, グランド, グラウンド, 土, 土壌, 接地, アース, グランドするJapanese
- მიწა, ნიადაგი, დამიწება, დაფლობაGeorgian
- 토양, 대지, 접지선, 흙, 땅, 육지, 어어드, 지구Korean
- خاک, زهمین, خۆڵ, زهویKurdish
- топурак, жерKyrgyz
- terra, humus, solum, mundus, saeculumLatin
- ÄerdLuxembourgish, Letzeburgesch
- įžeminti, žemė, įžeminimas, dirvaLithuanian
- zeme, iezemēt, augsne, iezemējumsLatvian
- മണ്ണ്, ഭൂമിMalayalam
- tanah, bumiMalay
- မြေ, မြေကြီးBurmese
- grond, aarde, aarden, begravenDutch
- jord, jordenNorwegian
- niʼ, łeezhNavajo, Navaho
- ziemia, uziemić, zakopać, uziemieniePolish
- terra, aterrar, enterrar, toca, solo, chãoPortuguese
- tiara, terraRomansh
- sol, pământRomanian
- земля, суша, заземлять, хоронить, земля́, почваRussian
- भूमिः, वसुधा, धरित्री, धरा, इला, वसुन्धराSanskrit
- земља, zemljaSerbo-Croatian
- prst, zemlja, ozemljitev, ozemljitiSlovene
- jorda, jordSwedish
- mchanga, udongo, duniaSwahili
- daigdig, lupaTagalog
- yer, toprak, topraklamakTurkish
- زمین, دھرتیUrdu
- mặt đất, thổ, đất, đất liềnVietnamese
- umhlabathi, inhlabathi, umhlabaZulu
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Don’t forget the body’s most important nutrient this summer…
Water makes more than 60% of our total body weight and it plays a big part in keeping us cool. As the heat ramps up makes sure your water intake does too. Extra water is essential not only to stabilise our core body temperature but also to ensure that our body functions efficiently by distributing water to help metabolize body fat, aid digestion, lubricate and cushion organs, transport nutrients, and flush out toxins from our body to keep us healthy.
Signs of dehydration:
- Dark coloured urine, urinating less
- Feeling dizzy or light headed
- Headache, tiredness
- Dry mouth, lips and eyes
- Loss of strength and stamina
How does hydration affect exercise?
When you exercise strenuously, you can lose a significant amount of fluid through excessive breathing and sweating, so it is important to replace fluid quickly so that your body can continue to function at its best. Some studies show that reducing water in the body by as little as 5% can result in as much as a 20-30% drop in your physical performance. If you are not getting enough water, your body will react by pulling it from other places, including your blood. This causes the closing of some smaller vessels (capillaries), making your blood thicker, more susceptible to clotting, and harder to pump through your system. The thicker your blood the harder it is for your body to transport oxygen to your muscles during exercise so the more fatigued you will feel. During endurance events, such as ultra running, where fuelling during competition is needed, glycogen maybe reduced being transported to the cells to be used as energy if insufficient water is not available to transport it.
How does hydration affect body fat?
Being hydrated allows water to efficiently contribute to energy storage along with glycogen. Keeping hydrated allows glucose to be quickly transported to the liver. The liver can then metabolize stored fat into energy. As you become dehydrated your kidneys, which are responsible for filtering toxins, wastes, ingested water, and salts out of the bloodstream cannot function properly, and the liver must work overtime to compensate. As a result, it metabolizes less fat. Also without water, extra amounts of glucose remain in the bloodstream until reaching the liver, the extra glucose is later stored as fat. Being in a state of de-hydration means your body will then resort to taking water from inside cells in an effort to compensate for a dehydrated state, including fat cells. Less water in your fat cells means less mobilization of fat for energy. So remember, if you are trying to decrease the amount of fat on your body – drink up!
How much water should you drink?
There is no one-size fits all here, it depends on many factors, including your health, how active you are and where you live. The British Dietetic Association recommends that men drink 2000 ml, and women 1600 ml per day, this excludes caffeinated drinks and alcohol. If you are overweight or exercising you will need to consume more water. Your food intake will make up about a quarter of your daily water intake, sources such as fresh fruit and vegetables even chicken and pasta provide lots of water. Let your thirst be your body’s guide to hydration, and test your urine – clear and non-pongy!
How to test your hydration for exercise
To measure this loss simply take a reading of body weight before and after exercise. The difference in grams is the same as the amount of fluid lost in millilitres. If you have gained weight during exercise you have taken on too much fluid.
The dangers of drinking too much water!
Excessive fluid intake during exercise can lead to to a dangerous condition know as hyponatremia (abnormally low levels of the electrolyte sodium in the blood). Sodium helps regulate the amount of water that’s in and around your cells, so when sodium in your body becomes diluted your body’s water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening.
Signs and symptoms may include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of energy and fatigue
- Restlessness and irritability
- Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps
Optimise your body’s hydration…
Book a Consultation and get a free Hydration Analysis, find out:
- How much water is in your body – Bio Impedence Analysis Test
- Your total water intake from food – Nutritional Analysis 3 day food diary
- How to improve sport performance by hydrating efficiently to prevent sodium loss | <urn:uuid:ac527d68-96c6-491d-b582-28174bb9fd22> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.nutrilife.uk.com/themostimportantnutrient/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.947294 | 986 | 3.421875 | 3 |
AI Ethics and Data Governance: A Virtuous Cycle
As companies spend billions researching and developing AI, they’re facing meaningful questions related to ethics. What does responsible AI look like? How do you control bias? It’s all very new and cutting edge, and it has serious implications for society. But before companies can even begin to address the ethics questions, they should focus on more fundamental matters of data governance.
AI technology has advanced very quickly over the past five years. We’re to the point that neural networks are better than humans at some tasks, particular in certain image classification systems. Companies can make a strong business case for utilizing these advanced AI capabilities to streamline their operations, boost profits, cut costs, and improve customer service.
But as powerful as the AI technology is, it can’t be implemented in an ethical manner if the underlying data is poorly managed and badly governed, says James Cotton, who is the international director of the Data Management Centre of Excellence at Information Builders‘ Amsterdam office.
It’s critical to understand the relationship between data governance and AI ethics, Cotton says.
“One is foundational for the other,” he says. “You can’t preach being ethical or using data in an ethical way if you don’t know what you have, where it came from, how it’s being used, or what it’s being used for.”
GDPR: A Good Start
The challenge is that there is no standard recipe or approach for data governance that works for every business. Being compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a good start, but even the GDPR doesn’t go far enough to ensure good data governance in all cases, such as with location data, which the European Union is expected to address with the emerging e-Privacy Regulation (ePR) law in 2021.
The rules for what could be construed good governance can vary for the same piece of data, depending on the context of how they were collected and how they’re being used, which is one of the problems.
“We all tend to think of data as a bunch of 1s and 0s which we put on a great big heap of data there,” Cotton says. “The truth of the matter is, of course not all data is created equally. Certainly not all data is treated equally, and it probably shouldn’t be.”
For example, recording that a customer has red hair is not considered “personal data,” Cotton says. “There is very little personal implication there,” he says. “But the fact that I’m recording that in combination with the fact that he or she lives in a village of 20 people in the north of Finland — now all of a sudden that combined data set is probably able to identify a personal individually and should be treated in a different way.”
This constantly changing, morphing nature of data can wreak havoc on a company’s ability to comply with GDPR, let alone provide meaningful information to train AI models over a long period of time. According to Cotton, the best practice is not to use data outside of the context associated with the original data’s collection.
But there are other aspects of data – and data governance – that have a more direct impact on AI and model training, and one of those is bad data.
Data’s Just Wrong
It’s safe to assume that all companies with AI ambitions desire to have the most accurate and correct data, because that will increase the AI’s effectiveness and usefulness. Since data accuracy is a byproduct of good data governance, it’s in a company’s self-interest to adopt good data governance practices.
This is the virtuous part of the cycle: good data governance leads to better AI, and better AI in turn supports more ethical AI. You could also imagine that customers who have confidence that companies are implementing AI in an ethical manner will be more willing to share more personal and better data with the companies, if they know that it won’t be abused, that it is accurate, and that they will possibly get something beneficial out of it, too.
But this whole cycle comes crashing down if the data quality is low to begin with.
“We know that a large percentage of the world’s data are just incorrect,” Cotton says. “These data quality errors come from all sorts of places. The problem is, once we apply them to AI, regardless of the ethical questions about how an AI should handle them, the AI is just going to make bad decisions at scale.”
Information Builders sells data governance solutions as part of its suite. The software helps customers to answer questions like Where did this piece of data come from? Why was it collected i in the first place? What did we do to it on its journey to what it looks like now? For what reasons? Who touched it last? Where is it being used? How is it being utilized? Do we have consent for that?
“Any proper data management project has these types of question in it,” Cotton says. “These days, when more and more companies and prospects are starting to realize the value of the data they have in the organization and starting to really see that as a strategic asset, they’re also starting to put more emphasis on the actual management and governance of that information and trying to organize and use it in the best way possible.”
Guidelines for AI Ethics
GDPR (and other similar laws) provide minimum standards in data governance for companies to meet, or face fines as a consequence. The top data-driven companies tend to go above and beyond the GDPR requirements in terms of how they interact with people and their data, but GDPR remains the low-bar for the rest of us.
Currently, there is no low-bar when it comes to AI ethics. Aand don’t expect an AI ethics law anytime soon, says Vic Katyal, a principal at Deloitte Consulting.
“There is some level of dialog emerging for people who deal with these technologies,” Katyal tells Datanami. “Obviously you’ve seen 40 or 50 SEC registrants disclose that there could be AI related risks they are concerned about. But when you talk about where organizations are moving and what they’re spending on and the journey they’ve embarked on, at this point I would say very much in its infancy.”
Companies in regulated industries are further along with addressing AI ethics, just as they tend to be further along with their data governance projects. They’re the ones who are taking a leadership role in AI ethics, Katyal says. But progress in defining a standard for AI ethics is being hampered by a lack of data governance and data privacy regulation in the United States, he says.
“We can’t even agree on a commonality of data privacy rules” in the U.S., he says. “Each state is coming up with its own stuff, at least at this point. There’s no effort to create a national rule around even basic data privacy motivation, localization type rules.”
If an AI ethics law is created, it will likely come out of Europe, and not for at least three to five years, Katyal predicted.
“People are still trying to get their arms around what AI is, so I think it’s a while out,” he continues. “I would expect to see more things happening around the data governance side of things, which I would see as privacy standards and rules and alignment there. If we can get some level of agreement it would be better.”
However, just because there are currently no regulations around the ethical use of AI, it does not mean that companies should not be thinking about it.
AI Ethics Now
Katyal provided these tips on how to start thinking about AI in an organization.
“Number one, you’ve got to prevent the proliferation of AI,” he says. “You’ve got to put control structures into managing the algorithms as well as the data side of it.”
“If you’re a regulated industry, any decision that the algorithm is making could impact or violate any regulation in some other way,” he continues. “If you’re not in a regulated industry, it’s a reputation risk, because an algorithm could go haywire, cause some problems, and cause either brand, reputation, people, or customer harm that you may have to pay consequences for.
Companies at least should get their arms around what’s being built and who’s building them. “Put governance around it because data governance obviously is moving along. Put some governance around the algorithms. Make sure you have visibility into what’s going on. Build control structures.
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May 27, 2014 | 6
The coat of arms of a 15th century Italian noble family by the name of Borromeo featured three interlocking circles. Among the many interpretations, it can be said to represent the inter-marriages that had bound the Borromeos inseparably to two other noble families — a strong, stable alliance that served the family well over many centuries.
In physics, one could say the three rings — or atoms, or particles — are entangled, such that if you pick up any one of them, the other two will follow, and if you cut one, the other two will fall apart. When atoms behave that way, they are said to be an Efimov state. And according to a new paper in Physical Review Letters, that state appears to be scalable, as predicted by the original theory. [UPDATE: Over at Quanta, Natalie Wolchover has even more details about this new result.]
It just so happens I blogged about this way back in 2007 (parts of which I adapted for this post), just after physicists first achieved an Efimov state in the laboratory. Atomically speaking, the Efimov effect is what happens when two atoms that normally repel each other become strongly attracted when a third atom is introduced.
That’s right: three’s company, two’s a crowd, which flies in the face of conventional wisdom. However, the Efimov effect can only be observed in ultracold gases, like cesium, cooled way down to a billionth of a degree above Absolute Zero. That’s colder than the furthest reaches of outer space, which hover around a comfy 3 degrees Kelvin. T
The man behind the Efimov effect is a Russian physicist named Vitaly Efimov. Back in 1969, he had a shiny new PhD in theoretical nuclear physics, along with sufficient youthful optimism to make a strange prediction: even though any two in a group of three atoms will normally repel each other, under just the right kind of conditions, it should be possible to create a state of matter in which they will experience an irresistible attraction, forming an infinite number of “bound states.”
This struck many of his colleagues as a bit preposterous, but the math bore young Vitaly out. Time and again over the years, theorists have tried to disprove the Efimov effect, only to further verify it. But it still hadn’t been seen in a laboratory. The technology to do so didn’t exist. It’s the same reason it took so long to create Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), a new state of matter first predicted by Albert Einstein and the Indian physicist Satyendra Bose in the 1920s.
Remember that all matter exhibits wave/particle duality. At normal temperatures atoms behave a lot like billiard balls, bouncing off one another and any containing walls. Lowering the temperature reduces their speed. If the temperature gets low enough (billionths of a degree above absolute zero) and the atoms are densely packed enough, their wave nature kicks in. The different matter waves will be able to “sense” one another and coordinate themselves as if they were one big “superatom.” That’s a BEC.
Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman created the first BEC, using a combination of laser and magnetic cooling equipment. They created a laser trap by cooling about 10 million rubidium gas atoms; the cooled atoms were then held in place by a magnetic field.
But the atoms still weren’t cold enough to form a BEC, so the two men added a second step, evaporative cooling, in which a web of magnetic fields conspire to kick out the hottest atoms so that the cooler atoms can move more closely together. It works in much the same way that evaporative cooling occurs with your morning cup of coffee; the hotter atoms rise to the top of the magnetic trap and “jump out” as steam.
Wieman and Cornell made physics history at 10:54 AM on June 5, 1995, producing a BEC of about 2000 rubidium atoms that lasted 15-20 seconds. Shortly thereafter, an MIT physicist named Wolfgang Ketterle achieved a BEC in his laboratory. Wieman, Cornell and Ketterle shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics.
BECs turned out to be the key to experimentally verifying the Efimov effect, since they spawned a huge new field of research into the properties of ultracold gases. Chris Greene of the the University of Colorado was the first (with a co-author) to predict that ultracold gases were just the ticket for achieving such an odd state in the laboratory. And in 1999, Nobel laureate Steven Chu — a pioneer in laser cooling and trapping of atoms — led a Stanford team that attempted to create an Efimov state. Even at one millionth of a degree above absolute zero, the sample was still too hot.
Enter Austrian physicist Rudolf Grimm, who met Efimov at a workshop in Seattle in 2005, and was inspired to try his own hand at verifying the Efimov effect. Grimm’s group at the University of Innsbruck took three cesium atoms, placed them in a vacuum chamber, and then used a combination of laser cooling and evaporative cooling to bring the temperature down to -459.6 degrees F.
The technique is almost identical to how a BEC is created, and had BECs not become almost commonplace in physics over the last decade, Efimov’s odd theory might never have been verified.
Within a year of meeting Efimov, Grimm’s team had created the Efimov effect in their lab. The trick is to get the gas to the very edge of condensation, without it ever turning into an actual BEC.
Possibly the most exciting thing about that experimental result was that it should be pretty much universal: we should be able to create this state out of any set of three particles at ultracold temperatures. So naturally it launched an exciting (for physicists) new field devoted to studying the quantum mechanical behavior of just a few interacting particles. That’s because among other things, such states are a great way to study exotic “few-body systems” — those that only have three or four particles, like an atomic nucleus.
In 2010, Grimm’s protege, Cheng Chin, now at the University of Chicago, managed to achieve a mixed Efimov state — that is, one that held ultracold cesium and lithium atoms. But the most elusive goal physicists hoped to achieve was experimental verification of another prediction in Efimov’s original theory: that these so-called “Efimov trimers” should scale upwards. The state achieved by the Innsbruck team was at the smallest possible scale; the next largest should, by Efimov’s calculations, be 22.7 times larger.
Why was this so difficult? Size wasn’t the only thing that scaled. Efimov trimers will break apart immediately after forming if the temperature isn’t the same or smaller than the binding energy that holds the threesome together, which means that you need even colder temperatures — by a factor of 2 — than you need for the smallest such state to scale up the second smallest. Somehow, the Innsbruck team managed to do just that, thanks to a new kind of trap, and found a scaling factor of 21.0 — pretty close to Efimov’s predicted value.
Assuming you’ve read this far, you might be wondering: “Why should I care?” Condensed matter physicists often complain that their work doesn’t garner the same level of media attention or public enthusiasm as, say, the discovery of the Higgs boson, or quirky neutrino findings.
There’s some truth to that, in large part because it’s tough to convey why this work is so relevant outside of its importance to verifying theory and enabling further ultracold gas experiments to study exotic few-body systems. This in turn could deepen physicists’ knowledge of quantum mechanics.
True, mastering the Efimov effect may make it possible to engineer the most fundamental properties of matter way down at the subatomic level, giving scientists unprecedented control and the ability to create all kinds of new exotic molecules that couldn’t otherwise exist. Nanotechnology tinkers with material properties all the time, but doing so at the quantum level means you can tinker with the atomic interactions as well.
That said, there’s still the small matter of needing ultracold temperatures (near absolute zero) to achieve said state of matter in order to manipulate fundamental properties — which requires cutting-edge technology like magneto-optical traps. So don’t hold your breath for Efimov states finding their way into your iPhone any time soon. The same could be said about BECs, as Chad Orzel pointed out in 2011:
“The primary application of atomic BEC systems is in basic research areas at the moment, and will probably remain so for the foreseeable future. You sometimes hear people talk about BEC as a tool for lithography, or things like that, but that’s not likely to be a real commercial application any time soon, because the throughput is just too low. Nobody has a method for generating BEC at the sort of rate you would need to make interesting devices in a reasonable amount of time. As a result, most BEC applications will be confined to the laboratory.”
Ditto for Efimov states, I fear. So, Jen-Luc Piquant understands why you might not find all this very exciting. But it’s quite an achievement, nonetheless, and sometimes we need to celebrate such unsung heroes, who labor in the shadows with little fanfare, even when they make significant breakthroughs. Now it’s time for them to raise the experimental bar even further and try to produce a third-order Efimov state. At the current rate, they should crack that nut within the decade. Go team!
Chin, C. et al. (2010) “Feshbach Resonances in Ultracold Gases,” Reviews of Modern Physics 82, 1225.
Efimov, V. (1970) “Energy levels arising from resonant two-body forces in a three-body system,” Physics Letters B 33: 563–564.
Efimov, V. (1971) “Weakly-Bound States of Three Resonantly-Interacting Particles,” Soviet Journal of Nuclear Physics 12: 589.
Efimov, V. (2009) “Few-Body Physics: Giant Trimers True to Scale,” Nature Physics 5:533.
Ferlaino, F. and Grimm, R. (2010). “Forty Years of Efimov Physics: How a Bizarre Prediction Turned into a Hot Topic,” Physics 3, 9.
Huang, B. et al. (2014) “Observation of the Second Triatomic Resonance in Efimov’s Scenario,” Physical Review Letters 112: 190401.
Knoop, S. et al. (2009) “Observation of an Efimov-like trimer resonance in ultracold atom–dimer scattering,” Nature Physics 5 (3): 227
Kraemer, T. et al. (2006) “Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms,” Nature 440 (7082): 315–318.
Zaccanti, M. et al. (2009) “Observation of an Efimov spectrum in an atomic system,” Nature Physics 5 (8): 586.
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