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The shaft and ring system consists of five-axis four-rings, which are N-axis (n-ring), H-axis (h-ring), K-axis (k-ring), M-axis (m-ring), and I-axis from the inside to the outside. The four-axis table has no K-axis.
The N-axis is the inner upright axis, which is the axis of rotation of the inner ring n, which is perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. There is a 0°-360° scale circle on the outside of the n-ring, which can read the angle of the N-axis rotation. The inside of the n-ring is inlaid with another metal ring, which carries a round glass piece for placing a thin piece and a hemisphere thereon. The metal ring has a spiral ring on the back side, and the four small teeth on the upper side are adjusted to adjust the hemisphere. The height of the system (including the sheets). There is a metal rod on the lower right side of the n-ring (there is no such rod on the table), and it can be locked by locking it, but it does not need to be locked during normal operation.
The H-axis is the north-south axis, which is the horizontal axis of the north-south direction and is in the same plane as the corresponding h-ring. Rotate the H-axis so that the h-ring (and carrying the n-ring) is tilted east or west, and the corner can be read by the scale arc on the east and west sides. The north end (or the south end) of the H-axis has a brake screw that locks the H-axis.
The K-axis is the inner east-west axis, which is the horizontal axis in the east-west direction and is in the same horizontal plane as the corresponding k-defect. By rotating the K-axis, the k-ring can be aligned with the N, H-axis and the corresponding n, h-rings to the south or north, and the angle of inclination can be read on the scale arcs at the north and south ends. The right shaft of the K-axis is equipped with a lock shaft screw for the shaft. When working on a five-axis table using the four-axis method, it needs to be locked at 0°. The four-axis table does not have this axis.
The M-axis is an external upright axis that is perpendicular to the corresponding m-ring. When the m-ring is horizontal, the M-axis coincides with the microscope axis. The m ring is engraved with a 0°-360° scale to read the angle of rotation of the M-axis. When the m-ring is at 90°, the original position of the M-axis is zero (the original Soviet-made rotary table 0° is the original position) . Rotating the M-axis will drive the internal shaft and ring to rotate together, affecting the position of the H and K axes. The fixing screw of the M-axis is on the right-hand shaft drum.
The I axis is the outer east and west axis, and this axis is also the horizontal axis in the east-west direction. Rotating the I axis can make m bad and carry the k, h, n rings to the south or north. The I-axis rotation angle is read by the scale and vernier on the right end drum. There is a fixing screw for the shaft at the north end of the drum. | <urn:uuid:32a5e627-75dc-48a0-9124-ce27ee7d1bc5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://m.gigager.net/info/rotary-table-shaft-and-ring-system-32179353.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.942084 | 734 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Integrative medicine approaches depression very differently than traditional medicine, which focuses on treating symptoms with pharmaceuticals. Physicians often prescribe SSRI’s to handle the dysregulation of neurochemicals like serotonin.
More recently, healthcare professionals are viewing depression as a symptom of multiple underlying issues – including faulty gut health, vitamin deficiencies, genetic factors, toxin exposure, thyroid problems and sleep disturbances. Pharmaceutical treatments can have short term benefits by manipulating brain chemistry. But, longer lasting changes really come from rebalancing and rebuilding integrative systems that impact the brain and body.
Heal The Gut
Serotonin might be the single most important neurotransmitter which is mostly manufactured in the gut and impacts many other neurochemicals. Leaky gut which is triggered by food intolerances and toxins and unhealthful gut bacteria can disrupt the production of serotonin. Additionally, leaky gut can trigger systemic inflammation which also leads to depression. Research shows that treating leaky gut often helped reduce depression significantly. The brain and gut are connected a bi-directional pathway.
Healing the gut and microbiome includes introducing fermented foods ( kefir, kimchi and sauerkraut), taking prebiotics like onion and garlic which help fertilize the good bacteria, lower the consumption of refined carbs and sugars and increase the intake of healthy fats ( cold water fish, flax and chia seeds, avocados, olive and coconut oil).
Address Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin B is crucial to mood regulation. Low levels of B-6, B-9 and B-12 are all correlated to depressive symptoms. B vitamins are critical to the methylation process which supports the body’s production of beneficial neurotransmitters and detoxification process.
Omega 3 fatty acids ( DHA and EPA) are essential to brain function. Recommended dosages are 500 mg of DHA and 1000mg of EPA. If these are low you significantly increase the probability of developing mental illness. Omega 3’s can also be found in cold water fish and flax seeds.
Minimize Toxin Exposure
Exposure to chemicals like pesticides, herbicides and glyphosate found in commercial agriculture and toxicity from heavy metals like mercury and lead have been linked to a variety of disorders including anxiety, panic attacks and clinical depression. Many of these toxins can pass through the blood brain barrier and impact the brain directly. Therefore, eat certified organic foods, drink filtered water, use air purifying filters, replace cleaning and health care products with organic and chemical free ones. Exercising regularly also helps to boost the body’s detoxification process.
The thyroid secretes hormones that affect every part of the body, including the brain. Hypothyroidism, indicative of low thyroid hormones as been linked to depression. It is often triggered by an autoimmune condition in which the body attacks the thyroid tissue thinking it’s an invader. Gluten is often a trigger- which has been shown to imitate thyroid tissue. Resetting the thyroid involves a combination of diet and lifestyle interventions.
SNP’s ( single nucleotide polymorphisms) are genetic variations which are passed through generations. It’s been estimated that up to 40% of our population carry the MTHFR SNP which impairs vitamin B production which impedes the methylation process – needed for detoxification and the production of neurotransmitters needed for mental health and mood stabilization. It’s the SNP for methylation that get passed on not a gene for depression. The good news – we can treat methylation. Protocols for treating depression include methylated B vitamins and increasing exercise.
Sleep deprivation and over sleeping can be a strong trigger for depression. It’s during our sleep that the brain and body detoxify. Every cell is in the human body is essentially a molecular machine that has evolved to function on a 24 hour cycle called circadian rhythms. Our neurochemistry is correlated with our circadian sleep cycle. Our bodies and brain function optimally when we go to sleep when it’s dark and wake when it’s light and ideally at the same time every day.
Additionally, healthy and regular social interactions are as important as diet, exercise and sleep in impacting and managing depression. We are all very impacted by the people we engage and spend most of our time with!
Mindfulness and meditation practices have also been shown to be powerful antidotes to managing stress that is often a trigger for depression
New Treatments For Depression
Probiotics – help boost and promote beneficial and diverse bacteria in our gut, where most of our serotonin is produced. What’s good for the gut is good for the brain.
Light Treatment – has been used successfully to treat SAD (seasonal affective disorder) and non – SAD conditions.
Movement Therapy – rhythmic movements have been shown to elevate mood enhancing neurochemicals.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – this therapy has been used to help calm people before bedtime and ensure better quality sleep and reducing insomnia. | <urn:uuid:d7830836-f1c2-4e08-b17d-7c373dea4339> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mindbodyfitness.us/2018/03/12/the-integrative-approach-to-treating-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.930864 | 1,029 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Human Rights Council's Special Procedures mandate holders are made up of special rapporteurs, independent experts or working groups composed of five members who are appointed by the Council and who serve in their personal capacity. Special procedures undertake country visits; act on individual cases and concerns of a broader, structural nature by sending communications to States and other actors bringing alleged violations or abuses to their attention; conduct thematic studies and convene expert consultations; contribute to the development of international human rights standards; engage in advocacy; raise public awareness; and provide advice for technical cooperation.
These independent experts report at least once a year to the Council on their findings and recommendations, as well as to the UN General Assembly. At times they are the only mechanism alerting the international community to certain human rights issues.
There are two types of Special Procedures mandates: the thematic mandates, such as water and sanitation, arbitrary detention, the rights of migrants, violence against women, torture and human trafficking, and the country-specific mandates.
More on the Special Procedures' Homepage
* * * * * | <urn:uuid:06508b9f-a033-4bd7-bd43-6a922448393d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/SpecialProcedures.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.945518 | 217 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Ironically, the author of this article lets emotion distort his thinking on the subject of the way emotion distorts thinking. He's looking at an experiment where people were asked "to interpret a table of numbers." When the numbers related to an issue they had opinions about (gun control), they made more mistakes than when the subject was neutral. They tended to err in the direction of supporting the beliefs they already had.
But emotion is part of reasoning, and it's impossible to function in the real-world lives we live without jumping steps intuitively. When you think you already know the answer, you don't study the details so much. That makes it harder to get to people with new information or to readjust biases, but it's not depressing. It's the normal functioning of the mind, and it's exactly what one would expect. We don't rebuild our understanding from ground level every time we think about a familiar topic. We'd never get as far as we do putting ideas together if we had to stop and scrutinize and recheck every element of what we believe and what we think we know.
Of course, it's important also to be able to slow down and get critical, but we have individual autonomy about when to do that, and a study that tells people to do a particular math problem does not unleash the individual will. It's an imposition of authority from the outside, and it comes with no intrinsic reason to be precise. So people take the shortcuts they think they know, and they make mistakes. | <urn:uuid:404efb48-3d73-463a-91b9-038eadb60fa1> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://althouse.blogspot.com/2013/09/is-this-most-depressing-brain-finding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469016.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00217-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976395 | 308 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The information provided here is meant to give you a general idea about some of the side effects associated with kidney cancer and its treatment. Only the most general side effects are included, so ask your doctor if you need to take any special precautions related to your specific treatment.
Side effects are common and you may experience different ones during your treatment. Medications and other therapies may help to either prevent or reduce side effects of treatment, or to manage certain side effects when they occur. You can develop side effects from the treatment and/or from the cancer itself. Tell your doctor when you notice a new symptom, and ask if any of these treatments are appropriate for you.
Lack of Appetite
A loss of appetite is common during cancer treatment. Fatigue, discomfort, nausea, dry mouth, mouth sores, and loss of taste can play a part in reducing your desire to eat. To manage this common side effect, consider:
- Talking to a registered dietician for nutrition suggestions
- Eating frequent, small meals instead of three large meals
- Eating healthy foods that appeal to you
- Eating around your appetite—if you are most hungry in the morning, then that is when you should eat a large meal
- Asking your doctor about liquid meal supplements; some of these may be a good way to take in the calories you need
- Drinking plenty of fluids even if you do not feel like eating
Nausea and Vomiting
Chemotherapy and radiation can cause nausea and vomiting. To treat this side effect, you may be prescribed an anti-nausea drug. Some patients also find hypnosis, guided imagery, relaxation techniques, and acupuncture helpful. Eat frequent, small meals; sip water throughout the day; and avoid fatty, spicy, or greasy foods. You may want to talk to a registered dietician about other ways you can reduce nausea and vomiting with diet.
You can develop a rash or your skin can become red and tender from your treatment. To treat skin irritations:
- Use only mild soap and warm water when washing your skin.
- Stay out of the sun.
- Avoid hot showers.
- Use lotions or creams that are approved by your doctor.
Be gentle with your skin:
- Pat dry instead of rubbing.
- Wear gloves when cleaning or gardening.
Fatigue is common in cancer patients. Medications, low red blood cell levels, emotional stress, pain medications, weight loss, and lack of appetite can all cause fatigue. Based on what is causing your fatigue, your doctor may recommend medications, a blood transfusion, a change in pain medications, talking to a therapist, exercise, and/or vitamins. Getting enough rest and listening to your body when you need to rest are also an important part of treating fatigue.
Mouth and Lip Sores
Chemotherapy can cause the mouth and/or lips to develop sores. To manage this side effect:
- Eat soft, bland foods.
- Avoid spicy, hot, or cold foods.
- Suck on ice chips or drink small sips of water throughout the day.
- Use a lip balm on your lips.
- Avoid citrus foods.
- Use a straw when drinking.
Going through treatment for cancer is stressful. You may benefit from a support group or talking to a therapist or clergy member. Your doctor or nurse can help you find the right type of emotional support for you.
Cancer drugs work by attacking cells that divide quickly. Not only do cancer cells divide quickly, so do blood cells. Depending upon your treatment, you may experience side effects that affect your blood cells, making you more prone to infection. Other side effects include bruising easily, fatigue, and bleeding easily.
Chemotherapy frequently causes hair loss. If your hair falls out, then wear a scarf or hat to protect the skin on your scalp. Consider wearing a wig.
Medications, especially pain medicines, can cause constipation . Eat whole grain foods and drink plenty of fluids to avoid constipation. Staying active with exercise is also a good way to prevent this side effect.
Diarrhea can occur with certain cancer treatments. If you have diarrhea, then avoid caffeine, alcohol, spicy or fatty foods, and large meals. Replenish lost fluids with juice, broth, water, or a replacement fluid.
Opioid analgesics may be ordered to control pain or discomfort. They include the following drugs:
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin, Lor-tab)
- Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
- Morphine (Astramorph PF, Duramorph, Kadian, MS Contin, OMS Concentrate, Oramorph SR, RMS, Roxanol)
- Oxycodone and Acetaminophen (Percocet)
Opioid analgesics act on the central nervous system to relieve pain. These drugs can be effective. They may cause dependence, and patients will need increasing doses to obtain the same pain relief. If you are going to take one of these drugs for a long period of time, then your doctor will closely monitor you.
Percocet is a combination medication. An opioid analgesic and acetaminophen used together may provide better pain relief than either medicine used alone. In some cases, lower doses of each medicine are necessary to achieve pain relief.
The most common side effects of opioid analgesics include:
- Nausea or vomiting
Use each of these medications as recommended by your doctor, or according to the instructions provided. If you have further questions about usage or side effects, contact your doctor.
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD
- Review Date: 05/2014 -
- Update Date: 05/28/2014 - | <urn:uuid:116df750-2a3f-4f9d-b35e-66c19f4abf83> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://jfkmc.com/your-health/?/32677/Hormonal-Therapy-for-Kidney-Cancer~Managing-Side-Effects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770403.126/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00042-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903747 | 1,188 | 2.59375 | 3 |
There are 5 Tenets (pillars or principles) of Islam, (i) Shahadah (Iman - faith), (ii) Salah (Distinctive Submission - a form of Islamic Prayer ), (iii) Zakah (Islamic Charity), (iv) Sawm (Islamic Fasting), (v) Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah).
It is in Hadith - Narrated by Ibn Umar (RU) - Allah's Apostle (SAWS) said - Islam is based on (the following) five (principles) - (i) 'there is no (real) god except Allah (SWT) and Mohammad (SAWS) is Allah's Apostle, (ii) to offer Salah ( prayers) dutifully and perfectly, (iii) to pay Zakat (Islamic charity), (iv) to perform Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makka), and (v) to observe fast during the month of Ramadhan. (Bukhari Book 2 Hadith 7 )
Islamic fasting (Saum) is an act of Ibadah and the fourth tenet of Islam. We are required to fast from dawn to dust every day during the month of Ramadhan, every lunar year.
Fasting means, abstaining from eating, drinking, smoking and sexual relations (between spouses) during the hours of fasting. Travelers, sick and certain other categories can defer fasting in Ramadhan but they are required to complete the left over fasts in the following months.
The objective of fasting is not that one merely abstains from the material and physical things which break one’s fast, but rather, one must also refrain from those intangible things which diminish the reward of one’s fast, such as backbiting, deception, unnecessary gossip, etc.
There are many benefits of fasting to human body and soul. Following Quranic verses and Ahadith emphasize the importance of Islamic fasting.
It is in Quran - "O you who believe; fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you that you are expected to be truly obedient". (Al-Baqara - 183)
It is in Hadith - “Whoever does not refrain from false speech and deeds, Allah (SWT) has no need for him to leave his food and drink.” (Bukhari)
It is in Quran - "Verily! We have sent it (this Quran) down in the night of Al-Qadr. And what will make you know what the night of Al-Qadr is? The night of Al-Qadr is better than a thousand months. Therein descend the angels and the Rûh (Gabriel) by Allâh's Permission with all Decrees, Peace! (All that night, there is Peace and Goodness from Allâh to His believing slaves) until the appearance of dawn. (Al-Qadar - 1-5).It is in Hadith that Lailatul Qadar occurs during the last ten days of Ramadan. This night has great significance, therefore, it should be spent in Ibadah.
Tarawih (20 rakah) is offered during the month of Ramadhan after Isha. Salatut Tarawih is sunnah. It is generally offered in congregation. Those who cannot join a congregation, can offer Tarawih at home.
A pre-dawn meal known as Suhur is usually taken in Ramadan.
At the end of Ramadan Muslims celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr on 1st Shawwal. All Muslims are required to offer special prayers on this day in congregation to thank Allah (SWT) for His Mercy.
Similarly, Muslims celebrate Eid-ul-Azha on 10th of Dhu'l-Hijja every year. They offer special prayers in congregation on this day to thank Allah (SWT) for his beneficence. They also sacrifice a domestic Halal animal, such as a sheep, goat, cow, or camel, by slaughter. | <urn:uuid:bf6eb7f6-150a-44a1-83bd-621518c59a69> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.cifiaonline.com/fasting.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.947816 | 841 | 2.75 | 3 |
Laser machines are commonly used by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), suppliers, and job shops, such as Serra Laser. Some companies specialize in certain industries, while others have more flexible business models. Here are some key industries that benefit from laser cutting, a very efficient way of generating high volume products in a short time frame.
Inventors Who Need Prototypes
A wide array of industries now rely on laser cutting because of its high level of accuracy, agility and sustainable qualities. At the core of business innovation are engineers, developers and entrepreneurs looking for new ways to solve market problems. When there’s a race to patent a new product to beat the competition, laser machines are reliable for creating prototypes, as well as for wider production.
One of the key industries that heavily relies on laser cutting is automotive manufacturing. Cars and trucks are comprised of thousands of parts that must be precise, which is why automakers need laser cutters, as no other machine delivers more high speed efficiency. It’s an industry that encompasses multiple stages of development, many of which require laser cuts.
Today’s auto parts are much smaller and sophisticated than in the past and must be cut into specific shapes and sizes. Not only can laser cutters do this work more efficiently than other machines, they allow for smoother edges and maximize materials. Compared with other processes, it’s the least wasteful, which allows a company to say it contributes to sustainable manufacturing. Another reason automakers favor laser cutters is they are much safer to use than other cutting tools.
Engraving serial numbers on parts is another function of laser cutting that is essential for automakers, as well as many other industries. Furthermore, precision laser cutting beyond metal is used for cutting various materials including the cloth for airbags.
While many musical instruments are still hand-crafted, the majority of mass manufacturers in the field rely on laser cutting for quality control purposes. The guitar is still the best selling instrument in America according to the National Association of Music Merchant statistics, selling over 2 million units per year. Guitars must be manufactured in a precise way in order to have high quality sound, as any small defects can compromise frequencies.
Laser cutters must be used to cut almost every aspect of the guitar from the body to the face, neck and fretboard. The curvy S-shaped body of an acoustic guitar is particularly crucial to achieve pristine sonic elegance. Electric guitars have electronic metal components, which are also cut with laser machines. Several other musical instruments are more efficiently manufactured with these state-of-the-art cutters.
Modern medical equipment manufacturing has been greatly advanced by laser cutting. Due to high demand for healthcare, it’s critical for the medical industry to continue to finding innovative ways to cut costs while developing life-saving equipment. Medical devices are getting smaller, which calls for finer cuts that only a laser cutter can effectively provide.
Are you ready to see how laser cutting can help you produce large quantities of parts accurately and effectively, just as it has aided industries around the globe? Contact us at Serra Laser & Waterjet to learn more about the benefits of laser cutting and how we can assist you. | <urn:uuid:ee4ba3c4-aff3-4052-a0e0-e3f8a794401a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.serralaser.com/industries-that-benefit-from-laser-cutting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.951212 | 659 | 2.65625 | 3 |
My husband recently taught a class on cultural adaptation and I believe that these excerpts from his notes on culture shock can be as helpful to someone else as it was to me. If you’re not a missionary please take the time to read these and carefully pray for your missionaries around the world!!
What is Culture Shock?
Culture shock describes the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within an entirely different culture or social environment, such as a different country.
Culture Shock expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.
Culture Shock Symptoms:
Excessive concern over cleanliness and the feeling that what is new and strange is dirty
This could be in relation to: drinking water, food, dishes, and bedding.
Fear of physical contact with people in new culture
Continual offering of excuses for staying indoors.
Feeling of helplessness
Irritation over delays and other minor frustrations out of proportion to their causes.
Delay and outright refusal to learn the language of the host country.
Excessive fear of being cheated, robbed, or injured.
Great concern over minor pains and irruptions of the skin.
Preoccupation with returning home.
to be back home
to be in familiar surroundings
to visit one’s relatives
to talk to people who really “make sense.”
Unwarranted criticism of the culture and people.
Constant complaints about the climate.
Utopian ideas concerning one’s previous culture.
Preoccupation with returning home.
Culture Shock Triggers (For the missionary)
1. A naive ethnocentrism (belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group) – Ethnocentrism – is the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures. We hear ethnocentrism statements all the time. People everywhere think that their familiar explanations, opinions, and customs are true, right, and proper. They regard different behavior as wrong.
I judge everything using my own culture as the measuring rod without being consciously aware of what I’m doing.
2. Absolutist thinking
Insisting that things are not to be questioned: “It’s my way or the highway”
An overly legalistic concern for maintaining form, precedents, and established customs
3. An embracing of naive realism
“As we see things, that’s the way they are.”
Naive realism says that we can know things in the world directly without taking into account our own filtering processes. Naive realism is the view that when we perceive something, we have perceived it exactly as it is. It is believing that our perceptions of reality are not colored or mediated by anything else.
4. Lack of respect for other people’s ways
5. The evaluation of customs and perspectives on the basis of one’s own culturally learned assumptions and values (worldview)
This grows out of the sense that one’s views have been arrived at because they are superior to any other views.
6. The use of negative terms to describe customs different from one’s own
This may even be done innocently simply because one has not thought through the baggage, which those terms and phrases carry because of the way they have historically been used.
We often talk about British drivers driving “on the wrong side” of the road. Why not just say “opposite side” or even “left hand side”?
We talk about written Hebrew as reading “backward.” Why not just say “from right to left” or “in the opposite direction from English.”
Ethnocentrism leads us to make false assumptions about cultural differences. We are ethnocentric when we use our cultural norms to make generalizations about other peoples’ cultures and customs. Such generalizations—often made without a conscious awareness that we’ve used our culture as a universal yardstick—can be way off base and cause us to misjudge other peoples. Ethnocentrism also distorts communication between human beings.
Some Practical Ways To Fight Culture Shock:
Increase your quiet time and let God show you what He is doing.
Develop a hobby
Don’t forget the good things you already have
Be patient, the act of immigrating is a process of adaptation- It is going to take time.
Include a regular form of physical activity in your routine.
Relaxation and meditation are proven positive for people passing through periods of stress
Maintain contact with your ethnic group. Reduces your feelings of loneliness and alienation
Maintain contact with the new culture. Learn the language. Volunteer in community activities that allow you to practice the language that you are learning. This will help you feel less stress about language and useful at the same time.
Establish simple goals and evaluate your progress.
Find ways to live with the things that don’t satisfy you 100%.
Focus on similarities rather than differences.
Measure success in little things (ex. you got a smile from the taxi driver).
Talk and pray your feelings out with someone who is not in the valley.
Use your sense of humor and laugh at yourself.
Write in your journal including at least one positive experience daily.
Keep busy; concentrate what you have done; not on what you cannot or have not done.
Remember, there are always resources that you can use If you feel stressed, look for help. There is always someone or some service available to help you.
Recognition. Realize that culture stress is inevitable for those attempting to become at home in a host culture, and look at what factors cause you the most stress.
Acceptance. Admit that the host culture is a valid way of life, a means of bringing Christ to the people who live in it.
Communication. Beware of isolating yourself from everyone in your home culture, those with whom you can relax and be yourself, those with whom you can talk.
Escape. You need daily, weekly, and annual respites. God made the Sabbath for people, so be sure you keep it. Reading, music, hikes, worship (not leading it), and vacations are necessary..
Activity. Since stress prepares you for fight or flight, and as a missionary you can probably do neither, you must have some physical activity to use that energy. Sports, an exercise plan, and active games with family or friends can reduce stress.
Befriend nationals. Get close to nationals just for fun, not just to learn or evangelize. Learn how to have fun in that culture
1 Samuel 30:6, “…David encouraged himself in the LORD his God.” | <urn:uuid:9c1d99e8-714c-411d-9d82-c797ef98b2f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.womenbehindthescenes.com/culture-shock-insights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039626288.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423011010-20210423041010-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.942618 | 1,465 | 2.546875 | 3 |
News Channel Nebraska Visits UNL’s Historic Behlen Observatory
For these University of Nebraska – Lincoln students, looking up towards the sky means something. A wonder to be discovered and studied. An explanation for why our planet functions the way it does. A map of stars.
For years, the sky has been our guide, and that’s why the UNL Department of Physics and Astronomy encourages their students to learn hands on.
Physics and Astronomy Laboratory Manager Shawn Langan says, “One of the big things we love to focus on is how you see the night sky from different regions on the earth and different seasons of the year. So, that’s been a major focus in our introductory courses. And in the more advance courses, we capitalize on that and say, ‘Okay, we want to observe these kind of stars…can we observe them all year round?’ Typically not. Typically you can only observe them a few months out of the year, and so our students will know that as they go into their research projects.”
About 40 minutes northeast from Lincoln’s campus near Meade, Nebraska, sits UNL’s Behlen Observatory.
Behlen carries a unique and historical background, and is home to a powerful telescope.
Langan says, “Before, the building was used as a bomb factory changing room. During World War II and the Korean War, this was a bomb factory. The employees would come to this building and change their clothes into attire appropriate for dealing with hazardous chemicals, they would walk through a tunnel to the bomb-making area, and then would go back through the tunnel and change into normal regular clothes when they were finished.”
Within the last few decades, the old bomb factory building has been converted into an observatory for student use and research.
Langan says, “UNL Astronomer Kam-Ching Leung was leading the project to find donations to buy a 24-inch telescope. Actually, what he ended up doing was saving some money on this project by having this building, which was already here and ready to go as an observatory, and they bought a 30-inch telescope back in 1972. The observatory has been up and running ever since.”
Although the observatory serves as an interactive tool for student use, it has also been open to the public to explore and discover.
Langan says, “Well, this telescope began as a research building. Since then research money has dried up a bit, so we’ve turned it into an outreach and teaching facility. Currently what we do, four times a year, we have the entire observatory open to the general public. Anybody that wants to come, can come out here and observe the Heavens through several telescopes, the 30 inch main telescope being the primary one. They can see physics demonstrations, and the physics students will bring interactive demonstrations.”
You can learn more about the UNL Behlen Observatory and its public events by visiting their website: observatory.unl.edu | <urn:uuid:b80567d9-87b2-4a99-94c1-33c2f8a3ebcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://us92.com/local-news/unl-physics-and-astronomy-students-see-seasons-through-stars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423764.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721082219-20170721102219-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.971534 | 635 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A violation of this law is a Class 3 misdemeanor punishable by up to a $500 fine. In addition to the criminal violation, those who allow a fire to escape are liable for the cost of suppressing the fire as well as any damage caused to others’ property.
“Because people are the cause of more than 95 percent of wildland fires in the Commonwealth, the 4 p.m. burning law may be one of the most effective tools we have in the prevention of wildfires,” said John Miller, director of resource protection at the Virginia Department of Forestry (VDOF). “Each late winter and early spring, downed trees, branches and leaves become ‘forest fuels’ that increase the danger of a wildfire. By adhering to the law and not burning before 4 p.m., people are less likely to start a fire that threatens them, their property and the forests of Virginia.”
In 2015, there were 616 wildfires that burned a total of 5,906 acres of forestland in the Commonwealth. This was significantly less than the 10-year average of 1,100 wildfires, which burn a total of 11,000 acres annually.
“If not for the suppression efforts of VDOF employees and local firefighters, 901 homes and other structures, worth an estimated $150 million, would have been damaged or destroyed last year by these wildfires,” said Miller.
Fred Turck, VDOF forest protection coordinator, said, “The leading cause of wildfires in Virginia is carelessness. An unattended debris burning fire, a discarded cigarette or a single match can ignite the dry fuels that are so prevalent in the early spring. Add a few days of dry, windy conditions and an escaped wildfire can quickly turn into a raging blaze. People living in most rural areas of Virginia are especially at risk. To take a quote from Smokey Bear, ‘Only You Can Prevent Wildfires.’”
For more information on what you can do to protect yourself and your property or to learn how to become “Firewise,” visit www.dof.virginia.gov. | <urn:uuid:9cb944fd-4b85-445a-b491-8d37c65ea095> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://augustafreepress.com/spring-fire-season-4-p-m-burn-law-to-take-effect/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744513.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118155835-20181118181205-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.946267 | 441 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sometimes it is beneficial to quit performing a collection of steps once a condition becomes true. That’s a significant dictionary. Essentially, definition states it is an assortment of elements.
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The 8 forms of exercises described above (especially the initial 6) are considered the significant movement patterns and the ones which should secure the absolute most attention. 15-20 reps is a huge range for increasing endurance. Simply take no rest between exercises on each superset.
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The key point here is the fact that it’s we who are taking a look at multiple microscopic states to be the identical macroscopic state! Additionally, it requires you to learn a fairly minimal quantity of stuff. But there are much more use cases to look at.
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The identification number helps encode the information regarding the item. Sometimes the two conventions show up on the exact same page (on page 69, for example). Annoka-Hennepin chose to utilize CK-12 Foundation’s FlexBooks system to compose their customized book.
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The decryption procedure utilizes context guided operations that can be modeled on permutations. It can produce information which is usable in future matrices and can produce the practice of organizing a business internally a lot more approachable and effortless. For each, there’s a corresponding method also.
In the instance of variables, although the superscript lets you know to multiply it so many times, it’s still true that you write it with the superscript. Since the amount of conjugates could possibly be linear in the size of the group, we might be dealing with these kinds of sequences. Now will speak about some of the typical identification numbers used.
Currently it is a work in progress. In a lot of ways, math is closely linked to science. The notion of a set is among the most fundamental in mathematics.
However, there are numerous new tools that I would like to share with you today within this Apologia Biology Science SuperSet! Richard Feynman was among the best physicists of all time, and was most likely one of the most interesting. You may not have to explain the theory of relativity, but you can’t just sit down and say that it’s too complicated.
Here’s What I Know About What Is a Superset in Math
Quite a few alternative implementations are available too. Patterns made by computer programs aren’t any more than formations of stones. There are some versions.
Be aware that the programs aren’t compiled to native code except to code to get executed for the virtual CPU. You’ve just made some last adjustments to your source code and have already ran a couple of unit tests to provide you a bit of confidence in order to run your complete suite of tests before submitting your changes. “they provide restricted modeling languages that are only suitable for specific problem domains.
What Is a Superset in Math Ideas
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To be able to construct a line with our familiar PostScript operators, we’re going to need to receive our hands on the person coordinates. If you exceed their requirements, you have a superb opportunity of getting in. Therefore, the price is 237.60. | <urn:uuid:4c9777ab-1b1a-4eb2-83c7-e5926cc43c13> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.watercharge.co.uk/the-key-to-successful-what-is-a-superset-in-math/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540551267.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213071155-20191213095155-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.931627 | 1,154 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The struggle for North America began long before Andrew Jackson was born. Like similar struggles on all the inhabited continents, it ran back millennia, perhaps to the moment humans first found their way across the Arctic plain from Asia. Oral tradition and archaeological evidence indicate that conflict was a regular feature of life among the North Americans. They fought for forests where the game was most abundant, for rivers where the fish were thickest, for bottomlands where their corn and beans and squashes grew most readily. Great warriors were the heroes of their tribes, emulated by other men, sought by women, hallowed in memory. Strong tribes expanded their territories, driving the weak to less-favored regions and sometimes to extinction. Diplomacy complemented military force: the Iroquois confederation made that alliance a terror to its neighbors.
The arrival of the Europeans added new elements to the competition. These far-easterners possessed weapons the aboriginals hadn't seen: steel knives, swords, and axes; muskets and rifles; cannon. But their most potent agents of conquest were ones neither they nor their victims understood: the pathogens to which long exposure had inured the Europeans but that devastated the native Americans. In many instances the novel diseases raced ahead of European settlers, who arrived to discover human deserts and concluded that the Christian God in his wisdom and power had prepared the way for their colonies.
But the diseases didn't kill all the Indians. Those who survived often welcomed the interlopers, at least at first. Especially after smallpox and the other epidemics killed as many as three-fourths of the members of the afflicted tribes, there seemed room enough for all. And the newcomers' traders brought goods the natives quickly learned to value: iron pots, which bested clay for durability; steel blades, which held an edge longer than flint or obsidian; rifles, which felled game at distances arrows couldn't reach and gave their possessors an advantage in battle over tribes that lacked them. Some purists among the Indians rejected everything European, but most of the natives adapted happily to the improved lifestyle the new technology brought.
In time, however, the palefaces got pushy. Their farmers followed the traders and expropriated Indian land. This was when the real struggle started. In New England in the 1670s a coalition led by a chief the English called King Philip contested the advancing settlement by destroying several towns and killing the inhabitants. The English fought back, with the help of Indians holding a grudge against Philip's group, and eventually won. Philip was beheaded and his captured followers enslaved.
The Indians' resistance grew more sophisticated. They discovered that the Europeans belonged to more than one tribe, with the French as hostile to the English as either were to any of the Indians. Some Indians sided with the French, others with the English, and when the French and English went to war--as they did once a generation--the various Indian tribes exploited the opportunities to their own advantage. The largest of the conflicts (called the French and Indian War by the English in America) began in 1754 and inspired the Delawares and Shawnees, allies of France, to try to drive the English away from the frontier. To this end they launched a campaign of terror against British settlements in the Ohio Valley. The terror began successfully and over three years threatened to throw the English all the way back to the coast. But British victories in Canada and elsewhere weakened the French and emboldened Britain's own allies, including the Iroquois, and when the war ended in 1763 the French surrendered all their North American territories.
This was good news for Britain's American subjects but bad news for nearly all the Indians of the frontier, including Britain's allies. As long as the British and French had vied for control in America, each had to bid for the support of the Indians, who learned to play the Europeans against one another. With the French departure the bidding ended and the Indians were left to confront British power alone.
The Ottawa chief Pontiac was among the first to appreciate the new state of affairs. The Ottawas had long been rivals of the Iroquois and were recently allies of the French. For both reasons they fought against the British in the French and Indian War. When that war ended in French defeat, Pontiac saw disaster looming for the Ottawas--and for Indians generally. A tall, powerful warrior with a striking mien, he was also a charismatic political leader and an adroit diplomat. The fighting between Britain and France had hardly ceased before he welded together a coalition of tribes dedicated to expelling the British from the interior of the continent. Pontiac's forces besieged Fort Detroit above Lake Erie during the spring of 1763. From there the offensive spread north and east along the Great Lakes and south into the Ohio Valley. One British garrison after another was surrounded and destroyed. As this was a psychological offensive as much as a military one, the methods of destruction often included the most gruesome treatment of those soldiers, traders, and dependents who fell into the attackers' hands.
The assault on a British fort at Mackinac showed the swiftness with which the Indians commenced their attacks and the brutality with which they completed them. Pontiac's campaign was spreading faster than the news of it, and the troops and traders at Mackinac knew of no reason to fear the large group of Ojibwas who approached the fort in amicable fashion and commenced a game of lacrosse immediately beneath the walls. The British came out to watch, as they did on such occasions. The intensity of the game mounted, until one of the players threw the ball close to the gate. The laughing, cheering spectators took no alarm when both teams tore after it. But then the players dropped their lacrosse sticks, snatched war axes from under the robes of their women, and rushed through the unguarded gate. The surprise was total and the carnage almost equally so. A trader named Alexander Henry, who managed to hide in a storage closet, left a chilling account:
Through an aperture, which afforded me a view of the area of the fort, I beheld, in shapes the foulest and most terrible, the ferocious triumphs of barbarian conquerors. The dead were scalped and mangled; the dying were writhing and shrieking under the unsatiated knife and tomahawk; and from the bodies of some, ripped open, their butchers were drinking the blood, scooped up in the hollow of joined hands, and quaffed amid shouts of rage and victory.
The story was much the same all along the frontier. The offensive continued to outrace reports of it, and in many cases the first intimation the English settlers and soldiers had of trouble was the arrival of war parties. One by one the garrisons fell, until Pontiac and his allies controlled the entire region west of Fort Pitt, at the forks of the Ohio. Isolated frontier settlements were even more vulnerable and the destruction was commensurately greater. Some two thousand settlers were killed, and about four hundred soldiers. Many others were taken hostage. Those who survived the attacks and evaded capture fled east, bearing tales of calamity and horror.
The British commander in North America, Jeffrey Amherst, a large man with a big nose and a deeply held conviction that his talents were being wasted in the colonies, received the news of the western disaster at his headquarters in New York. Although the reports shocked him, he wasn't surprised at the behavior of the Indians, whom he considered savages beneath regard by civilized men. This attitude was common among the British, and it had helped trigger the current uprising. (By contrast, the French, whose imperial policy relied less on displacing the Indians than on trading with them, developed a more sophisticated view of the indigenes.) Amherst terminated the practice of sending gifts to Britain's Indian allies, and he curtailed the trade in guns and ammunition. He judged that though the Indians had been useful against the French, now that the French were vanquished it was time to make the Indians understand who the true rulers of North America were.
While Amherst had to respect the fighting ability of the Indians, he blamed incompetence among his subordinates for the success of Pontiac's offensive. Upon receiving a report of a massacre of the British garrison at Presque Isle, which followed the fort's surrender by its commanding officer, he could hardly contain his anger. "It is amazing that an officer could put so much faith in the promises of the Indians as to capitulate with them, when there are so many recent instances of their never failing to massacre the people whom they can persuade to put themselves in their power," he wrote in his journal. "The officer and garrison would have had a much better chance for their lives if they had defended themselves to the last, and if not relieved, they had confided to a retreat through the woods or got off in a boat in the night. These people are undoubtedly murdered unless the Indians may have feared to do it lest we may retaliate. There is absolutely nothing but fear of us that can hinder them from committing all the cruelties in their power."
Amherst determined to answer the terror of the Indians with terror of his own. Knowing that the Indians rightly feared the white men's diseases more than anything else about the Europeans, he directed Henry Bouquet, the commander of the western district, to launch a campaign of biological warfare. "Could it not be contrived to send the smallpox among the disaffected tribes of Indians?" Amherst inquired. "We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them."
Bouquet responded at once. Some of his own troops were suffering from smallpox; he proposed to take blankets from the sick men and distribute them among the Indians. "I will try to inoculate the ------ with some blankets that may fall in their hands, and take care not to get the disease myself," he told Amherst. (Whether discretion caused him not to identify the targets or he hadn't decided which Indians to infect is unclear.)
Amherst approved the plan. "You will do well to try to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets, as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race," he said.
Bouquet distributed the blankets. By the time he did, they may have proved redundant, as the smallpox had already jumped from the whites in the area to the Indians. Yet the outcome was certainly what Bouquet and Amherst desired. "The smallpox has been very general and raging among the Indians since last spring," an observer wrote several months later. A subordinate of Bouquet--who, unlike his commander, wasn't beyond pity--reported from the front, "The poor rascals are dying very fast with the smallpox; they can make but little resistance and when routed from their settlements must perish in great numbers by the disorders."
Aided by the epidemic, the British managed to roll back the Indian advances. Bouquet battered an Indian army at Bushy Run near Fort Pitt, and he sent his troops to burn Indian villages and drive off their inhabitants, many of whom then perished of hunger and disease. The villages were always the weak spot of Indians, for although Indian warriors were masters at raiding garrisons and terrorizing settlers, they lacked the numbers and firepower to defend their own women and children against British counterattack. In the face of Bouquet's scorched-earth strategy, Pontiac's allies fell away band by band and tribe by tribe, to make peace with the British.
Yet the outcome was far from an undiluted victory for British arms. To entice Pontiac's allies to the peace table, the British government recalled Amherst and repealed most of the measures the Indians resented. As a result, it wasn't hard for many of the Indians to conclude that, in dealing with the Europeans, war worked. (For Pontiac personally, the failure to drive the British from the Ohio marked a defeat from which he never recovered. His fellow Ottawas turned to others for leadership, and the younger warriors derided the old man as a relic of the past. In 1769 he was fatally stabbed by a Peoria Indian at a trading post on the Mississippi River. None of the Ottawas, not even his own sons, lifted a finger to avenge him.)
The lesson American colonists drew from Pontiac's War was similar in content to that drawn by the Indians but altogether different in tone. The uprising had sent shudders all along the American backcountry, from New York to Georgia. In every community that lived within sight or consciousness of the great forest that stretched away to the west, the reports of the Indian atrocities--with the torture of prisoners and the mutilation and cannibalism of the murdered recounted in excruciating detail--caused hearts to clutch and eyes to examine every grove of trees for signs of the enemy's approach. The flood of refugees from the war provided additional evidence of the scope and meaning of the Indian uprising. An inhabitant of Frederick, Maryland, noted, "Every day, for some time past, has offered the melancholy scene of poor distressed families driving downwards through this town with their effects, who have deserted their plantations for fear of falling into the cruel hands of our savage enemies, now daily seen in the woods." A witness in Winchester, Virginia, explained, "Near 500 families have run away within this week. I assure you it was a most melancholy sight to see such numbers of poor people, who had abandoned their settlements in such consternation and hurry that they had hardly anything with them but their children. And what is still worse, I dare say there is not money enough amongst the whole families to maintain a fifth part of them till the fall; and none of the poor creatures can get a hovel to shelter them from the weather, but lie about scattered in the woods."
For the refugees, and for the many more who held on to their homes but watched their cold, hungry compatriots stream by, the outcome of Pontiac's War was decidedly unsatisfactory. Except for the traders, who required the Indians as customers, nearly all the Americans who lived anywhere near the frontier considered the Indians an existential danger. Few would have mourned had every one of the natives fallen victim to British arms or European disease. And when the post-Pontiac settlement essentially restored the status quo, the Americans once more saw the tomahawk hanging over their heads.
Among those who fought against Pontiac were members of a peculiar tribe with origins in the foggy North Atlantic. During the first decade of the seventeenth century--at the same time as the founding in America of English Jamestown and French Quebec--King James of England and Scotland planted a colony of English and Scots in the north of Ireland. The purpose of the Ulster plantation was to subdue the unruly Irish, who were considered by the English to be fully as savage as the Indian tribes of North America. So refractory were they that few Englishmen accepted James's invitation to emigrate to Ulster, leaving it to the Scots to claim the Irish territory James opened to them. Nor were these just any Scots, but bands of Lowlanders who had fought for centuries against rival tribesman--or clansmen--of the Scottish Highlands. The centuries of battle had forged a character equal to almost any challenge requiring courage and determination. As one Scotsman explained, "When I do consider with myself what things are necessary for a plantation, I cannot but be confident that my own countrymen are as fit for such a purpose as any men in the world, having daring minds that upon any probable appearance do despise danger, and bodies able to endure as much as the height of their minds can undertake." Another Scotsman, perhaps more candid, characterized those who accepted James's offer rather differently: "Albeit amongst these Divine Providence sent over some worthy persons for birth, education and parts, yet the most part were such as either poverty, scandalous lives, or, at the best, adventurous seeking of better accommodation, set forward that way."
Copyright © 2005 by H.W. Brands. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher. | <urn:uuid:5fcb762f-14f0-4ab5-828e-c8ca97b5af6d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://penguinrandomhousehighereducation.com/book/?isbn=9781400030729 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.980824 | 3,344 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Nurses all over the world rely on the convenience and usability of the traditional fob watch. While technologies have advanced tenfold, our knowledge of medicine is of a level thought unfathomable just decades ago, the fob watch has withstood the test of time. As they are arguably one of the most essential instruments of the modern nurses uniform, we decided to look further at the fob watch and the important role they have played for nurses both today and the generations before us.
A brief history
For many, the classic antique pocket watch in the form of a fob provides nostalgia for many people. Before the notion of wristwatches, pocket watches were a measure of time that infused itself into modern civilisation for a remarkably long period of time. It was developed in the 16th century, and right up until World War I in the 20th century, it was undeniably the most popular type of portable clock. It was even considered to be a staple part of a gentleman’s wardrobe, with many men using the product as a way of conveying status or class.
It was after World War One when the rise in the popularity of the wristwatch led to the demise of the pocket watch, after almost 400 years in popular culture. Other than use by modern nurses in hospitals, the fashionable yet functional masterpiece is largely forgotten in the 21st century. The item has now become a collectable of sorts, with keen enthusiasts from all over the world hunting for the rarest and most unique vintage fobs available.
The gift that keeps on giving
Their usability in hospitals has largely kept the notion of a fob watch afloat. Digital and electric devices are taking precedence in modern-day time telling, with readings available on phones, computers, microwaves, ovens and tablets to name just a few. One of the possible reasons behind the survival of the fob watch could be its role as a traditional gift to newly qualified nursing professionals. Parents, grandparents and close relatives of the recently qualified nurses will gift a fob watch in recognition of their achievements, be it on graduation or upon the acceptance of their first job. This is seen as a rite-of-passage and was once used to symbolise the move made by young nurses from the family home to the nursing quarters.
There is are a plethora of fob watches available that would be suitable for nurses, some of which can even be engraved. For a truly unique present, browse our extensive range of antique pocket watches for a style that will be the envy of the ward!
How are they worn?
Nurses have traditionally worn a fob watch on the pocket of their tunic or uniform. This style of watch appears to hang upside down, although when read from the nurses perspective, allows them to quickly and accurately see the time.
In some hospitals, a fob watch is a requirement for the nurse, due to reasons concerning hygiene. One current dress code for NHS nurses states that ‘Wristwatches must not be worn, but securely pinned (similar to a fob watch) to the uniform to prevent any hazard to patients’. In an environment where keeping germ-free is of utmost importance, it’s no surprise that fob watches are favoured over the more modern wristwatch alternative, considering how much the nurse uses his or her hands in daily care. | <urn:uuid:3a0915be-6d60-461f-8c5b-1f00e042473c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.antique-watch.com/blog/the-importance-of-fob-watches-in-nursing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526153.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719074137-20190719100137-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.962106 | 680 | 2.75 | 3 |
While mycobacteria have already been proposed as vaccine vectors for their protection and persistence, small continues to be done to optimize their immunogenicity in nonhuman primates systematically. antigens. These mobile responses had been of better magnitude and even more continual than those produced after vaccination with rAd5 by itself. The vaccine-elicited mobile replies were predominantly polyfunctional CD8+ T cells. These findings support the further exploration of mycobacteria as priming vaccine vectors. Because of its confirmed security and immunogenicity, bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is currently being explored as a vaccine vector to confer protection against infectious pathogens S/GSK1349572 irreversible inhibition and malignancy. Recombinant BCG (rBCG) has been constructed to express a variety of antigens, including proteins of human immunodeficiency computer virus type 1 (HIV-1), tuberculosis, and parasites (7, 12, 18, 24, 29, 38). However, rBCG has not demonstrated consistent protection and has failed in human clinical trials as a Lyme disease vaccine (11). While the disappointing protection seen in these studies may be a consequence of transgene expression instability or inefficient antigen processing and presentation (9), rBCG constructs may simply not be sufficiently immunogenic to elicit protective immunity when administered intradermally as stand-alone vaccines. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens using recombinant bacteria, viruses, and proteins have been shown to generate more robust cellular immune responses than vaccine strategies using a simple vaccine modality. In efforts to improve BCG as a vaccine against tuberculosis, prime-boost strategies using BCG as primary and heterologous constructs such as recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5), DNA, and recombinant poxviruses as improving immunogens were shown to enhance CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell replies to BCG antigens (14, 28, 33, 36, 43-45). A heterologous prime-boost BMP2 immunization strategy has also been proven to improve the immunogenicity of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency trojan (SIV) antigens portrayed by rBCG and various other mycobacterial vectors. Ami et al. show that priming with rBCG expressing SIV Gag and boosting using a recombinant vaccinia trojan produced higher virus-specific mobile replies in vaccinated monkeys than either rBCG or recombinant vaccinia trojan by itself (2). We lately showed a recombinant vector expressing an HIV-1 envelope proteins could generate virus-specific Compact disc8+ T-cell storage replies S/GSK1349572 irreversible inhibition in mice, and enhancing with rAd5 elevated Compact disc8+ T-cell replies particular for this HIV-1 antigen (6 significantly, 15). In today’s research, we evaluated the immunogenicity of rBCG expressing SIV Gag, Pol, and Env antigens in rhesus monkeys using escalating dosages of rBCG and different routes of administration. We also explored whether we are able to augment the immune system replies elicited by rBCG by enhancing using a replication-defective rAd5 vector. We demonstrate that intradermal and intravenous administration of rBCG are better tolerated than various other routes of rBCG administration which rBCG leading/rAd5 vector increase vaccination induced sturdy, consistent, and polyfunctional Compact disc8+ T-cell replies. Strategies and Components Era of rBCG. BCG (Pasteur) was harvested in 7H9 moderate supplemented with 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase (Difco) and 0.05% Tween 80 (Fisher Scientific). Full-length SIVmac239 S/GSK1349572 irreversible inhibition and and a improved had been cloned from codon-optimized DNA plasmids built previously (20, 23). The SIV was improved by detatching the sign sequence as well as the gp41 area. The SIV genes had been then individually placed in to the multicopy pJH222 antigen promoter as well as the 19-kDa sign sequence. For recognition from the SIV protein, a hemagglutinin (HA) label was fused towards the C-terminal end of every viral proteins. Inside the operon, a kanamycin level of resistance gene was cloned downstream from the viral gene. Every individual multicopy plasmid using the SIV gene put was changed into BCG (Pasteur). Recombinant mycobacterial clones were selected for kanamycin resistance on 7H10 agar comprising 20 g of kanamycin (Sigma)/ml. Solitary colonies were cultivated in 7H9 medium comprising 20 g of kanamycin/ml and produced by shaking until they reached an optical denseness at 600 nm of 1 1. Mycobacteria were then harvested and washed twice in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline. Expression of the SIV proteins was assessed by Western blotting of mycobacterial lysates (1 g of total protein) using an anti-HA monoclonal antibody (MAb; clone 3F10) and a chemiluminescence detection kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Roche Applied Technology). Animals and immunization. The illness 4 weeks before the study was initiated. All animals were maintained in accordance with the (30) and with the authorization of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Harvard Medical School and the National Institutes of Health. The immunization routine for each experimental group of monkeys is definitely summarized in Fig. ?Fig.1.1. Monkeys were inoculated intradermally, intramuscularly, or intravenously with 106, 107, 108, or 109 CFU of rBCG SIV Gag,. | <urn:uuid:46b7ffd3-0ef1-4597-99ec-8cde067c9d42> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://sc-26196.com/while-mycobacteria-have-already-been-proposed-as-vaccine-vectors-for-their/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.929586 | 1,230 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The ACT Programming Tutor (APT) is a problem solving environment constructed around an executable cognitive model of the programming knowledge students are acquiring. This cognitive model supports two types of adaptive instructional processes. First, it enables the tutor to follow each student’s solution path through complex problem solving spaces, providing appropriate assistance as needed. Second, it enables the tutor to implement cognitive mastery learning in which fine-grained inferences about student knowledge are employed to adapt the problem sequence. This paper outlines the assumptions and procedures of cognitive mastery learning and describes evidence of its success in promoting student achievement. The paper also explores the limits of cognitive mastery as implemented in APT and begins to examine new directions. | <urn:uuid:b987fa22-a231-463d-baa7-5cc30deba890> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Spring/2000/ss00-01-007.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00061-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934484 | 139 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Disclosing steppers: a guide to discrete motion
Let me start with quoting an incredible and wise robotics professor I met at a conference (which for obvious reasons, I won't mention):
Steppers are like smartphones: everybody uses them without knowing how they work. And, just like the smartphones, most of the people use them in stupid ways.
This is the starting point of this guide. Steppers are popular, steppers are everywhere, steppers are apparently easy to use. From a procedural point of view, indeed steppers are the easiest thing to use to provide motion. This is why, soon after RC servos, they are so popular among makers and software engineers.
So you may say: why to provide another guide to steppers? Well, the reason is simple: there is a huge, enormous, tremendous difference between providing motion and providing a good and precise motion control. In fact, this is a critic to software engineers, if steppers work well with computers, it does not mean that they work well, from a mechanical point of view, in every application. There are many limitations with steppers, but, since they provide simple motion control, I see them applied everywhere, even in those applications where a DC motor (brushed or brushless) is the only good choice from a mechanical point of view (such as speed control).
When working with steppers, everything should start and end with the functional definition of steppers:
Steppers motors are designed to provide discrete motion. The motion provided by steppers is discrete both in time and space.
Hence this guide will first describe in details the physical principle of stepper motors, hence you will be able to understand the mechanical charachteristics of motion. Then I will explain you how to control steppers: both by looking how to select and hookup the hardware and how to design a simple control software with Matlab and Labview.
How it works
I won't steal your time into describing the components and the design of stepper motors, since you can find exhaustive explanations throughout the Internet ( check Wikipedia). Conversely, I will focus on the description of the working principle and the mathematical model of stepper motors.
A game of stability and instability
The physical principle of steppers is to exploit the behavior of electromagnetic field to create a mechanical system (the rotor) which rotates around several stable positions (the steps). However each stable position is characterized by a limited level of stability, hence a perturbation in the magnetic field is able to push the rotor from a stable position to the next one. In fact the process of stepping is achieved throughout the following scheme: stable position-perturbation-instability-new stable position.
At this point most of the readers might be confused: what is a stable position? Why motion happens within stable positions? And, furthermore, how is it possible to provide discrete motion within a stable-unstable system?
In order to understand the stepper, we need to call its purely mechanical counterpart: the buckled beam. As a desk-experiment, pick a plastic ruler and apply compression at its tips until buckling appears. Then apply a small force right in the middle of the ruler and soon you will find that the buckle flips upside down.
The ruler experiment is the classic buckling instability phenomenon described in the following figure. As you can see, the mechanical system has two stable positions (stable configurations). Each configuration is characterized by a low level of stability, hence even a small force can cause instability. Consequently, due to the instability, the system moves really fast until the other stable position is reached.
The scheme here described is the key to understand discrete motion. In fact the position of the beam center can be only one between the two stable one. Every other position cannot be reached by the system due to the fact that they are not stable position. In addition, the existence of several unstable position guarantees that the switch from a stable position to another is almost instantaneous and, in any case, not controllable.
In the case of bistable (or multistable) systems motion is discrete in terms of:
- space, since the only configuration available are those which are stable
- time, since the the way the systems moves from a stable position to another is not controllable due to the unstable motion
Coming back to steppers, these motors are designed so that the system rotor-electromagnets generates a n-stable mechanical system (where n is the number of steps for each revolution). In this configuration the motion of the rotor is not truly controllable. In fact we can only choose in which position the rotor will be, but not how the rotor will travel from one position to another.
Once you have understood the bi-stability thing, you know almost everything you need to know about the application of stepper motors. As we will see, the field of application of those systems is strongly limited (or at least, it should be strongly limited) by the multi-stable behavior. | <urn:uuid:e240a46d-7d30-4622-9f03-34605dcb1ea9> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.mechtechplace.net/mech-design/disclosing-steppers-a-guide-to-discrete-motion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647777.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322053608-20180322073608-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.94403 | 1,033 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Series: Key skills
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WARNING! Not suitable for children under 36 months because of small parts. Choking hazard. Ink from pen may not be washable.
Part of the Usborne Key Skills series that supports the English lessons children learn at school, this book is filled with grammar and punctuation activities that help children create noun phrases, use pronouns and adverbials and write paragraphs. Wipe-clean pages offer endless practice, and answers and secret notes for grown-ups are at the back. | <urn:uuid:92069b3f-676e-47bc-a4d0-f3e95083a094> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://usborne.com/browse-books/catalogue/product/1/14815/wipe-clean-grammar-and-punctuation-8-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.926556 | 112 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martyr
The Greek word martus signifies a witness who testifies to a fact of which he has knowledge from personal observation. It is in this sense that the term first appears in Christian literature; the Apostles were "witnesses" of all that they had observed in the public life of Christ, as well as of all they had learned from His teaching, "in Jerusalem, and in all Judea, and Samaria, and even to the uttermost part of the earth" (Acts, i, 8). St. Peter, in his address to the Apostles and disciples relative to the election of a successor to Judas, employs the term with this meaning: "Wherefore, of these men who have companied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus came in and went out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken up from us, one of these must be made witness with us of his resurrection" (Acts, i, 22). In his first public discourse the chief of the Apostles speaks of himself and his companions as "witnesses" who saw the risen Christ and subsequently, after the miraculous escape of the Apostles from prison, when brought a second time before the tribunal, Peter again alludes to the twelve as witnesses to Christ, as the Prince and Saviour of Israel, Who rose from the dead; and added that in giving their public testimony to the facts, of which they were certain, they must obey God rather than man (Acts, v, 29 sqq.). In his First Epistle St. Peter also refers to himself as a "witness of the sufferings of Christ" (I Pet., v. 1).
But even in these first examples of the use of the word martus in Christian terminology a new shade of meaning is already noticeable, in addition to the accepted signification of the term. The disciples of Christ were no ordinary witnesses such as those who gave testimony in a court of justice. These latter ran no risk in bearing testimony to facts that came under their observation, whereas the witnesses of Christ were brought face to face daily, from the beginning of their apostolate, with the possibility of incurring severe punishment and even death itself. Thus, St. Stephen was a witness who early in the history of Christianity sealed his testimony with his blood. The careers of the Apostles were at all times beset with dangers of the gravest character, until eventually they all suffered the last penalty for their convictions. Thus, within the lifetime of the Apostles, the term martus came to be used in the sense of a witness who at any time might be called upon to deny what he testified to, under penalty of death. From this stage the transition was easy to the ordinary meaning of the term, as used ever since in Christian literature: a martyr, or witness of Christ, is a person who, though he has never seen nor heard the Divine Founder of the Church, is yet so firmly convinced of the truths of the Christian religion, that he gladly suffers death rather than deny it. St. John, at the end of the first century, employs the word with this meaning; Antipas, a convert from paganism, is spoken of as a "faithful witness (martus) who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth" (Apoc., ii, 13). Further on the same Apostle speaks of the "souls of them that were slain for the Word of God and for the testimony (martyrian) which they held" (Apoc., vi, 9).
Yet, it was only by degrees, in the course of the first age of the Church, that the term martyr came to be exclusively applied to those who had died for the faith. The grandsons of St. Jude, for example, on their escape from the peril they underwent when cited before Domitian were afterwards regarded as martyrs (Euseb., "list. eccl", III, xx, xxxii). The famous confessors of Lyons, who endured so bravely awful tortures for their belief, were looked upon by their fellow-Christians as martyrs, but they themselves declined this title as of right belonging only to those who had actually died: "They are already martyrs whom Christ has deemed worthy to be taken up in their confession, having sealed their testimony by their departure; but we are confessors mean and lowly" (Euseb., op. cit., V, ii). This distinction between martyrs and confessors is thus traceable to the latter part of the second century: those only were martyrs who had suffered the extreme penalty, whereas the title of confessors was given to Christians who had shown their willingness to die for their belief, by bravely enduring imprisonment or torture, but were not put to death. Yet the term martyr was still sometimes applied during the third century to persons still living, as, for instance, by St. Cyprian, who gave the title of martyrs to a number of bishops, priests, and laymen condemned to penal servitude in the mines (Ep. 76). Tertullian speaks of those arrested as Christians and not yet condemned as martyres designati. In the fourth century, St. Gregory of Nazianzus alludes to St. Basil as "a martyr", but evidently employs the term in the broad sense in which the word is still sometimes applied to a person who has borne many and grave hardships in the cause of Christianity. The description of a martyr given by the pagan historian Ammianus Marcellinus (XXII, xvii), shows that by the middle of the fourth century the title was everywhere reserved to those who had actually suffered death for their faith. Heretics and schismatics put to death as Christians were denied the title of martyrs (St. Cyprian, "De Unit.", xiv; St. Augustine, Ep. 173; Euseb., "Hist. Eccl.", V, xvi, xxi). St. Cyprian lays down clearly the general principle that "he cannot be a martyr who is not in the Church; he cannot attain unto the kingdom who forsakes that which shall reign there." St. Clement of Alexandria strongly disapproves (Strom., IV, iv) of some heretics who gave themselves up to the law; they "banish themselves without being martyrs".
The orthodox were not permitted to seek martyrdom. Tertullian, however, approves the conduct of the Christians of a province of Asia who gave themselves up to the governor, Arrius Antoninus (Ad. Scap., v). Eusebius also relates with approval the incident of three Christians of Cæsarea in Palestine who, in the persecution of Valerian, presented themselves to the judge and were condemned to death (Hist. Eccl., VII, xii). But while circumstances might sometimes excuse such a course, it was generally held to be imprudent. St. Gregory of Nazianzus sums up in a sentence the rule to be followed in such cases: it is mere rashness to seek death, but it is cowardly to refuse it (Orat. xlii, 5, 6). The example of a Christian of Smyrna named Quintus, who, in the time of St. Polycarp, persuaded several of his fellow believers to declare themselves Christians, was a warning of what might happen to the over-zealous: Quintus at the last moment apostatized, though his companions persevered. Breaking idols was condemned by the Council of Elvira (306), which, in its sixtieth canon, decreed that a Christian put to death for such vandalism would not be enrolled as a martyr. Lactantius, on the other hand, has only mild censure for a Christian of Nicomedia who suffered martyrdom for tearing down the edict of persecution (Do mort. pers., xiii). In one case St. Cyprian authorizes seeking martyrdom. Writing to his priests and deacons regarding repentant lapsi who were clamouring to be received back into communion, the bishop after giving general directions on the subject, concludes by saying that if these impatient personages are so eager to get back to the Church there is a way of doing so open to them. "The struggle is still going forward", he says, "and the strife is waged daily. If they (the lapsi) truly and with constancy repent of what they have done, and the fervour of their faith prevails, he who cannot be delayed may be crowned" (Ep. xiii).
LEGAL BASIS OF THE PERSECUTIONS
Acceptance of the national religion in antiquity was an obligation incumbent on all citizens; failure to worship the gods of the State was equivalent to treason. This universally accepted principle is responsible for the various persecutions suffered by Christians before the reign of Constantine; Christians denied the existence of and therefore refused to worship the gods of the state pantheon. They were in consequence regarded as atheists. It is true, indeed, that the Jews also rejected the gods of Rome, and yet escaped persecution. But the Jews, from the Roman standpoint, had a national religion and a national God, Jehovah, whom they had a full legal right to worship. Even after the destruction of Jerusalem, when the Jews ceased to exist as a nation, Vespasian made no change in their religious status, save that the tribute formerly sent by Jews to the temple at Jerusalem was henceforth to be paid to the Roman exchequer. For some time after its establishment, the Christian Church enjoyed the religious privileges of the Jewish nation, but from the nature of the case it is apparent that the chiefs of the Jewish religion would not long permit without protest this state of things. For they abhorred Christ's religion as much as they abhorred its Founder. At what date the Roman authorities had their attention directed to the difference between the Jewish and the Christian religion cannot be determined, but it appears to be fairly well established that laws proscribing Christianity were enacted before the end of the first century. Tertullian is authority for the statement that persecution of the Christians was institutum Neronianum - an institution of Nero - (Ad nat., i, 7). The First Epistle of St. Peter also Clearly alludes to the proscription of Christians, as Christians, at the time it was written (I, St. Peter, iv, 16). Domitian (81-96) also, is known to have punished with death Christian members of his own family on the charge of atheism (Suetonius, "Domitianus", xv). While it is therefore probable that the formula: "Let there be no Christians" (Christiani non sint) dates from the second half of the first century, yet the earliest clear enactment on the subject of Christianity is that of Trajan (98-117) in his famous letter to the younger Pliny, his legate in Bithynia.
Pliny had been sent from Rome by the emperor to restore order in the Province of Bithynia-Pontus. Among the difficulties he encountered in the execution of his commission one of the most serious concerned the Christians. The extraordinarily large number of Christians he found within his jurisdiction greatly surprised him: the contagion of their "Superstition", he reported to Trajan, affected not only the cities but even the villages and country districts of the province (Pliny, Ep., x, 96). One consequence of the general defection from the state religion was of an economic order: so many people had become Christians that purchasers were no longer found for the victims that once in great numbers were offered to the gods. Complaints were laid before the legate relative to this state of affairs, with the result that some Christians were arrested and brought before Pliny for examination. The suspects were interrogated as to their tenets and those of them who persisted in declining repeated invitations to recant were executed. Some of the prisoners, however, after first affirming that they were Christians, afterwards, when threatened with punishment, qualified their first admission by saying that at one time they had been adherents of the proscribed body but were so no longer. Others again denied that they were or ever had been Christians. Having never before had to deal with questions concerning Christians Pliny applied to the emperor for instructions on three points regarding which he did not see his way clearly: first, whether the age of the accused should be taken into consideration in meting out punishment; secondly, whether Christians who renounced their belief should be pardoned; and thirdly, whether the mere profession of Christianity should be regarded as a crime, and punishable as such, independent of the fact of the innocence or guilt of the accused of the crimes ordinarily associated with such profession.
To these inquiries Trajan replied in a rescript which was destined to have the force of law throughout the second century in relation to Christianity. After approving what his representative had already done, the emperor directed that in future the rule to be observed in dealing with Christians should be the following: no steps were to be taken by magistrates to ascertain who were or who were not Christians, but at the same time, if any person was denounced, and admitted that he was a Christian, he was to be punished - evidently with death. Anonymous denunciations were not to be acted upon, and on the other hand, those who repented of being Christians and offered sacrifice to the gods, were to be pardoned. Thus, from the year 112, the date of this document, perhaps even from the reign of Nero, a Christian was ipso facto an outlaw. That the followers of Christ were known to the highest authorities of the State to be innocent of the numerous crimes and misdemeanors attributed to them by popular calumny, is evident from Pliny's testimony to this effect, as well as from Trajan's order: conquirendi non sunt. And that the emperor did not regard Christians as a menace to the State is apparent from the general tenor of his instructions. Their only crime was that they were Christians, adherents of an illegal religion. Under this regime of proscription the Church existed from the year 112 to the reign of Septimius Severus (193-211). The position of the faithful was always one of grave danger, being as they were at the mercy of every malicious person who might, without a moment's warning, cite them before the nearest tribunal. It is true indeed, that the delator was an unpopular person in the Roman Empire, and, besides, in accusing a Christian he ran the risk of incurring severe punishment if unable to make good his charge against his intended victim. In spite of the danger, however, instances are known, in the persecution era, of Christian victims of delation.
The prescriptions of Trajan on the subject of Christianity were modified by Septimius Severus by the addition of a clause forbidding any person to become a Christian. The existing law of Trajan against Christians in general was not, indeed, repealed by Severus, though for the moment it was evidently the intention of the emperor that it should remain a dead letter. The object aimed at by the new enactment was, not to disturb those already Christians, but to check the growth of the Church by preventing conversions. Some illustrious convert martyrs, the most famous being Sts. Perpetua and Felicitas, were added to the roll of champions of religious freedom by this prohibition, but it effected nothing of consequence in regard to its primary purpose. The persecution came to an end in the second year of the reign of Caracalla (211-17). From this date to the reign of Decius (250-53) the Christians enjoyed comparative peace with the exception of the short period when Maximinus the Thracian (235-38) occupied the throne. The elevation of Decius to the purple began a new era in the relations between Christianity and the Roman State. This emperor, though a native of Illyria, was nevertheless profoundly imbued with the spirit of Roman conservatism. He ascended the throne with the firm intention of restoring the prestige which the empire was fast losing, and he seems to have been convinced that the chief difficulty in the way of effecting his purpose was the existence of Christianity. The consequence was that in the year 250 he issued an edict, the tenor of which is known only from the documents relating to its enforcement, prescribing that all Christians of the empire should on a certain day offer sacrifice to the gods.
This new law was quite a different matter from the existing legislation against Christianity. Proscribed though they were legally, Christians had hitherto enjoyed comparative security under a regime which clearly laid down the principle that they were not to be sought after officially by the civil authorities. The edict of Decius was exactly the opposite of this: the magistrates were now constituted religious inquisitors, whose duty it was to punish Christians who refused to apostatize. The emperor's aim, in a word, was to annihilate Christianity by compelling every Christian in the empire to renounce his faith. The first effect of the new legislation seemed favourable to the wishes of its author. During the long interval of peace since the reign of Septimius Severus - nearly forty years - a considerable amount of laxity had crept into the Church's discipline, one consequence of which was, that on the publication of the edict of persecution, multitudes of Christians besieged the magistrates everywhere in their eagerness to comply with its demands. Many other nominal Christians procured by bribery certificates stating that they had complied with the law, while still others apostatized under torture. Yet after this first throng of weaklings had put themselves outside the pale of Christianity there still remained, in every part of the empire, numerous Christians worthy of their religion, who endured all manner of torture, and death itself, for their convictions. The persecution lasted about eighteen months, and wrought incalculable harm.
Before the Church had time to repair the damage thus caused, a new conflict with the State was inaugurated by an edict of Valerian published in 257. This enactment was directed against the clergy, bishops priests, and deacons, who were directed under pain of exile to offer sacrifice. Christians were also forbidden, under pain of death, to resort to their cemeteries. The results of this first edict were of so little moment that the following year, 258, a new edict appeared requiring the clergy to offer sacrifice under penalty of death. Christian senators, knights, and even the ladies of their families, were also affected by an order to offer sacrifice under penalty of confiscation of their goods and reduction to plebeian rank. And in the event of these severe measures proving ineffective the law prescribed further punishment: execution for the men, for the women exile. Christian slaves and freedmen of the emperor's household also were punished by confiscation of their possessions and reduction to the lowest ranks of slavery. Among the martyrs of this persecution were Pope Sixtus II and St. Cyprian of Carthage. Of its further effects little is known, for want of documents, but it seems safe to surmise that, besides adding many new martyrs to the Church's roll, it must have caused enormous suffering to the Christian nobility. The persecution came to an end with the capture (260) of Valerian by the Persians; his successor, Gallienus (260-68), revoked the edict and restored to the bishops the cemeteries and meeting places.
From this date to the last persecution inaugurated by Diocletian (284-305) the Church, save for a short period in the reign of Aurelian (270-75), remained in the same legal situation as in the second century. The first edict of Diocletian was promulgated at Nicomedia in the year 303, and was of the following tenor: Christian assemblies were forbidden; churches and sacred books were ordered to be destroyed, and all Christians were commanded to abjure their religion forthwith. The penalties for failure to comply with these demands were degradation and civil death for the higher classes, reduction to slavery for freemen of the humbler sort, and for slaves incapacity to receive the gift of freedom. Later in the same year a new edict ordered the imprisonment of ecclesiastics of all grades, from bishops to exorcists. A third edict imposed the death-penalty for refusal to abjure, and granted freedom to those who would offer sacrifice; while a fourth enactment, published in 304, commanded everybody without exception to offer sacrifice publicly. This was the last and most determined effort of the Roman State to destroy Christianity. It gave to the Church countless martyrs, and ended in her triumph in the reign of Constantine.
NUMBER OF THE MARTYRS
Of the 249 years from the first persecution under Nero (64) to the year 313, when Constantine established lasting peace, it is calculated that the Christians suffered persecution about 129 years and enjoyed a certain degree of toleration about 120 years. Yet it must be borne in mind that even in the years of comparative tranquillity Christians were at all times at the mercy of every person ill-disposed towards them or their religion in the empire. Whether or not delation of Christians occurred frequently during the era of persecution is not known, but taking into consideration the irrational hatred of the pagan population for Christians, it may safely be surmised that not a few Christians suffered martyrdom through betrayal. An example of the kind related by St. Justin Martyr shows how swift and terrible were the consequences of delation. A woman who had been converted to Christianity was accused by her husband before a magistrate of being a Christian. Through influence the accused was granted the favour of a brief respite to settle her worldly affairs, after which she was to appear in court and put forward her defence. Meanwhile her angry husband caused the arrest of the catechist, Ptolomæus by name, who had instructed the convert. Ptolomæus, when questioned, acknowledged that he was a Christian and was condemned to death. In the court, at the time this sentence was pronounced, were two persons who protested against the iniquity of inflicting capital punishment for the mere fact of professing Christianity. The magistrate in reply asked if they also were Christians, and on their answering in the affirmative both were ordered to be executed. As the same fate awaited the wife of the delator also, unless she recanted, we have here an example of three, possibly four, persons suffering capital punishment on the accusation of a man actuated by malice, solely for the reason that his wife had given up the evil life she had previously led in his society (St. Justin Martyr, II, Apol., ii).
As to the actual number of persons who died as martyrs during these two centuries and a half we have no definite information. Tacitus is authority for the statement that an immense multitude (ingens multitudo) were put to death by Nero. The Apocalypse of St. John speaks of "the souls of them that were slain for the word of God" in the reign of Domitian, and Dion Cassius informs us that "many" of the Christian nobility suffered death for their faith during the persecution for which this emperor is responsible. Origen indeed, writing about the year 249, before the edict of Decius, states that the number of those put to death for the Christian religion was not very great, but he probably means that the number of martyrs up to this time was small when compared with the entire number of Christians (cf. Allard, "Ten Lectures on the Martyrs", 128). St. Justin Martyr, who owed his conversion largely to the heroic example of Christians suffering for their faith, incidentally gives a glimpse of the danger of professing Christianity in the middle of the second century, in the reign of so good an emperor as Antoninus Pius (138-61). In his "Dialogue with Trypho" (cx), the apologist, after alluding to the fortitude of his brethren in religion, adds, "for it is plain that, though beheaded, and crucified, and thrown to wild beasts, and chains, and fire, and all other kinds of torture, we do not give up our confession; but, the more such things happen, the more do others in larger numbers become faithful. . . . Every Christian has been driven out not only from his own property, but even from the whole world; for you permit no Christian to live." Tertullian also, writing towards the end of the second century, frequently alludes to the terrible conditions under which Christians existed ("Ad martyres", "Apologia", "Ad Nationes", etc.): death and torture were ever present possibilities.
But the new régime of special edicts, which began in 250 with the edict of Decius, was still more fatal to Christians. The persecutions of Decius and Valerian were not, indeed, of long duration, but while they lasted, and in spite of the large number of those who fell away, there are clear indications that they produced numerous martyrs. Dionysius of Alexandria, for instance, in a letter to the Bishop of Antioch tells of a violent persecution that took place in the Egyptian capital, through popular violence, before the edict of Decius was even published. The Bishop of Alexandria gives several examples of what Christians endured at the hands of the pagan rabble and then adds that "many others, in cities and villages, were torn asunder by the heathen" (Euseb., "Hist. eccl.", VI, xli sq.). Besides those who perished by actual violence, also, a "multitude wandered in the deserts and mountains, and perished of hunger and thirst, of cold and sickness and robbers and wild beasts" (Euseb., l. c.). In another letter, speaking of the persecution under Valerian, Dionysius states that "men and women, young and old, maidens and matrons, soldiers and civilians, of every age and race, some by scourging and fire, others by the sword, have conquered in the strife and won their crowns" (Id., op. cit., VII, xi). At Cirta, in North Africa, in the same persecution, after the execution of Christians had continued for several days, it was resolved to expedite matters. To this end the rest of those condemned were brought to the bank of a river and made to kneel in rows. When all was ready the executioner passed along the ranks and despatched all without further loss of time (Ruinart, p. 231).
But the last persecution was even more severe than any of the previous attempts to extirpate Christianity. In Nicomedia "a great multitude" were put to death with their bishop, Anthimus; of these some perished by the sword, some by fire, while others were drowned. In Egypt "thousands of men, women and children, despising the present life, . . . endured various deaths" (Euseb., "Hist. eccl.", VII, iv sqq.), and the same happened in many other places throughout the East. In the West the persecution came to an end at an earlier date than in the East, but, while it lasted, numbers of martyrs, especially at Rome, were added to the calendar (cf. Allard, op. cit., 138 sq.). But besides those who actually shed their blood in the first three centuries account must be taken of the numerous confessors of the Faith who, in prison, in exile, or in penal servitude suffered a daily martyrdom more difficult to endure than death itself. Thus, while anything like a numerical estimate of the number of martyrs is impossible, yet the meagre evidence on the subject that exists clearly enough establishes the fact that countless men, women and even children, in that glorious, though terrible, first age of Christianity, cheerfully sacrificed their goods, their liberties, or their lives, rather than renounce the faith they prized above all.
TRIAL OF THE MARTYRS
The first act in the tragedy of the martyrs was their arrest by an officer of the law. In some instances the privilege of custodia libera, granted to St. Paul during his first imprisonment, was allowed before the accused were brought to trial; St. Cyprian, for example, was detained in the house of the officer who arrested him, and treated with consideration until the time set for his examination. But such procedure was the exception to the rule; the accused Christians were generally cast into the public prisons, where often, for weeks or months at a time, they suffered the greatest hardships. Glimpses of the sufferings they endured in prison are in rare instances supplied by the Acts of the Martyrs. St. Perpetua, for instance, was horrified by the awful darkness, the intense heat caused by overcrowding in the climate of Roman Africa, and the brutality of the soldiers (Passio SS. Perpet., et Felic., i). Other confessors allude to the various miseries of prison life as beyond their powers of description (Passio SS. Montani, Lucii, iv). Deprived of food, save enough to keep them alive, of water, of light and air; weighted down with irons, or placed in stocks with their legs drawn as far apart as was possible without causing a rupture; exposed to all manner of infection from heat, overcrowding, and the absence of anything like proper sanitary conditions - these were some of the afflictions that preceded actual martyrdom. Many naturally, died in prison under such conditions, while others, unfortunately, unable to endure the strain, adopted the easy means of escape left open to them, namely, complied with the condition demanded by the State of offering sacrifice.
Those whose strength, physical and moral, was capable of enduring to the end were, in addition, frequently interrogated in court by the magistrates, who endeavoured by persuasion or torture to induce them to recant. These tortures comprised every means that human ingenuity in antiquity had devised to break down even the most courageous; the obstinate were scourged with whips, with straps, or with ropes; or again they were stretched on the rack and their bodies torn apart with iron rakes. Another awful punishment consisted in suspending the victim, sometimes for a whole day at a time, by one hand; while modest women in addition were exposed naked to the gaze of those in court. Almost worse than all this was the penal servitude to which bishops, priests, deacons, laymen and women, and even children, were condemned in some of the more violent persecutions; these refined personages of both sexes, victims of merciless laws, were doomed to pass the remainder of their days in the darkness of the mines, where they dragged out a wretched existence, half naked, hungry, and with no bed save the damp ground. Those were far more fortunate who were condemned to even the most disgraceful death, in the arena, or by crucifixion.
HONOURS PAID THE MARTYRS
It is easy to understand why those who endured so much for their convictions should have been so greatly venerated by their co-reigionists from even the first days of trial in the reign of Nero. The Roman officials usually permitted relatives or friends to gather up the mutilated remains of the martyrs for interment, although in some instances such permission was refused. These relics the Christians regarded as "more valuable than gold or precious stones" (Martyr. Polycarpi, xviii). Some of the more famous martyrs received special honours, as for instance, in Rome, St. Peter and St. Paul, whose "trophies", or tombs, are spoken of at the beginning of the third century by the Roman priest Caius (Eusebius, "Hist. eccl.", II, xxi, 7). Numerous crypts and chapels in the Roman catacombs, some of which, like the capella grœca, were constructed in sub-Apostolic times, also bear witness to the early veneration for those champions of freedom of conscience who won, by dying, the greatest victory in the history of the human race. Special commemoration services of the martyrs, at which the holy Sacrifice was offered over their tombs - the origin of the time - honoured custom of consecrating altars by enclosing in them the relics of martyrs - were held on the anniversaries of their death; the famous Fractio Panis fresco of the capella grœca, dating from the early second century, is probably a representation (see s. v. FRACTIO PANIS; EUCHARIST, SYMBOLS OF) in miniature, of such a celebration. From the age of Constantine even still greater veneration was accorded the martyrs. Pope Damasus (366-84) had a special love for the martyrs, as we learn from the inscriptions, brought to light by de Rossi, composed by him for their tombs in the Roman catacombs. Later on veneration of the martyrs was occasionally exhibited in a rather undesirable form; many of the frescoes in the catacombs have been mutilated to gratify the ambition of the faithful to be buried near the saints (retro sanctos), in whose company they hoped one day to rise from the grave. In the Middle Ages the esteem in which the martyrs were held was equally great; no hardships were too severe to be endured in visiting famous shrines, like those of Rome, where their relics were contained.
ALLARD, Ten Lectures on the Martyrs (New York, 1907); BIRKS in Dict. of Christ. Antiq. (London, 1875-80), s. v.; HEALY, The Valerian Persecution (Boston, 1905); LECLERCQ, Les Martyrs, I (Paris, 1906); DUCHESNE, Histoire ancienne de l'église, I (Paris, 1906); HEUSER in KRAUS, Realencyklopädie f. Christlichen Altenthümer (Freiburg, 1882-86), s. v. Märtyrer; BONWETCH in Realencyklopädie f. prot. Theol. u. Kirche (Leipzig, 1903), s. v. Märtyrer u. Bekenner, and HARNACK in op. cit., s. v. Christenverfolgungen.
MAURICE M. HASSETT | <urn:uuid:cdad9f19-6451-40f8-b85c-17cf087720be> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Martyr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00189-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979009 | 7,178 | 2.921875 | 3 |
You know just how essential global-minded leaders are, so join our online learning community of those working in the field and those starting their international careers as globally conscious leaders. Through that community, you gain international literacy that moves beyond ethnocentrism and nationalism, recognizing and respecting the cultures, customs and values of other nations.
In the Master of Science in Leadership, concentration in Global Leadership (MSGL) program, students will:
- Gain a working literacy of global issues
- Utilize strong cross-cultural communication, negotiation, leadership and teambuilding skills
- Understand the potential ripple effect of an organization's policies and decisions
- Develop critical thinking skills necessary for situational analysis and globally-conscious decision-making
- Understand management in diverse business environments
- Effectively collaborate with professional organizational counterparts in other countries
Economic difficulties, environmental concerns, poverty and human rights are issues that cut across national boundaries, affecting individuals and entire populations around the world. As countries become more interdependent, and as events in one nation produce chain reactions with strong positive and negative impacts in other countries, it becomes critical for those in or entering the public, private and nonprofit/nongovernmental sectors to understand how to make and implement decisions that have the global good in mind.
In this interconnected world, leaders who understand global issues and systems and have the ability to critically assess the short-term and long-term implications of their decisions and actions on other countries are needed. Moreover, leaders of the world must learn to work together collaboratively, overcoming cultural and other differences, for the betterment of the lives of all global citizens.
Global Leadership Core Focuses
The 36-credit curriculum provides a comprehensive knowledge base for students seeking to work on an international level. Global Leadership training focuses on several main areas:
Skills for Cross-Cultural Interaction: Professionals often encounter difficulties when assigned to international or global operations because they lack the cultural and historical knowledge and cross-cultural communication skills necessary to do their jobs effectively. Courses in this area provide students with the knowledge and practice needed to interact with professional counterparts abroad in a seamless fashion.
Knowledge of Critical Global Issues: Many individuals, particularly in the United States, lack basic knowledge of the world outside of their own national borders and of the forces and issues that drive global policies, economics and behavior. Possessing this knowledge helps leaders to make informed decisions in their own jobs and to understand the impacts of those decisions on peoples, nations and global systems.
International Leadership Skills: Many individuals who are promoted to leadership positions in international or global organizations or departments are assigned such roles because they possess strong technical knowledge (e.g., knowledge of IT, agriculture or engineering). However, these people do not always have the necessary skills to be effective leaders in their home countries. When an international layer is added into the mix, their effectiveness as leaders of global operations is greatly diminished. Courses emphasizing international leadership skills develop students' leadership potential, sense of "global-mindedness," and capacity for intellectual humility, integrity and empathy, enabling them to adjust their leadership and operational approaches to lead more successfully.
Global Leadership Program Structure
The academic year is structured with three semesters per year: a fifteen-week term in fall and spring and an 8-week term in summer. If you take 2 courses in the fall, spring and summer semesters, the degree can be completed in 2 years. Courses are entirely online.
Learning online doesn't mean you are without help, though. As a student, you'll have access to learning resources and support services including the Duquesne University Library, online writing center and contact with faculty and advisors. You'll join a peer learning network of people from the community and corporate, nonprofit, government and military sectors. As a graduate, you'll join a network of more than 84,000 active alumni located around the globe.
For more information about the Global Leadership Master's Degree program, feel free to explore the brochure below or contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
This Degree Prepares Graduates for Careers in:
- Sales Manager for International Operation
- Peace Corp Volunteer
- ESL Instuctor
- With Additional Job Opportunities in These Sectors
- International Relations
- Foreign Affairs
- Environmental Research
- International Development
- Travel and Tourism
"I have appreciated the thorough curriculum that has taken us through every component of global issues, intercultural relations and leadership skills. I was just afforded a promotion this past January. I know it is because of the skills I have been developing, including looking towards a more global approach, that when applied to my own organization leveraged this opportunity to expand from directing one program to directing the operations of the entire company. This program has provided the right setting and support to create a new vision."
Christine Taylor, Director of Operations, Arts Midwest
I have a vision of the world as a global village, a world without boundaries. — Christa McAuliffe | <urn:uuid:24282c6d-fc68-4f88-9d1f-67bd7d73165c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://duq.edu/academics/schools/leadership-and-professional-advancement/graduate-degree/global-leadership | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988061.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00334-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937463 | 1,013 | 3.25 | 3 |
Metallurgy and Materials Science
Physical Metallurgy Structures
An interpretative study incorporating phase equilibria, diffusion, nucleation and growth, solid state transformation, strengthening mechanisms; effects of alloying, deformation, precipitation, recrystallization and grain growth on microstructure. Microstructural interpretation of ferrous and non-ferrous metal is emphasized.
(A requirement that must be completed before taking this course.)
Upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to:
- Summarize the basic forms of metallurgical transformations as shown on phase diagrams.
- Predict phases present in a structure using the lever rule.
- Explain the basic heat treating processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening and stress relieving processes.
- Produce both equilibrium and non-equilibrium structures in steel.
- Compare equilibrium and non-equilibrium structures in steel.
- Interpret the thermal based decomposition of pearlite to spheroidite.
- Interpret the influence of alloying on the microstructure of carbon and alloy steels, stainless steel, cast iron and aluminum alloys.
- Depict the behavior of time, temperature and transformation on the resulting microstructures identified on an isothermal transformation diagram.
- Interpret microstructural defects including decarburization, origins of cracking, and the presence of retained austenite.
- Explain the differences between surface and case hardening.
- Relate the methods used to measure hardenability as a method for establishing heat treating parameters and material selection criteria.
- Improve proficiency in metallurgical laboratory practices and microstructural interpretation of the morphology of ferrite, martensite, austenite and bainite.
Currently no sections of this class are being offered. | <urn:uuid:f6688a71-19f8-4a4e-9907-b03dc1499ae7> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.schoolcraft.edu/academics/course-description/MET/211 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465599.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00174-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.782375 | 368 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Scientific Name: Siphonaptera
If you have pets and noticed they are scratching, licking, or biting their skin constantly chances are they may have fleas. In more severe cases, your pets may experience some hair loss, scabs, hot spots, or have an allergic reaction to the flea bites. If you check their coat or environment, you may see flea eggs that look like small dark droppings or “flea dirt.”
What do Fleas look like?
Fleas are 1/16”, dark, reddish brown and wingless, with mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and drawing blood. They thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on a host. If you have pets, your home is likely to be susceptible to fleas. Because fleas are so small, they are difficult to identify with the naked eye, which means you may not know if they are on your pets or in your home until you start to see the symptoms.
- Cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)
- Dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
- Human flea (Pulex irritans)
- Moorhen flea (Dasypsyllus gallinulae)
- Northern rat flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus)
- Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
Flea Control Options
Consult your veterinarian if you think your pets may have fleas. They will be able to identify the issue and discuss the best treatment options for your pet. Clean your home thoroughly including rugs, bedding, upholstery to remove fleas – just remember to throw out the vacuum cleaner bag, or else the fleas can lay eggs in the bag. Flea control can be difficult to implement because it requires treating both your pet and home in order to get rid of this pest.
If you are unsure of how to treat your home, contact a pest control professional. It is important to treat your lawn and interior of your home in order to effectively remove fleas. Experienced pest companies will not only be able to identify the type and size of the infestation, but will also be able to recommend and provide the best treatment possible for your home and family. | <urn:uuid:3da17689-701a-4c33-a583-d3a5d2fd81e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.pestmaintenance.com/pest-library/fleas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305141.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127042833-20220127072833-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.916841 | 481 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What is Marriage?
For the most part, people have no idea what marriage is. When you then start to talk about gay marriage, or bestiality or man boy love, then you don’t have a foundation to stand on, to even begin to argue your points. Let’s do away with all this nonsense of not understand, define what marriage is and where it came from, so that when someone comes to you saying they “really love their dog”, you can refute them with a sound argument and them which way, how, and when they can go to hell, in the most polite way possible. For the children! Because, I always do things for the children [joke]. Before we can define what we “think” marriage is today, let’s look at where marriage came from. Nothing on this planet, just happens right here and now. You must know where it came from to even begin to be an adult and have some wisdom. How can you begin to understand why the Koreans hate the Japanese if you have no clue about their wars that they fought? You’d be operating out of a place of ignorance and not one of wisdom. So let’s take a look at where marriage came from.
History of Marriage
First of all, let’s go back to ancient times. Contrary to popular European belief, there was no rampant promiscuity going on in early man. All empirical evidence points to early man actually taking in wives and living a monogamous life.
All authorities agree that during historical times promiscuity has been either non-existent or confined to a few small groups. Did it prevail to any extent during the prehistoric period of the race? Writing between 1860 and 1890, a considerable number of anthropologists, such as Bachofen, Morgan, McLennan, Lubbock, and Giraud-Teulon, maintained that this was the original relationship between the sexes among practically all peoples. So rapidly did the theory win favour that in 1891 it was, according to Westermarck, “treated by many writers as a demonstrated truth” (History of Human Marriage, p. 51). It appealed strongly to those believers in organic evolution who assumed that the social customs of primitive man, including sex relations, must have differed but slightly from the corresponding usages among the brutes. It has been eagerly adopted by the Marxian Socialists, on account of its agreement with their theories of primitive common property and of economic determinism. According to the latter hypothesis, all other social institutions are, and have ever been, determined by the underlying economic institutions; hence in the original condition of common property, wives and husbands must likewise have been held in common (see Engles, “The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State”, tr. from German, Chicago, 1902). Indeed, the vogue which the theory of promiscuity for a time enjoyed seems to have been due far more to a priori considerations of the kind just mentioned, and to the wish to believe in it, than to positive evidence.
Ancient marriage and even more recent historical marriage wasn’t the romanticized thing that we want to think it means today. The fact is, marriage was for one thing and one thing only: to produce children. This production of children in early man was a very desperate need. We don’t think of this as a need these days with 6.7 billion people on the planet. Now we see children as a nuisance and a drain on the money. Before children were seen as a little more than slave labor force.
After careful consideration, due to children being the product of marriage, quite a few smart fellows saw a great opportunity to get marriage to do for them what a sword couldn’t, i.e. make peace.
When we look at the marriage customs of our ancestors, we discover several striking facts. For example, for the most of Western history, marriage was not a mere personal matter concerning only husband and wife, but rather the business of their two families which brought them together. Most marriages, therefore, were arranged. Moreover, the wife usually had much fewer rights than her husband and was expected to be subservient to him. To a considerable extent, marriage was also an economic arrangement. There was little room for romantic love, and even simple affection was not considered essential. Procreation and cooperation were the main marital duties.
So marriage could quell wars, and build an economic bond between two people, with a free labor force, depending on the fertility of the woman. Let’s focus on this for a second. Imagine this, just you getting a roommate, who shares all of your expenses equally, cuts down on your own personal expenditure of expenses. Now jump to the idea of being married. You’ve not only cut down your expenses, but all of your needs are taken care of [yes ladies AND guys, I said all] and your wealth grows. Now add in kids, who work for you for free, basically. Your production goes up, assuming you have a business that needs laborers, and your wealth, again, grows. As your children grow and marry, you create a tiny empire unto yourself. Then, you go into an agreement with another man, such as yourself, and agree to pool your empire with his empire through the marriage of your child to his.
Rights in Marriage
Everyone talks about rights and rights in marriage. The truth is heterosexual couples have been and still are fighting for rights and freedoms away from the federal govern. What about ancient historical marital rights? Let’s look at Rome and Greece:
In ancient Greece marriage was seen as a fundamental social institution. Indeed, the great lawgiver Solon once contemplated making marriage compulsory, and in Athens under Pericles bachelors were excluded from certain important public positions. Sparta, while encouraging sexual relationships between men, nevertheless insisted on their marrying and producing children. Single and childless men were treated with scorn.
However, while marriage was deemed important, it was usually treated as a practical matter without much romantic significance. A father arranged the most advantageous marriage for his son and then had a contract signed before witnesses. Shortly thereafter a wedding celebration was held and the young couple (who might never have met before) was escorted to bed. All marriages were monogamous. As a rule, the bridegroom was in his thirties and the bride was a teenager. In addition to this disparity in ages there also existed an inequality in education and political rights. Women were considered inferior to men and remained confined to the home. Their main function as wives was to produce children and to manage the household while their husbands tended to public affairs. For their erotic needs, men often turned to prostitutes and concubines.
Marital rights started and ended on the question of legal inheritance. Again, it’s about the kids, the offspring. The marriage itself is never concerned with if the man loves the woman and how well they get along. The marriage is concerned about did she produce children and does she sleep around… in case she produces illegitimate children.
The Heart of Marriage
All of this article is going to fall on its face with this next sentence. Everything said thus far about marriage, only concerned men who had money. If you did not have money, or rights [as in you weren’t a citizen] it didn’t matter what you did. For the most part, in western civilization, marriage and marriage rights revolves around property owners. If you don’t own property, who cares who you marry and who’s going to inherit your non-property.
This entire pop culture reference to marriage then, is a farce and a scam. If you don’t “establish” yourself, i.e. get married, build a house and own land, then you’re pretending to have a life. This comes full circle to the economic situation we are in now. This stupid practice of credit and building credit is nothing more than a ploy to get you to give away all of your rights, property and money. Bear with me here. People were being expected to move and buy a new house every 2 years, to make a profit on the old house. However, if you were to go back to the way a wealthy person lives, you’d establish a family base, buy land, build a house, get married, have children and pass all of that on to your children. Your children then have nearly nothing in their life to worry about except building the family wealth even more and passing it on to their children.
With sound economic sense and the wisdom to realize how marriage is really intended to be used, even a poor man can achieve wealth and be safe and secure in his home. At the heart of this all is marriage. | <urn:uuid:173e430b-eb71-4a81-80e5-044acc6627c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://shakaama.wordpress.com/category/gay-marriage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825700.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023054654-20171023074654-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.97749 | 1,824 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Blue Tongue Virus Deer: Hemorrhagic disorders, such as Bluetongue or epizootic hemorrhagic sickness, are common among deer. Each illness is linked and has symptoms that are relatively close together.
Although bluetongue is a well-known disease of innocent cattle and goats, further affecting deer, they are exclusive in that only white-tailed deer are affected. The chronic losing sickness is different from end/bluetongue.
Table of Contents
Symptoms Of the disease
Early hemorrhagic disorder in deer can cause them to appear limp, lame, or unresponsive to human dignity. As the disorder worsens, the deer may also experience excessive salivation, soapy mouths, bleeding from the snout, lesions at the rudeness, and occasionally swollen, blue-stained tongues.
Deer are frequently quickly destroyed by the disorder within an afternoon, or else they will still be in exceptional condition for their age. In other instances, they may not actually pass away but instead become ill and stop eating, which results in emaciation.
Although other animals, such as the donkey, deer, and bighorn lamb, may be exposed to the disorder, they typically no longer suffer from it like white-stalked deer.
These diseases manifest themselves during the driest season of the year, when conditions are favourable for the biting culicoides that transmit them. The gnats are found in moist, cloudy areas where deer can gather in the late summer and early fall, especially in surprisingly short, dry years.
The spread of these diseases is typically slowed down quickly by colder, rainier weather, which drives deer out of gnat-infested areas, or by hard primary frost, which kills the gnats that carry the diseases.
Until now, those illnesses have a gestation period of five to ten days. Troubled deer might be found for several weeks following the challenging first frost of the fall.
Blue Tongue Disease In Cattle
The disease-carrying gnats will also bite through trained cattle. Despite the fact that sheep are potentially very vulnerable to Bluetongue, stock and lamb are rarely seriously compromised by EHD.
Because these illnesses have a 5- to 10-day gestation period, the infection can persist in bothered deer for several weeks after the harsh fall primary glaze.
Both EHD and Bluetongue infections do not render humans unable to function. However, WDFW advises against hunting and eating animals that can be visibly resistant.
Deterrence of the disease
There is currently no cure for animals suffering from Bluetongue. Although it’s understandable that humans want to assist, providing food or fresh water for wildlife frequently causes additional problems, including accustoming wildlife to humans and reducing their access to areas where they can attract harpies, get hit by vehicles, or spread disease to one another.
Owners of certain assets are advised to dispose of bodies on site through a funeral or, if possible, leave them for scavengers. Assume that onsite removal isn’t always an option.
In that situation, you can dispose of the dead at a licenced junkyard (now, no longer all dumps and switch warehouses offer this provider, so touch your location capability first).
Additionally, let your local WDFW office know that you’ll be moving a carcass to a disposal facility because it’s against the law to move plants and animals unless absolutely necessary. | <urn:uuid:2679885a-39b1-4135-929d-569c6846f75e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lendingnaija.com/what-is-blue-tongue-disease-deer-in-cattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.952188 | 725 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Today is Steel Safety Day. Aligned with the International Labour Organization's World Day for Safety and Health at Work, Steel Safety Day sets out to create a safer working environment across the entire steel industry.
Established in 2014, Steel Safety Day reinforces awareness of the most common causes of serious safety incidents in the steel industry and contributes to creating a safer working environment worldwide. By focusing on prevention of incidents due to these most common causes worldsteel intends to set up a continuous improvement process and reiterate its commitment to the safety and health of the people who work in the industry.
Each Steel Safety Day highlights a particular safety incident cause and special attention is given to raising awareness of how to prevent associated risks. This year Steel Safety Day focuses on falling objects.
In 2016, 390,000 people from 350 sites worldwide took part in the Steel Safety Day audits to identify hazards. Nearly 900,000 employees and contractors work at sites involved in the audits.
All members are requested to carry out safety audits at their facilities and report their findings. worldsteel then compiles a summary report of member findings to create a benchmark for the industry.
For more information on Steel Safety Day and worldsteel’s other safety and health related activities visit the safety and health section on worldsteel.org. Photos of member safety audits are on worldsteel's Flickr page.
# Ends #
Notes to Editors: | <urn:uuid:bd7b27c7-c053-4807-9bac-ac9a9e62eb2a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2017/steel-safety-day-2017.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195532251.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724082321-20190724104321-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.929408 | 280 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Building on the experiences of the German support provided over many years during the renovation of the old city of Aleppo prior to the outbreak of the conflict in Syria, German specialists are collaborating with experts from the Syrian diaspora and with organisations and individuals from other countries in the region to develop concepts for safeguarding the urban cultural heritage.
This measure offers a platform for the collaboration of a large range of organisations and individuals in the difficult process of war damage reparation and reconstruction in the aftermath of armed conflicts.
In many Near Eastern countries important historical cities were and are still destroyed by armed conflicts and war. Countries such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen have been affected by complex conflicts for years. During combat operations historic inner cities and city centres are often particularly affected. One of the most severely affected inner cities is the World Heritage city of Aleppo in Syria, which was renovated with German support from the mid-1990s up to the outbreak of the conflict. In Yemen historic old cities such as Sana’a and Shibam, which were listed as World Heritage sites, suffer war damage or are endangered as a consequence of neglect or of a lack of maintenance due to long-lasting conflict. But other historic old towns with precious architectural structures in the region, for example Mosul in Iraq or Raqqa in Syria, have been largely destroyed as a result of the military conflicts of the last few years.
In post-conflict situations, after the end of the war, the culture-sensitive reconstruction of historic old towns is often endangered by the need for the rapid restoration of basic infrastructure, services and housing as an urgent priority. In many cases war damage is also used as an opportunity to carry out extensive modernisation of the urban structures.
Destroyed high-rise buildings in Yemen, Sana’a (© Mohammed Huwais. AFP, Getty Images)
Many international, regional and German individuals and institutions attempt to counter further destruction of important urban cultural heritage in the aftermath of the conflict. They take part in a range of projects and preparatory measures in order to create the conditions for culture-sensitive, sustainable reconstruction. Yet these projects are rarely coordinated and linked together. In many cases there is a distinct lack of concepts and tools for meeting the complex challenges related to the safeguarding of cultural heritage during the reconstruction of war-damaged cities.
The “Urban Cultural Heritage in Conflict Regions” project supported by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA) under the umbrella of the Archaeological Heritage Network (ArcHerNet) attempts to prepare and to assist the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage in war-damaged cities in the Near East. The aim of the project is to contribute to the creation of basic conditions for the safeguarding and restoration of urban cultural heritage in Near Eastern post-conflict situations.
Umayyad mosque in Aleppo (© GIZ/ArcHerNet)
The aim of the project is to develop concepts and tools to safeguard and restore urban cultural heritage during reconstruction work in post-conflict situations. These concepts will be developed using the historic old city of Aleppo as an example and they will benefit other organisations and individuals carrying out reconstruction work in other countries in the region.
The methodological approach of the project is the construction of a platform for the development and coordination of initiatives and approaches related to the safeguarding of urban cultural heritage in conflict regions. This methodological approach encompasses three complementary components:
- The creation and moderation of five working groups involved in culture-sensitive issues related to reconstruction: information bases, legal frameworks, archaeology, urban development and planning, and individual projects.
- The development of a toolkit including recommendations, guidelines and practical handouts related to the topics of these working groups.
- Supportive measures with regard to communication and coordination, such as the installation of an internal interactive website.
Image: panorama of the old city of Mosul in January 2018 (© Ahmad Al-Rubaye. AFP, Getty Images) | <urn:uuid:804b9ace-82d1-41c5-a2b1-2b484872f318> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.archernet.org/en/2018/06/06/urban-cultural-heritage-in-conflict-regions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649232.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014052140-20191014075140-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.942487 | 798 | 3 | 3 |
Summary to essay on topic "African American History Since 1877 (PT 3)"
At the beginning, when slaves were first brought from Africa to America, freedom was limited to the chains of the slave ship. Upon arrival, the African Americans were sold into slavery. The only freedoms allowed were…
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Some slaves escaped and others worked for their freedom during the slave era. Even then freedom only meant not being owned. African Americans could not receive the same education as whites. They could not socialize with whites. Jobs were limited to them. Freedom was not really free.
After the Civil War, Let us write or edit the essay on your topic "African American History Since 1877 (PT 3)" with a personal 20% discount.. Try it now slavery ended. However, Jim Crow laws forced segregation between blacks and whites. African Americans could not drink from the same water fountains, sit on the same park benches, go to the same school, sit together in restaurants, and could not intermingle. Rules forced African Americans to the back of the bus. African Americans could not vote, or had to pass a reading test to vote. Many whites thought segregation was equal, but segregation was not equal. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not equal. This did not change the minds of white people, especially in the Southern States.
Other than the Jim Crow laws, the KKK and other groups limited the freedom of African Americans. If an African American was perceived as out of line, KKK or white supremacist would burn crosses on African American’s yards, beat them, or even lynch them. As a result, many African Americans were afraid to exercise their limited freedom. Fear allowed them to be kept virtual slaves to their white neighbors.
During the Civil Rights Movement, Jim Crow laws started to be overturned. Even though Jim Crow laws started to be overturned, some whites did not share the opinion of the courts. Activists, black and white, trying to register people to vote, or fight for African American rights, were harassed, beaten, and even killed. Once again fear kept African Americans from freedom, but hope and defiance kept the movement going to provide more freedoms.
Today, legally African Americans enjoy equal freedoms with their white counterparts. That does not mean that everyone follows the law. In American, everyone is entitled to on opinion.
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Cutting sod was the most difficult part during construction since they lacked necessary equipments. People used to cut sod from areas they intended to build the houses. It helped to keep away burrowing animals such as | <urn:uuid:fc2f5aa8-5de4-45bd-b94f-24b77369dc6e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1546062-african-american-history-since-1877-pt-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743184.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116194306-20181116220306-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.969899 | 1,149 | 3.5625 | 4 |
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Income tax is something that most people will be familiar with. It regularly features in the news as governments do, from time to time, change the amount of money that is liable for income tax. The problem however is that the rules governing income tax can be difficult to understand.
This guide sets out in detail everything that you need to know about income tax.
As one of the many different kinds of taxes that apply in the UK, Income tax is one of the easiest to explain. It is a tax on your income, or salary. It is important to understand however that not every kind of income is liable to pay Income tax. The kinds of income that are taxable are as follows:
The list of types of income that is liable that will be liable to pay Income tax does not include everything. There are certain things that will not be deemed as a taxable income:
Income tax will need to be paid on the taxable income that you enjoy. It is important to understand that not every aspect of your taxable income will be subject to income tax. This is because the government allows everyone to keep a certain proportion of their taxable income without having to pay any tax on it. This is called the personal allowance. The personal allowance will change depending on who is in government at a particular time. For the year 2015-2016, the personal allowance is £10,600.
In calculating how much tax you owe per month, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) will subtract your personal allowance from their calculations. However the amount of income tax that you pay will depend on what you earn each year, inclusive of your personal allowance. The thresholds for the different tax rates are also changed from time to time but the current rates are as follows:
|Taxable Income||Rate of Income Tax|
|0-£5,000||0% (savings rate)|
|0-£31,785||20% (basic rate)|
|£31,785-£150,000||40% (higher rate)|
|Above £150,000||45% (additional rate)|
It can be in calculating what rate of tax you are to pay that matters can become complicated. The income tax system works in such a way that different proportions of your salary will attract different bands of income tax e.g. if you earn £50,000 you will:
Regardless as to what particular income tax band their income falls under, most people wonder whether they is any way to reduce their liability for income tax. This is when tax reliefs become very important.
Tax reliefs were briefly mentioned earlier. Your personal allowance – the portion of your income that the government will not tax – is a kind of relief. Tax relief comes in one of two forms:
• You are allowed to pay less income tax to reflect the fact that you have spent money on certain things; or
• You are given back some money that has been taken from you in tax, or you are repaid it in some other way e.g. payment into your personal pension.
There are different kinds of relief, and the most important of these are:
It is possible to get some kind of tax relief for contributions you make towards a private pension. You will be automatically entitled to tax relief if:
Donations that you give to charity as a private individual are completely tax free. You can seek tax relief on donations if, either you (i) give donations through Gift Aid or (ii) make a donation directly through your monthly wages or from your pension.
This category of relief from income tax is very important for people who are self-employed. If you run your own business then you are likely to have a variety of costs to run it effectively. You are allowed to deduct a proportion of these costs from the taxable profits that you make for a tax year. However, you can only claim relief on 'allowable expenses'. These include:
It is not uncommon that you may have bought something for your business, but also end up using it for personal reasons too. If this is the case you will still be able to claim tax relief, but only for the cost of using it in your business.
Another important consideration for people that are self-employed is where they work from home. If this is the case they will be able to claim tax relief for, amongst other things:
However it is important to understand that if you work from home, you cannot claim tax relief for every aspect of your household expenditure. You can only claim relief for a proportion of the cost to of using your home as your business base.
This tax relied tends to be the most relevant for the vast majority of people. If you are an employee, and have to use some of your own money to do certain things in order to do your job, you may be able to claim income tax relief for this.
Not unlike the situation facing people who are self-employed and work from home, you can only claim tax relief for the things that you only use for work. Furthermore you can only claim relief on money you have spent money on in respect of your job, if you have not been provided with an alternative by your employer. The most common things claimed for under this ground of tax relief includes:
In order to claim any of these reliefs, you will have to provide evidence that you actually spent your own money on them in the first place. This will be provided to HMRC who will then take the decision whether you are to be given the money back in tax relief: in most cases, on provision of valid receipts, this will be the case.
As mentioned above, pension contributions are a taxable form of income. However in most cases you will be able to receive tax relief for this. The situation is different when the time comes for you to retire, and to start to draw on your pension savings.
The rules governing access to pensions have recently changed in the UK, and this has important consequences for income tax. Under the new rules, if you are under 55 and have a personal pension – or a workplace pension that is transferred into a personal pension – then you can access a portion of your pension before you retire. There are different income tax consequences, depending on the value of your pension:
If your savings are somewhere in this region you may withdraw the entire sum as a lump sum. However, you must be 60 years old to do so.
If you fall into this category then you will be able to withdraw the entirety of your fund as a lump sum. However, as with savings up to £30,000 you must be 60 years old to do so. Furthermore, the same income tax rules will apply: 25% of the lump sum you receive will be tax-free while the remaining 75% will be liable to the income tax each time you withdraw it.
Notwithstanding the new rules, the general rule for pensions and income tax is that you will pay income tax on everything that you withdraw, out with your personal allowance for that year.
It may sound strange but there are some situations when you may owe income tax. If your employer does not pay Income tax on your behalf via PAYE, then you will be held responsible for paying the tax yourself. This can happen in a variety of situations:
In these cases if your income exceeds your Personal Allowance, you will owe income tax to HMRC. To make payment, you must register for a Self Assessment, and disclose what you earn so that the amount you owe in income tax can be calculated.
You may in certain circumstances be entitled to a refund of income tax that you have paid, otherwise known as a 'tax rebate'. This can become due for any number of reasons:
If you think that you have paid too much tax, contact HMRC about this. They will investigate, and assuming that you have made an overpayment, will issue a repayment within around 5 weeks.
If your taxable income does not exceed the Personal Allowance for a particular year, then this will not attract Income tax. However if you earn an income that takes you over the allowance, you will need to pay tax on this. You may not have realised that you were due to pay the tax, or you weren't familiar with how to declare it. In these cases, you must register for Self-Assessment.
Nothing in this guide is intended to constitute legal advice and you are strongly advised to seek independent advice on matters that affect you. | <urn:uuid:94568227-eaaf-4335-9a37-b52d717d7fcb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.unlockthelaw.co.uk/uk-income-tax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662625600.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526193923-20220526223923-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.973104 | 1,747 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Ever heard of Ivy Lee and his response to a tragedy that affected the lives of more than 50 during the early part of the 20th century? His response resulted in the creation of what was to become the main stay in public relations campaigns, namely press releases.
A press release is also known as a news release. It is a written announcement that is directed to the news media about any news having some value. The press release is aimed at encouraging journalists to write about the news, so that the company or business releasing the news gets more exposure to the public without any expense. Press releases can be given for several types of news, such as awards and accomplishments, a launch of a new product or service, upcoming events, financial data, promotions and sales news, etc.
Public Relations lore goes like this: A train wreck taking place of October 28th in the year 1906 in Atlantic City in New Jersey resulted in more than fifty dead. Pennsylvania Railroad was the owners of the train and they were one of the clients of a young man named Ivy Lee. Ivy Lee managed to convince the company to release a statement about the wreck. This began a chain of such a practice, where companies starting addressing such important issues by offering their explanations to the general public by means of a press release via the media. Lee wrote out the news and the New York Times printed it exactly in his own words, so impressed were they.
Nowadays, media outlets do not use the exact words of press releases, with journalists merely using it as a beginning to their story. The above incident was probably the first kind of press release and was a trend setter in public relations campaigns. Today, technology has changed and a press release can accomplish much more. However, a press release is as relevant today as it was then.
Press releases can be a great way to get free publicity, but it can be rather challenging to write. However, there is a standard procedure available and the writer should adhere to it in order to create an effective Release:
Marketing strategies use press releases as a tool that is most cost effective and highly useful. If written in the right way, it can result in a dramatic increase of sales. It provides a great image about the company and its products and services. There are several aspects to be kept in mind regarding a press release, so that the company can succeed in creating a lasting impact on readers.
Incorporating important information – A press release incorporates all the important information at the beginning, so that the audience is forced to read it and get the information. When presented in an interesting way, all ground breaking facts are released in a bold and hard hitting manner, thereby creating a lasting impression on the readers.
Writing from the audience’s perspective – Assume that you are one of the readers, so that you can incorporate interesting information and compelling. The audience can relate to such a viewpoint.
Offer a donation to a good cause – You can make the press release more effective by offering to donate towards a good cause. Many people are very impressed to hear about companies helping worthy causes. It boosts the image of the company and gives free promotion to them.
Connecting to a national or local news – There might be some important national or local events, such as unemployment, a recent catastrophe or some other local issues that is the talk of the town. You can relate to the current crisis or news that is affecting the people and relate your service to the issue. If your service or product can offer any solution to the national or local issues affecting people at the time, you can get more publicity.
Incorporating Seasonal Events – For instance, summer is usually related to vacations and travel. You will find a lot of press releases related to airline deals and vacation travel offers. Create an effective press release that relates to the seasonal events.
Following a format – You must strictly follow the press release format. You can do this by browsing through press release submission websites and see the formats suggested by them. Following a uniform format provides a professional image to the company giving the press release.
Mention quotes – Use direct language while writing a press release. Arrest the interest of the readers by mentioning quotes of important people relevant to your product or service. You can give the quotes of the CEO of the company or other experts in the field.
While making a press release, there are some things that you also need to avoid:
There are several free as well as paid websites where you can submit your press release. There are free services, low cost services as well as high end ones. You will need to create an account and then submit your press release at these websites. Some of the top ten websites are mentioned here:
They allow 4 links or URLs. Their pricing varies according to the distribution circle. They charge $75 in case you want to opt for the advanced SEO package. This kind of release includes text links that are inserted within your content. Small and mid-sized businesses can make use of their services, if they are not able to spend thousands of dollars for a press release. They can garner high traffic and offer widespread distribution. They also offer good customer service and guidance.
The price depends on the distribution circle and the charge is per text link. They are a credible source for delivering your news. They optimize your news for search engines, which is the most trafficked website when compared to competitors. They offer distribution solutions for all kinds of organizations, including small businesses, public interest organizations and nonprofit organizations.
This is a free website for submitting your press release and they allow 5 text links or URLs. Free member services also include RSS feeds. You can also have the option of creating your RSS feed. You can also create keyword email alerts and a news category.
They have several price options. It is considered to be the best in SEO and web traffic. You can pick the pricing package that suits you best, such as the standard, the advanced and the premium. The news is sent to thousands of outlets. In advanced packages, they offer to optimize the content for SEO. The news is also sent to premium news sites in advanced packages.
They allow 8 URLS or text links. They offer RSS feeds and you can add news to your website. They also offer several press release resources, such as press writing tips and services, formatting codes and so on. You can use their services for a correctly formatted and well written PR to be more effective, as they are also SEO enhanced as well as proof read.
They allow 8 text links. You can create a profile and then start promoting your website or blog. You can also connect with other people in the program. You can become a premium member for about $10 a month and then post unlimited press releases to about 20 media outlets, such as Google and Yahoo. The press releases are then promoted over the net. You can also send your PR to 50,000 of the members at a time and select the members based on location or on the basis of the industry.
They allow 8 text links but your press release must be newsworthy. It must be written with a news angle. They normally publish all the press releases on their site and send the more worthy ones to their partner’s high press release sites. They also have simple monthly subscriptions and you can cancel it at any time. They have different pricing options for fixed number of releases, such as 3 PR in a month or a higher amount for unlimited press releases. They also offer a Clipwire Trademark, which is a proof of publication report.
They allow 8 text links and their charges vary according to whether you want a single distribution or unlimited press releases option. They are able to access an extensive database of outlets and this includes radio and television stations as well as daily magazines and several other web outlets. They offer manual SEO, links to the website and a picture gallery along with sharing features with more than 200 social media sites and bookmarking sites.
They allow 8 text links. They can boost your search engine visibility and guarantee an effective online media exposure. Social media sharing is easy and it can increase traffic to your website. Both monthly and prepaid plans are allowed and they charge only $79 for submitting a single press release. Excellent customer support is offered along with features that can help you track the results. You can schedule the release for the next day, the next week or even after a year.
This is free website and they allow 3 text links. It is an online distribution for press release submission. They distribute the PR to several news sites and search engines. You can also customize real-time alerts for daily or weekly ones and have your own press room.
Sending release to local media outlets:
You can contact the city editor or the editors connected with the section related to your press release content and get it published in the daily newspaper. You can also get it published in magazines or distribute it through radio stations and TV stations by contacting the News Director.
Targeting online newspapers and other outlets:
You can send the press releases to specific newspapers and other outlets. You can even send the press release targeted to specific online newspapers or any other media outlets in a specific geographic location where you would like to have your business.
Submitting the press release to industry leaders:
You can also opt for submitting the press release to the important players in your niche, such as eminent bloggers and other important industrial leaders related to your business. You need to find the email address of the bloggers and then mail them the copies of your press release. If you belong to any trade association, you can contact the one in charge of public or media relations and then send them the press release, through email, fax or through snail mail.
Use of distribution services, such as websites mentioned above:
There are many businesses that don’t have the time to search for proper outlets for their press releases. In this case, you can work with sites, such as Online PR News, PR Inside or other low cost services, such as SubmitPressRelease 123. You can also go for high end ones, such as PRNewswire or BusinessWire.
A press release is essentially information that the company wants to share with the public through the use of media. When submitting or sending your press release to a service or directly to newspapers, you should take care of several important aspects. See that the release coincides with an event or a launch. Try to choose an hour that is a little atypical, such as 9.08, so that it does not get lost in the rush of releases. You must also take care to follow the required guidelines and the format. Don’t forget to send your link and contact person information along with the press release. Follow it up with a phone call in order to confirm that the press release has been received and give any other information and assistance that they require. | <urn:uuid:e9c35897-3a51-4462-abe3-4e9d350adf42> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.instantshift.com/2012/11/26/understanding-press-releases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450745.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00083-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961747 | 2,215 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Image source: blackjack3D/gettyimages.com
When was the last time you helped to save a life? The truth is anyone can – you just need to give blood.
Today is „World Blood Donor Day“
This global action day serves to raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products and to thank all blood donors. It was initially inaugurated in 2004 by four major international organizations that campaign for safe blood supplies from voluntary unpaid donors. These organizations are the World Health Organization, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the International Society of Blood Transfusion and the International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations. World Blood Donor Day is celebrated every year on July 14th to commemorate the birth of Karl Landsteiner. This was the scientist who first discovered the AB0 blood group system and received the Nobel Prize for this pioneering work in 1930.
Blood transfusions save millions of lives every year
So far it is not possible to produce artificial blood. That’s why blood donation is so important for healthcare worldwide. In a country like Germany for example, there is need for 15.000 transfusion bags per day. People such as cancer patients, accident victims and those with organ transplants are in particular need of blood transfusions and blood products. However, only 3,7 % of the European population actually donates blood despite the fact that nearly every healthy person between the ages of 18 and 59 is allowed to do so.
Blood donation is easy and safe
Giving blood is not a big deal. Prior to every blood donation the donor is checked by a physician. This examination covers general health, medication intake and the quality of blood including, for example, the hemoglobin value which serves as an indicator of the blood’s oxygen transport capability. After someone has been accepted as a donor, arrangements are then made for collection of the blood. Disposable instruments are used for blood sampling to eliminate the risk of any infection from dangerous diseases such as HIV. The procedure usually takes about ten minutes and involves the transfer of about half a liter of venous blood into a transfusion bag. Following another ten minutes of resting the donor can leave. Drinking beverages before and after the blood collection helps to compensate for the loss of fluids.
Behind the scenes: Blood analysis
Even before the AIDS blood scandal in the early 1980’s it was known that blood transfusions could transmit infectious diseases like Hepatitis. That’s why nowadays all blood donations are carefully investigated prior to use. Samples are regular tested for HIV, Hepatitis B and C and for Syphilis. Modern methods like PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and immunoassays are used to detect viruses and antibodies.
Immediately following donation, the blood is sent to a central collecting point housing analytical laboratories. The blood group is initially determined and all blood components and plasma are separated out through centrifugation of the transfusion bag. The plasma is frozen directly, red blood cells and blood platelets are concentrated before being cooled and the white blood cells are disposed. Disease testing also takes place in parallel with this. The whole process from collection through to granting authorization for use usually takes no longer than a day and a half.
Become a Hero – Give blood
Today is the perfect day to start giving blood. You will find a couple of special blood donor events in your town. | <urn:uuid:8a684b58-5ef8-45e3-af1c-7a64eb615850> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.eppendorf.com/DE-de/news/rss-feed/title/its-a-perfect-day-to-become-a-life-saver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202698.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322220357-20190323002357-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.930737 | 697 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Chapter VII
GUATEMOZIN, NEW EMPEROR OF THE AZTECS- PREPARATIONS FOR THE MARCH- MILITARY CODE- SPANIARDS CROSS THE SIERRA- ENTER TEZCUCO- PRINCE IXTLILXOCHITL
WHILE the events related in the preceding chapter were passing, an
important change had taken place in the Aztec monarchy. Montezuma's
brother and successor, Cuitlahua, had suddenly died of the small-pox
after a brief reign of four months,- brief, but glorious, for it had
witnessed the overthrow of the Spaniards and their expulsion from
Mexico. On the death of their warlike chief, the electors were
convened, as usual, to supply the vacant throne. It was an office of
great responsibility in the dark hour of their fortunes.
The choice fell on Quauhtemotzin, or Guatemozin, as euphoniously
corrupted by the Spaniards. He was nephew to the two last monarchs,
and married his cousin, the beautiful princess Tecuichpo,
Montezuma's daughter. "He was not more than twenty-five years old, and
elegant in his person for an Indian," says one who had seen him often;
"valiant, and so terrible, that his followers trembled in his
presence." He did not shrink from the perilous post that was offered
to him; and, as he saw the tempest gathering darkly around, he
prepared to meet it like a man. Though young, he had ample
experience in military matters, and had distinguished himself above
all others in the bloody conflicts of the capital.
By means of his spies, Guatemozin made himself acquainted with the
movements of the Spaniards, and their design to besiege the capital.
He prepared for it by sending away the useless part of the population,
while he called in his potent vassals from the neighbourhood. He
continued the plans of his predecessor for strengthening the
defences of the city, reviewed his troops, and stimulated them by
prizes to excel in their exercises. He made harangues to his
soldiers to rouse them to a spirit of desperate resistance. He
encouraged his vassals throughout the empire to attack the white men
wherever they were to be met with, setting a price on their heads,
as well as the persons of all who should be brought alive to him in
Mexico. And it was no uncommon thing for the Spaniards to find hanging
up in the temples of the conquered places the arms and accoutrements
of their unfortunate countrymen who had been seized and sent to the
capital for sacrifice. Such was the young monarch who was now called
to the tottering throne of the Aztecs; worthy, by his bold and
magnanimous nature, to sway the sceptre of his country, in the most
flourishing period of her renown; and now, in her distress, devoting
himself in the true spirit of a patriotic prince to uphold her falling
fortunes, or bravely perish with them.
We must now return to the Spaniards in Tlascala, where we left
them preparing to resume their march on Mexico. Their commander had
the satisfaction to see his troops tolerably complete in their
appointments; varying, indeed, according to the condition of the
different reinforcements which had arrived from time to time; but on
the whole, superior to those of the army with which he had first
invaded the country. His whole force fell little short of six
hundred men; forty of whom were cavalry, together with eighty
arquebusiers and crossbowmen. The rest were armed with sword and
target, and with the copper-headed pike of Chinantla. He had nine
cannon of a moderate calibre, and was indifferently supplied with
As his forces were drawn up in order of march, Cortes rode through
the ranks, exhorting his soldiers, as usual with him on these
occasions, to be true to themselves, and the enterprise in which
they were embarked. He told them, they were to march against rebels,
who had once acknowledged allegiance to the Spanish sovereign; against
barbarians, the enemies of their religion. They were to fight the
battles of the Cross and of the crown; to fight their own battles,
to wipe away the stain from their arms, to avenge their injuries,
and the loss of the dear companions who had been butchered on the
field or on the accursed altar of their sacrifice. Never was there a
war which offered higher incentives to the Christian cavalier; a war
which opened to him riches and renown in this life, and an
imperishable glory in that to come. They answered with acclamations,
that they were ready to die in defence of the faith; and would
either conquer, or leave their bones with those of their countrymen,
in the waters of the Tezcuco.
The army of the allies next passed in review before the general.
It is variously estimated by writers from a hundred and ten to a
hundred and fifty thousand soldiers! The palpable exaggeration, no
less than the discrepancy, shows that little reliance can be placed on
any estimate. It is certain, however, that it was a multitudinous
array, consisting not only of the flower of the Tlascalan warriors,
but of those of Cholula, Tepeaca, and the neighbouring territories,
which had submitted to the Castilian crown.
Cortes, with the aid of Marina, made a brief address to his Indian
allies. He reminded them that he was going to fight their battles
against their ancient enemies. He called on them to support him in a
manner worthy of their renowned republic. To those who remained at
home, he committed the charge of aiding in the completion of the
brigantines, on which the success of the expedition so much
depended; and he requested that none would follow his banner, who were
not prepared to remain till the final reduction of the capital. This
address was answered by shouts, or rather yells, of defiance,
showing the exultation felt by his Indian confederates at the prospect
of at last avenging their manifold wrongs, and humbling their
Before setting out on the expedition, Cortes published a code of
ordinances, as he terms them, or regulations for the army, too
remarkable to be passed over in silence. The preamble sets forth
that in all institutions, whether divine or human,- if the latter have
any worth,- order is the great law. The ancient chronicles inform
us, that the greatest captains in past times owed their successes
quite as much to the wisdom of their ordinances, as to their own
valour and virtue. The situation of the Spaniards eminently demanded
such a code; a mere handful of men as they were, in the midst of
countless enemies, most cunning in the management of their weapons and
in the art of war. The instrument then reminds the army that the
conversion of the heathen is the work most acceptable in the eye of
the Almighty, and one that will be sure to receive his support. It
calls on every soldier to regard this as the prime object of the
expedition, without which the war would be manifestly unjust, and
every acquisition made by it a robbery.
The general solemnly protests, that the principal motive which
operates in his own bosom, is the desire to wean the natives from
their gloomy idolatry, and to impart to them the knowledge of a
purer faith; and next, to recover for his master, the emperor, the
dominions which of right belong to him.
The ordinances then prohibit all blasphemy against God or the
saints. Another law is directed against gaming, to which the Spaniards
in all ages have been peculiarly addicted. Cortes, making allowance
for the strong national propensity, authorises it under certain
limitations; but prohibits the use of dice altogether. Then follow
other laws against brawls and private combats, against Personal taunts
and the irritating sarcasms of rival companies; rules for the more
perfect discipline of the troops, whether in camp or the field.
Among others is one prohibiting any captain, under pain of death, from
charging the enemy without orders; a practice noticed as most
pernicious and of too frequent occurrence,- showing the impetuous
spirit and want of true military subordination in the bold cavaliers
who followed the standard of Cortes.
The last ordinance prohibits any man, officer or private, from
securing to his own use any of the booty taken from the enemy, whether
it be gold, silver, precious stones, feather-work, stuffs, slaves,
or other commodity, however or wherever obtained, in the city or in
the field; and requires him to bring it forthwith to the presence of
the general, or the officer appointed to receive it. The violation
of this law was punished with death and confiscation of property. So
severe an edict may be thought to prove that, however much the
Conquistador may have been influenced by spiritual considerations,
he was by no means insensible to those of a temporal character.
These provisions were not suffered to remain a dead letter. The
Spanish commander, soon after their proclamation, made an example of
two of his own slaves, whom he hanged for plundering the natives. A
similar sentence was passed on a soldier for the like offence,
though he allowed him to be cut down before the sentence was
entirely executed. Cortes knew well the character of his followers;
rough and turbulent spirits, who required to be ruled with an iron
hand. Yet he was not eager to assert his authority on light occasions.
The intimacy into which they were thrown by their peculiar
situation, perils, and sufferings, in which all equally shared, and
a common interest in the adventure, induced a familiarity between
men and officers, most unfavourable to military discipline. The
general's own manners, frank and liberal, seemed to invite this
freedom, which on ordinary occasions he made no attempt to repress;
perhaps finding it too difficult, or at least impolitic, since it
afforded a safety-valve for the spirits of a licentious soldiery,
that, if violently coerced, might have burst forth into open mutiny.
But the limits of his forbearance were clearly defined; and any
attempt to overstep them, or to violate the established regulations of
the camp, brought a sure and speedy punishment on the offender. By
thus tempering severity with indulgence, masking an iron will under
the open bearing of a soldier,- Cortes established a control over
his band of bold and reckless adventurers, such as a pedantic
martinet, scrupulous in enforcing the minutiae of military
etiquette, could never have obtained.
The ordinances, dated on the twenty-second of December, were
proclaimed to the assembled army on the twenty-sixth. Two days
afterwards, the troops were on their march. Notwithstanding the
great force mustered by the Indian confederates, the Spanish general
allowed but a small part of them now to attend him. He proposed to
establish his head-quarters at some place on the Tezcucan lake, whence
he could annoy the Aztec capital, by reducing the surrounding country,
cutting off the supplies, and thus placing the city in a state of
The direct assault on Mexico itself he intended to postpone, until
the arrival of the brigantines should enable him to make it with the
greatest advantage. Meanwhile, he had no desire to encumber himself
with a superfluous multitude, whom it would be difficult to feed;
and he preferred to leave them at Tlascala, whence they might convey
the vessels, when completed, to the camp, and aid him in his future
Three routes presented themselves to Cortes, by which he might
penetrate into the valley. He chose the most difficult, traversing the
bold sierra which divides the eastern plateau from the western, and so
rough and precipitous, as to be scarcely practicable for the march
of an army. He wisely judged, that he should be less likely to
experience annoyance from the enemy in this direction, as they might
naturally confide in the difficulties of the ground.
The first day the troops advanced five or six leagues, Cortes
riding in the van at the head of his little body of cavalry. They
halted at the village of Tetzmellocan, at the base of the mountain
chain which traverses the country, touching at its southern limit
the mighty Iztaccihuatl, or "White Woman,"- white with the snows of
ages. At this village they met with a friendly reception, and on the
following morning began the ascent of the sierra.
It was night before the way-worn soldiers reached the bald crest
of the sierra, where they lost no time in kindling their fires; and,
huddling round their bivouacs, they warmed their frozen limbs, and
prepared their evening repast. With the earliest dawn, the troops were
again in motion. Mass was said, and they began their descent, more
difficult and painful than their ascent on the day preceding; for,
in addition to the natural obstacles of the road, they found it strewn
with huge pieces of timber and trees, obviously felled for the purpose
by the natives. Cortes ordered up a body of light troops to clear away
the impediments, and the army again resumed its march, but with the
apprehension that the enemy had prepared an ambuscade, to surprise
them when they should be entangled in the pass. They moved
cautiously forward, straining their vision to pierce the thick gloom
of the forests, where the wily foe might be lurking. But they saw no
living thing, except only the wild inhabitants of the woods, and
flocks of the zopilote, the voracious vulture of the country, which,
in anticipation of a bloody banquet, hung like a troop of evil spirits
on the march of the army.
At length, the army emerged on an open level, where the eye,
unobstructed by intervening wood or hill-top, could range far and wide
over the Valley of Mexico. The magnificent vision, new to many of
the spectators, filled them with rapture. Even the veterans of
Cortes could not withhold their admiration, though this was soon
followed by a bitter feeling, as they recalled the sufferings which
had befallen them within these beautiful, but treacherous precincts.
It made us feel, says the lion-hearted Conqueror in his letters,
that "we had no choice but victory or death; and our minds once
resolved, we moved forward with as light a step as if we had been
going on an errand of certain pleasure."
As the Spaniards advanced, they beheld the neighbouring hilltops
blazing with beacon-fires, showing that the country was already
alarmed and mustering to oppose them. The general called on his men to
be mindful of their high reputation; to move in order, closing up
their ranks, and to obey implicitly the commands of their officers. At
every turn among the hills, they expected to meet the forces of the
enemy drawn up to dispute their passage. And, as they were allowed
to pass the defiles unmolested, and drew near to the open plains, they
were prepared to see them occupied by a formidable host, who would
compel them to fight over again the battle of Otumba. But, although
clouds of dusky warriors were seen, from time to time, hovering on the
highlands, as if watching their progress, they experienced no
interruption, till they reached a barranca, or deep ravine, through
which flowed a little river, crossed by a bridge partly demolished. On
the opposite side a considerable body of Indians was stationed, as
if to dispute the passage, but whether distrusting their own
numbers, or intimidated by the steady advance of the Spaniards, they
offered them no annoyance, and were quickly dispersed by a few
resolute charges of cavalry. The army then proceeded, without
molestation, to a small town, called Coatepec, where they halted for
the night. Before retiring to his own quarters, Cortes made the rounds
of the camp, with a few trusty followers, to see that all was safe. He
seemed to have an eye that never slumbered, and a frame incapable of
fatigue. It was the indomitable spirit within, which sustained him.
Yet he may well have been kept awake through the watches of the
night, by anxiety and doubt. He was now but three leagues from
Tezcuco, the far-famed capital of the Acolhuans. He proposed to
establish his head-quarters, if possible, at this place. Its
numerous dwellings would afford ample accommodations for his army.
An easy communication with Tlascala, by a different route from that
which he had traversed, would furnish him with the means of readily
obtaining supplies from that friendly country, and for the safe
transportation of the brigantines, when finished, to be launched on
the waters of the Tezcuco. But he had good reason to distrust the
reception he should meet with in the capital; for an important
revolution had taken place there, since the expulsion of the Spaniards
from Mexico, of which it will be necessary to give some account.
The reader will remember that the cacique of that place, named
Cacama, was deposed by Cortes, during his first residence in the Aztec
metropolis, in consequence of a projected revolt against the
Spaniards, and that the crown had been placed on the head of a younger
brother, Cuicuitzea. The deposed prince was among the prisoners
carried away by Cortes, and perished with the others, in the
terrible passage of the causeway, on the noche triste. His brother,
afraid, probably, after the flight of the Spaniards, of continuing
with the Aztecs, accompanied his friends in their retreat, and was
so fortunate as to reach Tlascala in safety.
Meanwhile, a second son of Nezahualpilli, named Coanaco, claimed
the crown, on his elder brother's death, as his own rightful
inheritance. As he heartily joined his countrymen and the Aztecs in
their detestation of the white men, his claims were sanctioned by
the Mexican emperor. Soon after his accession, the new lord of Tezcuco
had an opportunity of showing his loyalty to his imperial patron in an
A body of forty-five Spaniards, ignorant of the disasters in
Mexico, were transporting thither a large quantity of gold, at the
very time their countrymen were on the retreat to Tlascala. As they
passed through the Tezcucan territory, they were attacked by Coanaco's
orders, most of them massacred on the spot, and the rest sent for
sacrifice to Mexico. The arms and accoutrements of these unfortunate
men were hung up as trophies in the temples, and their skins, stripped
from their dead bodies, were suspended over the bloody shrines, as the
most acceptable offering to the offended deities.
Some months after this event, the exiled prince, Cuicuitzca,
wearied with his residence in Tlascala, and pining for his former
royal state, made his way back secretly to Tezcuco, hoping, it would
seem, to raise a party there in his favour. But if such were his
expectations, they were sadly disappointed; for no sooner had he set
foot in the capital, than he was betrayed to his brother, who, by
the advice of Guatemozin, put him to death, as a traitor to his
country.- Such was the posture of affairs in Tezcuco, when Cortes, for
the second time, approached its gates; and well might he doubt, not
merely the nature of his reception there, but whether he would be
permitted to enter it at all, without force of arms.
These apprehensions were dispelled the following morning, when,
before the troops were well under arms, an embassy was announced
from the lord of Tezcuco. It consisted of several nobles, some of whom
were known to the companions of Cortes. They bore a golden flag in
token of amity, and a present of no great value to Cortes. They
brought also a message from the cacique, imploring the general to
spare his territories, inviting him to take up his quarters in his
capital, and promising on his arrival to become the vassal of the
Cortes dissembled the satisfaction with which he listened to these
overtures, and sternly demanded of the envoys an account of the
Spaniards who had been massacred, insisting, at the same time, on
the immediate restitution of the plunder. But the Indian nobles
excused themselves, by throwing the whole blame upon the Aztec
emperor, by whose orders the deed had been perpetrated, and who now
had possession of the treasure. They urged Cortes not to enter the
city that day, but to pass the night in the suburbs, that their master
might have time to prepare suitable accommodations for him. The
Spanish commander, however, gave no heed to this suggestion, but
pushed forward his march, and, at noon, on the 31st of December, 1520,
entered, at the head of his legions, the venerable walls of Tezcuco.
He was struck, as when he before visited this populous city,
with the solitude and silence which reigned throughout its streets. He
was conducted to the palace of Nezahualpilli, which was assigned as
his quarters. It was an irregular pile of low buildings, covering a
wide extent of ground, like the royal residence occupied by the troops
in Mexico. It was spacious enough to furnish accommodations, not
only for all the Spaniards, says Cortes, but for twice their number.
He gave orders on his arrival, that all regard should be paid to the
persons and property of the citizens; and forbade any Spaniard to
leave his quarters under pain of death.
Alarmed at the apparent desertion of the place, as well as by
the fact that none of its principal inhabitants came to welcome him,
Cortes ordered some soldiers to ascend the neighbouring teocalli and
survey the city. They soon returned with the report, that the
inhabitants were leaving it in great numbers, with their families
and effects, some in canoes upon the lake, others on foot towards
the mountains. The general now comprehended the import of the
cacique's suggestion, that the Spaniards should pass the night in
the suburbs,- in order to secure time for evacuating the city. He
feared that the chief himself might have fled. He lost no time in
detaching troops to secure the principal avenues, where they were to
turn back the fugitives, and arrest the cacique, if he were among
the number. But it was too late. Coanaco was already far on his way
across the lake to Mexico.
Cortes now determined to turn this event to his own account, by
placing another ruler on the throne, who should be more subservient to
his interests. He called a meeting of the few principal persons
still remaining in the city, and by their advice and ostensible
election advanced a brother of the late sovereign to the dignity,
which they declared vacant. The prince, who consented to be
baptised, was a willing instrument in the hands of the Spaniards. He
survived but a few months, and was succeeded by another member of
the royal house, named Ixtlilxochitl, who, indeed, as general of his
armies, may be said to have held the reins of government in his
hands during his brother's lifetime. As this person was intimately
associated with the Spaniards in their subsequent operations, to the
success of which he essentially contributed, it is proper to give some
account of his earlier history, which, in truth, is as much
enveloped in the marvellous, as that of any fabulous hero of
He was son, by a second queen, of the great Nezahualpilli. Some
alarming prodigies at his birth, and the gloomy aspect of the planets,
led the astrologers, who cast his horoscope, to advise the king, his
father, to take away the infant's life, since, if he lived to grow up,
he was destined to unite with the enemies of his country, and overturn
its institutions and religion. But the old monarch replied, says the
chronicler, that the time had arrived when the sons of Quetzalcoatl
were to come from the East to take possession of the land; and, if the
Almighty had selected his child to co-operate with them in the work,
His will be done.
As the boy advanced in years, he exhibited a marvellous
precocity not merely of talent, but of mischievous activity, which
afforded an alarming prognostic for the future. When about twelve
years old, be formed a little corps of followers of about his own age,
or somewhat older, with whom he practised the military exercises of
his nation, conducting mimic fights and occasionally assaulting the
peaceful burghers, and throwing the whole city as well as palace
into uproar and confusion. Some of his father's ancient counsellors,
connecting this conduct with the predictions at his birth, saw in it
such alarming symptoms, that they repeated the advice of the
astrologers, to take away the prince's life, if the monarch would
not see his kingdom one day given up to anarchy. This unpleasant
advice was reported to the juvenile offender, who was so much
exasperated by it, that he put himself at the head of a party of his
young desperadoes, and, entering the house of the offending
counsellors, dragged them forth, and administered to them the
garrote,- the mode in which capital punishment was inflicted in
He was seized and brought before his father. When questioned as to
his extraordinary conduct, he cooly replied, "that he had done no more
than he had a right to do. The guilty ministers had deserved their
fate, by endeavouring to alienate his father's affections from him,
for no other reason than his too great fondness for the profession
of arms,- the most honourable profession in the state, and the one
most worthy of a prince. If they had suffered death, it was no more
than they had intended for him." The wise Nezahualpilli, says the
chronicler, found much force in these reasons; and, as he saw
nothing low and sordid in the action, but rather the ebulliton of a
daring spirit, which in after life might lead to great things, he
contented himself with bestowing a grave admonition on the juvenile
culprit. Whether this admonition had any salutary effect on his
subsequent demeanour, we are not informed. It is said, however, that
as he grew older he took an active part in the wars of his country,
and when no more than seventeen had won for himself the insignia of
a valiant and victorious captain.
On his father's death, he disputed the succession with his elder
brother, Cacama. The country was menaced with a civil war, when the
affair was compromised by his brother's ceding to him that portion
of his territories which lay among the mountains. On the arrival of
the Spaniards, the young chieftain-for he was scarcely twenty years of
age-made, as we have seen, many friendly demonstrations towards
them, induced, no doubt, by his hatred of Montezuma, who had supported
the pretensions of Cacama. It was not, however, till his advancement
to the lordship of Tezcuco, that he showed the full extent of his good
will. From that hour, he became the fast friend of the Christians,
supporting them with his personal authority, and the whole strength of
his military array and resources, which, although much shorn of
their ancient splendour since the days of his father, were still
considerable, and made him a most valuable ally. His important
services have been gratefully commemorated by the Castilian
historians; and history should certainly not defraud him of his just
meed of glory,- the melancholy glory of having contributed more than
any other chieftain of Anahuac to rivet the chains round the necks
of his countrymen.
1. Solís dismisses this prince with the remark, "that he reigned but a few days; long enough, however, for his indolence and apathy to efface the memory of his name among the people." (Conquista, lib. 4, cap. 16.) Whence the historiographer of the Indies borrowed the coloring for this portrait I cannot conjecture; certainly not from the ancient authorities, which uniformly delineate the character and conduct of the Aztec sovereign in the light represented in the text. Cortés, who ought to know, describes him "as held to be very wise and valiant." Rel. Seg., ap. Lorenzana, p. 166.--See, also, Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, MS., lib. 12, cap 29,--Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 19,--Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap 88,--Oviedo, Hist. de las Ind., MS., lib. 33, cap. 16,--Gomara, Crónica, cap. 118.
2. The reader of Spanish will see, that, in the version in the text, I have condensed the original, which abounds in the tautology and repetitions characteristic of the compositions of a rude people.
"Señor nuestro! ya V. M. sabe como es muerto nuestro N.: ya lo habeis puesto debajo de vuestros pies: ya está en su recogimiento, y es ido por el camino que todos hemos de ir y á la casa donde hemos de morar, casa de perpetuas tinieblas, donde ni hay ventana, ni luz alguna: ya está en el reposo donde nadie le desasosegará...... Todos estos señores y reyes rigiéron, gobernáron, y gozáron del señorío y dignidad real, y del trono y sitial del imperio, los cuales ordenáron y concertáron las cosas de vuestro reino, que sois el universal señor y emperador, por cuyo albedrio y motivo se rige todo el universo, y que no teneis necesidad de consejo de ningun otro. Ya estos dichos dejáron la carga intolerable del gobierno que tragéron sobre sus hombros, y lo dejáron á su succesor N., el cual por algunos pocos dias tuvo en pie su señoría y reino, y ahora ya se ha ido en pos de ellos al otro mundo, porque vos le mandásteis que fuese y le llamásteis, y por haberle descargado de tan gran carga, y quitado tan gran trabajo, y haberle puesto en paz y en reposo, está muy obligado á daros gracias. Algunos pocos dias le lográmos, y ahora para siempre se ausentó de nosotros para nunca mas volver al mundo...... ¿Quien ordenará y dispondrá las cosas necesarias al bien del pueblo, señorío y reino? ¿Quien elegirá á los jueces particulares, que tengan carga de la gente baja por los barrios? ¿Quien mandará tocar el atambor y pílfano para juntar gente para la guerra? ¿Y quien reunirá y acaudillará á los soldados viejos, y hombres diestros en la pelea? Señor nuestro y amparador nuestro! tenga por bien V. M. de elegir, y señalar alguna persona suficiente para que tenga vuestro trono, y lleve á cuestas la carga pesada del régimen de la república, regocige y regale á los populares, bien así como la madre regala á su hijo, poniéndole en su regazo...... O señor nuestro humanísimo! dad lumbre y resplandor de vuestra mano á esto reino! ..... Hágase como V. M. fuere servido en todo, y por todo." Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, lib. 6, cap. 5.
3. The Spaniards appear to have changed the Qua, beginning Aztec names, into Gua, in the same manner as, in the mother country, they changed the Wad at the beginning of Arabic names into Guad. (See Condé, El Nubiense, Descripcion de España, notas, passim.) The Aztec tzin was added to the names of sovereigns and great lords, as a mark of reverence. Thus Cuitlahua was called Cuitlahuatzin. This termination, usually dropped by the Spaniards, has been retained from accident, or, perhaps, for the sake of euphony, in Guatemozin's name.
4. "Mancebo de hasta veynte y cinco aços, bien gentil hombre para ser Indio, y muy esforçado, y se hizo temer de tal manera, que todos los suyos temblauan dél; y estaua casado con vna hija de Monteçuma, bien hermosa muger para ser India." Bernal Diaz, Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 130.
5. Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 19.
6. Bernal Diaz, Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 134.
7. One may call to mind the beautiful invocation which Racine has put into the mouth of Joad;
"Venez, cher rejeton d'une vaillante race,
Remplir vos défenseurs d'une nouvelle audace;
Venez du diadême à leurs yeux vous couvrir,
Et périssez du moins en roi, s'il faut périr."
ATHALIE, acte 4, scène 5.
8. Rel. Tercera de Cortés, ap. Lorenzana, p. 183.
Most, if not all, of the authorities,--a thing worthy of note,--concur in this estimate of the Spanish forces.
9. "Y como sin causa ninguna todos los Naturales de Colúa, que son los de la gran Ciudad de Temixtitan, y los de todas las otras Provincias á ellas sujetas, no solamente se habian rebelado contra Vuestra Magestad." Ibid., ubi supra.
10. Rel. Terc. de Cortés, ap. Lorenzana, p. 184.
"Porque demas del premio, que les davia en el cielo, se les seguirian en esto mundo grandíssima honra, riquezas inestimables." Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chichimeca, MS., cap. 91.
11. "Cosa muy de ver," says father Sahagun, without hazarding any precise number, "en la cantidad y en los aparejos que llevaban." Hist. de Nueva España, MS., lib. 12, cap. 30.
12. Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 20.
l3. Ibid., ubi supra.
14. Ibid., loc. cit.
15. "Que su principal motivo é intencion sea apartar y desarraigar de las dichas idolatrías á todos los naturales destas partes y reducidos ó á lo menos desear su salvacion y que sean reducidos al conocimiento de Dios y de su Santa Fe católica: porque si con otra intencion se hiciese la dicha guerra seria injusta y todo lo que en ella se oviese Onoloxio é obligado á restitucion." Ordenanzas Militares, MS.
16. "É desde ahora protesto en nombre de S. M. que mi principal intencion é motivo es facer esta guerra é las otras que ficiese por traer y reducir á los dichos naturales al dicho conocimiento de nuestra Santa Fe é creencia; y despues por los sozjugar é supeditar debajo del yugo é dominio imperial é real de su Sacra Magestad, á quien juridicamente el Señorío de todas estas partes." Ordenanzas Militares, MS.
17. "Ce n'est qu'en Espagne et en Italie," says the penetrating historian of the Italian Republics, "qu'on rencontre cette habitude vicieuse, absolument inconnue aux peuples protestans, et qu'il ne faut point confondre avec les grossiers juremens que le peuple en tout pays mêle á ses discours. Dans rous les accès de colère des peuples du Midi, ils s' attaquent aux objets de leur culte, ils les menacent, et ils accablent de paroles outrageantes la Divinité elle-même, le Rédempteur ou ses saints." Sismondi, Républiques Italiennes, cap. 126.
18. Lucio Marineo, who witnessed all the dire effects of this national propensity at the Castilian court, where he was residing at this time, breaks out into the following animated apostrophe against it: "El jugador es el que dessea y procura la muerte de sus padres, el que jura falso por Dios y por la vida de su Rey y Señor, el que mata á su ánima, y la echa en el infierno: ¿y que no hará el jugador q no averguença de perder sus dineros, de perder el tiempo, perder el sueño, perder la fama, perder la honra, y perder finalmente la vida? Por lo cual como ya gran parte de los hombres siempre y donde quiera continuamente juegan, parésceme verdadera la opinion de aquellos que dizen el infierno estar lleno de jugadores." Cosas Memorables de Espagña, (ed. Sevilla, 1539,) fol. 165.
19. These regulations are reported with much uniformity by Herrera, Solís, Clavigero, and others, but with such palpable inaccuracy, that it is clear they never could have seen the original instrument. The copy in my possession was taken from the Muñoz collection. As the document, though curious and highly interesting, has never been published, I have given it entire in the Appendix, Part 2, No. 13.
20. Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 20.--Bernal Diaz, Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 127. The former historian states the number of Indian allies who followed Cortés, at eighty thousand; the latter at ten thousand! ¿Quien sabe?
21. This mountain, which, with its neighbor Popocatepetl, forms the great barrier--the Herculis columnœ--of the Mexican Valley, has been fancifully likened, from its long dorsal swell, to the back of a dromedary. (Tudor's Tour in North America, let. 22.) It rises far above the limits of perpetual snow in the tropics, and its huge crest and sides, enveloped in its silver drapery, form one of the most striking objects in the magnificent coup d'œil presented to the inhabitants of the capital.
22. "Y prometímos todos de nunca de ella salir, sin Victoria, ó dejar allí las vidas. Y con esta determinacion ibamos todos tan alegres, como si fueramos á cosa de mucho placer." Rel. Terc., ap. Lorenzana, p. 188.
23. "Y yo torné á rogar, y encomendar mucho á los Españoles, que hiciessen, como siempre habian hecho y como se esperaba de sus Personas; y que nadie no se desmandasse, y que fuessen con mucho concierto, y órden por su Camino." Ibid., ubi supra.
24. "É como la Gente de pie venia algo cansada, y se hacia tarde, dormímos en una Poblacion, que se dice Coatepeque...... É yo con diez de Caballo comenzé la Vela, y Ronda de la prima, y hice, que toda la Gente estubiesse muy apercibida." Ibid., pp. 188, 189.
25. For the preceding pages, giving the account of the march, besides the Letter of Cortés, so often quoted, see Gomara, Crónica, cap. 121,--Oviedo, Hist. de las Ind., MS., lib. 33, cap. 18,--Bernal Diaz, Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 137,--Camargo, Hist. de Tlascala, MS.,--Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 20,--Ixtlilxochitl, Relacion de la Venida de los Españoles y Principio de la Ley Evangélica, (México, 1829,) p. 9.
26. See Ante, p. 469.
The skins of those immolated on the sacrificial stone were a common offering in the Indian temples, and the mad priests celebrated many of their festivals by publicly dancing with their own persons enveloped in these disgusting spoils of their victims. See Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva España, passim.
27. Rel. Terc. de Cortés, ap. Lorenzana, p. 187.--Oviedo, Hist. de las Ind., MS., lib. 33, cap. 19.
28. Tezcuco, a Chichemec name, according to Ixtlilxochitl, signifying "place of detention or rest," because the various tribes from the North halted there on their entrance into Anahuac. Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 10.
29. "La qual es tan grande, que aunque fueramos doblados los Españoles, nos pudierarnos aposentar bien á placer en ella." Rel. Terc., ap. Lorenzana, p. 191.
30. "De tal manera que se quemáron todos los Archivos Reales de toda la Nueva España, que fué una de las mayores pérdidas que tuvo esta tierra, porque con esto toda la memoria de sus antiguayas y otras cosas que eran como Escrituras y recuerdos pereciéron desde este tiempo. La obra, de las Casas era la mejor y la mas artificiosa que hubo en esta tierra." Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 91.
31. The historian Ixtlilxochitl pays the following high tribute to the character of his royal kinsman, whose name was Tecocol. Strange that this name is not to be found--with the exception of Sahagun's work--in any contemporary record! "Fué el primero que lo fué en Tezcoco, con harta pena de los Españoles, porque fué nobilísimo y los quiso mucho. Fué D. Fernando Tecocoltzin muy gentil hombre, alto de cuerpo y muy blanco, tanto cuanto podia ser cualquier Español por muy blanco que fuese, y que mostraba su persona y término descender, y ser del linage que era. Supo la lengua Castellana, y así casi las mas noches despues de haber cenado, trataban él y Cortés de todo lo que se debia hacer acerca de las guerras." Ixtlilxochitl, Venida de los Esp., pp. 12, 13.
32. The accession of Tecocol, as, indeed, his existence, passes unnoticed by some historians, and by others is mentioned in so equivocal a manner,--his Indian name being omitted,--that it is very doubtful if any other is intended than his younger brother Ixtlilxochitl. The Tezcucan chronicler, bearing this last melodious name, has alone given the particulars of his history. I have followed him, as, from his personal connections, having had access to the best sources of information; though, it must be confessed, he is far too ready to take things on trust, to be always the best authority.
33. "Él respondió, que era por demas ir contra lo determinado por el Dios Criador de todas las cosas, pues no sin misterio y secreto juicio suyo le daba tal hijo al tiempo y quando se acercaban las profecías de sus Antepasados, que havíase venir nuevas Gentes á poseer la Tierra, como eran los hijos de Quetzalcoatl que aguardaban suvenida de la parte oriental." Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 69.
34. "Con que el Rey no supo con que ocacion poderle castigar, porque lo pareciéron sus razones tan vivas y fundadas que su parte no habia hecho cosa indebida ni vileza para poder ser castigado, mas tan solo una ferocidad de ánimo; pronóstico de lo mucho que habia de venir á saber por las Armas, y así el Rey dijo, que se fuese á la mano." Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chich., MS., cap. 69.
35. Ibid., ubi supra.
Among other anecdotes recorded of the young prince's early development is one of his having, when only three years old, pitched his nurse into a well, as she was drawing water, to punish her for certain improprieties of conduct of which he had been witness. But I spare the reader the recital of these astonishing proofs of precocity, as it is very probable, his appetite for the marvellous may not keep pace with that of the chronicler of Tezcuco.
36. Ante, p. 170. | <urn:uuid:6ec3c829-91f4-4e01-8b22-d44cc910eb45> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/prescott/bk05_ch07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443451.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00211-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885516 | 10,743 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Art and Architecture of Ancient Rome, £9.99
Height: 210.000 mm
Width: 134.000 mm
PD 1868-8-22-55 (Bartsch 63.488)
Prints and Drawings
Marcantonio Raimondi, Man Climbing the Bank of a River, a copperplate engraving
Italy, around AD 1509
A male nude after Michelangelo
Michelangelo (1475-1564) had to abandon his
fresco of the Battle of
Cascina commissioned by the city of Florence
when he was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1505. Some four
years later Marcantonio Raimondi (about 1480-before 1534) saw the
Michelangelo's powerful nudes were developed from an established Florentine training of drawing nudes and from classical sculpture. His ability to draw the most complex poses from unusual angles was much admired. As the youth climbs up the riverbank, one leg is straight and the other bent. His torso is foreshortened as it leans away from us and to the right, while his head looks up and to the left, revealing only a 'lost' profile. The rhythms of the body are repeated and amplified by the taut muscles, although Raimondi's engraved marks cannot capture the subtlety of Michelangelo's chalk modelling.
The plate is signed on the lower right: IV.MI.AG.FL./.MAF. This can be deciphered: 'Invenit Michelangelo Florentini / Marcantonio fecit'; 'Invented by Michelangelo the Florentine / Marcantonio made it'. This is the first use of the term 'invenit' which distinguishes the creator of an image from the engraver, a practice which became standard in the following centuries.
D. Landau and P. Parshall, The Renaissance print 1470-155 (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1994) | <urn:uuid:5a8065df-aa2a-45fd-a171-473e267982cc> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/m/marcantonio,_man_climbing.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164692455/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134452-00067-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924803 | 417 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Security software is any software that provides security for computers and networks against computer viruses. If a virus infiltrated a computer, it may delete files, prevent you from accessing your files, it might send spam e-mail to your contacts, access your personal files and use it, and perform other malicious actions. Therefore, it is important to install security software on your gadgets. There are several types of this software that includes antivirus, encryption software, firewall, and antispyware. Some of the operating system has preloaded security software and tools when you buy a new personal computer or laptop. If there is no security software, you can purchase it or download it online for free.
The most common types of security software installed are antivirus and antispyware. But there are other types that you can additionally install to have more solid security for your computer.
Antivirus: is a program that identifies and removes a particular type of malware called ‘virus’, which has different types like worm, rootkits, spyware, Trojan horses, spyware, keyloggers, ransomware and adware.
Antispyware: it monitors incoming data from your e-mail, the websites that you visit, the files that you download and stop spyware programs from breaching your computer’s operating system. Developers keep their software up-to-date in order to block recent spyware programs.
Firewall: creates a barrier between the internet and your computer. It checks information coming from the internet or a network that screens out hackers, viruses and worms, and then it either blocks or allows it to pass through to your computer. It also helps you to stop your computer from sending malicious software and content to other computers.
Encryption software: is an essential part of computer communications and file protection. This software uses an encryption scheme that encodes computer data, such as personal information and confidential files, so that it cannot be recovered without the correct key. With this encryption method, it prevents third parties from recovering the original data or any information about it. This encryption software is commonly used in online banks and other websites that inquires personal information from their users.
In this generation, everyone is using gadgets like cellphones and laptops. Everyone has their own facebook accounts and other social media account. Some used their phones and laptops in storing their entire log in details which is very dangerous. Because those log in details will give access to anything that is holding your gadget or a virus might be sent to you to access your log in details. If you need want to know more about software security, you can try these steps:
• research online
• download some anti-virus that will give you alert if any suspicious mails was sent to you
• or you can visit ultimatewebtraffic.com.
Security is a big thing when you are talking about Internet. You can access and do a lot of stuff in the internet like online banking. You will need a strong password to be able to make sure no one can access your bank account online which can be tricky. Some advertisements, when clicked, are carrying a virus which can get your information to access your bank accounts. You have to be careful about those things. Here are some things that you can do to stop these kinds of things from happening:
• do not click any advertisement when you are browsing the internet
• download for free with this link generator to remove the advertisements in a website that you are visiting
• you can also visit premiumlinkgenerator.com
With the growing Internet consumption all around the world, people tend to forget their security. Security is important, nowadays with the Internet. You can access everything with the help of the Internet. You can do online banking, shopping and basically everything through the Internet. So, everyone should know how to protect themselves when you are using the Internet. Identity theft is one of the most common crimes in the Internet. With the help of Facebook, you can now see all the information about someone and use them to trick other people into giving you money. Sometime, when you visit a website, you will start receiving a lot of massages, which is very annoying. You can use proxy servers with so that you can visit any website that you want, visit buyproxies.io for more information on how proxy servers, its advantages and uses.
Thanks to the Internet, now everyone can see everything about you. If you are not wise enough, people can even commit a lot of crimes with your name written all over these crimes. You have to think things through before posting information about yourself in the Internet. There are a lot of hackers now that can get all the information in your Facebook accounts, which can then be use to access your bank accounts. So, be very careful. When you need to download some things from the Internet, you can try these following tips:
- Try using incognito in downloading your files.
- Do not connect in a public Wi-Fi spot; use your own Wi-Fi, if possible.
- Take advantage of your anti-virus and use it.
- You can also try multihostersreview.com for your downloading needs. It is faster and safer to use than other websites.
Research shows that majority of business owners have been encountering difficulty with maintaining their computer security. Did you know that computers are the most reliable and the most dangerous a company could ever have? Having computers to monitor or manage your business are easier. With the help of computers, you can see the fluctuations of your company’s income every day. But computers are also easy to hack, for those people who knows how to, which are a lot. But computers also help with the marketing strategy of your company. But did you know that there are certain applications that can help with your business’ marketing? Try visiting Infusionsoft Alternative which can help with your company’s marketing strategy. | <urn:uuid:017db6a5-f607-4077-a987-807c361caf13> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.wdxcyberstore.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172831.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00597-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942859 | 1,210 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Happy Whitiwhangi day! For you dozy benighted Pomms, Whitiwhangi day (6th February) is New Zealand’s National Day. It celebrates the signing of a solemn treaty between the ‘British Colonial Governor of Her Majesty’s Government’ and the Maori in 1847. As a slight digression I would like to introduce the less educated amongst you to the noble race which is Maori. Ethnologists are of the opinion that the first Maoris arrived in New Zealand as Asylum Seekers sometime in the Middle Ages. They found a bountiful land colonised by a peaceful and equally noble race, called the Moriori. Mutual respect was only marred by the fact that the Maori had an irrepressible appetite for human flesh. As it was against their culture and religious custom to eat their own, they decided to eat the indigenous people. In very short order they had porked their way through this fair people and moved on to eat all the large birds, mammals and frogs. Today, the only indigenous creature left in New Zealand is a highly camouflaged, fast moving and slightly tasteless marsupial, known in the Maori language as ‘donttastlikeKFC,ehbro.’
To return to our Solemn National Day. It is reputed that the Governor of 1847, Sir Effingham-Peffingham was suffering from syphilitic ague prior to and up to the signing of the treaty. Some say he deviated from standard British Colonial Policy, of the time. Usually, British Army drill was to send the local chocos off to an early grave, and at double time too. Of course, when faced with the local duskies waving fruit and sharpened sticks the best response was always to ‘fire a volley’ and finish off the wounded, and less fleet of foot, with the bayonet.
Unfortunately for the Empire, Sir E was suffering from delirium tremens on the day of the signing. For his entertainment, the local Maori Warriors performed their formidable war dance, ‘The Haka.’ The stout warriors, all painted and covered in feathers, reminded the Governor, in his delirium, of the Nelson Rep chorus line. After all, the Governor was notoriously short sighted and thick.
The treaty was duly signed by the Governor and the Tribal Leaders. Luckily the Maoris could not read or write English. The clause they failed to notice (stupid Maoris), was the bit about allowing White Folk, known in Maori as Pakiha to shoot any Maori on sight on Whitiwhangi day, as long as it was before noon. Good man that Governor.
As usual, I celebrated ‘Whitiwhangi Eve’ with four bottles of medicinal red wine (as is the custom) and awoke next morning feeling like a Frenchman’s crotch. After retching up over the dog I noticed that it was 11.50am. I panicked somewhat as I didn’t want to miss the opportunity to legally shoot someone. So without further ado, and without getting dressed, I reached for my father’s trusty 303 Lee Enfield rifle. The same weapon he had used to shoot unarmed German prisoners at the battle of
El Alamein. Shortly after this incident my father’s
contribution to the war effort was permanently curtailed due to wounds inflicted
during a brisk encounter with the renowned, and much feared, SS SeamStress division. These Valkyries could
sow SS runic insignia, in silver
thread, on your epaulet in under 20 minutes and double stitch at that; fucking
amazing! During the battle my father received a puncture wound to the arse from
a rusty bodkin. The infection rapidly spread to his cock and as a consequence
he spent 6 months in a Venereal Disease hospital in Blighty. The word around
the camp fire, at the time, was that my father had caught the infection after
an intoxicated and ill-judged liaison with a wild, desert, she goat; absolute nonsense.
It is well known that you can catch this sort of thing from toilet seats and
dirty sewing baskets.
With shaking hands I slammed a fresh magazine into the Lee Enfield and rushed onto the porch. Luckily for me I saw a Maori in the adjacent field not a 100 paces away. I raised the musket to my shoulder, took careful aim and slowly squeezed the trigger and was promptly rewarded to see my quarry spiral to the ground. I rushed inside for my trusty scalping knife and bounded over to the fallen Maori to gather my well-deserved trophy. Imagine my disgust when I realised that I hadn’t shot a Maori after all but shot my Dutch neighbour, Mr Neils Van der Pump. In mitigation, I have to say that his Indonesian wife had been standing close by and she does look a little bit Maori. I did consider shooting her as well and could hardly miss from two paces. But I suppose I’m a sentimental old fool and it didn’t seem quite right to shoot her under the circumstances, as her husband had suddenly took quite poorly. I did offer to apply a tourniquet to the wound on his neck, but neither of them seemed too keen on the idea. So I left her to administer first aid and retreated back to my bed to sleep off the previous night’s excess. I had hardly fallen asleep when I was rudely awakened by the local plod. Thereafter all is a blur. I remained in custody for several months prior to trial. Poor Mrs Saxon had to work 20 hours a day to keep the farm afloat. She did contact my flaxen haired cunt of a son to ask for help. But he was too busy finding ‘spiritual enlightenment’ on a commune in
enlightenment, my arse! From what I can see he spends his days banging small
breasted Asian ladies, sometimes two at a time (nice work if you can get it),
and judging from the photos some of the ‘ladies’ aren’t real woman at all. Perth,
I finally had my day in court. I must admit I raised a spirited defence. However, things looked bleak after the prosecution’s final summing up: “Your Honour, I submit that Mr Saxon is a demented, chronic alcoholic with a tenuous grasp on reality. It is recorded your Honour, that after a particularly heavy and prolonged drinking bout, he thought he had turned into a canister of ‘Shake N Vac’ (Alpine Dew) and was found by his wife rolling naked on the carpet shouting: ‘I am fragrant, suck me off with the vacuum.’ I rest my case your Honour.” But bugger me if I didn’t have a stroke of luck. Poor Mr Van der Pump had lost the power of speech after my ill-fated shot had destroyed his larynx. This same lucky bullet had also divided nerves in his spinal cord and consequently he was paralysed from the nose down. The upshot of course was that he was unable to provide a verbal or written deposition; in other words, a piss poor witness. The case against me rested on the sole testament of his Indonesian wife. This poor cow couldn’t speak a word of English and her Court appointed interpreter had just been deported as an illegal alien. The outcome was not in question, and I was promptly, and deservedly, found innocent and freed.
I confess that after this encounter with the law, I am truly a wiser but not a sober man. Although, I have to say I can’t wait for Mr Van der Pump’s children to grow up so I can shoot them on Whitiwhangi Day, before noon. After all, they do look a little like Maoris…….. | <urn:uuid:7474b0e8-8759-4e63-877d-7ad26a757876> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://flaxensaxon.blogspot.com/2014/02/oh-no-its-whitiwhangi-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133449.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824101532-20170824121532-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.978668 | 1,662 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hip hop and R&B are genres of music of African American origin. There are many companies or labels promoting, distributing, and producing this genre of music.
What are Record Labels?
In the music industry the music of individual singers is usually promoted by big music companies or individual smaller companies. Record labels stand for the trademark or brand of a music company that markets, produces, promotes and generally provides all infrastructures to a musician or singer to produce a CD or Video. Sometimes they also search for talent and introduce new talent to the industry. This is called the A&R, Artists, and Repertoire. They enter into contracts with their musical artists. The label used to appear on the vinyl record which shows the company’s name and other details associated with the manufacturer
Genres of Music
Types of music are classified as genres of music and each record label promotes a certain genre or a few genres of music like beat, rap, folk, hip hop, jazz, punk, rhythm and blues, and so on.
Hip hop music is a genre of music which involves rapping, beat boxing, DJing and sampling. It began in New York somewhere in the 1970s. In this kind of music, the artist speaks the lyrics in the form of rhyme in tune with a beat. This music involves live bands, drum machines, and synthesizers.
Rhythm and Blues is an African American music. It first originated in 1940s. It was initially marketed to urban African Americans. Later it came to encompass electric blues, rock and roll, and gospel. Later on it came to mean funk and soul music. In the 1980s a new form of R&B was introduced under the name Contemporary R&B.
Contemporary R&B combines pop, R&B and hip hop. The typical instruments used are synthesizers, keyboard, drum, and synclavier. It originated from disco, soul, dance, and funk music. | <urn:uuid:e6df0e13-29eb-4edd-9995-2df54cf8d74c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://welovevinylrecords.wordpress.com/2011/02/18/record-labels-and-hip-hop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.950274 | 404 | 3.1875 | 3 |
GEMS World Academy (Singapore) sees assessment as a tool to support and promote learning and to accurately report student achievement. Parents will receive ongoing and reliable assessment information across all courses of study.
GEMS World Academy (Singapore) ensures that:
Teachers administer appropriate sets of assessment tasks and rigorously apply the prescribed assessment criteria defined for each subject group. The type of assessment tools available to teachers include all forms of:
1. oral work
2. written work
3. practical work
Formative and summative tools are used for assessment practices at GEMS World Academy (Singapore), which assist with ongoing teaching and learning. Assessment feedback provides a measure of current success and directs future study.
Formative assessment is used to gather information and indicates progressive evidence of student learning, in order to guide students on future learning needs. We recognise this as assessment for learning. Formative assessment tools include, but are not limited to: teacher/student discussions, practice tests, self-assessment, peer assessment, reflective writing exercises, teacher observations, group presentations, quizzes and homework tasks.
Summative assessment is used to gather information and evidence of student learning at the end of a defined learning period, in order to provide achievement information aligned to the expected standards for the course. Summative assessment tools include, but are not limited to: student presentations, written tasks, unit tests, assignments, scientific reports and examinations.
The MYP uses a criterion-referenced model of assessment. Assessment throughout the five years of the programme is against criteria linked to specific objectives.
The IB publishes criteria and descriptors for year 5 of the programme, which cannot be changed by individual schools and are therefore common to all students across the world. The school uses the published criteria and descriptors for students in MYP year 4 (Grade 9) and MYP year 5 (Grade 10) of the programme.
In the MYP (Grades 6 to 8), students are assessed against criteria and descriptors published by the IB that have been modified to best suit the age group of the students.
For each assessment criterion, a number of band descriptors are defined. These describe a range of achievement levels with the lowest represented as 1 and highest as 8.
The descriptors concentrate on positive achievement, although failure to achieve may be included in the description for the lower levels.
IGCSE qualifications as assessed through external examinations and externally marked and moderated course. Each subject is marked against a set of published Assessment Objectives.
The DP programme uses both internally and externally assessed components to measure student performance.
Internal assessment refers to work initially marked by the teacher and then moderated by external moderators or sent directly to external examiners.
Students take written examinations at the end of the programme, which are marked by external IB examiners. Each of the subject courses receives a grade from 1 to 7. Students can also be awarded up to 3 additional points for their combined results in Theory of Knowledge and the Extended Essay. The CP’s Personal and Professional Skills is graded from 1 to 7, whereas the Service Learning and Language components are marked on a pass/fail basis.
In order to attain the IB Diploma, a candidate must fulfil a number of requirements, including:
• At least 24 points total
• a grade A-D in TOK and the EE
• 12 points or more on HL subjects
• 9 points or more on SL subjects
• CAS requirements have been met
Award of the Career-related Certificate requires the student to pass all elements, scoring no less than 3 points in each Diploma Programme course taken. | <urn:uuid:1f0c0938-c467-4ab7-bf0f-b0ced639cade> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://gwa.edu.sg/curriculum/assessment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161902.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925163044-20180925183444-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.944688 | 743 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Reference number in a book critique, this usually consists of only one guide.
Building cranes have a substantial share within the design industry’s progress. The design cranes incorporate mobile cranes, system cranes, truck-mounted cranes, and many other types. The selection of construction cranes is founded on the masses to become lifted. Basics of Design Cranes A design crane is simply a that is employed for the training of major materials. A crane includes a drum for line, and stores with sheaves employed for decreasing and lifting masses. The loads can also be migrated in a horizontal direction. Physical edge is created for training of large loads. Cranes are widely used in the development market for numerous applications.
Marie louise bonaparte.” incorporate any brands that are necessary.
Cranes will also be utilized in several design applications that were other. However, construction cranes have brought notably while in large large structures’ design. Several design cranes are employed in the development industry, including tower cranes, portable and cranes that were telescope. The home- erecting crane is constructed in the building site. Building cranes located on a special car that’s designed for these programs or could be fastened in the terrain. Development cranes are classified in to a tower kind, or possibly a derrick designed with wires and ideal pulleys. Tower Cranes Tower cranes are among the crucial construction cranes which might be widely-used inside the structure area.
Set a schedule and abide by it so that you do not have the opportunity to slip behind.
Tower cranes are rigidly mounted using the soil, which boost the raising potential and encourages height’s accomplishment. System cranes are widely working for your erection of large buildings. The fundamental areas of a tower crane incorporate structure, a base, and the slewing device. The structure stay is secured into a huge real station that is useful for supporting the crane. The real parts are created much prior to the crane impotence to make certain a firm basis that was concrete. The bottom is fastened with all the mast that delivers the level. The mast top is registered together with the slewing product that’s motor and equipment for your crane turning. The key components of the product would be the functioning arm or perhaps the expanded horizontal jib, a brief outside supply, and also the owner taxi. The strain is moved by the long horizontal jib by way of a wagon that performs along the jib.
Being organized for existence that is adult, in general, isn’t easy for anybody.
Forms of Tower Cranes The main types of system cranes that are usually found in the building industry would be Assisted tower crane and the Home Erect. Both these system cranes’ kinds are carefully used in combination with designs that were numerous. These system cranes’ facts are under: Tower Crane Self Erect This kind of structure crane is actually meant to be transported, merely and fast, for fast erection. Several of the self- erecting cranes are designed with a turbine, and are hence absolutely self-contained. Crane Assisted Erect This kind of structure crane is normally bigger with the increased lifting volume compared to the self-erecting cranes. It’s designed to be created at the building site, usually by using a mobile crane. Consequently, it’s termed a crane. Tower Crane Concept of Operation Utilizing the rule of time or reverse, the tower crane capabilities. Counterbalance’s force is established by loads at the table jib end’s suitable place.
Allow yourself to shine secretly.
It is usually found opposite towards the jib. The counterweight is dependent upon the functioning jib size, and these specifics are given from the crane supplier. Maintaining the counterweights at a low level ensures maximum tower crane stability. Thus, counterweights linked with the working jib, and are usually found in the foot of the structure cranes.
I https://essaynara.com recently heard david coleman talk about how we’ve tried for too long to do a million things well and we’ve done all of them at a mediocre level | <urn:uuid:7e7b9701-c619-4a97-96b0-8e599303148f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://community.getconversion.net/?p=1145 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595858.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217113308-20171217135308-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.958201 | 871 | 2.75 | 3 |
March 22, 2012
Runaway Planets At 30 Million Miles Per Hour Possible
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics researchers have determined that some planets are flying around in space at 30 million miles per hour.
These hypervelocity planets are produced in the same way as the hypervelocity star that was found seven years ago traveling around the Milky Way Galaxy at 1.5 million miles per hour."These warp-speed planets would be some of the fastest objects in our Galaxy," astrophysicist Avi Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics said in a recent statement. "If you lived on one of them, you'd be in for a wild ride from the center of the galaxy to the Universe at large."
A hypervelocity star forms as a double-star system wanders too close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy. Strong gravitational forces rip the stars apart from each other, sending one away at high speeds while the other orbits around the black hole.
The researchers in the study simulated what would happen if each of the stars had a planet or two orbiting it.
They found that the star that is ejected outward could carry its planets along for the ride, and the star sucked in to the black hole's orbit could have its planets torn away and tossed into interstellar space at tremendous speeds.
A typical hypervelocity planet would shoot outward at 7 to 10 million miles per hour, but the researchers found that a small fraction of them could gain speeds of up to 30 million miles per hour.
"Other than subatomic particles, I don't know of anything leaving our galaxy as fast as these runaway planets," lead author Idan Ginsburg of Dartmouth College said.
Astronomers do not currently have the instruments to detect a lone hypervelocity planet because they are so dim, distant and rare. However, they do have a chance to spot a hypervelocity planet still orbiting around its hypervelocity star.
The researchers found that the chances of spotting a hypervelocity planet orbiting a star would be around 50 percent.
"With one-in-two odds of seeing a transit, if a hypervelocity star had a planet, it makes a lot of sense to watch for them," said Ginsburg.
The researchers will be publishing their findings in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Image Caption: In this artist´s conception, a runaway planet zooms through interstellar space. New research suggests that the supermassive black hole at our galaxy´s center can fling planets outward at relativistic speeds. Eventually, such worlds will escape the Milky Way and travel through the lonely intergalactic void. In this illustration, a glowing volcano on the planet´s surface hints at active plate tectonics that may keep the planet warm. Credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA) [ High-res Image ] | <urn:uuid:658bad4e-bf16-4fbb-8c91-d53996c21143> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112499168/runaway-planets-at-30-million-miles-per-hour-possible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660746.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00016-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931092 | 596 | 3.25 | 3 |
Clinical Laboratory Networks Play Critical Role In Strengthening Health Systems, Global Health Security
The Lancet Global Health: Global health security: how can laboratories help?
“‘How did Ebola happen and could it happen again?’ is a question asked countless times over the past three years. More often than not, the catastrophic failure of health system coherence and capacity in the three most affected countries in West Africa is fingered as the inevitable culprit … From a global perspective, there is now a comprehensive program in place to strengthen countries’ capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to public health emergencies of international concern, including from the perspective of laboratory systems. … A functioning clinical laboratory network is an indispensable part of the health system, being vital to disease burden estimation, timely diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment response. It is also an essential component of global health security. Africa should treasure its dynamic [African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM)], its new CDC, and its committed young laboratory professionals in its collaborative journey towards a world safe from future health threats” (February 2017).
The KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report summarized news and information on global health policy from hundreds of sources, from May 2009 through December 2020. All summaries are archived and available via search. | <urn:uuid:44e7ad52-4e61-4d05-b14b-4f023f4756a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.kff.org/news-summary/clinical-laboratory-networks-play-critical-role-in-strengthening-health-systems-global-health-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.926166 | 264 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Science visualization: my way
How to accentuate the figures of a scientific paper (my first of series of science data visualization posts!)
After many years of grueling work in the laboratory, fighting with difficult cloning reactions, microscopy settings and Fiji plugins it’s finally time to summarize your data and produce powerful figures for a publication. Hurray! But this is a lot of work! There are 3 main challenges for your scientific visualization:
- Which visual display to choose?
- How to deliver the key message effectively?
- Establishing logic in your figures!
Although this describes the process in a linear way, it in reality is a rather chaotic procedure with lots of going back and forth. And all of us can learn still learn a lot of how to make most use of visual communication.Here, I will explain the steps of the entire process in little steps. As an example, I use a publication of my friend James who studies the origin of life and lipids* [FOOTNOTE ON FAT].
Part 1: Get an overview.
The ultimate goal of figures in publications is to leverage the amazing capabilities of our visual perception and allow readers to take in the data effortlessly – this requires a clear visual language that the reader can rapidly decode. The goal was to make James’ finding about the cholesterol-like role of hopanoids in bacteria more accessible.
- To get a quick overview, I put all figures next to each other, without explanatory text! Then, I determine how much I can already understand that way? Can I grasp the story?
- To assess if the data is presented in a scientific sound and clear way, I check the display-types: were the right display types chosen for this type of data? Are the errors indicated, the axes labeled and intersecting each other in a useful manner?
- Then I look at the color scheme and layout – do they guide the reader to the most important findings? Are labels and fonts consistent?
- Last, I squint my eyes and see if there are imbalances in data presentation, too much white space, too much dark space etc.
What I notice
- There are a couple of structures, many line charts and accompanying bar charts and some image data.
- The orange data stands out in all figures and indeed seems to have been chosen for the key data – it is the molecule of interest to the Saenz group, the cholesterol-analog hopanoid.
- In two parts the color scheme differs: 1. In the schematic drawing of membrane architecture and 2. in the line chart in the lower left hand corner.
- Also, in almost each chart the bars are of different thickness and the layout of the axes changes!
My next step
I take a pen and mark every little detail in the figures that I notice as worth checking. This helps me priorities my work of the make-over and helps me stat focused! More soon!
PS I found that this way of engaging with a publication also works as a fantastic quick way of reviewing a paper – and you might try this approach for one of your future reviews! | <urn:uuid:1a1b7f3d-451d-4055-b60a-dd3bd251d316> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://helenajambor.wordpress.com/2016/04/07/science-visualization-my-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721110117-20180721130117-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.903861 | 641 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Secret Societies and Their Use of Skull and Bones Emblem
Historically, symbols have held particular importance to those who use them in order to convey a particular meaning, or in order to reflect a principle or belief system that is pertinent to their culture, belief system or values. The secret symbol of the skull and bones is one such symbol. This symbol is used by a variety of secret societies in order to denote meanings that are distinct to these societies.
The Freemasons and the Skull and Bones Symbol
The esoteric organization of the Freemasons is one secret society that uses the symbol of the human skull and the crossed bones as part of its emblematic culture.
Members of the Freemasons use the skull and bones symbol during initiation ceremonies. As such, the skull and crossed bones emblem is representative of rebirth. This meaning can be linked to the crucifixion of Jesus, which took place at Golgotha, “The Place of the Skull”, as represented by the emblem of the skull. The crossed bones on the other hand, represent the manner in which Jesus died, on the cross. Because Jesus’ blood absolved the sin of his followers, the blood he shed during his death on the cross represents resurrection and everlasting life.
In addition, the Freemasons use this symbol of the skull and crossed bones to represent the transience of the material world. The Freemasons reject material wealth, and instead espouse the principles of brotherly love, relief and truth (similarly paralleled in the French revolutionary slogan of liberté, fraternité, égalité). Members of the Freemasons also promote service to charity and to helping those who are less fortunate.
The use of the skull and bones symbol in the organization of the Illuminati is believed to be derived from the Freemasons. Members of the Mason group helped to build the foundation of the Illuminati, which was founded in the eighteenth century.
Based on the principles of immortality, omnipotence, transcendental illumination and omnicognizance, the term Illuminati refers most specifically to the Bavarian Enlightenment secret society, although it has been used more broadly to refer to a variety of secret societies, both real and fictional, as well as to refer to conspiratorial groups believed to govern global affairs.
Skull and Bones Society
The Skull and Bones Society of Yale University, situated in Connecticut, is another secret organization that uses the skull and bones symbol as part of its culture.
Based on promoting as many of its members as possible to positions of authority and prestige, the Skull and Bones Society’s use of the skull and bones emblem embodies a variety of theories behind the inception of this symbol into the society’s folklore. Specifically, the inclusion of the number “322” under the image of the human skull and crossed bones has given rise to a number of theories as to its significance. The symbol of the skull and bones itself is believed to be representative of death.
One such theory is that the number “322” refers to the foundation of the organization in 1832, an establishment which was influenced by the inception of similar student-run secret societies popular in Germany in the nineteenth century. Another theory behind the inclusion of this number beneath the symbol is that 322 BCE was the year of the death of orator Demosthenes, which led to the rise to power of Eulogia, goddess of eloquence, who is revered by the Skull and Bones Society. | <urn:uuid:938f0849-bf5b-43e6-852b-a61227ea78f2> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.jesusfamilytomb.com/back_to_basics/alternative/secret/societies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00102-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950187 | 703 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Constants are supposed to be, well, constant. In physics there are a number of fundamental constants, such as the speed of light, Planck's constant, and the charge of an electron that are essential to the success of our understanding of the universe. However, these values are not defined by any theory; they are observed values and are considered to be fundamental constants because the same quantity turns up in so many different ways. The problem is that the fundamental constants beg the questions "Why are they constant?" And "Why that particular value?" This very question had led many to the anthropic principle, which we have discussed before. A recent review paper has summarized the state of play with respect to physical constants. The following is a summary of that paper.
A more elegant solution would be for the numerical value of physical constants to originate from some deeper theory that had no, or at least fewer, fundamental constants. This is one of the attractions of string theory; the value of the physical constants is set by how the eleven dimensions get compacted into the observable four dimensions. Unfortunately, there are many different, equally valid ways of compacting these dimensions, allowing physicists to pretty much pick the value of the physical constants. This problem is one of the major hurdles between hard predictions and string theory and is also one of the reasons why it continues to receive so much attention despite the lack of predictions.
It would further help the situation if the physical constants weren't so constant. It is already understood that some of the physical constants can be modified under some very high energy conditions. However, what physicists are really looking for is a time and spatial dependence of physical constants. If some or all of the physical constants varied in time, then our attempts to describe dark energy, the physics of the early universe, and the unification of gravity with quantum mechanics might all be made a little easier.
The trick to measuring a change in fundamental constants is to look at the value of the fine structure constant, which governs many electromagnetic interactions, such as the decay and production of radioactive elements. It depends on the speed of light, the charge of the electron and Plank's constant so, in principle, any change of these values will be reflected in the value of the fine structure constant—unless they all change in a way that keeps it the same, which would be extremely unlucky. As a consequence the fine structure constant is now the subject of intense scrutiny.
The value of the fine structure constant shows up in the frequency of microwave emission by various atoms. Careful measurements over several years have shown that its fractional change cannot be more than about 1 part in 100 thousand trillion (1017) per year. Recent improvements in atomic clocks and performing such experiments in space should add another order of magnitude or two to this value. However, there is no reason to suspect that the physical constants should have changed constantly in time. Therefore scientists have also looked at the isotope ratios present in a naturally occurring nuclear reactor in Africa. The Oklo nuclear reactor operated over a 200,000 year period about 2 billion years ago. Analyzing various isotope ratios provides an accurate measurement of the fine structure constant in the past. These measurements also show that any fractional changes must be less than one to two parts in 1017 per year.
Two billion years is a drop in the bucket as far as the life of the universe is concerned. If the fine structure constant was different in the distant past, it should be really obvious in astronomical observations. These are quite interesting, in that they all indicate that the fine structure might have had a different value in the past, with measured fractional changes of the order of 10-6. This would be good news if the results were all consistent. Examination of the absorption spectrum of distant quasars shows that the fine structure constant was smaller in the past. However, the emission spectrum of other distant quasars shows that the fine structure was bigger in the past. Looking to the cosmic microwave background doesn't help either. Some measurements show that the fine structure was smaller in the past, while another analysis concludes that it was bigger.
One of the problems with these measurements is that they assume that the fine structure constant is constant in space while changing in time. These measurements cover a huge range of red shifts and directions in space. Theoretical work shows that if the physical constants varied in time then they probably vary in space as well. This is good news, since it allows for a reasonable account for the observed possible differences in the fine structure constant. The same analysis also shows that it should remain unchanged within a galactic local group. This is good news because it should be possible to separate out spatial and temporal variations by a carefully categorized survey of the emission or absorption spectrum of distant quasars. | <urn:uuid:826204de-f2fc-47fb-a381-6beed35266e5> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://arstechnica.com/science/2006/09/5378/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.959922 | 965 | 3.28125 | 3 |
1) George W. LeBreton:
(1810-1844) One of Oregon's earliest pioneers, LeBreton was born in Massachusetts. He was elected February 18, 1841 as recorder of public meetings and clerk of the courts of the Willamette Valley under Oregon’s provisional government, thus being the first Secretary. He won reelection to this role in 1843 and served until he was killed in a battle with Indians at Oregon City on March 4, 1844.
2) Overton Johnson: (? - ?) Settler came to the Oregon City area with the 1843 migration. He published an account of the trip in 1846. Johnson was appointed clerk and recorder for Oregon after George LeBreton was killed. He served in this capacity from March 1844 until May 25, 1844. His signature appears on several petitions to improve transportation in the Oregon City area, including one for a railroad around Willamette Falls.
3) John Edward Long: (1803-1846) Physician and legislator born and educated in England. Long immigrated to the United States in 1833 and moved to the present site of Gladstone in 1843. While continuing to practice medicine, he was active in the establishment of the provisional government and was secretary of its first legislative committee. Long served as secretary of the provisional government from May 25, 1844 to June 21, 1846. He was elected clerk and recorder by people at the first 1844 general election and won reelection in the 1845 general election as the secretary of the territory. He served in that position until he was drowned while fording the Clackamas River on a horse.
4) Frederic Prigg: (? -1849) Physician came to Oregon City in 1843 and was active in building and maintaining the Pioneer Lyceum and Literary Club in which discussions of government in Oregon were frequent. He served briefly as Clackamas County probate judge in 1846. Prigg was appointed secretary of the provisional government to succeed Long on June 26, 1846. The Legislature elected him secretary in 1846 and he resigned in 1847. He fell to his death from a bluff into the Willamette River at Oregon City in October 1849.
5) Samuel Murray Holderness: (1818-1884?) Settler came to Oregon City with the 1843 migration. He was a member of the Pioneer Lyceum and Literary Club. Not afraid of controversy, Holderness once differed with Dr. Elijah White to the point of planning to call him to account on the field of honor. This was averted when the legislature passed a bill prohibiting dueling in the territory. He was appointed secretary of the provisional government on September 26, 1848 and won election to the position in 1848 by the legislature. Holderness resigned on March 3, 1849. Two months later he sailed for San Francisco where he became a commission merchant.
6) Theophilus Magruder: (1799-1886) Manager of the City Hotel of Oregon City in 1847, he was also a proprietor of the Main Street House in Oregon City in 1851. In 1849 Magruder became a member of the Oregon Exchange Company which coined Beaver Money. He won election to the post of Sergeant-at-Arms at December 1845 provisional government session and was subsequently elected to a two year term as territorial recorder, serving from 1847 to 1849. Magruder was later elected as secretary of the territory and served from March 3, 1849 until April 9, 1849 when President Polk appointed Kintzing Pritchette to replace him.
7) Kintzing Pritchette: (1815- ?), Democratic Party) Territorial official came to Oregon from Pennsylvania. President Polk appointed him to the office of secretary of the territory and he served from April 9, 1849 to August 18, 1850. Pritchette was appointed to direct the defense of the five Indians charged with the Whitman massacre in May, 1850. He acted as ex-officio governor from the time Governor Joseph Lane resigned on June 18, 1850 until new Governor John P. Gaines arrived in the territory on August 18, 1850.
8) Gen. Edward Hamilton: (1801-1883, Whig Party) Attorney born in Virginia where he was educated, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Mexican War with General Zachary Taylor, and nominated Taylor for president at the Whig convention in 1848. President Taylor appointed him to the office of territorial secretary, a position he held from September 18, 1850 to May 14, 1853. Hamilton formed a law partnership with Benjamin Stark in 1854. He served as Multnomah County judge from 1858 to 1862.
9) George L. Curry: (1820-1878, Democratic Party) Government official and newspaper editor born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Largely self educated, he began work as a printer's apprentice in Boston in 1831. From 1842 to 1845 he published The Reveille in St. Louis. Curry came to Oregon City in 1846 and edited the Oregon Spectator for a year before founding the Free Press in 1848. His political career began with the provisional legislature and continued with several territorial appointments including his service as secretary of the territory from May 14, 1853 to January 27, 1855. Curry was acting governor for long periods in 1853 and 1854 until President Pierce appointed him governor on November 1, 1854. He held that position until March 3, 1859.
10) Benjamin F. Harding: (1832-1899, Democratic/Republican Party) Legislator, politician, government official, and farmer born in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1849. Harding moved to Marion County, Oregon that year and became active in government. He served as clerk of the territorial legislature in 1850-1851 and as a member and speaker of the house in 1852. President Pierce appointed him U.S. district attorney in 1853. On January 27, 1855, he accepted appointment by Pierce to be secretary of the territory, a position he held until March 3, 1859. The Oregon Legislature later elected him U.S. senator as a Republican, a seat he held from 1862 to 1865.
11) Lucien Heath: (1819- ?, Democratic Party) Government official, politician, and businessman born in Michigan. He came to Oregon in the early 1850s and settled in Polk County where he served as the county clerk and a trustee of La Creole Academy. In 1858 he won election as a Democrat to be the first secretary of state for Oregon, an office he held from March 3, 1859 to September 8, 1862. During this time he was also mayor of Salem. Heath served as clerk of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1862 to 1864. As the recording secretary of the Marion County branch of the State Agricultural Society, he became the first financial secretary of the first state fair, held at Oregon City. Heath ran a mercantile business in Salem for a time and later moved to Santa Cruz, California where he engaged in business.
12) Samuel E. May: (1826-1894, Republican Party) Second secretary of state for Oregon born in Rhode Island and came to Oregon in 1853. He successfully ran as a Republican for the office of secretary of state in 1862 and 1866. May served from September 8, 1862 until September 10, 1870. At the end of his second term he moved to Utah Territory and later to Chicago, Illinois.
13) Stephen Fowler Chadwick: (1825-1895, Democratic Party) Attorney, postmaster, secretary of state, and governor born and educated in Connecticut. He came to Scottsburg, Oregon in 1851 where he practiced law and served as postmaster. After moving to Roseburg, he became a Douglas County judge, assistant district attorney, and representative in the state constitutional convention. Chadwick won election as secretary of state in 1870 and again in 1874. His first term began September 10, 1870 and his second term ended September 2, 1878. During the last 18 months of his second term he also served as governor after then Governor L.F. Grover was elected U.S. senator.
14) Rockey Preston Earhart: (1837-1892, Republican Party) Businessman, Indian agent, legislator and government official born in Franklin County, Ohio. He came to Oregon in 1855 with the Fourth Regiment, U.S. Infantry. Earhart was an Indian agent, 1861-1868; a state legislator, 1870, 1889; and chief clerk in the surveyor-general’s office, 1874-1878. He won election as secretary of state twice, serving from September 2, 1878 to January 10, 1887. He served concurrently as adjutant general from 1885 to 1887 and was later appointed collector of customs for the port of Portland.
15) George Wickliff McBride: (1854-1911, Republican Party) Merchant, legislator, secretary of state, and U.S. senator born in Yamhill County, Oregon. He studied but never practiced law. Instead, he ran a mercantile business in St. Helens for ten years. McBride served as a state legislator from 1882 to 1886 and won election as speaker of the house in 1882. He was elected secretary of state twice, serving from January 10, 1887 to January 14, 1895. McBride held the office of U.S. senator from 1895 to 1901. He was Oregon’s first native born secretary of state and U.S. senator.
16) Harrison Rittenhouse Kincaid: (1836-1920, Republican Party) Journalist, U.S. senate clerk, and secretary of state born in Indiana. Kincaid traveled to Oregon on foot in 1853. He worked as a laborer, miner, ranch hand, and printer before becoming a journalist with a series of Republican newspapers. From 1868 to 1879 he was a clerk in the U.S. senate. Kincaid served one term as secretary of state from January 14, 1895 to January 9, 1899. In 1898 he was appointed a regent of the University of Oregon.
17) Frank L. Dunbar: (1860-1945, Republican Party) Attorney, politician, and secretary of state born on a ship in the Atlantic Ocean. He was educated in Brooklyn, New York. Dunbar came to Astoria in 1882 where he worked as a grocery clerk and bookkeeper; county recorder, 1890-1894; and county clerk, 1894-1898. Following election as secretary of state, he studied law and was admitted to the Oregon bar in 1904. His term of service as secretary of state began on January 9, 1899 and ended on January 14, 1907. In 1908 a lower court convicted him of embezzling $100,000 from the state, but the Oregon Supreme Court acquitted him on appeal.
18) Frank W. Benson: (1858-1911, Republican Party) Educator, attorney, secretary of state, and governor born and educated in San Jose, California. After moving to Douglas County, he was a school teacher, school superintendent, and president of the State Normal School in Drain. Benson won election as county clerk for Douglas County in 1892 and served until 1896 when he gained admission to the bar. He was elected secretary of state twice and served from January 15, 1907 to April 14, 1911 when he died in office. Benson concurrently served as governor in 1909 and 1910 after incumbent Governor George E. Chamberlain resigned to assume the duties of U.S. senator.
19) Ben Wilson Olcott: (1872-1952, Republican Party) Banker, secretary of state, and governor born and educated in Keithsburg, Illinois. He came to Oregon in 1891 and worked in Salem until 1896. That year he left for British Columbia to work in mines followed by a stint as a gold dust buyer in Alaska. Olcott returned to Salem in 1907 and in 1910 managed the gubernatorial campaign of his brother-in-law, Oswald West. He was appointed secretary of state in 1911, won election in 1912, and was reelected in 1916 before resigning the office in 1920. His service as secretary of state spanned from April 17, 1911 to May 28, 1920. When incumbent Governor James Withycombe died in 1919, Olcott assumed the office of governor and served the remaining term until 1923.
20) Sam A. Kozer: (1871-1935, Republican Party) Government official and secretary of state born and educated in Steelton, Pennsylvania. After working in steel mills in Pennsylvania, he came to Oregon at the age of 19 and worked at odd jobs in Lincoln County. Within a year, Kozer obtained a clerical position in the Clatsop County recorder's office working for Frank Dunbar. Upon Dunbar's election as secretary of state, he named Kozer to be his chief clerk. In 1909 Kozer won appointment as state insurance commissioner, a position he held until 1911 when secretary of state Ben Olcott chose him as deputy secretary of state. Kozer was appointed secretary of state in 1920 and won elections to the office in 1924 and 1928. He served in the office from May 28, 1920 until his resignation on September 24, 1928. Upon resigning, Kozer accepted an appointment as Oregon's first state budget director, a position he held until 1931.
21) Hal Elden Hoss: (1892-1934, Republican Party) Born and educated in Portland, Oregon, he was appointed September 24, 1928 by Governor Patterson to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his predecessor Sam Kozer. Hoss was elected November 6, 1928, reelected November 8, 1932, and died in office. He was particularly interested in penal reform and served on various commissions furthering this work. He was also a member of the State Parole Board, and for several terms served as president of the Oregon Press Association. A journalist, Hoss edited the Oregon City Banner Courier, 1918-1920, and was editor-manager of the Oregon City Enterprise, 1920-1926. He served as Governor Isaac Patterson’s private secretary until his appointment in 1928 by Governor Patterson as Secretary of State. During his first term the Operators Division was created and drivers examinations began under his administration.
22) Peter John Stadelman: (1871-1954, Republican Party) Born in Hempstead, New York, appointed by Governor Meier in February 9, 1934 to fill the vacancy of Hal Hoss, who had died in office and served until January 7, 1935. Stadelman grew up on his family’s farm outside of the Dalles. He established the Stadelman Fruit and Ice Company in 1898 and helped organize the Citizens National Bank in The Dalles in 1920, for which he later served as president. Stadelman served as a councilman (1908-1914) and mayor of The Dalles (1918-28); and was a state senator from 1937 to 1948 for Wasco and Hood River counties.
23) Earl Wilcox Snell: (1895-1947, Republican Party) Born in Gilliam County (Olex), Snell was elected as Secretary of State January 7, 1935 and reelected in 1938. Snell attended Oregon Institute of Technology in Portland, worked briefly as a newspaper publisher, and served in Europe during World War I. In 1915 Snell entered the automobile business becoming a partner in a dealership until 1945. Snell eventually extended his interests into wheat farming and banking. He served on the Arlington City Council and in 1927 was elected to the Oregon Legislature where he served for six years, becoming Speaker in 1933. While speaker of the House, he successfully ran for Secretary of State where he served through 1942. Constitutionally restricted from serving another term, Snell challenged the incumbent republican Governor Charles Sprague and was elected Governor on November 3, 1942, he was re-elected in 1947. Governor Snell died in 1947 in an airplane crash that also killed Secretary of State Robert Farrell Jr. and Marshall Cornett, President of the Oregon State Senate.
24) Robert S. Farrell Jr.: (1906-1947, Republican Party) Native Oregonian, elected Secretary of State January 4, 1943, reelected in 1946 and died in office October 28, 1947. Both his father and grandfather had been members of the Oregon Legislature. Farrell was a graduate of the University of Washington and Northwestern College of Law. He divided his time between being a lawyer and managing properties for a property investment firm. Farrell served in the Oregon House of Representatives in three legislative sessions (1935, 1939 and 1941) and as Speaker of the House in 1941. Following his reelection as Secretary of State in 1946 Farrell was elected President of The National Association of Secretaries of State, the youngest person to ever hold that office. That same year he was elected secretary of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. Farrell, Governor Earl Snell, and Senate President Marshall Cornell were killed in a tragic plane accident near Dog Lake, Oregon in 1947.
25) Earl T. Newbry: (1900-1995, Republican Party) Born in Rocky Ford, Colorado, his family moved to Jackson County in 1920. Newbry managed his family's fruit growing and packing firm in the Rogue River Valley and a cold storage service in Ashland. Newbry was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Hall November 3, 1947 to replace Robert S. Farrell Jr. who died in an airplane accident. He was elected in 1948, and reelected in 1952. Newbry represented Jackson County in the House in the 1939 and 1941 sessions. He was elected State Senator in the 1943, 1945, and 1947 sessions. As a member of the House and Senate, he was known for his keen interest in highway legislation. During his tenure as Secretary of State he established the permanent staggered licensing system for motor vehicle drivers. After serving as Secretary of State, Newbry continued as a businessman in Jackson County until his death in 1995.
26) Mark Odom Hatfield: (1922-2011, Republican Party) Born in Dallas, Oregon, Hatfield was elected Secretary of State January 7, 1957 as the youngest Secretary of State in the history of Oregon and resigned January 12, 1959 to become Governor. He graduated from Salem High School and received degrees from Willamette University and Stanford University. He served in the U. S. Navy and was an associate professor of political science, 1949-1956, and dean of students of Willamette University, 1950-1956. Hatfield served in the Oregon Legislature as State Representative, 1951-1955; and State Senator, 1955-1957. Hatfield served as Governor for two terms, until he resigned in 1967 to become a U. S. Senator. Hatfield was elected to the United States Senate in 1967 and re-elected four times, ending his term on January 3, 1997. After retiring he joined the faculty of George Fox University, where he was Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Politics. He also taught at the Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University.
27) Howell Appling Jr.: (1919-2002, Republican Party) Appointed Secretary of State by Governor Hatfield January 12, 1959 and elected in 1960. Born at Carthage, Texas in 1919, Appling received a degree in engineering from Rice University in 1941 and was a Lieutenant in the United States Navy. After military service Appling founded Independent Distributors, a Portland wholesale logging and farm equipment firm in 1946. In 1958 he served as the Multnomah County chairman of Governor Hatfield’s election campaign. After election as Secretary of State, Appling served as chairman of the Oregon presidential campaigns of Barry Goldwater in 1964, and Richard Nixon in 1968. He continued as a prominent Portland businessman until his death in 2002.
28) Tom Lawson McCall: (1913-1983, Republican Party) Took office January 4, 1965 and resigned January 9, 1967 to become Governor. Born in Egypt, Massachusetts and raised on his family’s ranch near Prineville, Oregon, McCall graduated from Redmond High School and then the University of Oregon with a degree in journalism. He worked in newspaper and radio as journalist in Moscow, Idaho and Portland from 1936 to 1949, when he became administrative assistant to Oregon Gov. Douglas McKay. From 1944 to 1946 he also worked as a navy war correspondent. From 1952 to 1964 he served as a newscaster and commentator in radio and television. And in 1955 co-founded the public relations firm of Goodrich, McCall and Snyder. McCall served as governor from 1967 to 1975 and was prevented from seeking re-election for a third term by the Oregon Constitution. He did have an unsuccessful bid for governor in 1978. After his governorship he returned to journalism and was a newspaper columnist and television commentator until his death in Oregon in 1983.
29) Clay Myers: (1927-2004, Republican Party) Appointed Secretary of State by Governor McCall January 9, 1967, elected in 1968 and reelected in 1972. Born in Portland, Oregon, a graduate of Benson High School and the University of Oregon, he studied law at Northwestern College of Law in Portland and attended the U. S. Coast Guard Academy. Before entering politics, he pursued a business career in banking and insurance. He served as vice-chairman of the State Public Welfare Commission, and was appointed Assistant Secretary of State from 1965 to 1967. While Secretary of State, Myers was Chairman of the Governor’s Commission on Youth and the Governor’s Task Force on Early Childhood Development. He was elected Oregon State Treasurer from 1977 until he resigned April 1984 to become an executive in an investment firm in New York. In 1989 he retired and returned to Oregon. In 1999 he moved to Arizona for health reasons, where he died in 2004.
30) Norma Paulus: (1933-2019, Republican Party) Elected in 1976 and reelected in 1980. Born in Belgrade, Nebraska, raised in Eastern Oregon and a graduate of Willamette University School of Law, Paulus was admitted to the Oregon State Bar in 1962 with subsequent practice as a self-employed appellate lawyer from 1962 to 1976. Paulus had been a legal secretary from 1950 to 1953 and secretary to the Supreme Court Chief Justice 1955 through 1961. She served as State Representative for Marion County from 1970 to 1976 and as a member of Marion-Polk County Boundary Commission and the Salem Human Relations Commission. Norma Paulus was the first woman in Oregon history to win a statewide office. Paulus ran unsuccessfully for Governor in 1986 and was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction by Governor Goldschmidt in 1990 and was re-elected in 1994. In 2003, Paulus retired as executive director of the Oregon Historical Society and died in 2019.
31) Barbara Roberts: (1936— , Democratic Party) Took office January 7, 1985, reelected in 1988, resigned to become Governor in 1991. Born in Corvallis, Oregon, her educational background includes Portland State University (1961-1964), Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government (1989), and Marylhurst University. Roberts’ governmental experience includes service as a member of the Parkrose School Board (1973-1983); Mt. Hood Community College Board (1978-1982); Multnomah County Commission (1978); Chair of the Governor’s Worker’s Compensation Reform Task Force (1986-1987); Governor’s Representative, Hanford Waste Board (1988-1990); and a two term state representative (1980-1984) where she was Oregon’s first female house majority leader. Following her term as Governor, Barbara Roberts accepted a position at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and then a position at Portland State University’s Hatfield School of Government. She is currently retired.
32) Phil Keisling: (1955— , Democratic Party) Appointed Secretary of State by Governor Roberts January 14, 1991 and elected in 1993. Born in Portland, Oregon, Keisling attended public schools in Washington County, graduated from Yale College in 1977, served as a speech writer for Governor Tom McCall (1978), as a reporter for Willamette Week newspaper, from 1978-81; as an editor of the Washington Monthly magazine in Washington D. C. from 1982-84; and as a senior assistant to former House Speaker Vera Katz from 1985-88. He was elected State Representative from House District 12 in 1988, and reelected in 1990. Keisling’s legislative experience included chairmanships of the Legislative Subcommittee on Toxic Use Reduction and the Joint Interim Education Committee.
33) Bill Bradbury: (1949— , Democratic Party) Born in Chicago, Illinois, Bradbury grew up both in Chicago and in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Chicago Laboratory High School and attended Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Before being appointed to public office, Bradbury owned a restaurant in Bandon, Oregon, and worked as a television news reporter, director and producer in San Francisco, Bandon, Eugene, Coos Bay and Portland. Governor Kitzhaber appointed Bradbury Secretary of State in November 1999 and in November 2000, Bradbury was elected to a four-year term. In 2004 he was reelected; his term expired in January 2009. Before being appointed as Secretary of State, Bradbury was elected to represent the south coast in the Oregon Legislature, both as a State Representative, 1981-1985 and a State Senator, 1986-1995, where he served as Senate Majority Leader and Senate President. From 1995 to 1999, Bradbury served as Executive Director of For the Sake of the Salmon, a Portland-based non-profit organization dedicated to finding common ground for salmon restoration in Oregon, Washington, and California.
34) Kate Brown: (1960— , Democratic Party) Born in Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain, Brown was raised mostly in Minnesota. She earned a B.A. in Environmental Conservation with a certificate in Women’s Studies from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Brown later earned a law degree and Certificate in Environmental Law from the Northwestern School of Law at Lewis and Clark College in Portland. She has taught at Portland State University and has been an attorney in the field of family and juvenile law. Brown's legislative career began when she was appointed to the Oregon House of Representatives in 1991. She was elected in 1996 to the Oregon Senate and became the state's first woman senate majority leader in 2004. Brown was sworn in as Oregon Secretary of State on January 5, 2009 and was reelected on November 6, 2012. She resigned on February 18, 2015 to become governor after John Kitzhaber resigned.
35) Jeanne P. Atkins (Democratic Party) Atkins, who was appointed to fill the vacancy left by Kate Brown when she became governor, was sworn in on March 11, 2015 and served until December 30, 2016. She first moved to Oregon in 1973 with her husband John. She is a graduate of the University of Washington and received her law degree from the University of Oregon, School of Law in 1978. Atkins retired from the staff of U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley, where she had served as state director since 2009. Previously, she was chief of staff to the Oregon Speaker of the House of Representatives, and before that, the manager of the Women's and Reproductive Health Section of the Oregon Department of Human Services' Office of Family Health. She also served as staff director in the Oregon Senate Majority Office and worked in public affairs and policy analysis for nonprofit organizations such as the United Way of the Columbia/Willamette, Planned Parenthood of the Columbia/Willamette, and the Women's Equity Action League in Washington, D.C. She was a policy advocate, an administrator of state services and a manager for more than 30 years.
36) Dennis M. Richardson (1949-2019, Republican Party) Richardson was elected November 8, 2016 and sworn in on December 30, 2016. As a young man, he deployed to Vietnam as a combat helicopter pilot in the U.S. Army. His service engrained in him the values of courage, commitment and leadership for a lifetime. After his military service, Richardson married his wife Cathy and attained his baccalaureate and law degrees from Brigham Young University before settling in Central Point, Oregon. Married for over 40 years, Dennis and Cathy are parents of one son and eight daughters. In addition to his other responsibilities, Richardson volunteers his time mentoring job seekers and serving on the board of ACCESS (Aging Community Coordinated Enterprises and Supportive Services), the Community Action Agency of Jackson County. Richardson practiced law for more than three decades and, while doing so, he served on the Central Point City Council and six terms in the Oregon House of Representatives, where he was unanimously elected speaker pro tempore. He also served as co-chair of the Joint Ways and Means Committee and successfully led the state out of a $3.5 billion budget deficit without raising taxes. Richardson died in office in 2019. | <urn:uuid:7f43b29b-708c-46d3-b37b-04ac26386bf8> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/explore/notable/secretaries-of-state.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.982427 | 6,024 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The 6.3 metre (20 feet) fish is causing a sensation Down Under where little is known about the species — smaller only than the whale shark — as it is not often captured in southern hemisphere waters.
The rare specimen has been donated to Museum Victoria, in the southern city of Melbourne, where scientists plan to use the body to research the shark’s genetics, diet and life history.
The museum — which currently has only three samples from basking sharks, all over 80 years old — said Wednesday it also plans to use the head and fins to build a full-scale exhibition model.
“These rare encounters can provide many of the missing pieces of knowledge that help broader conservation and biological research,” said the museum’s senior curator of ichthyology, Martin Gomon.
Basking sharks are slow-moving plankton feeders which can grow up to 12 metres long. Unlike other sharks, their teeth are tiny — about two millimetres long — and they feed by trapping tiny plankton and jellyfish in their huge mouth, the museum said.
They are migratory and widely distributed, but only regularly seen in a few favoured coastal locations such as such as Cornwall in England as they can dive deep into the depths of the sea in search of food.
The shark was accidentally picked up by a fishing trawler in the Bass Strait off the Australian mainland’s southeast.
Museum Victoria’s senior collection manager of vertebrate zoology, Dianne Bray, said basking sharks had been sighted over the years off Australia’s Victoria state, but never in large numbers.
“They are rare in southern waters, but not that rare in northern waters,” she said. “We have no idea of what their numbers may be.”
Bray she had been inundated with requests for tissue and other samples from around the world as opportunities to study an entire animal were rare. -AFP | <urn:uuid:93671936-8a0f-4eb2-b962-e95717de147e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://arynews.tv/en/australian-fishermen-catch-rare-basking-shark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424961.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725042318-20170725062318-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.971191 | 403 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Hezekiah Bulla: More Evidence for Bible Inspiration
Outspoken unbelievers have attacked the Bible for years. They accuse it of being filled with errors and contradictions. For those who have listened to their accusations, it may come as a surprise to find out that the Bible is the most historically accurate book in the world. There has never been a single legitimate mistake found in its pages. To those who are familiar with the field of archaeology, the Bible’s accuracy comes as no surprise. In fact, over the centuries, thousands of discoveries have come to light that corroborate biblical stories and statements.
An exciting new discovery adds further weight to the case for the Bible’s accuracy and inspiration. In the Old Testament, we read about a king named Hezekiah. Second Kings 18:1 says that Hezekiah was “the son of Ahaz, king of Judah.” On December 2, 2015, a press release from Hebrew University in Jerusalem explained that a small clay seal was discovered near the Temple mount. The text on the seal reads, “Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah” (Smith, 2015). This seal is called a bulla (bullae is the plural form). Clay bullae like this were used to seal documents. There are other such seals, but this one is the first of an Israelite or Judean king that has been discovered by professional archaeologists in situ (in the location where it was left) (Smith). Dr. Eilat Mazer and her team unearthed the bulla in a garbage heap, along with more than 30 other bullae.
The fact that the Bible is the inspired Word of God has long been a settled question (Butt, 2007). Finds like this one, however, add increasing weight to the ever growing mound of evidence that confirms the divine origin of the glorious book we call the Bible.
Butt, Kyle (2007), Behold! The Word of God (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press), http://www.apologeticspress.org/pdfs/e-books_pdf/Behold%20the%20Word%20of%20God.pdf.
Smith, Dov (2015), “First Seal Impression of an Israelite or Judean King Ever Exposed in Situ in a Scientific Archaeological Excavation,” PhysOrg, http://phys.org/news/2015-12-israelite-judean-king-exposed-situ.html. | <urn:uuid:ef8938b2-a870-4101-9513-d2ae5ec095cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=13&article=1113 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019103957-20181019125457-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.945043 | 529 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Extra drinks really should not be used with any food. The better water you consume, the greater you dilute the enzymes that are doing the task of food digestion. The efficiency of any enzyme is directly related to its attention. Water, or just about any other liquid, will quit stomach digestive function dead in the keeps track of once you take a large enough quantity of it at mealtime. And as the digestive function slows down, the opportunity for foods rotting raises.
Drinks may also impair digestive function in different ways. Enzymatic activity is usually improved by heat, and damaged or ceased by chilly. The glass of water served together with your dinner in a cafe usually has ice-cubes inside it. Increase whammy. The enzymes get diluted and chilled into inactivity simultaneously.
Drinks can also be acidic or alkaline. Clearly, these kinds of drinks can directly affect the pH from the belly items above and beyond any dilution or chilling effect the fluid might have. Enzyme activity will reduce the more its atmosphere will get from its ideal activating pH. And understand that any acidity added to the belly elements will more prevent the stomach’s discharge of their own acidity, gastric juice, and gastric enzymes.
Fluids impair food digestion by still another system. The appearance of healthy proteins inside the belly further stimulates the secretion of acid and digestive enzymes. Nevertheless, this stimulation is related to the con-centration of protein given to the tummy. When considerable drinks are consumed using the food and blended up with it, the healthy proteins feature a reduced attention inside the overall food size.
Having a reduced attention, the signal towards the tummy is fragile, and the ongoing secretion of gastric fruit juice through the belly cellular material is decreased. And without adequate amounts of activated enzymes from the gastric juice, protein in the stomach will simply not digest adequately. We suggest visiting Canadian Pharmacy for an online advice.
Enzyme activity is also favorably promoted the better the stomach contents are mixed. Alcohol can inhibit the ability of the stomach to properly churn and mix its contents. An ice-cold beer with dinner can have a strong negative effect on stomach digestion, since it dilutes enzymes, chills enzymes, impairs mixing of the food mass, and decreases further reflex production of more acid and enzymes. Perhaps the belching that so often results from drinking beer during a meal is due as much to the digestion being inhibited as to the carbonation in the beer.
The amount of food eaten at a sitting will also directly affect the quality of digestion. The glands in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine are not unlimited in their abilities to form enzymes and other digestive factors.
Not surprisingly, the body’s digestive capabilities can be overwhelmed by the sheer volume of food, no matter how well chewed or otherwise prepared. This too can result in incomplete digestion. The amount of gastric juice and enzymes that can be produced in response to any meal can be overwhelmed by a large enough amount of food. | <urn:uuid:90e26a5d-6c06-4ab4-aa13-af7f3783eddb> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.generaltopic.us/health-and-fitness/the-best-role-of-inhibitors-of-good-digestion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.951833 | 614 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Splenectomy is used to treat a wide variety of diseases and conditions. Your doctor may recommend splenectomy if you have one of the following:
- Ruptured spleen. If your spleen ruptures due to a severe abdominal injury or because of an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), the result may be life-threatening, internal bleeding.
- Enlarged spleen. A spleen may be removed to ease the symptoms of an enlarged spleen, which include pain and a feeling of fullness.
- Blood disorder. Blood disorders that may be treated with splenectomy include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, polycythemia vera, thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. But splenectomy is typically performed only after other treatments have failed to reduce the symptoms of these disorders.
- Cancer. Cancers that may be treated with splenectomy include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia.
- Infection. A severe infection or a large collection of pus surrounded by inflammation (abscess) in your spleen may require spleen removal if it doesn't respond to other treatment.
- Cyst or tumor. Noncancerous cysts or tumors inside the spleen may require splenectomy if they become large or are difficult to remove completely.
Your doctor may also remove the spleen to help diagnose a condition, especially if you have an enlarged spleen and he or she can't determine why.
Feb. 24, 2016
- AskMayoExpert. Spleen disorders and splenectomy. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2014.
- Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Preparing for surgery to remove your child's spleen. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012.
- Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Splenectomy: Spleen removal. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2014.
- Taner T, et al. Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly: Long-term results and risks for mortality. Annals of Surgery. 2013;258:1034.
- Yeo CJ, ed. Splenectomy for conditions other than trauma. In: Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2013.
- Rubin LG, et al. Care of the asplenic patient. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371:349.
- Edgren G, et al. Splenectomy and the risk of sepsis: A population-based cohort study. Annals of Surgery. 2014;260:1081. | <urn:uuid:8e82a6f8-b445-4a23-af3f-e9bcb0c69ea0> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/splenectomy/basics/why-its-done/prc-20014837?footprints=mine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540839.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00511-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842674 | 587 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Why it does not reduce violence, but rather fuels it
Kampala, Uganda | JAN RYDZAK | In the wake of a series of coordinated attacks that claimed more than 250 lives on April 21, the government of Sri Lanka shut off its residents’ access to social media and online messaging systems, including Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, Snapchat and Viber. The official government concern was that “false news reports were spreading through social media.”
Some commentators applauded the move, suggesting the dangers of disinformation on social media justified shutting down communication networks in times of crisis. Five years of research on the impact of shutdowns and other information controls on societies worldwide have led me to the exact opposite conclusion.
A diverse community of academics, businesses and civil society groups shares my view. The blackouts deprived Sri Lankans of impartial news reports and disconnected families from each other as they sought to find out who had survived and who was among the dead and injured. Most strikingly, recent research suggests that the blackouts might have increased the potential for protest and violence in the wake of the attack.
A constellation of control
Sri Lanka’s latest social media shutdown was not an isolated incident. The first time Sri Lanka took a similar action was amid violent unrest in 2018. It was one of 188 network shutdowns or large-scale disruptions to digital communication that year all around the world, according to digital rights advocacy organisation Access Now.
Overall, since the Arab Spring began in 2010, governments have carried out at least 400 shutdowns across more than 40 countries. Those include hundreds of ephemeral shutdowns in India, where they first emerged as a localised response to unrest in the northern region of Kashmir and subsequently spread to most other states.
The number also includes so-called “digital sieges,” which last for weeks or months at a time. For example, long-lasting, government-imposed blackouts have ravaged burgeoning digital economies such as that of Anglophone Cameroon and have disconnected businesses, relatives and communities in Chad for more than a year.
In study after study, civil society organisations have documented the human rights problems caused by internet shutdowns and the economic damage they produce.
Only recently have researchers begun to ask a more fundamental question: Do massive disruptions to digital communication achieve their intended purposes? Sri Lanka’s government is one of many to publicly claim that their goal in severing communication links is to prevent the spread of disinformation and decrease violence based on those falsehoods – but not a single one has followed a shutdown with any sort of evidence that it worked to protect public safety. | <urn:uuid:de400e16-d3c1-4c34-bdde-39f184993d12> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.independent.co.ug/analysis-shutting-down-social-media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256724.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522022933-20190522044933-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.962712 | 534 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Student Success in STEM Disciplines is Essential for a Sustainable STEM Workforce
College graduates with undergraduate and graduate STEM degrees are in high demand for traditional STEM jobs in computers, math, engineering, architecture, and the life and physical sciences, as well as STEM-competitor jobs in healthcare, the law, and management. Of all the jobs in the national economy, 40% now require STEM competencies. In spite of the high demand for STEM knowledge, skills, and abilities in jobs in and outside traditional STEM careers, many students are diverted from STEM degrees and careers. The diversion process starts early in K-12, and it continues through post-secondary education.
- Only 25% of the abundant number of K-12 students who have science and math aptitude ever declare a STEM major in college.
- Only 19% of all college students graduate with a STEM undergraduate degree. That statistic for women is 12%.
- At graduation nearly half of all graduates with STEM undergraduate degrees divert into STEM-Competitor careers or to other careers outside STEM where their knowledge, skills, and abilities are highly desirable. For women, nearly 60% of those who graduated with a STEM degree divert into other careers within two years.
- Ten years after graduation, another 20% of STEM graduates divert to other careers so that only 8 out of 100 college students who have an undergraduate degree ends up in a traditional STEM career. For women, the statistics are 3 out of 100.
Services for Students
Because of the high current and future demand for STEM knowledge, abilities, and skills in the workforce, we work with high schools and universities to generate students with an authentic interest in STEM and the academic performance that enables them to have successful, long-term STEM and STEM-related careers. With universities we create academia-to-business partnerships for STEM student success and retention and long-term commitment to STEM disciplines required by our economy. Our services include:
- Career and life coaching seminars that give students the opportunity to explore interests, passions, values, and possibilities for their academic focus and professional success.
- One-on-one and group career and life coaching to support recruiting and retention of women in STEM education.
- Relationship building between companies and other organizations that require STEM talent and academic institutions.
- Academia-to-business program design and management.
- Academic coaching and tutoring. | <urn:uuid:fc89e766-1546-472f-8ea1-655e5e093fff> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://talentdev.valiantlane.com/services/education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912207146.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190327000624-20190327022624-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.948546 | 485 | 2.6875 | 3 |
“Makes you proud to be black eh?”: Reflections on meaningful Indigenous research participation
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Introduction: This article outlines the meaningful participation of eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members employed as community researchers investigating the impact of pandemic influenza in rural and remote Indigenous communities in Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participation is now a requirement of health research involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. There is a growing literature on the different approaches to such involvement. Fundamental to this literature is an acknowledgement that Indigenous communities are no longer prepared to be research objects for external, mostly non-Indigenous researchers, and demand a role in decisions about what is researched and how it will be researched. In this paper, we describe the protracted process for site identification and recruitment and training of community researchers. We focus on the backgrounds of the Indigenous researchers and their motivations for involvement, and the strengths and challenges posed by Indigenous people researching in their own communities. Throughout the paper our concern is to document how genuine participation and the building of research capacity can occur.Discussion: A key feature of the research was the employment, training and strengthening the capacity of local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members in the role of community researchers. A series of training workshops were conducted in northern Australia and focussed on qualitative research methods, including data collection, data analysis and writing. The Indigenous researchers collected the community-based data, and worked in partnership with experienced academic researchers in the analysis and compilation of community reports. Parts of those community reports, as well as additional information supplied by the community researchers, forms the basis of this article. As the demand increases for involvement of Indigenous community members as researchers, focus needs to be paid to what constitutes meaningful participation. If active participation in all aspects of the research process is intended, this necessitates close attention to the knowledge and skills required for this to occur at every stage. Building research capacity means not simply equipping local people to undertake research on a particular project, but to have the knowledge and skills to undertake research in other areas. Conclusions: There are considerable benefits for Indigenous people researching in their own communities. Most important for the community researchers on this project was the sense that they were doing important health work, not just conducting research. Given the persistent gaps between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health, this is perhaps one of the most important contributions of this type of research. Whilst research outcomes are undoubtedly important, in many cases the process used is of greater importance.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Date values can be subtracted, incremented, or decremented. Home Calculators Date Duration Calculator. How many days, months, and years are there between two dates? Date Calculator – Add or subtract days, months, years. We write the date in English in different ways. The most common way in British English is to write the day of the month first, then the month (starting with a capital .
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|CUTE ASIAN WOMEN||303| | <urn:uuid:6afea14f-6dda-4bf6-b2e4-59d00130e395> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.radiofun.info/dating/date-by-date.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578534596.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422035654-20190422061654-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.863262 | 141 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A Georgia State University researcher is mining social media data to document the experiences of so-called “long-haulers,” people who remain sick long after being diagnosed with COVID-19.
Experts know little about the clinical course of COVID-19. In the early days of the pandemic, clinicians did not believe coronavirus symptoms could persist past two or three weeks. Patients tended to either recover quickly or die from the infection. In late July, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a report acknowledging that in a third of patients—even young adults with no preexisting conditions—COVID-19 can result in prolonged illness.
Juan Banda, assistant professor of computer science at Georgia State, has amassed one of the world’s largest publicly available datasets of COVID-19 Twitter chatter, made up of more than 602 million individual Tweets. Collaborating with researchers from Oxford University and Harvard Medical School, he used the dataset to identify common symptoms shared by long-haulers, some of whom take months to recover. The work is important because clinical reports documenting long-term symptoms of COVID-19 are not accessible to the public.
“Clinical data is not easily available, and it does not always capture detailed follow-up of the patients,” Banda said. “However, those patients are sharing their experiences on social media, allowing us to study the progression of the disease based on self-reported experiences.”
The researchers analyzed Tweets that were published in May—more than 60 days after the start of the pandemic—through July. The 10 most commonly mentioned symptoms were malaise and fatigue, labored breathing, tachycardia or heart palpitations, chest pain, insomnia/sleep disorders, cough, headache and joint pain or fever.
Some of the most serious reported health impacts for long-haulers were acute respiratory failure and acute organ injury, including kidney injury in 20 percent of patients and damage to the heart muscle in 20 to 30 percent of patients. Consequently, long-haulers may be likely to develop chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Banda and his colleagues chose to make the preliminary study public through the pre-print website medRxiv to aid the global push to learn more about the clinical manifestations of COVID-19.
“We have demonstrated that researchers can leverage social media data, specifically from Twitter, to conduct long-term studies of self-reported symptoms,” Banda said.
The work is part of a massive research project to collect and track social media chatter related to COVID-19. Banda’s team at Georgia State began collecting Tweets dedicated to coronavirus on March 10 and continue to collect nearly 4.5 million Tweets each day. Banda has also used the dataset to investigate the spread of misinformation relating to COVID-19 in various geographic areas. The dataset, which you can find here, is publicly available as a resource for the global research community.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:b28efb88-793b-4d64-8b5d-70b9fa40496c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://genpill.info/health-news/researchers-use-social-media-data-to-learn-more-about-covid-19-long-haulers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304954.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126131707-20220126161707-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.941349 | 635 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What you should know about the coronavirus!
Coronavirus is a category of viruses that includes the one that causes the common cold. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel (new or unknown) coronavirus. As the number of cases grow across the US and in NC, it is important to be informed!N
New CDC Recommendation on Wearing Cloth Face Coverings
The CDC recommends wearing cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain (e.g., grocery stores and pharmacies), especially in areas of significant community-based transmission. For information on how to wear cloth face coverings, and even how to make them, visit the CDC website.
Guidance on Testing for COVID-19 - Update March 24, 2020
Individuals who believe they have COVID-19 symptoms and/or have been in close contact with a COVID positive individual should SELF-ISOLATE and CALL their healthcare provider, our Health Department at (252) 641-7511 or the state’s 24/7 hotline 1-866-462-3821 where you will receive guidance on next steps, which may include testing or self-monitoring.
Do not just show up to a doctor's office, Health Department or the Emergency Room to be tested. Per CDC guidelines and regulations, testing is only for individuals who meet specific criteria set by the CDC: 1) symptomatic AND close contact with confirmed COVID positive individual; 2) symptomatic AND negative flu or RSV test AND clinical suspicion of COVID; or 3) symptomatic AND requiring hospitalization for serious medical needs.
People who do not meet these criteria cannot be tested. Visiting your doctor's office, the Health Department or the Emergency Room to be tested when you have no symptoms could increase your risk of exposure and put an unnecessary strain on resources for those who need them most.
The vast majority (80%) of people who contract COVID-19 will have mild to moderate disease and symptoms and can be managed at home, in isolation. Most will not require hospitalization; symptoms are often mild enough that one can recover at home, which will help prevent the spread to others and allow hospitals to focus their resources on the critically ill.
For emergent medical needs (ex: severe shortness of breath, severe dehydration, changes in mental status or other life-threatening conditions), calling 9-1-1 or going to your nearest emergency room is, of course, appropriate, but calling ahead is strongly encouraged if possible if you believe you have COVID-19 symptoms. Calling ahead will help the EMS responders prepare and the emergency department route you through the appropriate entrance to reduce exposure to other patients and staff.
Read the following information from the Centers for Disease Control....
There is currently no vaccine to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to this virus. However, as a reminder, CDC always recommends everyday preventive actions to help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases, including:
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
- Stay home when you are sick.
- Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a regular household cleaning spray or wipe.
- Follow CDC’s recommendations for using a facemask.
- Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
- If soap and water are not readily available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Always wash hands with soap and water if hands are visibly dirty.
For additional information and frequently asked questions pertaining to COVID-19 (coronavirus) please access the NC Department of Health & Human Services website at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/frequently-asked-questions-about-covid-19 | <urn:uuid:c1d7e300-b838-4946-bed7-4234ddfb51fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://tarboro-nc.com/covid-19/index.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141486017.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130192020-20201130222020-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.926596 | 861 | 2.875 | 3 |
Pope Francis, left-leaning as he is, recently called out the trend of secular colonialism. Here is another example of that trend in action.
The secular left can see systematic this, oppressive that, and colonial something else behind every bush and lurking under every bed. They just can’t see their own brand of supremacy, because they are blind to it.
If they had heard and understood what Jesus meant about pulling the (log, beam, plank) out of your own eye before trying to remove the (speck, mote, splinter) out of someone else’s, maybe they would have been able to spot their own supremacist tendencies.
In their eagerness to remove a ‘tainted history’ which included a window featuring Washington, Lincoln, and Lee, a Methodist church that was built in 1960 took down that window and found another person to feature in its place.
The obvious solution for a cathedral might have been to draw inspiration from the Bible as so many other stained glass images in Churches do. This was NOT the direction they chose to go.
Instead, they sifted through a list of 50 names, settling on a female black bishop wearing an LGBT sash. She was not actually wearing that sash in the photo that first inspired that image. It was an artistic embellishment and part of the message.
Here is the window they took down.
The image features George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and General Lee.
In today’s climate, any reference to the losing side of the Civil war will be viewed as sympathetic to the defense of slavery. But the Methodist Church, in particular, had been a strong voice in favor of the union side. The denomination had suffered a split in the 1840s over the contentious issue of slavery. A century later, with that decision decided, and the generation that fought over it long since dead and buried, the denominations reunited in 1939.
While there is no mention of the reason these three men, in particular, were chosen to be represented in that window, it is not difficult to imagine it had something to do with the manner in which Lincoln and Lee were able to lay aside their wartime animosities to bring a broken nation together again. In that sense, Washington, as well as Lincoln/Lee, might signify two new beginnings in American history.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural invoked the phrase ‘malice toward none, with charity for all’.
General Lee in his last official act, used his authority to issue the 9th General order in which he called his men to peaceably lay down their arms and return to their homes.
And Lincoln’s final public speech — the one for which Boothe murdered him — included this key phrase showing his attitude to the wayward states of the Union:
We all agree that the seceded States, so called, are out of their proper relation with the Union; and that the sole object of the government, civil and military, in regard to those States is to again get them into that proper practical relation. I believe it is not only possible, but in fact, easier to do this, without deciding, or even considering, whether these States have ever been out of the Union, than with it. Finding themselves safely at home, it would be utterly immaterial whether they had ever been abroad. Let us all join in doing the acts necessary to restoring the proper practical relations between these States and the Union; and each forever after, innocently indulge his own opinion whether, in doing the acts, he brought the States from without, into the Union, or only gave them proper assistance, they never having been out of it.
Might it be fairly speculated that a denomination that had split over this very issue of slavery might see in these men an example of how to stitch a severed union back together again, despite their differences?
Here is the window that replaced it.
In a very immediate and short-sighted sense, there is a certain logic to the choice. Especially for a denomination that has made a hard shift in the direction of liberalism.
‘As we started working through the names, one just kept rising to the top, because of our connection to the person and their connection to Boise,’ he said. ‘And that’s Bishop Leontine Kelly.’
…’Her life is a culmination of many generations in the Methodist Church,’ he said.
‘She was a daughter of a Methodist pastor, sister of a Methodist pastor, she married a Methodist pastor and she’s the mother of Methodist pastors.
‘That’s a unique legacy, and we’re honored to see her memory in stained glass.’
The former window featuring the three historical leaders is now being held at the Idaho Black History Museum.
The window is being preserved to continue to educate people on the country’s history. — DailyMail
Here is why it matters.
In an effort to show just how far they had moved from old, discarded prejudices, they have begun the calcifying of new ones.
A conscious choice was made to elevate a black woman who prominently displayed a sash with a political message.
Whatever your view of the role of women in leadership, the fact that the person depicted manages to check every relevant ‘identity’ box including an explicit and permanent proclamation of her position on LGBT issues is a messaging decision.
Politics has become central to the message of this group that had once been centered around a very different message.
It’s an echo of the same problem we saw with Obama. He declared himself to be, in some sense, a Christian President. He expressed horror and outrage when a terrorist organization kidnapped those schoolgirls in Nigeria.
But when the rubber hit the road, Obama’s true priorities won out.
“Ever since Jonathan declined support for same-sex marriage in Nigeria, Obama refused to sell arms to Nigeria to fight Boko Haram. He tacitly supported [President Muhammadu] Buhari and never stepped his foot in Nigeria,” he said. (Read more here)
Secularism is every bit the totalizing colonial force as any other kind of supremacist movement. It hijacks institutions and pressures them to conform to values set by outsiders who preach an unflinching dogma that demands conformity.
It just pretends to be more polite about it than some other authoritarians.
Here is the better hope they once proclaimed.
Methodists have a proud and rich history. Their founder was no less than John Wesley. Who was John Wesley?
He was a preacher that changed history. Since the topic of slavery has come up, let us state for the record that he was strongly opposed to it, knowing that is not what he is best remembered for.
Wesley also attracted criticism for his early rejection of slavery. He was an ardent abolitionist.”Liberty is the right of every human creature, as soon as he breathes the vital air; and no human law can deprive him of that right which he derives from the law of nature.” “Thoughts Upon Slavery,” (1774). — BiographyOnline
His work in changing the hearts and minds of England was even credited by one unbelieving historian as averting a Civil War in England like the one that ripped France apart. But if establishing an organization that rides the current of political opinion was all he was remembered for, Wesley would count that established work an abject failure.
Wesley had a singular burning passion, one thing that kept him pressing on.
” I look on all the world as my parish; thus far I mean, that, in whatever part of it I am, I judge it meet, right, and my bounden duty, to declare unto all that are willing to hear, the glad tidings of salvation. ” – Journal (11 June 1739)
Wesley became one of the most prolific preachers and travellers of all time. He continually travelled around the country, offering sermons where-ever people would receive him. If he was invited to speak in a church he would, if not he would speak in the open air. It is estimated by Stephen Tomkins that he “rode 250,000 miles, gave away 30,000 pounds, . . . and preached more than 40,000 sermons. — BiographyOnline
Wesley offered a message of hope to a lost and dying generation. The hope of a God who went to the cross to defeat sin and open a way for those who believe in Him to live a life empowered by His Spirit.
Those who built this window present a very different ‘gospel’. The god they offer conforms to culture, celebrates sin, and gives nothing that a lost and dying world can’t already get without his help.
Is it any wonder the Apostles gave such strict warnings against false teachers?
Check out ClashRadio for more wit and wisdom from ClashDaily’s Big Dawg. While you’re at it, here’s his latest book:
Much of the Left loathes masculinity and they love to paint Jesus as a non-offensive bearded woman who endorses their agenda. This book blows that nonsense all to hell. From the stonking laptop of bestselling author, Doug Giles, comes a new book that focuses on Jesus’ overt masculine traits like no other books have heretofore. It’s informative, bold, hilarious, and scary. Giles has concluded, after many years of scouring the scripture that, If Masculinity Is ‘Toxic’, Call Jesus Radioactive. | <urn:uuid:16e036a9-fef4-4738-a641-80ee183404b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://clashdaily.com/2021/12/cathedral-replaces-historical-stained-glass-window-with-black-female-bishop-wearing-lgbt-sash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.974973 | 1,996 | 2.625 | 3 |
Animal conservationists and religious figures say more must be done to promote respect for the lives of animals.
Shih Chuan-fa (釋傳法), who is secretary-general of the Life Conservationist Association (LCA) yesterday criticized the Council of Agricul-ture's decision to put down 28 protected parrots smuggled from Indonesia without waiting for the results of avian flu virus tests on the birds.
Shih said some of the parrots belonged to species protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), a global agreement that regulates the importation and exportation of animals and plants.
"Two species, the Palm Cockatoo and Moluccan Cockatoo, are even protected under CITES Appendix I," Shih said.
Shih said smugglers trade in such parrots because they can be sold for more than US$10,000 each.
Shih noted that the Wildlife Conservation Law (
"It's ironic that innocent parrots were killed by Taiwan's rigid animal epidemic prevention or control system," Shih said.
According to the Animals and Plants Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, no avian flu virus was found in samples taken from the parrots.
But bureau officials said killing birds smuggled from countries affected by bird flu was the most effective way to protect people here.
The bureau said its actions were taken in accordance with the Statute for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Disease (動物傳染病防治條例). Because of the spread of avian bird flu in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries, blocking possible sources of the virus from entering the country is necessary and reasonable, officials said.
Buddhist Master Shih Chao-hwei (釋昭慧), an associate professor in religion at Hsuan-chuang University, said the council overreacted in the case of the smuggled parrots and showed a lack of respect for life.
Shih Chao-hwei also criticized the capture and trade of animals in order to free them for religious reasons, saying people were selfish. For years, animal right activists have said the trade in such animals has caused the unnecessary deaths of tens of thousands of creatures.
Abe Lin (林雅哲), a veterinarian and LCA member, criticized the breeding of oversized pigs in order to compete in ritual divine pig competitions, saying this showed that the people involved lacked any religious sincerity or love for animals. | <urn:uuid:220f9248-2af2-4f0d-a30e-75a33ba0c9c8> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/11/05/2003209747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636650.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00124-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945467 | 531 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Applying the Science of Behavior to the Art of Storytelling
How do we talk to people who don’t want to listen? How do we convince people to consider alternative viewpoints when media itself is polarized? How do we reach people who are deeply embedded within their own information echo chambers?
The answer lies in the application of behavioral science and the emotive power of popular entertainment. Commercially-produced, scripted content, designed to achieve a social mission, breaks down echo chambers and influences civic beliefs, norms, and behaviors that have been shown to engender a more progressive political culture.
Based on this strategy, content goes beyond awareness raising or “tackling tough issues,” which is predominantly how entertainment is used for social change. In this case, we provide concrete actions and attitudes that our audiences can engage in to strengthen democracy, combat misinformation, and engender positive social change. We then portray the social consequences of adhering (or failing to adhere) to these behaviors and attitudes. | <urn:uuid:b3570c35-b400-44fb-a164-2f60780e4616> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.redhookmedialab.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.919715 | 205 | 2.921875 | 3 |
9-1-1 – Police – Fire – Ambulance
What is 9-1-1?
9-1-1 is the emergency telephone number system in Spanish which links callers to the appropriate emergency service – Police, Fire or Ambulance. Calling 9-1-1 helps ensure you reach the emergency service you require as quickly as possible. When you have an emergency just dial 9-1-1. It is an easy telephone number to remember. When police, fire or medical emergencies occur, 9-1-1 can help save precious time.
How do I know if there really is an emergency?
An emergency is a situation where the safety of people or property is at risk. Examples of 9-1-1 emergencies include: a fire, a crime in progress or a medical crisis.
It is not an emergency if you just locked your keys in your car!
It is not an emergency if you need directions!
It is not an emergency if you have a small cut or bruise!
What happens when I call 9-1-1?
When you dial 9-1-1 your call is answered by professionally trained personnel – call takers. The 9-1-1 telephone system has an Automatic Location Identification System and an Automatic Number Identification System (ANI/ALI) which lets the call taker know the address and telephone number of the caller. If the caller is unable to speak, police will be dispatched to the location.
If you call from a cellular phone, ANI/ALI information will NOT be available to the call taker. Try to remain calm and give your exact location.
The caller must be prepared to give the following information:
Which service is required – Fire, Police or Ambulance.
Where the emergency has occurred – the full address including the mane of the city or town is important because similar street names occur in different areas.
What You Should Know When Dialing 9-1-1!
At home, you can dial 9-1-1 direct.
At a business you may need to dial an outside line before dialling 9-1-1.
At a pay phone, dial 9-1-1. This is a free call.
You can also dial 9-1-1 from your cellular phone. This is a free call.
When using a cellular phone be prepared to give the exact location of the emergency.
For TTY access (Telephone Device for the Deaf) press the spacebar announcer key repeatedly until a response is received.
What you can do to help 9-1-1 help you!
Remain calm and speak clearly. Identify which emergency service you require (Police, Fire or Ambulance) and be prepared to provide the following:
What is happening,
What is the location,
What is your name, address and telephone number.
Please remain on the line to provide additional information if requested to do so by the call taker.
“DO NOT HANG UP UNTIL THE CALL TAKER ADVISES YOU TO DO SO”
Approximately 90 percent of 9-1-1 calls received are not emergency in nature. | <urn:uuid:99cbf83a-3d38-4bb9-934c-948975e2a5c5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.townofspanish.com/residents/emergency-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.921248 | 660 | 2.828125 | 3 |
how to get rid of moles
Myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure
Bron 1: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205214?dopt=Abstract .
sept. 2014 en
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2014;17(5):247-58. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2014.923356.
Could myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure help explain the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity? A review of the evidence.
Redmayne M1, Johansson O.
1a Centre for Research Excellence on Health Effects of Electromagnetic Energy, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
Myelin provides the electrical insulation for the central and peripheral nervous system and develops rapidly in the first years of life, but continues into mid-life or later. Myelin integrity is vital to healthy nervous system development and functioning. This review outlines the development of myelin through life, and then considers the evidence for an association between myelin integrity and exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) typical in the modern world. In RF-EMF peer-reviewed literature examining relevant impacts such as myelin sheath, multiple sclerosis, and other myelin-related diseases, cellular examination was included. There are surprisingly little data available in each area, but considered together a picture begins to emerge in RF-EMF-exposed cases: (1) significant morphological lesions in the myelin sheath of rats; (2) a greater risk of multiple sclerosis in a study subgroup; (3) effects in proteins related to myelin production; and (4) physical symptoms in individuals with functional impairment electrohypersensitivity, many of which are the same as if myelin were affected by RF-EMF exposure, giving rise to symptoms of demyelination. In the latter, there are exceptions; headache is common only in electrohypersensitivity, while ataxia is typical of demyelination but infrequently found in the former group. Overall, evidence from in vivo and in vitro and epidemiological studies suggests an association between RF-EMF exposure and either myelin deterioration or a direct impact on neuronal conduction, which may account for many electrohypersensitivity symptoms. The most vulnerable are likely to be those in utero through to at least mid-teen years, as well as ill and elderly individuals.
Bron 2: www.scribd.com/doc/239973205/Myelin-Electrohypersensitivty-Press-Release .
18 sept. 2014
COULD MYELIN DAMAGE FROM RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE HELP EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT ELECTROHYPERSENSITIVITY? A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
One of the most compelling modern scientific debates concerns the potential health risks from our ever increasing exposure to the pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phones, cordless phones, Wifi, cell towers etc. This invisible technology has been classified a Class 2B Carcinogen by the WHO’s International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) in 2011.
For many people around the world who suffer from electrohypersensitivity, exposure levels and duration of exposure can be very limited before a variety of symptoms manifest. These include headaches, lethargy, dizziness, lack of concentration, pain, insomnia, depression and more.
- In Sweden electrohypersensitivity is an officially fully recognized functional impairment with an estimated 2.6 -3.2% of the population suffering from it. -In Austria an estimated 3.5% of the population. -In California the prevalence of self-reported sensitivity was 3.2%.
With similar figures in other countries, there is a significant number of the population that has adverse physical reactions to even small amounts of exposure to low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The question of how some people could have such an adverse reaction to these fields is the subject of this paper. Olle Johansson PhD and Mary Redmayne PhD hypothesise that these fields may have a serious impact on the myelin which surrounds nerves.
The human nervous system works by generating electrical signals and chemicals. But, as with household wiring, the human electrical system needs insulating. This fatty insulation is called myelin. Its importance lies in the fact that it allows the nervous system to send messages within the brain and around the body quickly. It develops as a spiral wrap around nerves, growing thicker and more effective with age. If there is a deterioration or demyelination around the nerves a variety of symptoms are experienced. Many of which are very similar to those suffered by persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity.
This review examines whether there may be a connection between symptoms reported after exposure to RF-EMF (chronic and acute non-thermal exposure) and compromised myelin integrity. Is there any evidence to suggest it, and is the hypothesis reasonable? These are important questions because lack of myelin is critical in many diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Johansson and Redmayne firstly review the normal course of myelin’s development over the life span. They then review animal studies examining effects of RF-EMF on myelin sheathing, and epidemiological research examining multiple sclerosis with relation to RF-EMF exposure. A comparison of reported electrohypersensitivity symptoms and those of demyelination follow, along with a discussion and conclusions.
Ga terug naar het hoofdmenu | <urn:uuid:a815d14a-5318-4643-af39-bdb383a3e9a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.stopumts.nl/doc.php/Onderzoeken/8658/myelin_damage_from_radiofrequency_electromagnetic_field_exposure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887621.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118210638-20180118230638-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.91281 | 1,182 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Scalar Fields and Gradients
A scalar field is described by a function that takes the coordinates of the points of a space and returns a single numerivcal value. That vale could be the gravitational potential, the height above some level, the electrostatic potential or something more exotic.
The value of the function will change from point to point, and the change in the funvtion at some neighbouring point will depend on both the original and the neighbouring point. To take account of this every scalar field has an associated vector field which expresses the rate of change of the scalar field in each direction.
A sclar field defined by a functionhas an associated vector field
In the above expressionis an operatore: | <urn:uuid:40f74d40-6169-48a1-ae66-b932116c051d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://astarmathsandphysics.com/university-maths-notes/vector-calculus/2485-scalar-fields-and-gradients.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517181.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212134318-20171212154318-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.881431 | 151 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Africa’s Maasai Tribe: The Culture & Traditions of The People
On the massive continent of Africa, there are several different tribes of people, many of which are still living in a way that’s loyal to its own traditional customs. One of these is the Maasai tribe and when you go on an African safari in Tanzania it’s possible to pay a visit to their land to have a firsthand peek at their lifestyle.
Along the safari routes on my trips to Tanzania with Shadows of Africa, I saw the Maasai people dozens of times. Their blue and red frocks gave them away every time. Not only are they scattered throughout the main roads, mostly herding their cattle. Their villages are also sporadically spread on the long stretches of land. But, what is Maasai culture all about?
The Maasai Tribes of Tanzania & the Unique Culture of Their People
Who are the Maasai People & History
The Maasai tribe is a semi-nomadic ethnic group from East Africa, mostly settled in northern Tanzania and Kenya. Their spoken language is Maa, derived from Nilotic languages, most specifically falling under the category of Eastern Nilotic.
According to their own oral history, their tribe originated near Lake Turkana, an East African lake located mostly in Kenya’s territory. Their migration to their current territory happened between the 17th and 18th centuries. They’ve been known across history as formidable warriors and hunters, although raising cattle has been, and still is, their main activity.
By the mid-19th century, they had grown to their largest in size and territory. However, unfortunately the last two decades of the 19th century wiped out more than half of the tribe – according to estimations – due to a mix of smallpox, drought and starvation, the latter of which was brought on by nearly all of their cattle dying from an animal disease called rinderpest.
Then the 20th century came along and turned much of what was known as Maasai territory into wildlife reserves and national parks. This also led to the government beginning to pressure the tribe to give up their traditional semi-nomadic lifestyle revolving around herding, in favor of adopting a more settled and sedentary lifestyle of farming. However, apart from some exceptional cases of Maasai people who moved into the city to get educated, to this date the tribe has remained persistent in their pursuit of their traditional way of living.
As I already briefly mentioned, besides raising and herding cattle, the Maasai tribe also has a long withstanding history as warriors. Their warrior caste is called il-murran in their native Maa language, with a new group of soldiers, from the age groups of 12 to 25, getting formed every 15 years or so.
There is a strict training period they must undergo, concluding in a variety of initiation rites, among which the most important one is circumcision. This rite is carried out with traditional instruments, without anesthetics, due to their belief that the ability resist pain is an integral part of these young warriors’ transition from boy to man.
Becoming a Maasai warrior is a source of great pride for the boys of the tribe. In addition to providing security for their families, a Maasai warrior’s duty lies in protecting their animals from predators, both animal and human. They also build kraals, which are Maasai homes.
Maasai Tribe Culture
As the Maasai tribe is accustomed to moving every 3 to 4 years, after the pastures of their current location has been used up, their huts are built from small branches and brushwood, covered by manure, clay, mud and dry cattle dung, with the intention of the home only lasting for a temporary period of time.
These homes are easily identifiable by the small cluster of cow dung huts with straw roofs. There are no windows, but there is typically a fireplace. Animal skins on top of the mud floor serve as their sleeping place. It is often the women’s job to build these huts, also carrying the material needed for it on their shoulders from one place of living to another.
During my visits with the Maasai, I was able to tour two of these homes, which were made entirely by the women of the tribe. The interiors consisted of two to three tiny rooms, typically one for the husband and wife, one for the children and the main area was a kitchen. It was very dark since there were no windows and each of the rooms could not have been larger than 5’x6′.
The bedrooms were mostly vacant besides the blue tarps that lined the floors. The “kitchens” had dirt floors and were only equipped with a necessities, like ceramic mugs, teapots, plastic bowls and towels.
The Importance of Cattle to the Maasai People
One of the reasons that the Maasai’s cattle hold so much value because it is a form of currency, being traded for an array of goods. Another reason is because it’s their main source of food and resources—skin and leather is used for shields and bedding, while dung is smeared on the walls of the houses. But beyond that, they have a genuine and deep relationship with their cattle, withholding the belief that it’s their duty to take care of all the cattle in the world. As such, they lean into their semi-nomadic lifestyle in search of pastures with food and water for the cattle.
It is also believed among the tribe, as well as some other African ethnic groups, that a man’s wealth is measured by the quantity of their wives, children and cattle.
Maasai Food, Drink & Diet
At the center of the Maasai tribe’s diet is milk, meat and drinking the blood of their cattle. Though their cattle is the main source of nourishment, other animals like goats and lambs may be occasionally eaten.
Drinking Cattle Blood / / On special occasions or to help with nourishment during healing, they will also drink the blood of their cattle that is acquired by nicking the jugular vein. This is especially true are the circumcision of young boys.
Their traditional belief system is monotheistic, with their god carrying the name Engai, and having manifested in two forms: the benevolent black god and the vengeful red god. Laibon, similar to a priest or a shaman, is the religion’s most important figure, with a role of healing and prophecy, among others. Today, some of the Maasai tribe are Christian and they also have a Muslim minority.
Maasai Songs and Jumping Dance
In traditional Maasai music, there is an olaranyani, who is the song leader and in charge of singing the melody of the song. They begin singing the namba of the song, which is a call-and-response pattern, and a chorus will respond in harmony.
Dance is also a big part of the Maasai culture. They are known for their dance which resembles jumping, typically performed by warriors.
During each of my visits were were immediately welcomed by the residents with a lively dance, which consisted of chanting in combination with the men jumping high and the women performing in a rhythmic bouncing motion. I was brought into the center of the group to participate into this tradition, which confirmed I have no rhythm, even when it comes to simply bobbing up and down.
This video is from one of my visits and there’s lots of the Maasai jumping dance going on!
Previously, much of Maasai people’s clothing was made of animal skins. However, today the typical way of attire are shuka, a sheet of fabric wrapped around the body, often the color of red or blue. It’s also common for them to wear a lot of beaded jewelry around their neck and arms. Ear piercings and stretching of earlobes are seen as beautiful by the tribe members, and thus many, both men and women, wear metal hoops on their stretched earlobes.
Apart from red and blue, young men who have just been circumcised will commonly wear black, while women often like to dress in checked, striped or other patterned pieces of clothing.
The women actually do most of the work inside of each village, while the men are in charge of creating wealth, with their herds of cattle and being the warriors. The Maasai women by no means have an easy life. They marry young, have many children and are responsible for a lot of the hard labor.
The tribe’s live a polygamist lifestyle, the more wives the chief has, the more respected he is. And the more wives, the less work each one is responsible for, so we were told that many of the women did not mind when another lady was brought into their community.
Learn more about the Maasai women:
As you have read here, the Maasai tribe culture and its people have a long withstanding history, one that can still be seen in nearly full effect today.
This post was provided in a partnership with Shadows of Africa. All opinions my own.This post may contain affiliate links. If you make a purchase through my links, I earn a commission that helps to keep this blog running—at no extra cost to you. You can read my full disclosure here. | <urn:uuid:40e56b95-d423-4bd2-b6da-566a57ae592a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://bucketlistjourney.net/visit-maasai-tribe-tanzania-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.979633 | 1,969 | 2.90625 | 3 |
After years teaching a course that examines constructed languages such as Star Trek’s Klingon and Avatar’s Na’vi, Christine Schreyer got the unique opportunity of creating a new language herself.
In 2011, the assistant professor of linguistic anthropology at the University of British Columbia’s Okanagan campus was invited by the producers of the Hollywood movie Man of Steel to develop Kryptonian, the language spoken in Superman’s home planet.
“I was really excited. I’ve been assigning my students the task of making a new language for years now… It was a great opportunity for me to try my skill at it,” she said.
A language with meaning
Schreyer worked in secret for two years, giving meaning to the language and creating a vocabulary consisting of about 300 words. She started by using sounds based on character and spaceship names already present in older Superman stories.
Another source of inspiration was the screenplay. In Man of Steel, Krypton society has become selfish and attached to objects, so Schreyer changed the structure of sentences, adopting a subject-object-verb type of sentence.
“Instead of saying ‘I saw him’, you would say ‘I him saw’”, she explained.
Using Cree to create Kryptonian
Schreyer then collaborated with fellow Canadian graphic designer Kirsten Franson to develop a Kryptonian script. She suggested using the Cree Syllabics writing system as a starting point.
“There are geometric shapes [in Cree] that turn depending on which vowel is being used… We rotate a symbol, which will then tell us which vowel is being used with the consonant,” she said.
Schreyer also worked on the marketing campaign for Man of Steel, including the development of an online glyph generator. Visitors type their name to discover its spelling and symbol in Kryptonian.
Next for Schreyer is the release of a guide to spoken Kryptonian. She is already in talks with Warner Bros. representatives and the movie’s producers.
Christine Schreyer, assistant professor of linguistic anthropology at the University of British Columbia’s Okanagan campus, talks to Gilda Salomone about the new Kryptonian language she developed for the movie Man of Steel.Listen
For reasons beyond our control, and for an undetermined period of time, our comment section is now closed. However, our social networks remain open to your contributions. | <urn:uuid:cb06cfab-811d-4fc8-934d-5b7a5a9baaab> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2013/07/08/canadian-professor-created-kryptonian-language-for-man-of-steel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.952931 | 515 | 3.21875 | 3 |
It might be getting easier to remember all of your passwords. The standards organization of the United States, NIST, has concluded that many common requirements for passwords, like forcing you to use special characters, are misguided.
Instead, NIST recommends the use of lengthy passwords, and instructs administrators to allow passwords to run at least 64 characters long. It also says people should only be forced to change their passwords if there is evidence of tampering, rather than at an arbitrary interval.
The newly finalized guidelines attempt to balance the limits of human memory with proper digital security. A password with special characters may be hard to remember but easy for a computer to guess. On the other hand, a long and simple password is easy for a human to remember and actually very difficult for a computer to guess.
The manual also cites human behavior as undercutting the efficacy of complexity rules:
For example, a user that might have chosen “password” as their password would be relatively likely to choose “Password1” if required to include an uppercase letter and a number, or “Password1!” if a symbol is also required.
It points out that as password complexity rules are added, it’s more likely that people will start writing down their passwords, increasing the chance of being stolen.
Rather than having a complex password be the linchpin of an account’s security, the guidelines say that administrators should take actions that make accounts more secure than special characters ever could—for instance, preventing the use of common passwords and those that have been previously exposed in breaches, and creating a waiting period between incorrect login attempts. | <urn:uuid:6ada8404-81dd-4f3a-98f0-73e31448deba> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://qz.com/1014056/the-us-governments-requirements-for-passwords-has-changed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692723.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019090937-20191019114437-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.959263 | 335 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Did you make a trip to the emergency room in the past year? If you did, you aren't alone.
According to the CDC report:
In 2011, 20 percent of U.S. adults reported at least one emergency room visit in the past year, and 7 percent reported two or more visits, according to Health, United States, 2012, the government’s annual, comprehensive report on American’s health.
Highlights of this year’s special section on emergency care include:
During 2001 through 2011, both children under age 18 and adults aged 18–64 with Medicaid coverage were more likely than uninsured Americans and those with private insurance coverage to have at least one emergency room visit in the past year.
In 2009–2010, cold symptoms were the most common reason for emergency room visits by children (27 percent), and injuries were the most common reason for visits by adults (14 percent.)
Between 2000 and 2010, 35 percent of emergency room visits included an x-ray, while the use of advanced imaging scans (CT or MRI) increased from 5 percent to 17 percent of visits.
In 2009–2010, 81 percent of emergency department visits were discharged for follow-up care as needed, 16 percent ended with the patient being admitted to the hospital, 2 percent ended with the patient leaving without completing the visit, and less than 1 percent ended in the patient’s death.
In 2009–2010, 59 percent of emergency department visits (excluding hospital admissions) included at least one drug prescribed at discharge.
During 2001-2011, the percentage of persons with at least one emergency department visit in the past year was stable at 20 percent to 22 percent, and the percentage of persons reporting two or more visits was stable at 7 percent to 8 percent.
The 10 Most Common Reasons for an ER Visit
Discovery Health compiled a list of the 10 most common reason for an emergency room visit.
10. Chest pains
9. Abdominal pain
7. Sprains and broken bones
6. upper respiratory infections
5. Cuts and contusions
4. Back pain
3. Skin infections
2. Foreign objects in the body
Study: More than two-thirds of ER visits avoidable
According to a story posted on Employee Benefit News, a recent study by Truven Health Analytics finds that more than two-thirds of ER visits by those under age 64 are avoidable.
The EBN story says the study found:
About 72% of emergency room visits made by patients with employer-sponsored insurance coverage are for causes that do not require immediate attention in the emergency room, or are preventable with proper outpatient care: 24% did not require immediate attention; 42% received care that could have safely been provided in a primary care setting; and 6% received care that would have been preventable or avoidable with proper primary care.
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If you are good at writing and storytelling, then a career as a fiction writer may be for you. These professionals require a college degree and excellent language skills. They need to be creative, understand writing mechanics, and possess knowledge of story writing elements.
Fiction writers create original written works that are not intended to be taken as literally true. Fiction writers create new ideas for stories through creative thinking and the use of writing exercises. Writers and authors generally have a bachelor's degree and an excellent grasp of language rules.
|Required Education||Bachelor's degree|
|Projected Job Growth (2014-2024)*||2% for writers and authors|
|Median Annual Salary (2015)*||$60,250 for writers and authors|
Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Find schools that offer these popular programs
- Creative Writing, General
Job Description of Fiction Writers
Fiction writers are authors of novels, plays, movies, poetry, songs and other original writings. Fiction writers may publish their own writings, submit work to other publishers or accept commissioned assignments. Many are freelancers who work from their homes.
Fiction Writer Job Duties
Fiction writers conjure new ideas to create stories, lyrics, scripts and poems, typically choosing one genre of fiction in which to work. They use a variety of writing exercises and prompts to stimulate inspiration for new writings. Writing exercises usually provide a scenario the fiction writer uses as a prompt to create a story.
Writing regularly in journals is another tool that fiction writers use to encourage creative thinking. Fiction writers may alter or embellish real-life experiences in their works. Reading the work of other fiction writers they admire may also stimulate fiction writers' imaginations.
Fiction writers are knowledgeable about story elements such as character, plot, theme, dialogue, style, point of view and conflict. They're storytellers who use detailed descriptions so that readers envision the story playing out. Writing fiction requires balancing artistic creativity with the skills of the craft.
Although fiction writing is not meant to be accepted as literal fact, research is often done to create a sense of authenticity. This helps the writer create more detailed and believable descriptions, which makes the writing more interesting. It also helps transport the reader into the story.
Rewriting and revising are a big part of each piece written by fiction writers. The first revisions are self-imposed so that the story meets the fiction writer's own standards. Editors, publishers and clients may then request certain revisions. Fiction writers are proficient in grammar, syntax and writing mechanics.
Fiction writers may conduct meetings with publishers, clients, other writing professionals and people interested in purchasing their writings. They plan and organize different jobs to help provide the discipline, focus and self-motivation to get each project done. Some clients may prefer a certain format for a given project, and fiction writers must adhere to those standards.
Employment Outlook and Salary Information
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), writers and authors in general earned an annual median wage of $60,250 in 2015. The BLS predicted slow job growth of 2% from 2014-2024 for writers and authors.
Fiction writers typically require a bachelor's degree in language or writing. A slower than average job growth was projected through 2024. The median annual salary for writers and authors in generally is about $60,000. | <urn:uuid:d32ad1bd-d17d-4917-afd6-da1d61889227> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://study.com/articles/Job_Description_of_a_Professional_Fiction_Writer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868237.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625170045-20180625190045-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.949247 | 697 | 3.28125 | 3 |
At BGU, A Dose of Ritalin to Help Elderly Keep Their Balance
Some people believe Ritalin, used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is being over-prescribed. Now scientists are probing its use for balance in the elderly.
Researchers at Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Be’er Sheva carried out a study to determine whether a single dose of methyphenidate – the generic form of Ritalin – could be helpful to reduce the risk of falls in the geriatric population.
The study was carried out using a cohort of 30 healthy adults at least 70 years old and able to walk a minimum of 20 meters without personal assistance or using an assistive device. Each participant was given a single dose of 10 mg of the medication, and then evaluated while performing four tasks of single and combined motor and cognitive tasks.
“The enhanced attention that comes about as a result of methylphenidate (MPH) may lead to improved balance control during walking, especially in dual task conditions,” explained Itzhak Melzer, principal investigator in the study.
Melzer, who works at the Schwartz Movement Analysis and Rehabilitatio nLaboratory at BGU’s Faculty of Health Sciences, wrote that the findings that MPH improves gait could be explained not just by its effect of attentional improvements, “but also by indications that it has a direct influence on areas of the brain that deal with motor and balance control.”
The research was published in The Journal of Gerontology.
Methyphenidate (MPH), said Melzer, “helps improve balance control during walking – hence reducing the risk of falls among elderly adults,” Melzer explained.
According to the team’s findings, a single dose of the medication improved walking by reducing the number of step errors, and the step error rate, in both single and dual tasks.
Methyphenidate has been used for more than sixty years as the first-line medication for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults.
ADHD is a physical, neurobiological condition for which a new diagnostic brain scan was recently approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA). It is estimated to affect approximately 10 percent of school-age children, and up to seven percent of adults worldwide. The condition is believed to be passed genetically and although symptoms may appear to reduce or change, it does not disappear in adulthood. | <urn:uuid:a8b4568e-3e43-4566-9261-62eabc58689d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/170168 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121899763.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175139-00160-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947007 | 514 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Smell is important to allow us to taste our food, and can even trigger memories. But in some animals, special molecules called pheromones can also trigger certain types of behaviour, such as mating. Kate Lamble spoke to Greg Jefferis from the Cambridge Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, or the MRC LMB, investigates the pathways between smell and behaviour in the fruit fly
Greg - A pheromone is, I guess, a specialised smell molecule that's used to communicate between individuals of a species. So, it's produced by one member of a species and used to signal for example to a member of the opposite sex, is one of the classic cases, so sex pheromones. So, there's normally a specialised detection process as well and we're particularly interested in what happens within the brain when those odours are detected.
Kate - If we looked at the pheromones, would it look any different from a normal smell molecule?
Greg - No, not particularly and in fact, there are some pheromones which can be detected by our main olfactory epithelium, so the nose, that can have very specific meanings for certain species.
Kate - So, if they don't look any different, I suppose it's about how it is received. How does smelling a pheromone get translated into behaviour in animals?
Greg - So, like any odour, the first thing is that this small molecule needs to diffuse up to a receptor at the top of your nose and actually bind to a receptor there. And one of the key advantages of using insects is that these receptors and molecules have been identified for some time. So, once it binds to the receptor it then makes the neuron on which that receptor sits electrically active and so, you've turned this chemical binding into an electrical signal which can then talk to the rest of the brain and trigger behaviour responses.
Kate - And you study this in fruit flies. Why are fruit flies such a great animal to look at this in?
Greg - So, various reasons. There are lots of, people who have been studying fruit flies for years. Obviously, there are all sorts of powerful tools. There's also an issue of complexity. Fruit flies have only 50 receptor genes whereas a mouse has 1300 olfactory receptor genes. So, it's a bit easier to find the receptor for a particular smell in a fruit fly than a mouse. Also, once you found the receptor, it's a lot easier to do experiment in a fly to try and figure out what the fly's brain is doing with this information and that's really the kind of work that my lab is doing.
Kate - So, what pheromones do fruit flies react to?
Greg - So, the one that's been best studied is a pheromone called cva cis-Vaccenyl Acetate. So, this is a molecule that's produced by male flies and signals to both males and females. So, it seems to be attractive for females. It makes them more ready to mate with the male, but it's repulsive for males. It actually makes them more aggressive, more likely to fight with each other. So, this is interesting, right? It's the same molecule but different effects on the two sexes.
Kate - That is interesting. We've got an email in from Teo Gibson who asks us, "Can humans smell pheromones or is it just a myth?"
Greg - I think it partly depends on your definition of pheromone. So, I think one of the big points at least classically has been that the pheromone should be a molecule that has some kind of unconditioned response. That is that the first time you smell it, it's going to make you produce some kind of behaviour and you're always going to produce that behaviour when you smell the pheromone. Now of course, we expect most things to be highly contextual especially in humans, there are lots of signals that interact and also, that there's lots of learning. Most of the sort of work on human pheromones has found it very hard to tease apart sort of learned associations from something that might be innate as it were.
Kate - I can imagine with a human, so much of will comes into it as well, that a fruit fly would automatically respond to something whereas we're able to stop ourselves to a certain extent. Teo goes on to say, she read an article a while back about a woman judging a man's breed worthiness based on the smell of a sweaty shirt. Is that true?
Greg - So, maybe we should bring in Darren (Logan from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) here. I think he's got lots of experience at least in dealing with that kind of question, if not with smelling smelly t-shirts, but...
Darren - So, it is true that the study was done that showed that people prefer the smell of people who are unrelated to them at certain of their menstrual cycle, a woman does. This was classically done by making people wear no toiletries and wearing a white t-shirt and sleeping in that t-shirt and then sniffing it. It's not the most pleasant of experiments. So, there's quite a long history of these types of experiments. Indeed, there appears to be some sort of effect. Quite how it works and what people are smelling, we don't yet know.
Ginny Smith - Now Darren I think you told me earlier that you actually have an example of a human pheromone with you. Is that right?
Darren - So this is a chemical called androstenone and it's first identified in the saliva of male pigs and it drives female pigs wild. Subsequently, it was found in male sweat and so, it was studied because of its pheromonal properties in a pig as a putative human pheromone. What's really interesting about it is it smells very differently to different people. So, if you'd like to have a sniff and tell me if you can smell it...
Kate - This is one of those quizzes that tells you about your personality. You don't want to get it wrong
Darren - So, a lot of people can't smell it at all.
Kate - I can smell something. It's not driving me wild. It's quite sweet, but quite subtle to me.
Darren - So, that's interesting. What about you Ginny?
Kate - He's definitely worked something out about my personality that I don't want to be revealed on air.
Ginny - I'm not smelling anything.
Kate - You can't smell anything.
Ginny - Nothing at all.
Darren - So, most people describe this as urinous or sickening or sweaty in some way. But a small proportion of people describe it as sweet and a lot of people also can smell it. I can't smell it, and so we have one person that can smell it that quite likes it. I think the other interesting thing about this chemical is irrespective of its potential pheromonal properties is that it is perhaps the most variable odour that has the most variable responses to smell to it. So, whether it's a pheromone, the jury is out I would say, but it certainly is an interesting smell. | <urn:uuid:161dd97d-5166-4f88-92cd-8f7d51b4c0a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/sniffing-pheromones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00424-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978989 | 1,532 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Muons are the heavy cousins of electrons. They have the same electric charge and interact with matter in a similar way: muons and electrons belong to the same family of particles known as leptons. Unlike protons, which comprise subatomic particles called quarks, muons and electrons come in one piece: they are elementary particles.
Muons could eliminate a big problem that scientists face when accelerating electrons: in a circular accelerator, electrons emit light and lose energy as they go around the ring. This puts a limit on the maximum energy that the electrons can reach in such a machine. The solution could be a straight accelerator, in which electrons don’t emit light. But scientists would need to build a very long (and hence expensive) linear accelerator to propel electrons to record energies.
Because muons are 200 times heavier than electrons, they emit less light and lose less energy when traveling in a circle than electrons do. Hence scientists are developing the concept of a circular muon accelerator. Sending the muons through the same loop and the same accelerating cavities repeatedly reduces the number of cavities needed and the footprint necessary to accommodate a collider. The machine would easily fit on the Fermilab site.
Experiments done using a muon collider would complement experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at the European laboratory CERN. The LHC accelerates protons and makes them collide at record energies. Scientists expect that the collisions will reveal the nature of dark matter, extra dimensions of space and the origin of mass.
Once the LHC experiments reveal new physics phenomena, physicists could use a muon collider to make more precise studies of those discoveries. The discoveries at the LHC will determine the energy needed for a muon collider to explore these new phenomena. | <urn:uuid:61f1b0f0-4b03-40fc-9d2a-683dfa058642> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://map.fnal.gov/muon-collider/why-muons.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661910.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00101-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899027 | 361 | 4.4375 | 4 |
The Talkies Come to Britain: British Silent Cinema and the Transition to Sound, 1928-1930
An investigation into the impact of the arrival of talking pictures in Britain between 1927-1933 across all aspects of the British film industry: production, distribution, exhibition and reception. The chapter considers the economic, social and political factors associated with the transition to sound cinema in relation to Britain's international position in relation to American and European cinema along with the various governmental interventions into the industry.
Citation : Porter, L. (2017) The Talkies Come to Britain: British Silent Cinema and the Transition to Sound, 1928-1930. In: Hunter, I.Q., Porter, L. and Smith, J eds. The Routledge Companion to British Cinema History, Routledge, pp. 87-98
ISBN : 9780415706193
Research Group : Cinema and Television History Research Centre
Research Institute : Cinema and Television History Institute (CATHI)
Peer Reviewed : No | <urn:uuid:9588375b-40a5-40fe-9daf-83fccf99e5f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/handle/2086/13520 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.794699 | 205 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Planning and Assessment
From AASL Essential Links
Assessing the School Library Program
American Association of School Librarians. Building Level Toolkit: Implementing AASL’s Learning Standards and Program Guidelines in Your School Library This Learning4Life toolkit is designed to help practitioners learn more about the key ideas of the learning standards and share those messages with others. It includes official AASL materials as well as materials created by L4L coordinators, practicing school librarians, library school faculty members, and experts in the field of education.
American Association of School Librarians. Empowering Learners: Guidelines for School Library Media Programs. Chicago: American Library Association, 2009. Defining the future direction of school library programs, this document is a school library program vision statement based on the Standards for the 21st Century Learner.
American Association of School Librarians. Learning4Life: A National Plan for the Implementation of Standards for the 21st-Century Learner and Empowering Learners: Guidelines for School Library Media Programs A downloadable document describing the national level implementation plan for AASL's current student learning and school library program standards.
American Association of School Librarians. A Planning Guide for Empowering Learners: with School Library Program Assessment Rubric. Chicago: American Library Association, 2010. The American Association of School Librarians (AASL) has joined with Britannica Digital Learning to co-publish an online, interactive school library program planning module and workbookto help school librarians implement the AASL program guidelines.
American Association of School Librarians. Standards for the 21st Century Learner. Chicago: American Library Association, 2007. This is the overview document for the current AASL standards for student learning through school library programming. It describes the common beliefs behind the standards and delineates the standards for the 21st century learner to achieve.
American Association of School Librarians. Standards for the 21st Century Learner in Action. Chicago: American Library Association, 2009. This publication provides instructional support for teaching the essential skills defined in the Standards for the 21st Century Learner document. It describes benchmarks and gives action examples by grade level. Click for a preview.
The above materials are the latest publications from AASL on its 21st-century learning standards and school library programs. These materials may be obtained from AASL. Ordering information
Nebraska Educational Media Association. Guide for Developing and Evaluating School Library Media Programs, Seventh Edition. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59158-717-0. This is a practical and useable reference for developing and evaluating school library programs that meet the needs of 21st century learners, teachers, and administrators.
Assessing Student Learning
see also Curriculum and Instruction
Farmer, Leslie S.J. and James Henri. Information Literacy Assessment in K-12 Settings. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8108-5695-0. This book gives Pre-K to high school school librarians information on the topic of information literacy assessment as applied to the school setting. In addition to a general introduction the processes and problems of information literacy assessment and instruments of assessment are discussed.
Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators: Assessment Rubrics A collection of rubrics to assess Web pages, subject-specific activities, and technology skills; also related articles abou the use of rubrics for assessment.
MidLink Magazine's Rubrics and Handouts Rubrics and templates for assessing student multimedia projects and other curricular projects. | <urn:uuid:41fe7dff-bc64-4b50-8028-a76bb5114d06> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://aasl.ala.org/essentiallinks/index.php?title=Planning_and_Assessment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400376197.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123256-00007-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865665 | 758 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A review of the Criminal Justice System is a need of the hour. The objective of the criminal justice system is to administer justice, ensure safety and security to the citizens by punishing the offender before the filthy act done by him fades out from the memories of the people. In simple words, a speedy trial is what is expected. Despite many stringent orders by the Court, the rate of offences increases each day. The only way to instil faith amongst the people in the Court is by looking back at the reforms the country has made.
Birth of Criminal Reforms
The birth of criminal reforms in India gained importance in different places, at different times. Lord Warren Hastings (1774-85) identified the defects and inequities of the then prevailing Muslim Criminal Justice System. He adopted a triple policy towards the preservation of heritage as far as possible, reorganising improvements where it was inescapable.
Major changes in reform came only after the codification through the Indian Penal Code. It is known as the official criminal law of the land. It was drafted by the first Law Commission under the chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay. It came into force on 1st January 1862. Since then, until today, it guards its citizens from offenders and ensures justice. The main procedure for administration was given in the Code of Criminal Procedure which came into force on April 1 1874.
Objectives of Criminal Reforms
The objectives of criminal reforms are to prevent the occurrence of crime, to restrict the offenders from committing the crime in future, and to maintain law and order in the society. Through these, the reforms aim to render justice and punish the criminals. A Judge is not only responsible to ensure the offender is to be punished, but to also ensure that the offender does not escape.
This Committee submitted its report in the year 2003. It suggested many changes to be brought in the CJSI.
- Right of the accused: The Schedule of the Code should bring under it all regional languages so that people of all regions will be aware of their rights and can enforce them easily.
- Right to Silence: Article 20 (3) of the Indian Constitution said that the accused should not be compelled to be a witness.
- Presumption of Innocence: There is a burden on the Prosecution, as Indian Courts follow “proof beyond reasonable doubt”, the committee hence suggested that “if the court convicted, it is true” to be the basis for convicting the criminal.
- Victim Compensation Fund: A Victim Compensation fund was suggested to be provided to all the victims, and the money for the fund could be appropriated from the funds received from organized crimes.
- Death Sentence: There should be no commutation or remission. Death Sentence should be substituted for imprisonment.
- Arrears Eradication Scheme: This Scheme should be brought in and the cases that are pending for more than two years should be settled. They can also be settled through Lok Adalat.
- Vacation of Court: It suggested a reduction in the vacation of the court due to pendency of cases.
- Witness Protection: It wanted a witness protection law so that they can be protected and treated with dignity.
- Classification of Offences: The offences must be classified by social welfare code, correctional code, instead of cognisable and non-cognisable.
- Judges and Courts: It suggested increasing the population of judges for effective and efficient proceeding.
- Appointment and Impeachment: Appointment of the Judges is to be taken care by the National Judicial Commission and removal by the process of impeachment through Article 124 of the Constitution.
N.R. Madhava Menon Committee
The Madhava Menon Committee submitted its report in the year 2007.
- Classification of offences: It suggested the reconstruction of the Indian Penal Code and classification of offences into four on the basis of Severity and Appropriate Response for managing the Criminal system in a better way.
- It wanted a separate authority at a National Level to deal with the crimes that disturbs National Security.
- The Penal Code should ensure that the person who commits a graver offence shall be punished with imprisonment for more than three years which may even lead to death.
Need for Criminal Reform Changes
India being a developing country evolves constantly, and safety of the people can be ensured only when the reforms evolve at the same pace. The Criminal Justice System in India (CJSI) is the only way to establish a relationship between the state and its citizens. The need for changes in the Criminal justice reform is always talked about as it needs to be strengthened. The cases are not disposed of on time. There is no effective trial. There is always a delay in hearing, lack of accountability, poor maintenance of prisons, and lack of training to the police. These are some of the significant problems faced by the people in attaining justice. India follows Anglo Saxon-Adversarial pattern. It is divided into three units namely:
The Judiciary is responsible for the law. It is the parent of the law. The main aim of the Judiciary is to protect and implement human rights. The present system gives importance to the offender rather than the victim. It tries to protect the offender from double jeopardy, presumption of innocence, legal right against arrest, etc. No such right is granted to the victim. As per article 372 (2) of the Indian Constitution, an amendment to the existing provision can be made only through a constitutional amendment. The judiciary has to make changes through speedy trial and has to ensure that if the same kind of heinous offence is committed, the offender is punished stringently. The judiciary will have to follow the following.
- Limitation on the adjournment of the cases
- Power to grant the remand
- Due care and causation in case of the bail application
Police are being placed in the frontline of our Indian Constitution. Decoding Article 246 of the Indian Constitution, it becomes very clear that police, courts, prison, public order and all allied institutions are in the state list.
- Accountability of police
The Indian Police Act which was framed in the year 1861 has become outdated as it was made during the colonial rule and The National Police Commission is unwilling to make any changes to that law. The Indian law lacks the point recognition to police. Police accountability is the desire of many Executives which might lead to decentralization.
- Arbitrary arrest and illegal detention.
The power of police to arrest is often misused. In the case of D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal, the Court opined that protection from arbitrary arrest is granted under Article 21 and Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution.
There was a restriction on the power of the police to arbitrarily arrest which was decided in the case of Joginder Kumar v. State of U.P.
Article 21 is provided to the prisoners as their rights should also be recognized. They should be assured as:
- No one shall be subject to arbitrary detention
- They shall be ensured with safety and security in the prison.
- They should not be treated in an inhumane manner.
- Police personnel who handle interrogation of the arrestee should keep records in a register with clear identification and name tag with their designations.
- Police officers carrying out the arrest of the arrestee shall prepare a memo of arrest at the time of the arrest.
- The time place of the arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by the police where the relatives of the arrestee live outside.
- The person arrested must be aware of these rights to have someone informed by his arrest.
- The arrestee should be also examined at the time of his arrest and major and minor injuries.
- The arrestee should be subjected to medical examination by a trained doctor every 48 hours during his detention in custody by a doctor on the panel of approved doctors appointed by directors.
- The arrestee must be permitted to meet his lawyer during interrogation though not throughout the interrogation.
Recent Reforms in IPC
In the year 2016, a bill was introduced which was popularly known as the Anti-Rape bill. The offences were included mainly for protecting the rights of the women. Discussed below are the notable changes made to the existing Code.
- Section 354: Section 354 which dealt with Sexual Offences against Women was segregated into :
- Sexual Harassment
- Assault or use of criminal force
- Section 376: Rape
Punishment for seven years at the least, and may extend up to life imprisonment.
|Rape Committed by any Public Servant||Imprisoned for at least ten years.|
|On Death or Vegetative State of the Victim||Punishment of life imprisonment, extending to death|
|Gang Rape||Punishment of at least 20 years|
|Section 376DA Punishment for Gang Rape on Woman under Sixteen years of age||Imprisonment for life and with fine|
|Section 376DB Punishment for Gang Rape on Woman under twelve years of age||Imprisonment for life, with fine|
Section 509: Uttering any word or making any gesture intended to insult the modesty of a woman: Imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, and also with fine
The current criminal reforms in India are uncertain and underdeveloped. The government takes responsibility by redrafting the Code or by making amendments to it. The reforms when made to the code should not become useless. Hence, its supporting systems (Judiciary, Police and Prisons) should be improved.
- Criminal Justice Reform in India: Need of the Hour” published in Criminal Law Journal, Vol. 119, Part 1358, February 2013, page no. 29-32.
- What are the notable changes suggested by the Malimath Committee?
- Whose pattern does India follow regardings its Criminal Justice and what are the components of such a pattern. ?
- When was the IPC recently amended and in what chapters? | <urn:uuid:f1171239-9b1f-43c1-a9ee-2161da237a14> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://indianlawportal.co.in/criminal-justice-reform-changes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.955892 | 2,061 | 3.5 | 4 |
General structure of an amino acid NH2 CH CO2H R The R group can be a variety of different things depending on what amino acid it is. The simplest amino acid is glycine, where the R is an H NH2 CH2 CO2H Optical Activity All amino acids, except glycine, are chiral because there are four different groups around the C They rotate plane polarised light. H2N C CO2H CH3 H NH2 C HO2C CH3 H Some amino acids have an extra carboxylic acid or an amine group on the R group. These are classed as acidic or basic (respectively) amino acids NH2 C CO2H CH2 H CO2H Aspartic acid Naming amino acids You do not need to know any common names for the 20 essential amino acids. We should, however, be able to name given amino acids using IUPAC organic naming 2-aminobutanedioic acid NH2 CH2 CO2H (2-)aminoethanoic acid NH2 C CO2H CH2 H OH 2-amino-3- hydroxypropanoic acid H2N C CO2H H (CH2)4 NH2 Lycine (basic) 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid NH2 C CO2H CH2 H CO2H Zwitterions The no charge form of an amino acid never occurs. The amino acid exists as a dipolar zwitterion. H2N C CO2H H R H3N C + CO2 – H R Amino acids are often solids The ionic interaction between zwitterions explains the relatively high melting points of amino acids as opposed to the weaker hydrogen bonding that would occur in the no charge form. Zwitterion Acidity and Basicity The amine group is basic and the carboxylic acid group is acidic. H3N C + CO2 – H R H2N C CO2 – H R H3N C + CO2H H OH R – H+ OHH+ +NH3 -CH2 -CO2 – + HCl Cl- NH3+ -CH2 -CO2H +NH3 -CH2 -CO2 – + NaOH NH2 -CH2 -CO2 -Na+ +H2O Amino acids act as weak buffers and will only gradually change pH if small amounts of acid or alkali are added to the amino acids. Species in alkaline solution High pH Species in neutral solution Species in acidic solution Low pH. Other reactions of amino acids The carboxylic acid group and amine group in amino acids can undergo the usual reactions of these functional groups met in earlier topics. Sometimes questions refer to these. H2N C CO2H H CH3 + CH3OH H+ e.g. Esterification reaction
22.214.171.124 Amino acids (A-level only)
Amino acids have both acidic and basic properties, including the formation of zwitterions.
Students should be able to draw the structures of amino acids as zwitterions and the ions formed from amino acids:
• in acid solution
• in alkaline solution. | <urn:uuid:d9425114-bc41-4029-b449-cf96867284f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://learnah.org/aqa/organic-chemistry/amino-acids-proteins-and-dna/1-amino-acids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156314.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919235858-20180920015858-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.853774 | 668 | 3.09375 | 3 |
World Water Day-22nd march
Facts and figures
An increasing demand85% of the world population lives in the driest half of the planet.
783 million people do not have access to clean water and almost 2.5 billion do not have access to adequate sanitation.
6 to 8 million people die annually from the consequences of disasters and water-related diseases.
Over half of the world population lives in urban areas, and the number of urban dwellers grows each day. Urban areas, although better served than rural areas, are struggling to keep up with population growth (WHO/UNICEF, 2010).
With expected increases in population, by 2030, food demand is predicted to increase by 50% (70% by 2050) (Bruinsma, 2009), while energy demand from hydropower and other renewable energy resources will rise by 60% (WWAP, 2009). These issues are interconnected – increasing agricultural output, for example, will substantially increase both water and energy consumption, leading to increased competition for water between water-using sectors.
Water for irrigation and food production constitutes one of the greatest pressures on freshwater resources. Agriculture accounts for ~70% of global freshwater withdrawals (up to 90% in some fast-growing economies).
Economic growth and individual wealth are shifting diets from predominantly starch-based to meat and dairy, which require more water. Producing 1 kg of rice, for example, requires ~3,500 L of water, 1 kg of beef ~15,000 L, and a cup of coffee ~140 L (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2008). This dietary shift is the greatest to impact on water consumption over the past 30 years, and is likely to continue well into the middle of the twenty-first century (FAO, 2006).
“SAVE WATER – YOU ARE THE SOLUTION TO WORLD WATER CRISIS” | <urn:uuid:25f28036-7045-479d-8447-dcdb4cbecf4a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://shilpsnutrilife.blogspot.com/2013/03/world-water-day-22-nd-march.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930995.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00326-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921728 | 384 | 3.78125 | 4 |
This case study is based on 55 families with seriously deformed newborns in Fallujah, Iraq.
The study also found that, of the 547 babies born in a Fallujah hospital last May, 15 percent had chronic deformities.
It was just published on December 31, 2010, at:
Mass media article--
"Birth defects in Falluja could be linked to US weapons"
by Martin Chulov
THE GUARDIAN (U.K.)
Published in the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
January 1, 2011
BAGHDAD: A study examining the causes of a dramatic rise in birth defects in the Iraqi city of Falluja has for the first time concluded that genetic damage could have been caused by weaponry used in US assaults that took place six years ago.
The research confirms earlier estimates revealed by The Guardian of an unexplained rise in cancers and chronic neural-tube, cardiac and skeletal defects in newborns.
The researchers found that malformations were almost 11 times higher than normal rates, and rose to unprecedented levels in the first half of last year, a period not surveyed in earlier reports.
The findings, to be published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health next week, precedes a much awaited World Health Organisation study of Falluja's genetic health.
They follow two alarming earlier studies, one of which found a distortion in the gender ratio of newborns since Iraq was invaded in 2003 - a 15 per cent drop in births of boys.
''We suspect that the population is chronically exposed to an environmental agent,'' said one of the report's authors, Mozhgan Savabieasfahani, an environmental toxicologist.
''We don't know what that environmental factor is, but we are doing more tests to find out.''
The report identifies metals as potential contaminating agents afflicting the city's residents, especially pregnant mothers.
''Metals are involved in regulating genome stability,'' the study says. ''As environmental effectors, metals are potentially good candidates to cause birth defects.''
The findings are likely to prompt further speculation that the defects were caused by depleted uranium rounds, which were heavily used in two large battles in the city in April and November 2004. The rounds, which contain ionising radiation, are a core component of the armouries of numerous militaries and militias.
Their effects have long been called into question. Some scientists say they leave behind a toxic residue, caused when the round - either from an assault rifle or an artillery piece - bursts through its target.
However, no evidence has been produced that proves this, and some researchers instead claim that depleted uranium has been demonstrably proven not to be a contaminant.
The report acknowledges that other battlefield residues may also be responsible for the birth defects. ''Many known war contaminants have the potential to interfere with normal embryonic and foetal development,'' the report says. ''The devastating effect of dioxins on the reproductive health of the Vietnamese people is well known.''
The latest Falluja study, conducted by a paediatrician at Falluja general hospital, surveyed 55 families with seriously deformed newborns between May and August.
In May, 15 per cent of the 547 babies born had birth defects. In the same period, 11 per cent of babies were born at less than 30 weeks, and 14 per cent of foetuses spontaneously aborted.
The researchers believe the figures understate what they describe as an epidemic of abnormalities, because many babies in Falluja are born at home.
The US military has long denied that it is responsible for any contaminant left behind in Falluja, or elsewhere in Iraq, as it continues to withdraw from the country it has occupied for almost eight years.
It has said that Iraqis who want to file a complaint are welcome to do so. Several families told The Guardian in 2009 that they had filed complaints but had not received replies.
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London, as a city with strong links to its river, traditionally made a lot of money through trade. Ships would follow the river from the sea into the heart of the city to deliver fruit, fabrics, tea and many other valued goods to be sold to the public. This was before the rivers width had been restricted, so it was far bigger and large ships could easily travel along it. You can still see remains of this trade around the City, in street names such as Lime Street, a remnant of what used to be sold there.
The City of London, otherwise known as the City, became a major marketplace for insurance during this time. Ships represented a big risk – the people who owned the goods being transported often had to wait months for their investment to be returned. There was a risk of sinking, pirates, spoiled produce, fires, and many others. Basically, they wanted some reassurance that even if they never received the silk or oranges or coffee they were waiting for, their venture would not have been a waste of money. That’s where insurers came in. They promised that if they were paid a ‘premium’, a one off or annual fee, they would pay the insured whatever money they had lost if the delivery was compromised. Most of those deals were made in a coffee shop that nowadays has become Lloyd’s of London (not to be confused with Lloyds TSB) the biggest insurance market in the country.
In a modern day insurance company underwriters go to the Lloyd’s building, where brokers (who represent people or companies who want to be insured) approach them and pitch their business. The underwriter then decides whether they want to insure that risk on behalf of their company and decide on a price to set the premium as by putting information into a model, which is a computer program that takes in data about a risk and produces a price for the risk. For example if it is a model for insuring a building it may ask the size of the building, its age, and if it is in an area prone to natural disasters like hurricanes. These models are built by pricing actuaries. Actuaries have to undergo a series of examinations, much like accountants, before they are fully qualified. Reserving actuaries look at data from past policies to try to predict how much each new policy will cost the company. The industry continues to make money because although some policies are very risky (likely to incur a large claim or many claims), premiums are nearly always larger than claims. Reinsurance exists to help cover extremely risky policies like satellites or the building of a skyscraper. This means one company will insure another company’s risk. This could be by paying a percentage of every claim or by paying anything above a certain value, say £500,000. In this way, if a huge claim comes in then the insured will receive all the money they are entitled to without the company going bust.
Despite its reputation for being dull, insurance is a varied and interesting area of business. Insurance companies usually offer a variety of policies, from kidnapping to satellites. Current events affect day to day work in insurance more than most other areas of finance, in that an earthquake or flood will cost the company a lot of money in claims, but will also make other people realise that they need insurance and bring in more money in premiums. This makes the whole industry self-sustaining.
Image credit: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01759/lloyds_1759329b.jpg (Image shows the interior of the Lloyd's building) | <urn:uuid:6c64fd02-c4d5-4a37-be7b-ce94b32b3e0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.kingsnews.org/articles/the-insurance-industry-in-london | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.981532 | 740 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Packing your lunch for work or school can be tons better for the planet because you have more control over what you eat. In addition, you don't have to throw away all the packaging that often accompanies carry out food.
Eating out everyday isn't good for your wallet or your waistline. But just because you pack your lunch everyday don't think that you're automatically an eco-friendly eater. How green your lunch is depends on how much waste your lunch produces.
The average disposable "brown bag" lunch creates between 4 and 8 ounces of garbage according to Nubius Organics. That can add up to as much as 100 pounds per year. Not only do prepackaged and processed foods contain excess packaging, they are also up to 25 percent more expensive. And with the alarming increase of childhood obesity and diabetes, it's more important than ever to teach healthy eating habits to our children.
Here are some tips to packing a lunch with minimal waste: | <urn:uuid:01b8c1a9-6cdb-4030-9db8-4429fd540dbc> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/pack-zerowaste-lunch.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00302-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969528 | 196 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Students today are born into a world rich in technology. These advances provide many benefits in the classroom and beyond.
Tag - school
Nervous about parent-teacher conferences? We offer four ways to foster a mutually productive relationship with your child’s teacher.
If your child is entering daycare for the first time, look no further—we’ve got advice on making it through with fewer tears.
Is your pre-school kid sick all the time? Before you get too worried, read on.
Our quick primer will help you find the perfect childcare solution for your family.
Making time for your children is important, but taking them out of school to do it can put everyone at a disadvantage.
Our advice expert weighs in on whether it’s appropriate to separate twins in the classroom.
Register for our e-course FREE and help your child achieve better grades in 30 days!
Adopting new, phoneme-based spelling practices can help your child develop language skills that go beyond the weekly spelling test.
Learn to recognize the differences between simple disagreements and damaging behavior.
What's in a grade? Partner with your child to achieve better grades in their schoolwork.
Establish a positive relationship with your child’s teacher using these five steps. | <urn:uuid:87f370be-b527-4c41-85f7-59dc2cbb3750> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://grownupsmag.com/tag/school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859817.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180617213237-20180617233237-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.937765 | 265 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How To Calibrate Gas Oven? (Answered)
Gas ovens are great for baking bread or pizza, but they can also cause problems.
If you don’t calibrate them properly, they can overheat and burn out.
How do you calibrate gas ovens?
Gas ovens are very useful appliances, but they can also pose some risks.
The main problem is that they can overheat and damage your kitchen.
In addition, they can emit dangerous gases such as carbon monoxide.
Calibration is the process of adjusting the temperature settings of a gas oven to ensure that it operates at its optimum level.
This ensures that your food cooks evenly and safely
How to Calibrate Gas Oven?
Calibration is the process of adjusting the gas flow rate to achieve a desired level of heating. This is done by using a calibrated gas regulator. A calibration chart is available from the manufacturer of the oven. It explains how many cubic feet per minute CFM of gas is required to maintain a particular setting. For instance, if the oven is set at 350 degrees Fahrenheit, the chart tells you what CFM of gas is needed to maintain that temperature.
Digital Control Module
A digital control module DCM is a component of a gas range. It controls the operation of the burner and provides information about the status of the burners. It consists of a microprocessor and memory. The DCM is connected to the gas supply line, the pilot light circuit, the flame sensor and the ignitor. The DCM receives signals from these components and processes them into meaningful data.
A mechanical control is a type of control used in many appliances. Mechanical controls are usually found on older appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, and dryers. These types of controls were common in the past but are now rarely seen. Mechanical controls are still used in some applications where reliability and ease of operation are important.
How do you calibrate an oven?
Ovens are very important appliances in our homes. It is used to bake bread, cookies, pizza, and other baked goods. Ovens are also used to roast meats, vegetables, and fish. In order to ensure that the oven is working properly, we need to calibrate it. Calibration is done by using the oven thermometer. This helps us to know if the oven is working correctly. We can also check the accuracy of the oven by checking the temperature of the oven.
How do you calibrate a gas oven thermometer?
Ovens have built-in thermostats that regulate the temperature inside the oven. These thermostats usually have a “set point” that indicates the desired temperature setting. Ovens typically have two types of thermostat: analog and digital. An analog thermostat uses a dial to set the desired temperature. A digital thermostat uses a display screen to explain the current temperature. Analog thermostats are easier to read and understand. However, digital thermostats offer more features and options. For instance, they can automatically adjust the temperature based on how long the oven has been running. Digital thermostats can also be programmed to turn off after a certain period of time. Resetting an oven thermostat is easy. Simply remove the oven thermometer from the wall socket and place it back into the oven. This will reset the thermostat.
How do I know if my oven thermometer is accurate?
Ovens are very important appliances in our homes. They help us in baking, roasting, grilling, and even reheating food. However, we cannot always rely on the oven to get the job done right every single time. That is why we need to know how to calibrate our oven thermostats. Calibrating your oven thermostat is easy and requires only a few steps. First, turn off the power to your oven. Then, remove the door from the oven. Next, place a thermometer into the center of the oven cavity. Finally, adjust the dial until the temperature reads the same as what you set it to. This way, you can ensure that your oven is working properly.
How do I calibrate my oven thermometer?
To calibrate your oven, simply follow these steps: 1 Turn off the power switch 2 Remove the door panel 3 Press and hold the “CALIBRATE” button 4 Wait until the display explains “Calibrating” 5 After the display says “Calibration Complete”, press the “OK” button 6 Close the door panel 7 Reinstall the door panel 8 Turn on the power switch 9 Open the door 10 Continue to bake as normal
How do I calibrate my GE oven temperature?
Oven thermometers are used to measure the temperature of your oven. They are usually placed in the center of the oven and read the temperature from the outside. Ovens vary in size and shape but most have a dial that allows you to set the desired temperature. Most ovens have a built-in thermostat that automatically turns off the heating element if the temperature reaches a certain level. It is important to know how to properly calibrate your oven thermometer. To calibrate your oven thermometers, follow these steps: 1 Make sure the oven door is closed 2 Place the oven thermometer into the center of the oven 3 Wait until the oven reaches the desired temperature 4 Remove the thermometer 5 Turn off the oven 6 Clean the thermometer 7 Repeat Steps 1-6 until the thermometer reads the correct temperature.
How do I calibrate my oven thermostat?
Oven thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the air inside the oven. This helps determine whether the oven is working properly. Ovens usually have two types of thermometers: dial and probe. Dial thermometers are easier to read because they only explain the temperature reading on the face of the unit. However, they are not very precise. Probe thermometers are more accurate but are harder to read because they have to be inserted into the oven. To check the accuracy of your oven thermometer, place a pan of ice cubes in the bottom of the oven. Check the temperature every 30 minutes until the ice melts completely. The lowest temperature recorded should be around 200 degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperature drops below that mark, the oven needs to be repaired.
How do I reset my oven thermometer?
Gas ovens are very easy to operate. Just turn the knob to the desired setting and wait for the dial to read the correct temperature. However, if you notice that the dial does not move smoothly, you may need to adjust the thermostat. If the dial moves erratically, try adjusting the thermostat. You can also check the calibration of the oven thermometer by placing it into the center of the oven. It should read about 350 degrees F. If it reads lower, the oven needs to be adjusted.
How do I fix the calibration on my oven?
Ovens are used to bake, roast, and cook food. Ovens are calibrated to ensure that the correct temperatures are reached during the cooking process. This ensures that the food cooks evenly and does not burn. Calibrating an oven involves setting the desired temperature and checking the actual temperature after a certain period of time. It is important to set the oven correctly because if the temperature is incorrect, the food could end up being undercooked or burnt. | <urn:uuid:9a98f51b-347f-4a17-94ee-e90799fef083> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://olivers-cafe.com/how-to-calibrate-gas-oven-answered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.925101 | 1,546 | 3.28125 | 3 |
We’ve been told that birth control is one of the great inventions of our time and that we would be foolish not to take it. The truth is, we've been lied to.
Birth control is sexist towards women – and it's incredibly damaging to our bodies. This is pretty ironic, considering we're always told that birth control is empowering, right? Yet even the history of birth control reveals an utter lack of respect for the dignity of women.
Women Were the Guinea Pigs
The creation of the Pill was sketchy to say the least. Prompted by Margaret Sanger, millionaire Katherine McCormick funded studies for Harvard Professor Gregory E. Pincus, studies which focused on ways in which women could prevent pregnancy without a man knowing.
After years of experimenting with various pills on rabbits, Pincus conducted birth control experiments which he claimed were “fertility studies” by exploiting helpless patients in a Massachusetts mental institution. He did not tell his patients what pills he would give them; they were expected to take the pills and suffer the consequences while he documented the results. Men were unable to stand the side effects, as Pincus’ experiments caused testicle shrinking and “castration anxiety.” So Pincus decided to focus on women - despite the fact that women also had horrible side effects to his pills: blood clotting, bloating, mood swings, etc.
Men were unable to stand the side effects, as Pincus’ experiments caused testicle shrinking and “castration anxiety.”
The Victims of Puerto Rico
When Pincus ran out of women willing to participate in his experiments, Pincus focused on Puerto Rico. The U.S. territory suffered from poverty and overpopulation, and the government was already highly interested in birth control. Pincus recruited female students from the University of Puerto Rico, and he became extremely angry when more than half of them dropped out due to the violent side effects of the Pill. He and his colleagues resorted to coercing students to cooperate, or else they would receive failing grades in their classes.
Photograph of a Puerto Rican seamstress, taken in 1941 by Jack Delano.
The first versions of the Pill had almost 10 times the amount of hormones needed to prevent pregnancy. But that didn’t stop Pincus’ experimentation on women - experiments that hadn’t even been entirely successful on animals. And let’s not forget that the creators of the Pill opted to experiment on women instead of on men. Feminists at the time weren’t happy about it. At a Capitol Hill investigation of the Pill’s safety (about 10 years later), activist Alice Wolfston shouted, “Why isn’t there a pill for men? Why are 10 million women being used as guinea pigs?”
Women Have Been Silenced
Noticeably, no women were allowed to speak at this hearing, even though it investigated all the negative symptoms of the Pill that occurred in women. The sketchy Puerto Rico trials and the mental institution abuses were completely ignored by politicians and doctors alike - as they are to this day!
Noticeably, no women were allowed to speak at this hearing, even though it investigated all the negative symptoms of the Pill that occurred in women.
This is not unlike the way doctors and health advocates ignore the horrible side effects of birth control today.
Negative Side Effects of Birth Control
Recent studies from the Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre in Australia show that women (particularly adolescents) who take birth control are at a much, much higher risk of depression than women who don't take it. In fact, these studies reveal that you're twice as likely to be depressed if you are on birth control. Teenagers are at an 80% increased risk of taking antidepressants after taking the Pill.
Teenagers are at an 80% increased risk of taking antidepressants after taking the Pill.
Negative short term side effects of the Pill include mood swings, headaches, weight gain, breast tenderness, low libido, and nausea. Long term side effects are more extreme: anxiety, panic attacks, and reproductive issues later on life.
Even worse, a 2017 Danish study reported in The New York Times found that many types of birth control can be linked to breast cancer. The study reveals that for every 100,000 women on hormonal birth control, there are 68 annual cases of breast cancer. Research also shows that the hormone progestin (which is commonly used in birth control today) raises the risk of breast cancer.
Think that’s all? Think again. A 2017 Time Magazine article reported that “women taking hormonal contraceptives — like birth control pills, the patch, the ring, and hormonal IUDs — have up to triple the risk of suicide as women who never took hormonal birth control.”
“Women taking hormonal contraceptives — like birth control pills, the patch, the ring, and hormonal IUDs — have up to triple the risk of suicide as women who never took hormonal birth control.”
So, the side effects are not just an increased risk of cramps, as many birth control options will tell you. It’s not just increased blood flow, irritability, or headaches. The Pill brings a multitude of physical and psychological health concerns with it. These studies should not only make us concerned about our casual understanding of birth control, but they should also help us recognize that it's truly shocking and outrageous that the Pill is pushed on women as a tool of empowerment and health.
Studies like these show the importance of women taking their health into their own hands – and not listening to pop-culture, politicians, or government-funded health organizations who eagerly push the Pill on us. In fact, maybe it’s time for us to examine why we are being offered something so inherently harmful to us.
Being informed is sexy. Get an unbiased news breakdown of everything you need to know in politics, pop-culture, and more in 60 seconds or less. | <urn:uuid:60c39185-d79f-45f8-b79e-1fb489088243> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/the-pill-is-destroying-our-bodies-and-everyone-is-ignoring-it-for-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.968363 | 1,233 | 3.109375 | 3 |
By Jason Flowers
Organized for simple reference and the most important perform, insurance of all of the crucial themes awarded as 500 AP-style questions with specific resolution explanations
5 Steps to a five: 500 AP Human Geography inquiries to comprehend by way of attempt Day is adapted to fulfill your examine needs—whether you will have left it to the final minute to arrange otherwise you were learning for months. you'll make the most of going over the questions written to parallel the subject, structure, and measure of trouble of the questions inside the AP examination, followed by way of solutions with entire explanations.
- 500 AP-style questions and solutions referenced to middle AP materials
- Review motives for correct and fallacious answers
- Additional on-line practice
- Close simulations of the true AP exams
- Updated fabric displays the most recent tests
- Online perform exercises
Read or Download 500 AP Human Geography Questions to Know by Test Day PDF
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Additional info for 500 AP Human Geography Questions to Know by Test Day
A social decline in religious adherence is referred to as (A) partisanship (B) fundamentalism (C) syncretism (D) mysticism (E) secularism 175. Which of the following culture regions of the United States has the strongest historical connections to Lutheran Christian traditions? (A) The Rocky Mountains (B) New England (C) The Upper Midwest (D) The South (E) The Pacific Northwest 176. The term caste refers to a particular system of social stratification that is informed by which of the following religions?
112. In which area of the world would countries in stage one of the demographic transition model most likely be found? (A) Northern Europe (B) North America (C) South America (D) East Asia (E) Western and southern Africa 113. All of the following are arguments advanced by neo-Malthusians with regard to future world population growth EXCEPT (A) Global food demand will rise as third-world countries develop. (B) Technological advancements will likely solve issues of food production and consumption.
Which of the following culture regions of the United States has the strongest historical connections to Lutheran Christian traditions? (A) The Rocky Mountains (B) New England (C) The Upper Midwest (D) The South (E) The Pacific Northwest 176. The term caste refers to a particular system of social stratification that is informed by which of the following religions? (A) Buddhism (B) Hinduism (C) Confucianism (D) Taoism (E) Islam 177. Shinto, a set of rituals and customs that are practiced in order to connect with ancient spirits, is a religious tradition that belongs to which of the following nations? | <urn:uuid:ebb5f6b1-0ffc-4fc9-8ffc-265ca6e27140> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://abcpigment.pl/index.php/library/500-ap-human-geography-questions-to-know-by-test-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160400.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924110050-20180924130450-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.91798 | 1,009 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Back to Basics: A Lesson in Light
Members of the Window Film Industry Share the
Science Behind Window Film
by Katie Hodge
This is the first in a series of articles that explains the basics of
why window film works the way it does and how it saves energy and protects
How does window film keep heat out? How does it protect against fading
and unwanted glare? How does window film control light? The industry works
to sell the product every day, but does everyone really know how and why
Back to Basics
Let’s start with a discussion of light, energy, heat, reflection, transmission
and absorption. Within the electromagnetic spectrum is a spectrum of energy
in the form of waves. Different wavelengths exist and three of them play
a major part in our discussion. Right in the middle of the spectrum is
visible light and it sits in the range of 400 to 700 billionths of a meter
(nanometers). The energy in each wave is proportional its wavelength (which
is the distance between any two corresponding points on successive waves)
so if it is a shorter wavelength than it will have a higher amount of
energy; a longer wavelength a lower amount of energy. Ultraviolet light
(UV) is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has a frequency greater
than visible light and only accounts for about 3 percent of solar energy.
It’s also the most dangerous portion and can damage parts of the eye even
though it is not visible to the human eye. Infrared light, which has a
frequency less than visible light, makes up about 53 percent of solar
energy and is also not visible to the human eye.
These components of solar energy—ultraviolet light, visible light and
infrared light—react in three ways when they hit a surface. They are either
reflected off of the surface, transmitted through the surface or absorbed
into the surface.
“[Light can] be transmitted through like a piece of glass, absorbed into
it like a black car on a hot day or it can be reflected like a mirror,”
says Ron Jones, architectural programs manager for Sarasota, Fla.-based
“Light can complete a combination of these actions, but they always have
to equal 100 percent,” says Jones. “The mirror will reflect almost 100
percent. The black car will absorb nearly 100 percent and the glass will
transmit almost 100 percent.”
“Being able to explain
what each performance value is or how it is determined really goes a long
way in the consumer’s eyes in terms of professionalism.”
—Jon Mitchell, Solar Gard
• Visible light- The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans
perceive. The infrared and ultraviolet bands precede and follow visible
• Ultraviolet light (UV)- Relating to electromagnetic radiation having
frequencies higher than those of visible light but lower than those
of x-rays, approximately 1015-1016 hertz. Some animals, such as bees,
are capable of seeing ultraviolet radiation invisible to the human
• Infrared light- Relating to the invisible part of the electromagnetic
spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of visible red light but
shorter than those of microwaves.
• Absorption- The taking up and storing of energy, such as radiation,
light, or sound, without it being reflected or transmitted. During
absorption, the energy may change from one form into another. When
radiation strikes the electrons in an atom, the electrons move to
a higher orbit or state of excitement by absorption of the radiation’s
• Transmission- To cause (light, heat, sound, etc.) to pass through
air or some other medium.
• Reflection- The change in direction of a wave, such as a light or
sound wave, away from a boundary the wave encounters. Reflected waves
remain in their original medium rather than entering the medium they
Enter Window Film
Taking all of that science into consideration window film attempts
to regulate the amount of energy that is absorbed or transmitted in order
to reduce energy consumption, fading and glare.
“Obviously, the goal is to reduce transmission so that leaves window film
the opportunity to either absorb solar energy or reflect it,” says Jon
Mitchell, technical services representative for Solar Gard in San Diego.
“The more window film can reflect, the more energy-efficient it is,” adds
Most films are built with ultraviolet inhibitors in them to protect against
“[Window films] have to have UV inhibitors built into them because the
polyester base that the film is made out of is destroyed by ultraviolet
light,” says Jones. “That is why nearly all window films block nearly
100% of the ultraviolet light because they are protecting themselves.
The extra benefit is that [film protects against] the ultraviolet light
is the most damaging portion of the solar energy spectrum to fade, skin,
eyes, etc.” because the polyester base that the film is made out of is
destroyed by ultraviolet light,” says Jones. “That is why nearly all window
films block nearly 100% of the ultraviolet light because they are protecting
themselves. The extra benefit is that [film protects against] the ultraviolet
light is the most damaging portion of the solar energy spectrum to fade,
skin, eyes, etc.”
To understand film as a product you have to understand its origins. Dyed
polyester hasn’t always been the material used to make film. It’s compositions
and materials have changed dramatically over the years.
“The original window films were just vapor deposition aluminum or silver
films. People think its all dyed polyester, but that actually came after
the silver films because the silver was too shiny,” recalls Jones. “The
silver was very efficient at blocking a lot of solar energy and they realized
the more they put on there, the darker it got, the more efficient it was.
It blocked more heat because it was reflecting a lot of the visible light
Understanding the importance of the original silver films and the benefits
to that type of a film can help installers and dealers better understand
newer products liked dyed films.
“The original silver 20 ends up looking like a mirror, but it’s very effective
because it reflects energy away from the window,” says Mitchell. “Any
energy that is reflected doesn’t need to be absorbed. It’s important because
the energy that is absorbed has to be released since objects want to become
equal temperatures with their surroundings. So a portion of that absorbed
energy gets released inward and contributes to heat gain.”
looking at specifications more closely and they are more widely available
especially with retrofit windows.”
—Jon Mitchell, Solar Gard
Light and Bright
Times have changed since the days of all silver films and now the emphasis
seems to be on letting as much natural light into the desired space. The
architectural community refers to this as natural daylighting. The window
film industry has faced some misconceptions about its ability to allow
natural light in (see article on page
34 for more on misconceptions about window film).
“The new direction of things is light and bright. Everybody seems to want
lighter and lighter film,” says Jones. “They want you to not affect the
visible light as much, but still block as much of the infrared as you
Being able to allow natural light in, but also keeping the heat out becomes
vital to creating comfortable and energy-efficient buildings.
“People only see visible light, but the other two portions are also contributing
to heat gain,” says Mitchell. “So when an architect or a specifier is
looking for a product that doesn’t transmit heat but does transmit visible
light they would be looking at a ratio between a solar heat gain coefficient
(which encompasses all of the heat coming in—ultraviolet, visible and
infrared) compared to just how much visible light people see. In the industry
it’s called the light-to-solar-gain-ratio. It’s pretty simple to understand.
A ratio of “People only see visible light, but the other two portions
are also contributing to heat gain,” says Mitchell. “So when an architect
or a specifier is looking for a product that doesn’t transmit heat but
does transmit visible light they would be looking at a ratio between a
solar heat gain coefficient (which encompasses all of the heat coming
in—ultraviolet, visible and infrared) compared to just how much visible
light people see. In the industry it’s called the light-to-solar-gain-ratio.
It’s pretty simple to understand. A ratio of one means that you are transmitting
equal amounts of heat and light. The higher over one you go the more light
you are transmitting compared to solar heat. And that is what we call
There are misconceptions when it comes to the capabilities of window film
and what is noticeable to the human eye though.
“Typically there really is an over-abundance of light. On a shiny bright
day you are going to want to knock off about 65 percent of visible light.
It’s so much better for the human eyes,” explains Jones. “When your eye
gets over-exposed it is relaxed and then outside your eye gets bombarded
with light your brain wants to shut it down. It’s too much information.”
“The human eye has a natural ability to be able to open up to let in more
light when it gets darker so unless two different films were side by side
you probably wouldn’t be able to see a 10 percent difference,” adds Mitchell.
If an architect or a customer wants to allow visible light they are not
going to get 100 percent blockage by film. The clearer the film the more
visible light is coming into the desired space.
“The best they are going to get in 56 percent solar energy rejection,”
says Jones. “That 44 percent of visible light is there. If you have clear
film then it means that visible light is coming through.”
That doesn’t mean that film can’t provide a controlled amount of natural
daylight. Jones says he always thinks of film as a way to manage light.
He says that with the right film you won’t even notice that the film is
“With the new spectrally selective films you really can’t even notice
it. The samples at my house of the 60 percent film are practically invisible.
If you put a 70 percent film on a window it literally disappears,” says
Being able to understand how window film works and the science behind
it can be valuable in many ways. Consumers want to be able to trust that
they are making the right decision when they hire their local window film
company. Continuing self-education can only improve skills and confidence
when it comes to the jobsite.
“Consumers are looking at specifications closer and they are more widely
available especially with retrofit windows. They usually have questions
because it can be complex to understand,” comments Mitchell. “Being able
to explain what each performance value is or how it is determined really
goes a long way in the
consumer’s eyes in terms of
As technology changes consumers and those within the industry will need
to stay educated on what is new and what gives consumers the benefits
they are looking for. Understanding the basics of how a product works
can make the difference between success and failure or a signed contract
and a lost job.
Katie Hodge is the editor of Window Film magazine.
© Copyright 2011 Key Communications Inc. All rights reserved.
No reproduction of any type without expressed written permission. | <urn:uuid:644d98d5-9956-4d00-b7b8-3af0b170dcce> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://industry.glass.com/Window_Film/BackIssues/2011/MayJune/BackToBasicsALessonInLight_Feature.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824499.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00144-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930942 | 2,532 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Driverless electric cars and buses are the future, and will radically change the face of personal mobility in coming years. At least that’s the view of the founders of Blue Inductive. Using an actual physical cable to charge your e-car will be “completely out of step with the times,” says Florian Reiners, one of the four co-founders. “Can you imagine using your smartphone to ask your car to park itself, and then following it into the garage on foot to plug in the charger cable?”
This is where Blue Inductive comes in, offering innovative technology that allows for contactless charging, with a performance that is on par with conventional cabled charging systems too. “We’ve already managed to develop a wireless rapid charger with an efficiency level of 95 per cent and a charging capacity of 22 kW – we set the benchmark with that about two years ago, ” Reiners told RESET. “That’s enough to charge a whole range of electric cars in under an hour, with less energy lost than using the corded charging systems that are common today.”
This kind of electromagnetic induction system could successfully be built into the current urban infrastructure, without any major changes to city landscapes, while at the same time making the whole system more efficient – charging stations could be done away with, for example, as they currently require regular maintenance. Another advantage of this kind of technology is that energy isn’t just transported from the grid to the vehicle, instead it can go in both directions, with the car giving power back to the mains. “That potentially allows us to tap into a huge storage capacity, in the form of a swarm of electric cars, and in that way substantially speed up development of an energy supply entirely based on renewable sources,” says Reiners.
The Future Is Wireless for Industry Too
As well as the automotive sector, Blue Inductive see a whole lot of potential for their invention in the field of mobile industry robots, like autonomous manufacturing robots or forklifts. Systems like these are currently powered by battery and of course need regular charging. The Freiburg startup has first field trials planned for the end of next year, and by the end of 2017 Blue Inductive wants to start manufacturing their first product, a rapid charger for mobile robots. “At the end of the day,” says Reiners, “driverless cars are nothing more than robots, so in that field too, our technology offers the same advantages.”
Electric cars still haven’t exactly caught on in a big way anywhere just yet, but Blue Inductive’s technology, and other recent initiatives that allow people to charge their cars in their own home, or even combine a charging session with a visit to the neighbours could see that change. There’s certainly a huge amount of potential for more sustainable solutions in the transport sector, and Blue Inductive’s technology seems like another step (or should that be another wirelessly charged electric car journey?) in the right direction.
Translated from this article by Lydia Skrabania that originally appeared on our German platform. | <urn:uuid:2306beb0-94a5-4239-8272-ce72a81a66ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://en.reset.org/stecker-ade-electric-car-future-will-be-charging-itself-11222016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.954145 | 651 | 2.609375 | 3 |
THE ROMAN COLISEUM, TOUR GUIDE in ROME
For: Your Tourist Guides
The Coliseum, An essential tour in romeThe Roman Coliseum is one of the most visited sites in Italy. People come from all over the world to see the famous place where gladiators fought in days of old. The history of the Roman Coliseum is quite fascinating, and still brings spectators to its ruins today.
The construction of the great amphitheatre began somewhere between 70 and 80 AD by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavia family along with his son Titus. Because of this, it was originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre. It had a seating capacity of 70,000 and was once the most important place in the entire Roman Empire. The opening celebration was so lavish that it lasted for 100 days.
The coliseum was built on the site of Nero’s lake below his enormous palace. It was constantly in use until a fire, caused by a lightning strike, damaged it in 217 AD. The repairs were completed in 238 AD. Roman citizens could attend events for free, but seating was dependent on social status. The higher up on the social ladder you were, the closer to the front you were seated.
Gladiators fought each other and wild animals, and games were organized for the pleasure of the Roman citizens. This gory form of entertainment was quite the popular thing to do by people of all classes. It was finally done away with by the leaders of Christianity. The games were also phased out because of the massive expenses inherent with these events. Eventually this massive structure stood largely empty.
Many earthquakes damaged the amphitheatre and by 508 the structure was in poor condition. In the Middle Ages, it was turned into a fortress and later a church was even built into a corner of it. It later became a stone quarry that supplied the builders of St Peter’s, Piazza Venezia, and the Barberini Palace. During the Middle Ages, the former pride of Rome gained the title of Coliseum. This name came from a colossus, or big statue, of Nero that was situated close by. Now the original name is not even known by the general public.
As it stands now, the floor is gone, but some of the walls still stand. There are also the underground structures that you can tour along with the buildings that were added along the walls for vendors and such. You can see men clothed in the traditional garb of ancient Roman soldiers standing watch outside the Coliseum as you can tour the ruins for around 12-15 Euro. It is a priceless experience and anyone visiting Italy should go to see the ancient ruins of the great Roman Coliseum. | <urn:uuid:b2c2d56f-9a76-4d6f-9d8b-7ac2afcb8639> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.yourtouristguides.com/en/1552862/News/THE-ROMAN-COLISEUM_-TOUR-GUIDE-in-ROME.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945942.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423110009-20180423130009-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.985781 | 550 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Thursday, March 18, 2010
ON THE NIGHT OF JUNE 1, 1934, a Belgian information scientist named Paul Otlet sat in silent, peaceful protest outside the locked doors of a government building in Brussels from which he had just been evicted. Inside was his life’s work: a vast archive of more than twelve million bibliographic three-by-five-inch index cards, which attempted to catalog and cross-reference the relationships among all the world’s published information. For Otlet, the archive was at the center of a plan to universalize human knowledge. He called it the Mundaneum, and he believed it would usher in a new era of peace and progress. The Belgian government, however, had come to view Otlet and his fine mess of papers, dusty boxes, and customized filing cabinets as a financial and political nuisance. Thirteen years earlier, Otlet’s Mundaneum—then called the Palais Mondial—had occupied 150 gleaming rooms in the Palais du Cinquatenaire in Brussels. Thousands of visitors a day filed through, marveling at the seven-foot-high card-catalog cabinets lining the walls of an eighty-foot-long room. Otlet and other scholars delivered lectures on topics such as “The Problems of Language” and “The Necessity for Dental Hygiene” in a thousand-seat auditorium. Scores of workers operated the Mundaneum’s search service, which employed the card catalog to answer questions from the public.more from Molly Springfield at Triple Canopy here.
Posted by Morgan Meis at 10:04 AM | Permalink | <urn:uuid:ff78fa36-cf6c-4c80-9bef-b23b9185b1f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2010/03/the-mundaneum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947397 | 340 | 3.09375 | 3 |
them that the day would come when tribal government would cease, no matter
how hard they may have worked against it or tried to pretend it would not
happen. He had tried to prepare them for the end. Now he urged them, above
all, to hold on to their land, and he told them, "You must show your manhood,
you can't afford to be a lot of weaklings. You must meet this change squarely
and fearlessly." The Cherokee Advocate ceased publication on March 3, 1906,
ending the longest continued publication by Indians to that time. The last printer
was Caleb W. Starr, and the translator was David E. Smallwood.
In 1904, it was reported that only five printers knew how to set Cherokee
type: T. Watie Foreman, Cale Starr, George Wofford, Joseph Sequichie, and David Smallwood. Foreman, who could set type in both languages, had entered
the Advocate office in the late 1870s as a typesetter and remained there until the
36 Smallwood had set type for both The Cherokee Advocate and Cherokee Gospel Tidings.*
In 1911, the federal government ordered the sale of the printing office, press,
and equipment, except the Cherokee type, which was to be sent to the Smithsonian Institution. Wofford was retained to sort out the type in preparation for
the sale, at which the plant sold for $ 151.00 to J. S. Holden, publisher of the New Era at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.
Carolyn Thomas Foreman, Oklahoma Imprints, 1835-1907 ( Norman: University
of Oklahoma Press, 1936), 76.
Cullen Joe Holland, The Cherokee Indian Newspapers, 1828-1906: The Tribal
Voice of a People in Transition ( Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1977), 205-208.
Foreman, Oklahoma Imprints, 76.
John Bartlett Meserve, "Chief William Potter Ross," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 15 ( March, 1937), 21-29; Foreman, Oklahoma Imprints, 77. Ross later edited the Indian
Chieftain,* the Indian Arrow,* and The Indian Journal.*
Holland, Cherokee Indian Newspapers, passim.
Foreman, Oklahoma Imprints, 78-79.
For further details of Ross's editorship, see Holland, Cherokee Indian Newspapers, 220-222.
For this controversy, see ibid., 224-227.
James Vann was also a steamboat operator in the Cherokee Nation. Carolyn Thomas Foreman
, "Early History of Webbers Falls," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 29 (Winter, 1951- 1952), 462. For further details on Vann's editorship, see Holland, Cherokee Indian
Newspapers, 228-231, 234-240, 243-245.
Carolyn Thomas Foreman, "The Foreign Mission School at Cornwall, Connecticut," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 7 ( September, 1929), 248. In 1851, Carter became a
judge of the Cherokee Supreme Court. He died on February 1, 1867. Foreman, Oklahoma
Imprints, 79-80; Holland, Cherokee Indian Newspapers, 232-234.
For Boudinot's editorship, see Holland, Cherokee Indian Newspapers, 240.
The Cherokee Advocate, November 4, 1851; The Sequoyah Memorial, July 31, 1857; Foreman, Oklahoma Imprints, 77, 80. Rollo G. Silver, "A Preliminary Check-" | <urn:uuid:99873db8-c10e-4b63-9aaa-14113cb4e365> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://www.questia.com/read/30399700/american-indian-and-alaska-native-newspapers-and-periodicals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988511.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00315-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922626 | 735 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This post is part of a series authored by our collaborators on the Intertextual Networks project. For more information, see here.
By Megan Herrold, University of Southern California
In my project for Intertextual Networks, I trace the use to which early modern women writers put misogynistic conventions. I’m particularly interested in women’s appropriation of female archetypes that are charged with centuries of societal ambivalence. One such example is Aemilia Lanyer’s use of the stabat mater tradition in her 1611 poem, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum. The centerpiece of Lanyer’s book of poems is her meditation on Christ’s passion, but framing that poem are two other sections that are also thematically unified. It begins with a number of dedicatory poems to specific women—including Queen Elizabeth, the Countess of Pembroke, and Queen Anne—and concludes with the country house poem, “The Description of Cook-ham.” Lanyer’s patron, the Countess Dowager of Cumberland, features throughout the entire work: she takes a prominent place among the dedicatory poems, her (temporary) home and daughter are celebrated in the country house poem, and Lanyer features as a particular spectator of Christ’s passion. So while women (and Cumberland in particular) are conceived of as characters and readers throughout the entire work, I will mainly be focusing on the “Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum” poem in this post. In its ostensible focus on the Passion of Christ, Lanyer’s version also includes: an apology for Eve spoken by Pilate’s wife, a discussion of the dangers of beauty for women, and commentary on various historical women’s virtue. By bringing figures like Cleopatra, Eve, and the Virgin Mary to bear alongside her discussion of Cumberland’s virtues alongside a feminized Christ, Lanyer self-consciously builds a community of women whose virtues are based upon their celebrations and defenses of each other. It is in this vein that Lanyer uses the stabat mater tradition.
A poetic and musical sequence that constructs a greater emotional connection to Christ’s passion through the contemplation of Mary as she contemplates the crucifixion, the stabat mater was both widely popular and troubling because of its focus on the spectacle of female mourning. 1 It was both suppressed by the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century and with the growth of Protestantism, increasingly associated with Catholic (and feminized) public mourning rituals.2 But as she uses the trope in her poem, Lanyer suggests that women’s greater visibility, both as beautiful objects of spectatorship and as mourners, potentially derided as excessive in their expressions of grief, coincides with their greater access to Christian virtue. With her descriptions of the compassion of various women who mourn for Christ (among them are Pilate’s wife, the Maries, the Daughters of Jerusalem and Cumberland herself) Lanyer also includes blazons of Christ’s feminized beauty and his compassion for the grievers around him. Taken together, the ways in which the description of the communal comfort in looking at suffering women is aligned with Christ’s being looked at as a woman. Thus, Lanyer’s appropriation of the stabat mater emphasizes women’s consensual deployment of their spectacular mourning. In doing so, she reclaims a suspect (because feminized and Catholic) convention and presents it as a means through which a self-aware community might be built—a community of virtuous suffering women who see and feel for each other.
My research into this topic is still in its preliminary stages. But what I’m most concerned with in Lanyer’s poem is her emphasis on the visual in her version of the Passion and the ways in which community is built through mutual beholding. Likewise, the stabat mater, over and above other conventional depictions of Mary’s suffering (namely, the pieta and the mater dolorosa), emphasizes the space between the visual and textual description of mourning. The third person ekphrastic description of Mary’s compassion for Christ’s suffering is both visual (as in the pieta and mater dolorosa traditions of art) and textual (as in the planctus Mariae). All of these forms of meditations on Mary’s (and at times Mary Magdalene’s) role in the crucifixion were elaborated during the patristic period and early Middle Ages. The original version of the stabat mater from which the title derives and much elaboration stems is said to have been written by either Jacopone da Todi or Pope Innocent III. For the full text and a literal translation, click here. Though women’s involvement in the Passion has limited precedent in the gospels, Marian devotional works like the stabat mater were quite popular at the turn in the twelfth century and beyond. Versions proliferated in poetry and prose, in Latin and the vernacular, and in art and drama and coincided with a greater emphasis on the humanity of Christ and the co-suffering of Mary (Bestul 112).
From its inception, however, the increased interest in Mary and the subjectivity of women in general could be characterized as ambivalent. While these conventions uphold Mary as an exemplar, not only of women’s righteous behavior, but also as a guide to achieving perfect compassion with Christ, they also circumscribe the role of women in devotional literature and the funeral rite. The tradition at once universalizes Mary’s suffering—the poem asks “quis posset non contristari / Piam Matrem contemplari / Dolentem cum Filio? [Who could not be sorrowful to behold the pious mother grieving with her Son?]”—at the same time that it betrays discomfort with the excesses of “feminine” emotion. For example, as Bestul points out, in the related “quis dabit” planctus tradition, Mary oscillates between passive suffering and hysterical outbursts of grief. So while the tradition expresses an implicit (and at times quite explicit) desire to be feminized, the devotional descriptions of Mary’s mourning ultimately construct the rationale for patriarchal control of female agency—in speech and spectacle—in religious rites. The Reformation would see a doubling down on this control of the “feminized” and Catholic excesses of public mourning rituals, a topic taken on by Katherine Goodland in her work, Female Mourning in Medieval and Renaissance English Drama.
It’s my feeling, however, that Lanyer capitalizes off of the ambivalence of the subject-object blurring in spectacles of compassion in Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum. As the stabat mater is organized around the Virgin’s spectacle of Christ’s passion, the act of “beholding” and “looking” at suffering permeates Lanyer’s poem. It informs its avowed occasion in depicting Christ’s passion and its effects on spectators including the Virgin Mary, the Daughters of Jerusalem, and the Duchess of Cumberland; and it encodes the particular historical occasion of the poem: Lanyer’s comforting Cumberland amid her legal and familial troubles. In these instances of beholding suffering, Lanyer emphasizes the community-building potential inherent in the public display of mourning. As these women suffer, the spectacles they create evoke compassion from other women including the reader; this occurs even while, and indeed to a greater degree, because the women are aware of the vulnerability to which their spectacular mourning is subject. It is through this awareness of the dangers with which women contend over and above men that Lanyer envisions the formation of a utopic community of women.
But first, she must apologize for Mary’s excessive grief. In the most explicit stabat mater reference, Lanyer describes Mary beholding Christ’s Passion. But Lanyer’s version, unlike others in the genre, seems to anticipate scrutiny of the spectacle Mary creates. Where the traditional stabat asked upon viewing Mary, “Who could not be sorrowful to behold the pious mother grieving with her Son?” Lanyer asks a more defensive rhetorical question while Mary swoons with “griefes extreame”:
How could she choose but thinke her selfe undone,
He dying, with whose glory shee was crowned?
None ever lost so great a losse as shee,
Beeing Sonne, and Father of Eternitie. (1013-1016)
The universality of compassion that the original version assumes is treated defensively here. To combat possible attacks on Mary’s position as spectacular mourner, Lanyer appeals to Mary’s lack of choice in the matter. How could a mother choose otherwise than grieve the loss of her son, Father, Lord and status position? The question begs another: how could we choose but to grieve for her? And for those still uncharitable enough to scrutinize Mary’s grief, we might compare Lanyer’s treatment of the Daughters of Jerusalem. Similarly, Lanyer describes the Daughters’ visible sufferings that together with their verbalizations of grief “intreate[s]” their spectators to pity and compassion:
Poore women seeing how much [Christ’s tormentors] did transgresse,
By teares, by sighs, by cries, intreate, nay proue,
What may be done among the thickest presse,
They labour still these tyrants hearts to moue:
in pitie and compassion to forbeare (995-999)
Lanyer is adamant in presenting the Daughter’s mourning in active verbs: they “labor,” they “entreat,” and they “prove” that spectacle can move an audience. And if members of Lanyer’s audience find themselves unmoved by their grief, Lanyer aligns them with the tormentors of Christ who likewise resist compassion for the women’s spectacular mourning. Indeed, the analogy between Passion (direct experience) and compassion (indirect experience; mourning for another) as suggested by the stabat mater is furthered in Lanyer’s poem when she suggests Christ’s humiliation in the Passion is analogous to Mary’s grief being scrutinized unjustly. Lanyer’s suggests that if we wouldn’t doubt Christ’s pain, his “Bleeding and fainting” while being “Abusede with all their hatefull slaunderous lies,” we shouldn’t doubt Mary’s expressions of grief, especially because we view those humiliations of Christ at the same time that Mary’s “fair eies behold” them (1131-1135). To doubt either sufferer is to choose to further torment them over feeling compassion for them.
While upholding the sincerity of Mary’s grief, Lanyer on the other hand contends with Protestant critiques concerning the faithlessness of the mater dolorosa conventions. Instead of Mary’s grief implying despair of an afterlife, Lanyer’s presents it as celebratory and almost evangelical in its potential for community building. She urges that Mary’s tears “did her good” because they “wash away [Christ’s] pretious blood” so that “sinners might not tread in vnder feet” as they gather on their way “To worship him” (1017-1019). As in the original stabat mater, Mary’s grief in Lanyer’s version is explicitly linked to bringing sinners closer to Christ. Likewise, Lanyer exemplifies the community-building nature of public grief through her description of Christ as the quintessential spectator of grief. Indeed, her Christ is the ultimate stabat mater: he takes time for compassion even amid his Passion.
Although the mourning of the Daughters of Jerusalem ultimately fails to move Christ’s tormentors, Lanyer urges its effect on a more important spectator: Christ himself. Where Pilate and Herod fail to claim Christ’s attention during his passion:
Yet these poore women, by their piteous cries
Did mooue their Lord, their Louer, and their King
To take compassion, turne about, and speake
To them whose hearts were ready now to breake. (981-984)
In these lines, Lanyer stresses the potential for mutual compassion in the stabat mater model: the Daughter’s compassion for Christ arouses his compassion for them. Lanyer celebrates such mutuality of feeling, established and increased upon in the visual realm through looking at, being looked upon, and being conscious of these acts of mutual beholding:
Most blessed Daughters of Ierusalem,
Who found such fauor in your Sauiours sight,
To turne his face when you did pitie him;
Your tearefull eyes beheld his eyes more bright;
Your Faith and Loue vnto such grace did clime,
To haue reflection from this Heau’nly light:
Your Eagles eies did gaze against this Sunne,
Your hearts did thinke, he dead, the world were done. (985-992)
When Christ and the Daughters lock eyes, the connection between them is made and then elevated by consciousness of their being spectacles. These eyes-beholding-eyes build a community precisely in that ambiguous space between subject beholding and object being beheld.
Because the consciousness of self as a spectacle is something women seem better poised to experience and learn from, Lanyer composes her virtuous community solely of women, including a feminized Christ.3 Through this theme, Lanyer’s seeming digression on the dangers of beauty without virtue (lines 185-248) aligns with her concerns throughout the poem. And in a longer piece, I plan to tease out the connections between that section and her later blazon of Christ’s beauty upon the resurrection (1305-1312). In the blazon, she borrows her modifying phrases from the portion of the Song of Songs detailing both male and female beauty, but the line “His lips like scarlet threeds, yet much more sweet / Than is the sweetest hony dropping dew” alludes to explicitly to the bride’s beauty (Woods 1314n). Through these resonances, Lanyer suggests that, like Christ’s, a woman’s subjectivity is constructed in proximity to physical beauty as a cultural value, through an awareness of the spectacle that beauty may create, and cognizant of the potential vulnerabilities to which that gendered subjectivity is subject. Therefore, also like Christ, she is uniquely poised to feel compassion for other women. Indeed, this theme of women’s particular capacity for compassion is signaled in Lanyer’s prefatory letter “To the Vertuous Reader,” wherein she bemoans the capacity of women “to be condemned by the words of their owne mouthes…as to speake unadvisedly against the rest of their sexe” (Woods 48). And in the poem Lanyer makes good on her maxim, modeling the kind of community she wants to build through her dramatic choices. Her assigning Eve’s apology to Pilate’s wife (761-944), her criticizing Cleopatra’s treatment of Octavia even as she has compassion for her suffering (215-224, 1409-1432), and her exhortations to the (assumed female) reader throughout, form anachronistic communities of women based on compassion they felt for each other’s suffering. And Lanyer builds her envisioned utopic community through her appropriation and emendation of the stabat mater tradition, that microcosm of community built upon the spectacle of mutual compassion and suffering.
Bestul, Thomas H. Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
Goodland, Katharine. Female Mourning in Medieval and Renaissance English Drama: From the Raising of Lazarus to King Lear. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005.
Lanyer, Aemilia, and Susanne Woods. The Poems of Aemilia Lanyer: Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- See Thomas H. Bestul’s chapter on gender in his 1996 Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society.
- See Katharine Goodland’s Female Mourning in Medieval and Renaissance English Drama.
- There’s likely a biographical point to be made here as well. Lanyer was by all accounts quite attractive. At 18, she was the mistress of Henry Cary, Lord Hunson at the time he was the Lord Chamberlain under Queen Elizabeth, until she became pregnant and was married off to Alphonso Lanyer (Woods xviii). She experienced the power and vulnerabilities that go along with physical beauty. | <urn:uuid:218ea162-5b79-472f-b2b6-2df24640daf5> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://wwp.northeastern.edu/blog/stabat-mater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521139.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120151257-20210120181257-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.940016 | 3,659 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A study of over 2000 European patients all suffering from heart failure found that those who ate a lower protein diet (less than 40g per day) were 46 per cent more likely to die than those who ate a high protein diet (70g per day).
Heart failure occurs when the heart’s ability to pump blood through the body begins to diminish. As a result, the body loses out on oxygen and essential nutrients that blood provides.
The study, presented at the World Congress on Acute Heart Failure in Vienna, was written by Dutch PhD student Koen Streng, who told The Times that for those with heart failure, “a higher protein intake is independently associated with better survival.”
Despite the study not looking into the causes for the link between this high protein and its effects on heart failure, Streng believes it’s likely that the protein helps patients build muscle mass, which is beneficial if you’re trying to keep the body’s most important muscle going.
While the average age of the people involved in the study was 68, there’s no reason not to ensure that you’re giving your body the protein it needs each day to help keep your muscles in good condition.
As a quick reference, the average person needs between 1.6 and 2 grams of protein per kilo of body weight per day if they want to bulk up. If you weigh the UK average of 83kg, that’s 133g each day, more than enough to put you into the ‘high protein’ bracket. A chicken breast contains around 30g of protein which means if you have a chicken salad for lunch and a high protein dinner, you’ll be well on your way to hitting the target and having heart failure beat. | <urn:uuid:d1e1b21c-a02b-4d7b-ba8b-05dace48231c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.menshealth.com/uk/nutrition/a759135/the-unexpected-benefit-of-a-high-protein-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.959178 | 363 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Green Culture and Commodity Production
by Gwydion M. Williams
Between the 1760s and the 1940s, the middle classes in Britain totally undermined the existing culture of the nation. Commodity production – production in which money takes the place of social relationships- slowly but steadily grew in importance, and in the end changed everything
The middle class does not of course hold itself responsible for the predictable results of its own actions, even though they were warned about it many many times – by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Cobbett, Ruskin and many others. At the beginning of the process – when the 18th century gentry were carrying through great changes in agriculture – Oliver Goldsmith made his famous complaint:
“Ill fares the land, to lingering ills a prey
“When wealth accumulates and men decay”
But the bulk of the middle classes continued to undermine the existing order through their commercial activities, while finding various reasons for not deeming themselves responsible; deploring the whole process but blaming it on the failings of others.
Since the mid- 20th century, the British middle classes have lost much of their importance, and have become very much less distinct from the working class. The genuinely rich and powerful no longer bother much about the middle classes, but seek working class support instead. Thatcherism was based on the nouveau-riche teaming up with individualists among the skilled workers. Both of these groups did quite well out of Thatcherism, at least until Thatcher and Lawson managed to blunder and squabble their way into a recession. The middle class got very little out of it, and many previously secure middle class enclaves were undermined. Commodity production goes marching on, but has now outgrown the “bourgeoisie”.
What has this to do with culture?
Nothing, if you see culture as the isolated activity of superior souls. Peter Brooke (Down in the Valley, L&TUR No. 28) does mostly see it that way, even though he makes a few remarks which might imply something different. But I prefer to see culture as something that everyone participates in, the crude and basic lifeblood of the society.
Culture in the narrow sense – superior works of long-lasting and perhaps eternal merit – is best ignored in policy debates. Not because such things are unimportant, but because they are unpredictable and uncontrollable. A few superior cultural products are passed on to future generations – a few hundred of the tens of thousands of novels published in the 19th century, for instance. No one can tell which hundred out of the tens of thousands will be seen as valuable in the future, and no one should be vain enough to try.
The creation of “immortal works” is definitely not controlled by the “highly cultured” people of any particular era. Shakespeare’s plays were seen as doubly vulgar by the educated – for being plays rather than poetry, and for ignoring the noble rules of drama handed down from Aristotle. Jane Austen was not rated particularly highly by her contemporaries: she was just one of a large group of female writers, far less popular with the public and the critics than was, say, Mrs Radcliffe. William Blake was mostly ignored: we have his poems only because he was a skilled printer who could publish works that no one else would have been likely to circulate. Coleridge was well regarded as a public lecturer, critic and philosopher, but not as a poet. He only ventured to publish Kublai Khan as a ‘curiosity’, supposedly composed during a dream.
(This story is almost certainly false: among other things, a less polished version of the poem turned up in a manuscript in Coleridge’s handwriting, along with a less sophisticated and romantic version of how it was ‘spontaneously’ composed.)
If a writer like Coleridge could be forced to such ludicrous tricks to get public attention, how likely is it that any process of critical judgment will spot the really significant stuff? The production of artworks of permanent significance might as well be ignored, as totally beyond any sensible human control. And artists and writers are generally at their most silly and least significant when they suppose themselves to be saying something timeless and profound.
The only sensible approach to culture is to ensure its general health throughout the whole society, while preserving everything that might have some merit. Timeless values can be expected to look after themselves, and will do so anyway, no matter what “highly cultured” people think or try to do. Timeless values should be left alone, and the emphasis put on popularising serious well-crafted works, matters that each individual can in some small way either promote or retard. Culture is the sum of all such individual efforts, good or bad. Even the smallest contribution counts for something.
“Ill fares the land”, said Goldsmith in The Deserted Village, a poem that has been treasured and preserved despite failing utterly in its main and immediate objective. The relatively stable rural society that Goldsmith admired has gone completely. It was not an inevitable process – China preserved a stable mix of high urban culture and prosperous agriculture for more than 2000 years, and might have continued it indefinitely had European imperialism not disrupted it with opium, guns and free trade. But Western Europe had no true stability after the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire. (The eastern half, Byzantium, was managing quite nicely until it was wounded by the Fourth Crusade and finally extinguished by Islam.) Western Europe was never able to settle down into any very definite or continuous cultural or social pattern, and in the end it extended its own instability to the rest of the world.
“Ill fares the land” – but has it in fact fared so ill? Would it have been better if Europe had stabilised itself at something like the 18th century level of development? Reading writers like Tobias Smollett, or even Goldsmith himself, I don’t feel sorry that that particular social pattern didn’t perpetuate itself. I don’t think that such stability was impossible. 18th century Europeans, including Adam Smith, reckoned that China was a richer and in some ways better organised society than their own. China was stable: Europeans tried to achieve the same stability. But it didn’t happen, and despite all the resulting damage and dangers I am very glad that it did not happen.
The recent election saw the “Green Party” reduced to much the same level as the Natural Law Party, which is where it belongs. British Labour has its own “green” tradition, existing long before anyone thought of using “green” for anything other than Irish Nationalism or Islam. Most notably we have William Morris, with his splendid vision in News from Nowhere. His boatman rows people along the because that’s what his role in society is. There is no notion of payment. Morris’s craftsmen are concerned merely with the creation of the beautiful, not supposing that they can find the transcendent except by accident.
News from Nowhere is a low-tech vision, but there is in fact no need to go that far. Commodity production ties us all to the accumulation of wealth and power, ploughing under all those who refuse to play the game, or who play it badly, or who are simply unlucky. Freed from the endless need to complete, we might concentrate on creating interesting, enjoyable work that was worth doing in itself and without material incentives.
Machines as such are not the problem. When steam engines were first introduced to pump water out of mines, there were no objections. Anyone who fails see why, should try operating hand-pump for a few hours and then imagine doing that all day, every day, for the whole of one’s life. The objections, the “luddism”, came when capitalists with machines began destroying the whole way of life of skilled handicraft workers. Hand craft as such need not be valuable or life-enhancing – e.g. tying identical fancy bows in identical ribbons all day. Skilled engineering work using machine tools is probably quite as creative as the work of medieval masons. (And it should be noted that the masons were creating stone propaganda for a repressive church. Also, a lot of what they built fell down again soon after. There was a sort of natural selection – if it has lasted a few years, try same again, only bigger, till the limit was reached.)
Computers have removed the need for many repetitive unskilled or semi-skilled tasks. There is the need once again for whole human beings. But there is also the problem – a problem we have had since the Bronze age, if not before – that ruthless exploitation and concentration of power is quite often successful. Had the Soviet Union taken a different and rather improbable turn in the 1960s, i.e., become a green, clean, tolerant and democratic place, it still might have lost the global power struggle with the West. Might and right are very seldom the same thing. Commodity production is a very effective way of accumulating wealth, even though it will also produce vast and unpredictable changes in any society that allows it.
On the other hand, there is a widespread feeling that an ‘epoch of rest’ and a cleaning-up of the environment would be the logical next stage, now that industrial society can meet all ordinary needs and many extra-ordinary ones. No one nation can do it alone, but globally it could be done. Maybe even Western Europe alone could do it, which is why the Green Party’s anti-EC policies are so foolish.
A Green World – with a ‘spiritual dimension’ as an optional extra – should be the long-term goal for Labour.
This article appeared in May 1992, in Issue 29 of Labour and Trade Union Review, now Labour Affairs. For more, see https://labouraffairsmagazine.com/very-old-issues-images/magazines-020-to-029/. | <urn:uuid:0f70580e-792a-4e8f-9be0-e5f8aa4cfc29> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://labouraffairsmagazine.com/very-old-issues-images/magazines-020-to-029/magazine-029-not-yet-placed/was-modern-industry-a-mistake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.973642 | 2,084 | 2.828125 | 3 |
KUA is an innovative, community-based initiative for protecting, restoring and caring for Hawaiʻi. Our unique native species, ecosystems and island way of life in Hawaiʻi are deeply interconnected, and are at the heart of what makes these islands “home.”
KUA means back, or backbone. Together, we are building a “backbone organization” that supports creative and collective community-based solutions to problems stemming from environmental degradation in Hawai’i.
Hawaiʻi’s natural and cultural resources — sacred landscapes, fisheries, streams, forests and reefs — have been deeply impacted by over 200 years of political, economic and social upheaval and change. Today, Hawaiʻi has the highest concentration of endangered species anywhere on the planet. Fish populations and catches have been reduced by over 75% in the last century, and most areas of the islands have been severely altered by human activity.
The knowledge and efforts of local communities are more important now than ever. Globally, interest in community-based solutions is rising, an approach known broadly today as “Community-based Natural Resources Management.” Locally, the stewardship work of our island communities needs and deserves resources, connection, attention, and support.
KUA is advancing community-based natural resources management in Hawai’i, working together with government agencies and communities towards restoring Hawaiʻi communities’ traditional role as caretakers of their lands and waters.
Large-scale change happens only when connected, caring communities of people move together. Together with local communities, government agencies, schools, businesses, foundations, non-profits, and many, many others, KUA is growing a grassroots movement for nature, people, culture and justice.
Photo: Mo’omomi Walking Trail. By Debbie Gowensmith. | <urn:uuid:a122748b-0557-443d-b4fc-d66f7a92aaf2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://kuahawaii.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506697.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116135004-20210116165004-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.942833 | 378 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Lecture 9 The structural analysis of totem and taboo."— Presentation transcript:
Lecture 9 The structural analysis of totem and taboo
Durkheim: Religious representations are collective representations which express collective realities It is because men were organised that they have been able to organise things, for in classifying these latter, they limited themselves to giving them places in the groups they formed themselves. … The unity of these first logical systems merely reproduces the unity of society (Durkheim 1996 Elementary Forms of Religious Life (George Allen and Unwin, London): 145)
Totemic images are more sacred than the beings themselves The god of the clan, the totemic principle, can therefore be nothing else than the clan itself, personified and represented to the imagination under the visible form of the animal or vegetable which serves as totem. (Durkheim 1996 Elementary Forms of Religious Life (George Allen and Unwin, London): 206)
An animals only becomes totemic because it is first good to eat Malinowskis functionalist interpretation. Structural functionalism of Radcliffe- Brown: Permanence and solidarity of the group demands that individual sentiments be expressed collectively Animals only becomes totemic because it is first good to eat
Structural Linguistics Langue and parole (language and speech) Syntagmatic and associative (paradigmatic) relation: John plays golf (football/tennis) Signifier (a word or symbol which stands for something) and signified (thing stood for). The sign - arbitrary Diachronic and synchronic study of language
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic John plays golf John James Sarah plays Golf Football Tennis Left Female Bride takers Less prestige … Right Male Bride givers More prestige …
Re-analysis of Nuer totems The most useful animals, birds, fish and plants are not used as totems. Totemism is based on a perception of resemblence: –Twins are birds –Relations of lineages and families of animals
Animals are good to think, not good to eat Exogamous moieties in Australia (Eaglehawk and Crow) In myth, the world of animal life is represented in terms of human social relations (friendship and conflict, solidarity and opposition). Natural species are classed in pairs of opposites. Totemism is a particular expression of correlatives and oppositions which may be formalised in other ways (hot/cold, upriver/downriver).
Mary Douglas - Matter out of place There is no such thing as absolute dirt Pattern making tendency (schema) – categories are provided by culture. Dirt is a residual category, rejected from the normal scheme of classifications. Anomaly – clarifies categories Culture mediates experience
Holiness and Wholeness Symbolic/structural analysis – dietary laws relate to general ideas about morality blessings from God Holiness = completeness Holiness is given an external, physical expression in the wholeness of the body. Extended to species and categories Holiness means keeping distinct the categories of creation
Dietary laws Cloven-hoofed and cud-chewing animals are the model of the proper kind of food. Pig - cloven hoofed but doesnt chew cud. 3-fold classification In Genesis : In the firmament (air) two legged fowls fly with wings. In water scaly fish swim with fins. On the earth four legged animals hop, jump or walk. Dietary laws are like signs which inspired meditation on the oneness, purity and completeness of God. | <urn:uuid:3ab2ce9f-c592-405a-8253-408903dc6cb2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/778408/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00264-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896752 | 734 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This common moth flies during the day and is easily spotted because of its bright red and black colouration. Its caterpillar is also brightly coloured, with black and gold stripes.
These bold colours and patterns warn birds and other predators that this species is extremely unpleasant to eat.
Cinnabar moths can be found throughout Britain, except northern Scotland, wherever its larval foodplant, ragwort and groundsel, are present.
What does it eat?
Adults drink nectar. Caterpillars eat ragwort and groundsel.
When will I see it?
Adults from May to July. Caterpillars in July and August.
Where will I see it?
Throughout the garden. Also in parks and meadows. | <urn:uuid:86824585-ee02-4397-bd53-548b90525fe0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/wildlifegarden/atoz/c/cinnabarmoth.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651825/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944346 | 155 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Every additional serving of red meat you eat daily may raise your risk of dying by somewhere between 13 and 20 percent over the next several decades compared to people who eat less meat, researchers led by Frank Hu, Ph.D., of the Harvard School of Public Health find in a pair of new studies.
A “serving” is three ounces of meat (about the size of a deck of playing cards) — a significantly smaller portion than most Americans consume.
Hu’s team estimates that around 9.3 percent of deaths among men and 7.6 percent of deaths among women could have been prevented if participants had eaten less than half a serving of red meat per day during the 28-year study period. Nearly 80 percent of men and over 90 percent of women consumed more than that, however, MedPage Today reported March 12.
Eating both processed and unprocessed red meat — including beef, pork, lamb, hamburgers, bacon, hot dogs, and sausage — increases your death risk, the study authors note. However, substituting healthier items like fish and poultry for meat, as well as increasing consumption of other nutritious foods like nuts, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, may lengthen your lifespan.
“What we include in our diet is as important as what we exclude,” says Dean Ornish, M.D., of the University of California at San Francisco in an editorial accompanying the research. “So substituting healthier foods for red meat provides a double benefit to our health.”
The study appears online in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
Reader Question: How many servings of red meat do you eat per week?
(Photo © _BuBBy_ via Flickr) | <urn:uuid:fcefb34a-6e78-4f35-b46d-e4ede9dd1709> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://wellbeingwire.meyouhealth.com/physical-health/too-much-red-meat-may-shorten-your-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510280868.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011800-00047-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966389 | 354 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Subject: What’s this bug?
Location: Santa Barbara California
March 27, 2015 6:42 pm
My backyard has been completely over run by thousands of these bugs over last 6 months. What are they?
This is a Red Shouldered Bug, Jadera haematoloma, and according to BugGuide, the habitat is: “Yards, gardens, riparian areas, and other areas in association with hostplants. Often found in large aggregations feeding on leaking tree sap, dead insects, or seeds that have fallen from trees overhead. Also forms aggregations in winter to hibernate, often in association with human residences.” BugGuide has a list of host plants, and eliminating the food source should help to control the numbers of Red Shouldered Bugs in your yard. | <urn:uuid:496c2bc9-3391-47ed-bbac-2071bcb8bb01> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.whatsthatbug.com/2015/03/30/countdown-15-more-postings-to-the-20000-mark-red-shouldered-bug/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347400101.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528201823-20200528231823-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.938902 | 168 | 2.921875 | 3 |
There’s no danger of computers ruling us, but there is a peril in employing them to greatly magnify the impact of our own errors.
Reproduction is the most fundamental characteristic of life. We see it happen everywhere, so we may feel there is nothing “unnatural” about it.
The standard evolutionary model is incapable of driving major transformations such as a fish evolving into an amphibian.
As Denyse O’Leary asks, “Why is it comparatively easy to develop a program to play chess, as opposed to teaching a robot to walk freely?”
Darwin’s evolutionary mechanism is just a blunt recipe, an algorithm, and it can only select what is immediately functional. | <urn:uuid:53ccd4b1-aa4a-4116-89cf-9336dbd1cd2c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://evolutionnews.org/tag/computers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823702.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211194359-20181211215859-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.928059 | 150 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A Commentary by John Stott
Galatians 1: 1-2. 1). Paul’s authority.
Paul claims for himself the very title which the false teachers were evidently denying him. He was an apostle, an apostle of Jesus Christ. The term already had a precise connotation. ‘To the Jew the word was well defined; it meant a special messenger, with a special status, enjoying an authority and commission that came from a body higher than himself’.
This is the title which Jesus used for His special representatives or delegates. From the wider company of disciples He chose twelve, named them ‘apostles’, and sent them out to preach (Lk.6:13; Mk.3:14). Thus they were personally chosen, called and commissioned by Jesus Christ, and authorized to teach in His name. The New Testament evidence is clear that this group was small and unique. The word ‘apostle’ was not a general word which could be applied to every Christian like the words ‘believer’, ‘saint’ or ‘brother’. It was a special term reserved for the Twelve and for one or two others whom the risen Christ had personally appointed. There can, therefore, be no apostolic succession, other than a loyalty to the apostolic doctrine of the New Testament. The apostles had no successors. In the nature of the case no-one could succeed them. They were unique.
To this select company of apostles Paul claimed to belong. We should get used to calling him ‘the apostle Paul’ rather than ‘Saint Paul’, because every Christian is a saint in New Testament vocabulary, while no Christian today is an apostle. Notice how he clearly distinguishes himself from other Christians who were with him at the time of writing. He calls them, in verse 2, *all the brethren who are with me*. He is happy to associate them with him in the salutation, but he unashamedly puts himself first and gives himself a title which he does not give them. They are all ‘brethren’; he alone among them is ‘an apostle’.
He leaves us in no doubt about the nature of his apostleship. In other Epistles he is content to describe himself as ‘called to be an apostle’ (Rom.1:1) or ‘called by the will of God to be an apostle of Christ Jesus’ (1 Cor.1:1). Or, without mentioning his call, he styles himself ‘an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will (or ‘command’) of God’ (cf. 2 Cor.1:1; Eph.1:1; Col.1:1; 1 Tim.1:1; 2 Tim.1:1). Here, however, at the beginning of the Galatian Epistle, he enlarges on his description of himself. He makes a forceful statement that his apostleship is not human in any sense, but essentially divine. Literally, he says that he is an apostle ‘not from men or through a man’. That is, he was not appointed by a group of men, such as the Twelve or the church at Jerusalem or the church at Antioch, as, for instance, the Jewish Sanhedrin appointed apostles, official delegates commissioned to travel and teach in their name. Paul himself (as Saul of Tarsus) had been one of these, as is plain from Acts 9:1, 2. But he had not been appointed to Christian apostleship by any group of men. Nor even, granted the divine origin of his apostolic appointment, was it brought to him through any individual human mediator, such as Ananias or Barnabas or anybody else. Paul insists that human beings had nothing whatever to do with it. His apostolic commission was human neither directly nor indirectly; it was wholly divine.
It was, in his words, *through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead*. Only one preposition is used: ‘*through* Jesus Christ and God the Father’. But the contrast with the phrase ‘from men’ and ‘through man’ suggests that Paul’s apostolic appointment came not from men but from God the Father, nor through a man, but through Jesus Christ (the inference being, incidentally, that Jesus Christ is not just a man). We know from elsewhere that this was the case. God the Father chose Paul to be an apostle (his call was ‘by the will of God’) and appointed him to this office through Jesus Christ, whom He raised from the dead. It was the risen Lord who commissioned him on the Damascus road, and Paul several times refers to this sight of the risen Christ as an essential condition of his apostleship (see 1 Cor.9:1; 15:8, 9).
Why did Paul thus assert and defend his apostleship? Was he just a braggart, inflated with personal vanity? No. Was it from pique that men had dared to challenge his authority? No. It was because the gospel that he preached was at stake. If Paul were not an apostle of Jesus Christ, then men could, and no doubt would, reject his gospel. This he could not bear. For what Paul spoke was Christ’s message on Christ’s authority. So he defended his apostolic authority in order to defend his message.
This special, divine authority of the apostle Paul is enough in itself to discredit and dispose of certain modern views of the New Testament. Let me mention two.
Tomorrow: a). The radical view. | <urn:uuid:b35327fd-bc70-42ac-ba04-79b16b0f464d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://johnstott.org/bible_studies/15-jan-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104205534.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702222819-20220703012819-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.981557 | 1,177 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Starting the day with manuscript editing over coffee and breakfast, working on evidence of ancient astronomy. My interests in archaeology and astronomy preceded combining them. Inevitably, archaeoastronomy caught my interest. When my research focus shifted from Mesoamerican codices to rock art–to start reading the story from the beginning so to speak, Fajada Butte and Chaco Canyon caught my attention. I found the codices overwhelming and indecipherable. Rock art wasn’t any easier, but it is a much larger sample of the original “writing” and it is still in place, in context and I enjoyed a year spent in the Southwest desert “reading” the sites. After noting a specific glyph was distributed on a north-south line I examined Southwest ruins and found a concentration of major sites on a meridian. I named it the Chaco Meridian, drew a map, and, considering the finding significant, notarized the map and sent a copy to a few archaeologists. Thus I was drawn into a new area of research decades ago, site-to-site relationships of ancient monuments, what I term archaeogeodesy. Archaeology has a way of leading the researcher down new and unexpected paths of exploration and of learning.
Learning archaeology has been a long road with many branches. To study the past, especially if your focus is past knowledge, your level of knowledge has to match the topic. Archaeologists focused on ceramics become experts in ceramics, those focused on subsistence learn agriculture, etc. At one point I did not know the word geodesy existed, albeit I knew about navigation, surveying, and cartography. Our paradigms blind us to what other cultures knew and I did not suspect past cultures placed their largest monuments at specific latitudes or in relation to distant monuments. Bit by bit, the archaeological evidence forces the researcher to learn what the ancients knew. This process can hit a wall when the evidence demonstrates that past knowledge may exceed one’s one and the knowledge of one’s own culture. I hit that wall when my research results indicated past civilizations had determined longitude accurately. How else could they place major monuments in relation to each other when direct survey between them wasn’t possible. My knowledge was inadequate to explain how this was accomplished without modern tools.
Analysis of site-to-site relationships also yielded evidence of accurate heliocentric astronomy and precise knowledge of astronomy constants. How did ancient civilizations determine astronomy constants? Since modern astronomy offered no solutions, I had to figure it out the way they did, using reasoning. So now I’m trying to figure out how to communicate all this to a culture generally lacking literacy in these areas. No one said archaeology would be easy. Most certainly no one said we might lack enough knowledge to understand aspects of the past or that we would have to expand our own knowledge to do so. I really need that morning coffee because somehow I ended up an archaeologist. | <urn:uuid:92391779-d37d-4217-af92-64b53be00cce> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.dayofarchaeology.com/morning-coffee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738552.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809102845-20200809132845-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.954838 | 615 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The RIDASCREEN® Legionella is an enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Legionella pneumophila antigens in urine samples.
Legionnaires’ disease is an acute, respiratory infection which is mainly caused by L. pneumophila. It was first described in 1976 during a congress in Philadelphia, USA, where Legionnaires’ disease was given its Name. The Legionella strain belongs to the Legionellaceae family and is divided into 40 species with more than 70 serogroups. Legionella bacteria are facultative, intracellular gram negative bacteria whose peak infection rate occurs in the summer and early fall. With Legionnaires’ disease, a differentiation is made between externally acquired infections due to travel and nosocomial infections.
|Test format||Microtiter plate with 96 wells (12 strips with 8 removable wells each|
|Sample preparation||Urine samples can be used directly without dilution.|
|Incubation time||105 min|
|Cut-off||Cut-off = extinction rate for the negative control + 0.15|
|Detection limit||1,5 ng/mL specific LPS-Antigen of Legionella can be detected| | <urn:uuid:e61d1dbc-c5e1-4455-8771-0643a254e88d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://clinical.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreen-legionella/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.834237 | 250 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A triangle has no one unique center, but the circumcenter may be the second most popular and easy to visualize, after the incenter.
The circumcircle is the smallest circle that can fit through the three points that define a triangle. The circumcircle has a radius, R, that is equal to a*b*c/(4K), where K is the area of the triangle, and a, b, and c are the side lengths of the triangle ΔABC. We will denote the circumcenter as O
The circumcenter's coordinates are:
(dA*(Cy-By) + dB*(Ay-Cy) + dC*(By-Ay))
Ox = ----------------------------------------- (1a)
2*(Ax*(Cy-By) + Bx*(Ay-Cy) + Cx*(By-Ay))
-(dA*(Cx-Bx) + dB*(Ax-Cx) + dC*(Bx-Ax))
Oy = ----------------------------------------- (1b)
2*(Ax*(Cy-By) + Bx*(Ay-Cy) + Cx*(By-Ay))
O = (Ox, Oy)... Cartesian coordinates of the circumcenter
A = (Ax, Ay)... the coordinates of vertex A of triangle ABC
B = (Bx, By)... the coordinates of vertex B of triangle ABC
C = (Cx, Cy)... the coordinates of vertex C of triangle ABC
and where some intermediate calculations help reduce eyestrain:
dA = Ax^2 + Ay^2 (2a)
dB = Bx^2 + By^2 (2b)
dC = Cx^2 + Cy^2 (2c)
The best explanation for finding the center of the circle is found here. The Khan Academy always has marvelous tutorials on YouTube, and they also explain this quite well here..
Example 1: An acute triangle has vertices A, B, and C at A = (-2,-2), B = (5,3), and C = (1,4). Find the circumcenter O and the radius of the circumcircle, R.
A = (Ax, Ay) = (-2,-2)
B = (Bx, By) = ( 5, 3)
C = (Cx, Cy) = ( 1, 4)
dA = (-2)^2 + (-2)^2 = 8
dB = 5^2 + 3^2 = 34
dC = 1^2 + 4^2 = 17
O = (Ox, Oy) = (2.06, -0.28)
R = 4.4
The result is that the circumcenter is found at (2.06, -0.28) and the radius of the circumcircle is 4.4.
Point of Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors: The circumcenter is the point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of each side. If you bisect every side, and you draw the line that runs perpendicular to that side then every line intersects at one point: the circumcenter.
When I began this writeup, I was under the impression that Euclid had proved that the perpendicular bisectors from every side all meet at the same point for every possible triangle. He showed something similar in Book 4, Proposition 5 of The Elements. But Cut the Knot mathematician and author Alexander Bogomolny says that Euclid didn't do this. He only showed that they did, but offered no proof. It's Bogomolny's belief that Euclid would have needed a Ceva's Theorem in order to prove it, but that theorem didn't come along for another 1500 years.
SOURCE: Jim Wilson, Proof that the three perpendicular biectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. Wilson is a professor with the Mathematics Education program at the University of Georgia. His web site is full of mathematical topics.
The Circumcenter is Outside the Triangle for Obtuse Triangles: Although the incenter is always inside the triangle, the circumcenter does not have to be. When the triangle is acute, the circumcenter is inside ΔABC. When it is obtuse, O is outside. Example 2 gives points of a very small obtuse angle with a wide vertex angle at A. The circumcenter is a large distance away from the triangle.
Example 2: An obtuse triangle has one vertex at the origin. We'll label this vertex A. The triangle is isosceles, meaning that sides AB and AC are of equal length. The interior angle α is 150°. The vertex coordinates are: A = (0,0), B = (1,0), and C = (cos(150°),sin(150°)) = (-0.87, 0.5). Find the circumcenter and the radius of the circumcircle.
A = (Ax, Ay) = ( 0, 0)
B = (Bx, By) = ( 1, 0)
C = (Cx, Cy) = (-0.87, 0.5)
dA = 3.73
dB = 1
dC = 1
O = (Ox, Oy) = (0.5, 1.87)
R = 1.93
The circumcenter is located at O = (0.5, 1.87). The radius is R = 1.93, a comparatively large distance away from the triangle. This is for an interior angle α = 150°. If the interior angle were greater, the radius would be even larger. For α = 170°, R = 5.7.
A straightforward equation for the circumcenter was difficult to find on the internet, and when I sat down to derive it myself, I was dismayed at how messy the terms got. When I did find a workable equation (Equation 1 above), I wanted to see if it would work for a variety of cases, and so I dropped the equation and many of its preceding calculational terms into Excel, created a graph of a triangle, the circumcenter point, and then the circumcircle to see if the equation would work and was well behaved and so forth. A picture of Example 1 is on my homenode, and will stay there for a brief time.
Barycentric Coordinates: The barycentric coordinates of the circumcenter are sin(2α):sin(2β):sin(2γ). (The interior angles at triangle vertices A, B, and C are α, β, γ, respectively.)
Trilinear Coordinates: The trilinear coordinates of the circumcenter are cos(α):cos(β):cos(γ).
Everything2 Writeups: Articles on (topic)
- tongpoo, circumcenter, Dec. 2, 2001
- tongpoo, circumcircle. A nodeshell was created, but it was never filled. Clearly this hole must be filled!
- tongpoo, triangle, Feb. 8, 2002
- IWhoSawTheFace, incenter, Feb. 8, 2002
References: Useful books and references on geometry
H.S.M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, 2nd Ed., (c) 1969
*SIGH* What a magnificent book.
§ 1.4, “The Medians and the Centroid,” p. 10
§ 1.5, “The Incircle and the Circumcircle,” pp. 11-16
§ 1.6, “The Euler Line and the Orthocenter,” p. 17
Dan Pedoe, Geometry: A Comprehensive Course
J.L. Heilbron, Geometry Civilized, ©2000
David Wells, Ed., The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry, ©1991
Bruce Meserve, Fundamental Concepts of Geometry, ©1983
Melvin Hausner, A Vector Space Approach to Geometry, ©1965
Gerald Farin and Dianne Hansford, The Geometry Toolbox, ©1998
Ch. 3, 2D Lines
§ 3.6, “Distance of a point to a line,” p. 40
§ 3.7, “The foot of a point,” p. 44
§ 3.8, “Computing intersections,” p. 45
Ch. 8, Breaking it up: Triangles
§ 8.1, “Barycentric coordinates,” p. 126
§ 8.2, “Affine invariance,” p. 128
§ 8.3, “Some special points,” p. 128
Daniel Zwillinger, Ed., The CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 30th Ed, ©1996
Ch. 4, Geometry,
§ 4.5.1, “Triangles,” p. 271
§ 4.6, “Circles,” p. 277
Siobhan Roberts, King of Infinite Space: Donald Coxeter, the Man Who Saved Geometry, ©2006
Alfred S. Posamentier and Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Geometry, ©1988
Hans Rademacher and Otto Toeplitz, The Enjoyment of Mathematics, Published in 1957 by the Princeton University Press
§ 26, “A characteristic property of the circle,” p. 160
§ 28, “The indispensability of the compass for the constructions of elementary geometry,” p. 177
- Wikipedia, "Circumscribed Circle" This contains very useful mathematical formulae, especially matrix forms for finding the center of the circle, and exterior angles at the intersections of the circumcircle with the vertices of a triangle.
- Wikipedia, "Triangle"
- Wikipedia, "Incircle and Excircles of a Triangle"
- D. Joyce, Euclid's Elements, Book 4, Proposition 5, "To circumscribe a circle about a given triangle." David Joyce is a professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Clark University. He rendered Euclid's Elements into HTML, added Java applets to illustrate geometric constructions with live, movable points and lines. If you're a geometry buff, you should bookmark this site.
- Jim Wilson, Proof that the three perpendicular biectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. Wilson is a professor with the Mathematics Education program at the University of Georgia. His web site is full of mathematical topics.
- To construct a circle given three points. Nice Java applet allows you to drag vertices around and watch the circumcenter move.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Circumcenter" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Circumcircle" From
MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Circumradius" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Incenter" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Triangle" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Tangential Triangle" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
- Alexander Bogomolny, "Incircle and Excircles of a Triangle" From Cut The Knot--mathematical topics. Cut the Knot has a full range of geometric topics. | <urn:uuid:57fbf7c8-d874-4e4a-a513-65c0c4c709cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://everything2.com/title/Circumcenter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686465.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920052220-20170920072220-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.871969 | 2,433 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A biface is a stone tool that has flakes removed from both sides. It can be used as a knife, scraper, or further worked into a more recognizable tool. The typical biface shape is an oval with slightly pointed ends. The biface on the left was found near Fort Vermilion in 2016.
Augering is another method used by archaeologists to test for deep sites and buried paleosols. In this picture Brian is using an auger to look for buried paleosols.
There are times when a shovel just won’t cut it. Some areas have high potential for deep sedimentation. When this occurs archaeologists will turn to other methods to look for sites and for buried paleosols. In this picture Kurt is about to monitor a backhoe while it digs a trench for us to examine. The end result is a long deep tench like the one pictured here.
The leaves are quickly changing their colours into their beautiful fall reds, yellows, and even browns. This usually marks our annual crunch as we try to complete all our fieldwork before the snow falls! Here Alex is testing out a site we found for Alberta Plywood in the Marten Hills, near Slave Lake, AB.
More than archaeology…
In addition to looking for historic resource sites when in the field we are always on the lookout for noxious weeds like these oxeye daisies. When we encounter them we report them to our clients so they can manage them appropriately. In this case the client requested that we pick them out by the roots so they could spray the area with herbicide before they went to seed.
On occasion accessing our target areas is simply not possible by truck, ATV, or foot. At least, not in a timely manner! So bring in the helicopters! They certainly bring a whole new perspective to the topography, and how our small target areas fit into the general landscape. This particular project was for AlPac, up in the Conklin area.
Over the years archaeologists have adopted technological advances from other disciplines. In the office, using programs such as QGIS along with LIDAR and other data sets we can create models to predict sites. In the field, we use a GPS for navigation and iPads to take our notes. Artifact processing has also seen many advances helping us to date and source artifacts.
For all of these advances that have been made in the field, certain tools remain the same. One of the most essential tools that we use in the field is a shovel. I know many people associate trowels and fedoras with archaeologists, however these are most commonly used in academic excavations. While in the world of CRM the trowel will be used for certain situations, the shovel reigns, specifically at Tree Time it is the King of Spades.
The reigning king
The advantages to the King of Spades are its durability and its ability to cut through roots. The all metal shovel has never been broken by a staff member at Tree Time. Maybe lost forever in a deep stream when accidentally dropped… but never broken. In addition, the sheer weight of the shovel can help pound through roots. Other shovels are not as durable, the blades may warp, and they are more prone to breaking at the shaft break. Not the king though.
The Grizzly Challenger
Most shovels are not made of all metal but incorporate bits of wood. There can be a wide variety in quality so we highly recommend the Grizzly. These shovels are much lighter and easier to sharpen. The durability of the King of Spades comes at a cost, it is by far the heaviest and the most difficult to sharpen due to its thick blade. The ability to sharpen the Grizzly easily due to the thinner blade helps us maintain a sharp edge in the field to cut through roots. The light weight also makes them a lot easier to hike a long distance with, making for a much more pleasant hike.
In the end the durability of the King of Spades wins the favor of most of us at Tree Time. In fact five out of seven archaeologists, well at least at Tree Time, agree that the King of Spades shovel is the preferred tool. Long live the king.
This would not have happened if Madeline had the King of Spades! | <urn:uuid:985b21f0-f02f-4115-a530-20c2d651310d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://archaeologyblog.treetimeservices.ca/tag/archaeological/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258453.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525224929-20190526010929-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.959859 | 885 | 2.75 | 3 |
Travel, the ancient art of embarking on a journey to discover new horizons, has woven itself into the very fabric of human existence. From the nomadic tribes of early civilizations to the contemporary globetrotters of today, the allure of travel is an intrinsic part of the human experience. This article delves into the multifaceted enchantment of travel, exploring its profound impact on individuals, the evolving landscape of the travel industry, and the timeless quest for discovery.
The Essence of Wanderlust:
At the heart of travel lies a powerful force known as wanderlust—the innate desire to explore, to venture beyond the familiar and delve into the unknown. This primal instinct has driven explorers across oceans, spurred pilgrims to sacred sites, and fueled the modern traveler’s quest for diverse experiences. Wanderlust represents an insatiable curiosity about the world and a relentless pursuit of the extraordinary.
Cultural Odyssey and Human Connection:
Travel is an immersive cultural odyssey, offering a tapestry of experiences that extend beyond sightseeing. It is a journey into the heart of different societies, a chance to engage with local traditions, taste authentic cuisines, and forge connections with people from diverse backgrounds. The human connection forged through travel transcends language barriers, fostering mutual understanding and breaking down stereotypes. In the midst of unfamiliar landscapes, travelers often discover a shared humanity that unites people across continents.
The Transformative Power of Exploration:
Beyond the physical act of moving from place to place, travel is a transformative experience that shapes individuals on a profound level. Stepping into new environments challenges preconceptions, broadens perspectives, and encourages personal growth. Whether navigating bustling markets, scaling mountain peaks, or wandering through ancient ruins, each adventure becomes a chapter in the traveler’s ongoing journey of self-discovery.
Culinary Excursions and Tasteful Memories:
One of the most delectable aspects of travel is the exploration of diverse culinary landscapes. Every destination has a unique flavor, and sampling local cuisines becomes a sensory adventure in itself. From savoring street food in bustling markets to indulging in haute cuisine in world-renowned restaurants, travel offers a feast for the taste buds and creates lasting memories that linger long after the journey concludes.
As the world becomes increasingly aware of environmental issues, the travel industry is witnessing a shift toward eco-conscious exploration. Sustainable travel practices, responsible tourism, and eco-friendly accommodations are becoming integral components of the modern travel experience. The conscious traveler seeks to minimize their impact on the environment, support local communities, and contribute to the preservation of natural wonders for future generations.
Technological Trends in Travel:
In the digital age, technology has revolutionized the way people plan, experience, and share their travels. Online booking platforms, travel apps, and social media have become indispensable tools for the modern traveler. Virtual reality and augmented reality are transforming how individuals research and preview destinations, providing immersive experiences that complement traditional travel.
The Joy of Serendipity:
While meticulous planning has its merits, the joy of serendipity is a vital aspect of travel. Some of the most memorable moments occur when travelers deviate from the itinerary, stumble upon hidden gems, or forge unexpected connections. Embracing the unpredictability of the journey adds an element of spontaneity that enhances the overall richness of the travel experience.
The Challenges and Rewards of Travel:
Travel is not without its challenges, from navigating unfamiliar languages and customs to overcoming logistical hurdles. Yet, it is precisely these challenges that contribute to the rewards of travel. The resilience cultivated in adapting to new environments, the lessons learned from overcoming obstacles, and the sense of accomplishment derived from navigating the unknown are intrinsic to the journey.
In essence, travel is an endless odyssey that transcends the mere act of moving from place to place. It is a profound exploration of self and the world, a quest for connection, understanding, and enrichment. As individuals continue to embark on their personal journeys, the enchantment of travel persists, weaving together the threads of cultural exchange, self-discovery, and the timeless allure of wanderlust. In the ever-evolving landscape of travel, one thing remains constant—the transformative power of exploration. | <urn:uuid:d4dc7c8b-dbbc-4530-a735-22352f317ad2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://101entrepreneurship.org/the-endless-odyssey-unveiling-the-enchantment-of-travel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.888779 | 866 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Guinea has a tropical monsoon climate with moist south-westerly winds during the wet season (March to October) and dry north-easterly winds during the dry season (November to February). During the wet season, local vegetation grows rapidly resulting in an accumulation of undergrowth. During the dry season with little rainfall, the shallow topsoil retains little water, leading to ideal conditions for wild fire.
Often described as a ‘water tower’, the Nimba Mountains serve as headwaters to over 40 permanent and seasonal streams. Those in Guinea flow mainly into the Cavally River, which continues into Cote d’Ivoire and then forms the border between Cote d’Ivoire and Liberia before flowing into the Gulf of Guinea. The mountains have many mid-elevation springs that flow year-round, fed by groundwater from high-elevations of the massif. | <urn:uuid:68168274-edd0-4678-9635-365f9f41f9e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.smfg.com/nimba-mountains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.973453 | 188 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The study suggested that Tamiflu, which is used to prevent and treat influenza, shortens flu symptoms by between a day and half a day. But the authors said there is "no good evidence" to support claims that it reduces flu-related hospital admissions or the complications of influenza.
The researchers, from The Cochrane Collaboration and the British Medical Journal (BMJ), also claimed that taking the drug could increase a person's risk of nausea and vomiting. And when used as a preventative treatment it can stop people developing flu symptoms but may not prevent them from spreading flu to others, the authors said.
The findings of the review may cause further questions to be raised about the Government's stockpile of the drug. During the swine flu pandemic in 2009, the Scottish Government spent millions of pounds accumulating supplies of Tamiflu. A total of 3.5 million doses of the drug, and another anti-viral Relenza, were made available. In the event, less than 100,000 doses were handed out.
"The BMJ and Cochrane issue a joint call to government and health policy decision makers the world over, asking in light of the latest findings from the Cochrane Review, would you make the same recommendations today, choosing to stockpile Tamiflu?" a BMJ spokeswoman said.
Pharmaceutical company Roche said it "fundamentally disagrees" with the latest review, which was based on data from 20 clinical study reports. | <urn:uuid:732c7991-1536-4e47-b169-fe35a9d92c91> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/health/flu-drug-research-leads-to-appeals-for-review.23927502 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444774.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00093-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957628 | 296 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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