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Using information from many sources, we aim to understand the health of our waters and the landscape around them.
We want to make sure that any action taken to improve water quality makes a difference. It is important that we have the evidence to show this, so we know what works - and what doesn’t.
We focus on:
The EPA works with local authorities, government departments and other public agencies and bodies to do this. We bring together and analyse information from these and other sources to understand how what is happening in our catchments affects our waters.
Money and other resources will always be limited. This means it is important to focus on actions that will improve water quality.
catchments.ie shares science and stories about our waters. This includes the Catchments Newsletter, detailed assessments for our 46 catchments and 583 subcatchments, downloadable chemistry data, and dashboards for an overview of status, pressures, impacts and objectives.
This site shares the latest we have on water quality and other information at the moment you search for it for over 200 beaches. You can discover beaches near you, find out which beaches have safe water quality, check out tides and learn about beach amenities. You can also be informed of swim restrictions and annual water quality ratings. | <urn:uuid:367647ce-0eb6-43fc-82f3-bff58cf1f621> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/freshwater--marine/catchment-science-and-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.940859 | 257 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Colorado school children nominated the Rocky Mountain columbine as their favorite flower in the year 1891. Out of the 22,316 votes that were cast, 14,472 went to the Rocky Mountain columbine.
Columbine, also called Granny's Bonnet, is a genus of beautiful and colorful flowers. Its scientific name is Aquilegia
, derived from the Latin word 'aquila', which means eagle, as its petals resemble an eagle's claw. The flower is bell-shaped and has distinctive spurred petals. There are more than 60 - 70 species of this genus. This evergreen perennial blooms in many attractive shades of red, blue, pink, purple, white, and yellow. It easily grows in fertile, well-drained soil and is very low on maintenance as well. It can be a very good addition for your garden. It grows to around 2 feet in height and blooms in the late spring to early summer. It grows in USDA hardiness zones 3 - 9. Some species are native to certain regions of America, but it can grow in the northern as well as southern regions. It also shows excellent drought resistance, which makes it perfect for rock gardens or woodland gardens. Columbines have a short lifespan of 3 to 4 years.
How to Grow
: The most important step is to choose a suitable location. Ideally, it should get full sun in the morning and partial shade in the afternoon.
: The soil should be rich in nutrients and well-drained. It should be slightly moist, but not soggy.
: The seeds should be kept in the refrigerator for 3 - 4 weeks before planting. Then move them to around 70 - 75 degrees, where they will germinate. Sow the seeds in your garden anytime between early spring to mid-summer. There's no need to cover them, as long as they receive plenty of light.
: You can also plant pre-established plants directly, around the same time. Ensure that the plants are placed at least 1 - 2 feet apart. It will take a year for blooms to appear on seed-grown plants.
How to Care
: In the beginning, it is very important to keep the plants moist. Once they are well established, weekly watering is sufficient.
: It is best to use a water-soluble fertilizer monthly. Fertilizing will give your plant thicker foliage and brighter flowers.
: Deadheading is a process in which dead flowers are removed from the plant to facilitate additional blooming. Columbines are prolific self-seeders; so not deadheading them will give you many replacements.
: Leaf miners can be a problem for columbines. They are larva of an insect, which eats plant tissue. They damage the leaf by causing winding tunnels on leaf surface. Using neem oil on the plants is an excellent way of controlling these pests. Pruning the plants just after blooming can be effective as well.
: Columbine is also susceptible to a fungal disease called powdery mildew. It is very difficult to control this disease. The only option is to cut off the affected part.
Inverted columbine flower resembling a cluster of doves
The name columbine means "dove" in Latin. The upturned flower resembles five doves clustered together.
Columbines represent seduction and anxious excitement.
These flowers are a delight for bird watchers, as they are the favorite flowers of the hummingbird. The hummingbird is its top pollinator, as the bird's long tongue and bill helps it to reach the flower's nectar.
The flowers are edible and have a very sweet taste.
Native Americans used its root as a herbal remedy for treatment of ulcers. The flowers of some species were used as condiments. But medical use of these plants should be avoided, as they are very toxic, and columbine poisonings can be fatal.
Rocky Mountain columbine, state flower of Colorado
It is illegal to uproot a columbine flower on public land, and without the consent of the owner on private land.
Easy to grow and maintain, columbine flowers are beautiful, and will make your garden very colorful and attractive. With little effort from your end, you will get an amazing bloom. | <urn:uuid:c5a633dd-1c56-4cdd-8658-5c80d0e16423> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-grow-and-care-for-columbine-flowers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.955826 | 884 | 3.21875 | 3 |
What Sir Alec did next
David Willis talks to one of Britain's greatest scientists about his revolutionary discovery nearly a quarter of a century ago – and what has preoccupied him since.
Listening to Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys talk about his career in human genetic research, it is immediately apparent that he still applies as much enthusiasm and tenacity to his work as a new PhD student eager to impress their supervisor. It is this, amongst many more characteristics, that has undoubtedly led to numerous scientific firsts spanning an illustrious career.
Sir Alec freely accepts that after his 1984 discovery to identify people via variations in their DNA, he will always be labelled as 'Mr DNA fingerprinting' or 'The Father of Genetic Fingerprinting'. But with this, he takes great pleasure from the immense impact the discovery has had and how, he acknowledges, "it, more than anything, has put DNA right up into the public eye. It brought it into everybody’s living room."
DNA fingerprinting is however just one facet of Sir Alec's work. What he describes as his "driving interest" is research into human genetic variation and the processes that create it. This has stirred an immense passion to try and solve some of the most fundamental questions surrounding genetic differences amongst humans:
- To what extent do people vary from one another?
- How does human DNA change between generations?
- What are the mechanisms involved?
His work has taken many great strides in achieving some of the answers and has spawned many other discoveries. Here are just a few of his landmarks since that day nearly 24 years ago.
Early history of genetic fingerprinting
"First, you must go back to work that people by and large have pretty much forgotten," he says. In the late 1970s, on the eve of the DNA fingerprinting discovery, Sir Alec, a fresh faced genetic scientist with the freedom to explore and experiment with novel ideas, was not only the joint first in the world to describe how to detect human genetic variation at the DNA level but also first to produce a pretty good estimate of how many sites in the human genome showed this variation. This is something he says is still very proud of, that despite the relatively primitive technology he used, "we got it pretty much bang on."
Over the next two decades the science of human genetic variation developed at a phenomenal rate. First it was that 'Eureka' moment of DNA fingerprinting, which catapulted the area of research into both the scientific and public eye. This technology relies almost exclusively on detecting highly variable repeated parts of DNA called 'minisatellites'. Sir Alec observed that these "pretty bizarre bits of DNA" found in the genome, seemed to be changing and "picking up mutations at an extraordinary rate" when compared to genes. In 1988, he was able to, for the first time, describe the mutation rate between parents and their child's DNA at these minisatellites. But how and why they did this, was still largely unknown.
In his hunt to find the answer, Sir Alec first had to overcome one of the greatest obstacles in human genetics. When investigating how DNA changes between generations, it is often limited by how small families are and how rarely these DNA changes occurred.
Said Professor Jeffreys: "By the late 1980s we'd shown how you can analyse these regions of DNA down to the single DNA molecule level. Using DNA amplification this opened up an entirely new approach. That is, if you stop and think about what you are doing in families, you're looking at a child to deduce whether the sperm or the egg giving rise to that child is carrying a new mutation. So why bother with the child, if you can analyze DNA at the single molecule level?"
The 'eureka' moment
The first DNA fingerprint was created at 9.05am on Monday 10 September 1984. Highly variable repeated part of DNA called 'minisatellites' could be clearly seen, and in 1988 Sir Alec was able to describe the mutation rate between parents and their child's DNA at these satellites. The 25th anniversary of the discovery will be marked in 2009.
Described as one of his highest points since 1984, Sir Alec defied all of his colleagues around the world by developing a technology that they said would be impossible, telling him: "you’d never get this to work." He devised a technique which would greatly enhance a scientist's ability to see how DNA changed between generations. This enabled the DNA of millions of sperm to be examined to directly measure the mutation rate and for first time observe these minisatellites or other regions of DNA before and after the mutational changes occurred during the process of sperm production. By using direct evidence from sperm analysis, Sir Alec armed himself with the knowledge that these minisatellites were highly unstable. He then moved quickly to try and unravel the secrets of when, how and why these DNA mutational changes occurred.
There are "two great engines that generate DNA diversity" - in the sperm and egg or germline cells of humans. For this reason, the research in the department separated off in two directions.
The first was rare 'direct mutation events'. Sir Alec and Professor Yuri Dubrova, another distinguished human genetic scientist in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester, were primarily concerned with how the environment has an effect upon DNA which is inherited between generations. Professor Dubrova completed some major studies in humans from regions affected by the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and parts of Kazakhstan where Russia tested above ground nuclear weapons. This work led to some of the first evidence that radiation can directly cause heritable mutations in human DNA.
The second, Sir Alec's main topic of interest, is 'recombination'. Apart from red blood cells, every cell in the human body contains 46 long strings of DNA called chromosomes: 23 are inherited from the mother and 23 from the father. When the body produces germline cells, all of the 46 chromosomes pair up and then separate, to halve the chromosome number. During this process, the chromosomes get tangled up and exchange genetic material, this is recombination. Sir Alec likens this process to the reshuffling of a deck of cards. The deck is the entire genome and the cards are all bits of DNA that make up the genome. What results is a completely new order of cards in the deck, reshuffling patterns of pre-existing mutations or genetic changes in the genome and greatly increasing the overall level of variation between different people. Most surprisingly, Sir Alec found that minisatellites were unstable because they were very good at getting hooked into this recombination process, with many errors occurring during recombination driving mutation at minisatellites.
The process of recombination has been a focus of Professor Jeffreys' research since his landmark discovery of DNA fingerprinting.
So for Sir Alec, recombination was the driving force behind these highly unstable minisatellites. But what was fuelling it? Welcome the arrival of the recombination 'hotspot' - and yet another world first for Sir Alec. Hotspots are small regions of the human genome which exhibit extremely high levels of genetic change between generations by inducing recombination. For the first time his lab was able to explain exactly what a hotspot was and what it looked like. To his delight, one of his minisatellites was located right next to a hotspot, so perhaps the instability of the minisatellite was driven by this hotspot. But was this discovery just a stroke of luck or was this particular minisatellite the only region of DNA which had a hotspot adjacent to it?
"That led me into a very major programme of research, which was to basically to try and understand how these recombination events between chromosomes happened. How they distributed along the chromosomes? Do they fall into hotspots or are they more randomly distributed and what effect would that distribution have on patterns of human DNA diversity?"
With further developments of some extremely powerful technologies using sperm, Sir Alec was able to show that hotspots were not the exception but were the rule right across the human genome, though few were associated with minisatellites. Not only that, but he also showed that these hotspots have a huge effect on patterns of DNA variation between people.
So again imagine a deck of cards which represents the human genome, but this time when shuffling them, some of the cards are stuck together and so only certain parts can be shuffled, these are like recombination hotspots. Often clustered together in small regions of the genome, hotspots help signal where recombination will primarily happen. This work contributed to the revelation that 90 to 95% of the human genome is in fact not recombining, and that if no hotspot is present then this completely shifts the pattern of human variation into that seen typically in an asexual organism.
The published work by Sir Alec in 2001 that followed, helped initiate something called the 'International HapMap Project', a collaboration of scientists across the globe that allowed the extensive mapping of genetic diversity across the entire the human genome. This is where Sir Alec sees his work, other than DNA fingerprinting being most applicable. It will inevitably further scientists' ability to monitor mutations between generations and help identify the causes behind them. It will also help to unearth the genetic causes of common human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis and in particular for Sir Alec's work the very common inherited anaemia thalassaemia, which is caused when recombination goes wrong.
The hotspot paradox
To date there have been approximately 33,000 hotspots found right across the human genome. Each one is not only driving the genetic variation process but also helping scientists piece together the puzzle of human genetic diversity and why it occurs. However it is this elusive question of 'why' which remains unanswered. Why do hotspots have such an affect and why is it that some people have them and others do not?
The idea that hotspots can somehow be born and also mysteriously die remains a challenge for Sir Alec, as this has implications for all aspects of human genetic diversity, genetic disease and evolution. He talks of his great enthusiasm for the 'hotspot paradox', in which the actions of hotspots totally break every genetic rule ever written. Hotspots cause recombination which in turn drives genetic diversity and evolution, but strangely the process strongly favours mutations that may suppress recombination. These mutations may stop a hotspot from working which will ultimately deter recombination, and so "hotspots contain within them the seeds of their own destruction." So why is it that this happens? As of yet he does not know. But despite the answer so far evading him, he talks with a determination in his eyes that suggests he would love to one day be first to explain what is happening here.
So when asked what he enjoys doing most, Sir Alec quite simply replies, "It's the lab, I’m a bench scientist." This may come as no surprise as it is possible to imagine that this is the sort of thing what all world renowned scientists would say. But with great scientific discoveries often come even greater distractions away from the basic science which led to such achievements in the first place. It is only then you can appreciate how he has "fought tooth and nail" to remain where he is happiest, and for that reason Sir Alec is pretty unique.
Despite there being many questions surrounding human genetic diversity and its implications still outstanding, it is evident that he is thriving on the challenge,
"I've got this very privileged position of being a Royal Society Wolfson Research Professor, and that gives me the time and space to be able to get out to the lab bench and do my own stuff… I still get a terrific buzz out of getting an experiment to work, I've never lost that and I've being doing experiments since I was seven or eight years old."
There is certainty that in his quest Sir Alec's appetite will leave no stone unturned in his attempt to help find some of these answers. | <urn:uuid:f7bd02d8-afa3-4d82-ba81-90e0b7b64361> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://le.ac.uk/dna-fingerprinting/what-sir-alec-did-next | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.972646 | 2,449 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The technical side of UW Formula Motorsports team is divided into seven unique technical teams. The teams are responsible for ownership of the design and manufacturing of parts for the car. Each team is led by a well-versed student that has experience in the team's particular discipline.
The black magic of racecar engineering; turning air into grip. With new, more restrictive aero rules the aerodynamic design of the car must become more efficient to produce the maximum level of downforce in order to get the car around the track as fast as possible. By producing negative lift (downforce) we increase the normal force acting on the tires, letting the car corner faster without losing traction. Even small improvements in lateral acceleration can have a huge impact on our success at competition. Thus, a strong aerodynamics package is an essential part of our current vehicle design.
As a team, Aerodynamics touches many disciplines, from vehicle dynamics to fluid mechanics to composite structures. They are responsible for complex parts that must be both light and aerodynamic, yet also able to withstand significant loads. Student designers use industry grade computational fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, full-scale wind tunnel testing, and on-track evaluation to develop and validate a lightweight high-downforce package.
Chassis team designs and manufactures the carbon fiber composite monocoque chassis, the most architecturally critical component of the car. As the main structural component of the car, chassis team works with all other technical teams in order to seamlessly integrate each system into a completed racecar. Not only responsible for the chassis itself, members on chassis team must design safety devices such as crash structures for impact attenuation, as well as all driver interfaces to maximize in-car comfort. Over the course of the summer, the chassis goes through extensive design iterations, combining structural analysis, driver ergonomics, vehicle packaging, and functionality, to be ready to manufacture the following year. Additionally, care must be taken to comply with competition rules, all while achieving stiffness goals, chassis weight, and ease of maintenance with minimal compromise. All of these design aspects are carefully optimized to allow the car and driver to become one in order to compete at the limit of human performance.
The composites manufacturing team is responsible for showing new team members various methods for making carbon fiber parts. This team provides an excellent introduction to the UW Formula Team and members will get to learn manufacturing techniques that cannot be found in the classroom. Composites manufacturing helps out with many other team's technical projects such as aerodynamics, chassis, suspension, and engine. This is a great way to get to know all the different technical teams and gain experience. Weight savings is hugely important for the car, and the composites team will research and develop carbon parts to replace those typically made with aluminum. Composites manufacturing is also responsible for making test panels developing different lay-up patterns for analysis.
The drivetrain system is responsible for the transfer of power from the engine/motor to the wheels. High strength aluminum and steel alloys are used to keep the system as light as possible. This results in many high tolerance CNC-machined parts that are designed and built by students. The drivetrain system also serves as the mounting device for the engine/motor.
For the combustion car a Drexler differential is used at the heart of the system. A chain drive system delivers the torque from the engine to the differential, and out to the wheels through a CV-Halfshaft system. As for the electric car, two inline planetary gearboxes are the heart of the system delivering torque to the wheels independently through the CV-Halfshaft system
The electronics team carries out all electrical projects other than eTrain projects for both the combustion and electric cars.
- Wiring: Wiring includes designing the wiring, as well as installing the actual wiring for both combustion and electric cars. This project gives a good overview of the whole system. It is crucial to have good documentation for this project.
- Driver Interface electronics: Driver interface electronics are what we use for driver-car communication. Projects include dash electronics, steering wheel electronics, and a mini heads up display.
- Data telemetry: Our data acquisition system uses the EngineLab ECU to monitor and log many aspects of the car. This data is valuable for engine tuning and providing driver feedback. It also help us improve our load cases, helping us build a lighter and stronger car. This year we are also expanding the system to provide real-time telemetry, allowing race team to watch critical data while the car is driving.
- Sensors: There are hundreds of sensors in the cars. For instance, strain gauges sensors, wirelesss torque sensors for half shafts, yaw rate sensors, temperature sensors, wheel speed sensors, etc. This project involves sensor selection, installation and data acquisition.
- Control Modules: One of the control modules is the fuel pump PWM module for the combustion car. There will be more projects as the year goes on.
The eTrain team is responsible for the systems that safely store and deliver electrical power from the batteries to the drivetrain. This is realized through four general subsystems: the batteries, the motor, motor controller, the safety systems, and the main controller. The crucial need to minimize the weight of the system has driven the majority of our design decisions on the car from the motor and controller to the batteries. The motor we are using is an Emrax AC motor that can output 80 kW (~110 hp) peak and yet only weighs 12 kg (~26 lbs), yielding one the highest power to weight ratios available for this size of motor. To power the motor, we have designed an accumulator pack that can store 5.8 kWh of electrical energy, which means that it could output 5.8 kW (7.8 hp) for an hour. For reference, commercial electric vehicles store between 20 to 40 kWh. The car is also outfitted with extensive safety systems that make it reliable and safe to operate.
Manufacturing Team is a supplementary tech team intended to aid the other tech teams with their metalworking and machining tasks while giving newer and less experienced members a solid foundation in manufacturing processes. Understanding how parts are manufactured is imperative for designing parts that are both effective and practical. Manufacturing Team members are often tasked with helping other members produce parts or with projects that are necessary for the team to function, but are not directly attached to the car. These include things such as testing rigs, quickjacks, or the pit cart. The experience gained while on the Manufacturing Team is something that can't be learned in a classroom and gives our newer members the confidence to take on difficult design projects in the future.
The suspension team is in charge of components such as the a-arms, uprights, wheels, tires, shocks, brakes, and steering geometry. This particular area of the car is very important since most auto-x racing is highly dependent upon the suspension setup. Design begins on the computer using suspension geometry software. Various iterations are tried until a perfect setup is found. Each UW Formula Motorsports car has utilized a short-long arm 4-wheel independent suspension with front and rear pullrods. | <urn:uuid:6b13cc0c-9180-4f4c-a8f0-ed9e2018f0c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://uwformula.com/about-us/technical-teams | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743294.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117061450-20181117082743-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.94094 | 1,459 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As a native Dallasite who believes in our city, I’ve dedicated my career to helping young people build their creative muscle, empowering youth with skills to create their best life and world.
What I’ve learned on this journey is that we can’t achieve an equitable society for all until we face reality. The truth is, for so many young people, real barriers exist; ones neither of their creation nor justified in a land of presupposed opportunity.
As a student at the University of Tulsa, I learned uncomfortable truths that would shape my own personal journey.
Recently, I revisited this experience while watching the HBO series Watchmen. The show opens with a harrowing sequence depicting the Tulsa Race Massacre. Historians believe at least 300 black women, men, and children were killed in 1921 in a prosperous district called Greenwood, known as Black Wall Street. It was a self-contained, flourishing community led by black entrepreneurs.
I first learned of this massacre in college, and when watching the show, a torrent of powerful emotions re-emerged. The massacre was a stain in the country’s history; however, obscured in the shock of the event’s horror was the fact that a Greenwood ever existed in the first place.
Why didn’t I know about Greenwood and the many other freedman towns all over our post-Reconstruction country where black people thrived?
If we were all taught the story of Black Wall Street, would we see our collective destiny differently? If our history included the full contributions of our ancestors of all colors and classes, would our perceptions change? Would we have a more complete understanding of the root causes of our social ills, and thus a very different set of solutions and policies?
I thought, too, about how stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies if we are not exposed to the real story. Mistaken truths bloom in the absence of history and context.
Are neighborhoods poor because that’s just how black and Latino people want to live? Or are they poor because of our nation’s legacy of segregation and economic suppression?
Nearly 1 out of every 3 children in Dallas live in poverty. In Dallas, 83% of people in poverty are black or Hispanic. Dallas ranked last in the country out of 274 cities in terms of economic and racial inclusion. Dallas’s own Equity Indicators Report showed in numbers what an objective observer can tell with the naked eye: we have a long way to go to be an inclusive city.
Dallas can be better than this.
An important part of undoing harm is correcting false narratives: truth-telling.
There are promising steps that build on work from generations of advocacy for the truth. The new African American studies course piloted by Dallas ISD is likely to be approved soon at the state level as was the Mexican American Studies class in 2018. The Dallas Truth Racial Healing and Transformation initiative, seeded by the Kellogg Foundation and local funders, is providing much needed local history of the role our past has played in shaping our present inequities. Work like the Young Leaders Strong City summit and Big Thought’s Artivism create space for young people of all backgrounds to come together and explore truths previously inaccessible.
Greenwood was real. And in Dallas, Little Mexico was real, as was Little Egypt. These stories must be told – in their absence there’s a deafening silence about the power of the people who were once there and the policies, structures and actions that led to their communities’ demise.
Without the truth, we doom ourselves to internalize the lie of our present course as inevitable, as justifiable. We concede the will to make bold moves in exchange for a resignation to our inequity. Why shake up our system if the status quo is how it’s always been and will always be?
Thus, it is mission critical that Dallas pursues economic and racial inclusion if it is going to compete in the global economy.
To accomplish equity, we need a fresh perspective. Invest in the people and programs telling a new story. Provide a bridge to new ideas by making the stories all around us come alive. Break the mold of limiting who we think we are by telling the truth about who we were.
And by leveraging creativity, we can envision what can be. We can paint pictures of what tomorrow can look like and what is possible. We can equip youth with the ability to tell their story in powerful ways that stir our hearts and our feet toward action.
Shift the narrative. Imagine an equitable Dallas. Then forge a new truth.
Byron Sanders is chief executive of youth empowerment nonprofit Big Thought. He wrote this column for The Dallas Morning News. | <urn:uuid:b7e021cf-83e9-4a0d-b8ec-7904c9d02569> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2019/12/13/dallas-cannot-achieve-equity-until-we-face-the-truth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.957636 | 966 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Creative, educational, yet fun bilingual programs for kids
Show your students the fun aspect of Science, DIY projects and Culinary arts without facing traffic, bussing and field trips to locations where their safety is always a concern! Our 30-minute to 2-hour workshops are sure to fit any of your programming needs.
EXPLORUM staff brings the material for your students, delivers the workshop and leaves you with a happy group of students who are proud of their achievement.
Science is cool with EXPLORUM!
EXPLORUM gives your children the chance to become young scientists for the day in a fun environment. By entering the world of chemistry, biology or physics, they will better understand the world that they live in!
Most of our hands-on workshops are based on the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) approach to learning. The experiments offer a fun yet educational complement to the Ontario Science and Technology Curriculum.
Students explore, question and have fun… Actually, they learn without noticing. Under the constant supervision of an EXPLORUM leader, each young scientist carries out the experiment of the day with safe scientific materials and equipment.
With more than 50 experiments, adaptable to your needs and to the ages/grade of the students, you will surely find workshops to stimulate the children and get them interested in science.
In these DIY Art workshops, children mix the practical side of creation with their artistic talents to make beautiful and useful items. Give your students the opportunity to cultivate their artistic side by making items that are fun and handy. Following the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle), they use natural or recycled materials as much as possible.
"I make my own toys" workshops
Marble maze, constellation tube, musical instruments, playdough, roller coaster and much more…
"I decorate my home" workshops
Paper baskets, money tray, my own pin-board, cell-phone holder, yarn or paper balls, document holder, basket weaving …
Cooking workshops are temporarily on hold.
Your students are going to eat, why not let them make their own food?
The young cooks learn the culinary rules starting with basics of food hygiene and kitchen safety. Weighing, measuring and calculating amounts adds a zest of math and science to the program. In addition to cuisine, children will be introduced to the notion of a balanced diet.
Students will learn to make traditional French cuisine (crêpes, quiche, chocolate mousse, macaron, croque-monsieur…) as well as international foods they love (pizza, hummus, fresh pasta, sorbets, smoothies…). They will love eating their creations and reproducing them at home with the recipe book they will create.
After the cooking, comes the tasting! Each workshop gives them the opportunity to relax, stimulate their taste buds and learns manners at the table.
The adventure doesn’t stop at cooking… learning to do the dishes is part of the experience! | <urn:uuid:fec67945-f406-4f65-9899-5f6f33a3b79a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://explorum.ca/workshops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662594414.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525213545-20220526003545-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.938493 | 634 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In Levi’s mother’s mind he was named for her ancestor who died in the Civil War. However, the name Levi was also an old Hooper family name, and Leon Hooper, Levi’s father, chose to name his son after his grandfather who had died the year Levi was born.
Levi Hooper was a descendant of two old Southern families: the Hoopers came into North Carolina in the early 18th century and then migrated to Alabama in the mid-19th century. The Mott family was an old Louisianan family going back to the 1750s.
Jackson, Mississippi, was where Levi was raised and he never moved away. His daddy was a welder and made a good living but died just before Levi turned two. After that Levi’s mother turned the family home into a thrift shop (see song,”Mildred’s House of Values“) putting price tags on everything from lamps and vases to the furniture.
Levi eventually got his own place and met his neighbor from across the street, Lucy Cooper, and began a kind of courtship (see song, “Levi + Lucy“). Lucy Cooper was nothing like Levi, she was rebellious and wild whereas Levi was mild-mannered, a church -going man. But Lucy was strangely attracted to Levi’s wholesome quality and made a real effort at cleaning up her life and trying her best to change.
But as this kind of thing is never really easy, Lucy had trouble straightening out and one thing led to another and she was arrested and sent to the penitentiary to serve eighteen months on a drug charge.
Levi visited her often and told her was waiting for her, but Lucy could not take prison life and ended up overdosing shortly before being released. Lucy’s death, coupled with the passing of his mother the year before, was too much for Levi. He started down a dark path of drinking and driving all through the western Mississippi/eastern Louisiana area (see song, “Levi After Lucy“).
He would not break out of this self-destructive behavior until he learned from Lucy’s mother, Mae Cooper, that before she died Lucy had given birth to Levi’s son whom Mae was raising and had named McCoy (see song “Lucy’s Grandma“). | <urn:uuid:51a4757e-3160-4e95-b5ac-21ce40d7cb36> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://highway80stories.com/2018/04/13/levi-hooper-1973/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823348.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210144632-20181210170132-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.991474 | 497 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Binge Eating Disorder Symptoms and Signs
The hallmark symptom of binge eating disorder is recurring episodes of bingeing, or eating excessive amounts of food at one time, without associated purging behaviors like vomiting, exercising, or medication abuse. Other symptoms include
- eating when under stress,
- feeling as if one is starving,
- rapid eating, and taking longer than normal to feel full,
- eating alone,
- depression, and
- guilt feelings.
What is binge eating disorder?
Binge eating disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without efforts on the part of affected individuals to compensate by undoing the binge episodes. Examples of such undoing behaviors include purging food by inducing vomiting, excessively exercising, and/or inappropriately using medications like laxatives or diet pills. This illness was often previously described by mental health professionals under the diagnosis of eating disorder, not otherwise specified rather than as its own separate entity, but the most recent revision of the widely accepted diagnostic manual used by mental health professionals has included binge eating disorder as a separate diagnosis.
Statistics about binge eating disorder indicate that this condition is the most common of all eating disorders, affecting about 3.5% of women and 2% of men over the course of a lifetime. As with other eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, there tends to be no significant difference in the age at which males and females develop binge eating disorder. Males with eating disorders like binge eating disorder tend to have a much higher body mass index (BMI) and are more likely to also suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to males of similar age without the disorder. Females with eating disorders like binge eating disorders are at increased risk for also having celiac disease and diabetes.
Binge eating disorder is apparently quite common in individuals who seek treatment for obesity in weight-loss programs that are affiliated with a hospital. About one-third of individuals with this condition are males. Most develop the disorder during adolescence or early adulthood, primarily in early adulthood. There seems to be no difference in the incidence of binge eating disorder among ethnic groups.
Binge eating disorder can have a significant impact on the health of those who suffer from it. Specifically, about 65% of people with binge eating disorder are obese (20% overweight or more), with even more being generally overweight. Individuals who develop binge eating disorder are at higher risk of also having another psychiatric illness, like depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Women with this illness tend to suffer from a negative body image, whereas men are more likely develop a substance-use disorder. Other important facts about binge eating disorder include its tendency to last for more than 14 years, with only 7% resolving after the first year of having the illness. When compared to other eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa, which each tend to last less than six years, binge eating disorder has more of a chronic course.
Eating Disorders: Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating
What are causes and risk factors for binge eating disorder?
As with most other mental disorders, there is no one specific cause for binge eating disorder. Rather it is the result of a complex group of genetic, psychological, and environmental contributing factors. People who are prone to obesity, either genetically or otherwise, tend to be more at risk for engaging in binge eating episodes and developing binge eating disorder compared to those who are not obese. There is increasing understanding that there can be a genetic component to binge eating disorder, and as with other eating disorders, there are often found to be abnormal levels of brain serotonin and often subtle changes in brain functioning.
Social risk factors for binge eating disorders include a history of being bullied or physically or sexually abused. For Caucasian women as opposed to African-American women, discrimination tends to be a risk factor for this disorder, as well. Other risk factors for binge eating disorder include more exposure to negative comments about shape, weight, and eating. People who participate in competitive sports at an elite level are at higher risk for developing eating disorders in general.
Psychologically, binge eating disorder is thought of by many professionals to be a form of food addiction that is characterized by compulsive overeating. This condition tends to be associated with increased perfectionism, obsessive-compulsiveness, depression, anxiety, and substance-use disorders. Phobias and panic disorder are the most common anxiety problems experienced by people with binge eating disorder. Eating binges tend to be triggered by a number of things, like dietary restrictions, hunger, and negative moods.
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What are binge eating disorder symptoms and signs?
Binge eating disorder symptoms and signs include recurring episodes of binge eating (consuming excessively large amounts of food) without purging (self-induced vomiting), excessive exercising, the inappropriate use of medications, or any other unhealthy behaviors that are often used by bulimic individuals to attempt to compensate for the binge episodes. People with this mental illness tend to engage in stress or other emotional eating, take longer to feel full, and are more likely to feel like they are starving when they are not. The binge episodes are associated with at least three of the following characteristics:
- Eating faster than normal
- Eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry
- Eating until uncomfortably full
- Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed about their eating behaviors
- Feeling disgusted with oneself, sad, or guilty after overeating
Also, the individual with binge eating disorder experiences marked distress regarding their binge eating.
How do health care professionals diagnose binge eating disorder?
As is true with virtually any mental health diagnosis, there is no one test that definitively indicates that someone has binge eating disorder. Therefore, health care professionals assess this disorder by gathering comprehensive medical, family, and mental health information. The health care professional will also either conduct a physical examination or ask that the individual's primary care doctor perform one. The medical assessment will usually include lab tests to evaluate the person's general health and to explore whether or not the person has a medical condition that has what appear to be mental health symptoms.
In asking questions about psychological symptoms, mental health professionals are often exploring if the individual suffers from symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder or another eating disorder, like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). To qualify for the diagnosis of binge eating disorder, the person must engage in bingeing at least once per week for three months. The DSM-IV-TR and earlier editions of the diagnostic handbook did not include binge eating disorder as a diagnosis. Rather, it was captured under the diagnosis of Eating Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (ED, NOS).
Practitioners will also explore whether symptoms of depression and/or mania, anxiety, substance abuse, hallucinations or delusions, as well as some behavioral disorders are occurring. People with binge eating disorder may seem to engage in compulsive eating, having symptoms in common with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Health care professionals may provide the people they evaluate with a quiz or self-test as a screening tool for binge eating disorder and other eating disorders. Since some of the symptoms of binge eating disorder can also occur with other conditions, the mental health screening is designed to determine if the individual suffers from any emotional problem. In order to assess the person's current emotional state, health care professionals conduct a mental-status examination, as well.
Binge eating disorder is best described as…
What is the treatment for binge eating disorder?
As with obese individuals without binge eating disorder, people with this illness tend to lose weight from adopting a low-calorie diet and engaging in regular exercise, and some will experience repeated weight gain in the long term. While considered adjunctive rather than primary forms of treatment, home remedies like meditation may help reduce the frequency and severity of binge eating disorder symptoms, thereby decreasing the impact of those symptoms on the self-rating scale.
Medications that have been found to be effective in reducing the number and amount of binge episodes in binge eating disorder include lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), which is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat binge eating disorder, topiramate (Topamax), which is used to treat seizures, as well as serotonergic (SSRI) medications that treat anxiety (antianxiety medications) or depression (antidepressants), like fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), vortioxetine (Trintellix), and vilazodone (Viibryd). Sibutramine (Meridia) is an appetite suppressant that has been found to help decrease binge eating and enhance weight loss. SSRIs tend to be well tolerated and have a low incidence of side effects like stomach upset, sleep problems, and sexual dysfunction. Topiramate was first used to treat seizures and is sometimes stopped by patients because of daytime sleepiness, difficulty thinking, and poor coordination. Sibutramine's most common side effects include headache, constipation, stomach upset, insomnia, and painful menstrual periods. Less common, more serious side effects of sibutramine include palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting.
While psychotherapy alone does not tend to result in long-term weight loss in individuals with binge eating disorder, it can be a key part of the rehabilitation ("rehab") and recovery from the emotional problems that are often associated with this disorder. Two forms of psychotherapy that have been found to be effective in that regard include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (ITP). In cognitive behavioral therapy, the mental health practitioner works to help the person with binge eating disorder identify, challenge, and decrease negative thinking and otherwise dysfunctional belief systems that precipitate unwanted behaviors. Dialectical behavior therapy, which is a specific form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on emotional regulation, has also been found to be an effective means of increasing the length of time between binge episodes (for example, binge abstinence) in preliminary studies. The goal of interpersonal therapy tends to be identifying and managing problems the sufferer of binge eating disorder may have in his or her relationships with others. Participation in one of a number of self-help support groups, like Overeaters Anonymous or Eating Disorders Anonymous, can also be an important part of managing this condition by enhancing the sufferer's self-control in regard to their food intake.
Understanding and addressing how to treat other mental health problems that might co-occur (comorbidity) with binge eating disorder are important aspects of overcoming this illness. For example, as about 57% of men and 28% of women with binge eating disorder also have a substance-use disorder, treating both problems will enhance the successful recovery from each illness.
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What are complications and the prognosis of binge eating disorder?
People with binge eating disorder seem to be at higher risk of developing substance abuse or another psychiatric illness, high blood pressure and other forms of heart disease, type II diabetes, gallbladder disease, some forms of cancer, and abnormal cholesterol levels (for example, high levels of total cholesterol and of so-called bad cholesterol types, plus low levels of good cholesterol) compared to similar-weight individuals without this eating disorder. The obesity that often results from binge eating disorder also puts sufferers at risk for problems like menstrual problems and joint and muscle pain. Pregnant women are at risk for developing problems with the pregnancy like hyperemesis, having babies who have low birth weight, excessively small skulls (microcephaly), and are small for gestational age. Given these potentially life-threatening complications of binge eating disorders, the decreased likelihood that ethnic minorities in the United States seek and are referred for specific treatment is an important obstacle to overcome.
After about six years, a little more than half of individuals with binge eating disorder who have engaged in intensive treatment have been found to have some significant decrease in symptoms, while about one-third have only intermediate outcome, about 6% have poor outcome, and 1% may die during that period of time. Having one eating disorder increases the risk that the sufferer will develop another one. Eating disorders in general and binging behavior specifically can increase the likelihood that a person engages in self-injurious behaviors like cutting or has suicidal thoughts or actions. However, it is important to note that the prognosis of binge eating disorder seems to be quite changeable over time.
Is it possible to prevent binge eating disorder?
Teaching teens and adults about resisting society's pressure toward thinness, understanding what determines body weight, the negative effects of eating disorders, and encouraging good self-esteem, stress management, healthy weight control, and acceptance of their body have been found to be helpful in the prevention of eating disorders. Educating the adults in the lives of youth about how to positively influence children regarding healthy eating habits, exercise and body image have also been determined to be helpful components in preventing binge eating disorder. In addition to parents, key adults in this approach can include teachers and other school staff, coaches, pediatricians, and other primary care doctors.
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Yager, J., M.J. Devlin, K.A. Halmi, et al. Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders, Third Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 2010. | <urn:uuid:d14c8888-d568-47a4-a444-ff7ea2a5ce64> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.medicinenet.com/binge_eating_disorder/article.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880656.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023043931-20201023073931-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.928699 | 4,162 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Rolled oats, dried fruit and nuts spring to mind when
considering the main ingredients of a common muesli bar, but
a group of University of Otago researchers want alarm bells
to ring instead.
The snack has made it on to a list of 49 foods people should avoid, putting it
alongside alcohol, doughnuts and pies.
The list of non-essential, energy-dense, nutritionally
deficient (NEEDNT) foods has been compiled during the past
two years by Dr Jane Elmslie, Dr Ria Schroder, Dr Frances
Carter and Prof Doug Sellman, researchers from the
university's Christchurch and Dunedin campuses.
The list, published in the latest New Zealand Medical
Journal, was developed to help obese people more easily
identify foods which were best avoided, or limited, in a
Along with naming the generic foods, the research suggested a
healthier replacement, or none at all.
It was hoped the list would also be a useful tool for medical
practitioners and other health professionals working with
people who wanted to lose weight.
Lead author and dietitian Dr Elmslie said it was aimed at
"differentiating nutritious foods from those that are just
high in calories".
"Many people struggle to know what to eat if they have a
The advice out there is often complicated and contradictory.
It can be quite difficult to understand the relevance of
health-related product endorsements and the information on
Examples included labelling foods high in sugar "low-fat" or
implying they were healthy because they had "organic" or
Even foods which had the Heart Foundation tick may just be
the best option in a category of typically high-calorie foods
such as ice cream, pies and oven chips.
With 63% of New Zealanders either obese or overweight, there
was an urgent need for new strategies or guidelines to deal
with the growing issue, the researchers believed.
A New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey, released last year,
showed 69% of males and 60.6% of females were overweight or
Compared with the 37% of New Zealanders who were considered
overweight, 34% were normal weight.
"Reducing consumption of NEEDNT food is an important health
priority. We are not advocating this as a magic bullet for
everyone ... it is a tool. It's important that what you eat
is nutritious," Dr Elmslie said.
However, this is not simply another list of of high-calorie
foods, because the foods are also either bereft of
nutritional benefits, or could easily be replaced with
lower-calorie, more nutritious alternatives.
Some foods to make the list were orange juice, honey and
muesli bars, which surprised a group of research
"Muesli bars are a classic example of how overweight people
can be misled into thinking they're eating healthy food.
"In fact, most muesli bars are high in calories, and fat and
sugar, with minimal nutritional value. Essentially they are
another form of biscuit," Dr Elmslie said.
Fruit juice was on the list because, while it contained more
essential nutrients than soft drink, its sugar content was
similar, and it was much higher in energy and lower in
essential nutrients than whole fruit.
Honey was often thought to be healthy because it was natural,
but it contained a high amount of sugar.
Whole milk also made the list because, while it was a
valuable source of calcium and protein, it was a significant
source of energy and saturated fat, and could be replaced by
low-fat milk without having a detrimental effect on overall
nutrition, except in the very young.
Dr Schroder said while simply avoiding NEEDNT foods was
unlikely to be an effective weight-loss strategy, knowing the
specific foods could help people think more carefully about
whether what they ate was "nutritious and necessary, or just
random recreational grazing".
These were foods of which people should be mindful if they
were wanting to lose weight.
The list was used in conjunction with 25 people in a support
group looking at ways of achieving permanent weight loss
through lifestyle change.
The group "overwhelmingly" appreciated how clear and easy the
list was to use.
"It gives them something tangible to think about," Dr | <urn:uuid:df560c73-b646-427d-98aa-bb761e7d304a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/198868/surprises-found-list-bad-foods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00187-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963574 | 925 | 2.8125 | 3 |
From Classical Computer Science to the Science of Information Processing Structures
Sentience, Resilience and Intelligence
Autopoietic Machine: is a technical system capable of regenerating, reproducing and maintaining itself by production, transformation and destruction of its components and the networks of processes downstream contained in them.
While the statement captures the sentiment of many observers of the evolution of AI, much has changed however, to be more optimistic about this statement made by Jack Copeland, the author of books on the computing pioneer Alan Turing and who is responsible for identifying the concept of hypercomputation and machines more capable than Turing machines.
We have new insights into our understanding of information, its carriers, its processing, its communication, and its use in both living systems and in digital automata. We now understand how biological systems enable sentience (the ability to sense and respond), resilience (the capacity to recover quickly from non-deterministic difficulties arising from within or from outside without requiring a reboot) and intelligence (the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills). Our understanding stems from the lessons learned from different disciplines:
The genome and the execution of the processes of living, neuroscience and the studies of cognitive behaviors,
Digital automata with symbolic computing along with neural networks, which give us ways to unravel various mysteries about how our physical world works and to model, monitor and manage it, and
The new mathematics of named sets, knowledge structures, cognizing agents and structural machines which allow us to not only explain how information processing structures play a key role in the physical world but also to design and implement systems which advance our current state of information technologies by transcending the limitations of classical computer science as we practice it today.
We now can model the information processing structures using the new mathematics and define their schema describing the autopoietic patterns contributing to sentience, resilience and intelligence. We argue that these patterns also allow us to design and implement a new class of digital autopoietic automata exhibiting sentience, resilience and intelligence at scale.
The purpose of this website is to share the knowledge about the theory and practice of autopoietic machines, without exaggerated claims. | <urn:uuid:4c328632-e86f-4a60-83fc-d632c80c6665> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://triadicautomata.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.916466 | 441 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Winnipeg's St. Boniface Cathedral a Provincial Heritage Site
St. Boniface Cathedral is one of 124 Manitoba Provincial Heritage Sites designated by the Canadian province. Located at Avenue de La Cathedrale in Winnipeg's Francophile community of St. Boniface, the site was originally occupied by a small, log chapel built in 1818 by Father Joseph-Norbert Provencher.
Fr. Provencher dedicated the chapel to Saint Boniface, an English missionary monk and apostle. As the first permanent mission west of the Great Lakes, it was the hub of Roman Catholic missionary work, which stretched out to the Pacific and Arctic coasts. It also served the people who lived in the Red River Settlement.
Over the years, five cathedrals have stood on the site. The first cathedral with twin spires was built in 1832 by Bishop Provencher, and 30 years later a stone cathedral was constructed by Bishop Tache. In 1906, the cornerstone of a cathedral designed by Marchand and Haskell of Montreal was blessed by Archbishop Langevin. As the finest example of French Romanesque architecture in Manitoba, it was destroyed by fire in 1968.
The present cathedral dates back to 1972, and was designed by Franco-Manitoba architect Etienne Gaboury. The sacristy, facade and walls of the former basilica have been incorporated into the structure. The tombs of the bishops of Saint-Boniface lie within the facade.
Among the many notables buried in the adjoining cemetery, Western Canada's oldest Catholic cemetery, is Louis Riel. According to The Canadian Encyclopedia:
"Louis Riel, Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, central figure in the NORTH-WEST REBELLION (b at Red River Settlement [Man] 22 Oct 1844; d at Regina 16 Nov 1885). Riel was educated at St Boniface and studied for the priesthood at the Collège de Montréal. In 1865 he studied law with Rodolphe Laflamme, and he is believed to have worked briefly in Chicago, Ill, and St Paul, Minn, returning to St Boniface in 1868." Click on the link to read his full biography.
St. Boniface in Winnipeg, Manitoba 2004.
Photos by Sue Frause | <urn:uuid:8267d225-2aa9-482a-9271-36f357ad116a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.closetcanuck.com/2011/04/winnipegs-st-boniface-cathedral-one-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.97025 | 476 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Self-confidence is the belief in your ability to accomplish the task at hand. Extensive evidence shows this belief in oneself has positive impact on performance. Research shows that self-confidence is a universal skill that anyone can learn with little effort, not an innate ability reserved for the elite among us.
When I arrived at Ryerson University in 2008, I went from being a soccer coach to director of athletics at an institution with over 40,000 students and a reputation as one of the most innovative and entrepreneurial in Canada. I became overnight in charge of a department of 40 staff and a budget of $3 million. In the first year alone, I faced enormous challenges: learning the ropes of a senior administrative role, restructuring the department, raising the profile of athletics on campus and leading a student referendum to buy and renovate the iconic Maple Leaf Gardens into an industry-leading athletic facility. A special letter that I read over and over again that year helped me stay self-confident about my new role.
I call it my “self-confidence letter.” I wrote that letter at a high point in my career, soon after I coached the men’s soccer team at Graceland University in Iowa to its first national championship. One part of the letter reads as follows: “Congratulations, Ivan, on completing your PhD before turning 40,” while another reads: “The national championship is an incredible achievement. Well done!”
Seven years later, with student engagement at Ryerson at an all-time high and a nationally-ranked athletic program, I look back at the self-doubt I felt in my first year and am reminded of that letter — a symbol of the importance of believing in myself. Why? Because self-confidence lies at the heart of success.
Self-Confidence Is a Skill
Self-confidence is the belief in your ability to accomplish the task at hand. Extensive evidence, including findings by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, shows this belief in oneself has positive impact on performance. Research shows that self-confidence is a universal skill that anyone can learn with little effort, not an innate ability reserved for the elite among us.
Here are four ways to help you develop the skill of self-confidence and boost your performance.
1. Repetition, Repetition, Repetition
As Malcolm Gladwell’s famous 10,000-hour rule tells us, skills develop through focused and repeated practice. Self-confidence is no different. You need to continually face and overcome reasonable challenges that reinforce your belief in yourself. Self-confidence doesn’t come from staying in your comfort zone, rather from pushing yourself to achieve at an appropriate next level. When you face increasingly difficult challenges, you build small amounts of self-confidence. You can then transfer that belief from one context to another.
You need to practice over and over and over again until the task is no longer novel. It’s like learning to drive a stick shift. At first, it’s all you can do to keep from stalling. Then, you begin to shift fluidly. Eventually, you can start up at a red light on a hill with a dump truck on your tail without sweat streaming down your face. Over time, with thousands of hours of practice, driving standard becomes second nature — and so is your belief in yourself.
2. Have Three Self-Affirmations
Before I speak to a large audience or lead an important meeting, I use three affirmations: 1) “I am the captain of my ship and the master of my fate,” 2) “Nobody outworks me,” and 3) “I got this.” I use these phrases to create a positive mindset. This technique is so effective that I once had my soccer players write their own affirmations on a wristband they wore during games.
Research shows that a positive mindset alters performance. Athletes are stronger and more effective when they use positive self-talk. If you see them clap their hands after an error or miss, they are actively reclaiming a positive mindset. In business and industry, positive affirmations lead to a 37 per cent increase in sales and 19 per cent more efficient and accurate diagnosis for doctors.
Create three affirmations that put you in a positive frame of mind and repeat them regularly. Tape them to your bathroom mirror or keep them in your briefcase or desk — whatever works for you.
3. Write Your Own Self-Confidence Letter
Just as I did before starting at Ryerson, write to yourself in a time of success for inspiration when times get tough. There will always be new skills to learn, challenges to face and projects or roles that push you to your limit. Everyone has times when their performance is not what they’ve hoped. When that happens, pull out your letter and remind yourself of what you have achieved and why you believe in yourself.
4. Surround Yourself with Positive People
Everyone needs people who believe in them. Ray Kroc, the famous American business icon who transformed McDonald’s from a local restaurant chain to a worldwide conglomerate, found one such person when he was an underaged ambulance driver in World War I — a young man named Walt Disney. One of my greatest supporters is my partner Polly, who has believed in me from the start and who always reminds me not to let anyone — including a soccer coach who didn’t think I was any good — determine how I feel about myself.
We are highly influenced by the people around us. Lack of support and encouragement can infect us with self-doubt. Surround yourself with colleagues, family members, friends and teammates who reinforce your belief in yourself.
Copyright July 2016 Dr. Ivan Joseph All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:cc6c9309-8b32-4495-9670-44410c793403> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://keynotespeakersource.com/article/4-ways-to-build-self-confidence-and-boost-your-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943471.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320083513-20230320113513-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.9577 | 1,189 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Menopause is a major turning point in the life of a woman directly related to her womanhood. Beginning of menopause marks the end of youth in a woman. It is the stage after which a woman is incapable of bearing a child. Menopause is caused when the production of estrogen hormone in the body is significantly decreased. Menopause is a stage of life not a disease.
EXACT AGE OF MENOPAUSE: The exact age of menopause differs from woman to woman. In normal women, menopause occurs somewhere between 45 to 50 years of age. In specific cases if there are surgical operations in the body like removal of uterus, it may occur earlier. It may also be late in some women due to many reasons. But, delay of menopause after 52 years is an indication of certain irregularities in the body. The ideal age of menopause is 50, affirms Sushruta, the great medical scientist of ancient India: The menstrual blood that is present in the body from the age of twelve comes to exhaustion at fifty after which the body is ruined by old age.
Much before the actual menopause women pass through a transitional period mostly in their 40′s that is known as Perimenopause. There is a decrease of fertility and decrease of frequency of ovulation and the levels of ovarian hormones is erratic.
These internal changes in the organism manifest in many ways. There are reports of irregular uterine bleeding, heavier bleeding than normal menstrual flow and spotting between menses and after intercourse etc.
MENOPAUSAL HEALTH PROBLEMS:
There is every reason to accept that no noticeable health problem was associated with menopause since time immemorial. Because the great medical scientists of ancient India like Charaka, Susruta and others who studied the human physique so minutely and attached serious importance to every small and big problem of the human organism have not given a single reference of any health disorder related to menopause. Relatively newer treatises like Bhava Praksa, Astanga Hridaya and other authentic texts of the Ayurvedic discipline have also not discussed any health problem related to menopause. In fact, the whole Ayurvedic literature may be said to be absolutely silent about menopausal health problems which is a testimony to the fact that menopause was considered as a normal change of stage in a woman’s life without any attendable health irregularity. Only some of the very recent books written by modern writers of the last few decades, have mentioned about menopause and its problems.
Therefore, it may not be wrong to conjecture that the systematic and disciplined lifestyle prevalent earlier and the comparatively high level of tolerance and more positive attitude towards life had left no scope for the development of any health syndrome after menopause.
It may not also be wrong to say that the disorders in menopause noticed now have their genesis in the modern age life style and change of psychological attitude towards life and decrease of adaptability. The modern medical science also does not differ from the view that menopausal health disorders do not have a long history but have a recent advance.
But in spite of its recent occurrence the current study reveals that menopause gives rise to various health problems in the physical, psychological and emotional level. A short study of the various impacts of menopause is as the following:
Menopause causes major physical impacts in a lady.
a) Vasomotor instability: Vasomotor instability is one of the commonest complaints of menopause. In common terminology, it is called hot flush or hot flash. A sudden increase in the flow of blood to the skin increases the body temperature by 1 to 7 degree Celsius. A sudden wave of heat spreads all over the body particularly the upper part and the face. Hot flushes are often associated with drenching diaphoresis commonly termed as night sweats. Because of the flow of heat to the skin and cooling through evaporation, the core body temperature falls and woman feels dullness. Even some women feel the dullness without experiencing the flow of heat. Hot flushes may occur monthly, weekly or even hourly.
b) Urinary complaints: A few urinary problems are noticed in women in the post menopausal period. Frequent urinary tract infection is one of them. There are also complaints of urinary incontinence (involuntary flow of urine), frequency (urinating more frequently), urgency (feeling the urge of urination even when the bladder is not full), nocturia (urinating frequently during night), dysuria (painful urination) and stress incontinence (urine leakage during caughing, laughing, sneezing or lifting a heavy weight).
c) Vaginal problems: Loss of estrogen results in vaginal (pruritus) (itching) and irritation. Vaginal inflammation and petechia (spots due to hemorrhage) are seen on the vaginal wall. Decrease of vaginal fluid results in vaginal dryness and resultant infection.
d) Genital prolapse: Estrogen acts as receptors to all the supports of the uterus and the vagina. Therefore, lack of estrogen results in loss of elasticity, tensile strength and the muscle mass in the supports. As a result, various kinds of genital prolapses like anterior vaginal wall prolapse, posterior vaginal wall prolapse, uterine prolapse and vault prolapse commonly occur after menopause.
e) Skin problems: Decrease in estrogen makes the skin lose its elasticity and glow. Skin is dry and thin. Urticarial rashes are experienced by many women.
f) Musculoskeletal problems: Joint pain, low back ache, and diffused muscular pain in the body are common after menopause. Osteoporosis is yet another serious menopausal consequence resulted in the physique. Less production of estrogen results in thinning of bones which results in a potential threat of fracture of bone especially of the hip and spine. Osteoporosis invariably causes a stooping shoulder and a hunched back. Osteoarthritis is yet another grave problem after menopause.
g) Dental problems: Weakening and loss of teeth is one of the postmenopausal complaints. Gingival inflammation and bleeding (inflammation of the gums and bleeding from the same) are frequent in the period.
h) Hair problems: Loss of hair in the scalp and appearance of hair in the facial region is often observed in the postmenopausal life.
i) Easy fatigue: It is a very common complaint among ladies in their postmenopausal period. Ladies feel tired by lesser exertion than before.
j) Insomnia: Insomnia is not getting required amount of sleep. Many ladies after menopause have the complaint of not having a sound sleep and not feeling sleepy till late night.
k) Weight gain: Deposit of fat mainly in the abdomen area and the thighs is noticed in postmenopausal years.
l) Ocular problems: Various ocular problems are associated with menopause. Swollen and reddened eyelids, blurred vision, tired eyes, increased lacrimation (tearful eyes), sensitivity to light, foreign-body sensation, scratchiness and such other ocular problems are invariably noticed in the postmenopausal life.
m) Increase of cholesterol: Many ladies report increase of cholesterol in this period. Women are prone to threats of cardiovascular disorders.
n) Painful intercourse: After menopause there is a significant decrease in sexual desire in the lady. Intercourse, if at all, is painful due to vaginal dryness.
Psychological problems are more prominent in menopause than the physical ones. A short list of the psychological problems is as follows:
1. Depression: The major complaint in almost all ladies in the postmenopausal life is depression. Feeling sad for non achievement of happiness and desired objects is the great problem in the post menopausal period.
2. Impairment of memory: Capacity of mental retention of facts is greatly lessened in the later life of women which is greatly attributed to menopause.
3. Reduced concentration: Lack of concentration on a subject for a long time is invariably noticed in the postmenopausal period.
4. Irritation and anxiety: Irritation in small or no cause and feeling anxious for no sufficient reasons are also the aftermaths of menopause.
5. Mental lethargy: Mental lethargy is lack of enthusiasm to do anything. Feeling disinterested is a complaint of many women during the period.
Crossing the most attractive part of the life i.e. the youth is not easily accepted by many women. A sense of deprivation and loss prevails in many women mainly in the extrovert ladies. Some feel their husbands are no more interested in them because they are no more attractive. Others feel that children are maintaining distance from them because they no more need their care. Menopause is emotionally most painful for women for whom attractive look is the means to earn public appreciation and fame without which they lose the same.
YOGIC MANAGEMENT OF MENOPAUSAL PROBLEMS:
Yoga offers many practices to successfully manage the problems of menopause and its affects on women. Following are some of the practices which help in countering many problems of menopause:
a) Vaginal problems: Marjari Asana, Simhasana and Vyaghrasana help in toning up the female organ. They help in managing the vaginal problems like petechia, vaginal irritation and the like.
b) Prolapse: Vyaghrasana and Mulabandha help in contracting the vaginal region and hence help in preventing prolapse.
c) Urinary incontinence: Mulabandha is greatly helpful in preventing urinary incontinence.
d) Joint pain and osteoarthritis: Practice of various postures of Pavanamuktasana is a great help in managing joint pain and osteoarthiritis.
e) Stooping shoulder and hunched back: Practice of Ustrasana, Ardhaustrasana, Bhujangasana and Sarpasana are extremely helpful in correcting and preventing the stooping shoulder and hunched back.
f) Reduction of fat: Paschimottanasana, Yogamudra, Sasankasana, Naukasana, Agnisara Kriya, Kapalabhati and Bhastrika are helpful in reducing fats mainly from the abdominal area. Salabhasana is helpful in reducing fat from the thighs. Practice of Suryanamaskar is highly effective in reducing fat deposits from the whole body proportionately.
g) Insomnia: Savasana, Matsyakridasana, Makarasana and Adhvasana relax the muscles of the body and relieve tension from the mind and hence are effective in combating insomnia. Irritation and anxiety are also reduced significantly when the physique is relaxed. Savasana has been described as a practice which relieves tiredness and gives rest to the mind.
h) Ocular problems: Practice of Trataka is extremely helpful in managing the ocular problems. Swami Swatmarama is also of the view that Trataka cures many eye diseases.
i) Lethargy: Trataka is equally helpful in removing lethargy. Trataka has been rightly described as a practice which removes the hurdle of lethargy. Suryanamaskara is an excellent practice for removing lethargy and inducing enthusiasm.
j) Loss of calcium and estrogen: Pranayama is the greatest panacea for hundreds of health problems. It is therefore said : (A flawless practice of Pranayama relieves one of all diseases). Pranayama, in general, works magically in managing the losses the body incurs after menopause. Nadisodhana Pranayama is a practice in which air is inhaled and retained for a particular length of time and then exhaled. It fills the lungs with sufficient oxygen. Air moves to the remotest capillaries which normally do not get sufficient air. This provides more oxygen to the body. Blood is oxygenated more perfectly. This makes up the loss of calcium in the body and prevents osteoporosis. It also balances the endocrinological imbalances in the body. All other Pranayamas are very helpful in rejuvenating the body. It is therefore symbolically said that an old man becomes young by the practice of Pranayama: (The Yogi, by the practice of Pranayama is free from old age problems and becomes like a boy of sixteen years.)
k) Increased cholesterol: Kapalabhati is a Knya in which air is inhaled and exhaled with force. It is greatly helpful in balancing excess of cholestrol. Nadisodhana is beneficial for the management of cardiovascular problems.
1) Impaired memory and concentration: Bhraman Pranayama is a practice which is performed by creating a long and repeated nasal sound which helps in activating the brain and supplying more oxygen to the same. This is helpful in preventing loss and impairment of memory. It also manages the loss of concentration. Trataka, Dharana and Dhyana are also helpful in enhancing concentration.
m) Depression, irritation and anxiety: Asanas like Savasana, Matsyakridasana, Makarasana and Adhvasana are greatly helpful in pacifying irritation and anxiety. Practice of meditation helps in overcoming almost all the psychological problems. Practice of Bhramari Pranayama greatly relieves depression since it generates unmatched happiness in the mind of the practitioner.
Apart from the above a few supportive practices are beneficial in combating the menopausal syndrome which may be listed as the following: Dietary discipline: No Yogic practice is ever fruitful without some dietary disciplines attached to it. Sage Gheranda rightly comments: (A person who practices Yoga without disciplining his diet is prone to various diseases and he is never successful in his yogic endeavour.)
Therefore ladies who wish to counter menopausal problems should adhere to some restrictions in taking food. Abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in calcium and vitamins should be the priority. Avoiding junk food, spicy and fatty eatables is conducive for the purpose. Drinking sufficient water is a good dietary practice which relieves many health problems.
Swadhyaya: Swadhyaya is an important component of Yoga. Swadhyaya has two parts viz. chanting of Mantras and reading spiritual books. Practice of Swadhyaya elevates a person spiritually. It calms down the mind and makes a man tolerant towards the diversities of life.
Iswarapranidhana: Iswara Pranidhana is surrendering all one’s a/ctions to God or being detached to the results thereof. This is a great help in combating the psychological and o emotional problems in menopause.
Other helping measures: Concentrating on some creative activities like writing, painting, gardening etc. greatly helps in distracting the mind and keeping it engrossed. As a result it does not find time to fall a prey to psychological problems like depression. Likewise dedicating some time for some social service for the destitutes and the deprived might serve a great purpose in combating the emotional problems like isolation and deprivation.
The best remedy: The best management of menopausal problems is accepting it with ease. Lord Krisna in Bhagvadgita says Yoga is nothing but equanimity towards the pairs of opposites like happiness and sorrow, loss and victory etc. Accepting the unavoidable is the best way to counter it. Human life is a continuous process of changes and menopause is one of them. Accepting this fact reduces major fraction of the problems since it induces a psychological strength to combat the same. Lord Krisna has very rightly said: (Childhood, youth, old age and death are various stages of life. A learned person is never perturbed when the changes take place.)
Thus a psychological adaptability along with a few yogic practices may be sufficiently helpful for a woman in facing menopause, one of the major turning points of her life.
Related Research News & Articles on the net :
- Yoga eases physical and mental menopause symptoms : Yoga can reduce hot flashes and night sweats among women going through menopause, and also appears to sharpen their mental function, researchers from India report. | <urn:uuid:77d47329-4ea4-4179-aab6-6c835290a274> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.naturalhealthcure.org/yoga-and-exercise/yoga-for-menopause-problems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829421.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00043-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9332 | 3,408 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Electricity economy: improvement of power efficiency in oil and gas sector: our view
To radically improve power efficiency of the economy (i.e., complex power-saving measures) is the main goal of Power strategy of Russia. The Power strategy suggests a set of intensive organizational and technological power and fuel-saving measures, thus, it implies conducting a purposeful power-saving policy.
The position of our society among the economically developed countries as well as standards of living of our citizens wholly depend on whether we are able to solve the power-saving problem or not. However, Russia possesses all the natural resources and intellectual assets that are necessary for the successful solution.
Power-saving should become one of strategic goals of the government as it is the major method to get energy security guarantees. It is also the only real way to keep the incomes from the export of raw hydrocarbons high.
Power supply required for domestic development can be obtained not only through the increase of raw materials extraction in the regions that are difficult to access and the construction of new power facilities according to the conventional technology, but also through the introduction of innovative technologies at lower costs that are capable of generating power and heat.
The goals of power-saving also coincide with those of the public institutions, e.g. the improvement of ecological situation, the efficiency increase of power supply systems etc. Power saving allows connecting new consumers for the infrastructure development at minimal capital costs. It also eliminates the problem of land allocation for the construction of new power generation facilities, alienation of sanitary protection zones etc. which has a positive effect on architectural development.
One of the effective ways to diminish the human impact on nature is to use the technology of “clean” power generation with lower emissions. Due to the fact that modern power engineering is generally based on the combustion of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal), it influences the environment enormously. The whole process has a ruinous effect on the ecological balance of the planet, starting with the extraction, processing and transportation and further combustion of resources for heat and power release. Thus, it is modern energy-saving technologies that play the main part in more efficient power use.
Energy-saving technologies will help to solve several issues at once: to save a considerable amount of power supply resources, to solve the problems of domestic housing and community services, to enhance the manufacture efficiency and to reduce the environmental stress.
To do so, Russia has a vast potential both of organizational and technological power saving. One of the most promising technologies is the innovative technology of electric power and heat generation by means of flameless oxidation in the energy units. Commercialization of this technology to industry and housing and community services will demonstrate high results in power saving.
Another crucial issue of oil-producing industry is the utilization of associated gas. According to the law, oil companies are obliged to utilize up to 95% of the associated gas, while existing utilization methods have quite a number of drawbacks. The most important one is that they are unprofitable. Therefore, all the governmental decisions notwithstanding, the utilization problem remains unsolved. As a result, associated gas is being combusted. It causes incredible damage both to the environment and to the people’s health. Meanwhile, money is just being thrown away into a stack. Whereas power facilities based on energy units are ideal for associated gas utilization. It promises considerable profit as electric power and heat are to be produced from something that represents a huge problem for oil companies, moreover – it’s a thing they’re trying to get rid of by simply combusting it. That is why innovative power facilities based on energy units that use associated gas as a fuel clear the way to the radical and economically attractive solution of this sore issue.
An energy unit (EU) is a device that efficiently generates direct current and heat out of hydrogen-enriched fuel by means of an electrochemical reaction.
Unlike other power generating equipment, such as internal-combustion engines or turbines operating on gas, coal, masout etc., energy units do not combust fuel. This means there are no noisy high-pressure rotors, loud exhaust noise or vibrations. Energy units generate electrical power by means of noiseless electrochemical reaction.
Electricity generation methods
Electricity generation efficiency (%) towards consumed energy
Another peculiarity of energy units is their capability to transform chemical energy of fuel directly to electricity, heat and water. They are highly effective and do not burn fuel by combustion reaction. They do not produce large quantity of greenhouse gases, such as carbonic gas, methane and nitrogen oxide. More information about energy units, their types and operating principles you can find on our special web site energy-units.ru
As there is a variety of types of internal combustion engines, there are various types of energy units. The choice of suitable type of an energy unit depends on its application and applied fuel. Natural gas, propane, synthesis gas, methanol, diesel fuel and pure hydrogen are used as a fuel.
Thanks to a number of conclusive advantages over traditional energy sources and power supply schemes independent heat power plants on the basis of energy units occupy more and more important place in the manufacture of "pure" energy and heat. Thus they are installed directly at the Customer’s site. An important stimulus of expansion of their application is also a constant rise in the prices for gas, tariffs and services from suppliers of gas and electric power.
Depending on different requirements of our Customers the company can supply the following types of power plants on the basis of energy units:
Output power: 1 kW max
Application: energy generation sources in communication devices
Output power: 50 kW max
Application: power generation sources in wireless telecommunication, communication and data transfer networks, security systems, municipal domestic heating and electro generation, EMERCOM objects, single objects with partial seasonal access.
Output power: 1 MW max
Application: power generation sources at industrial, municipal and household objects, fabrics, cooling warehouses, offices, telecommunication centers, super markets, sport establishments, objects in environmentally friendly districts, objects distanced from infrastructure of gas and electricity distributing systems.
Output power: over 1 MW
Application: energy sources at manufacture plants and power stations of average capacity in subsystems of direct generation and reserve capacities, in hybrid systems of power, heat and cold generation, fuel reservation systems.
For more information about peculiarities of the products we offer please visit our web site: www.energy-units.ru | <urn:uuid:6e3968c6-bbdd-4eb8-99f4-692ecc4f07d9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.ence-gmbh.ru/eng/energy_inno.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.932868 | 1,314 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Developmental Psychology in Action
Developmental Psychology in Action looks at how psychologists contribute to the development and well-being of children in practical ways. The role of psychologists and psychological theory is considered with respect to specific topics which focus on child development in the context of social, educational and clinical issues. The chapters are authored by active researchers and practitioners in each field. Each chapter provides an introduction to the topic under discussion and aims to stimulate reflection and evaluation.
This is the final book in a series of four which form part of the Open University course Child Development. The series provides a detailed and thorough undergraduate-level introduction to the central concepts, theories, current issues and research evidence in developmental psychology.
Developmental Psychology in Action is a course text for the Open University course ED209 Child Development. | <urn:uuid:df5b0c53-0c8d-4577-a61c-f1e961380e46> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=4NzGSYPHHlMC&dq=isbn:047076001X&as_brr=3&ie=ISO-8859-1&source=gbs_gdata&redir_esc=y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164026161/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133346-00092-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919148 | 159 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Alan Rorie is a neuroscientist by training. These days, however, you’re more likely to find him using an MIG (metal-inert gas) welder to send sparks skimming over a cool slab of metal than peering at glowing monkey neurons through a microscope.
The Dihemispheric Chronaether Agitator from Almost Scientific on Vimeo.
From Neurons to the Neuron Chamber
Not too many years ago, Rorie was a graduate student at Stanford University, investigating the amalgamation of different types of information in the cortexes of macaques during the decision-making process.
Now, Rorie amalgamates metals (and sometimes other materials) into works of art in a process that he calls “almost scientific.” This is also the name of the science and art collaborative that Rorie founded, as well as the name of his website, www.almostscientific.com. The goal of Almost Scientific, the collaborative, is to “educate scientists about art and artists about science” through the creation of art pieces that tend to be quite large, with moving parts.
Rorie always has been intrigued by moving parts— as a child, he says he was “really interested in taking stereos and blenders apart and putting them back together.” He also loved to read and write stories, which eventually led him to study the humanities in college. But, Rorie began to feel that the true source of being able to understand and appreciate the humanities was rooted biologically, in the brain. “What makes a great painting or symphony really has to do with how you perceive it,” says Rorie, “so I became very interested in the neuroscience of perception.”
By the time Rorie discovered that neuroscience wasn’t yet able to explain how the brain experiences art, he had nonetheless become intrigued. “I was already hooked on just understanding the brain and how it works,” he remembers. To this end, Rorie did a stint at the National Institute of Mental Health, then moved to California for graduate school.
Slowly, however, Rorie began to see that his future was not at the bench. It took a while for him to decide that he wanted to focus on, as he puts it, “art and creative pursuits.” Arriving at this conclusion wasn’t easy, particularly because everyone, including himself, thought of Rorie as a scientist.
The Process of Creation
In his studio in West Oakland, Calif., Rorie creates works with fantastical names: the Raygun Gothic Rocketship, the Triaparator and the Neuron Chamber. This last work is an “electro-kinetic sculpture” that demonstrates what neurons are and what they do. And, yes, it uses electricity: 9,000 volts make for an impressive action potential as they arc, a blinding blue light, down axons made of metal.
The Neuron Chamber at Lightwave in Dublin, Ireland from Almost Scientific on Vimeo.
Rorie not only is interested in teaching nonscientists about neurons— he also would like them to understand the mechanical workings of the Neuron Chamber. “In the sense [that] I can teach either the scientific content of my sculpture or the physical mechanics of it,” he says, “I am happy to do that.”
Rorie appears to derive a great deal of satisfaction from the design and construction of his work. Because many of his pieces are large and have moving parts, he makes use of engineering techniques— for example, CAD (computer-aided design) programs during the planning process— as well as tools intended for more industrial purposes, such as the MIG welder.
“A lot of the really large-scale pieces that I work on require a tremendous amount of engineering,” says Rorie, “and that is a huge part of the challenge and the fun and the beauty of these pieces.” He seems to revel in the process of creation, or as he puts it, “figuring out how to take something crazy and make it real.” This also is part of the message of Rorie’s works— to inspire people with the way he has taken a material as strong and rigid as metal and molded it to represent something as delicate as a human neuron.
As in science experiments, meticulous planning in art only goes so far. Nothing ever comes out the way you planned it, Rorie says, so you always have to be ready to adapt to the reality of the work. “At a certain point, you stop telling the work what it’s going to be,” he explains, “and it starts telling you what it is.” But, unlike many scientists, for whom the ultimate thrill is seeing their work published, the excitement is over for Rorie once a piece is done. “It’s more the process that’s important to me— it’s more the thrill of doing than the thrill the final product brings.”
Science and art may seem to exist in separate spheres, but Rorie believes that ultimately, they’re both about communication. It’s the direction in which the two are communicating that’s different, much like a reaction that can run in two different directions. The way Rorie sees it, scientists generate conceptual abstractions to explain physical phenomena, whereas artists generate physical embodiments of their abstract ideas, thoughts or knowledge. The Neuron Chamber was an experiment in this concept for Rorie: He wanted to take his knowledge of neuroscience and communicate it via a sculpture of “high-voltage, robotic neurons in an alien observation tank.”
So, was the experiment successful? Paul Doherty, founding director of the Center for Teaching and Learning at the Exploratorium in San Francisco, thinks so. He watched people interact with Rorie’s Neuron Chamber while it was installed at the museum. “As the visitors figured out what was happening, they could predict aloud what the spark would do next, then laugh if they were correct, or moan if they were not,” Doherty recalls. “[They] had been drawn into the world of sparks and neuron modeling.”
Rorie often creates pieces that move, light up, or spew sparks or steam. He does this not only because he enjoys the engineering challenge but also because it makes the art more “alive.” Kinetic art has “action and reaction to the world around it,” Rorie says. “It gets touched and moved; it wears down.” In a way, the moveable aspect of Rorie’s art is a continuation of the bidirectional communication experiment. Moving parts encourage people to interact with the art, which means that Rorie’s pieces sometimes wear out or break. He doesn’t mind— in fact, he likes to fix them because it gives him something to do at gallery shows.
“The Path Is That Simple”
More by Alan Rorie
• The Almost Scientific website.
• Follow Alan Rorie on Twitter.
For bench scientists who yearn for the freedom of arc welding, Rorie has this advice: find something you love and do it, and soon you’ll get to be it. He expands upon this in two parts. The first is that there isn’t necessarily a formal process for every step of one’s career. “You don’t need to apply,” he says. “If you want be a carpenter, you just go and be a carpenter. The path is that simple.”
The most difficult step may be overcoming one’s self-identification as a scientist, as it was for Rorie. So here’s the second part of his advice, which is more of a pep talk for those who don’t view proficiency with a confocal microscope as a skill that can be translated to another line of work: “Your education as a scientist is deeper and stronger than just the field in which you work.” Rorie notes that while he doesn’t do science anymore, he uses the skills that he learned as a graduate student every day.
Besides, says Rorie, as a scientist, “you are on the cutting edge of knowledge— so why can’t you do anything else that you imagine doing?”
Leslie W. Chinn is a postdoctoral fellow at the National Cancer Institute. | <urn:uuid:0f689fc9-8201-409d-af94-bf9024210fe5> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=7634&page_id=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929176.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00129-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96945 | 1,789 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In the summer, it seems we find we are either waving our hands to fan ourselves or swatting away annoying insects. In addition to the flies and mosquitoes, the early arrival of spring and summer this year gave all kinds of bees a head start and they are building some amazing and impressive nests. However, large nests mean a large numbers of bees, and their stings can not only be painful but also dangerous to children, pets and those who are allergic.
When working or playing out in the yard, be very mindful of the dangers that can be lurking in the ground, bushes and trees, and under decks and overhangs. Large nests and hives can be home to hundreds of hornets, wasps and yellow jackets. A small honeybee entering a hole in the wall may look innocent, but that hole could actually be the doorway to a colony of thousands of the creatures.
By last month, we (the insect specialists) at Crocodile Dave had already collected numerous hornet nests larger than soccer balls, extracted entire house walls of honeybees, and dug up yards full of yellow jackets.
We urge you to be very cautious when dealing with stinging insects and when in doubt, call a professional.
Have a safe August!
—The Crocodile Dave Team | <urn:uuid:b50f34b9-bb7b-41b8-b9f3-729b08d0a853> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://hometownnewsatlanta.com/be-mindful-of-stinging-insects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330968.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826042816-20190826064816-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.95232 | 261 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We all “kind of” know what HVAC is, but a lot of us are also missing or misunderstanding a lot of the HVAC basics that are quite important for any homeowner. You don’t need to be on the lookout for HVAC jobs to benefit from expanding and developing your HVAC knowledge. So, let’s go through some “HVAC training” and delve a little bit into what HVAC is and what it entails.
What is HVAC?
HVAC is a major sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that encompasses a lot of processes, types of devices, airflow management systems, and more. IT covers all the systems that deal with moving air between indoor and outdoor areas, heating and cooling systems, air purifying, humidifying, and dehumidifying systems, and other related systems. Simply put, HVAC covers all units, electric devices, and systems that work to keep us cozy and healthy at the right temperatures and air quality levels.
What does HVAC stand for and what is its purpose?
It’s well-known that HVAC stands for “Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning”. The devices and systems that fall into these categories can be quite different and unique in the ways they operate but they all have the common purpose of keeping the air quality and temperatures in our residential or commercial surroundings at the appropriate levels.
In a lot of cases, this purpose of HVAC systems may seem like a luxury but it’s become much more than that a long time ago. The applications of HVAC systems in commercial settings nowadays are innumerable given how many food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and other industry would simply crumble without adequate HVAC support.
Even in residential settings, HVAC devices do much more than keeping us cool in the summer and warm in the winter. HVAC devices can purify and dehumidify the air in our homes, thus keeping it clean and healthy for us. They also manage and sustain the airflow in our homes which is otherwise dampened by the fact that our homes are so well isolated. Back in the day, even just a century ago, people’s homes had enough openings in their walls, windows, and doors for there to be a constant airflow indoors. And while this was negative in many ways, it at least kept the air in their homes constantly circulating. Today, our homes are so well isolated from the outside elements and pests that we need good HVAC systems to keep our indoor air in good circulation and quality.
There are many ways in which the various HVAC systems achieve air purification and temperature control. Air conditioning units, for example, utilize the so-called phase conversion process which takes advantage of the fact that when liquids convert into gases they absorb heat. This can be done in various ways, with a single phase AC transformer, a three-phase AC transformer, or a five-phase AC transformer. Either way, the base principle is the same – AC units use special chemical compounds called “refrigerants” that the warm air is sucked through and that cool it off as they themselves get warm enough to turn into gases.
The process can easily be reversed too with the simple addition of a reversing valve. An AC with such a valve can easily double as a heat pump and instead of dumping the hot air outside it can expel the cold air outside and pump the warm air inside.
What are the main terms to know about HVAC?
As you can see, there’s quite a lot to know about HVAC. We couldn’t possibly cover all the intricacies of the field in one short article but here are the basics you might want to familiarize yourself with first:
- Air changes per hour. This points to the ventilation rate per volume of space. It’s equal to the number of times per hour the volume of a physical space is fully exchanged.
- Condenser. This is a key component of the refrigeration cycle that removes heat from the system or ejects heat into it. The condenser is the hot unit on the side of the air conditioner or the heat pump.
- Flow. This marks the amount of fluid transferred per a certain amount of time.
- Diffuser. This is the unit in an HVAC system that separates the different air vanes and distributes them in different directions.
- Dehumidifier. A unit that extracts the humidity out of the air by cooling it off and then re-heating it to its original temperature.
- Heating coil. This is the part of a heating unit that conducts heat.
- Heat pump. This is a compressor unit that cycles hot and cold air. It’s designed to move heat energy in the opposite direction of the standard heat flow, or in other words – to warm up a specific space.
- Intermediate fluid. This is a liquid or a gas that transfers heat from one heat exchange to another.
- Radiation. Transferring heat from one surface to another directly, without heating the intermediate air.
- Terminal unit. The component that houses the cooling coil, the heating coil (the coils that conduct cold and heat in the unit), and the automatic damper (the gate/plate on a duct that controls the air flow).
- Thermostat. The system that monitors and controls the heating & cooling systems.
The history of HVAC
HVAC is a constantly developed and evolving field of mechanical engineering and a lot of humanity’s greatest minds have contributed to it throughout the years. From Nikolay Lvov and Michael Faraday, through Reuben Trane and Sadi Carnot, to people like Edwin Ruud and James Joule.
The first air conditioning system itself has been preceded by a lot of other HVAC inventions that have come before 1902 when Alfred Wolff designed an AC system for the New York Stock Exchange. It was in 1899, three years earlier that something along the lines of an “HVAC school” emerged thanks to Coyne College’s HVAC training courses. Nowadays there are even online HVAC training courses offering HVAC licenses and HVAC certifications.
HVAC systems do a lot of great things for us and have become a necessity in most modern day homes. What’s more, the HVAC field has yet to expand and progress even more so it’s definitely a good idea to stay up to date with the newest trends and developments in HVAC. | <urn:uuid:642db1a2-d733-4c5a-8848-d32a55e250c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.heatwhiz.com/all-about-hvac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583423.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016043926-20211016073926-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.943862 | 1,365 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Eye twitching, eyelid tics and spasms are pretty common.
Usually, only the bottom lid of one eye is involved, but the top eyelid also can twitch. Most eye twitches come and go, although they can last for weeks or even months.
Most people develop a minor eyelid twitch at some point in their lives. Although the cause is generally unknown, it may be associated with:
- Alcohol intake
- Bright light
- Caffeine excess
- Irritation of the eye surface or inner eyelids
- Physical exertion
This minor form of twitch is painless and harmless. It usually goes away on its own. But it can be quite annoying. And that’s especially true if the spasms are strong enough to cause the eyelids to completely shut and then reopen.
In some cases, eye twitching is more than a temporary nuisance. Some people have spasms that occur frequently throughout the day. Symptoms can recur for days, weeks, or even months. That can cause a lot of emotional distress. It can interfere with quality of life.
Very rarely, eyelid spasms are a symptom of a more serious brain or nerve disorder. When the eyelid twitches are a result of these more serious conditions, they are almost always accompanied by other symptoms. Brain and nerve disorders that may cause eyelid twitches include:
- Bell’s palsy (facial palsy), which is a condition that causes one side of your face to droop downward
- Dystonia, which causes unexpected muscle spasms and the affected area’s body part to twist or contort
- Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), which causes the neck to randomly spasm and the head to twist into uncomfortable positions
- Multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a disease of the central nervous system that causes cognitive and movement problems, as well as fatigue
- Parkinson’s disease, which can cause trembling limbs, muscle stiffness, balance problems, and difficulty speaking
- Tourette’s syndrome, which is characterized by involuntary movement and verbal tics
Undiagnosed corneal scratches can also cause chronic eyelid twitches. If you think you have an eye injury, see your optometrist immediately. Corneal scratches can cause permanent eye damage.
When Are Eyelid Twitches an Emergency?
Eyelid twitches are rarely serious enough to require emergency medical treatment. However, chronic eyelid spasms may be a symptom of a more serious brain or nervous system disorder. You may need to see your doctor if you’re having chronic eyelid spasms and any of the following also happens:
- Your eye is red, swollen, or has an unusual discharge.
- Your upper eyelid is drooping.
- Your eyelid completely closes each time your eyelids twitch.
- The twitching continues for several weeks.
- The twitching begins affecting other parts of your face.
How Are Eyelid Twitches Treated?
Most eyelid spasms go away without treatment in a few days or weeks. If they don’t go away, you can try to eliminate or decrease potential causes. The most common causes of eyelid twitch are stress, fatigue, and caffeine. To ease eye twitching, you might want to try the following:
- Drink less caffeine.
- Get adequate sleep.
- Keep your eye surfaces and membranes lubricated with over-the-counter artificial tears or eye drops.
- Apply a warm compress to your eyes when a spasm begins.
Lifestyle treatments may also help ease the symptoms of benign essential blepharospasm. Coenzyme Q10 is one treatment, but you should ask your doctor about it first if you have Parkinson’s disease. Treatments also include:
- massage therapy
- nutrition therapy
- psychotherapy, which can be helpful for Tourette’s syndrome
- tai chi
- yoga and other meditation techniques for relaxation
If you want to find more health tips, take a look at the Everyday Roots Book.
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Official Website: everydayrootsbook.com | <urn:uuid:7ec8348b-1a1a-499f-8466-939659e79eb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://healthyrecipeshome.com/this-is-what-it-means-when-your-eye-starts-twitching-and-jumpingand-its-not-good/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541995.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00454-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92154 | 1,042 | 3 | 3 |
The modern Olympic Games or 'Olympics' are the leading international multi-sport event in which thousands of athletes from more than 200 countries participate. The introduction of modern Olympic Games was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games which were held as religious and athletic festivals in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to 4th Century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, from France, is known as the inventor of the modern Olympics. The International Olympics Committee (IOC) is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, established in 1894. As the decision maker, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each competition and also organizes funds for the games as per the Olympic Charter. It is supported by the International Sports Federations (IFs) and National Olympics Committee.
There are eight categories of Olympic Games, organized by IOC:
- Olympics (Summer & Winter) –The first modern Summer and Winter Olympics were held in Athens, Greece in 1896 & Chamonix, France in 1924, respectively.
- Paralympic Games (Summer & Winter) –These are organized for athletes with disability. The first Summer and Winter Paralympic were held in Rome in 1960 and Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976, respectively.
- Youth Olympic Games (Summer & Winter) –These are organized for teenage athletes (between 14 to 18 years). The first Summer and Winter Youth Olympics were organized in Singapore in 2010 and Austria in 2012.
- Special Olympics (Summer & Winter) –These are organized for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. The first Summer and Winter Special Olympics were held in Chicago, U.S. in 1968 and Colorado, U.S. in 1977, respectively. | <urn:uuid:ecc06a0d-e9b3-4dd8-88da-5ff9fdab8678> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://sportsmatik.com/sports-corner/sports-competition/olympic-games | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710473.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128034307-20221128064307-00820.warc.gz | en | 0.967403 | 351 | 3.234375 | 3 |
South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, appears to have stopped Guinea worm disease within its borders, the country’s health minister announced Wednesday.
“Having known the suffering it inflicted, one is very happy today,” the minister, Dr. Riek Gai Kok, said. “Future generations will just read of Guinea worm in the books as history.”
Dr. Kok made the announcement in Atlanta at the Carter Center, a philanthropy founded by former President Jimmy Carter that leads the effort to eliminate the parasitic worm.
Only 30 worm infestations were detected last year, 15 in Chad and 15 in Ethiopia. When Mr. Carter began the eradication drive in 1986, there were an estimated 3.5 million cases in 21 Asian and African countries.
Global health officials are racing to make the worm or polio the second human disease — after smallpox — to be eradicated worldwide. Rinderpest, a cattle disease that for centuries triggered widespread human famines, was eliminated in 2011.
Guinea worm — also known as dracunculiasis, or “affliction with little dragons” — is a minuscule parasite found in ponds. Inside anyone who drinks the water, it grows to be a yard long and emerges after a year, usually from a leg or foot, by exuding acid under the skin to form a blister.
The pain drives the victim to dunk the leg in water, and the worm releases millions of larvae, starting the cycle anew.
It can take two weeks to carefully pull each worm from the body so it does not break and cause infection.
The Carter Center fights the disease by recruiting a volunteer in each affected village to pour a mild pesticide into ponds, distribute cloth filters that remove copepods containing worm larvae, and treat victims before they walk into ponds.
South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan in 2011, triumphed despite having many worm-laden ponds, a long rainy season, poor roads and irregular spasms of warfare, said Dr. Donald R. Hopkins, a former acting director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who for years led the Carter Center campaign.
South Sudan has not had a case in 15 months, which is longer than the worm’s life cycle. The country will be certified worm-free by the World Health Organization only after there have been no cases for three years.
Because most worms emerge in July, the middle of the growing season, “you will get a complete village crippled,” Dr. Kok said. “And besides the pain, the community will not be productive and will be faced with hunger. To get water or prepare a meal is a nightmare.”
Dr. Kok thanked the Carter Center both for its help and for training thousands of village volunteers.
His ministry will hire 7,200 of them, he said, for its new Boma Health Initiative, which intends to place three health workers in every “Boma” — district — trained to give vaccines, treat malaria, check pregnant women, record births and deaths, and to identify malnutrition, H.I.V. and tuberculosis.
In countries with shortages of doctors and nurses, such as Ethiopia, Pakistan and Peru, villagers working for similar programs — sometimes called “lady health workers” or “community health promoters” — have dramatically cut death rates among mothers and children. | <urn:uuid:0dc53db8-d3ac-44bd-a361-578b55bc6f15> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/health/south-sudan-guinea-worms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584445118.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124014810-20190124040810-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.956058 | 702 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The potential for low temperature enhancement of CMOS performance has been recognized for some time, going back as far as the late 1960’s and mid-1970’s. A collection of articles focusing on low temperature electronics is included in the book by Kirschman(1) where a number of researchers [2-6] have identified the advantages of operating electronics at low temperatures. Jaeger (7) also presented advantages of operating CMOS technologies at low temperatures.
Figure 1. Module and chip power trends.
Among the advantages are faster switching times of semiconductor devices, increased circuit speed due to lower electrical resistance of interconnecting materials, and a reduction in thermally induced failures of devices and components. Over the past several years, computer systems have been shipped with refrigeration utilizing the vapor compression cycle to attain low temperatures. Typical evaporator temperatures range from -40�C to 20�C. This paper describes the application of refrigeration to cooling computers and some of the elements related to making the design robust.
The primary desire for driving CMOS chip technologies to lower temperatures is increased performance, either by extracting better performance from existing technologies (thereby avoiding the expense and delay required for advances in design and fabrication, which would be needed to achieve the same performance at room temperature) or by attaining even higher performance with newer technologies. This desire is fueled in the workplace by requirements to do more work in a shorter period of time and by the increasingly competitive nature of the industry to have the highest performing system in the market place.
With the strong move from bipolar to CMOS chip technologies, cooling has now become a strong influence on computer performance. Always cited as the prime electrical property is mobility, which improves at lower temperatures. Transistor switching speed is proportional to the mean carrier velocity in the device and mobility is the ratio of electron or hole velocities to electric field. Mobility increases as temperature decreases due to a reduction of carrier scattering from thermal vibrations of the semiconductor crystal lattice. In addition to mobility the other major benefit in reducing temperature is an exponential reduction in leakage currents.
Achievable performance improvements range from 1 to 3% for every 10�C lower transistor temperature, depending on the doping characteristics of the chip. Raising the junction temperature, on the other hand, enhances bipolar chip performance. Unfortunately the higher temperature is also detrimental to the device reliability. Although the packaging strategy for both CMOS and bipolar technologies involves some form of cooling, only CMOS technology gains in performance as the junction temperature is lowered.
If one uses a vapor compression refrigeration cycle, a 100�C temperature improvement in transistor temperature is not unrealistic, resulting in a 10 to 30% improvement in system performance. This is a mature technology well established in the air conditioning industry. However, the application of this equipment to electronic cooling presents some significant challenges.
Although performance has been the key driver in the use of this technology, the second major reason for designing a system with low temperature cooling is the improvement achieved in reliability to counteract detrimental effects which rise as technology is pushed to the extremes. Many wear out failure mechanisms follow the Arrhenius equation showing that for die temperatures operating in the range of -20�C to 140�C every 10�C decrease in temperature reduces the failure rate by approximately a factor of 2. Therefore a significant improvement should be achieved in chip failure rates with lower temperatures, however this has yet to be substantiated.
The third reason for using low temperature cooling technologies is to maintain temperatures below the functional temperature limit. In many cases, chips are designed to operate at a maximum temperature up to 105�C. If chip powers continue on the path many experts consider beyond the range of air cooling, then low temperature cooling will have to be considered. The trends in heat flux at the module level and the heat dissipated by chips are shown in Figure 1. It is clear from these charts that continued increases in the heat dissipated at the chip and module level will probably continue for at least the next few years.
For these three reasons (increased performance, improved reliability and maintaining chip temperatures below functional limits), major semiconductor and computer companies have shown great interest in low temperature cooling technology during the last couple of years. Some have evolved into major product announcements and eventually shippable products. Intel, Digital Equipment Corporation (now Compaq), AMD, Sun Microsystems, IBM, STS Technologies and Kryotech, Inc have all shown computers at industry shows or shipped products with low temperature cooling that utilizes the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
In December, 1999, Kryotech teamed with AMD to thermally accelerate the AMD Athlon to 1 GHz with the evaporator cooled to -40�C. This was the first commercially available system to achieve such a performance level, which was achieved by using the performance boost provided by low temperature cooling. Several months earlier, IBM began shipping its third generation refrigerated G6 S/390 large server with even lower temperature processor chips than the prior G4 and G5 systems first shipped in 1997 and 1998, respectively. All three generations (G4, G5 and G6) of IBM’s large servers have processors cooled using vapor compression refrigeration.
All the workstations and servers utilizing low temperature electronic cooling are strong evidence of the race to use this technology for increased system performance, improved reliability and/or maintenance of chip functionality.
Application to High End Servers
In 1993, IBM began transforming its mainframe computer technology from one based on bipolar emitter-coupled logic (ECL) to one based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic. CMOS technology has a tremendous advantage in circuit density. A high-performance central processing unit may be contained on a single CMOS chip, rather than on hundreds of ECL chips. Also, the low switching current of CMOS greatly reduces power consumption, eliminating the need for a complex and expensive water-cooled package.
The IBM S/390 G4 CMOS system, first shipped in 1997, can have 12 processing units, up to two levels of cache and the bus-switching logic packaged in a single multi-chip module (MCM) on one processor board. This delivers performance comparable to that of an IBM 9021-711 bipolar system in which the corresponding logic occupies 56 multi-chip modules on 14 boards. This system was unique in that it was the first such IBM design to employ refrigeration cooling. The decision to employ refrigeration cooling versus other cooling options, such as high flow air cooling or various water cooling schemes, focused on the system performance improvement realized with the refrigeration system.
The G4 large server appears in Figure 2. Bulk power for the system, which is shown at the top of the frame, distributes 350 VDC throughout the frame. Below the bulk power is the central electronic complex (CEC) where the MCM, housing 12 processors, is located. Various electronic “book” packages (memory, control modules, DC power supplies, etc.) are mounted on each side of the processor module. Below the CEC are blowers that provide air cooling for all the components in the CEC except the processor module, which is cooled through refrigeration. Below the blowers are two modular refrigeration units (MRUs), which provide cooling via the evaporator mounted on the processor module.
Figure 2. IBM s/390 G4 refrigerated system.
Only one MRU at a time runs during normal operation. Should one MRU fail, it can be replaced via quick connects located at the evaporator. Thus a new MRU can be installed while the system continues to operate. The evaporator mounted on the processor module is redundant in that two independent loops utilizing copper tubes are interleaved through a thick copper plate, each loop attached to separate MRUs. Refrigerant passing through one loop is adequate to cool the MCM (which dissipates a maximum power of 1050 Watts for G4) under all environmental extremes allowed by the system. (The follow-on G5 and G6 systems were packaged in a similar fashion with almost the identical refrigeration system.)
In the bottom of the frame, the I/O electronic books are installed along with the associated blowers to provide the air cooling. Air cooling for the condenser located in the MRUs is provided by air exiting the I/O cage at the bottom of the frame. Air flow through the condenser as well as through the I/O cage is increased for room temperatures above 27�C.
A schematic of the components within the refrigeration system appears in Figure 3. The components of the refrigeration system will now be described.
Figure 3. IBM S/390 G4 refrigeration system components
All components except the evaporator are housed in the MRUs. The components that make up the MRUs were selected to meet heat load requirements of the MCM, environmental conditions of the system, and control aspects required to maintain high system availability. R-134a was selected as the refrigerant because of its environmental compatibility. A rotary compressor with a brushless DC motor provides speed control and, thereby, some temperature control of the refrigeration system.
The high pressure superheated vapor that leaves the compressor passes through a 3-row fin-and-tube condenser where the vapor is reduced to a low temperature subooled liquid. As stated before, the exhaust air from the I/O cage located in the bottom half of the frame provides cooling to the condenser. A filter downstream of the condenser removes any moisture, acids or other contaminants from the refrigerant system.
An externally equalized expansion valve with the bulb mounted on the return line from the evaporator permits the expansion of the liquid to a low temperature, low quality mixture of vapor and liquid entering the evaporator. A microcode-driven control system monitors the evaporator thermistors and pulses the hot gas bypass valve located between the outlet of the compressor and the outlet of the expansion device to maintain the evaporator at nearly a constant temperature.
Normally the compressor operates at 2300 RPM; faster when additional cooling is required. As the refrigerant passes through the evaporator, it begins as a low quality liquid that becomes a slightly superheated vapor at the exit. The amount of superheated vapor exiting the evaporator is controlled by the bulb of the expansion valve attached to the pipe carrying refrigerant away from the evaporator. The bulb is preset to maintain a slight superheat at the evaporator exit. As the temperature at the exit of the evaporator increases, the bulb temperature increases, thereby causing an increase in the refrigerant flow through the expansion valve. To ensure that no liquid returns to the compressor, two accumulators are installed upstream of the compressor.
The evaporator is encased in insulation and sealed with an outer metal cover to prevent moisture infusion and subsequent condensation in the area around the module. In addition, a seal between the evaporator assembly and board inhibits any moisture infusion in the area surrounding the module adjacent to the board.
A desiccant installed within the evaporator assembly nearest the board provides further protection. The thermodynamic states for the refrigeration cycle just described appear in Figure 4 for the G4 system.
Figure 4. Thermodynamic cycle for R134a vapor compression cycle used in S/390 G4 server.
In the application of this low temperature technology there are some disadvantages. The three primary ones are cost, power to operate the refrigeration hardware, and packaging space required for the refrigeration components. Each of these must be considered relative to the proposed system design. In many cases, the cost, volume and power required to run the refrigeration system do not justify its implementation. Yet for other systems it may be acceptable.
Depending on the system. the space required for the refrigeration components can vary from 15 to 30% of the system volume. In addition, the percentage of total system cost devoted to cooling hardware can vary with large systems tending to be at the lower end of the spectrum, while workstations are at the upper end. The power required to operate the refrigeration system can be a major consideration.
For the refrigeration system employed in S/390 the coefficient of performance (COP) of the vapor compression cycle varies as shown in Figure 5. The 40�C condensing curve refers to the nominal environmental conditions, whereas 55�C condensing temperature refers to the worst case environmental conditions. It is evident that for an operating evaporator temperature of 15�C and nominal room the COP is 3, whereas for a worst case room the COP is approximately 2. (For every 1000 Watts cooled by the refrigeration system, the compressor requires 500 watts input power.)
Figure 5. COP for the S/390 G4 refrigeration cycle (R134a).
Application to Workstations
A number of applications of low temperature cooling with refrigeration have been applied to single processor workstations. In this case, the design is much different than that for the high-end server described above. For workstations, the evaporator temperature is usually much lower to obtain the greatest performance enhancement, typically in the range of -40�C.
The design for the workstation does not include the hot gas bypass valve or accumulators that are shown in Figure 3 for the server. In addition, the low temperature is accomplished with a capillary tube employed in place of the expansion valve in the server application. Even though the cycle is very simple, there are issues similar to that of the server, and these must be carefully addressed; for example, control to accommodate the full range of environmental conditions and, of course, condensation.
The same advantages and disadvantages for applying refrigeration to the server apply to the workstation. Performance, reliability and functionality are all reasons for implementing this technology, while the disadvantages of cost, volume and power apply. In some cases, the sensitivity to these parameters in the workstation is more extreme. However, as evident by the number of systems shipped over the past few years, the advantages can far outweigh the disadvantages.
Meticulous care must be given to those areas which show temperatures that fall below the dew point. Although the design of the insulation encasing the module, tubes and hoses that experience low temperatures may prevent most of condensation problems, there are invariably some areas that do not permit space for enough insulation. It may therefore be necessary to add heaters in strategic locations to maintain temperatures above the dew point.
Along with maintaining all surfaces above the dew point, it is imperative to exercise the utmost care in sealing the module/evaporator encased with insulation. The seals — to prevent air and moisture from leaking into the low temperature area — must be maintained under temperature cycling conditions and must afford low permeability to moisture passing through the thickness of the seal. Selection of the proper material for adequate sealing and low permeability is important.
The applications described involved an evaporator cooling a single module. In the case of the S/390 module, the cooling was applied to the MCM housing all the processor chips, while the workstation cooled a single chip module. Providing cooling to multiple modules with the refrigeration system requires careful consideration of factors such as serviceability, module power nonuniformities, location of the expansion device, and controlling evaporator temperatures within certain tolerances.
Cooling designs employing a vapor compression cycle have been successfully employed to provide sub-ambient cooling for high performance CMOS processors in large servers and workstations. The advantages of performance, reliability and maintaining functional temperature limits must be balanced against cost, power and volume required for the refrigeration system.
1 Low-Temperature Electronics, 1985, edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York.
2 Kirschman, R.K., 1985, “Cold Electronics: An Overview,” in Low-Temperature Electronics edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 7-14.
3 Solomon, P. M., “Materials, Devices, and Systems”, in Low-Temperature Electronics edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 16-19.
4 Keyes, R.W., Harris, E.P., and Konnerth, K.L., “The Role of Low Temperature in the Operation of Logic Circuitry”, in Low-Temperature Electronics edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 21-39.
5 Jaeger, R.C. And Gaensslen, F.H., “MOS Devices and Switching Behavior”, in Low-Temperature Electronics edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 90-93.
6 Gaensslen, F.H. And Jaeger, R.C., “Temperature Dependent Threshold Behavior of Depletion Mode Mosfets”, in Low-Temperature Electronics edited by R.K. Kirschman, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 123-130.
7 Jaeger, R.C., 1986, “Development of Low Temperature CMOS for High Performance Computer Systems,” IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers, pp. 128-130. | <urn:uuid:b53afecc-26f4-489b-a17a-aa2dd6bbe385> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.electronics-cooling.com/2000/09/low-temperature-electronic-cooling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574058.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920175834-20190920201834-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.915928 | 3,551 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- CBCT scans provide 3D information that increases the safety and accuracy of dental implant placement.
- CBCT Reports written by an Oral & Maxillofacial Radiologist aid in the planning of implants and should accompany each CBCT scan to ensure thorough interpretation of the scan to meet the Standard of Care.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is an advanced imaging technology that provides three-dimensional views of the teeth, bones, and other structures in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region – these scanned structures should be reviewed by an Oral & Maxillofacial Radiologist who provides the dentist with an official CBCT Report. CBCT has become an essential diagnostic tool in implant dentistry because it provides accurate information about the anatomy and condition of the jawbone, crucial pre-operative information for predictable implant placement.
CBCT scans provide detailed information about the thickness, density, contour, and quality of the bone, as well as the location of vital structures such as nerves, blood vessels, and sinuses. This information is used to plan the optimal placement of dental implants and/or the need for bone grafts, minimizing surgical risks and enhancing long-term success. The use of CBCT for dental implants has several advantages over traditional two-dimensional (2D) imaging techniques such as periapical X-rays.
One of the main advantages of CBCT is that it provides a three-dimensional view of the jawbone, which allows for better visualization and understanding of the anatomy. This helps the dentist to accurately assess the available bone for implant placement and to determine the optimal angle, depth, and position of the implant. CBCT scans also allow for the evaluation of the bone density to some extent, which is important in determining the type of implant to be used and the amount of force that can be applied to the implant.
Another advantage of CBCT is that it reduces the risk of complications during and after implant placement. The use of CBCT scans allows the dentist to identify any potential anatomical challenges such as the presence of nerves, sinuses, or deep concavities in bones that may increase the risk of implant placement. This information helps the dentist to plan and execute the implant placement with precision, reducing the risk of damage to surrounding structures.
To use CBCT for dental implants, the patient is positioned in a special chair or scanner, and the scanner rotates around the head, taking multiple X-ray images. The images are then reconstructed into a three-dimensional model of the jaws, which can be viewed on a computer screen. The dentist can use specialized software to manipulate the images and view them from different angles, allowing for better visualization of the anatomy.
Preoperative CBCT scans are used to assess the patient’s bone quality, density, and quantity, and to plan the optimal placement of the implant. CBCT can also be used during the surgery in the event of any uncertainty to guide the placement of the implant and to ensure that it is positioned correctly. After implant placement, CBCT scans can be used to evaluate the success of the procedure and to monitor the healing process.
CBCT is essential in dental implantology because it provides accurate information about the anatomy and condition of the jawbone, which is crucial for successful implant placement. CBCT scans allow dentists to plan the optimal placement of dental implants with precision, reducing the risk of complications and ensuring long-term success. If you are considering dental implants, ask your dentist about the use of CBCT scans to ensure the best possible outcome. | <urn:uuid:de32c39d-104e-4a83-965b-bdc3652a0028> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.capture3dr.com/education/implants-with-cbct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00880.warc.gz | en | 0.919029 | 720 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A new study has revealed that food allergies are gradually increasing in children, and the problem is doubling among black children.
The study was published on Monday in the March issue of Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the scientific publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI).
The study suggests that food allergy nearly doubled in black children over 23 years.
For the study, the researchers analyzed 452,237 children from 1988 to 2011. During the study, it was found that food allergy was increasing among black children at a rate of 2.1 percent per decade, 1.2 percent among Hispanics and 1 percent among whites.
Lead author Corinne Keet, MD, MS at Johns Hopkins University, says, “Our research found a striking food allergy trend that needs to be further evaluated to discover the cause.”
According to the researcher, although African Americans generally have higher levels of IgE, it is only recently that they have reported food allergy more frequently than white children.
IgE is the antibody the immune system creates more of when one has an allergy.
“Whether the observed increase is due to better recognition of food allergy or is related to environmental changes remains an open question,” he stresses.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also posted the guidelines on its website over curbing the problem. The measures included restricting nuts, shellfish or other foods that can cause allergic reactions. Moreover, it also laid stress upon beefing up emergency measures by keeping allergy medicines like EpiPens available in the campus.
Following are the guidelines issued by the CDC:
- Ensure the daily management of food allergies in individual children.
- Prepare for food allergy emergencies.
- Provide professional development on food allergies for staff members.
- Educate children and family members about food allergies.
- Create and maintain a healthy and safe educational environment.
The most common food allergy symptoms include:
- Tingling or itching in the mouth
- Hives, itching or eczema
- Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat, or other parts of the body
- Wheezing, nasal congestion or trouble breathing
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting | <urn:uuid:86ae8e6b-a631-4dc5-9ba5-71fb15bc00d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.utahpeoplespost.com/2014/03/food-allergy-among-black-children-doubled-over-23-years-says-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.951059 | 482 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Who is asking: Other
Level of the question: All
Question: 5 men took turns weighing themselves on a scale. However, they weighed each other two at a time, ten times total, so that every possible combination of two men was weighed. The scale had the following read out for the pairs, 236,244,228,250,258,230,246,238,242,and 252 pounds. How heavy was the heaviest man?
This question came from my granddaughter, any help would be
- Add up all these weights, and you get four times the total weight of the five men (because each man went four times on the scale). So if you divide this number by four you get the total weight of all five men.
- The largest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the two heaviest men, and the smallest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the two lightest men. When you subtract these two numbers from the total weight, you get the weight of the middle man.
- The second largest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the heaviest and the middle man, so you only need to subtract from it the weight of the middle man to get the weight of the heaviest. | <urn:uuid:a7631055-e7ab-41aa-9169-8520720e53b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.02.06/bev1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.94746 | 257 | 3.21875 | 3 |
7 snow leopards spotted in Manaslu
GORKHA: Seven snow leopards have been spotted in Samagaun and Chhekampar VDCs in Gorkha district.
The Manaslu Conservation Area Project under the National Trust for Nature Conservation found the endangered animal in the course of a technical survey at the area, the project officials said.
Meanwhile, project chief Raj Kumar Gurung said that an awareness campaign has been launched at the local level for the conservation of snow leopards.
“We have confirmed the presence of snow leopards here. Preparations are underway to train local people on the conservation of the rare animal," he said, "Climate change can be attributed to the migration of snow leopards to higher lands.”
It is estimated that Gorkha district houses 17 snow leopards. Generally, snow leopards reside in areas situated at an altitude of around 3500 metres. | <urn:uuid:6e539765-cef2-45b6-8a74-2e729dd9ebb7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/7-snow-leopards-spotted-in-manaslu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060677.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928092646-20210928122646-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.930384 | 193 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- Described as David's ‘friend’ (2 Sam. 15:37), i.e. a court official, Hushai was instrumental in enabling David to defeat the rebellion of his son Absalom. When David fled from Jerusalem into the wilderness, Hushai at personal risk remained in the city, infiltrated the insurgents' camp, ingratiated himself with Absalom, and pretended to advise a strategy to trap David. Absalom's trust in Hushai was misplaced, for his loyalty to David never wavered. Thus the king was saved. Ahitophel's rival plan, though more likely to succeed, was rejected. He soon realized that the rebels' cause was lost; he foresaw his fate at David's hands and chose suicide (2 Sam. 17:23).
Dictionary of the Bible.
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Hushai — or Chusai was a friend of David and a spy according to the Hebrew Bible. During Absalom s rebellion described in the Second Book of Samuel, he agrees to act as an advisor to Absalom to sabotage his plans while secretly sending information to… … Wikipedia
Hushai — Quick, the Archite, the king s friend (1 Chr. 27:33). When David fled from Jerusalem, on account of the rebellion of Absalom, and had reached the summit of Olivet, he there met Hushai, whom he sent back to Jerusalem for the purpose of… … Easton's Bible Dictionary
HUSHAI THE ARCHITE — (Heb. חוּשַׁי הָאַרְכִּי), biblical figure listed in I Chronicles 27:33 as holding the office of the king s friend under David. In II Samuel 15:37; 16:17 he is referred to as David s friend. Hushai figures prominently in the story of the… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
2 Samuel 17 — 1 Moreover Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Let me now choose out twelve thousand men, and I will arise and pursue after David this night: 2 And I will come upon him while he is weary and weak handed, and will make him afraid: and all the people… … The King James version of the Bible
Books of Samuel — The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Sh muel ספר שמואל) are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaism s Hebrew Bible) and also of the Christian Old Testament. The work was originally written in Hebrew, and the Book(s) of Samuel originally formed a single … Wikipedia
2 Samuel 16 — 1 And when David was a little past the top of the hill, behold, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth met him, with a couple of asses saddled, and upon them two hundred loaves of bread, and an hundred bunches of raisins, and an hundred of summer… … The King James version of the Bible
Samuel Pordage — (1633 c.1691) was a 17th century English poet. He is best known by his Azaria and Hushai (1682), a reply to John Dryden s Absalom and Achitophel. Contents 1 Life 2 Works 3 References … Wikipedia
Ahithophel — /euh hith euh fel /, n. an adviser to David who later turned against him by joining the rebellion of Absalom. II Sam. 15 17. * * * ▪ biblical figure also spelled Achitophel, in the Old Testament, one of King David s most trusted advisers … Universalium
Absalom — or Avshalom ( he. אַבְשָלוֹם Father/Leader of/is peace or Salem is my Father , Standard Hebrew Avšalom, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAḇšālôm), in the Bible, is the third son of David, king of Israel. He was deemed the most beautified man in the kingdom (2… … Wikipedia
Ahitophel — See Absalom and Achitophel for the political allegory about the Duke of Monmouth by John Dryden. Ahitophel brother of insipidity or impiety , a man greatly renowned for his sagacity, and a counselor of King David. At the time of Absalom s revolt… … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:27d066f9-2083-4180-8700-e2fbb76a570e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://bible_dic.enacademic.com/936/Hushai | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400222515.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925053037-20200925083037-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.927024 | 935 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Participant in the Three Major Surrenders of the Revolutionary War
Major General Benjamin Lincoln was present with Major General Gage when they accepted British General John Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga – an event that historians agree tilted the scale for the Americans in their path towards independence. Lincoln was the commander of American forces at Charlestown when the largest American army of the war was surrendered to the British – a major set-back for the American cause. Lastly, at Yorktown, Lincoln accepted General Cornwallis’s surrender that sealed the Revolutionary War for the American cause.
Major General Benjamin Lincoln was not bred a soldier, and it is not likely that he would ever have attained any great distinction in arms, even if he had received a military education. His education never went beyond the public schools of a small town in Massachusetts, though he had a natural ability with words and proper grammar. His sole occupation, till he was more than forty years of age, was that of a farmer. Soon after he began his military career in the regular army, circumstances led to his appointment to one of the highest stations in the Continental army. This left him no opportunity to qualify himself for high command by long experience of the duties of a subaltern. He was made a major general before the ordinary rules of regular service would have permitted him to obtain a captaincy. He obtained this high rank before any remarkable achievement, any spectacular feat, either of valor or military skill, had shown his fitness for early promotion.
Whenever General Lincoln had the command of a separate body of troops, he was almost uniformly unfortunate, and his capitulation at Charleston was probably the severest injury suffered by the American cause throughout the war. Yet, after his lack-luster performance, of all the major generals, he was picked to lead the American element of the allied army that marched south to defeat British General Cornwallis at Yorktown. Historian Douglas Freeman, in his series on Washington, gives his summation of Lincoln’s military career: “Brilliant? No. A great strategist? No. An administrator of parts? Yes, and better than he was credited with. The word that best fitted him was solid.”
Benjamin Lincoln proved to be one of the most popular, useful, and highly trusted officers in the American Army. His good sense, firmness, discretion, indefatigable activity and perseverance, as well as devotion to the cause were beyond question. He enjoyed a firm command over the hearts and the confidence of his countrymen. These qualities which, in such a war as was fought in a land that pitted neighbor against neighbor, were worth more than the most brilliant achievements in the field. If it can be said that these are the merits of a civilian more than of a military commander, the answer is that they were the very qualities most needed for the success of an army of amateurs in a struggling new nation.
Benjamin Lincoln was born at Hingham, Massachusetts on January 24, 1733 and died on May 9, 1810. Benjamin was the eldest of six children of Colonel Benjamin Lincoln (1699-1771) and his second wife Elizabeth Thaxter Norton-Lincoln (1692-1762). Lincoln’s ancestors were among the earliest settlers in Hingham; Thomas Lincoln, a cooper (barrel maker), first appeared on the town records as early as 1636 when the region was part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Benjamin’s father was among the wealthiest men in Suffolk County and served as a member of the governor’s council from 1753 until 1770, including many other civic posts until his death in 1771.
Benjamin married young, January 15, 1756, to his life long sweet-heart Mary Cushing Lincoln (1734-1816) and remained so for nearly fifty-five years until his death. They had eleven children, five sons and six daughters, two sons and two daughters did not survive childhood. All three sons went on to Harvard and three of his daughters lived long past Lincoln’s death. Benjamin followed his father’s footprints in civic duties and worked the family farm until the outbreak of war. He was chosen town clerk in 1757 and justice of the peace in 1762. Like his father, he was active in the militia, working his way up from adjunct of Suffolk County’s 3rd Regiment in July 1755, major in 1771, and a year later to Lt. Colonel in January of 1772. Lincoln was considered a man of sound principals, good discretion, and a devout patriot, therefore in 1772, as hostilities loomed, he was offered a membership in the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, of which he was secretary and served on its Committee of Correspondence. He was elected to the Second Provincial Congress which met at Cambridge on February 1775 and later that year, in May, he was made acting president of the Third Provincial Congress. He was active in organizing and training the Continental troops and was ultimately appointed Brigadier General of State Militia in February 1776.
American Revolutionary War
Lincoln was still a Lt. Colonel when he first met Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on July 2, 1775. In May of 1776, after the British had evacuated Boston in March and most of the Continental Army had gone south to New York City, Lincoln was promoted to the rank of major general of militia. In August of 1776, Lincoln was in command of all Massachusetts troops around Boston. After the disastrous defeat on Long Island, Congress, upon Washington’s request, ordered one fifth of all Massachusetts militia to reinforce the Continental Army stationed in New York City. On September 12th, these troops marched south under the command of Lincoln. He became known to Washington at this time who saw that Lincoln was “an abler and more industrious man than his great bulk and his loose jowl would indicate.”
By mid September, the American Army was in a strong position on Harlem Heights. The British Army invaded at Kip’s Bay on the 15th and claimed New York City. In mid-October, British General Howe decided to circumvent Harlem Heights and sail a strong force up the East River and Long Island Sound to Westchester County where he hoped to hem in Washington’s army on Manhattan Island. Washington left a strong force at Fort Washington and along Harlem Heights and moved the bulk of his army towards White Plains to get in front of Howe’s advancing force. Four divisions moved north commanded by Heath, Lee, Sullivan, and Lincoln. By October 23rd, Washington was at White Plains and in front of the British forces; Lincoln was on the extreme right at Valentine Hill. On the 28th, the two armies clashed and Washington drew back to a strong defensive position. Howe decided to head south towards Fort Washington and Washington drew half his forces into New Jersey. Lincoln and General Heath remained north of Westchester, NY in the Highlands to block any British movement in that direction. Washington wrote Heath: “Whatever steps you take in this affair… I wish you would consult and cooperate with General Lincoln, of whose judgement and abilities I entertain a very high opinion.”
Lincoln remained in upper New York throughout the end of 1776. He commanded troops in Heath’s mismanaged diversion against Fort Independence, NY in January 1777. In early 1777, Washington wrote to Congress recommending a Continental Army post for Lincoln stating “[he is] an excellent officer, and worthy of your notice in the Continental Line.” Congress responded promptly and Lincoln was one of the five officers appointed Major General on the list of February 19, 1777. (The other four were Stirling, Stephen, St. Clair, and Mifflin). Lincoln moved from a late-blooming militia general, whose main assignment had been training state troops, to number sixteen on the list of Continental Major Generals. In late March of 1777, Lincoln was ordered, along with militia reinforcements, to join Washington at Morristown, New Jersey where the American army had wintered after their victories at Trenton and Princeton.
At Bound Brook, New Jersey, on April 13th, 1777, Lincoln’s advance detachment of 500 men was surprised by a force four times his number lead by Generals Cornwallis and Grant. Bound Brook was the furthermost American outpost to the British, who were stationed only three miles east at New Brunswick. Cornwallis forded the Raritan River and came within two hundred yards of Lincoln’s headquarters before Lincoln was able to escape. Lincoln extricated his command before they could be surrounded with the loss of three artillery pieces and approximately sixty men killed, wounded, or missing. The British burned some buildings and promptly left whereas Lincoln returned the next day with reinforcements. On the 24th of that month, his and Major General Stephen’s divisions were ordered south toward Delaware when Washington received word that the British were moving from New York City by water; most likely to attack Philadelphia. However, Washington was concerned about British General Burgoyne’s forces as they continued south from Canada towards the Hudson Valley. On July 24th, he ordered Lincoln to join Major General Philip Schuyler, commander of the northern army, and assume command of the New England militia forming east of the Hudson. Lincoln left camp immediately and joined the northern army five days later at Fort Miller on the 29th.
Schuyler was in retreat from fortifications along Lake George and decided to set up a defensive position around Saratoga. Lincoln was sent northeast to Manchester in the New Hampshire Grants (present Vermont) to organized and supply the militia that had been gathering there. He arrived on August 2nd and took command, except for the eight hundred men from the Grants commanded by General John Stark of New Hampshire. Stark told Lincoln that he did not recognize Congress’ authority to turn the command over to him. Lincoln fell back upon his strengths and masterly handled the situation. He humored Stark, corresponded with Governors of Councils of three nearby colonies, brought discipline to hastily levied troops, obtained supplies (esp. ammunition which was scarce), and kept an eye on the enemy’s continued advancement. As Burgoyne neared, Schuyler was about to order Lincoln’s forces to join him when he was relieved by Major General Horatio Gates. Gates thought differently and decided to keep Lincoln’s militia where they were for the time being. Burgoyne saw that many of the settlers east of him were abandoning their farms and he ordered a large detachment of Hessians under Colonel Baume and British,under Colonel Breyman, on a foraging raid. They were defeated by Lincoln’s and Stark’s combined effort in the Battle of Bennington and set the stage for Burgoyne’s ultimate defeat.
Lincoln’s forces continued to harass the British rear until Gates wrote to Lincoln on the 19th of September requesting that his forces were to march south and position themselves on the British left flank. The First Battle of Saratoga occurred the same day the order to Lincoln was penned.
The First Battle of Saratoga Springs was fought on September 19th in which neither forceobtained ground and returned that evening to their camps. Three days later, 22nd, all of Lincoln’s troops arrived and took position. Lincoln commanded the American right consisting of Generals Nixon’s, Glover’s, and Patterson’s brigades. On October 7th, Burgoyne attempted to turn the rebel army’s left and was met with fierce determination from the Americans led by General Benedict Arnold. This Second Battle of Saratoga resulted in Burgoyne’s final defeat. During this attack, Lincoln had been ordered to remain on the American’s right defensive line and saw no action. However, the next day, leading a small force forward to take position in the rear of Burgoyne’s retreating army, he fell in with a party of British in thick woods and, as Lincoln later submitted in report, assumed they were Americans. He approached within a few yards before seeing his error. As he reared his horse and turned, he received a severe wound, splintering the bone in his right leg. He was able to avoid amputation and for the next ten months, he convalesced at Hingham, after which he was left permanently lame, the injured leg now two inches shorter than the other. He rejoined Washington’s army on August 6, 1778.
Soon after returning, he was embroiled in a controversy over seniority raised by General Arnold. He remained reserved throughout this affair, offering to relinquish his seniority, but was persuaded by fellow officers to allow Congress make their decision. Congress retained Lincoln’s seniority and on September 25th, appointed Lincoln commander of the Southern Department; a decision in which Washington was not consulted, but one he did not disapprove.
The situation in the south was serious and more a kin to Civil War with forces evenly divided between patriots and loyalists. It was thought by Congress that the skills needed in such a situation demanded one of great patience, fortitude, discretion, indefatigable in labor, and having administrative qualities of a governor rather than military talents of a general. Lincoln fit the bill perfectly. Congress was soon proved wrong as circumstances were already beyond administrative powers even before Lincoln arrived. Lincoln reached Charleston, South Carolina, on December 4th 1779, too late to help stop the British capture of Savannah, Georgia. The situation soon proved dire as one American army in the field was defeated with most of it’s forces captured, and one colony, Georgia, was completely lost to the British. Lincoln remained in Charlestown and immediately began increasing the size of his force and the amount of supplies he deemed necessary from local and neighboring colonies.
At first, Lincoln put a large portion of his command in the field to counter advances made by the British. It soon became apparent that he had not the men nor supplies to continue such an effort. He gave up all thought of a protracted offense and instead began to fall back on Charleston with the intent of mounting a strong defensive position. By the end of April, 1780, the American army was boxed in and all avenues leading to and from Charleston were cut off. On May 2nd, General Cornwallis began the siege of Charleston. Attempts by the Americans to disrupt the siege failed.
On May 6th, Fort Moultrie surrendered and on May 8th, Cornwallis requested an immediate and unconditional surrender of all American forces within the city. Lincoln delayed, hoping to get better conditions, but failed in the attempt. On May 11th, the British fired red-hot shot into the city, burning several homes. Later that day, Lincoln petitioned for a parley to surrender. Terms for surrender remained the same and on May 12th, 1780, Lincoln led a ragged bunch of soldiers from the city. The entire American force became prisoners and Lincoln was paroled to his home in Massachusetts to wait exchange.
While returning home, Lincoln arrived in Philadelphia and requested the usual Court of inquiry. None was appointed and no charges were ever made against him for the surrender. He remained at home until November of 1780 when he was exchanged for Generals Phillips and Riedesel; the exchange had been approved on October 13th. That winter, he raised recruits and gathered supplies in his home state. The next summer, 1781, he commanded troops in the vicinity of New york City. Washington selected Lincoln to lead the American element of the allied army (France had a large army in the field lead by General Rochambeau) that marched south for the Yorktown Campaign. General McDougall had declined the first offer to lead the American contingency and Lincoln was next in seniority. The allied army left Newport, Rhode Island on August 19th and gathered additional forces as they headed south.
General Cornwallis, commander of the southern British forces, like Lincoln at Charlestown, was boxed in at Yorktown with the sea at his back. The siege by American and French forces began on September 28th, 1781. Conwallis’ only hope for escape was the arrival of the British fleet. When the British were defeated at sea by a substantial French force, it was only a matter of time before Cornwallis had no other resort but to surrender to the American and French forces. On the morning of October 17th, the British requested terms for surrender. The articles of recapitulation was signed on October 19th. Cornwallis had requested ‘Honors of War’ in which their forces would march out with shouldered arms, flags waving, and playing an American tune in honor to their captors. Washington, remembering Cornwallis’ harsh treatment that Lincoln’s troops received at Charlestown the year earlier, immediately declined. The British left their position with flags furled, their muskets turned upside down, and playing an English favorite ironically entitled, ‘The World Turned Upside Down.” During the surrender ceremonies, General Cornwallis claimed illness and sent his second, General Charles O’Hara, in his stead. Washington refused to accept the surrender from the British second and referred the surrender be made to his second in command, General Benjamin Lincoln.
That was the last action Lincoln was to command in the field. Shortly after the surrender by Cornwallis, he was made Secretary of War, a post he held for the next two years until the peace treaty was signed.
After the War
Lincoln returned to Hingham and resumed his life as a prosperous farmer. He was almost ruined by speculating in land in Maine. In January of 1787, he once more led an army in the field. Lincoln helped raise and fund a large militia force to deal with the Shay Rebellion, name for its leader Daniel Shay. These rebels were mostly war veterans who, since August of 1786, took over much of western Massachusetts in protest of their unfair treatment after the war; lack of back pay, broken promises, and fraudulent speculation by wealthy investors that bought back government IOU’s for pennies, only to later cash them in at full value after Alexander Hamilton, treasurer, offered to pay full value. After what later became a famous all-night march through a fierce snow storm to surprise the rebels, February 2nd and 3rd, he captured 150 survivors of Shay’s band.
In 1788, he was a member of the convention to consider ratification of the federal Constitution and he worked effectively for its ratification. He became Lt. Governor of Massachusetts in 1788, but was defeated the following year. His appointment afterward as collector of the port of Boston helped him out of financial debt from his failed land speculations. In 1789 and 1793, he was a federal commissioner to negotiate boundary treaties with the Native Americans.
Lincoln received a Master of Arts degree from Harvard while recuperating from his wound in 1780. He later became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society. He became somewhat of an authority on the migration of fish and the soil and climate of Maine. On March 1, 1809, he retired from his post at Boston and died at Hingham on May 9th, 1810 leaving his wife Mary of nearly fifty-five years and six adult children.
Boatner, Mark Mayo. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. 1966: Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.
Bowen, Francis. Life of Benjamin Lincoln, Major General in the Army of the Revolution. 1847: Charles C. Little and James Brown Publishers, New York, NY.
Findagrave.com/General Benjamin Lincoln.
Freeman, Douglas Southall. George Washington, A Biography, Vol. 4. 1952: Charles Scribner & Sons, New York, NY.
Lossing, Benson. The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, Vols. 1 & 2. 1852: Harper Brothers, New York, NY
Sparks, Jared. The Library of American Biography Vol. 13, Lives of Daniel Boone and Benjamin Lincoln. 1847: Charles C. Lewis & James Brown Publishers, Boston, MA. | <urn:uuid:804b931b-351a-47f5-82da-d567e44ab951> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.revolutionarywarjournal.com/general-benjamin-lincoln/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806832.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123123458-20171123143458-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.983266 | 4,169 | 3.40625 | 3 |
This building was a loading silo for iron ore that was produced in a neaby mine.
The mining operations in the area go as far back as the 18th century, only then the tunnel system was of course by far not as extensive as in later times.
In the 1930s, the Nazis intensified the search and the mining for ore in order to become more indepenent from foreign resources, and so, in 1937, the mining operation on this particular site started in a much bigger way. In the beginning, the iron ore was brought to the nearest train station with trucks until in 1942, the ore mine got its own railway
track and also an underground mine train. From the mine, the ore was brought to the loading silo which has a height of 30 meters, and from there was loaded onto trains and shipped to the smelting works.
In 1962, the mining operation there was closed down because the regional iron ore was not able to compete on the global market in terms of
Today, this giant sits sleeping next to the overgrown train tracks as if it is waiting for better days...knowing that there still are millions of tons of pay ore lying right below it...
Visited: June 30, 2014 and November 22, 2018
Location: Undisclosed, Germany
GALLERY UPDATE! New photos added from November 22, 2016. | <urn:uuid:5e64db54-a001-4956-8af2-522eed04af83> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.arcanumurbex.de/photos/civilian-objects/iron-ore-loading-silo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.984918 | 280 | 2.828125 | 3 |
We are interested in understanding how to fabricate, assemble, and
utilize nanometer scale structures. We work on a diverse set of problems,
and consequently we have extensive collaborations with other groups at
UCLA, at other campuses, and with industrial research groups. For a more
detailed look at my group, click on the photograph at the bottom of the
page, and you will be directed to my group’s full web page. One of our
goals is to learn how to use chemically synthesized quantum dots as
“artificial atoms,” and how to control the properties of the solids that
we get when we assemble these “atoms” into a superlattice. At the heart of
this project is the notion that really only three physical parameters go
in to determining the electronic properties of a crystal: the energy levels
of the atoms (lattice sites); the coupling between adjacent sites; and the
symmetry of the solid. Imagine being able to control each of these
properties separately, and therefore being able to ‘design’ a solid with a
prescribed set of electronic properties! For an atomic solid, this would
amount to being able to tune the electronegativity of a given atom; being
able to control the strength of the covalent interactions within the lattice;
and, being able to choose the crystal structure. While the chemistry of the
periodic table does not lend itself to such control, the chemistry of
“artificial atoms” does. Over the past couple of years we have demonstrated
that it is possible to design solids from quantum dots that have properties
that, while predictable, are completely different from anything that can be
synthesized in the traditional sense. A recent highlight of that work was
our demonstration that we could intentionally design a quantum dot-based
solid that could be reversibly switched between a metal and an insulator
under ambient conditions. For this metal/insulator system, we had to learn
how to carry out experiments in which covalent bonding was actually a
continuously variable experimental parameter. Our current work in this area
involves trying to design unique superconducting solids, and unique magnetic
solids. For the superconducting and ferromagnetic systems, Josephson exchange
coupling, and ferromagnetic exchange coupling, respectively, are the quantum
mechanical analogues to covalent bonding.
A second project going on in my group involves trying to learn how to
chemically synthesize a computer. Our ultimate goal is to build a computer
with approximately the power of 100 high-end workstations on a platform the
size of a grain of sand. This project, which is a collaboration between my
group, Frasier Stoddart’s group, Hewlett Packard Corp., and UC Berkeley, has
progressed very fast over the past year. What once seemed like science fiction
is now looking more and more like science! We have developed a realistic
computer architecture for nearly the entire machine, and we have recently
demonstrated electronically configurable molecular-based logic circuitry. We
hope that, within the next couple of years, we will have developed molecular
based memories and molecular-based communications networks. Some of the
highlights of this work are also listed on the group web page.
Finally, the third project is aimed at understanding the nano-circuitry of
biological systems. We are developing a scanning nonlinear optical microscope
which will allow us to non-invasively probe, at high spatial resolution,
biological electrical functions such as ion-channel switching. This microscope
will have the power to resolve molecular identities and orientations at the
0.1 micron length scale. This project is a collaboration with the UCLA medical
school, and with Rich Saykally at UC Berkeley. This is a young project, and
clearly represents a long-term research commitment. Some of our initial
successes in the form of nonlinear optical micrograph images have been placed
on the group web page.
- J.R. Heath, C.M. Knobler, and D.V. Leff,Pressure/Temperature Phase Diagrams and
Superlattices of Organically Functionalized Metal Nanocrystal Monolayers: The Influence
of Particle Size, Size Distribution, and Surface Passivant,
J. Phys. Chem.B 101, 198 (1997).
- P. Ohara, W.M. Gelbart, and J.R. Heath,Selft-Assembly of Sub-Micrometer Rings
of Particles From Solutions of Nanoparticles, Ang. Chem. Comm. Int. Ed. Engl. 36,
- J.J. Shian, R. H. Wolters, and J.R. Heath,Theory of Size-Dependent Resonance Raman
Intensities in InP Nanocrystals, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 8981 (1997).
- T. Vossmeyer, E. DeIonno, and J.R. Heath, Light-directed Assembly of Nanoparticles,
Angew. Chemie Comm. Int. Ed. Engl. 36, 1080 (1997).
- G. Markovich, et al., Parallel Fabrication and Single-Electron Charging of Devices
based on Ordered, Two-Dimensional Phases of Organically-Functionalized Metal Nanocrystals,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3107 (1997).
- C.P. Collier, S. Henrichs, J.J. Shiang, R.J. Saykally, and J.R. Heath, Reversible
Tunning of Silver Quantum Dot Monolayers Through the Metal-Insulator Transition,
Science, 277, 1978-80 (1997).
- J.R. Heath, P.J. Kuekes, G. Snider, and R.S. Williams, A Defect Tolerant Computer
Architecture: Opportunities for Nanotechnology, Science, 280, 1716 (1998).
- G. Markovich, C.P. Collier, and J.R. Heath, Observation of a Reversible
Metal-Insulator Transition in Ordered Metal Nanocrystal Monolayers by Impedence Spectroscopy,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 3807 (1998).
- C.P. Collier, T. Vossmeyer, J.R. Heath, Quantum Dot Superlattices, Ann. Rev.
Phys. Chem. 49, 371 (1998).
- T. Vossmeyer, X. Jia, E. DeIonno, M. Diehl, X. Peng, A.P. Alivisatos, J.R. Heath, Combinatorial
Approaches Toward Patterning Nanocrystals, J. Appl. Phys., 84, 3664 (1998).
- F. Remacle, C.P. Collier, G. Markovich, J.R. Heath, U. Banin, and R.D. Levine, Networks
of Quantum Nano-Dots: The role of disorder in Modifying Electronic and Optiocal Properties,
J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 7727 (1998).
- S.H. Kim, G. Markovich, S. Rezvani, S.H. Choi, K.L. Wang, and J.R. Heath, Single-Electron
Structure in MIS Tunnel Diodes Fabricated From CdSe Nanocrystal Monolayers, Applied Physics
Letters, 74, 317 (1999).
- G. Madeiros-Ribeiro, D.A.A. Ohlberg, R.S. Williams, and J.R. Heath, Rehybridization of
Electronic Structure in Compressed 2D Quantum Dot Superlattices, Phys. Rev. B (brief
reports), 59, 1633 (1999).
- S. Henrichs, J. Sample, J. Shiang, C.P. Collier, R.J. Saykally, and J.R. Heath, Positive and
Negative Contrast Lithography of Ag Nanocrystal Monolayers using a Scanning Non-linear Microscope,
J. Phys. Chem. B (cover article) 103, 3524 (1999).
- G. Markovich, C.P. Collier, S. Henrichs, F. Remacle, R. Levine, and J.R. Heath, Architectonic
Quantum Dot Solids, Acc. Chem. Res., 32, 415 (1999).
- R. P. Sear, S.-W. Chung, G. Markovich, W.M. Gelbart, and J.R. Heath, Spontaneous Patterning of
Quantum Dots at the Air-Water Interface, Phys. Rev. E (rapid comm.), 59, R6255 (1999).
- C.P. Collier, E.W. Wong, M. Belohradsky, F.J. Raymo, J.F. Stoddart, P.J. Kuekes, R.S. Williams,
and J.R. Heath, Electronically Configurable Molecular-Based Logic Gates, Science, 285, 391 (1999).
- E.W. Wong, C.P. Collier, M.Behloradský, F.M. Raymo, J.F. Stoddart, and J.R. Heath, Fabrication
and Transport Properties of Single-Molecule Thick Electrochemical Junctions, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
(in press 3/2000).
- S. Henrichs, C.P.Collier, R.J. Saykally, Y.R. Shen, and J.R. Heat, The Optical Dielectric Function
of Ag Quantum Dot Monolayers Compressed through the Metal/Insulator Transition, accepted to J. Am.Chem.Soc.
(to appear 5/2000).
- S.W. Chung, J. Yu, and James R. Heath, Si Nanowire Devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. (to appear 4/2000).
- I. Weitz, J. Sample, R. Ries, E. Spain, and J.R. Heath, Josephson Coupled Quantum Dot Artificial Solids
J.Phys.Chem. B letter, (to appear 5/2000).
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
Box 951569 (post)
607 Charles E. Young Drive East (courier)
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
Heath Group Web Site | <urn:uuid:d7c84690-724f-4f0f-8d60-d3a87af960fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.chem.ucla.edu/heath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426050.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726062224-20170726082224-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.808214 | 2,289 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The image of a wild olive tree is closely associated with ancient Greek mythology, and it is believed to have been brought to Greece by the Goddess Athena. Nowadays, millennia-old olive groves are scattered throughout Greece. Greek olives are fantastic both raw right from the tree and cured in a sea salt brine. As to olive oil, it seems like no meal goes without a few drizzles of this Greek elixir—anything from salads to dips is seasoned with olive oil. Fresh olives and virgin olive oil can be enjoyed during harvest time between October and March. | <urn:uuid:a010d74a-4769-4aaf-a09e-0e338504e798> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://rove.me/to/athens/olives-and-olive-oil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.982276 | 116 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Southern and Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace.
The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.
Secular art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild—as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.
Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger. The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting. Monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Regional variations of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas.
Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today, as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents, a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious, whether commissioned by the church or by the laity. Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and initimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists.
Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin, and in devotional practices such as the Devotio Moderna, which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the Man of Sorrows, Pensive Christ and Pietà, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. Even in Last Judgements Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his Passion. Saints were shown more frequently, and altarpieces showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a Crucifixion or enthroned Virgin and Child, or occupying the central space themselves (this usually for works designed for side-chapels). Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in New Testament apocrypha were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure, like the midwives at the Nativity, though others were too well-established, and considered harmless.
The word "Gothic" for art was initially used as a synonym for "Barbaric", and was therefore used pejoratively. Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art. Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. In the 15th century, various Italian architects and writers complained that the new 'barbarian' styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance. The "Gothic" qualifier for this art was first used in Raphael's letter to Pope Leo X c. 1518 and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari, who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder". Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement. "Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming fixed. Molière would famously comment on Gothic:
The besotted taste of Gothic monuments,
These odious monsters of ignorant centuries,
Which the torrents of barbary spewed forth.
In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work" (Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style.
Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200, or nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break, and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos, panel paintings, manuscript illumination and stained glass.
Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. An accident of survival has given Denmark and Sweden the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the Biblia pauperum style, usually extending up to recently constructed cross vaults. In both Denmark and Sweden, they were almost all covered with limewash after the Reformation which has preserved them, but some have also remained untouched since their creation. Among the finest examples from Denmark are those of the Elmelunde Master from the Danish island of Møn who decorated the churches of Fanefjord, Keldby and Elmelunde. Albertus Pictor is arguably the most well-known fresco artist from the period working in Sweden. Examples of Swedish churches with well-preserved frescos include Tensta, Gökhem and Anga churches.
In northern Europe, stained glass was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century, when it became supplanted by panel painting. Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in rose windows. In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used, but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver, painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of colour, centred on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece. By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted, with yellows as the dominant colours, and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours.
Manuscripts and printmaking
Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting, providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived. The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century. Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles, although psalters also included illustrations; the Parisian Psalter of Saint Louis, dating from 1253 to 1270, features 78 full-page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf.
During the late 13th century, scribes began to create prayer books for the laity, often known as books of hours due to their use at prescribed times of the day. The earliest known example seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240. Nobility frequently purchased such texts, paying handsomely for decorative illustrations; among the most well-known creators of these is Jean Pucelle, whose Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux was commissioned by King Charles IV as a gift for his queen, Jeanne d'Évreux. Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures. The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination.
From the middle of the 14th century, blockbooks with both text and images cut as woodcut seem to have been affordable by parish priests in the Low Countries, where they were most popular. By the end of the century, printed books with illustrations, still mostly on religious subjects, were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class, as were engravings of fairly high-quality by printmakers like Israhel van Meckenem and Master E. S.. In the 15th century, the introduction of cheap prints, mostly in woodcut, made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home. These images, tiny at the bottom of the market, often crudely coloured, were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare, most having been pasted to walls.
Altarpiece and panel painting
Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of Renaissance art. In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of Early Netherlandish painting is in an essentially Gothic style, but can also be regarded as part of the Northern Renaissance, as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in classicism had a great impact in the north. Painters like Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck, made use of the technique of oil painting to create minutely detailed works, correct in perspective, where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include, even in small works. In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in oil painting was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The Mérode Altarpiece (1420s) of Robert Campin, and the Washington Van Eyck Annunciation or Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (both 1430s, by Jan van Eyck) are examples. For the wealthy, small panel paintings, even polyptychs in oil painting were becoming increasingly popular, often showing donor portraits alongside, though often much smaller than, the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home.
The Gothic period is essentially defined by Gothic architecture, and does not entirely fit with the development of style in sculpture in either its start or finish. The facades of large churches, especially around doors, continued to have large tympanums, but also rows of sculpted figures spreading around them.
The statues on the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south transept portal, from 1215–20, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition. These trends were continued in the west portal at Rheims Cathedral of a few years later, where the figures are almost in the round, as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe. Bamberg Cathedral has perhaps the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture, culminating in 1240 with the Bamberg Rider, the first life-size equestrian statue in Western art since the 6th century.
In Italy Nicola Pisano (1258–78) and his son Giovanni developed a style that is often called Proto-Renaissance, with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions, including a sympathetic handling of nudity, in relief panels on their pulpit of Siena Cathedral (1265–68), the Fontana Maggiore in Perugia, and Giovanni's pulpit in Pistoia of 1301.
Another revival of classical style is seen in the International Gothic work of Claus Sluter and his followers in Burgundy and Flanders around 1400. Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North, with a fashion for very large wooden sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures; most surviving examples are in Germany, after much iconoclasm elsewhere. Tilman Riemenschneider, Veit Stoss and others continued the style well into the 16th century, gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences.
Life-size tomb effigies in stone or alabaster became popular for the wealthy, and grand multi-level tombs evolved, with the Scaliger Tombs of Verona so large they had to be moved outside the church. By the 15th century there was an industry exporting Nottingham alabaster altar reliefs in groups of panels over much of Europe for economical parishes who could not afford stone retables.
South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215-20).
Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, French (Paris), 1390s, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems.
Small carvings, for a mainly lay and often female market, became a considerable industry in Paris and some other centres. Types of ivories included small devotional polyptychs, single figures, especially of the Virgin, mirror-cases, combs, and elaborate caskets with scenes from Romances, used as engagement presents. The very wealthy collected extravagantly elaborate jewelled and enamelled metalwork, both secular and religious, like the Duc de Berry's Holy Thorn Reliquary, until they ran short of money, when they were melted down again for cash.
Gothic sculptures independent of architectural ornament were primarily created as devotional objects for the home or intended as donations for local churches., although small reliefs in ivory, bone and wood cover both religious and secular subjects, and were for church and domestic use. Such sculptures were the work of urban artisans, and the most typical subject for three dimensional small staues is the Virgin Mary alone or with child. Paris was the main centre of ivory workshops, and exported to most of northern Europe, though Italy also had a considerable production. An exemplar of these independent sculptures is among the collections of the Abbey Church of St Denis; the silver-gilt Virgin and Child dates to 1339 and features Mary enveloped in a flowing cloak holding an infantile Christ figure. Both the simplicity of the cloak and the youth of the child presage other sculptures found in northern Europe dating to the 14th century and early 15th century. Such sculpture shows an evolution from an earlier stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century. Other French Gothic sculptural subjects included figures and scenes from popular literature of the time. Imagery from the poetry of the troubadours was particularly popular among artisans of mirror-cases and small boxes presumably for use by women. The Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264) of 1330-50 is an unusually large example with space for a number of scenes from different literary sources.
Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines, such as clay or lead badges, medals and ampullae stamped with images were also popular and cheap. Their secular equivalent, the livery badge, were signs of feudal and political loyalty or alliance that came to be regarded as a social menace in England under bastard feudalism. The cheaper forms were sometimes given away free, as with the 13,000 badges ordered in 1483 by King Richard III of England in fustian cloth with his emblem of a white boar for the investiture of his son Edward as Prince of Wales, a huge number given the population at the time. The Dunstable Swan Jewel, modelled fully in the round in enamelled gold, is a far more exclusive version, that would have been given to someone very close or important to the donor.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic art.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic painters.|
- List of Gothic artists
- Renaissance of the 12th century
- Blackletter (also known as Gothic script)
- The Ten Virgins
- Danse Macabre
- History of Painting
- Western painting
- Church frescos in Denmark
- Church frescos in Sweden
- Timeline of Italian artists to 1800
- Stokstad (2005), 516.
- Stokstad (2005), 544.
- Émile Mâle, The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, p 165-8, English trans of 3rd edn, 1913, Collins, London (and many other editions) is a classic work on French Gothic church art
- History of Architecture Fiske Kimball, George Harold Edgell p. 275
- E. S. de Beer, Gothic: Origin and Diffusion of the Term; The Idea of Style in Architecture in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.11, 1948, pp. 143-62
- Vasari on technique p.135
- The art of the sublime: principles of Christian art and architecture by Roger Homan p. 70
- History of Architecture Fiske Kimball, George Harold Edgell p.275
- Kirsten Trampedach: Introduction to Danish Wall Paintings - Conservation Ethics and Methods of Treatment. National Museum of Denmark Archived 24 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- Coe, 8-11
- Stokstad (2005), 540.
- Stokstad (2005), 541.
- Stokstad (2005), 542.
- Lane, Barbara G,The Altar and the Altarpiece, Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting, Harper & Row, 1984, ISBN 0-06-430133-8 analyses all these works in detail. See also the references in the articles on the works.
- Honour and Fleming, 297–300; Henderson, 55, 82-84
- Olson, 11–24; Honour and Fleming, 304; Henderson, 41
- Snyder, 65-69
- Snyder, 305-311
- V&A Museum feature on the Nottingham alabaster Swansea Altarpiece
- Calkins, 193-198
- Cherry, 25-48; Henderson, 134-141
- Stokstad (2005), 537.
- Stokstad (2005), 539.
- Cherry (2003), 204
- Calkins, Robert G.; Monuments of Medieval Art, Dutton, 1979, ISBN 0525475613
- Cherry, John. The Holy Thorn Reliquary, 2010, British Museum Press (British Museum objects in focus), ISBN 0-7141-2820-1
- Cherry, John, in Marks, Richard and Williamson, Paul, eds. Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547, 2003, V&A Publications, London, ISBN 1-85177-401-7
- Henderson, George. Gothic, 1967, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-020806-2
- Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. ISBN 0333371852
- Olson, Roberta J.M., Italian Renaissance Sculpture, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), ISBN 978-0-500-20253-1
- Robinson, James, Masterpieces of Medieval Art, 2008, British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2815-3
- Rudolph, Conrad, ed., A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, 2006, ISBN 978-1405198783
- Rudolph,Conrad, "Inventing the Gothic Portal: Suger, Hugh of Saint Victor, and the Construction of a New Public Art at Saint-Denis," Art History 33 (2010) 568-595
- Rudolph, Conrad, "Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art," Art Bulletin 93 (2011) 399-422
- Snyder, James. Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0136235964
- Gothic Art and Architecture
- Gothic art, from ArtCyclopedia.com
- Gothic art, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Gothic art (Archived 2009-10-31), from Microsoft Encarta.
- Gothic art, from The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.
- Gothic art, Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
- Gothic art, from "A World History of Art" and .
- "Gothic: Art for England 1400–1547". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 8 June 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- The Pietà in French late Gothic sculpture: regional variations, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Gothic art | <urn:uuid:71d850ee-e870-4b1a-a784-d7ce99f495f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.infogalactic.com/info/Gothic_art | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.952237 | 5,036 | 3.828125 | 4 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced $3 million in funding for five university research projects aimed at achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the complex subsurface processes—including water flows and intricate biological and chemical interactions with water, soil, and minerals—in watershed systems.
The research projects, which will include experiment and observation as well as new computer model development, are ultimately aimed at creating more robust and predictive models of subsurface flows and biogeochemical interactions.
“Improving Earth and environmental prediction models is a critical step in mitigating risks to the environment due to contaminants,” said Sharlene Weatherwax, DOE Associate Director of Science for Biological and Environmental Research. “These scientific investments will help ensure that America remains at the forefront in systems modeling and environmental stewardship.”
Selected projects cover a range of topics, from better understanding how trace elements migrate through watersheds to improved understanding of the influence that seasonal variability plays in predicting ground-water chemistry. The resulting data and analysis will help improve the capabilities and certainty of DOE’s models, particularly those which focus on watershed systems, and run on powerful supercomputers.
Projects were chosen by competitive peer review under the DOE Funding Opportunity Announcement on Subsurface Biogeochemical Research that in turn is sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the Department’s Office of Science.
Funding totals $3 million in Fiscal Year 2019 dollars for projects lasting three years in duration. A list of projects can be found here. | <urn:uuid:9ee322b2-10eb-4fd4-9723-c97e4e691548> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/department-energy-announces-3-million-research-watersheds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879362.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022082653-20201022112653-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.933047 | 324 | 2.6875 | 3 |
[Physics FAQ] - [Copyright]
Original by James Bottomley and John Baez, 1996.
According to QCD and the standard model of particle physics, quarks carry an SU(3) "color charge" which can be "red", "blue" or "green". The strong nuclear force which binds these together inside the nucleons is mediated by gluons which must carry a color-anticolor charge. This seems to give 9 types of gluon:
red anti-red, red anti-blue, red anti-green, blue anti-red, blue anti-blue, blue anti-green, green anti-red, green anti-blue, green anti-green.
Why then are there only eight gluons?
Rather than start with the SU(3) theory, consider first what our knowledge of nature is—upon which we will base the theory. We know that the matter we believe to be composed of quarks (the hadrons) comes in two types: mesons (short lived particles, pions etc.) and baryons (protons, neutrons etc.), both of which have to be strong-force neutral.
Consider the evidence: scattering experiments strongly suggest a meson to be composed of a quark anti-quark pair and a baryon to be composed of three quarks. The famous 3R experiment also suggests that whatever force binds the quarks together has 3 types of charge (called the 3 colors).
Now, into the realm of theory: we are looking for an internal symmetry having a 3-dimensional representation which can give rise to a neutral combination of 3 particles (otherwise no color-neutral baryons). The simplest such statement is that a linear combination of each type of charge (red + green + blue) must be neutral, and following William of Occam we believe that the simplest theory describing all the facts must be the correct one. We now postulate that the particles carrying this force, called gluons, must occur in color anti-color units (i.e. nine of them). BUT, red + blue + green is neutral, which means that the linear combination red anti-red + blue anti-blue + green anti-green must be non-interacting, since otherwise the colorless baryons would be able to emit these gluons and interact with each other via the strong force—contrary to the evidence. So, there can only be EIGHT gluons. This is just Occam's razor again: a hypothetical particle that can't interact with anything, and therefore can't be detected, doesn't exist.
The simplest theory describing the above is the SU(3) one with the gluons as the basis states of the Lie algebra. That is, gluons transform in the adjoint representation of SU(3), which is 8-dimensional.
The physics of color is not understandable if all one knows is that there are 3 colors. One must really understand something about SU(3). SU(3) is the group of 3 × 3 unitary matrices with determinant 1. This is the symmetry group of the strong force. What this means is that, as far as the strong force is concerned, the state of a particle is given by a vector in some vector space on which elements of SU(3) act as linear (in fact unitary) operators. We say the particle "transforms under some representation of SU(3)". For example, since elements of SU(3) are 3 × 3 matrices, they can act on column vectors by matrix multiplication. This gives a 3-dimensional representation of SU(3). Quarks transform under this representation of SU(3), and because it's 3-dimensional we say quarks come in 3 colors: red, green and blue. This is just an amusing way of talking about the 3 column vectors
1 0 0 0 1 0 and 0 0 1.
Alternatively, we could let elements of SU(3) act on row vectors by multiplication on the right. Antiquarks transform under that representation, and since it is also 3-dimensional we say they come in three colors as well: anti-red, anti-blue, and anti-green. This is just an amusing way of talking about the 3 row vectors
100 010 and 001.
Alternatively, we could let elements of SU(3) act on 3 × 3 hermitian matrices with trace equal to 0, by letting the element g of SU(3) act on the matrix T to give the new matrix gTg−1. The space of 3 × 3 hermitian matrices with trace equal to zero is 8 dimensional. Gluons transform under this representation, so there are 8 gluons.
Some examples of a 3 × 3 hermitian matrix with trace zero are
0 1 0 0 i 0 1 0 0 -i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
If we allow ourselves to take complex linear combinations of these we can get things like
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
which we could call "red anti-blue" since it has a 1 in the red row (the first row) and the blue column (the second column). Or we could get
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
which we could call "blue anti-red".
But, no matter how we take complex linear combinations of trace-zero hermitian matrices, we cannot get
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
since this has trace 1. (I.e., the sum of the diagonal entries is 1: that's what the trace means, the sum of the diagonal entries.) So we cannot really get red anti-red. The closest we can get are things like
1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 or 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 or 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1
But note, these three are not linearly independent: any one of them is a linear combination of the other two. So we can get stuff like
(red anti-red) − (blue anti-blue)
and so on, but not 3 linearly independent things of this sort, only 2: one less than you might expect.
If you are wondering what the hell I am doing subtracting particles from each other, well, that's quantum mechanics.
This may have made things seem more, rather than less, mysterious, but in the long run I'm afraid this is what one needs to think about. | <urn:uuid:d4b283ad-0e99-49a6-b399-d0d068c5146b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://edu-observatory.org/physics-faq/ParticleAndNuclear/gluons.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699977678/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102617-00029-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93253 | 1,353 | 3.859375 | 4 |
By Rick Gush, Urban Farm contributor
Friday, July 27, 2012
I remember the exact moment when I learned how peanuts grow. When I was 19, I left my university for a while and went down to Mexico, eventually landing a job in Mexico City, selling encyclopedias door-to-door. I didn’t actually speak Spanish at the time, but pretending to follow along in a conversation was possible by smiling and occasionally nodding. One day, a drunk customer from very fashionable villa made a great deal about some plants and flowers, with much up-and-down waving of his hands. I understood nothing, and it was sort of frustrating because he kept on trying to make me understand something, but all I could gather was that some flowers were going up and down.
The pea grows into a small bush that looks like a bush pea with yellow flowers. Once fertilized, the stamens elongate and shove the flowers down into the earth. Once buried in the soil, the fertilized flowers develop into peanuts. Weird, but true.
Peanuts are actually pretty easy to grow if one has the heat, because they need about four or five months of it to produce a crop. Peanuts require loose soil. However, with a bit of elbow grease; a nice, fluffy bed for peanuts can be created. Today, gardeners can grow peanuts in tubs, although to be realistic, one would need a lot of tubs to produce a reasonable harvest. Each plant can produce a dozen or two peanuts at most, so I’d say a dozen plants is about the minimum. Luckily, peanut plants are fairly small, about 18 inches square, so a lot can be planted in a not-too-big area. Peanuts are like potatoes in that hilling is a good practice and makes the flower burying process easier for the plants.
Ten years after leaving Mexico, I was reading a book about tropical crops when I read for the first time how peanuts grow. Oh! I thought. That’s what that drunk guy in Mexico was talking about; he was describing to me how peanuts grow. Ha!
Harvesting can be tricky and is certainly more difficult than harvesting potatoes, because a premature harvest will have nuts that are not ripe, and those aren’t any good, but harvesting too late means the plant, roots and peanuts won’t all hang together as a clump, and lots of the peanuts can break off and stay in the dirt. When I’ve grown peanuts, after the first time when I waited so long I ended up leaving half the crop in the soil, I’ve always harvested a series of test plants to decide when to do the full harvest. Once harvested, I leave the whole plants loaded with peanuts to dry somewhere protected from the rain for another few weeks or longer before sifting out all the peanuts.
I’ll admit that I’m new enough to peanut growing that I’ve never noticed a significant insect pest or disease on any of my peanut crops, but the weeds are usually rampant in the fluffy and well-watered soil.
Read more of Rick's Favorite Crops »
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Give us your opinion on Peanuts. | <urn:uuid:de7eb97a-5374-4ce0-865e-b3cfb95c3e90> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.urbanfarmonline.com/community-building-and-resources/urban-farm-bloggers/urban-farmer-rick-gush/peanuts.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297416.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00037-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963417 | 669 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In fair Garden Suburb...
This term, Year 6 have been studying William Shakespeare. He is a renowned author, well-known for his funny, thrilling and romantic stories. Year 6 first focused on his play, 'The Tempest', where they created character maps in English and painted a dramatic storm scene titled 'Prospero's storm' in art.
They also looked at the story, 'Macbeth'. A workshop relating to this famous tale, took place in the hall where children were able to re-enact scenes from the perspective of different characters. Following these workshops, they were invited to watch a dramatic retelling at the local theatre.
Finally, they looked at 'Romeo and Juliet' and published newspaper articles about a heated fight between the Montagues and Capulets.
Shakespeare's tales have been extremely engaging and the children were excited to learn something new in such a creative way.
- Written by Diya, 6G | <urn:uuid:cb660d1f-8cbd-4f5d-86f3-bdae051c8a19> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.gardensuburbjunior.co.uk/news/?pid=258&nid=2&storyid=126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.982729 | 196 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Fealy, Rowan and Murphy, Conor
The Likely Physical Impacts of Future Climate Change on Inland Waterways and the Coastal Environment in Ireland.
Climate Change, Heritage and Tourism: Implications for Ireland’s Coast and InlandWaterways.
The Heritage Council of Ireland Series
Heritage Council, Kilkenny, Ireland, pp. 39-54.
While increasing temperatures in Ireland are projected to occur in all seasons and time periods, it is likely that projected changes
in the seasonal and spatial distribution of rain will present a much greater challenge, particularly during the summer months in the
south and east of the country. Reductions in summer precipitation, leading to significant decreases in water availability and quality
will result in increased competition between municipal, agricultural, and commercial interests, including tourism. Decreases in
summer precipitation, together with increased evaporative losses are also likely to affect terrestrial ecosystems, particularly water
dependant systems such as turloughs and fens.
Changes in seasonal water levels and the occurrence of extreme high and low flow events will directly impact on river navigability,
cultural heritage, and the plant and animal communities of the riparian zone. Inland waterways also provide an important resource
for potable water extraction and effluent removal, in addition to providing a tourism and recreational resource.
Climate change will also result in changes in sea level, wave energy and storm surges with consequent impacts on the coastal environment,
particularly for coastal heritage. These impacts are likely to be further exacerbated due to ‘non-climate’ pressures arising
from increasing population and development within the coastal zone.
In order to determine the likely impacts of climate change on inland waterways and the coastal environment in Ireland, this chapter
will present a review of recent research as it applies to impacts in these areas in Ireland.
Repository Staff Only(login required)
||Item control page | <urn:uuid:6fb25add-383b-4b27-9f80-049328dbb53f> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/2910/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00111-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909757 | 390 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Rwanda has achieved remarkable success in reducing child hunger, and nutrition experts believe there may be lessons here for other countries in Africa.
The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), in a 2013 report on progress in tackling malnutrition, noted that in 2005 more than half of Rwanda’s children under five years of age - about 800,000 - were stunted. "Just five years later, stunting prevalence had decreased from an estimated 52 percent to 44 percent," the report said.
The Rwandan approach has been to try and find home-grown solutions.
It scaled up community-based nutrition programmes in all 30 of the country’s districts, and has also been setting up an almost universal community-based health insurance scheme. "This was all done with the help of food grown locally, and not packaged interventions provided by donors," said Fidele Ngabo, director of Maternal Child Health. “There are thousands of local solutions for hunger…
“Each village comes up with community-based approaches to tackle malnutrition and food insecurity that don’t cost money - we are at the centre to provide support and play a monitoring role,” she said.
Examples include the setting up a communal grain reserve to which each household contributes at least 20 percent of their harvest during a good season, with the stored grain being used during the lean season; or the expansion of kitchen gardens with shared information on the vegetables to be grown.
Suggestions and proposed solutions are debated in working groups comprising aid agencies, researchers, academics and government officials.
Research needs to be led by Africa, not donors
The Rwandan model could be used in other African countries, where foreign donor-driven initiatives tend to focus on treatment and technical solutions.
Change will only come when nutrition research is led by Africa, and interventions are designed to meet a country’s priorities, according to the findings of a two-year European Union-funded SUNRAY (Sustainable nutrition research for Africa in the years to come) project, published recently in PLOS Medicine, a peer-reviewed journal.
“We need to shake up nutritional research in Africa and turn it upside down,” said Patrick Kolsteren, of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium, the coordinator of the SUNRAY project.
“Currently, researchers from developed countries search for African partners for joint research, based on funding and research priorities defined outside Africa. Instead, the research agenda should be based on needs identified within the continent. Calls for research proposals of donors should match this agenda.”
“We did not look at the portfolio of interventions but rather looked at the research agenda. The overall feeling was that this agenda is mainly donor driven and not [always] in line… with the locally identified needs and priorities,” he said.
“Another reality is that donor aid must have tangible results,” he added. “Results must be measurable,” something that is not always possible with community-based interventions.
Researchers and policymakers in Benin wait for “the dictate of donors before taking action. Hence, donor-funded programmes aren’t sustainable. As soon as they end, all activities are stopped, and acquired benefits and good practices are lost,” said Eunice Nago Koukoubou of the Université d'Abomey-Calavi in Benin, an author of the published findings.
“In addition, nutrition researchers are not autonomous, creative and proactive enough to define their own agenda in line with real nutritional problems of our populations,” she added. So, “despite enormous amounts of money spent on nutrition research and interventions”, malnutrition rates have not fallen in Benin.
“If African governments were funding nutrition on the continent adequately, donors wouldn't dictate their agenda to us,” said Nago Koukoubou. “In Benin there is already a kind of political will to make nutrition… including nutrition research, a priority in development policies, and to fund it.”
Benin has recognized that “nutrition should be central in development”, and has a strategic plan for food and nutrition development. It has also created a national council for food and nutrition, headed by the office of the president of Benin. “The government is trying to raise funds for the [strategic plan],” Nago Koukoubou notes.
Another author of the published findings, Joyce Kinabo, an academic at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania, said her country had set up a nutrition desk in the office of the president. “Nutrition is getting more prominence,” she said.
Priority research areas
The SUNRAY project consulted over 100 stakeholders in 40 sub-Saharan countries and identified the following priority areas of research: The impact of community interventions; what influences the quality and quantity of food a child eats; and the effectiveness of promoting traditional foods and whether this helps people through periods of climatic shock.
Priority actions that would help create a good environment for funding nutrition research in Africa include better governance of research, ensuring it is aligned with priorities identified in sub-Saharan Africa; helping countries develop technical capacity; and sharing findings with each other.
Respected nutrition expert Lawrence Haddad, director of the UK Institute for Development Studies, said the study is important as it the “first systematic listening exercise about what the African nutrition research community thinks”.
“Most of the research on African nutrition is defined outside the region. I don't think this is imperialism - just the lack of opportunity [and] support-band resources to African researchers to publish, profile and share their work.”
A partnership between African researchers, “who have more credibility and knowledge of the context”, and Western researchers with the resources and opportunities, would be key. Haddad cites the African Economic Research Consortium as an example of an African-led model built on such partnerships, but with the agenda set by Africans. “I would like to see something along these lines tried in nutrition.”
Call for an African-led “knowledge hub”
The food price crisis of 2006-08 pushed the number of malnourished children to shocking levels and put a new focus on nutrition. Greater political stability after various conflicts ended, an improvement in economic growth, and advances in the fight against HIV/AIDS, have all helped reduce mortality rates and malnutrition since 2000, says the 2013 Global Hunger Index (GHI), published by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), but most countries with the highest GHI scores, or with alarming hunger levels, are in Africa. The three countries at the bottom of the GHI scale are Burundi, Eritrea and Comoros.
The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators Initiative (ASTI), run by IFPRI, monitors spending on agricultural research and development (R&D). It paints a dismal picture of R&D funding in Africa; and finds that among countries for which data is available, half recorded negative growth in spending on agricultural R&D between 2000 and 2008.
To change the face of nutritional research in Africa, the SUNRAY project proposes an African-led “knowledge hub” that will assess and build on existing knowledge and present effective solutions for major nutrition problems in Africa. It will help foster relationships between researchers and policymakers, and also incorporate mechanisms to ensure optimal uptake and use of nutrition research findings for policy development, implementation and programming.
Ultimately it is about political will. "We are a poor country too, and we are making a difference,” said Rwanda's Ngabo. Countries like Niger, who feel they lack resources to tackle their long-standing battle with chronic malnutrition have to realize that “your children are not the donors' children, they are yours." | <urn:uuid:b82592d9-2a8a-416d-bd81-79db816e9af6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.irinnews.org/news/2014/02/24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817437.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225205820-20180225225820-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.951527 | 1,618 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Yŏng-ho Ch'oe: Korean Prisoners-of-War in Hawaii During World War II and the Case of US Navy Abduction of Three Korean Fishermen
Although there has been much attention given to the Japanese-Americans who were detained in the infamous detention centers of Hawaii and throughout the Western United States during World War II, virtually nothing is known about the Korean prisoners-of-war (POWs) in Hawaii in the years 1943-45. Approximately 2,700 Korean POWs were captured and brought to the Island of Oahu, where they were incarcerated until the end of the war and their repatriation to Korea in December 1945. This is a preliminary report on these Koreans based on limited data I have uncovered in the hope that other interested scholars may more fully document their experience in the future.
Plucked mostly from various Pacific islands toward the end of the war, these Korean POWs were detained in a camp in Honouliuli on the Island of Oahu. This camp, located in Honouliuli Gulch, west of Waipahu, was opened in March 1943 as the Honouliuli Internment Camp to detain Japanese and Japanese-American internees as well as POWs from Japan, Italy, and elsewhere. It was later renamed as Alien Internment Camp and still later as POW Compound Number 6.2
This camp is remembered as the detention site on Oahu that incarcerated a number of Hawaii residents of Japanese ancestry in flagrant violation of their basic human and Constitutional rights. Initially, an internment camp was established on Sand Island on Oahu right after the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941. But with the arrivals of a large number of POWs from Italy and Japan, and with the need to move away from possible direct enemy attack, a new larger camp was set up at Honouliuli Gulch to accommodate them.
With an area of 160 acres, the Honouliuli Camp could initially accommodate approximately 3,000 internees and POWs. The camp was divided into several barbed wire enclosures to segregate various types of occupants, divided largely into two groups—civilian internees and POWs. Enclosures for Japanese internees were separated by fence according to their gender, indicating that, unlike those in mainland internment camps, the Hawaii internees were separated from their family members. As if to underscore their racist sentiment, the United States military authorities set up a separate enclosure for the small number of white civilian internees—Germans and Italians—with separate kitchen, mess hall, and toilet facilities. These internees were segregated from Japanese POWs, who were detained in separate barbed wire enclosures within the camp.3
We do not know when the first Korean POWs arrived in Hawaii. In August 1943, Colonel Erik de Laval, a Counselor at the Legation of Sweden, Washington, D.C., inspected the Honouliuli camp in accordance with the Geneva Convention and reported that there were 229 internees (69 Japanese nationals and 160 Japanese-Americans internees) and two Japanese POWs. There is no mention of any Koreans in this report.4
The first arrivals of Korean POWs to the Honouliuli camp must have come in late 1943 or early 1944 as the following report suggests: “As a result of the Gilbert Island operation and the capture of Korean noncombatant prisoners of war, it has been found necessary to construct an additional enclosure to separate the Japanese from the Koreans.”5 From this report, we learn that an unknown number of Korean noncombatant POWs were brought to the Honouliuli camp after the Gilbert Islands operation and that an additional enclosure was built to accommodate these Koreans.
The military operation on the Gilbert Islands took place in November 1943. In the first counteroffensive against Japan, the United States Navy and Marines launched an attack against the Gilbert Islands, meeting fierce resistance from the Japanese defenders resulting in heavy casualties on both sides.
The initial attack targeted Makin Atoll, where the Japanese military maintained a garrison of 798 men. Shortly after landing, the Americans captured about 35 Korean laborers as prisoners, and when the operation was completed, a total of 105 POWs were taken, all but one of whom were noncombatant laborers. All these POWs except one were most likely noncombatant Korean laborers mobilized by the Japanese. Among the 798 men on the Japanese side on Makin Atoll, there was one labor unit consisting of 276 men “who had no combat training and were not assigned weapons or a battle station,” according to one report.6 It is believed that most, if not all of them, were Korean. If this is true, out of 276 Korean noncombatants, only 104, less than half, survived as prisoners while 172 died in the fighting.7
The Gilbert Islands Operation then turned against Tarawa Atoll, where more than 4,700 defenders, including 1,200 Korean laborers, were stationed.8 After four days of fierce combat, the atoll was brought under American control. The total Japanese and Korean casualties were reported to be 4,713. The only survivors were one Japanese officer, 16 enlisted men, and 129 Koreans who were taken as POWs.9 This means that out of 1,200 Korean noncombatant laborers on Tarawa, only 129 survived as POWs and nearly 1,000 died in battle.
These Korean POWs—129 from Tarawa and 104 from Makin—were believed to have been brought to the Honouliuli camp, which necessitated the construction of an additional enclosure as stated in the report cited above.
Colonized by Imperial Japan after 1910, Koreans were actively mobilized to contribute to Japan’s war cause, especially after the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. In addition to tens of thousands of Koreans who were conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army, a large number of noncombatant Koreans were mobilized to work as manual laborers for construction works and others for Japanese military bases and facilities on various islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean under Japanese control. Given no military training and issued no weapons, they were noncombatant civilian workers. The Gilbert Islands operation exacted an extraordinarily high rate of casualties among the Korean laborers in the service of Japanese imperial ambitions—more than half on Makin and nearly nine out of ten on Tarawa.
In addition to these Korean POWs from the Gilbert Islands, some 300 to 400 Korean laborers were brought to the Honouliuli camp after the American military operation on Saipan in 1944. In a telephone interview I conducted with Mr. Young Taik Chun, a second generation Korean-American, on October 27, 1990, he stated that in July or August of 1944 the United States military authorities asked him to interpret for Korean POWs at the Honoulilui camp, who had just been brought from Saipan. When he arrived at the camp, there were 300 to 400 Koreans, all of them noncombatant laborers, who had recently been transported from Saipan. According to Mr. Chun, a number of these Koreans were wounded and required medical attention, often hospitalization. Most of their wounds had been inflicted by Japanese troops through beating, sword and knife slashing, and other abuses. He saw a dozen or so with severe wounds caused by Japanese swords. Some had bullet wounds from the battle as the Americans tried to take control of the island. This report suggests blatant abuses by the Japanese military against Korean noncombatant laborers on Saipan.
As is well known, Saipan was the scene of one of the most ferocious fights as the Japanese fought to the very last man rather than surrendering. In the end, almost the entire Japanese garrison on the island—at least 30,000—perished along with about 22,000 Japanese civilian deaths.10 It is believed that a significant number of the 22,000 civilian deaths were Korean noncombatants (precise numbers are not available). Many civilians were forcibly driven to death by the Japanese, some jumping from “Suicide Cliff” and “Banzai Cliff.” Apparently only 300 to 400 Koreans survived on Saipan and were brought to the Honouliuli camp, as my witness testified.
It is likely that Korean laborers from various other Pacific islands, such as Guam, Tinian, Palau, and Peleliu were also brought to the Honouliuli camp as POWs, having experienced similar ordeals.
On September 26, 1945, The Honolulu Advertiser carried an article under the title “Fraternization Problems Here With Enemy War Prisoners.” It says:
Italians who number 4,841 and the 2,607 Koreans are most easily managed and cleanest prisoners, the former because they were trained to be topnotch soldiers and the latter because of natural racial characteristics and their relief through the Allies from Japanese oppression.
The Advertiser article provides a glimpse of the life of POWs within the camp, noting that the prisoners were shown a movie once a week and that soccer was a favorite game. It goes on: “Koreans are building a stage from scrap lumber where they plan to present their own plays and conduct their political campaign.” The camp also offered classes in English and, according to this report, the Koreans “who were extremely pro-Allies, were the most interested and best pupils.”11
A United States military report, dated July 28, 1945, states that 2,592 Koreans were detained in Hawaii with the following distributions:12
Compound No. 7 874
Compound No. 8 25
Compound No. 9 469
Compound No. 11 91
Compound No. 12 95
Compound No. 13 997
This number increased to 2,700 by December 1945 when a complete list of the Korean POWs of the Honouliuli camp was made just before they were repatriated to Korea. A copy of this list in my possession gives names and home addresses, grouped according to provinces and counties of origin.
While in the camp, all Korean POWs received a monthly allowance of three dollars. If one performed extra work such as laundry, carpentry, etc., he was paid 80 cent a day more. The POWs were also allowed small lots where they could grow vegetables and flowers. Apparently, they did no work on behalf of the war effort. Since the prisoners were free to use or save their money as they wished, many volunteered to work, according to one former POW.13 They took their savings home when they returned to Korea. Dr. Nam-Young Chung, who served as an officer in the United States Military Government in South Korea in 1945-1948, told me in a recent interview that he personally helped several Koreans who had returned from Hawaii to cash American checks they had received at the Honouliuli POW camp.14
Three College Draftees (Hakbyŏng)
We learn very little about these Korean POWs until the arrivals of three Koreans—Pak Sundong, Yi Chongsil, and Pak Hyŏngmu—who came to the Honouliuli camp shortly after the end of the war. The so-called “student draftees” (Hakbyŏng in Korean and Gakuhei in Japanese), they were conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army while they were enrolled in colleges in Japan. One of them, Pak Sundong, wrote a memoir detailing his life under the Japanese military, his desertion to the Allied powers, and his eventual work for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) until the end of the war, at which time he was sent to the Honouliuli camp. His award-winning memoir appeared in a monthly magazine in Korea, Sin Tonga, in September 1965 under the title of “Momyŏl ŭi sidae” (An era of humiliation). Briefly, this is how he wound up in Honouliuli.
Three College Draftees. From left to right: Yi Chongsil, 31, Pak Hyŏngmu, 24, and Pak Sungdong, 25
Drafted into the Japanese army in January 1944, along with his friend Yi Chongsil, he was sent to the frontline in Burma in June of that year where his unit engaged in fierce combat against the British. In March 1945, motivated by ardent Korean nationalist sentiment, Pak and Yi made a daring escape from the Japanese army and surrendered to the British. The two Koreans were sent to a POW camp in New Delhi, India, where they were kept along with other Japanese captives. In a daily morning exercise, all the Japanese POWs bowed toward Tokyo, pledging undying loyalty to the emperor. When the two Koreans remained erect refusing to bow, their conspicuous action drew attention from English guards, who separated them from the Japanese, at last recognizing their Korean identity. In this Korean enclosure, the third Korean—Pak Hyŏngmu (who also had deserted and surrendered)—joined them a week later.
After tough interrogation, the three were introduced to two American sergeants surnamed Ch’oe and Kim, Korean-Americans, who spoke to them in Korean. Pak Sundong described this encounter: “I felt as if I had met the Buddha in hell.” After more questions testing their Korean nationalistic determination, they were asked if they were willing to work for the American war cause against Japan, risking not only their lives but also the safety of family members back home in Korea. As fervent Korean nationalists, they expressed their willingness to work for the United States and the Allies. Asked about the risks his family members back in Korea, he responded: “Most Koreans wish to be free from Japanese suppression. Accordingly, even if my family members were to suffer persecution as a result of my work for the Allied powers in behalf of my fatherland, they would not resent me. I will surely fulfill my missions [for the Allied Powers].”15
Having agreed to work with the Allies to defeat Imperial Japan, all three Koreans were transported to unknown destinations and told not to question where they were going. Eventually they were taken to Santa Catalina Island, off the California coast, where they began intensive military training as special agents of the OSS. Secret preparations were underway to land troops on the Korean Peninsula—now known as the NAPKO Project—before invading Japan. While the three former Korean draftees were training for this operation, the war came to an end [delete “first”]when Japan formally surrendered in August 1945. Overnight, the status of these Koreans shifted abruptly from OSS special agents to POWs. To their great dismay and indignation, they were unceremoniously put into POW uniforms once again and confined to a barbed-wire enclosure. Their bitter protests against U.S. officials for betraying their trust and cooperation--they were prepared to risk their own life for the American cause--even resorting to a hunger strike, were of no avail. They were sent to Hawaii as POWs.16
Soon after their arrival at Honouliuli, Colonel H. K. Howell, the commanding officer of the camp, invited them to a meeting, where he tried to assuage their bitter sentiment, expressing his deep sympathy with the Koreans. (Howell’s female secretary was Sin Yŏngsun, a second generation Korean-American, who interpreted for them and assisted greatly on their behalf despite her limited command of the Korean language.)17
According to Pak Sundong’s observation, the Korean POWs in the camp in general were not well disciplined and frequently conducted themselves without consideration for others. At the suggestion of Colonel Howell, the three former OSS agents started a program for Korean POWs to foster the spirit of self-reliance and self-governance toward building a democratic country. They published a Korean-language newsletter for fellow Korean POWs.18 Handwritten and mimeographed, the newsletter carried the Korean title of Chayu Han’in-bo along with the English title of Free Press for Liberated Korea. While emphasizing the idea of freedom, the newsletter maintained an editorial tone of Korean nationalism with a logo of the Korean National Flag in three colors in each issue. It tried to instill “the idea of independence and freedom which we all seek ardently.”19 Insulated from the outside world, the Korean POWs had nothing to read except some English publications provided by the United States military authorities, which most could not understand. In the newsletters, the three Hakbyŏng translated English articles appearing in Reader’s Digest and national and local English newspapers to inform and enlighten fellow Koreans about events in the outside world.
For example, newsletter No. 3 carried an abstract translation of William Hard’s article, “Way to Peace: How the United States Should Understand the Soviet Union,” which appeared in Reader’s Digest in September 1945. Another article is a digest of an article written by Ogden M. Reid, the editor of The New York Herald Tribune, who wrote after visiting China, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. Reid said that Korea, having experienced Japan’s tyrannical rule for 40 years, had no alternative but to continue to utilize Japanese technical specialists until Koreans could be trained to run their own industry. It also drew on local newspapers in Hawaii to report on the international situation, such as the Soviet occupation of Manchuria and the impending conflict between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, as well as on proposals to place atomic bombs under international supervision—all major current global issues.20
To instill national pride and confidence, Free Press for Liberated Korea carried several articles on Korean history emphasizing its proud achievements, such as Silla’s ch’ŏmsŏngdae (astronomical tower), Koryŏ’s ceramic works, and Han’gŭl (Korean Alphabet). In its last issue, No. 7 dated December 12, 1945, breaking its rule of allowing only Korean POWs to write for the newsletter, it included an article written by Hyŏn Sun (Soon Hyun), a prominent Korean nationalist leader and a Methodist minister who sought refuge in Hawaii after 1923.
Empathizing with the Korean POWs for the suffering they had experienced under Japanese rule, the elderly Korean nationalist bid farewell to them as they were anticipating repatriation and urged them to work to build a new Korea.21
It also distributed a photo of American commanders as well as one of Syngman Rhee (Yi Sŭngman) as individuals whom the POWs should respect. The caption on Syngman Rhee’s portrait reads:
Dr. Syngman Rhee, along with his comrades, has dedicated his life and property toward the freedom and independence of our motherland Korea. Dr. Rhee has spent the life of an exile for many years leaving his homeland. During his exile, he argued with the Allied Powers on behalf of Korea’s freedom and independence and became prominent in the United States. Before Korea’s liberation, he became a representative of the Korean Provisional Government, of which the United States governmental and political leaders became cognizant. As Korea moves toward independence, Dr. Rhee’s talent and ability draw special attention.
Rhee’s position as a nationalist leader was recognized through the newsletter by the three former students among the Korean POWs.
Hoping to attract a wide readership among the POWs, the troika printed 1,350 copies of the newsletter every week—one copy for two men.
But, to their great disappointment, they found the bulk of their painstaking work discarded in trash cans unread. Although the editors tried to understand the fact that a large majority of fellow Korean POWs were uneducated laborers, the troika nevertheless were unhappy to find their labor of love little appreciated by their fellow countrymen.22
The Korean POWs organized many social organizations. Based on their origins, they formed provincial as well as county associations. In addition, they maintained associations based on respective clan lineages (Chongmunhoe). These organizations, however, were not necessarily conducive to the overall unity and harmony of the Korean POWs, according to Pak Sundong. Often, Pak said, they bad-mouthed other groups causing animosity and factional strife within the camp.23
The POWs discovered a simple way to brew alcohol. They learned that if you simply add yeast to strawberry jam, overnight it became spirits, which they imbibed as their favorite makkŏlli drink.24 As the Honolulu Advertiser reported above, soccer was their favorite sport, and they competed with Italian POWs on Sunday, November 11, 1945 before a cheering crowd of more than 600 onlookers. In spite of spirited effort and team work, the Korean team lost 5-3.25 At this game, by chance, Pak Sundong met To Chinho (Chin-Ho Tough, Jin-Ho Do), a Korean resident of Honolulu, among the crowd. This encounter was an emotional one as Pak learned that To was a fellow hometown senior from Sunch’ŏn in Chŏlla Province,26 who had moved to Hawaii in 1931 as a Buddhist missionary and played an active role in the Korean nationalist movement. (He worked as an editor of T’aepyŏngyang chubo, also known as Korean Pacific Weekly in English, and later was a founding member of the United Korean Committee, one of the most important Korean organizations in the United States.)27
Who was Pak Sundong, who gave us a valuable glimpse of the lives of Korean POWs? Little was known about him, except through his article “Momyŏl ŭi shidae”, until the 1980s publication of Cho Chŏngnae’s monumental ten-volume novel, T’aebaeak sanmaek (T’aebake Mountain Range). An epic novel detailing a saga of a turbulent era ridden with political, social, and economic upheaval in southwestern Korea on the eve of the outbreak of the Korean War, T’aebaek sanmamaek broke the ideological taboo that had prevailed for decades and has since become one of the all-time best sellers in South Korea exercising enormous influence on the political and social consciousness of post-Korean War generations. (In my view, it may well be the greatest novel written in Korean.) Among the most important characters in the novel is Kim Pŏmu, an intellectual who maintained integrity, sanity, and conscience through troubled times. Cho Chŏngnae has acknowledged that he modeled Kim Pŏmu after Pak Sundong and that Pak is his uncle (a younger brother of Cho’s mother).28 Through Cho Chŏngnae’s masterpiece, one gets a glimpse of the kind of life Pak Sundong might have led in South Korea after returning from Hawaii, and his world view, it should be noted, was obviously influenced by his experiences as a former student draftee, an OSS agent, and a POW cellmate at the Honouliuli camp. Thus, one of the Korean POWs in the Honouliuli camp emerged as a major figure in modern Korean literature.
One of the last acts as POWs of the Korean troika was to make a list of all the Koreans in the camp. It appeared as an appendix to the last issue of their newsletter, No. 7, dated December 15, 1945. Among those listed, three men, Kim Tŏkyun, Kim Kich’an, and Ch’oe Kŭmbong, deserve special mention. We learn that a US submarine kidnapped at gun point three Korean fishermen from the southern coast of Korea and brought them to the United States. Briefly this is what happened.
The war situation in early 1945 was grim for Japan, and the U.S. Navy carried out submarine operations along the southern coast of Korea with virtual impunity. On April 6, 1945, an American submarine, Tirante, surfaced in the calm sea near Samch’ŏnp’o (in South Kyŏngsang Province) where numerous Korean boats were fishing. The Tirante attacked one of the larger boats, capturing its crew and taking them back to a base. The Americans wanted information on the suspected anchorage at Yŏsu Bay. The capture of the fishermen is depicted in the Tirante’s patrol report:
[At] 1918 [7:18 pm] Surfaced, going after one of the larger schooners.
[At 1930] [7:30 pm] Having trouble coming alongside, and he isn’t cooperating. Fired a 40-mm shell through his mainsail. The shell exploded, making a big hole in the sail; a 30-cal. machine gun cut his mainsail halyard so he lowered his sails in short order.
[At] 1949 [7:49 pm] Boat alongside. We look huge by comparison. Lt. Endicott PEABODY II (All American, Harvard 1942) and SPENCE, H.W. GMlc [sic] jumped aboard, both armed to the teeth in terrifying fashion . . . . With many hoarse shouts and bursts of tommy gun fire, three thoroughly scared and whimpering fishermen were taken aboard.29
The three fishermen were abducted to the United States.
Although Korea at the time was under colonial rule of Imperial Japan, which was at war with the United States, these fishermen were engaged in utterly peaceful work. The American submarine attacked the unarmed fishing boat, seized its crew and took them from their homes. The three fishermen from Samch’ŏnp’o were Ch’oe Kŭmbong, age 42; Kim Tŏkyŏng, 43; and Kim Kichang, 44. They were brought to Pearl Harbor for interrogation. As fishermen they had little knowledge of military affairs. The interrogation report says: “POWs were generally ignorant of military information, but they are able to list and describe areas in Korean water which were restricted to all.”30 The three are included in the list POWs at Honouliuli.31
A recent Korean TV documentary, “MBC Special Documentary,” showed interviews with elderly people in Samch’ŏnp’o, which verified the story of their abduction. Yang Kŭmjŏng, a step-daughter of Kim Tŏkyun, in particular recalled vividly the story she had heard from her step-father after he returned home from the United States.32
Horace G. Underwood, later a prominent American missionary educator in Korea, was a Naval intelligence officer stationed at Pearl Harbor interrogating POWs during the war. He writes in his memoir:
I remember one group of three fishermen from Samchonpo on the South coast. After their boat was sunk by a sub, they were brought to Pearl. On questioning, I learned that the skipper had once been as far as Pusan, but the other two had never been outside Samchonpo, except for fishing. What a change to go out one morning and end up at Pearl Harbor!33
Underwood’s complacent account verifies the abduction of the fishermen peacefully engaged in daily work by the US Navy.
In 2002, North Korea, after denying it for many years, finally confessed with apology that its secret agents had kidnapped more than a dozen Japanese citizens and taken them to North Korea in the 1970s. The North Korean objective was to use these Japanese for training North Korean spies. When the North Korean admission was announced in Japan, there was outrage to the point of forcing the Japanese government to halt its diplomatic dealings with North Korea. Indeed, that outrage has governed Japanese policy toward North Korea ever since. Long before North Korea’s kidnapping, the United States committed a similar act, equally outrageous and reprehensible. The American abduction of three Korean fishermen deserves no less condemnation by the American public. Though late, the United States Navy and the United States government should offer an official apology as well as appropriate compensation to the families of these fishermen.
This is only a brief glimpse into the profiles of the Korean POWs detained in the Honouliuli camp based on preliminary research. As noted, almost all of the 2,700 Korean POWs were noncombatant laborers.34 They also included three former college students, who, after deserting the Japanese military and working with the OSS, were themselves imprisoned as POWs. Then, there were three fishermen, who were abducted at gun point by the crew of a submarine home ported at Pearl Harbor. These POWs were all tragic victims of the war.
To the general public in Hawaii, the Honouliuli camp is largely remembered as an internment center where Japanese-Americans were illegally incarcerated during the war. Presently the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii is leading a campaign to clear the camp area (now covered with heavy vegetation) and establish a memorial for those Japanese-Americans who were unjustly incarcerated. This is indeed a laudable move so that the future generations will be reminded that such an act of unconstitutionality and inhumanity should never be repeated on this land.
In building such memorial, we should not forget that the Honouliuli camp also detained 2,700 Korean POWs. The Korean POWs included three former college students who were drafted into the Japanese military and deserted to the Allied Powers and worked as special agents of OSS of the United States only to be reduced to POWs at the end of the war. They also included three fishermen who were kidnapped from Korean waters and were incarcerated in the Hawaii POW camp. They too were innocent victims of immoral and illegal acts perpetrated in the name of war. A similar memorial should mark the presence of Korean POWs at Honouliuli.
To be sure, ethnic Koreans and ethnic Japanese in Hawaii in general maintained unfriendly, if not downright hostile, sentiment toward each other throughout the war. Fortunately, such feeling has largely dissipated. In a new spirit of reconciliation and cooperation, the two Asian ethnic groups along with others in Hawaii should work together to establish a monument (and memorials as appropriate) to remember those victims of the war.
Recommended citation: Yŏng-ho Ch’oe,"Korean Prisoners-of-War in Hawaii During World War II and the Case of US Navy Abduction of Three Korean Fishermen," The Asia-Pacific Journal, 39-2-09, December 14, 2009.
1 I wish to acknowledge gratefully the kind assistance and cooperation given by Jeffery F. Burton of Trans-Sierran Archaeological Research, Tucson, Arizona, and Brian Niiya and Betsy Young of Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii.
2 Jeffery F. Burton and Mary M. Farrell, “World War II Japanese American Internment Sites in Hawai’i” (December 2007), 63.
3 Territory of Hawaii, Office of the Military Governor, Iolani Palace, Honolulu, T.H., “Control of Civilian Internees and Prisoners of War in the Central Pacific Area.” (Undated.)
4 A copy of this report is in the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii Research Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
5 Territory of Hawaii, Office of the Military Governor, Iolani Palace, Honolulu, T.H., “Control of Civilian Internees and Prisoners of War in the Central Pacific Area.” (Undated)
7 See also this link.
8 It is possible that the Japanese defenders may also have included Korean soldiers conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army, separate from the Korean laborers, but we have no information on this during the Gilbert Islands operation.
9Link. The Tarawa battle exacted a heavy toll on the US Navy and Marines with 1,677 dead. Writing after the war, General Holland M. Smith, who commanded the Marines stated: “Was Tarawa worth it?” “My answer is,” he said “unqualified: No. From the very beginning the decision of the Joint Chiefs to seize Tarawa was a mistake and from their initial mistake grew the terrible drama of errors and errors of omission rather than commission, resulting in these needless casualties.” Ibid.
10Link. These figures for “Japanese” may well have included a significant, but indeterminate, number of Koreans, both in the ranks of the military and laborers.
11 “Fraternization Problem Here With Enemy War Prisoners,” Honolulu Advertiser, September 26, 1945.
12 “Statistical Data Report For Prisoner of War Base Camp HPU 950, 28 July 1945.”
13 Testimony of Kim Han’ok, a former member of the Honouliuli camp, given to Dr. Do-Hyung Kim, “T’aep’yŏng chŏnjaeng ki Hawaii p’oro suyongso ŭi Han’in chŏnjaeng p’oro yŏn’gu (A study of Korean POWs in a Hawaii POWs detention center during the Pacific War) (Unpublished report).
14 My interview with Dr. Nam-Young Chung was conducted on April 10, 2009.
15 Pak Sundong, “Momyŏl ŭi sidae (An era of humiliation),” Sin Tonga (September 1965), 372-73.
16 Ibid., 373-81.
17 Ibid., 382-83.
18 Ibid., 383.
19Chayu Han’in-bo, No. 7 (December 12, 1945).
20 Ibid., No. 3 (November 15, 1945).
21 Ibid., No. 7.
22 Pak Sundong, 383.
23 Ibid., 384.
24 Ibid., 382.
25 Ibid.. 384.
26 Pak Sundong, 384.
27 My interview with Mr. To Chinho took place on July 5, 1978.
28 Kwŏn Yŏngmin, T’aebak samnaek tasi ilki (Re-reading Taebaek sanmaek) (Seoul: Haenam, 1997), 50.
29 Edward L. Beach, Submarine! (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1952), 270. Peabody was later Governor of Massachusetts.
30 An interrogation report in the National Archive, Maryland, as shown in “MBC Special Documentary” (whose telecast was monitored in Honolulu on March 7, 2009).
31 Ch’oe Kŭmbong is listed in an interrogation report in the National Archive, Maryland, as Ch’ae Kŭmpong. (See “MBC Special Documentary.”) I believe these two names refer to the same person.
33 H. G. Underwood, Korea in War, Revolution and Peace: The Recollections of Horace G. Underwood (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 2001), 91
34 Since a large number of Koreans were conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army and were dispatched to the Pacific islands, it is possible that some of these Korean soldiers may have been captured as POWs and brought to the Honouliuli camp. But we have no information so far on this aspect.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
In the fifth chapter, Antonio's mother is speaking to Antonio's Uncle Juan when she says"
"Ay Juan...I pray that he will take the vows, that a priest will return to guide the Lunas - "
Earlier, in the third chapter she says:
"Ay...if only he could become a priest. That would save him! He would always be with God. Oh, Gabriel...just think of the honor it would bring our family to have a priest..."
In both of these places in the text, Antonio's mother expresses her sincere hopes that Antonio will achieve an honorable position. Notably, the founder of el Puerto and of the Luna's place in the world was a priest. The priest is therefore the ultimate patriarchal symbol for this religious farming family.
In this way, Antonio's mother's hopes for him are not general hopes drawn from her religious culture. They are hopes drawn directly from her family's history; the Luna's geographical history.
This ambition also represents a desire for continuity (of place and of tradition), which is prized in the Luna family. By becoming a priest, Antonio ensures that he will remain a Luna, faithful to Catholic traditions and to his (mother's) family's past.
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An article discussing the history of the words Baptism and Christening
When I began my PhD research, I wanted to investigate the history behind the words ‘baptism’ and ‘christenings’ and what the linguistic differences between churchgoers and non-churchgoers may tell us. Might we understand one another better if we understood one another’s language more clearly?
The History of the words ‘baptism’ and ‘christening’
Many Christians feel very strongly about the importance of using the word ‘baptism’ and may see the word ‘christening’ as a dumbed-down, popular term which does not capture the full theological and spiritual meaning that ‘baptism’ does. Baptism is one of the treasures of the Church, a simple yet beautiful rite which brings new birth. Baptism speaks of passing through the waters of trials, of dying and rising with Christ, of spiritual cleansing. At the end of a baptism, candidates are made part of the family of the Church, they begin a new life. Churchgoers may find the word ‘christening’ does not capture any of this for them. It feels shallow and is primarily associated with cakes, dresses, presents, parties. All these may be good, but they are not what really matters in baptism.
When I began my PhD research I wanted to investigate the history behind these words and what the linguistic differences between churchgoers and non-churchgoers may tell us about some of the other things which divide us. Might we understand one another better if we understood one another’s language more clearly?
I don’t speak Old English or Middle English (I’m a theologian not a language scholar!), so I began my studies around 1500, at which time the language is becoming recognisably modern. I looked into the words used to refer to baptism prior to this and was interested to see that ‘christening’ has linguistic roots going back into Old English (the first reference in the Oxford English Dictionary is from Bede in 890), whereas ‘baptism’s’ roots in the English language are not as recent, it first appears in Middle English (the first reference to it in the OED is from “Piers Plowman”, in 1377).
In the phase of the English Language known as ‘Early Modern English’ (about 1500-1710) I found that ‘christen’, at the start of this period, usually meant ‘Christian’, but was also used to refer to the sacrament making someone a Christian (that is, baptism). This shows how closely the ideas of baptism and being a Christian were at this time: with just one word to refer to both, the ideas were inseparable. ‘Christened’ was particularly likely to be used of an adult who had converted from another faith, since they were being ‘christian-ed’, made into a Christian. ‘Christened’ was also almost always used to describe an actual instance of a baptism occurring (as opposed to theoretical discussion of baptism). In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries ‘baptism’ was usually used to refer to the sacrament as a theoretical idea, in theological discussions or in Bible translations. This is why ‘baptism’ feels more biblical to Christians today, because it is the word chosen in the Tyndale and later in the King James version of the Bible. The Middle English translation of the Bible by Wycliffe, in 1382, however, was happy to speak of Jesus being ‘christened’ by John in the Jordan.
At this stage of history women, people from lower ranks of society and those without a university education used ‘christening’ much more than ‘baptism’. Conversely, men, people from higher social ranks and those with a university education used ‘baptism’ more. Clergy were particularly striking in that they hardly ever used ‘christening’, perhaps partly because
much of their writings were theological or biblical rather than practical, but maybe even at the time of the Reformation clergy had begun to have negative associations with ‘christening’, seeing it as a popular word and not quite theologically ‘correct’.
After 1570 the new word ‘Christian’, derived more closely from the Latin and which came over with the continental influence of the Reformers, took over from the Old English word ‘christen’ and the two concepts were divorced. After this time, by the end of the seventeenth century, a small minority of radical Reformers and puritans began to complain about the word ‘christening’, seeing it as not true baptism. Most people, however, gradually began to use both words interchangeably.
A study of the records of the Old Bailey trials in the eighteenth show that the people speaking in court as witnesses, as victims of crime or as defendants (the majority of whom were from lower social positions) used ‘christening’ much more than ‘baptism’, over ¾ of the time. At the same period the lawyers, professional witnesses and those taking notes about the trial proceedings also used ‘christening’ more than ‘baptism’, but less so than for those in lower social positions, about 2/3 of the time. Meanwhile the chaplain of Newgate prison used ‘baptism’ well over 95% of the time.
As we move into the first part of the nineteenth century, however, we see a shift. The lower social orders (witnesses, victims and defendants in the trials at the Old Bailey) continued to use ‘christening’ about ¾ of the time, or just a little less, so they were now using ‘baptism’ very slightly more than earlier. The lawyers and professional witnesses, however, suddenly shift massively over to use ‘baptism’ more than ‘christening’, over 60% of the time. ‘Baptism’ has become the word which it is proper for the higher social orders to use in formal situations such as in court. This split between the higher and lower social orders widens in the second half of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile clergy continued to almost completely avoid using ‘christening’ in all the places I studied their language. From the point of view of the ‘ordinary’ people, the clergy’s language seems to be an extreme version of the language of the elite.
In the twentieth century, I found that this avoidance of the word ‘christening’ amongst clergy began to extend to lay churchgoers, too. Meanwhile, in secular contexts, ‘christening’ was used more in informal settings (such as on twitter and in the tabloid newspapers) and ‘baptism’ was used more in formal settings (such as in the broadsheet newspapers and in parliament). Google’s search trends reveal that in Britain ‘christening’ is searched for much more than ‘baptism’, whereas in America this trend is reversed.
So, from the point of view of ordinary, secular British people, ‘christening’ is associated in their minds with a friendly, informal form of religion, one which they feel they can relate to. ‘Baptism’, meanwhile, is associated with American religion, with formality, with religious fervour and maybe even extremism. The use of these words in figures of speech is telling. ‘Baptism’ is almost always a negative and frightening thing, as seen in the figure of speech ‘baptism of fire’. ‘Christening’, meanwhile, is happy and celebratory, as in ‘I christened my new house with a glass of wine!’
Christians have good reasons to have some wonderful associations in their minds with the word ‘baptism’, but they should remember that, when speaking to those who do not have this churchgoing background, they may find their conversation partner has very different associations in their mind. Using ‘baptism’ to them will not communicate anything about washing away sins, celebrating new life or joining the church. Instead they will inadvertently communicate a kind of formality and stiffness. By using ‘christening’ to them, we are not communicating a lack of seriousness about religion, but rather a joyousness and celebration.
I do not believe that Christians should be afraid of using ‘christening’. It is time we reappropriated this ancient and spiritually rich word back into our language, and in doing so re-connect with our culture and enable us to speak more clearly with them again. To be christened means to become a Christian, a little Christ, and this is surely something to celebrate and embrace.
The Revd Sarah Lawrence
University of Birmingham | <urn:uuid:af26e90a-5343-4116-b267-1b104219c320> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.stpadarns.ac.uk/en/ministry/continuing-ministerial-development/life-events-ministry/baptisms/article-discussing-history-words-baptism-and-christening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710462.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128002256-20221128032256-00849.warc.gz | en | 0.971066 | 1,889 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bedbugs bite you and feed on your blood. You may have no reaction to the bites, or you may have small marks or itching. Severe allergic reactions are rare. Bedbugs don't transmit or spread diseases.
Adult bedbugs are brown, 1/4 to 3/8 inch long, and have a flat, oval-shaped body. Young bedbugs (called nymphs) are smaller and lighter in color. Bedbugs hide in a variety of places around the bed. They might also hide in the seams of chairs and couches, between cushions, and in the folds of curtains. They come out to feed about every five to ten days. But they can survive over a year without feeding.
To prevent bedbugs in your home:
To get rid of bedbugs:
Environmental Protection Agency | <urn:uuid:3ae7e13a-edd1-4901-8120-820b46e97505> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://ezdoctor.com/answers/post/bedbugs/5649 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532929.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421215917-20190422001917-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.950749 | 166 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The entire 522-volume Loeb Classical Library was made available as searchable, digital editions on a subscription model by Harvard University Press in mid-September 2014. Harvard tells us the Loeb digital effort cost $1 million!
Although many libraries have extensive collections of the original Loeb volumes, these essential classics have needed to be made more widely available to the reading public for a long time. The books’ facing-page translations into English, from Greek and Latin, make classical reading eminently accessible to everyone.
It is testament to the value of classical knowledge that these writers still circulate and are oft-quoted after 2,000 years. Now, 25% of the 100,000,000 Latin and Greek words surviving to 600 CE may now be browsed, searched, bookmarked, annotated and “shared”. Note “shared” does not mean downloaded; unfortunately, Harvard seeks to lock up its Loebs for lucre. And billions more words postdating 600 CE may be found in other, far less restricted, repositories.
A fascinating analysis discussion of the cost/benefits to classical knowledge and open access vs. copyright conventions is here:
We were delighted to see that at least 69 Loebs were updated with new translations, listed below. The contents appears to differ from the original Loeb numbers in only one case. I have designated these as “b” volume numbers to differentiate them from the original Loeb translations, which LCL informs us have been “replaced”. New translators appear in brackets.
New translations building upon the work of previous translators is nothing new. Many original Loebs were based upon 19th-century translations. Nevertheless, LCL continues to build upon these, releasing two new volumes or so each year.
Quirks of old Loebs may be found on this fun Tumblr site: http://best-of-the-loeb-library.tumblr.com.
We certainly hope Harvard will make the new translations available in the much-loved green-for-Greek, red-for Latin format as physical books as well.
The entire catalogue may be found here: http://www.hup.harvard.edu/collection.php?cpk=1031.
We urge you to encourage your library or institution to institute a subscription. Individual subscriptions are $195 for the first year and $65 for subsequent years.
How to subscribe
If any reader knows whether library subscriptions permit downloading of volumes (it would be most inconvenient to readers were this not possible), we’d like to know.
Prof. Gregory Crane, Director of the Perseus Project at Tufts University finds them not accessible enough: “The Digital Loeb Classical Library, Open Scholarship, and a Global Society”: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16PLd_WYInwWLoxnbuGBrNgnR_U5ZdZRo80fImMjH13U/edit.
L001b Apollonius Rhodius – Argonautica [William H. Race]
L006b Catullus – Tibullus. Pervigilum Veneris [FW Cornish; JP Postgate; JW Mackail]
L007b Cicero – Letters to Atticus I [DR Shackleton Bailey]
L008b Cicero – Letters to Atticus II [DR Shackleton Bailey]
L009b Euripides III – Suppliant Women. Electra. Heracles [David Kovacs]
L010b [cf L484] Euripides IV – Trojan Women. Iphigenia among the Taurians. Ion [David Kovacs]
L011b Euripides V – Helen. Phoenician Women. Orestes [ [David Kovacs]
L012b Euripides VI – Cyclops. Alcestis. Medea [David Kovacs]
L016b Philostratus – Apollonius of Tyana I Books 1-4 [Christopher P. Jones]
L017b Philostratus – Apollonius of Tyana II Books 5-8 [Christopher P. Jones]
L0180b Propertius – Elegies [GP Goold]
L020b Sophocles I – Ajax. Electra. Oedipus Tyrannus [Hiugh Lloyd-Jones]
L021b Sophocles II – Antigone. The Women of Trachis. Philoctetes. Oedipus at Colonus [High Lloyd-Jones]
L022b Terence I – The Woman of Andros. the Self-Tormentor. The Eunuch [John Barsby]
L023b Terence II – Phormio. The Mother-in-Law. The Brothers [John Barsby]
L024b The Apostolic Fathers I – Clement I & II Ignatius Polycarp Didache [Bart D. Ehrman]
L025b The Apostolic Fathers II – Barnabas. Papias & Quadratus. Diognetus. The Shepherd of Herman [Bart D. Ehrman]
L026b Augustine I – Confessions I Books 1-8 [Carolyn J.-B. Hammond]
L028b Greek Bucolic Poets – Theocritus Bion Moschus [Neil Hopkinson]
L032b Cassius Dio Cocceianus I – Roman History I Books 1-11 [Earnest Cary] [Herbert B. Foster]
L033b Horace I – Odes and Epodes [Niall Rudd]
L035b Tacitus I – Dialogue on Oratory, Agricola, Germania [M. Hutton & W. Peterson]
L044b Apuleius I – Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass) I Books 1-6 [J. Arthur Hanson]
L045b-Achilles Tatius – Leucippe & Clitophon [S. Gaselee]
L055b Pliny the Younger I – Letters & Panegyricus I Books 1-7 [Betty Radice]
L056b Pindar I & II – Olympian & Pythian Odes [William H. Race]
L057b Hesiod — Homeric Hymns and Homerica [Glenn W. Most]
L059b Pliny the Younger II – Letters & Panegyricus II Books 8-10 [Betty Radice]
L060b Plautus I – Amphitryon, Comedies I [Wolfgang de Melo]
L061b Plautus II – Casina, Comedies II [Wolfgang de Melo]
L062b Seneca the Younger VIII – Tragedies I Hercules Furens, Troades, Medfea, Hippolytus, Oedipus [John G. Fitch]
L069b Longus – Daphnis & Chloe / Xenophon of Ephesus – Anthia & Habrocomes [Jeffrey Henderson]
L074b Boethius – The Theological Tractates & The Consolation of Philosophy [H.F. Stewart & E.K. Rand] [S.J. Tester]
L078b Seneca the Younger IX – Tragedies II: Oepipus. Agamemnon. Thyestes. Hercules on Oeta. Octavia [John G. Fitch]
L091b Juvenal & Persius – Collected Satires [Susanna Morton Braund]
L097b Cicero XXIV – Letters to Atticus III Books 166-281 [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L124b Quintilian I – The Orator’s Education I Books 1-3 [Donald A. Russell]
L125b Quintilian II – The Orator’s Education II Books 4-6 [Donald A. Russell]
L126b Quintilian III – The Orator’s Education III Books 7-9 [Donald A. Russell]
L127b Quintilian IV – The Orator’s Education IV Books 10-12 [Donald A. Russell]
L132b Menander of Athens I – Principal Fragments: Arbitrants, Girl from Samos, Girl Who Gets Her Hair Cut Short, Fragments, Unidentified Comedy [W.G. Arnott]
L142b Greek Lyric Poetry I – Terpander, Alcman, Sappho Alcarus [David A. Campbell]
L144b Greek Lyric Poetry V – The New School, Anonymous Songs & Hymns [David A. Campbell]
L145b Aeschylus I – Suppliant Maidens, Persians Prometheus, Seven Against Thebes [Alan H. Sommerstein]
L146b Aeschylus II – Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, Eumenides, Fragments [Alan H. Sommerstein]
L163b Plautus III – The Merchant The Braggart Warrior The Haunted House The Persian [Wolfgang de Melo]
L174b Frontinus – The Stratagems Books 1-4, The Aqueducts of Rome Books 1 & 2 [Charles E. Bennett from Clemens Herschel] [Mary B. McElwain]
L178b Aristophanes I – The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps [Jeffrey Henderson]
L183b Xenophon VII – Scripta Minora: Hiera, Agesilaus, Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, Ways & Means, On the Cavalry Commander, Horsemanship, Hunting [E.C. Marchant] [G.W. Bowersock]
L189b Cicero XVa & XVb – Philippics Books 1-14 [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L205b Cicero XXV – The Letters to His Friends Book I-VI [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L206b Statius I – Silvae Books 1-5, Thebald Books 1-4 [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L207b Statius II – Thebald Volume I: Books 1-7 [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L208b Athenaeus II — The Deipnosophists II: Book 3.106e-5 [S. Douglas Olson]
L216b Cicero XXVI – The Letters to His Friends II Books 114-280 [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L224b Athenaeus III – The Deipnosophists III Books 6 & 7 [S. Douglas Olson]
L225b Theophrastus III – The Characters; Herodas – Mimes Sophron & Mime Fragments. Cercidas & the Greek Choliambic Poets [Jeffrey Rusten & I.C. Cunningham]
L230b Cicero XXVII – The Letters to His Friends III/Books 281-435, Quintus, Brutus [D.R. Shackleton Bailey]
L235b Athenaeus IV — The Deipnosophists IV Books 8-10 [S. Douglas Olson]
L236b Arrian I – Anabasis of Alexander 1-4 [P.A. Brunt]
L259b Greek Iambic Poetry II 7th-5thc BC: Archilocus. Semonides. Hipponax [Douglas E. Gerber]
L260b Plautus IV – The Little Carthaginian, Pseudolus, The Rope [Wolfgang de Melo]
L269b Arrian I – Anabasis of Alexander I Books 5-7; Indica 8 [P.A. Brunt]
L270b Basil IV – Letters IV 249-368, Address to Young Men on Reading Greek Literature [Roy J. Deferrari] [M.R.P. McGuire]
L274b Athenaeus V — The Deipnosophists V: Books 11 & 12 [S. Douglas Olson]
L276b Plato VI – The Republic II Books 6-10 [Christopher Emlyn-Jones & William Preddy]
L317b Aristotle XVI – Problems II Books 22-38 [Robert Mayhew] / Rhetorica ad Alexandrum [David C. Mirhady]
L327b Athenaeus VI — The Deipnosophists VI: Books 13-14.653b [S. Douglas Olson]
L328b Plautus V – Stichus, Trinummus (Three Bob Day), Truculentus, Vidularia (Tale of a Traveling Bag) [Wolfgang de Melo]
L393b Pliny VII – Natural History VII Books 24-27 Index of Plants [W.H.S. Jones] [A.C. Andrews] | <urn:uuid:fa7f60c9-7d66-425c-8944-1b20b3e510a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/2015/02/16/new-loeb-classical-library-translations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171416.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00475-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.694594 | 2,717 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In reading the book The Happiness Hypothesis by Jonathan Heidt I came across an important element that makes ultrasocial societies work – reciprocity.
Heidt defines ultrasociality as: living in large cooperative societies in which hundreds of thousand of individuals reap the benefits of an extensive division of labor. Only four instances of ultrasociality are in existence – among hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), termites, naked mole rats, and humans. In all species but humans the force that makes that possible is the genetics of kin altruism. In an ants nest or a bee nest, everybody is brother and sister, and since you have as much genes in common with your siblings as you have with your children, the evolutionary drive to leave surviving copies of your genes makes those ultrasocial communities work – shared genes equals shared interest.
In societies that are not structured like bee or ant colonies, the shared set of genes that you have with others drops off rather dramatically – while you share 50% of the genes with your children and siblings, you only share 1/8 the genes with your cousins, and 1/32 with second cousins. In a strictly Darwinian calculation, you would only spend as much energy to save 4 of your cousins as you would for 1 child or brother. That is why kin altruism explains only how groups of a few dozen, or perhaps a hundred, animals can work together. The rest would be competitors in the Darwinian sense.
So what happened to human societies? How did we get fictitious families, like the Mafia, where there is no real kinship, even though they talk about the Godfather and being part of the “family”, to work as ultrasocial societies? It’s the old fashioned “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” phenomenon – which is in fact a mindless and automatic reciprocity reflex. if someone receives a favor, that person will be driven to repay that favor – not because it the proper thing to do – but because it is a built-in ethological reflex. It’s tit-for-tat, hardwired in our brains, that opens the possibility of forming cooperative relationships with strangers. Now mind you that tit-for-tat can only explain the existence of social groups up to a few hundreds. What allows larger social groups is its co-existence with vengeance, gratitude and gossip as tools that reduce the payoff to cheaters by the cost of making enemies.
Those very primitive hardwired human behaviors confirm a lot about what makes online communities work as well – the importance of reputation, the importance of self-organized posses to police communities, the importance of helping one another as a currency, and the failure of communities where reciprocity is not an integral component of the community. | <urn:uuid:c331493b-fa36-457a-913c-32150125965d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.emergencemarketing.com/2008/10/21/the-importance-of-reciprocity-in-ultrasocial-societies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164013918/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133333-00040-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952356 | 573 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus – China
Between 24 February and 7 March 2017, a total of 58 additional laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection have been reported to WHO from mainland China and China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR).
On 24 February 2017, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China (NHFPC) notified WHO of 35 additional laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. On 3 March 2017, the NHFPC notified WHO of 22 additional laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. On 7 March 2017, the Department of Health, China, Hong Kong SAR confirmed a case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.
Details of the cases
Between 24 February and 3 March 2017, the NHFPC reported a total of 57 human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Onset dates of the cases ranged from 26 January to 27 February 2017. Of these 57 cases, 13 were female. Cases range in age from 4 to 81 years and the median age is 56 years. The cases are reported from Anhui (9), Beijing (1), Fujian (1), Guangdong (11), Guangxi (4), Guizhou (2), Henan (3), Hunan (3), Hubei (2), Jiangsu (7), Jiangxi (4), Shandong (2), Shanghai (1), Sichuan (2), and Zhejiang (5).
At the time of notification, there were 11 deaths, and 39 cases diagnosed as either pneumonia (7) or severe pneumonia (32). One case has mild symptoms. The clinical presentations of the other six (6) cases are not available at this time. Forty-three cases are reported to have had exposure to poultry or live poultry market, four (4) cases have possibility of human to human transmission (among them, two cases also had exposure history to poultry or live poultry market), four (4) had no exposure to poultry and for eight (8) the possible exposures are unknown or under investigation.
On 24 February 2017, two clusters of possible human to human transmission were reported.
- A 40-year-old male from Jiangsu Province, and relative of the 63-year old female described below. He had symptom onset on 26 January 2017 and was admitted to hospital. He bought a live chicken on 24 January 2017.
- A 63-year-old female from Zhejiang Province. She had symptom onset on 10 February 2017, and was admitted to hospital for pneumonia. She had exposure to domestic poultry (farmer by trade) and contact with her son.
All 21 contacts of these 2 cases were healthy and did not develop any symptoms.
- A 29-year-old male from Anhui Province. He had symptom onset on 3 February 2017, and was admitted to hospital for severe pneumonia. He had exposure to live poultry before onset of disease.
- A 62-year-old female from Anhui Province. She was admitted to the same hospital as the 29-year old male case mentioned above for chronic cough. She had been on the same ward for one day. After initial improvement her condition worsened and she passed away on 16 February 2017.
- A 58-year-old male from Anhui Province, the father of the 29-year-old male case mentioned above. He had symptom onset on 17 February 2017 and was admitted to hospital. He had exposure to live poultry on 31 January 2017 but took also care for his sick son.
All 32 contacts of these 3 cases were healthy and did not develop any symptoms.
On 3 March 2017, one cluster of possible human to human transmission was reported.
- A 60-year-old male from Anhui Province, and grandfather of the 10-year-old male described below. He had symptoms onset on 24 February 2017 and was admitted to a hospital on 25 February 2017. He passed away on 1 March. He had exposure to live poultry.
- A 10-year-old male from Anhui Province. He had symptoms onset on 27 February 2017, and was admitted to hospital on 1 March 2017 for pneumonia. He also had a history of exposure to live poultry.
On 7 March 2017, the Department of Health, China, Hong Kong SAR confirmed a case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in a 76-year-old man with underlying illnesses. The patient travelled to Fuzhou, Fujian between 11 February and 1 March 2017 and he visited a wet market there.
He developed symptoms on 3 March 2017. His nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen tested positive for avian influenza A(H7N9) on 7 March 2017. His clinical diagnosis is pneumonia and he is now in a critical condition. The patient’s close contact has remained asymptomatic so far and has been put under medical surveillance. Tracing of his other contacts in China, Hong Kong SAR is underway.
To date, a total of 1281 laboratory-confirmed human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been reported through IHR notification since early 2013.
Public health response
Considering the increase in the number of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) since December 2016, the Chinese government has enhanced measures such as:
- The NHFPC strengthened epidemic surveillance, conducted timely risk assessment and analysed the information for any changes in epidemiology.
- The NHPFC requested local NHFPCs to implement effective control measures on the source of outbreaks and to minimize the number of affected people.
- Strengthened early diagnosis and early treatment, treatment of severe cases to reduce occurrence of severe cases and deaths.
- Further enhanced medical treatment.
- Joint investigation teams between NHFPC and Ministries of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce visited Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Guangdong provinces where more cases occurred for joint supervision, inspection and guidance on local surveillance, medical treatment, prevention and control and to promote control measures with a focus on live poultry market management and cross-regional transportation.
- Relevant prefectures in Jiangsu province have closed live poultry markets in late December 2016 and Zhejiang, Guangdong and Anhui provinces have strengthened live poultry market regulations.
- Conducted public risk communication and shared information with the public.
The Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health in China, Hong Kong SAR has taken the following measures:
- Urged the public to maintain strict personal, food and environmental hygiene both locally and during travel.
- Issued an alert to doctors, hospitals, schools and institutions of the latest situation.
WHO risk assessment
The number of human cases with onset from 1 October 2016 is greater than the total numbers of human cases in earlier waves.
Human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus remain unusual. Close observation of the epidemiological situation and further characterization of the most recent human viruses are critical to assess associated risk and to adjust risk management measures timely.
Most human cases are exposed to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. Since the virus continues to be detected in animals and environments, and live poultry vending continues, further human cases can be expected. Although small clusters of human cases with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been reported including those involving patients in the same ward, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that this virus has not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans. Therefore the likelihood of further community level spread is considered low.
WHO advises that travellers to countries with known outbreaks of avian influenza should avoid, if possible, poultry farms, contact with animals in live poultry markets, entering areas where poultry may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with faeces from poultry or other animals. Travellers should also wash their hands often with soap and water, and follow good food safety and good food hygiene practices.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it currently recommend any travel or trade restrictions. As always, a diagnosis of infection with an avian influenza virus should be considered in individuals who develop severe acute respiratory symptoms while travelling in or soon after returning from an area where avian influenza is a concern.
WHO encourages countries to continue strengthening influenza surveillance, including surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) and to carefully review any unusual patterns, ensure reporting of human infections under the IHR 2005, and continue national health preparedness actions. | <urn:uuid:59a604a1-f6d1-41a5-a00f-6586064159f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://who.int/csr/don/15-march-2017-ah7n9-china/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00200-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958942 | 1,827 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Heating water is easy when a quality boiler is doing all of the work. Some boilers can be set to a timer, heating water up at specific parts of the day. Do this if the house is empty for several hours. However, if there is someone at home for most of the day, choose a setting on the boiler which constantly keeps the water hot.
Some rooms, like the bedroom, do not need hot water at all, whilst others must have a constant supply.
The Kitchen Needs A Constant Supply
Several appliances in the kitchen are in need of water at a moment’s notice. Dishwashing machines have to have heated water, which is also used to wash dishes manually. Hot water has to be used for cooking as well.
- When buying an electric water heating system, remember that a boiler has to have enough capacity to always supply the kitchen with some hot water whenever it is needed. Select the boiler from a reputable company. Many recognisable brands are available online.
Bathrooms Always Need Water
Bathrooms also need to have a constant supply of hot water, especially if lots of people are living in the same house. Christmas is a time of year when the boiler is tested to the limit because lots of family members stay over and have to use the bathroom.
Showers use less hot water than baths because people only spend an average of about five minutes using the shower in the morning before they go to work. If someone wants to have a long soak in the tub after work, they use up a relatively large amount of hot water.
- Boilers can be timed to heat up the water so that nobody is left waiting for the water to heat up when they want to get themselves clean.
Rooms With Radiators Require Water
Radiators come in useful when the weather grows colder and people want to stay inside for warmth rather than going outside all of the time. Boilers supply water to the radiators when they are turned on and then they heat up in a very short space of time.
- Radiators can be programmed to come on at a certain point of the day such as 6 pm when everyone has come back from work or school.
Outhouses Have To Have Water
Some houses have a separate room with the fridge, freezer and a sink. This is commonly known as an outhouse.
- Washing up can be done in this room, so pipes connected to the boiler supply hot water whenever it is needed.
Use The Boiler Wisely
Use the boiler wisely in order to control heating bills. Modern boilers have timers so that they are programmed to come on at specific times. Set the first timer to 6 am when people are getting up in the morning and need to have their showers and baths. When people leave the house for work and school, the boiler can be set to switch off so that energy is conserved. | <urn:uuid:f078d3bd-f442-4ea5-a69d-3248dc852908> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://plantware.org/rooms-in-the-house-that-need-heated-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500837.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208155417-20230208185417-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.96957 | 593 | 2.875 | 3 |
Share your valuable feedback, comments or suggestions on spear phishing attack
An attack against a specific target or small group to collect information or gain system access. And, in this spear phishing attack, the cybercriminals use a highly specialized technique to send a message from the entity known to the victim for asking credentials or gain system access. Most of the victims without giving a second thought sometimes reveal personal and financial information. The cybercriminals use domain name very similar to an organization, which sometimes eyes fail to catch. Furthermore, the victim gets duped believing that mail received from the known entity.
The businesses face substantial losses in such attacks when launched against their customers. The emails sent by cybercriminals looks so original and authentic that even mail-filters fail to detect them.
How cybercriminals come to know about a known entity?
The cybercriminals use social engineering, keep an eye on the Internet activities especially on social media. Most of the hosting customers might have received messages or voice calls when they book a domain. They dupe the innocent customers by making him/her feel that they are calling or messaging on behalf of the registrar and it is after sales support. They ask to verify the details before they support, the information they have already gained by a bit of research and then cunningly try to extract other information.
Protection – spear phishing attack
Most of the email certifications and encryptions added to the mail-client catches and protect against phishing attacks. An individual or business can report to the network administrator for such suspicious or unusual activity. The financial institution's customers may contact to single-point-contact for an account lock. The cyber-cell of policy department can be reported. The companies often introduce security awareness initiatives through training and skill assessment. They use office 365 threat intelligence attack simulator to run simulations of real-time phishing and brute force attacks on their network. Thus, help to prepare like mock drills in advance. | <urn:uuid:d4e52d12-9567-4ba5-9c57-79040cbcbaf8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ananova.com/news/story/sm_779751 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988923.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508181551-20210508211551-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.944492 | 399 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Alyssa Shaffer
Straining your brain to remember someone's name or where you left your wallet? Forgetting things can be a pesky problem, but it can get serious without the proper attention. Thankfully, a few simple tricks are all it takes to prevent those forgetful moments and get your memory in shape. Find out what you can start doing now. Photo by Fotolia.com
New research shows that older people who have higher levels of vitamins B, C, D and E in their blood have stronger memory and thinking skills. Make sure you're getting enough vitamin B 12 in particular (found in meat, fish, poultry, eggs and milk)-low levels of this vitamin have been linked to memory problems. Whenever possible, try to get these nutrients from food instead of pills. But if you're a vegetarian, over 50 years old and/or taking certain medications for diabetes or heartburn, ask your doctor about B 12 supplements, since you may be at a higher risk for a deficiency. On the flip side, avoid foods that contain trans fats (including fried foods and many packaged baked goods). Studies show that people with high levels of this dangerous fat had worse cognitive functioning.
Orly Avitzur, MD, fellow of the American Academy of Neurology
Related: Ease stress with these 8 calming foods.
The psychologist says...Play games
Try doing a word scramble, a crossword puzzle or Sudoku against the clock. Giving yourself a time limit challenges your brain's focus, speed and flexibility. Also choose hobbies that keep your mind engaged-painting, writing, playing board games-and do them regularly. Research shows that activities like these help keep your brain function strong throughout your lifetime.
Cynthia Green, PHD, author of 30 Days to Total Brain Health and president of Memory Arts, Montclair, NJ
The neuroscientist says...Take a brisk walk
Exercise triggers positive changes in your brain, including forging new connections between nerve cells, increasing blood flow and even creating new brain cells-all of which help strengthen your memory and problem-solving skills. A brisk half-hour walk every day can also lower your chances of developing dementia, since it helps keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels in check. Best of all, it's never too late to make a difference. Research shows that even longtime couch potatoes who started a regular exercise program experienced positive changes in brain function almost immediately.
Arthur F. Kramer, PHD, director, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Related: See 20 easy ways to burn more fat. | <urn:uuid:5c4a6627-239f-42d1-a648-9a9c712885d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://ca.style.yahoo.com/blogs/healthy-living/improve-memory-160400081.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174276.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00365-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934654 | 537 | 2.890625 | 3 |
George P. Codd
|George P. Codd|
|42nd Mayor of Detroit, Michigan|
|Preceded by||William C. Maybury|
|Succeeded by||William Barlum Thompson|
|United States Representative for the 1st Congressional District of Michigan|
March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923
|Preceded by||Frank E. Doremus|
|Succeeded by||Robert H. Clancy|
|Born||December 7, 1869
|Died||February 16, 1927
|Alma mater||University of Michigan|
Codd was born on December 7, 1869, in Detroit, Michigan, the son of George C. and Eunice Lawrence Codd. His father, George C., had a long history of public service, including stints as postmaster of Detroit, sheriff of Wayne County, Michigan, and as a member of the Detroit City Council.
The younger Codd attended the public schools in Detroit and graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1891 with a Bachelor of Arts. While attending Michigan, Codd played for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team as a pitcher from 1888 to 1892. He was the captain of the Michigan baseball team for a record-setting four consecutive years from 1888 to 1891.
Codd first worked at the law first of Griffin, Warner, and Hunt. He was assistant city attorney from 1894 to 1897, then became a partner in the firm of Warner, Codd, and Warner with Carlos E. and Williard E. Warner. This partnership lasted until Carlos's death in 1901, after which Codd began his own firm.
Codd married Kathleen Warner, daughter of Carlos E. Warner, in 1894. The couple had three children: John W., George C., and Kathleen.
Codd was a member of the board of aldermen from 1902 to 1904. He was elected mayor of Detroit and served from 1905 to 1906, but his support for compromise fares for the Detroit Street Railway turned public opinion against him, and he was unsuccessful in his bid for re-election. He was a delegate to the 1908 Republican National Convention. He served as regent of the University of Michigan in 1910 and 1911. He was appointed circuit judge of Wayne County serving the 3rd Circuit from 1911 to 1921.
Codd was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 1st congressional district to the 67th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1921 to March 3, 1923. In 1922, he declined to be a candidate for re-nomination and resumed the practice of law.
- George P. Codd at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Compendium of History and Biography of the City of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan. Henry Taylor & Co. 1908. pp. 484–485.
- Edwin H. Humphrey (1898). The Michigan Book. The Inland Press. pp. 152–154.
- "Michigan Baseball Captains". University of Michigan.
- The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical, 1907, p. 51
William C. Maybury
|Mayor of Detroit
William Barlum Thompson
|United States House of Representatives|
Frank E. Doremus
|United States Representative for the 1st Congressional District of Michigan
Robert H. Clancy | <urn:uuid:1de7c1d2-d430-40bf-b89c-5b050a157e24> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Codd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064160.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00081-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946451 | 711 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The START trials provided the evidence needed to change practice for women having radiotherapy to treat breast cancer.
Part 3 of our radiotherapy series explores a type of radiotherapy treatment called IMRT. But what is it and can it help improve survival? We take a look.
A new report confirms that radiation from a nuclear plant wasn’t to blame for a spike in childhood leukaemia in north-west England – so what was?
30 years after Chernobyl and five years after Fukushima, we’re taking a look at what has been learnt about radiation-linked cancers.
The third of our Grand Challenge topics asks: can we prevent cancer by studying ‘scars’ in its DNA?
It’s a plot worthy of Hollywood – a fatal radioactive poison, secret documents, suppressed information, and drugs. But this isn’t… | <urn:uuid:e26c20a8-a784-4eb0-b3ab-bbc8f78970da> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/topic/risks-causes/radioactivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.910604 | 178 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Several years ago Richard Betts, lifelong Belmont Resident, Official Town Historian, and longtime editor of the Belmont Historical Society’s newsletter, wrote the following brief history of the town.
Settlement in the area that now includes Belmont began in 1630, when Sir Richard Saltonstall and approximately 40 families separated from the first settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and moved inland to start an agricultural community. Originally called Pequosette after the local Indian tribe, the name of the new town soon changed to Watertown. In 1638, by order of the General Court, Watertown paid the Pequosette Indians the sum of 13 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence for the land.
The original settlement spread inland extensively into the present towns of Watertown, Waltham, Weston, Lincoln, and parts of Cambridge and Belmont. In 1738, Waltham seceded from Watertown, and the future Belmont was now part of three towns.
In 1805, Frederick Tudor began cutting ice on Fresh Pond. As his business grew, he decided to build a railroad from his wharves in Charlestown to Fresh Pond. This line was built about 1843.
With the railroad so near, the citizens of Waltham clamored to have it extended to their village which was granted and the line ran through what was to become the Town of Belmont. The railroad made the purely agricultural community available for residences of well-to-do Bostonians. Settlements centered around Wellington Station (now Belmont Center), Waverley Station, and Hill’s crossing station.
Those settlements grew into villages, but local government arrangements were annoying because citizens had to go to Watertown, Waltham, or West Cambridge (now Arlington) to vote and attend town meetings. A group of about 1,000 people joined together in the early 1850’s and announced their desire to form a separate town. One of the most enthusiastic advocates was John Perkins Cushing, the largest taxpayer of the proposed town, who gave generously and openly to the incorporation expense on the condition that it be named after his 200 acre estate “Bellmont.”
The towns of Watertown, Waltham, and West Cambridge fought the proposed creation of a new town, but in the end the battle was won and on March 18, 1859 the Town of Belmont was born. Of the then total area of 5 square miles, 2.26 were taken from Watertown, 0.67 from Waltham, and 2.82 from West Cambridge. The population was 1,175 of whom 170 were registered voters and 325 were school children. The new town was a widespread collection of fruit farms and market gardens. Produce from Belmont farms was sold at Faneuil Hall market. Specialties included celery, tomatoes, cucumbers, berries, and small fruits. In fact, “Belmont” became a term of distinction indicating quality and large size.
The original town included a part of present day Cambridge including half of Fresh Pond. Because of a controversy over a slaughter house erected in Belmont on the banks of the pond which was the drinking water supply for Cambridge, 0.89 square mile of Belmont was annexed in 1880 to that city.
This left Belmont with a total area of 4.676 square miles. Minor adjustments due to various Route 2 widenings makes the total area 4.655 square miles today.
In the 1900’s, the large number of artists, authors, educators, physicians, and scientists moving to the town doubled its population. As a result, the farming community disappeared. Belmont today, with a population of 25,349, is almost entirely residential and is known as “The Town of Homes.”
If you would like to see a slideshow of some of the historic landmarks in and around Belmont Center, click here. If you would like to learn more about the history of the town, visit our page featuring the life and work work of Richard Betts, the official Town Historian. The Belmont Historical Society has provided material for several other books about the town which have been published by Arcadia Publishing; copies are available from the Society, bookstores, or Amazon.com. Information about Belmont today is available on the town’s website. | <urn:uuid:ce1e5e69-e7b3-43d1-821c-2fe7d1f05565> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://www.belmonthistoricalsociety.org/history-of-belmont/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358469.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128043743-20211128073743-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.97268 | 893 | 2.703125 | 3 |
IUCN has just produced a report called Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Climate Change, to be released on 14 March 2008. Using as a reference the map Indigenous and Traditional Peoples of the World and the Global 200 Ecoregions, published by WWF in 2000, the report helps visualize how the impacts predicted in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could affect such groups.
Does climate change have specific implications for indigenous and traditional peoples of the world?
This question has been raised lately, but no comprehensive analysis has been done yet to answer it. Research has been conducted in some places, notably the Arctic, and some policy discussions have also taken place. Indigenous peoples’ organizations have been requesting for some time to be involved in the climate change policy debates, with limited results. The next session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (May 2008) will be again a venue to address this issue, and proposals have been submitted to host related discussions at IUCN’s Fourth World Conservation Congress.
For the report literature was examined on specific regional and ecosystem issues, and illustrative cases were collected.
As described in the report, there are at least three particular types of links between climate change and indigenous and traditional cultures:
- Traditional peoples have developed knowledge about climate variability and extreme natural events, due to their long and deep dependence on and relationship with natural phenomena.
- Traditional cultures have also developed strategies to adapt to climate variability, particularly in regions where the productivity of ecosystems is highly dependent on specific climatic conditions, such as the Arctic or the Sahel. Nomadic and transhumant pastoralism is one of such adaptations.
- Due to high dependence on natural ecosystems, the occupation of marginal lands, and a fragile situation in socio-economic and political terms, indigenous and traditional cultures are especially vulnerable to climate change and extreme natural phenomena. This is particularly evident in regions like the Arctic, the arid lands of Africa, and the islands of Oceania. The current rate of loss of traditional languages is already four times higher than biodiversity loss; with climate change, the loss of languages and cultures is likely to reach dramatic proportions. | <urn:uuid:18cef24d-d3a6-41b2-86b4-3c104b609338> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.iucn.org/content/iucn-releases-report-indigenous-and-traditional-peoples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00283-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954744 | 436 | 3.890625 | 4 |
A pregnancy hormone could prove a simple way to treat multiple sclerosis, after showing promise in a trial of 158 women with MS.
MS is a neurological condition that results from damage to the brain and nerves inflicted by the body’s own immune system. It affects 2.3 million people worldwide. Symptoms include extreme tiredness, blurred vision, muscle weakness and problems with balance and movement.
The symptoms of women with MS tend to ease when they are pregnant, but worsen again after giving birth. This could be because of a hormone called oestriol, which is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy. The hormone is thought to help suppress the mother’s immune system to prevent it attacking the fetus.
Rhonda Voskuhl of the University of California, Los Angeles, and her colleagues wondered whether giving oestriol to people with MS who aren’t pregnant might also help with symptoms. They gave 8 milligrams of oestriol daily to 86 women with MS, along with their medication, Copaxone (glatiramer acetate).
The women had the most common form of MS, called relapsing-remitting MS, which results in periodic flare-ups of symptoms followed by recovery. After one year, they had 47 per cent fewer relapses than a control group that took Copaxone and a placebo.
After two years, the relapse rate was 32 per cent lower than the control group in the group given the hormone, suggesting the effects had plateaued. “We think the oestriol group had bottomed out, and there was nothing left to improve,” Voskuhl said, as she presented the preliminary results at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in Philadelphia last week.
Voskuhl also said that the women who were given the hormone treatment scored higher in cognitive tests. On average, scores were about 6 per cent better – or three points on the standard 60-point scale to measure cognitive ability after one year than those taking the placebo. This suggests that damaged brain cells may have been repaired.
Voskuhl says this tallies with studies on mouse models of MS, which show that oestriol reaches the brain and protects neurons from damage. It also fits with research suggesting that in addition to dampening a mother’s immune system during pregnancy, oestriol helps to protect the fetal brain from stress, such as lack of oxygen.
Voskuhl is now planning to validate the results in a larger trial. Until then, she warns against using off-the-shelf oestriol to treat MS. “I understand why women might want to try, but I can’t support it till the effects are proven,” she says.
Oestriol is not available in the US, but is sold in Europe as an ingredient of hormone replacement therapies given to postmenopausal women to prevent osteoporosis.
Walter Koroshetz, deputy director of the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, is encouraged by the results but like Voskuhl, cautions against attempts at self-medication. “We have no idea if oestriol’s effects on MS are the same or different from other oestrogen formulations, and doses would be a pure guess,” he says. Nor do we know whether oestriol works on its own, or with MS medications other than Copaxone.
Based on experiments with mice, however, Voskuhl believes that oestriol could potentially work on its own, and this will form part of the forthcoming trial. If it does, it has the potential to become a cheaper alternative to current treatments, she says.
Oestriol-related treatments might work in men too, although testosterone might be a better candidate, Voskhul says. In men, testosterone is converted into oestrogens in the brain, and these are also thought to be protective against MS.
After about the age of 30, men produce about 1 per cent less testosterone each year, and this might account for why men predominantly begin to get MS in their mid-30s to early-40s, says Volkuhl.
She and her colleagues did a small trial of testosterone on 24 men in 2007, which reduced brain withering and improved the men’s cognition, but she says a larger study is needed to follow up on the results. | <urn:uuid:52b11e95-c84d-45ab-806b-466c5d2b1324> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25515-pregnancy-hormone-could-offer-simple-treatment-for-ms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.963953 | 948 | 3.171875 | 3 |
CISPA (Cyber Intelligence Sharing & Protection Act) recently passed in congress in the House. It is a bill that allows the US Government and businesses to work together and share information on cyberthreats. It has been said that this bill is too vague and will allow too much information to be shared to the government. Others say it is a needed law.
In either case, it's something that we should learn more about and discuss with our students.
Here are some links:
CISPA Wikipedia article
The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act: CISPA explained
US House passes controversial CISPA cybersecurity bill, now on to the Senate | <urn:uuid:1c709a13-df36-4107-990d-ab082de359f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://educationaltechnologyguy.blogspot.com/2012/05/cispa-what-is-it-links-and-infographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945015 | 132 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Otitis mediaIt often causes numbness or blockage, hearing loss or tinnitus to the ear, often after a cold or inadvertently, so if you have such symptoms, we must pay attention.
1.Hearing loss: hearing loss, self-improvement. It is manifested that the rotation of the head can improve the feeling of blockage sometimes. If only one ear suffers from hearing loss, it may not be felt for a long time.
2.Earache: Acute otitis media may have persistent occult ear pain or sporadic convulsions. These symptoms are not obvious in chronic patients. May be accompanied by earplugs or a feeling of bloating. Pressing the tragus can temporarily relieve it.
3.Tinnitus: Most of the low-key intermittent, such as bursting, buzzing and streaming sound. When the head moves or yawns, the nose will blow and the ears may appear to be audible. | <urn:uuid:d68e8f71-e41a-46aa-9b19-41df450680f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.hearingaid.cc/hearing-articles/100002328/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337404.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003070342-20221003100342-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.927547 | 195 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Philippines wants to be a leader in green space tech
- Philippines’ first rocket company will use renewable, low-cost rocket fuel to send its first rocket into space
The Philippines’ first commercial spaceflight company, Orbital Exploration Technologies, is developing the country’s first suborbital launch vehicles, and they will be powered by renewable, low-cost fuel made from waste plastics.
The space travel startup is building a suborbital two-stage rocket, the OrbitX Haribon SLS-1, that will be able to effectively launch payloads of up to 200kg, which Orbital Exploration Technologies (or OrbitX) is targeting to launch between 2023 and 2024.
The startup was founded by Dexter Baño Jr. in 2019, the same year that Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law the Philippine Space Act, which has paved the way for the setting up of a new Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA).
PhilSA will oversee the establishment of the framework for Philippine space policy around six key development areas with respect to space science and technology applications (SSTAs), including national security and development; hazard management and climate studies; space research and development; space industry capacity building; space education and awareness; and international cooperation.
But the mobilization of resources for space exploration might draw flak in 2020, even as the Philippines still wades through its pandemic responses that have seriously impacted the local economy. But Baño Jr. believes the renewable, low-cost propellant his firm is developing to power the OrbitX Haribon SLS-1, will be beneficial in both outer space as well as on terra firma.
“We have a global waste problem. At the same time, people are complaining we are spending too much on space without paying attention on climate change. So because of that, we decided to tackle this problem,” the founder told SpaceTech Asia.
The firm dubbed its proprietary fuel OrbitX RP-2, named after the refined kerosene RP-1 typically used in rockets. OrbitX RP-2 is made from renewable kerosene derived from waste plastics. “We used a process called pyrolysis and we observed that the properties of that fuel are similar to rocket grade kerosene or RP-1, said Baño Jr. “Solving two problems – sustaining earth and accessing space.”
OrbitX is also in the research phase of developing another organic, sustainable fuel. This one is a methane fuel derived from algae, being developed in partnership with the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
Baño Jr. thinks the cheap, biodegradable fuel made from waste plastics should be a pillar of green, sustainable practices both on- and off-planet. He envisions OrbitX as a “global pioneer of waste to energy for space technology, and to be able to provide technologies that will benefit both earth and space in the long run.
“We want to be a major provider of cheap, green and sustainable space access to developing countries like the Philippines while preserving the earth,” he asserts.
OrbitX hopes to use its renewable energy-powered OrbitX Haribon SLS-1 to conduct 6 launches a year. Each launch is projected to cost US$4.959 million, which the company says will be 13% cheaper compared to American firm Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket, that is preparing its 16th launch to deploy 30 small satellites into low earth orbit on November 15.
- Apple’s market share peaked in China — with 1 in every 4 devices sold being iPhone
- 5G to become the leading technology in Southeast Asia by 2028
- Weavr sets up in Singapore as it aims to simplify embedded finance
- Asia United Bank partners Alipay+ for e-wallet cross-border payments
- Intelligent video will fast-track smart cities of the future, but comes with great responsibility | <urn:uuid:4df20c80-8958-4aa7-af20-df250291eee3> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://techwireasia.com/2020/11/philippines-wants-to-be-a-leader-in-green-space-tech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.944306 | 813 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Last week, I spoke about how President Barack Obama justified his prisoner swap of five senior Taliban leaders for U.S. Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl by saying former military leaders and presidents, including George Washington, have engaged in prisoner of war exchange, too.
Obama’s exact words were: “This is what happens at the end of wars. That was true for George Washington; that was true for Abraham Lincoln; that was true for FDR; that’s been true of every combat situation — that at some point, you make sure that you try to get your folks back. And that’s the right thing to do.”
From that statement alone, I revealed how Obama’s made grievous errors in judgment by concluding that 1) the war is over, and 2) he was engaging in a prisoner exchange like George Washington — to take just a single example among his list of stellar leaders.
What Obama didn’t tell you regarding Washington and prisoner exchange during the Revolutionary War is that both countries — England and the U.S. — exchanged prisoners of war because both had “few facilities to accommodate large numbers of prisoners,” according to the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, whose mission it is “to preserve, restore, and manage the estate of George Washington to the highest standards and to educate visitors and people throughout the world about the life and legacies of George Washington.”
As far as buying Americans back from captivity at the price of enemy combatants, Obama needs to follow the example of Gen. Washington, who “made sure that no states holding military prisoners should trade a British soldier for an American citizen. Washington believed that this would have legitimized the British capture of more citizens, most of whom were largely defenseless.”
Though no one is minimizing the understandable elation of Bergdahl’s family over his release, George Washington would not have traded for him because he didn’t believe in trading prisoners of war until after the war was in fact over, treaties were signed, and hostilities ceased, lest he risk the capture of further American people for ransom.
Here are my two additional grievances with Obama’s prisoner of war exchange:
3) As the commander in chief, George Washington wouldn’t have completely undermined the very heart and soul of the military as Obama did with his prisoner exchange, especially in light of how it is a cardinal sin in military culture to abandon one’s post and platoon during war.
A little over a week ago, The Washington Post reported, “Ralph Peters, a retired lieutenant colonel and intelligence officer, wrote in National Review that a ‘fundamental culture clash’ exists between the president’s team and those in the armed forces, as reflected by (national security adviser Susan) Rice’s remarks on Bergdahl’s honor.”
“Both President Obama and Ms. Rice seem to think that the crime of desertion in wartime is kind of like skipping class,” Peters wrote. “They have no idea of how great a sin desertion in the face of the enemy is to those in our military. The only worse sin is to side actively with the enemy and kill your brothers in arms. This is not sleeping in on Monday morning and ducking Gender Studies 101.”
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by WesternJournalism.com.
This post originally appeared on Western Journalism – Informing And Equipping Americans Who Love Freedom | <urn:uuid:f7d24227-2151-44c5-a325-5b37c1924fe5> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.impeachobamacampaign.com/president-obama-vs-george-washington-on-prisoner-exchange-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932705.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00031-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968724 | 739 | 2.625 | 3 |
Four Heroes Elementary students use fitness and technology to help others
Fourth and fifth grade students at Four Heroes Elementary are developing healthy habits and saving lives at the same time. How? The students were selected to participate in the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Kid Power program, which donated Fitbits to track students’ physical activity. The more active the students are, the more packets of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) packets UNICEF will donate to malnourished children around the world.
"This program is designed to increase the activity level of our students and save lives at the same time. After one week of the program, students are ecstatic to know they have saved 378 lives," stated Britni Proudman, Four Heroes library media specialist.
Proudman applied for the program in October and found out recently that Four Heroes was among 6,500 classrooms in the nation selected to participate. Four Heroes students will continue their participation through the school year.
According to the UNICEF Kid Power website, more than 200,000 Kid Power members have unlocked more than 6.4 million lifesaving RUTF packets, saving the lives of more than 40,000 children.
For more information on the UNICEF Kid Power program, click here. | <urn:uuid:0047ff38-7404-40c4-99da-ca084ee48b57> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.cloverpark.k12.wa.us/dept/CommunityRelations/HomeStories/2016-17/Four_UNICEF_Mar2017.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.951184 | 263 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Carved faces peer out from the old oak trees scattered around Saint Simons Island, a barrier island off the coast of Georgia. The weathered wooden facades, dubbed the “tree spirits,” are a beloved addition to the island’s towering flora.
Saint Simons is known for its impressive oaks. In the island’s early years, it boasted a prosperous lumber industry. Timbers from Saint Simons were even used to construct the Brooklyn bridge in 1874.
Though they may look like an ancient source of forest magic, the tree carvings were created by local artist Keith Jennings, who says the faces are a reflection of his personal connection with the trees on his island home. The individual oaks influence each unique work of art.
Jennings began bringing the tree spirits to life in the 1980s. Each face is carved by hand and takes anywhere from two to four days to create. According to local legend, the spirits immortalize the sailors who were lost at sea while journeying aboard ships made from Saint Simons oaks.
Know Before You Go
The GPS coordinates and address lead to the tree carving outside Murphy's Tavern. The other tree spirits are scattered throughout the island. Finding one is like finding a lost treasure. | <urn:uuid:b91115bb-f574-4f50-995d-432876c31efb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://assets.atlasobscura.com/places/saint-simons-island-tree-spirits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.965391 | 258 | 2.625 | 3 |
After eating a dozen doughnuts at the bakery, Doughnut Don’s appetite for sugar was satiated or completely satisfied. These sugar needs happened from time to time, but Doughnut Don could always count on “Bart’s Bakery” on the corner to fully fill or satiate his large sweet tooth. In fact, after some visits to Bart’s, Doughnut Don consumed so many doughnuts that he often felt too full, stuffed, or satiated by sugary delights.
Quiz: When is one satiated?
- When an appetite has been completely, or sometimes excessively, filled.
- When one has sudden desires for certain types of food.
- When one is very greedy. | <urn:uuid:6dc5251f-da95-485f-8617-0bf1ca86bb5b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.membean.com/exemplars/satiate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660175.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118151716-20190118173716-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.97458 | 152 | 2.90625 | 3 |
On this page:
- It’s about small projects to meet local needs
- Grand, but not grandiose – not reforesting the Sahara!
- Seawater greenhouses: sea + desert = food!
- Sahara forest project — lots of Seawater Greenhouses
- What about the nutrients?
- The Seawater ‘Net-house’ is 10 times cheaper than the Greenhouse!
- Protein from deserts?
- Water efficient crops: ABC’s Landline says we need hemp!
- Other desal methods? The Max Whisson Water Highway.
- Not Geoengineering! – the case against reforesting the whole Sahara
1. It’s about small projects to meet local needs
This page is about greening even old natural deserts that have not known regular rainfall for tens of thousands of years – but doing so on a local basis in the desert, especially if they have local access to the ocean. Also, remember that if they have access to the ocean they should also be getting a majority of their protein and fertiliser and even fibre needs from Seaweed and Shellfish farms in coastal waters.
2. Grand, but not grandiose – not reforesting the Sahara!
The local desert greenhouses here are about greening smaller local areas to supply the local village or town or even city with some or all of their needs. But we’re not trying to reforest continent-sized deserts like the African Sahara or Australian Outback. This is about local ‘greening’ to meet local needs, not geoengineering to save the world. As Tim Flannery says, seaweed grows 30 times faster than trees and can be grown vastly cheaper and faster than reforestation schemes to save us from climate change. See point 10. Geoengineering notes below.
Also, reforestation is about reversing the damage we have done, not creating something artificial that requires artificial maintenance. Poor agricultural techniques have expanded deserts across the globe. Let’s reverse that and use the best science to restore these areas to their former glory — not artificial and expensive new glory. It should return to a natural balance with local rainfall or moisture in the area, and not require artificial intervention to keep going. See my reforest page for more.
3. Seawater greenhouses: sea + desert = food!
As I understand it, this seawater greenhouse is about trying to economically grow food in deserts where there is a low population. In other words, this desert scenario is not like Israel’s where large populations in small areas make treating sewage economical for agriculture.
- Sundrop technology can convert any desert within a few hundred kilometres of the ocean into a food bowl.
- They pipe seawater inland into a solar-powered glasshouse
- Solar thermal technology desalinates the seawater into freshwater
- This freshwater irrigates hydroponic fruit and vegetables growing in the climate controlled glasshouse
- Dripping cool seawater down cardboard sheets cools the greenhouse cheaply
- The ABC’s Catalyst (below) demonstrates seawater greenhouse fruit and veg
- The Guardian (Nov 2012) reports that they are making money, and coupled with algae technology, could grow fish and chicken.
- “Academic agriculturalists, mainstream politicians and green activists are falling over each other to champion Sundrop. And the company’s scientists, entrepreneurs and investors are about to start building an £8m, 20-acre greenhouse – 40 times bigger than the current one – which will produce 2.8m kg of tomatoes and 1.2m kg of peppers a year for supermarkets now clamouring for an exclusive contract.”
- Surplus salty brine can grow algae ponds outside for fish and chicken stock
- The image below:
1. Concentrated Solar Power;
2. Saltwater greenhouses;
3. Outside vegetation and evaporative hedges;
4. Photovoltaic Solar Power;
5. Salt production;
7. Algae production
4. The Sahara Forest Project
5. What about the nutrients?
Desert city near ocean = Seaweed and Shellfish farms in coastal ocean waters that could already feed them. Then extra seaweed can more than fertilise their land. But wait, there’s more! As Next Big future reports:
- seawater has many nutrients that can grow algae
- algae can feed fish (see below) and chicken
- excess water can grow hedges and eventually trees to shade outside crops in the desert
- salty brine is then dried to sell salt
- it’s about maximising profit, about both economic and ecological viability.
- trees outside the greenhouses will create their own leaves and compost and build soil
- trees companion plant other food producing trees and shrubs
- with careful use of extra water and by using permaculture principles, we really can ‘Green the Desert’
- towns can provide recycled sewage nutrients back onto farmlands. See Israel shows us the way.
Agriwastes like rice husks and straw can be processed through biochar to increase soil nutrients. With biochar and permaculture schemes, we can grow soil many times faster than nature can. Imagine them combined with the following more traditional permaculture system in this “Greening the desert” video: a classic 5 minute piece on growing food in deserts with a tiny trickle of drip irrigation
6. The Seawater ‘net-house’ is 10 times cheaper!
After three years of work, the company had designed a version of their system that was modular, and ten times cheaper than before. It still uses desalination and evaporative cooling, but it has nets rather than a traditional greenhouse. It was completed in October last year, and this week they harvested their first crop.
At the moment the 1 hectare farm sits in the middle of a barren patch of drylands. As it grows and develops, the fresh water being created by the solar desalination plant will begin to improve conditions beyond the greenhouse itself, creating an ‘oasis effect’. There are plans to grow beans, melons and other crops outside, and eventually re-green the area
7. Protein from deserts?
Anywhere large biomass is being grown and processed will have some waste. We can turn that into biochar to help the soil, but also dump a ton of biomass per day into a 4m by 4m insect farm that will convert it into protein for chickens, or with the right bug choice, protein for us directly! These desert oasis towns can grow their own protein, and the cities they feed can even turn restaurant scraps into more insect protein. It’s about whats the most economical and environmentally efficient way to feed the planet.
8. Water efficient crops: ABC’s Landline says we need hemp!
- Use some of that excess water to plant out a hemp-field outside the greenhouse
- Hemp is an ideal desert crop an only uses a third the water it takes to grow lucen
- Hempcrete soaks up CO2 as it dries and petrifies
- Aboriginals are building hemp housing
- Was the world’s most common fabric material until the cotton gin was invented.
- Decorticator machine should fix hemp compared to cotton as it separates fibre from the bark more efficiently
- More fibre per hectare, and better fibre than cotton!
- Hemp oil & foods extremely nutritious: ice cream, bread, spaghetti, salad dressing, Omega oils like fish oils, even soap
- Hemp is low THC (doesn’t get you high like it’s naughty cousin)
- Economics fantastic!
- Watch landline: 15 minutes below
9. Other desal methods? The Max Whisson Water Highway.
A quick aside, another desal concept I’d love to see properly analysed is the ‘Water Highway’ by Max Whisson. As far as I know this has not been commercially evaluated and might be far cheaper than the traditional means quoted elsewhere.
Dr Max Whisson, an inventor from Perth, Western Australia, believes that he has discovered a way to produce 200,000 litres of fresh water a day in a dry land. Max’s idea is to build a 1,000 km long 10 metre wide water producing freeway running a long distance inland from the sea then returning back to the sea again.
Max explained on the ABC’s Australian Story that the ocean contained an endless supply of fresh water that could easily be extracted by using thermal solar energy. Max’s scheme is to run a number of large parallel black pipes carrying sea water along this large scale water producing freeway. The 10 metre wide series of pipes would be covered by a transparent perspex cover. Daytime solar heat will cause the water in the pipes to heat up and 70% to 80% of the fresh water will evaporate off in a series of hot ponds in the circuit. Max Whisson said that hot air from the pond surfaces will be ducted up to condensation sheds where cooler atmospheric air causes distillation of the fresh water. At the end of the water road, the salty brine is returned to the sea or it could be used to produce sea salt, Dr Whisson said.
Max Whisson Water Road is a plan for abundant cheap desalination from pumping vast quantities of salt water along vast black pipes. Solar heat and carefully managed evaporative containers do the rest of the work. I would love to see the CSIRO or some corporation take this on board and at least build one at scale to see how economically this could produce vast quantities of water. The cheaper the water, the more that can be done.
But who knows? If Sundrop and friends really have cracked a formula for food, fibre, and a little biofuel from our deserts and seawater, maybe one day the economic incentive will be so great, and the corporations involved so wealthy, that the penny will drop on some totally new method of desalinating seawater. Or they’ll try Max’s Water Road idea.
10. Not Geoengineering! – the case against reforesting the whole Sahara
Geo-engineering ALL our vast deserts into forests might at first sound like a great idea, but it could be dangerous and will definitely cost too much in today’s economy.
Dangerous: What other effects would reforesting the entire Sahara and Australian outback have? What desert biology and ecosystems would we snuff out? Unique life forms should be protected at all cost. The biodiversity crisis is one of the great challenges we face this century, and simplistic application of super-sized geoengineering schemes could wipe out whole categories of species that have their own intrinsic value and might even have commercial value. Evolution and biodiversity and unique ecosystems are special things where nature has answered questions we don’t even know how to ask yet! We destroy them at our peril.
Cost: deserts into forests is ridiculously expensive. The idea sounds great — desalinate enough seawater and grow new forests to solve global warming. Who can be against solving global warming and more trees, right? But we’re talking about truly vast areas, the Sahara and Outback! It’s just too costly. $3.5 trillion dollars a year!
My price tag for the desalinated water comes from page 416 of the PDF below.
It would cost $43 per ‘barrel’ of Carbon.
A ‘barrel’ is 0.11 Ton C (Carbon, or 110kg Carbon).
Humans emit 9 billion tons C a year.
9 billion / barrels (0.11 Tons C) = 81,818,181,818 ‘barrels’ of Carbon a year.
At $43 / barrel, that’s $3.5 trillion a year! | <urn:uuid:3b5dd510-380d-49c6-ae32-8eca1c48fa68> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://eclipsenow.wordpress.com/green-deserts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362992.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204124328-20211204154328-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.918161 | 2,504 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Various schools have different format requirements to essays and other writings. If you study liberal arts and humanities, your school will normally use the MLA (Modern Language Association) style. It suggests a title page, in-text citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, and the bibliography at the end of your paper.
The general rules of the MLA format are as follows:
Font: Times New Roman;
Font size: 12;
Margins: 1 inch;
Paragraphs indented with half an inch (can be done with the Tab key);
Longer titles of referred works are in italic;
All pages (except the first one sometimes) are numbered and marked with the essay author's name in the upper right corner.
TITLE PAGE AND HEADING
The MLA standards do not require you to have a separate title page in your essay unless such a requirement is expressed by the advisor.
If your paper is required to have a header, then normally it should follow these rules:
the name of your school on the third line (two lines skipped);
your essay's title (and subtitle, if there is one) are placed one-third of the page lower;
several lines lower you write the following (in this particular order): the author's name, the advisor's name, the name of the course, the date of completion, - each on a separate line.
If the advisor tells you that a title page is not necessary, then a header will do. The header, however, also has to comply with certain requirements of its own. It should include the following information (in this particular order):
the author's name;
the advisor's name;
the name of the course;
the date of completion.
Normally, there are no special formatting requirements to the header. Just as with the rest of your writing, the recommended font is Times New Roman 12, and the spacing is double.
After this, you write the title of your essay in the center. No quotations or italics are used in the title, unless any other works are referred to.
Remember that the author's name still needs to be placed in the upper right corner.
Note that the requirements to the header can be modified by your advisor for the sake of the paper's readability.
To improve readability, the MLA style recommends to format section headings as follows:
The Modern Language Association also calls such citations parenthetical. They are required to be used when you are quoting a piece of text from an external source – directly or indirectly (paraphrasing). The general MLA guidelines for in-text citations are as follows:
common knowledge or a well-known quotation is not to be regarded as an in-text citation;
all in-text citations should be mentioned in your bibliography at the end of your paper;
the citation should directly follow the quote;
a parenthetical citation consists of two elements: the author's name and the page number. They are separated by a comma. Either or both or these elements can be omitted, if they were mentioned in the sentence proper.
These guidelines may seem a bit confusing, so here are some examples:
author's name and page number:
as a full-scale citation: Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 98);
with the author's name in the sentence proper: Kraiser suggests that role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (98);
with more than one author: the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 84);
with more than three authors: the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass et al., 84).
the title of the referenced work and page number: If you are citing an article with no known authors, you are to cite the title. If you deem the title too long to be cited in full, you can abbreviate this title. Example: Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (The Effect of Familiarity on the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speech, 32) – or (EFCNS, 32).
author's name and no page number: The listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (Gass & Varonis).
The first thing to know here is that the MLA style does not use the term 'Bibliography.' Instead, this section of the paper is called 'Works cited.'
Each citation should have hanging indents. Here are examples of common works cited entries in MLA style format:
web article with author's name: Last name, First name Middle name initial. “Title.”Website title. Website Publisher, Date Month Year Published. URL. Date Month Year accessed.
Example: Dean, Cornelia M. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, New Yor Times, 22 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.
web article without author's name: “Article Title.” Website Title. Website Publisher, Date Month Year Published. URL. Date Month Year accessed.
Example: “Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim.” rogerebert.com, Roger Ebert, 1 June 2006, http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2016.
Book: Last name, First name Middle name initial. Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published. Print.
Example: Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005. Print.
newspaper article: Last name, First name Middle name initial. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title [City], Date Month Year, Published: Page(s). Print.
Example: Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times [New York City], 17 May 2007. 11-12. Print.
journal article: Last name, First name Middle name initial. “Article Title.” Journal Title Series Volume.Issue (Year Published): Page(s). Database Name. Web. Date Month Year Accessed.
Example: Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, 27-36. Print.
NEED SOME WRITING HELP?
All these MLA rules and regulations can be a bit confusing. Even if you write a stunning essay, a failure to comply with the tiniest of the guidelines may stand in your way. If you feel unconfident, consider addressing a custom essay writing service for professional help. They deal with essays every day, so they know how to make sure that no small detail is missed. | <urn:uuid:9c3c86e3-7041-47fa-89d4-f1a60a6adb59> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://eliteessaywriters.com/blog/mla-essay-style-format/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887535.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118171050-20180118191050-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.882844 | 1,495 | 3.21875 | 3 |
We often find ourselves standing at a crossroads: should we focus more on our diet or ramp up our exercise routine? The age-old debate of diet vs. Exercise for weight loss continues to perplex and inspire fitness enthusiasts worldwide. But in the modern age of wellness, where information flows freely, and fitness trends evolve faster than ever, it’s crucial to approach this question with a fresh perspective.
Calories In, Calories Out The Energy Equation
At its core, weight loss is primarily about energy balance. You consume calories through food and beverages and burn calories through your body’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity. You must establish a deficit in calorie intake or burn more calories than you ingest to lose weight.
Let’s break down the two sides of this equation:
- Consuming Calories (Caloric Intake): Your diet is critical. Foods provide energy in the form of calories, and the types and quantities of foods you eat significantly impact your caloric intake. Highly processed, calorie-dense foods can quickly lead to overconsumption. In contrast, nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help you control your calorie intake more effectively.
- Burning Calories (Caloric Expenditure): Exercise contributes to the “calories out” side. Calories are burned during physical exercise, including everything from swimming and yoga to lifting weights and strolling. The more intense and prolonged the Exercise, the more calories you burn.
Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss
Now that we’ve established the importance of diet in the weight loss equation let’s explore some dietary strategies to help you achieve your goals:
- Portion Control: Even when eating nutritious foods, be aware of your portion amounts to prevent overeating.
- Balanced Macronutrients: To support general health and satiety, make sure your diet balances carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats.
3. Meal Planning: Plan your meals to make healthier choices and avoid impulsive, less nutritious options.
4. Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and manage hunger.
5. Moderation, Not Deprivation: Enjoy occasional treats in moderation to maintain a sustainable approach to eating.
6. Gradual Changes: Make small, sustainable changes to your diet rather than attempting drastic, unsustainable shifts.
Now that we’ve explored the dietary aspect of weight loss, it’s time to shift our focus to the exercise component.
The Metabolic Boost: How Exercise Affects Your Body
Your metabolism is significantly impacted by physical activity. Exercise causes your body to burn calories both during and after the activity. This is brought on by regular exercise’s effects on metabolic efficiency and muscular hypertrophy.
Moreover, certain types of exercise, like strength training, can increase your basal metabolic rate (BMR), which means you burn more calories at rest. This “afterburn effect” is a compelling reason to include resistance training in your exercise routine.
The Power of Cardiovascular Exercise
Cardiovascular Exercise, such as running, cycling, and swimming, is known for its calorie-burning potential. It elevates your heart rate, burns calories, and improves cardiovascular health. Regular cardio workouts can help you create a calorie deficit and shed pounds. However, it’s crucial to strike a balance in your exercise routine. While cardio is effective for weight loss, excessive cardio can lead to muscle loss and overuse injuries. Combining cardio with strength training and flexibility exercises can optimize results and prevent burnout.
Mind-Body Connection: Exercise for Mental Health
Beyond the physical benefits, Exercise plays a crucial role in mental well-being. It releases endorphins and natural mood elevators and reduces stress hormones like cortisol. Regular Exercise can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression and improve overall mental clarity and focus.
Exercise as a Long-Term Lifestyle
Weight loss isn’t just about shedding pounds; it’s about maintaining a healthy lifestyle for the long term. To make Exercise sustainable, choose activities you enjoy. Whether dancing, hiking, playing sports, or practicing yoga, finding joy in movement makes it easier to stay committed.
Finding the Perfect Balance: Diet + Exercise
The age-old debate of diet vs. Exercise for weight loss doesn’t have to be an either-or proposition. The perfect balance lies in combining both elements effectively to achieve your goals. Here’s a step-by-step guide to finding that equilibrium:
Set Clear Goals
Start by defining your weight loss goals. How much weight do you want to lose, and in what timeframe? Setting specific, measurable, and achievable goals will guide your approach.
Assess Your Current Habits
Take stock of your current diet and exercise habits. What are you eating, how often are you exercising, and what activities do you enjoy? Understanding where you are now will help you plan your journey.
Create a Calorie Deficit
Calculate your daily caloric needs based on your goals and activity level. Aim for a moderate calorie deficit of 500 to 1,000 calories per day, which can lead to a sustainable weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week.
Build a Balanced Diet
Focus on nutrient-dense foods, portion control, and mindful eating. Include a variety of food groups, and make sure your diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats.
Design Your Exercise Routine
Create a well-rounded exercise routine that includes cardiovascular workouts, strength training, and flexibility exercises. Start with a manageable schedule and gradually increase the intensity and duration.
Monitor and Adjust
Regularly track your progress to see what’s working and what’s not. Adjust your diet and exercise plan to stay on course and avoid plateaus.
Seek Professional Guidance
Consult a registered dietitian or certified personal trainer for personalized guidance and support. They can help you tailor your plan to your unique needs and preferences.
Consistency is key in the diet vs. exercise equation. Stay committed to your plan, even on challenging days, and remember that small setbacks are a natural part of the journey.
Citidrips Weight Loss Program
The four-week Citidrips Weight Loss Program is a complete program that combines weekly Lipo-C shots with weekly weight loss therapy sessions to assist clients in achieving their weight loss objectives. Clients will take part in a diagnostic test using a mouth swab that identifies their shortcomings as part of the program. The in-house functional nutritionist will offer a thorough report and treatment strategy based on the test results, including tailored dietary advice to address deficiencies. The program is also appropriate for customers seeking a maintenance plan after using Semaglutide to reach their weight loss objectives. Citidrips’ Weight Loss Program assists clients in losing weight permanently and improving their general well-being with a focus on tailored treatment strategies.
Semaglutide is a powerful weight-loss medication for anyone looking to drop pounds and enhance their general health. Semaglutide, an FDA-approved medicine, has been demonstrated to lower hunger and heighten sensations of fullness, reducing food consumption and considerable weight loss. Semaglutide is one of the cutting-edge therapies offered as part of Citidrips’ individualized weight loss program, which offers clients an all-encompassing method of weight management. Citidrips is dedicated to assisting clients in achieving their weight loss objectives and enhancing their general well-being by focusing on customized treatment plans and skilled professionals.
Conclusion: A Harmonious Union
Combining a balanced diet focusing on nutrient density and mindful eating with a well-rounded exercise routine that includes cardiovascular, strength, and flexibility training can achieve your weight loss goals while promoting long-term health and well-being. At Citi Drips, true weight loss success comes from within. Our cutting-edge IV nutrition therapy directly delivers the essential nutrients your body needs through the bloodstream, accelerating your metabolism and promoting healthy, sustainable weight loss. Don’t wait another day to take control of your weight and overall health. Join the countless success stories at Citi Drips and unlock the secret to sustainable weight loss! Call to schedule your consultation. | <urn:uuid:54155cd1-ff53-4fe5-b30b-d9a6113fa9a6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://citidrips.com/finding-the-perfect-balance-for-weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00853.warc.gz | en | 0.92303 | 1,706 | 2.875 | 3 |
Students should imagine that they are living in the time of President John F. Kennedy or President Lyndon Johnson and write an article on an event that happened during that time, such as the assassination, the events on Air Force One, the investigations, and conspiracy theories. Students should share the article with the class.
Create a time line that traces the events discussed in Case Closed, including the life of Oswald, Kennedy, the Bay of Pigs, and other major events and people mentioned in the book. Students should create a master time line to put on display in the classroom.
Students should create a crossword puzzle that has both across and down answers focusing on people, locations, and significant event, and committees. Students should try to limit the hint to four to six words and create a key or answers to the crossword...
This section contains 967 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:f21a5b0e-dcea-4729-82bb-81c22a24dcaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/case-closed/funactivities.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00260-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942556 | 185 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?
By Karen Wright
This riddle keeps our minds wrapped in a never-ending search for truth. You can't have an egg without first having a chicken...but then, where did the chicken come from? It's a conundrum that might also apply to a more elemental issue: who are we and what are we doing?
Do we become what we do...or do we do who we are? You could easily argue either side - depending upon your experience. You might even determine that it's a little of both.
There may not be a single correct answer to this dilemma, but even unsolvable problems offer significant insights into how our minds work and, consequently, how our lives look.
Take this example: how long have you been trying to figure out how to have the life you really want to live? Forever? How many times have you changed relationships, jobs, hair styles, residences - all in pursuit of the wondrous image you have of the perfect life? And where has that gotten you?
If insanity is the belief that you can get a different result from doing the same ineffective thing over and over again, then may I offer a bit of sanity? Rather than pursuing your dream life, become the person that dream life was built for.
Who would you need to BE to live the life you want? Face it, right now you are perfectly suited to the life you have. It fits like a glove. Now, you might not like that fact, but there it is. If you were a different person, you'd be living different life.
So, if you want a different life from what you now have - become the person who has that kind of life. Work on the inside first and the outside will be drawn to you like flies to honey. It will be a natural extension of who you have become. There will be no struggle.
Our problem is that we want a different life, but we don't want to change. There's that definition of insanity again. Or, perhaps we're not sure how to change. One of my favorite book titles is The Answer to How is Yes (2003, Peter Block). He posits that we ask how as a means to avoid responsibility. Huh? When we're afraid, or confused, or uncertain, or don't want to risk failure, we stop ourselves with one question, "Yea, but how?" The reasoning goes: "If I don't know how I can't possibly be held accountable for doing it." So, we wipe our mental hands of seeking the answer and grudgingly settle back into the life we know.
Your mind is a miracle of life. It has the power to imagine and create anything. Yes, even yours! But, the question how jams a wrench in its gears and it just stops considering a solution. It already knows you don't expect to find an answer, so it doesn't chase that goose.
You already know how to live the life you want to live. But, from your current state of being, that life isn't possible. Become the person that that life fits. What would you need to believe to have that life? What would you need to read, see, eat, do? What we believe and what we receive are very predictable. Look at the people who are living the life you want. Who are they, really?
If you want to have career success, become who successful people are. If you want to have loving relationships, become who those with loving relationships are. If you want well-being in body and mind, become who those with well-being are.
It's not enough just to DO what people do who are living the life you want. It begins with being first. When what you do is a natural extension of who you are, life flows. Who do you need to BE to live the life you want? How tragic it would be to have your dream life show up and you aren't yet person enough to handle it! | <urn:uuid:d2724b9c-cb27-4128-a528-3c3590a68989> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://trans4mind.com/counterpoint/index-goals-life-coaching/wright28.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206133.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922125920-20200922155920-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.977092 | 823 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We are in the northern English city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the late 1640s, during the Cromwellian Commonwealth following the Civil War. The city fathers became unhappy, as many municipal authorities had before and many have since, with the levels of drunkenness among the local men.
An impression of the punishment, from Glimpses of the Wonderful of 1854. The woman alongside is wearing a branks, a scold's bridle.
Their punishment for the offence was novel. If putting the offender in the pillory or stocks failed to induce sobriety, they had their law officers take a cask, remove one end, cut a hole in the other end for the head and two in the sides for the hands and force the convicted drunk to parade around town wearing this heavy garment for a set period. This was the drunkard’s cloak.
References to it appeared in many works in the nineteenth century, often as a moralistic warning of the dangers of intemperance:
We may safely affirm that it would be better for them to be put inside of barrels in that way, than to allow them to put the contents of rum and whisky barrels inside themselves, as they are too fond of doing.
The Friend, a Religious and Literary Journal, 10 June 1854. It was published in Philadelphia by the Society of Friends.
It was sometimes implied it was a common punishment in medieval times. That was debunked by William Andrews in his book of 1899, Bygone Punishments. He pointed out that it, and the term, had never been applied in any other place or at any other period. He argued that it’s uncertain if the punishment was ever even exacted in Newcastle. There’s no reference to it in the city’s records and the sole evidence for it, he said, is this:
He hath seen men drove up and down the streets, with a great tub or barrel opened in the sides, with a hole in one end to put through their heads, and so cover their shoulders and bodies, down to the small of their legs, and then close the same, called the new-fashioned cloak, and so make them march to the view of all beholders; and this is their punishment for drunkards and the like.
England’s Grievance Discovered in Relation to the Coal Trade, by Ralph Gardner, 1666.
However, there are a number of references, including one by Samuel Pepys in his diary in 1660, to its having been a punishment used in continental Europe for various offences.
Much the same image turns up in cartoons of people who have lost everything, even their clothes, though usually the barrel is worn off the shoulder on straps. I suspect this may be an independent invention and not a reference to this rather rare punishment, as a shift in sense from drunkenness to bankruptcy, while not utterly impossible, would be a stretch.
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Buy from Amazon and get me a small commission at no cost to you. Select your preferred site and click Go! | <urn:uuid:d357e79e-f95e-4d74-8e89-f931947e785b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-dru1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430457788926.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501052308-00032-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967188 | 773 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What does PAHA mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand PAHA in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
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What does PAHA mean?
- A Paha is a hill or ridge, typically formed of sand and capped with loess. The word paha means hill in Dakota Sioux. The most well known Paha is the paha around which the town of Mount Vernon, Iowa developed. | <urn:uuid:1f95683d-313e-4169-a8bb-80a6bdbbc26c> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1422943 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613796.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530051312-20170530071312-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.932298 | 125 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Jean Piaget’s theory of intellectual advancement signifies that intelligence change because the pupils build. An excellent kid’s intellectual invention is not just regarding learning, the little one has to create otherwise build a mental model of the world.
Intellectual creativity happens from the correspondence out-of inherent capacities and you can environment events, and children move across a few level.
This new sequence of one’s amounts was universal across the societies and you may realize an equivalent invariant (unchanging) order. Every students look at the exact same steps in an equivalent order (but not the in one rate).
Just how Piaget Developed the Principle
Piaget is operating at Binet Institute from the 1920s, where their work was to generate French brands out-of inquiries to the English cleverness screening. The guy turned into fascinated toward reasons youngsters gave for their completely wrong remedies for all the questions you to necessary analytical thinking.
- Children’s cleverness differs from an enthusiastic adult’s when you look at the top quality instead of inside numbers. Thus people reasoning (think) in different ways of people and find out the world in another way.
- People definitely build-up the information about the world. They may not be couch potato pets waiting around for anyone to fill their heads with training.
- The best way to know kid’s need would be to pick one thing using their viewpoint.
Exactly what Piaget desired to do wasn’t to measure how good children you are going to count, enchantment otherwise solve difficulties as an easy way out-of progressing the We.Q. Exactly what he had been more interested in are the way in which basic rules including the most notion of number, date, number, causality, justice and the like came up.
Piaget read pupils of infancy in order to puberty using naturalistic observance regarding his or her own three kids and regularly controlled observation too. From the the guy blogged journal descriptions charting their creativity.
Grade out of Cognitive Invention
Jean Piaget’s theory off cognitive innovation suggests that children proceed through four different grade away from intellectual creativity and therefore reflect the fresh expanding grace out of children’s believe
Each kid experience the latest steps in an identical order, and you will boy invention hinges on physical growth and you may correspondence that have the surroundings.
At each and every stage out of advancement, the fresh kid’s convinced try qualitatively distinct from others grade, which is, each stage involves a different sort of cleverness.
Piaget’s Five Stages
No matter if zero stage is overlooked aside, discover individual variations in the interest rate of which college students progress courtesy values, and some people can get never ever reach the later on amount.
Piaget didn’t point out that a certain phase are reached during the a particular decades – even if meanings of one’s degrees tend to is a sign of the brand new age where an average boy manage reach for every single stage.
The Sensorimotor Phase
- The little one discovers towards business due to the senses and you may because of their tips (moving around and exploring its ecosystem).
- During the sensorimotor stage a variety of intellectual results make. They’ve been: target permanence; self-recognition; deferred simulation; and you will representational gamble.
- They get in touch with the fresh introduction of standard symbolic setting, the capability to portray the country psychologically
- At about 8 months the infant have a tendency to comprehend the permanence out-of things and that they will still exist in the event they can’t find them and the kid commonly check for him or her after they disappear.
In this phase the little one stays in the present. It will not but really has a psychological image of the nation stored in its memories so that it doesn’t have an atmosphere regarding object permanence.
In the event it cannot pick anything it will not can be found. Thanks to this you might cover up a model out-of an infant, even though it observe www.datingranking.net/cs/mature-quality-singles-recenze/, but it cannot check for the item just after it has gone out of sight. | <urn:uuid:de073eef-c53b-4936-9046-5e29abdcd8ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.raycing.com/?p=219260 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.936437 | 887 | 3.34375 | 3 |
DEARBORN, Mich. — It's easy to make the case for Ford's Model T as the most important automobile of all time. After all, the T literally put America on wheels. Over the course of 19 years spanning from 1908 to 1927, Ford sold more than 15 million Model Ts, including more than 1.9 million in 1923 alone. To put that into perspective, the best-selling vehicle in the United States last year was the Ford F Series—and it moved just 769,039 units—with a population of 300 million. In 1908, the American population was less than a third of that.
The first T rolled off the assembly line on Sept. 27, 1908, and to celebrate its 100th anniversary this weekend, Ford let loose one of its 13 meticulously maintained Model T museum cars. Our ride in a 1916 Touring model was constrained to a small parking lot at Ford's Greenfield Village complex here, but that proved plenty of sandbox to have fun traveling back in time, and provide our normal test-drive treatmentto a vehicle that remains surprisingly modern to this day. —Larry Webster
The Model T is a case study in the KISS principle. That is, keep it simple, stupid. In 1908, hundreds of car companies were building expensive, low-volume cars. But Henry Ford went in the other direction.
Ford's simplistic approach began with the chassis. Rather than make it hugely stiff and heavy, he designed a simple ladder frame of steel C sections that could twist and bend with the rutty dirt roads. In 1908, less than 10 percent of roads were paved; the rest were dirt paths that frequently turned into muddy quagmires. In addition to generous ground clearance, the T's front and rear solid axles were supported by transverse leaf springs and offered generous articulation. The body was made from sheet steel draped over wooden supports and had three doors—two on the right and only a rear door on the left. (The parking-brake lever, which rose two feet. from the floor, blocked egress for the driver, so the door was left off to cut costs.) While early cars came with a standard speedometer, that feature disappeared in 1914, so our 1916 model didn't have any gauges.
The Model T's 2.9-liter four-cylinder iron engine was unique because it had a removable cylinder head, but it was still a rudimentary design. In the interest of improving reliability and cutting costs, the engine worked without an oil pump, water pump or fuel pump. Oil supply was handled by small scoops on the bottom of the connected rods that both flung the oil upward and directed the lubricant into oil galleries that were drilled in the rods. The T's engine relied on simple physics to circulate the coolant—hot water flowed upward into the radiator, cooled down and then traveled to the bottom of the radiator and back into the engine. Fuel flow was handled by, of all things, gravity—the nine-gallon tank sat under the front seat, higher than the carburetor. And all that motor movin' added up to ... a measly 22 hp.
The gearbox, a two-speed planetary unit, shared the engine's oil pan. Woven cotton bands wrapped around the planetary gearsets while outer elements handled shifting and braking duties. The T did have rear drum brakes, but they were only meant for parking.
One hundred years ago, average Americans and early auto engineers alike praised the Model T for its ease of operation. But compared to a modern car, this thing's a nightmare. Down low are three foot pedals, which seems simple enough, but get this: The right pedal isn't the gas, it's the brake. Pressing the center pedal engages reverse, and the left shifts the gear ratios—in for low gear, out for high and neutral somewhere in between. The throttle is actuated by a lever mounted on the right side of the steering column, while another lever on the left controls the spark timing.
Before you can drive the T, however, you have to start it. In 1919, Ford added an electric starter as standard equipment. And while our 1916 test unit came retrofitted with that "luxury" item, come on, we wanted to hand-crank the engine. So here's the procedure: Pull the tall lever—the one jutting from the floor next to the steering column—all the way back to engage neutral and the parking brake. Then push the timing lever all the way up to retard the spark timing and move the throttle lever down a few clicks. Next up: Move to the front of the car and close the choke by pulling a wire ring that pokes from the bottom of the radiator cover. Now you're ready to crank.
We've all heard stories about hand cranks maiming unsuspecting operators, so we grabbed this centenarian gadget with a bit of trepidation. Our coach and host, Steve Schroeder, keyed us in to a critical detail: Hold the crank with just your fingers and don't wrap your thumb around the handle. So if the crank jerked, it wouldn't take us with it. We maneuvered the crank to the eight-o'clock position, engaged it to the crankshaft by pressing it into the socket and gave a mighty tug. Of course it didn't start on the first try, but nothing tragic happened either. We positioned the crank again, pulled a little harder and faster this time, and then the engine chugged to life. To keep it running, we had to scoot over quickly to the driver's side and advance the spark.
With the motor chugging at idle, we got in the pilot's seat. The first order of business: Press the left pedal in slightly, which engages neutral. Next we released the parking brake, goosed the throttle and slowly depressed the left pedal. The T bucked forward, sending shivers through the flimsy body, but we were off. With no tach, you shift by ear, and the engine doesn't seem to rev much past 1200 rpm, so after only a few dozen feet, it was time to shift to high gear. We clumsily accomplished the shift by closing the throttle slightly and then gradually releasing the left pedal. We opened the throttle some and let the T stretch its legs up to maybe 30 mph. Acceleration was tepid at best, and the top speed wasn't much higher—perhaps 35 mph, and frankly that's fast enough. Perched on the T's high bench, chugging along, all we were thinking was how agricultural it felt—more like a tractor than a car. We scanned far ahead, worried that even if we found the proper pedal in a pinch, the words "panic stop" weren't exactly in Henry Ford's vocabulary on Model T 1.0.
The throttle isn't spring loaded, so it requires manual closing. Stopping the T, then, becomes a three-step process: First you close the throttle, then simultaneously attempt to find neutral with the left pedal and engage the brakes with the right. Executing the steps in the proper order required my full concentration, but I managed a few lackluster stops. Frankly, engine braking seemed as effective as the brakes.
The Bottom Line
After a few confused and stressful laps around the parking lot, we brought the T to a relaxed stop and handed the reins to our guide. Driving the T was entertaining, like those first few passes on a garden tractor, but at this point we're too jaded by modern cars to call the T "fun." Plus, we wanted to experience the T on the surfaces it was designed for—dirt roads—and we didn't get to drive it anywhere but the parking lot.
Ford's Schroeder illustrated how a well-practiced pilot can operate the T like it's second nature, talking the entire time. He whisked us to the dirt roads that crisscross the museum campus, and we puttered past green fields and several significant buildings—like the Wright Brothers' bike shop and Thomas Edison's labs—that Henry Ford had bought and moved to Dearborn. It was a warm, sunny early-September day, and the breeze past the upright windshield cooled our clinging sweat. The ride was bouncy, but in a relaxed sort of way, and cruising along was downright pleasant. To the turn-of-the-century populace used to horse-drawn carriages, we're sure the T was the best thing since indoor plumbing. | <urn:uuid:f51d1223-bf39-437a-bfef-82e885cda1b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a3691/4284722/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170925.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00571-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968539 | 1,750 | 2.765625 | 3 |
For the Birds Radio Program: Bird Gluttons: Original
(Recording of a Turkey)
There are probably one or two Northlanders sitting out there who can’t believe they ate the whole thing yesterday. But even the most gluttonous person can’t compare to a bird when it comes to how much food he can pack away. Bird gluttony is not a pretty subject–if you are in the middle of your breakfast, you may want to close your ears for the next few minutes. When you think of a sweet little black-and-white warbler, do you really want to know that it can eat 80% of its weight in grasshoppers every day? Or that captive woodcocks have eaten their total weight in earthworms in a single day?
Birds have a much faster metabolic rate than mammals. The body temperature of sparrows is about 107 degrees, and some thrushes have a temperature as high as 113 degrees. Even an ostrich has a temperature of 104 degrees. It takes a lot of fuel to maintain that kind of metabolism. A growing bird’s digestive system extracts about 33% of its food intake as usable calories–compared to only about 10% in a growing mammal. Even with that high efficiency, birds eat a tremendous amount relative to their size.
A pair of loons with their chicks will consume well over a ton of fish during the fifteen weeks it takes to raise the young. An eight pound brown pelican eats 4 pounds of fish daily. The black-footed albatross is often called a “feathered pig” because if can swallow half- pound chunks of fresh shark meat in one gulp. Turkeys eat as much as a pound of nuts or acorns in a single meal. Robins eat as much as 14 feet of earthworms every day. And an owl sometimes swallows so many mice or rats that its crop can’t hold them all–the tail of the last one may hang out of the mouth until some of the first have been digested–not a pretty sight, even on the radio. Of course, for every night hunting is that good, there are dozens of nights when little or no food at all is taken–that’s why you never see a fat owl.
There are stories of California Condors and turkey vultures eating so much that they couldn’t take flight. One cormorant in California died after a 10-inch fish got stuck in its throat. Right here in Duluth, observers have seen robins and Cedar Waxwings drop dead after pigging out on apple blossoms or mountain ash berries.
Birds that hunt or fish for a living often take on prey that they would have been better off avoiding. One golden eagle died after taking on a porcupine. There’s a preserved hawk in a display case outside UMD’s biology department that met the same fate. A red-tailed hawk in South Dakota carried off a weasel, but in mid-air the weasel got a death grip on the hawk’s throat. Six young common terns died on Long Island in 1962 after swallowing blowfish. And more than one osprey has drowned trying to pull a heavy fish out of the water.
All in all, it makes the biggest Thanksgiving pig-out look like pretty mild stuff.
(Recording of a Turkey)
This is Laura Erickson, and this program has been “For the Birds.” | <urn:uuid:874986d3-2237-49d1-b7ba-b2a9977afb6e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.lauraerickson.com/radio/program/11140/bird-gluttons-original/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.96648 | 723 | 2.84375 | 3 |
At 3:30 p.m., a breach formed on a dam holding back iron ore waste. Operations to drain the reservoir were initiated, but the structure ruptured at 4:20 p.m. The forebay drained completely into the valley downstream, which caused a second dam to rupture. A mudslide, evaluated at roughly 60 million tons, engulfed a village having a population of 620 inhabitants. The operator notified some residents by telephone, but the list was incomplete. The plant was not equipped with alarms, as dictated by the good practices observed within the activity. There was no plan established to alert nearby populations or to evacuate.
Nineteen dead and an ecological disaster
Regarding human lives, 19 people were killed, including two children, and 50 injured. The sludge, which the operator described as non-toxic, continued to spread along the Rio Doce. Several rivers were polluted, as well as protected natural areas. Millions of fish were killed. The pollution extended all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, 650 km away. The mouth of the river, known for its ecotourism and breeding area for a species of giant marine turtle, was also affected. 280,000 people were deprived of drinking water.
Structural weaknesses were to blame
Seismic shocks were recorded in the area on the day of the accident, but the link with the failure of these embankment dams has not been established. The dam was in the process of being elevated as it was at the limit of its capacities. Accident scenarios largely minimised the magnitude of the flow of residues in the event of a collapse: they were based on the construction height established in 2008, i.e. 45 m, although the dam was double that height on the day of the accident.
Public opinion highlighted inadequate inspection of these installations by the authorities and the slow review process of the mining code, which had been under negotiation for several years. The government, which describes this event as “the biggest environmental disaster in the country,” suspended the operating license.
According to the press, the first dam had already experienced several technical incidents:
- April 2009; infiltrations up to 1 m in diameter were discovered, which had resulted in internal erosion of the structure. The reservoir was urgently emptied, and the dam was consolidated.
- 2010; the dam’s main gallery was buried by sand. The expansion joints had opened up, and a collapse and cracks were observed. The body of the dam was reinforced, the stormwater drainage system replaced, and the old galleries were filled in.
- 2013 to 2015; 4 resurgences appeared in the body of the dam. During this period, the operator increased its production by 37%, and thus also the height of the dam.
- July 2015; during the last inspection, a resurgence appeared on the right side. The drains installed to deal with the previous resurgences on the left-hand side were declared saturated. The piezometers indicated massive infiltrations in the dam’s structure.
Repairing the environmental damage
The government fined the operator 2 billion reals (450 M€) for the civil parties. It also initiated criminal proceedings against the operator for environmental crime and homicide. An agreement was signed March 2nd, 2016. The operator undertakes to pay € 5.6 billion to finance a 15-year program. Its objective is to repair the social and environmental damage caused by the disaster. In particular, the program includes the restoration of 40,000 hectares of permanent protection zones and 5,000 springs that were devastated in the river basin, and to safeguard wildlife.
In May 2016, the public prosecutor requested $43 billion from the structure’s owners. This legal action seeks to “fully” compensate for the human, economic and environmental damage caused by the tragedy. | <urn:uuid:5798d1f5-ec30-4d69-abe9-69a951c7c6f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/47369_en/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390442.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526015239-20200526045239-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.983349 | 779 | 3.75 | 4 |
November 11, 2010
Handgun marksmanship begins with properly gripping the pistol or revolver. The essence of a proper grip is one that is comfortable, enables proper engagement of the trigger, allows all the controls to be accessed and prevents the gun from moving in the hand during recoil. proper trigger engagement is achieved by engaging the face of the trigger with either the first pad or joint of the index finger so that an even amount of pressure is applied directly to the rear to release the hammer or striker.
THE REVOLVER GRIP
The revolver is gripped for both one and two-handed shooting by taking a full hold with the strong hand. The web of the hand is placed high on the backstrap just under the hump. The barrel should be in line with the axis of the forearm. The trigger is engaged with either the first pad or joint of the index finger so that pressure can be applied directly to the rear. For single-action shooting, the thumb should be placed high on the frame alongside the hammer. In this position it can also be used to cock the hammer.
For double-action shooting, the grip remains unchanged except that the thumb is locked down to provide maximum leverage for the index finger to control the long, heavy trigger pull.
To assume a two-handed revolver hold, the grip of the shooting hand is unchanged and the supporting hand is simply cupped around the strong hand, applying pressure to provide a steady platform to control the trigger. The thumb of the supporting hand can be placed on top of the strong one or laid across the back of the wrist. From either position the supporting hand thumb can be used to cock the hammer for single-action fire.
THE AUTO PISTOL GRIP
Like the revolver, the auto pistol is gripped by taking a full hold with the strong hand. The web of the hand is placed high into the tang of the backstrap with the fingers wrapped firmly around the frontstrap. The index finger engages the trigger with the first pad or joint so that pressure can be applied directly to the rear. With single-action pistols a high thumb position is adopted.
With double-action pistols, a lower thumb hold can be used to help control the heavy, long trigger pull.
With the two-handed auto pistol hold, the supporting hand is cupped over the strong hand, with fingers laid over those gripping the pistol to form a platform under the trigger guard. The thumb of the supporting hand is placed over or alongside that of the strong hand. The supporting hand's thumb must not be placed across the back of the wrist of the strong hand where it can be struck by the cycling of the slide during firing. | <urn:uuid:dffef534-5d09-4421-b4ef-93bc6df1458d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.handgunsmag.com/editorial/tactics_training_grip_0925/138915 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.911705 | 540 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This motor turns the small blades that blend your ingredients into a delicious smoothie when you turn it on. The high speed spinning motion combined with the chopping ability of the blades allows for fast processing of any foods placed in the blender. This same method is also used on a much larger scale for rotor mixers in a variety of industrial applications.
When a large rotor mixer is used for industrial purposes like chemical mixing or combining food ingredients, a strong electric motor is necessary to create enough power to mix substances of varying densities at high speeds. The rotor is fitted into the bottom of a large stainless steel drum, and it spins at speeds controlled by an exterior control panel.
Sometimes blades or flat mixing arms are the rotating instrument, but many industrial rotor mixers are fitted with what is known as a rotor-stator head. This is a long narrow piece attached to the motor that reaches almost to the top of the container or tank. The rotor-stator has slotted openings that draw materials in and then hurl them outward again, creating a strong centrifugal force. This helps to break materials down to the smallest possible particle size.
Rotor mixers are used in industries like adhesives, chemical processing, food technology and production, pharmaceuticals, ceramics and more. Some rotor mixers are built to operate with different types of attachments, so when the tank is empty a head can easily be detached from the motor and replaced with a more appropriate implement.
This can be very useful in industrial settings where the rotor mixer is needed for multiple types of mixing jobs. For instance, a ribbon blender could be used in place of a rotor-stator to mix powders, pet foods and seasonings. These are dry substances that require the spiral blades of a ribbon blender to move through the circumference of the entire container rather than create the centrifugal force generated by a rotor-stator and most often used in liquid mixtures. | <urn:uuid:6e8ca7e3-a86d-445b-a344-d6354364af8d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.industrialmixers.com/rotor-mixers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020225938-20181021011438-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.921411 | 392 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Blast off on a mission to explore outer space and the objects in it. Learn about rocket propulsion with balloons and chemically powered rockets. Build a telescope and star map to investigate the stars and constellations. Assemble a model of the solar system and learn about the planets that share it.
Find out how Earth’s rotation creates day and night, how Earth’s axis and revolution around the sun causes the seasons, and how the moon’s rotation around Earth gives us the phases of the moon. See for yourself how meteorites formed the craters on the moon. Make a moon flipbook and a moon calendar. Build a sundial and a solar collector to experiment with the sun. Grasp a comet’s tail and learn about how meteoroids become falling stars.
A full-color, 32-page experiment book guides your space exploration. Ages 8 and up.
• launch three types of rockets
• build a telescope and star map
• model the solar system
• investigate the revolution and rotation of Earth
• swing a moon sling
• find the man in the moon
• recreate lunar and solar eclipses
• learn about falling stars
• discover how the universe is expanding
Item # 662714 | <urn:uuid:a8752260-b4c4-44e6-b864-7482efb66d50> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.amusetoys.com/products/space-exploration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00245-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838481 | 255 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Physical Therapy Program for Torticollis
Did you know?
Torticollis is very common in newborns and easy to treat if caught early on.
Children Who May Benefit
- Children who experience decreased neck range of motion and unable to hold head in midline.
- Children with muscular fibrosis or congenital spine abnormalities.
- Facial or head asymmetries including “flat head.
What is Torticollis?
Torticollis is a condition defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position. A multitude of conditions may lead to the development of torticollis including: muscular fibrosis, congenital spine abnormalities, decreased blood supply to the muscle, difficulty during delivery, and positioning of the baby inside the uterus during the last few weeks of pregnancy. In addition, infants often develop torticollis as a result of the amount of time spent lying on their back during the day in car seats, swings, bouncers, strollers, and on play mats. They typically have a higher risk for flat head syndrome as well.
It is extremely important to have torticollis treated to prevent a permanent shortening of the involved muscles. In addition, therapy can help avoid needed surgery and decreases head and neck pain. When discovered and stretches are implemented early, 80% of children recover completely with no long term effects (www.orthoseek.com).
What are the signs of Torticollis?
- Your baby may prefer to turn their head to one side only.
- Your baby may hold their head tilted to one side with one ear closer to their shoulder.
- There may be flattening or bulging on the back or the side of the head, and changes in facial shape and facial features.
- Your baby may prefer to breastfeed on one side only.
- When your baby’s head is moved or they are put on their tummy, they become fussy and irritated.
What does therapy include?
A Physical Therapist will perform an evaluation to assess the child’s passive range of motion, active range of motion, muscle tightness, muscle strength, and gross motor skills. She also checks for other conditions that can occur with children who present with torticollis such as plagiocephaly (abnormal head shape), hip dysplasia (misalignment of the hip joint), and spine problems. The therapist then discusses these results with the family and makes appropriate recommendations for physical therapy treatment, if indicated.
The physical therapy treatment may include stretching and strengthening of the child’s neck muscles. It will typically include active and passive stretching of the neck and shoulder muscles as well as positioning and handling techniques to correct the child’s posture. The therapist also instructs the family in a stretching and positioning program designed specifically to the child’s needs and may also use other types of assistive technology such as a TOT collar or kinesiotaping. The parents then perform the home exercises daily with the child and follow-up as recommended by the physical therapist to ensure attainment of all physical therapy goals.
- Improve child’s ability to turn head between right and left sides.
- Improve child’s ability to bring chin to chest.
- Improve child’s ability to orient their head to midline against gravity.
- Encourage child to lift head against gravity while lying on stomach.
- Achieve normal weight bearing and shifting over upper extremities.
- Encourage symmetrical use of upper extremities.
- Allow child to experience proper weight shifting during developmental activities including sitting, rolling, creeping, and walking. | <urn:uuid:921376e7-3975-451d-8a15-34f9dc9c94d7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ppt4kids.com/specialty-programs/torticollis-physical-therapy-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941361 | 753 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Bank deposits are savings products in which you deposit a certain amount of money with the bank and earn a specific return based on the amount and the length of time you leave it there.
Another way to view a deposit is as a loan that you make to the bank. Deposits have always been one of the most important products offered by financial institutions. If the financial institution were to go bankrupt, a significant part of your savings would be guaranteed by the Deposit Guarantee Fund.
There are two types of bank deposits:
Term deposits: You promise to leave your money with the bank for the time stipulated in the agreement. If you withdraw it earlier, you will have to pay a penalty.
Demand deposits or interest-bearing accounts: You can recover part or all of your money without penalty. If you make a partial withdrawal, the rest of your money will continue to yield the agreed interest rate.
As we've already said, you obtain a profit on your deposits and therefore have to declare them in your tax return as capital gains. However, you are only taxed on the profit obtained.
How are deposits taxed?
You only pay tax on the profit obtained from your bank deposits, not on the initial amount deposited. The interest earned on term deposits is taxed as capital gains in your tax return.
Imagine you have a bank deposit of €15,000. You recover the €15,000 deposited plus a profit of €1,000. In this case, you will only pay tax on the €1,000 obtained as profit. You won't pay anything on the initial €15,000 deposited.
These earnings from your deposits must be added to the profit from any other savings you have. Once you have offset your expenses, losses and gains, you will know which bracket you are in and what rate of tax you will pay.
There are three scales in the taxation of deposits depending on the amount:
- 19% – Up to €6,000
- 21% – €6,000 to €50,000
- 23% – Over €50,000
Which box on the tax form is for deposits?
Interest earned on deposits must be entered in the on the tax form. | <urn:uuid:92a2ea6b-3cb0-4358-a2d6-1936795dafaa> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.bankinter.com/banca/en/faqs/investment-products/how-are-bank-deposits-taxed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.968059 | 451 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you've ever taken a test in the United States, you most likely have seen a Scantron form, also known as bubble sheets, which is strip of machine-readable paper developed and manufactured by the Scantron company for multiple choice tests.
However, if you are not familiar with standardized testing or have not taken tests in the U.S., then the small piece of paper with scattered bubbles on them may look foreign to you. The following step-by-step article will help you learn how to properly use a Scantron form.
How do I fill out a Scantron form?
1. Write your name
Write your name on the bottom right-hand side. You will need to include the date, subject and test number. This is how most standard Scantron forms will look, and these are typically used for tests or quizzes as an answer key for test scoring.
Continue to Step 2 if you have a larger Scantron test that requires you to write in your name and fill in the bubbles.
2. Use the provided boxes
Write you last name, first and middle initial in the provided boxes. Below the boxes, fill in the appropriate letter for each letter in your name. Completely fill in the bubbles with your pencil.
Depending on the type of test you are taking such as a student test, enrollment exam, or civil service exam, additional information may be required. These may or may not include a student ID number, Social Security number or date of birth. Make sure all of the appropriate information and corresponding bubbles are filled in.
3. Start filling out answers
Start filling out your correct answers on the Scantron answer sheet. You will be given a test that you will most likely not write on. You will need to make sure each question of the test corresponds with the correct numbers you fill out on your Scantron form.
4. A for True or B for False
Fill in either A for "true" or B for "False" if you are given true or false questions on the multiple choice test. The letters T and F should be shown above the letters you need to fill in before the first answer.
5. Review your filled out form
Make sure you have completely filled in each correct answer to the test on the Scantron form and that the questions on the test match up with the answers on the Scantron form. If you erased any markings, make sure that it is completely erased so that it is not picked up by the Scantron machine. You have now successfully used a Scantron form, and you're ready to turn in your test.
Your Scantron score will be the number of correct answers you get out of the total number of questions on the test, depending on how your test coordinator uses the assessment. This will be your raw score.
Things to Bring
- Always have a sharpened #2 pencil.
- Completely fill in the circles.
- Know your student id number.
- Ask the test coordinator if you are able to write on the test version.
- If you're not sure about information the Scantron asks for, ask the person leading the tests what you're supposed to write.
- Make sure no marks are left after erasing.
- Don't make too dark or heavy a mark that it wears the paper down and makes it pop up.
- Always have a sharpened #2 pencil. Completely fill in the circles. If you're not sure about information the Scantron asks for, ask the person leading the tests what you're supposed to write. Make sure no marks are left after erasing. Don't make too dark or heavy a mark that it wears the paper down. | <urn:uuid:767b3e53-0a71-4a08-996d-548cddd757bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.theclassroom.com/use-scantrons-5104693.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201021257-20221201051257-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.914752 | 787 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The contributions of American Indians to the war effort helped win the war and, in 1924, citizenship for all Indigenous peoples in the U.S.
This video is made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and is a partnership of the U.S. World War One Centennial Commission, the Doughboy Foundation and the National WWI Museum and Memorial as part of the teaching and learning resources of “How WWI Changed America.”
View all the resources from “How WWI Changed America” at https://wwichangedus.org.
Have questions? Email us at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:eede8a4c-0ae6-4bda-abe6-064b4f313f8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/native-americans-wwi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.920667 | 133 | 3.875 | 4 |
March 23, 2009
Poisonous Algae Affecting Ocean Creatures
A dangerous nerve toxin emitted by algae off California's coast seems to be distressing creatures in the deep ocean. U.S. researchers believe this poisonous algae is a much larger danger that originally thought.
According to a Reuters report, this algea, known as Pseudo-nitzschia, can create hazardous, large amounts of domoic acid."It's a natural neurotoxin. It is produced by a diatom, which is a phytoplankton. As other animals eat this phytoplankton, like sardines or anchovies, this toxin can be transferred up the food chain," stated Emily Sekula-Wood, from the University of South Carolina. Her investigation is published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Domoic acid is connected to sea lion and whale deaths. It can also affect people who consume a lot of seafood and shellfish.
"If you consume enough of it, you can get brain damage. In humans it's called amnesic shellfish poisoning. You experience short-term memory loss," Sekula-Wood noted.
Oversized blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia have caused several beaches to close down, and have also upset the shellfish industry in the United States.
Sekula-Wood and colleagues investigated the bloom to find out if the toxin was closing in on the ocean floor.
"We used a sediment trap. It is like a rain gauge that you put out in a water," she said to Reuters.
They discovered that huge amounts of domoic acid were falling to the ocean floor, influencing the ocean's food chain.
Unfortunately, the toxin seems to hang around for periods of time.
"Our data further confirm that domoic acid-laced sinking particulates are incorporated into underlying sediments, where they are available for consumption and incorporation into bottom feeders," the researchers wrote.
"It can make us think about the longevity of these toxins," Sekula-Wood added.
Image 2: Chain of Pseudo-nitzschia australis cells under light microscopy.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:417ffccd-903e-4306-88fd-3468ac7d0023> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1658302/poisonous_algae_affecting_ocean_creatures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159376.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00026-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951763 | 454 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The theory of social learning by Albert Bandura.
The theory of social learning by Albert Bandura indicates that behavior is culture from the surroundings through the practice of observational learning. Children monitor or study the people that surround them behaving in different ways.
This is demonstrated in the prominent bobo doll experiment. Persons that are observedare know as models. In the public, children are encircled or surrounded by many significant models, such as parents in the family, characters on T.V and friends within their social system and teachers at school.
These models present illustrations of male and female behavior to examine and imitate. They concentrate or pay attention to models and encode their behavior.
…….middle of paper………
In Miller and Dollards’ experiment for establishing imitative behavior, models performed discrimination responses in which they were continuously rewarded and the subjects were reinforced if they matched their leaders’ choice of responses.
These experiments of learning by observation and imitation have been accepte as they involve a unique discrimination learning case in which the behavior of others becomes an avenue for discriminative stimuli responses that are part of the subject’s collection.
Explanations offered by Logan et.al (1955) have assumed that the imitator performs the model’s responses stealthily. Rosenblith’s (1959) study of learning by imitation reveals that male experimenters were more effective than females. Rosenblith further observes that school setting may involve some social deprivations which increase the male reward value.
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82.
Are you ready to order a custom essay from us ? Place your order with us today. | <urn:uuid:41e67429-f593-46c1-a239-ff63c41d93a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.freepapers.io/essays/the-theory-of-social-learning-by-albert-bandura/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494125.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220003821-20190220025821-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.962222 | 374 | 3.625 | 4 |
Visit our Re-post guidelines
Berries have long been known to pack big health benefits in their small size. According to Harvard researchers eating at least three servings of blueberries and strawberries every week can save women from heart attacks.
Scientists from the Harvard School of Public Health and the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom examined the berry-eating habits of 93,600 women between the ages of 25 and 42. The women were part of the Nurses' Health Study II. They completed questionnaires about their diet every four years for 18 years.
In their study published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association the researchers concluded that women who ate three or more servings of blueberries and strawberries per week reduced their risk of heart attack by as much as one-third.
Women who ate the most blueberries and strawberries reduced their risk of a heart attack by 32% compared to women who ate berries once a month or less.
And it really has to be berries. They make the difference. Women who otherwise ate a diet rich in other fruits and vegetables did not enjoy the same reduced heart attack risk.
How do berries help lower heart attack risk?
Blueberries and strawberries contain high levels of naturally occurring compounds called dietary flavonoids. These compounds are also found in tea, chocolate, grapes, wine, and other fruits and vegetables.
According to the researchers, a specific sub-class of flavonoids, called anthocyanins, may help dilate arteries, counter the buildup of plaque and provide other cardiovascular benefits. Anthocyanins are found primarily in red, blue and purple fruits and vegetables such as blackberries, blueberries, strawberries and eggplant.
The study focused on blueberries and strawberries because they are the most popular berries in the United States. Researchers speculated that other foods could produce the same results (think raspberries and blackberries). But because of their popularity, blueberries and strawberries can easily be incorporated into what women eat every week.
The researchers believe that making one simple dietary change, i.e., increasing berries in your diet, could have a significant impact on preventing heart attacks in women.
During the course of the study, 405 heart attacks occurred and the researchers showed that the earlier you start eating berries the better. By eating the berries while you're still young, you can benefit by reducing your heart attack risk later in life.
In prior studies, blueberries were also found to:
- guard against high blood pressure
- help prevent cancer
- improve insulin sensitivity
- reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
And other studies have found that strawberries:
- Contain antioxidants that boost blood capacity
- May be useful in treating metabolic syndrome
- Reduce atherosclerosis markers in people with metabolic syndrome
Blueberries and strawberries are abundant in spring and summer. Frozen berries work just as well the rest of the year.
Just one caveat. Many berries are heavily treated with pesticides. Always choose organic blueberries or strawberries to be safe.
Have you had your berries today? | <urn:uuid:da03a971-f6d4-4cc6-9ebc-63d444cbebb7> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/berries-slash-womens-heart-attack-risk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544358.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00302-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963237 | 618 | 3.296875 | 3 |
August 31st: Ki Tavo
THIS WEEK IN THE TORAH
Rabbi David E. Ostrich
Our Torah portion begins with an ancient ritual and an ancient prayer. As much as the Torah is “full of religion,” there are very few actual prayer texts, and we have an excellent example here. It is the passage that begins, “My father was a wandering Aramean,” and it continues with a mini-history of the Hebrew/Israelite people: the slavery in Egypt, our redemption by God, and the awarding to us of the Promised Land. The sense of the prayer is the long history between the worshipper and God and the appropriateness of sharing the gifts that God has given us.
The prayer concludes with this plaintive hope: “Look down from Your holy abode, from heaven, and bless your people Israel and the soil You have given us, a land flowing with milk and honey, as You swore to our ancestors.” (Deuteronomy 26.15)
This idea of God dwelling above is found throughout the Tradition. In Psalm 150, we sing, “Halleluhu b’kosh’sho! Halleluhu bir’ki’a uzo!
Praise God in the sanctuary! Praise God in the heavenly stronghold.”
In Genesis 28, Jacob dreams a curious dream: “A ladder was set on the ground and its top reached all the way to the heaven, and angels of God were going up and down on it. And the Lord was standing on it…” Where is God? At the top, in heaven.
And, in the Mourner’s Kaddish and the Full Kaddish, we conclude with “Oseh shalom bim’romav hu ya’aseh shalom alaynu… May the One Who makes peace in the highest of heavens make peace (down here) for us…”
The ancient understanding was that God dwells up in the heavens and then occasionally looks down on the earth, or visits it, or sends messengers (angels) to attend to various matters. Thus does God exercise power over everything—while residing in the heavens.
During the days of Greek Philosophy and the Talmud, some thinkers began teaching a more expansive understanding of God. In addition to being omnipotent, they determined that is also omnipresent—present everywhere at the same time. Though such a belief seemed to obviate the role for angels (m’lachim), many people felt a continuing affection for the image of angelic messengers. Perhaps this was (and is) a way of personifying particular manifestations of the omnipresent Divine.
More new ideas emerged in the 16th and 17th Centuries when some mystics began thinking in terms of panentheism, the notion that everything is part of God—that there is no separation between God and the universe. Some would trace this sensibility back to the Kabbalists, but it came to full form in the works of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Lliadi, the founder of Chabad Hassidism. Interestingly enough, panentheism in Judaism has come to a greater popularity in the developing feminist movement of the last fifty year. Feminist thinkers rejected the hierarchical notion that God is above humanity and embraced the notion of an immanent God—a God Who dwells within.
In the following prayer—found in both our prayer book, Siddur B’rit Shalom, and our High Holy Day prayer book, Machzor Ki Anitani, we approach the Divine in a multi-valent fashion, seeking healing from the Divine in a variety of the ways that God can be present in our lives:
“Heal us, O Lord, and we shall be healed. Save us, and we shall be saved.” (Jeremiah 17.14)
The power of God—the healing and saving power of God—can be present for us in many ways. At some moments, God is a heavenly majesty to Which we pray for blessing and from Which we receive a healing touch. At some moments, God is an enlivening presence, emanating from within and filling us with health and new possibilities. At some moments, God exists in the touch and gaze of those around us, human vessels of love who spread the godliness they hold within. For each of us who suffers—whether in body or in soul—we pray that the healing, strengthening, enlivening power of God be present in our lives. May it surge both toward us and within us, filling us with the spirit, holiness, and continuing possibilities of life. We praise You, O Lord, Who heals the sick.
Though my human mind tries to think about God in concrete terms and philosophical consistency, I try to remember that God is infinite—beyond our categories and logic. So, when approaching and invoking the Infinite, I look up to heaven and down to earth and to my fellow creatures and within myself. Blessings flow in many streams | <urn:uuid:bb640488-2b3d-43c1-9139-6ce6085f91c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.britshalomstatecollege.org/torah-commentaries/2018/8/28/look-down-from-your-holy-abode-from-heaven-and-bless-your-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254731.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519081519-20190519103519-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.948732 | 1,067 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Annotation. Shirley was the second published novel by Charlotte Bronte, after Jane Eyre. It is a social novel set against the backdrop of the Luddite uprisings in Yorshire after the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the depressed textile industry. The novel's heroine is given a boy's name by her father, who expected a son. The novel's popularity turned the distinctly male name Shirley into a distinctly female one. | <urn:uuid:68910903-c2c3-4108-999b-5c783ae72f16> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/27546450?l-title=16&l-decade=192&q=math*+tutor*&c=music | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163835370/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133035-00036-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970571 | 89 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Posted by R. Berg on September 24, 2002
In Reply to: Room and Board posted by Nancy K on September 24, 2002
: Does anyone know the origin of "room and board"?
From the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for "board," noun, sense 7:
"Food served at the table; daily meals provided
in a lodging or boarding-house according to stipulation; the supply of daily provisions;
entertainment. Often joined with 'bed' or 'lodging'.
c1386 CHAUCER . . . Sche wolde suffre him no thing for to pay For bord ne clothing. 1465 MARG. PASTON 'Lett'. . . . He payth for hys borde wykely . . ."
The OED says this sense of "board" developed from the sense of a table used for meals. It doesn't give an example with the exact wording "room and board." | <urn:uuid:e3dcbb8f-0985-437b-b43d-58b8509c9d2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/15/messages/521.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00605-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936288 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Google Earth 101 for Educators
While taking this course you are not only a learner but also helping to build this course. Please take advantage of the collaborative opportunitiy of this wiki course.
Each topic introduces you to new skills and gives you opportunites to explore pedagogical implications and classroom ideas.
Resources will be highlighted throughout the course in order to extend your learning.
A resource that shares curriculum lessons that are associated with Google Earth. | <urn:uuid:8cf5f503-f4f0-4128-9be7-bae8cb31c764> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.teachinghacks.com/wiki3/index.php?title=Google_Earth_101_for_Educators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280668.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00105-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898932 | 92 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|Student No: |PAV10137547 |
|Course: |Access to HE |
| | |
|Lecturer: |Jim Mawby |
|Subject: |Philosophy |
|Date: |7 Feb 2010 |
Explain and assess one or more Descartes’ arguments for the existence of God
Descartes applies the ‘Cogito ergo sum’ (‘I think therefore I am’) argument from the second meditation to prove another foundational truth, which is the existence of God. He uses his personal Christian belief and definition of God to build upon this proposition and tries to prove that something besides him exists by contemplating his idea of God. This essay will explain and assess Descartes’ aetiological and cause of existence arguments for the existence of God by identifying the meaning of existence in this context and the clear and distinct rule, as well as examining each premise and conclusion of the proofs. Finally, this essay shall attempt to evaluate Descartes’ arguments.
The Third Meditation begins with Descartes’ affirmation of his own existence. He is a thinking thing which exists by clear and distinct perception, and it is therefore impossible to be doubtful of knowledge that he completely understands. Certainty and truth are equated. In order to establish the clear and distinct rule, Descartes must prove the existence of a perfect and undeceiving God:
“Since I am a thinking thing, and have in me an idea of God, whatever finally the cause may be to which my nature is attributed, it must necessarily be admitted that the cause must equally be a thinking thing, and possess within it the idea of all the perfections that I attribute to the divine nature.”
Descartes has an idea of God and perceives that God would not deceive him since deception would mean imperfection, and God is infinite and perfect. Descartes also presents the idea that with God’s perfection comes His existence. This can be summarised as:
|(P1) |Descartes exists because he thinks. | |(P2) |He exists by clear and distinct perception of things. | |(C1) |Descartes exists as a thinking thing. | |(P3) |As a thinking thing, he has an idea of an infinite and perfect God (which is clear and distinct). | |(C2) |God is infinite and perfect in his idea. | |(P4) |Existence is perfection. | |(C3) |An infinite and perfect God exists in his idea. |
This is an argument considering the idea of God alone and does not rely on experience to prove his point. This relies on the ‘Casual Adequacy Principle’. Descartes argues: “There must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect.” He claims that his idea of a perfect God must itself be caused by something perfect. Descartes also defends this argument by insisting that: “….certainly not nothing, and so it cannot come from nothing.” For example, the existence of a stone (which previously did not exist) must be produced by something which contains the components of a stone. The cause must have more reality than its effect. The flaw here is that there is no definite connection between the cause of an object (something perfect) and its effect (idea of a perfect God). If there were, then it would follow that perfection created God, and... | <urn:uuid:5c434f28-b3ab-4b7c-b688-f3b73df37cca> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Existence-Of-God-1454575.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190753.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00422-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96059 | 737 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Today, the most common tool for complex maths visualization in the classroom is the TI-84+. Scientists, researchers, and other professionals who implement calculus in their work may rely on more complex toolkits like MATLAB. Though these tools offer broader functionality, they are similarly if not more unintuitive than their handheld counterparts. Visualization plays a crucial role in understanding, mastering, and improving upon mathematical concepts, but today's standard interfaces frustrate and alienate many individuals, creating an excessively high barrier of entry to higher level math studies. Calcflow shatters this interfacial bottleneck by enabling users to interact directly with complex equations in physical space. Users can manipulate inputs and parameters and observe changes to 3D visualizations in realtime. | <urn:uuid:f4b398e1-3379-4024-9f19-7cc8a9ade01c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.findbestopensource.com/tagged/virtual-reality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604794.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526100301-20220526130301-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.851677 | 170 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Pope Benedict XVI: The Benedict Legacy: A Nobleman, a Victim of Poison and a Child
Christened Giacomo della Chiesa, he was pope from 1914 to 1922. Born in Genoa of a noble family, he served in the Vatican diplomatic service.
Born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, he was pope from 1740 to 1758 and belonged to a noble family of Bologna. Known for denouncing the custom of accommodating Christian words to express non-Christian ideas.
Born Pietro Francesco Orsini, he was pope from 1724 to 1730. At first, he called himself Benedict XIV due to the superstition that 13 brings bad luck
Born Jacques Fournier, he was pope from 1334 to 1342. A Frenchman who became a …
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication information: Article title: Pope Benedict XVI: The Benedict Legacy: A Nobleman, a Victim of Poison and a Child. Contributors: Not available. Newspaper title: The Independent (London, England). Publication date: April 2, 2005. Page number: 4. © 2009 The Independent - London. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All Rights Reserved.
This material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means. | <urn:uuid:0875f337-80b9-4ff7-983f-c220d0b05a79> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.questia.com/read/1P2-1929297/pope-benedict-xvi-the-benedict-legacy-a-nobleman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702900179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111500-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903123 | 288 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What Is Portal Hypertension?
Introduction to Portal Hypertension
Portal hypertension is an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system. Veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein, which then branches into smaller vessels and travels through the liver. If the vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood cannot flow properly through the liver. As a result, high pressure in the portal system develops. This increased pressure in the portal vein may lead to the development of large, swollen veins (varices) within the esophagus, stomach, rectum, or umbilical area (belly button). Varices can rupture and bleed, resulting in potentially life-threatening complications.
What Causes Portal Hypertension?
The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis is scarring which accompanies the healing of liver injury caused by hepatitis, alcohol, or other less common causes of liver damage. In cirrhosis, the scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and slows its function.
Other causes of portal hypertension include blood clots in the portal vein, blockages of the veins that carry the blood from the liver to the heart, a parasitic infection called schistosomiasis, and focal nodular hyperplasia, a disease now seen in people infected with the AIDS virus. Sometimes the cause is unknown.
What Are the Symptoms of Portal Hypertension?
The onset of portal hypertension may not always be associated with specific symptoms that identify what is happening in the liver. But if you have liver disease that leads to cirrhosis, the chance of developing portal hypertension is high.
The main symptoms and complications of portal hypertension include:
Gastrointestinal bleeding marked by black, tarry stools or blood in the stools, or vomiting of blood due to the spontaneous rupture and hemorrhage from varices. | <urn:uuid:edddf443-5c99-4010-ae52-cd4ec2511746> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=170457 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660181.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00191-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888375 | 405 | 3.53125 | 4 |
ASA Issues Position Statement on School Start Times
In order to offer a more economical solution to school bus scheduling, and easier after-school activity planning, many schools across the country have changed middle school and high school start times to earlier hours in the morning. Many schools now start at 07:00 – some even earlier.
While this does offer substantial upfront cost savings to school budgets, it comes with a burden that far outweighs the benefit.
According to CDC research, “Among an estimated 39,700 U.S. public middle, high, and combined schools (with an estimated total enrollment of 26.3 million students), the average start time was 8:03 a.m. Forty-two states reported that 75%–100% of their public schools had early start times (before 8:30 a.m.)” Almost half of schools start before 08:00.
There is growing evidence that teenagers, as well as young adults, are negatively impacted by early school start times. Circadian rhythm studies have demonstrated that teenagers generally go to bed later and wake up later than adults. This is not a result of societal pressures, but rather an intrinsic part of their DNA and internal biologic time clocks. Teens also require more total sleep time than adults.
With earlier school start times, young students are not obtaining adequate total sleep time. This is resulting in numerous consequences. Data shows that early school start times and inadequate sleep lead to a decreased school performance, as well as mental health and physical health problems.
Early school start times and sleep deprivation are associated with weight gain, depression, mood problems, higher blood glucose levels and increased motor vehicle accidents.
Later school start time are associated with higher attendance rates, lower depression scores, and more even temperament at home.
The American Sleep Association position on school start times is that middle school and high school should not start before 08:00. A time closer to 09:00 or later would be preferable.
ASA is excited to partner with Start School Later which advocates for later school start times.
CDC – http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a1.htm?s_cid=mm6430a1_e
UMN – http://www.cehd.umn.edu/carei/publications/documents/Bulletin200212Wahlstrom.pdf
- Ask The Sleep Doctor: Sleep and Appearance, Sleep and Alzheimer’s and Sleep and Hyperactivity - March 24, 2019
- Ask The Sleep Doctor:Depression and Sleep, Sleep Apps and Sleep Apnea and Car Accidents - February 12, 2019
- Ask The Sleep Doctor:Sleep Apnea in Child, Palpitations, Coffee and Sleep and more - January 18, 2019 | <urn:uuid:451eb95b-25fe-4a31-8714-92ed37feed4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.sleepassociation.org/blog-post/healthy-school-start-times/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391923.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526222359-20200527012359-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.948484 | 576 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In this world full of “low fat” and “healthy” claims to lure anxious dieters to buy, it can be confusing knowing what’s actually healthy. To help you distinguish between the good and the bad, here are 8 foods that are commonly mistaken for “health foods:”
- Flavored Oatmeal:
The real rolled stuff is great, but that flavored stuff is loaded with sugar.
- Wheat Bread:
The only kind of bread that is healthy is whole wheat bread. Bread that’s just “wheat” or “multi-grain” uses refined grains.
- Flavored Yogurts:
Plain yogurt that’s low in sugar can be great for you, but most flavored yogurts are packed with sugar and not good for you at all.
- “Low Fat” Items:
Items like yogurt or salad dressing that claim to be “low fat” often make up for it by loading their product with extra sugar. Just take a look at the label before you get excited about the “low fat” label.
- Pre-made Smoothies:
According to Dr. Oz:
That premade or store-bought smoothie you think is so healthy may in fact have more calories than a cheeseburger! Smoothies can have as much as 650 to 1000 calories in them due to the extreme portions of fruit, vegetables, and, often times, added simple sugars and syrups.
Make them at home and you’ll know exactly what’s in them.
- Frozen Diet Entrees:
These frozen dinners are typically loaded with sodium, and while they may be low in calories, they’re also extremely low in nutritional value.
- Frozen Yogurt:
You probably think you’re being “good” when you choose frozen yogurt over ice cream, but when it comes to the calories and simple sugars in both, they’re closer than you may think. Especially once you load your frozen yogurt with toppings at the fro-yo bar, that cup of frozen yogurt is just as bad for your as ice cream (so just go for the real stuff in moderation if that’s what you’re truly craving!)
- Nut Butters:
Nuts like peanuts, walnuts and cashews are great, nutritional and filling snacks. They’ve got what we call “healthy fats,” like avocados. But when you take out some of that fat and add sugar and saturated fat, you get a nut butter that’s not good for you at all. If you want to include nut butters in your diet, stick with those that have one or two ingredients (like peanuts and salt).
What are some common foods that people think are healthy that you know are just bad news health-wise? | <urn:uuid:3f7b56ba-93be-44ce-ab0c-5c736f337a2e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://tiphero.com/8-foods-you-think-are-good-for-you-but-arent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210058.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815102653-20180815122653-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.951797 | 603 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Piranhas in Peril
by Matt Ellerbeck - Piranha Advocate
Piranhas have long inspired many emotions in humane beings, everything from fascination to outright fear. It is not uncommon then for many people to view them as endurable and undaunted predators.
However, despite this reputation, piranhas are helpless against the assaults of humans.
Every year, countless numbers of piranhas are unwillingly captured and kidnapped from their natural habitat so they can be exploited and commercialized for monetary gain. David M. Schleser's Piranhas (Barron's Educational Series, Inc.1997) states that humans are undoubtedly the major predators of adult piranhas.
It is a common misconception that fish do not feel pain. This belief has allowed many people to justify the cruelty they inflict upon piranhas (and many other fish species). However, fish can and do feel pain and recent studies have provided the scientific evidence to prove this. A study done by Joseph Garner of Purdue University (2009) reported that these animals do experience pain consciously, rather than simply reacting with a reflex. Many other studies have resulted in similar evidence.
The ability of fish to perceive pain and discomfort makes the bid for their welfare extremely important. The desecration and ill-treatment that piranhas endure as a result of the trades that harvest and profit from them is truly horrifying.
Piranhas are hunted extensively throughout their range and then sold to local food markets. Considerable numbers are intentionally caught in nets, traps and by hooks and lines. However, numerous other piranhas are accidentally caught in lines and traps set for other intended catch.
Piranhas are also harvested directly from the wild to be sent off to the exotic pet trade. This harvesting represents an unnatural loss in the populations. Piranhas are caught from their native South America and then exported to places all around the world.
Others are killed so that they can be dried and mounted, or encased in glass. These deceased piranhas are then sold as decorative ornaments and marketed towards tourists.
The piranhas' fearsome reputation makes them susceptible to being directly persecuted by those who deem them as dangerous or nuisance. Individuals who encounter vulnerable piranhas are likely to kill them. This is especially true of piranhas who have become trapped in receding pools after the wet season. Piranhas are also fished and killed for sport. The reputation of piranhas as blood-thirsty killers often makes them the pursuit of outdoors men who want to prove their masculinity by targeting such animals.
Protecting piranhas is important for several reasons. Piranhas are absolutely paramount to the health of many eco-systems and to biodiversity as they are extremely valuable components to the ecological communities in which they live; playing several complex roles.
Piranhas are efficient predators in both lotic and lentic habitats. Piranhas largely prey upon sick, injured, dyeing, or deceased animals. By effectively removing sick or dying members from animal populations, piranhas help maintain the health of the aquatic eco-systems they reside in. They essentially act as a natural clean-up crew.
Aside from their predatory and scavenging roles, piranhas are also prey items for numerous other species including caimans, birds, otters, and dolphins.
There is much about piranhas that scientists still do not know. This fact could mean that piranhas may play even more integral roles in the natural world that we are simply unaware of.
Many individuals have a thought process that views human beings as the most intelligent, superior, and enlightened lifeforms on the planet. If people are to have such views of themselves then they must use such intelligence and perception to realize that the majority of treatment that piranhas (and all other animals for that matter) receive from humans is extremely unethical and deplorable.
Humans must use their privileged position to strive to live in such a manner that is not detrimental or cruel to the other species on the earth; many of which species have been here for millions of years before humans appeared. This gives non-human species every right (if not more then humans do) to live on this planet. It also gives them the right to live free of cruelty, persecution, and from infringements on their freedom.
Protecting piranhas is also important to furthering the animal rights movement. Being a compassionate animal rights advocate means standing up for all animals, not just the visually appealing (cute and cuddly) ones such as charismatic mammals. If individuals can be taught the value in protecting and conserving an animal like a piranha (a so called "terrifying cold-blooded fish"), then they will certainly be able to see the value in all other animals as well! | <urn:uuid:0554bcca-542a-4249-bf65-767f2a6ca6d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://prijatelji-zivotinja.hr/index.en.php?id=1213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222002257-20180222022257-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.957028 | 985 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The real and correct quote of Confederate General N. B. Forrest concerning "first with the most" came during a discussion between Forrest and Generals Basil Duke & John Hunt Morgan during the middle part of the war (1862). The quote was promptly spread by his men, and then reaffirmed in a post war interview with a northern newspaper reporter.
In the first interview at Murfreesboro, TN, Forrest was asked by Duke & Morgan to what he attributed his stunning success. The General replied that he "just got there first with the most men." Of course, Forrest rarely had the most men, but was adept at finding the weak point and bursting upon it with an overpowering thrust with more men than the enemy had at that point. From this the legend grew and was spread by friend and foe alike.
In the postwar interview, this again came up and Forrest replied "I was just first with the most." Later biographers, inferring that Forrest was raised in the backwoods and would have used more of a 'cracker Southern dialect' transformed the quote into "get thar fustest with the mostest." In 1918, Sir Frederick Maurice, during WW1 writings, properly attributed the motto correctly, but the folklore version was thoroughly implanted and sticks with the General today. In 1944, author Robert Henry's book "First With the Most" reintroduced the correct formal quote to modern historians.
So today, the slang version is still used along with the correct one.
| Military Career of Nathan Bedford Forrest
| Calendar of Events
| Forrest Art Gallery
| Society Bookstore
| Forrest's speech
General Forrest Engagements | History of the Forrest Equestrian Monument | Forrest's farewell address to his Troops
Quotes by General Forrest | Photo's Forrest | Forrest and the Slave Trade | <urn:uuid:6df8cd81-f3f1-4b63-abaf-824d1866f82a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://tennessee-scv.org/ForrestHistSociety/quotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171834.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00145-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965744 | 368 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) NewsPrinter Friendly Version
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's LAMP shedding light on permanently shadowed regions of the Moon
For immediate release
San Antonio -- Sept. 17, 2009 -- NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), launched on June 18 of this year, has begun its extensive exploration of the lunar environment and will return more data about the Moon than any previous mission. The Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP), developed by Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®), is an integral part of the LRO science investigation. LAMP uses a novel method to peer into the perpetual darkness of the Moon's so-called permanently shadowed regions.
LAMP "sees" the Moon's surface using the ultraviolet light from nearby space and stars, which bathes all bodies in space in a soft glow of ultraviolet light. A particularly bright ultraviolet emission is the so-called Lyman-alpha emission. Like all ultraviolet light, Lyman alpha is invisible to our eyes and cameras, but visible to LAMP as it reflects off the Moon.
LAMP's objectives are to use its novel technique for studying the permanently shadowed polar regions of the lunar surface to look for water frost, to investigate the general ultraviolet reflectance properties and composition of the entire lunar surface, and to determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere.
"LAMP is working well. In fact, LAMP is more sensitive than we expected, which is fantastic," says team member Dr. Alan Stern, associate vice president of the SwRI Space Science and Engineering Division.
"We're already seeing some interesting variations in the limited data we've received so far," says Institute Scientist Dr. Randy Gladstone, LAMP acting principal investigator. "We can't make any firm assessments yet, but they are correlating well with some of the permanently shadowed craters in the region of the south pole."
LAMP is nearly identical to the successful Alice instruments developed by SwRI, already flying aboard the joint NASA/ESA Rosetta spacecraft, which is targeting the ancient comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, which will probe the atmospheric composition of Pluto and search for an atmosphere over its large moon Charon. LAMP weighs only 6.1 kilograms and uses only 4.5 watts of power.
The planned Oct. 9 impact into the Moon of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), which launched with LRO, complements the search for water. Several LRO instruments will watch as a plume of debris and possibly water vapor rise from the impact. During subsequent orbits, LAMP will look for gases liberated during the impact as they migrate across the Moon.
LRO's findings are expected to be valuable to the future consideration of a permanent Moon base. Just as the south pole hosts permanently shadowed regions because of the Moon's orientation to the Sun, it also hosts areas that are in nearly perpetual sunlight, which would enable the operation of solar-powered equipment. Any discovery of water-frost and other resources in the area also would reduce the need to transport resources from Earth.
Upon the conclusion of the one-year reconnaissance mission for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, NASA's Science Mission Directorate will oversee in-depth investigations for the science instruments. At that time, LAMP may shift into more detailed evaluations of the Moon's atmosphere and its variability.
LRO is one of the first missions in NASA's plan to return to the Moon and then to travel to Mars and beyond. The Goddard Space Flight Center manages the LRO mission for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate.
Editors: An image to accompany this
story is available at
For more information contact Maria Stothoff at (210) 522-3305, Communications Department, Southwest Research Institute, PO Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510. | <urn:uuid:7271071f-802d-455d-a9fd-83992414ddf4> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/2009/Lamp.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296587.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00220-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916423 | 809 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Bamboo Hostels China / Studio Anna Heringer. Image © Jenny JI
The Filipinos believe that man and woman first emerged from the nodes of a bamboo stalk. The Chinese view the cane as a symbol of their culture and values, reciting “there is no place to live without bamboo”. The plant is a symbol of prosperity in Japan and friendship in India. Along with myths and stories, strong structures made of bamboo flourished in pre-modern Asia. Built forms varied across the changing landscapes of Eastern countries, all sharing one aspect in common – a respect for natural ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:1c7245d1-f234-4a62-ae42-d7051d0a8074> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://medi-arch.com/2022/08/15/why-bamboo-is-the-future-of-asian-construction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.924269 | 121 | 2.8125 | 3 |
by Staff Writers
Cleveland OH (SPX) Apr 06, 2013
Researchers led by scientists at Case Western Reserve University have turned to an unlikely model to make medical devices safer and more comfortable-a squid's beak.
Many medical implants require hard materials that have to connect to or pass through soft body tissue. This mechanical mismatch leads to problems such as skin breakdown at abdominal feeding tubes in stroke patients and where wires pass through the chest to power assistive heart pumps. Enter the squid.
The tip of a squid's beak is harder than human teeth, but the base is as soft as the animal's Jello-like body. In order to connect these two mechanically dissimilar parts of the squid a major part of the beak has a mechanical gradient that acts as a shock absorber so the animal can bite a fish with bone-crushing force yet suffer no wear and tear on its fleshy mouth.
Nature's technology could make a range of medical devices more comfortable and safer for patients, from glucose sensors for diabetics to prosthetic arms and legs that attach to amputees' bones, the researchers say. Their work is published today in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
"We're mimicking the architecture and the water-enhanced properties of the squid to generate these materials," said Stuart J. Rowan, the Kent H. Smith professor of macromolecular science and engineering at Case Western Reserve, and senior author.
Rowan worked with PhD student Justin D. Fox and assistant professor of biomedical engineering Jeffrey R. Capadona at CWRU, and Paul D. Marasco, who, like Capadona, is a principal investigator at the Advanced Platform Technology Center at the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
Other researchers have shown the structure of the beak is a nanocomposite comprised of a network of chitin fibers embedded within increasingly cross-linked structural proteins from mouth to tip. The gradient is present when the beak material is dry, but is dramatically enhanced when in water, the squid's natural environment.
Rowan and Capadona were among a team of researchers who had previously reported a material that mimics the sea cucumber's skin, which is soft and pliable when wet and stiff and hard when dry.
They thought that material, in the form of a film, could be cross-linked with nanofibers to maintain stiffness when wet. They filled the film with functionalized cellulose nanocrystals that, when exposed to light, form cross-links.
To ramp up stiffness across the film, one end was exposed to no light and subsequent sections to increasingly more light. The longer the exposure, the more cross-links that formed.
Just like the beak, the grade from soft to hard was steeper when wet. Water switches off the weaker non-covalent bonds that form when the material is dry.
The wet environment inside the body will enhance the gradient just as well, which makes this technology especially attractive for implants, the researchers say.
"There are all sorts of places in medicine where we're using hard materials but we're mostly soft," Marasco said. The contrast is a recipe for sores and infection, poor performance and implant failure.
Needles in diabetics' insulin pumps, metal stents inserted in blood vessels and electrodes inserted in muscles or brains could be safer and more effective if materials would remain hard where they need to be but buffer surrounding soft tissues.
"Prosthetic limbs are connected to the arm or leg with a socket of hard plastic that fits over the residual limb," Marasco continued. "But bone moves around under the socket and can damage the soft tissue inside, while the socket can be hard on the skin where it makes contact."
A better solution, he said, would be to run a metal insert into the bone inside the body and attach a prosthesis directly outside the body using this kind of mechanical buffer where the hard metal passes through the soft skin.
The researchers are already working on the next generation of materials and cross-linking strategies to make the buffer gradient steeper. The tip of a squid's beak is 100 times harder than it's softest portion, while this first mimic's hard tip is five times harder than its soft end.
"This is a proof of concept," Rowan said. "Now that we have shown the concept works we're now getting a wee bit more complicated and targeting materials that will allow us to move closer to applications."
Case Western Reserve University
Space Technology News - Applications and Research
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:d8fdb94c-8ec5-42f4-add9-1f5b5ba2cfb7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/CWRU_led_scientists_build_material_that_mimics_squid_beak_999.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00446-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930751 | 1,068 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Here at URSU Sexual Health Outreach, we teach about sexuality – but what does that mean? Sexuality is about more than having physical sex, it also includes physical, chemical, emotional, intellectual, social & cultural aspects.
When we view sex in this way we are able to recognize the importance of our sexuality – even if we aren’t sexually active or desire to be sexually active.
The World Association for Sexual Health defines sexuality as:
“Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life It encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, and reproduction. Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles, and relationships. While sexuality can include all these dimensions, not all of them are always experienced or expressed.” (WAS, 2014, p. 1)
One of the best tools for describing all of the different aspects of our sexuality is Dennis Dailey’s “Circles of Sexuality”. Each circle represents a different aspect of our sexuality.
Our sensuality includes our physical senses, the awareness & the experience of them. It also includes the awareness & experiences of our body including our body image, exploring or sharing the bodies of others. Sometimes this exploration is sexual and sometimes it isn’t. Sensuality is our experience of all kinds of pleasure, seeking, exploring, experiencing it either alone or with others.
Intimacy is the ability & the desire for closeness with others. It involves sharing, caring, emotional risk-taking, & vulnerability. Sex can be a way to explore intimacy & sometimes it’s not about intimacy at all. Often when we are seeking sex, we are seeking intimacy.
Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity
Gender identity is our feeling, sense, or understanding of who we are related to our gender. It is a personal understanding of oneself that is not necessarily expressed outwardly. Gender expression is the outward expression of gender and may or may not match the “gender norms” prescribed to our identity. Our sexual identity, or sexual orientation, is who or what we are attracted to.
Sexual & Reproductive Health
This circle includes what we know about sexual anatomy, sexual activities, reproduction, contraception, sexually transmitted infection prevention, and self-care along with all of the messages we’re given about this kind of information. Also included are our experiences of sexual wellness & illness including ability & disability. Finally, this circle encompasses having emotionally healthy sexual relationships.
Sexual behaviours & practices
Finally, the last circle in our holistic view of sexuality is, SEX! This circle encompasses what we or others actively do sexually to explore or express our sexuality. Having a desire to have sex, but have yet to experience it is a part of our sexuality as well. Masturbation & using sex toys are part of this circle. Finally, what we don’t want to do can also be a part of our sexuality.
All of these meet at the middle circle to formulate your values and in turn your agency & power as a sexual human.
Power is the ability & capacity to do something. It can be about strength or force or the ability to exercise control over ourselves or others. Agency is a sociological & philosophical term that addresses a person’s capacity to act along with what a person has the right, ability, or power to do. Both power and agency vary between people depending on class, race, gender, ability. Both may show up in relationships. Power & Agency influence our sense of self-worth, our understanding of what we desire sexually, and our values.
The most important thing to understand about sexuality is that it is self-defined. Every person is allowed to talk about and understand their own sexuality in their own way that makes sense to them. Sexuality is dynamic and always changing. At times it may feel affirming and at other times it may feel confusing. It’s important to remember that mixed feelings are normal and a part of how we come to experience and understand our sexuality. Exploring our own sexuality, rooted within the principles of consent and sexual rights, is a key determinant of our health and wellness.
If you’d like to have a stronger connection with your sexual self – we suggest taking some time to consider all of the aspects of your sexuality by journaling or having a conversation with a friend or partner about each of the Circles of Sexuality. Having this foundation for understanding yourself will help you make considered decisions around all aspects of your sexuality.
References: Corinna, Heather. S.e.x: The All-You-Need-to-Know Sexuality Guide to Get You Through Your Teens and Twenties. , 2016. Print. | <urn:uuid:bacab13a-b3d3-436a-ae2f-f054b8b2a822> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ursu.ca/2021/08/12/what-is-sexuality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.930344 | 1,000 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Permissive Parenting Definition
Permissive parenting is a parenting style with low demands and high responsiveness. It is a more like the opposite of Authoritarian Parenting. Parents show more loving expressions and provide few guidelines and rules. They tend to be more like a friend to their children rather than showing a figure of parent. They also do not much expecting mature behavior from their children. It seems like to be a “no-discipline” approach.
Permissive parents are very lax and rarely make rules or structures enforcement. They never hover over their children’s move. This type of parents are warm and loving and only make a little attempt to control their children. They have motto that “Kids will always be kids“.
Experts sometimes call Permissive parenting as indulgent parenting. Demands over the children is relatively only few from this type of parents. They are also only have low expectations of self-control and maturity from their parents.
Permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation.
Permissive Parenting Characteristics
Some of the typical traits of permissive parents including:
- Permissive parents only have few rules or standards of behavior. They are often inconsistent, if any.
- Parents are usually very nurturing and loving. They shows a figure of friend to their children rather than a parent.
- Toys, gifts and food are popular bribes for the parents to get children to behave
- Emphasize their children’s freedom rather than responsibility
- Children’s opinions is involved on making major decision
- If the children make mistakes, the parents rarely make consequences
The Effects of Permissive Parenting
Research suggests overly relaxed parenting approach can lead to many negative effects. Children may experiencing lack of self-discipline and having poor social skills. Furthermore, due to lack of boundaries and guidance from their parents, they also may feel insecure.
Children raised by permissive parents may display low achievement in many aspects especially in academic aspect. They do not have anything to strive forward because their parents have little expectations of them.
Research also found that children raised by permissive parenting were more likely to increase level of aggression over time. This study involves 281 American children at the age of 9 years. (Underwood et al 2009). They also tend to make poor decisions since permissive parents seldom enforcing any type of rules or guidelines. These kids also have bad problem-solving and decision-making skills.
Lack of demands and expectations make negatives outcome that children with permissive parents may have only a little sense of self discipline. In the school, they may disobey some rules and have less motivation to study due to the lack of boundaries in the home.
Children raised by permissive parents may lack of social skills since these parents have few requirements for mature behavior. They may have good interpersonal communication, but lack of other important skills.
Solutions for Permissive Parenting
Parents who use permissive parenting as their approach should consider looking for ways to develop your practice to be “more authoritative“. It is useful for them who is struggling to enforcing rules for their children. Parents can consider below suggestions:
- Developing some household basic rules. Parents should let children know about their expectations and how they should behave.
- Making some consequences if children breaking rules. It is useful when children know that they can get consequences if they breaking the rules. They might lose some privileges for the consequences.
- Giving reward for having good behavior. This can motivate the children to always make good behavior. Parents can give some more privileges to them.
Bottom Line for Permissive Parenting
Permissive parenting is actually a good approach, although not the best. However, this approach can lead to a number of problems and permissive parents need to utilize a more “authoritative approach”. Parents should think of ways that you can help your children understand parents’ expectations and guidelines. Parents also should be consistent about rule enforcement. Children can learn skills they need in life in order to be success if parents could provide a good balance of structure and support. | <urn:uuid:20c20848-bae8-4a78-af94-a1469ce3b1b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://authoritativeparenting.net/permissive-parenting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.964653 | 861 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.
The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family’s namesake, was buckminsterfullerene (C60), prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O’Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. The name was an homage to Richard Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles.
Fullerenes have since been found to occur (if rarely) in nature.
The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known carbon allotropes, which until recently were limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal. Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology. | <urn:uuid:1cbf623e-128b-4bdb-8aa8-74e4a4ead87e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tecnologianano.com/buckminsterfullerene-buckyball-new-google-logo-25-years-of-buckminsterfullerene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.950406 | 278 | 3.75 | 4 |
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1medidor de flujo masculino
- This paper examines the dependence of whole leaf hydraulic conductance to liquid water (K L) on irradiance when measured with a high pressure flowmeter.
- The hydraulic conductance of leaves was measured using the high pressure flowmeter.
- Before measurement, the turbine flowmeter was calibrated using a three liter calibration syringe.
- A single oscillator can serve as both a sensor (e.g., flowmeter, acoustic velocimeter) and an orifice.
- Handheld peak expiratory flowmeters have been widely used in the management of bronchial asthma, and as such are familiar to family physicians.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:d3db7d3d-42b6-42f8-b3e2-4678fe59764b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/traducir/ingles-espanol/flowmeter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814101.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222101209-20180222121209-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.948828 | 254 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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