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Office buildings are typically comprised of perimeter zones extending 12 to 18 feet in from the outer wall that usually include large glass areas, and interior zones (which typically require cooling only). The perimeter spaces require both cooling and heating. Perimeter zones have widely varying loads due to changing sun position and weather. One area or side of the building may require cooling while adjacent spaces may simultaneously require heating.
Office buildings may also house a wide variety of tenants with divergent energy needs. The office building can include stores, restaurants, fitness centers, radio or television studios, photo processors, printers, and computer centers, each with different operating hours and occupancy levels. Design occupancy levels vary from 20 square feet per person for conference space and waiting rooms, to 75 square feet per person in clerical areas, or a low of 200 square feet per person in some private offices.
Obviously, weather, occupancy, lighting, and floor loads (computers, printers, copiers, and other office machinery) are the big energy users. However, building shape, design, and orientation can also have a major effect on energy use. Even the type and placement of trees surrounding the building have an impact.
Office buildings usually include both peripheral and interior zone spaces. The peripheral zones frequently have large window areas and may be considerably subdivided. These zones have variable loads because of changing weather and sun position and typically require heating in winter. During spring and fall seasons, one side of the building may require cooling, while another side requires heating.
The interior zone spaces usually require a fairly uniform cooling rate throughout the year because their thermal loads are derived almost entirely from people, lights, computers and other office equipment. As the cooling loads can vary from full to low or no-load conditions, interior systems may utilize variable air volume (VAV) control.
Office building occupancy schedules can vary widely. Many are occupied from approximately 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Others are occupied by some personnel from as early as 5:30 a.m. to as late as 7:00 p.m. Some tenants may require night work schedules, usually not to extend beyond 10:00 p.m.
Some office buildings may include spaces which could operate 24 h per day, such as television or radio studios, printing operations, communications and computing centers, . Therefore, for economical air-conditioning design, the intended uses of an office building must be very well established before the type of system is selected and design is begun.
Occupancy varies considerably. In clerical work areas, the density can be as high as one person per 75 sq ft of floor area. Private office density may be as low 200 sq ft person. The occasional waiting rooms, conference rooms, or board rooms can have occupancies from none to as high as 20 sq ft per person.
A major part of the total cooling load is the lighting. In an office building the lighting and normal "floor" (equipment) electrical loads typically average from 2 to 5 watts per sq ft. Architectural or other considerations may make them considerably higher. Buildings with computer systems and other electronic equipment can have electrical loads as high as 5 to 10 watts per sq ft.
As these loads are critical to owner satisfaction, a careful estimate should be made of the amount, size, and type of computer equipment anticipated for the life of the building. This will help to size the air-handling equipment properly and provide for future changes in the air-conditioning equipment. In high electrical loading areas consider using exhaust air or water tubing to pick up this heat at the source.
About 30% of the total lighting heat output from recessed fixtures can be picked up by exhaust or return air and, therefore, should not enter into the cooling supply air requirements. The suspended ceiling is often used as a return air plenum with the room air drawn through the light fixtures into the space above the suspended ceiling.
The balance of the cooling load includes miscellaneous allowances (for fan heat, duct heat pickup, duct leakage, and safety factors), which should not exceed 12% of the total.
The variety of functions and range of design criteria applicable to office buildings have allowed the use of almost every available air-conditioning system. Low-rise and smaller buildings typically use unitary equipment, such as packaged combination roof-top conditioners (gas heat/electric cooling or heat pumps), often one unit per zone. Others use multi-zone units. In climatic areas with low heating requirements, perimeter radiation, often electric, combined with conventional cooling units may be more economical.
Other buildings may opt for individual units, one per zone, ranging from the low-cost packaged terminal units (PTAC) or heat pump (PTHP) units to water-loop water-to-air heat pump systems. Recent innovations and attention to reducing energy costs have led to the increased popularity of geothermal heat pump systems.
High-rise office buildings typically use central chilled/hot water systems with perimeter fan-coil units, or water-loop heat pump systems. Where these systems have been installed for the perimeter zones, separate all-air systems (typically variable air volume systems) have been generally used for the interior spaces and to supply perimeter zone ventilation.
A perimeter heating system separate from the cooling system may be preferable, since then air distribution devices can then be selected for a specific duty, rather than a compromise between heating and cooling performance. If the higher cost of additional air-handling or fan-coil units and ductwork is a factor, the designer may consider less expensive options, such as fan-powered terminal units with heating coils serving perimeter zones in lieu of a separate heating system. In climatic areas with low outdoor winter design temperatures, under-the-window perimeter radiation (hydronic or electric) may add to the occupant comfort by offsetting downdrafts.
Recommendations/Energy Services Opportunities
-- System flexibility is essential as office procedures are constantly being revised, and basic building services should be able to meet changing tenant needs. For one owner or lessee buildings, the system may be designed without the degree of flexibility needed for a building where the use is not as well defined. Owner-occupied buildings may require considerable design flexibility, because the owner is more interested in the life-cycle costs, usually wants quality and will pay for it, as well as future alterations. The speculative builder wants low first cost, is typically not interested in life-cycle cost, and can generally charge alterations to tenants.
Tenants having hours of occupancy or design criteria that differ substantially from those of the main office building (such as data processing centers, stores, banks, restaurants, and entertainment facilities) may need to have their own systems.
While office buildings are designed to minimize outdoor air usage, recent attention to indoor air quality may dictate higher levels of ventilation air. The minimum volume of outdoor air should be maintained in variable volume air-handling systems.
Dry-bulb or enthalpy controlled economizer cycles should be considered for reducing energy costs. When an economizer cycle is used, systems should be zoned so that energy waste will not occur by heating outside air. This is often accomplished by a separate air distribution system for the interior and each major exterior zone.
Other energy services opportunities include obtaining consideration of
* thermal storage to reduce demand costs and equipment size, and
* geothermal heat pumps system as an energy saving and "green" alternative.
-- Energy services opportunities include:
* Upgrading the chillers to non-CFC refrigerants and/or higher efficiency,
* System revisions for better indoor air quality,
* Improving system controls, adding energy management system, recommending retraining of equipment operators (possibly providing the retraining),
* Adding economizer systems and/or improving controls on existing systems,
* Adding thermal storage to reduce demand costs.
Water heating in office buildings is not a major energy user as use is typically confined to lavatory use (washing hands, etc.) by the occupants and night-time use by the cleaning crews. Any needs for specialized users (food service, photo processors, etc.) must be treated separately.
Service hot water in office buildings is typically heated using electric- or gas-fired storage water heaters. If a boiler is used it should be separate from the main heating boiler.
Recommendations/Energy Services Opportunities
Convert gas heaters to off-peak electric with adequate storage. If tower water is available year-round, consider a water-to-water heat pump.
Small offices typically don't have cooking facilities, large offices are usually equipped with cafeteria style cooking.
Office building lighting typically uses fluorescent fixtures set in suspended ceilings. Other fixtures consist largely of exit signs and possibly some emergency lighting in otherwise dark hallways.
Recommendations/Energy Services Opportunities
Lighting efficiency improvement is the simplest energy saving strategy for commercial and industrial facilities. Lights typically consume from 15 to 40 percent of the annual energy use for most buildings and are usually less expensive to change than other energy systems.
Therefore, always consider lighting first in any review of potential energy savings projects. Consider more than energy savings when reviewing lighting retrofit economic opportunities. Additional considerations that should be included are:
1. Lower cooling costs: improved lighting efficiency reduces most peak electric demand and may permit operation of fewer or smaller cooling systems,
2. Increased productivity: better lighting may permit faster work patterns with fewer errors, hence increased productivity,
3. Reduced absenteeism: improper lighting can cause glare which results in fatigue, headaches and absenteeism,
4. Increased safety and security: proper light levels reduce the possibility of burglary as well as improve the safety of both employees and vehicular traffic in the area,
5. Lower maintenance costs: some light sources have longer lamp life which could result in lower lamp replacement and labor costs. | <urn:uuid:36bc277a-0431-43a5-9128-0c9648d81f03> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://smud.apogee.net/comsuite/content/ces/?id=960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609540626.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005220-00065-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937957 | 2,014 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This guide on the basics of both cryptography and the Python programming language not only teaches you how to write in secret ciphers with paper and pencil but also how to write your own cipher programs and explores the hacking programs that can break the encrypted messages from these ciphers. Includes source code for fun programming projects.
Author: Al Sweigart
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Date: April 14, 2013
Visit Book Watch Archive for hundreds more titles.
Follow @bookwatchiprog on Twitter or subscribe to I Programmer's Books RSS feed for each day's new addition to Book Watch and for new reviews.
You can also contact BookWatch@i-programmer.info. | <urn:uuid:a21ece87-f477-4710-ada9-368680ba9e9e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://i-programmer.info/book-watch-archive/7175-hacking-secret-ciphers-with-python-createspace.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273350.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00451-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835219 | 143 | 3.09375 | 3 |
How does "The Man to Send Rainclouds" comment on the complexities involved in cross cultural communication and understanding?
1 Answer | Add Yours
The entire story is an extended comment on cross cultural communication. In it a dead person's body is treated according to both Catholic and traditional native customs. Just the fact that this is necessary indicates the complex challenges involved in cross cultural communication. The priest's ambivalence about whether to use holy water in the Native American ceremony is a good example of the emotional challenges of cross cultural communication. He has to do a lot of translation to agree to it, and these translations have both symbolic and emotional impact on him (and the Native community). The story therefore does a good job of showing just how much energy and attention is needed to communicate—and that meaning varies according to context.
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:9d5454c0-b9d9-46c3-87ac-182d8499deb1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-man-send-rainclouds-comment-complexities-2393 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131292683.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172132-00171-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942639 | 187 | 3.265625 | 3 |
January 23, 2017
In our last blog post, we shared a video about one of the forward-looking techniques that has emerged for treating gum disease. Today we’d like to talk to you about preventing it in the first place and stopping any subsequent loss of teeth.
The best way to keep your smile intact is to make sure you are visiting our Alpharetta, GA dentist’s office for your professional teeth cleanings and dental exams. That way, if gum disease should ever appear on the scene, it won’t have the chance to wreak havoc in your mouth.
Read on to hear more about gum disease and then be sure to contact us to schedule your next appointment with Dr. Morton!
Gum Disease: Signs & Signals
Let’s begin with a simple question: what exactly causes gum disease? While there are a variety of factors that come into play, the real culprit is always oral bacteria. Get this: before we even get our first baby teeth in, our mouths are already loaded with dangerous bacteria. Whenever this bacteria is allowed to advance under the gumline it will inevitably cause inflammation and infection.
If that sort of situation unfolds, your gums will become red and you will begin to notice that they bleed easily when brushing. Here’s the good news: the early stages of gum disease, also known as gingivitis, can be contained and reversed if you have a good relationship with your dentist. But when you don’t come around often enough for us to notice the changes, it can escalate into something nasty real fast.
Consider this: if full-blown periodontal disease sets in, you will likely be confronted with tooth loss and worse. After that bacteria gets loose in your bloodstream, anything is possible. We aren’t just talking about issues in your mouth, either. There is actually a link between gum disease and certain respiratory issues, heart disease, and even cancer! It is nothing to take lightly.
Moreover, after a certain point it is difficult to treat gum disease with conservative measures. And once your teeth start falling out, you will be looking at the added time and expense that dental implants or dentures will bring. But that does not have to be your fate. And that is why we are here.
Preventive Dental Care Fights Disease And Decay!
We can’t say this enough: keeping up with your six month professional teeth cleanings and dental checkups is essential for combating disease and decay. We need to know what is going on in your mouth, and to eradicate any bacteria, food particles, plaque, etc that remains after your best efforts at home.
We can often treat early signs of gum disease just by helping you to better care for your teeth in between office visits. But for more intense cases we may need to perform a restorative treatment. Don’t worry, we have some good options. One way or another, our Mint 32 team will find a way to get you back on track.
Learn More, Get Started!
If you are interested in preventing or treating gum disease, Contact us today! Dr. Morton will give you plenty of reasons to smile when you visit Mint 32 Dentistry of Alpharetta, GA! | <urn:uuid:d5276211-55d3-41bf-a837-79e51b48c2ee> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://alpharettahealthdentistry.com/about-us/blog/watching-gum-disease-alpharetta-ga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584331733.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123105843-20190123131843-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.943106 | 669 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Old State House Marker1200 Gervais Street
This granite tombstone, sponsored by S.C. Representative John A. May and paid for with a $110 expenditure from the General Assembly, memorializes the destruction of the original wooden State House following the city’s surrender to General William T. Sherman on February 17, 1865. That building, designed by Irish emigrant James Hoban (the architect of the White House in Washington, D.C), was built after the General Assembly voted to relocate South Carolina’s capital to Columbia from Charleston in 1786. Although technically accurate, the marker’s language implies the total destruction of the state’s seat of power. It does not account for the current State House, which was nearly completed at that time and in use shortly after the end of the war. | <urn:uuid:68ab0efb-5810-42cd-b3f0-445c353720c2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.historiccolumbia.org/online-tours/state-house-monuments-tour/1200-gervais-street-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.959692 | 169 | 2.671875 | 3 |
UNDERSTANDING HEXAGONAL WATER
Water is a network of hydrogen-bonded molecules. It can form numerous structures, depending on how the individual molecules bond together.
The most recent scientific findings indicate that biological organisms prefer the six-sided (hexagonal) ring-structure, found naturally in snow water.
This Hexagonal Water forms a liquid crystalline lattice that is involved in cellular communication, intracellular water movement, enzyme function and many other metabolic processes.
The amount of Hexagonal Water in the body has been correlated with aging. It has also been found to form the initial layer of water surrounding healthy cells. On the other hand, unorganized water has been described surrounding diseased and abnormal cells.
As shown above, Hexagonal Water is composed of six individual molecules of water, held together by common hydrogen bonds. This unique water structure is capable of rapid penetration within the cells of the body. Most tap water and bottled water is composed of large water conglomerates which are too large to move freely into the cells. It must be re-structured within the body to penetrate the cells (a time-consuming and energy-consuming process).
For many years, Dr. Mu Shik Jhon has known that the regular consumption of Hexagonal Water could provide innumerable health benefits. However, during the last few years he has seen his work finally bear fruit with the development of technology like the Vitalizer Plus™.
The Water Vitalizer Plus™ uses the same principles Nature uses – far infrared energy, magnetic fields, vortices and turbulence – to create an oxygen-rich, alkaline, energized and uniquely structured Hexagonal Water which has been associated with:
· greater energy
· rapid hydration
· heightened immune function
· better nutrient absorption
· weight loss
· greater metabolic efficiency
Measurement of Hexagonal Water Structures and Determination of Healthy Cells
One of the tools Dr. Mu Shik John used extensively in his research of hexagonal water is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR). NMR has the ability to measure molecular size and has been recently employed to determine the structure of the water inside the body.
Not all NMR researchers appear to be familiar with these attributes of NMR yet in his recently published book, The Water Puzzle and the Hexagonal Key, Dr. Jhon clearly demonstrates that the NMR spin lattice relaxation time of the protons in healthy cells is different from that of unhealthy cells.
The scientific consensus of those scientists familiar with cellular water structure and NMR is that the water environment surrounding unhealthy cells is less structured and thus able to move more freely than the water environment around healthy cells.
According to Dr. Jhon's(and other researchers), hexagonal water forms a protective layer immediately around healthy proteins. This same type of protection does not exist around unhealthy proteins in the body. In the above book, Dr. Jhon also indicates that pentagonal(5 sided) water clusters is associated with unhealthy proteins, the same type of water produced by reverse osmosis as shown HERE.
Dr. Jhon states,"...cells surrounded by less structured water are weaker and more prone to malfunction and genetic mutation."
Another way NMR is currently used is in the determination of molecular size. This is one of the few ways known to verify a small water cluster(size). NMR relaxation time reflects the speed of molecular rotation(how long it takes for a molecule to return to its original position after magnetic alignment).
Larger molecular structures(water clusters) take longer to realign themselves. NMR measures this as a linewidth for a comparison of molecular size - the wider the linewidth, the larger the molecule.
According to data published in The Water Puzzle, normal tap water can have a linewidth anywhere from 100 to 150 Hz, indicating an unorganized state of the water and a cluster size of 12 to 13 water molecules per cluster. On the other hand, hexagonal water has a linewidth measuring between 60 and 70 Hz.
The table below illustrates various NMR linewidths for different types of water. Remember, the smaller the line width, the smaller the water cluster and the greater its chance of penetrating the cellular membrane and thus becoming part of the intra-cellular water.
A SPECIAL NOTE: A month never goes by without some Chemistry PhD calling and telling us that the process of using NMR to measure small dimensional materials such as water clusters is simply not possible. Some of these "experts" have gone so far as to express their lack of knowledge in this area throughout the internet.
The water clustering process is one of water physics, not chemistry - and the number of references to NMR physics runs into the hundreds when one uses Google and simple entries such as "NMR Physics". I actually had an individual who claimed to have a PhD in Chemistry tell me that the phenomena of water crystalization is one of chemistry rather than physics. I am certanily glad that individual was not teaching in college when my daughters attended.
There are many domestic and international certified laboratories which routinely conduct NMR testing of various water properties. Zhi Y. Wang, PhD, Director of Research at Cluster Solutions, Inc in Los Angeles and Director of Research, Cluster Biology Laboratory, NJ Institute of Technology operates such a laboratory here in the USA.
It is difficult for those who do not have complete familiarity with NMR to accept the fact that there are phenomena far beyond bones, tissue, ligaments and arteries that NMRI can help us understand. Perhaps some day these retired Chemistry professors will get the memo.
Comparison of Various Water Types by NMR
NMR Half Linewidth
Dissolved Oxygen ~130% of original water level
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Evian Spring Water
Spring Water - Korea
In the table above, it is important to understand that the "lifetime" or "stability" of the clustered water samples can be as short as a couple of days, minutes or weeks. With the exception of the VIVO™ water which has demonstrated cluster stability in some sample for up to nine years, the remainder have stable cluster formations for only a few days at most after removal from their original source, or in the case of the Vitalizer Plus™ water, some 20 days when kept in a refrigerated environment.
The supposed "healing water" at Lourdes in France loses its structural stabiity once it leaves the confines of the grotto from which it is drawn. Individuals purchasing such water basically hold tap water in their hand when they take it from their suitcase after visiting that famous site. | <urn:uuid:840c032d-4d74-46d0-98b0-5336267657bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.aquatechnology.net/hexagonalwater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116878.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00103-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939147 | 1,363 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The LORD calls Noah to go into the ark, with his family and with 7 pairs (so 14 total) of every clean animal and a pair of every unclean animal. Having this many of the clean animals would ensure their survival, and would allow for Noah and his family to eat them later as food and use them for sacrifices.
The heavens above and the fountains below opened up, and it rained for the first time in the earths history for 40 days and 40 nights. The waters then prevailed for 150 days, and then for another 150 days the waters abated. This means that Noah and the inhabitants of the ark spent a total of 370 days in the ark.
Chapter 8, verse 1 contrasts the prevailing waters stating “but God remembered Noah…” During the wrath of God, God remembered Noah and that he was the only righteous man on earth. God delivered Noah and his family, and the ark, through the flood and through His wrath.
When they finally exited the ark they left in “families.” With having spent over a year in the ark, it is likely that the animals had already begun to reproduce.
Noah makes a sacrifice from some of every clean animal and bird as a burnt offering to the LORD. The LORD smelled this BBQ, and as most do when they smell a BBQ he was pleased by the aroma. The word pleasing here though is more than just the pleasing aroma we are used to, it conveys the idea of rest and tranquility (and is related to Noah’s name and his fathers prophecy about Noah).
Although man is still evil, and was not changed by the flood God promises to never curse the ground again because of man.
The illustration of salvation through one righteous man, and the importance of sacrifice that pleases and abates God’s wrath is well told though in this historical story.
When you are in a flood, a storm, know that God has not forgotten you. Like He remember Noah, He remembers you. He knows that the intentions of your heart is evil. And yet He sent His Son to deliver you anyways. He has redeemed you from the flood of death and sin.
Noah is the picture of that. And if God was pleased by the sacrifice of the clean animals, how much more so is God’s wrath soothed by the sacrifice of His own Son? Your debt is paid.
But, like Noah, don’t forget to thank God when He brings you through the storm. Don’t forget to worship Him. | <urn:uuid:01fd6ecd-06a0-4788-b6d7-a8124849db47> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://shallspeaktonations.com/2017/06/26/genesis-7-8-god-remembers-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799741.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126104721-20210126134721-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.973808 | 533 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Please, stop fooling yourself. Buying water in plastic bottles is something that should not be part of your life. Get a reusable bottle and a Brita pitcher (if you don’t trust your tap water). The plastic not only lasts forever, but reusing it can cause you harm.
This is why you should never refill your plastic water bottle
Most of us don’t think twice about refilling our plastic water bottles. After all, it’s all in the name of personal hydration and it’s eco-friendly! And there’s absolutely nothing harmful about a simple bottle of water, right?
Wrong! That plastic water bottle could actually do your body more harm than good, experts say. Why? You can thank Bisphenol A (commonly known as BPA), a chemical used to manufacture plastics, for your water woes. This harmful chemical can leach into the water and quickly grow dangerous bacteria in the bottle’s cracks—that’s one of the reasons you should stay away from straws, too—and the health consequences are pretty serious.
We spoke to Kent Atherton, CEO of PuriBloc technology, about the risks of reusing plastics. “Sadly, many people buying plastic water bottles do so because they believe they are making a healthy choice when the opposite is more likely to be true,” said Atherton. “Even BPA free products are not safe since manufacturers are now substituting other estrogenic chemicals, not as widely known, which may pose the same danger to human health. ”
These estrogenic chemicals can have a negative effect on human beings’ hormonal balances, but the potential dangers of plastic water bottles don’t stop there. In a study of 259 plastic water bottles at the State University of New York at Fredonia, scientists found that 93% of the surveyed bottles had some form of microplastic contamination. Additionally, single-use plastic bottles are mostly made of polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, which is safe to use, but not reuse; these plastics can leach chemicals into your water if heated or scratched.
There’s also the bacterial factor to consider. “The thing about water bottles is that, like all beverage containers, they come into contact with our mouth and hands—which are home to a lot of germs,” says Professor Stephanie Liberatore in the academic journal The Science Teacher. “Their openings are small, which makes them difficult to clean. This, combined with their moist environment, can make water bottles a bacterial breeding ground.”
To hydrate without harm, smart drinkers should avoid re-using disposable bottles. Instead, you should recycle them after drinking up once; or, better yet, invest in a BPA-free plastic bottle or one made from glass or stainless steel. Not only will doing so benefit your health, but you can help the environment, too. If you need another reason to pass on the plastic, here’s the scary reason why water bottles have an expiration date.
[You can see examples by clicking thru on the link above. I personally recommend S’well bottles. The bottles with their triple layers are fantastic at keeping liquids hot or cold and the company has been consistent in distributing free bottles and contributing to charity.] | <urn:uuid:643bdb63-4ca9-4e8d-a803-2be2fbc7a54e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://abycats.online/2019/07/31/buying-water-in-plastic-bottles-doesnt-become-environmentally-good-if-you-refill-them/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573561.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919163337-20190919185337-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.941668 | 691 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A one group pretest-posttest design was used to investigate effects of an extracurricular science intervention on female and male junior high school students' science performance, self-worth, social skills, and sexist attitudes. Twenty-eight 8th grade Taiwanese students (16 boys, 12 girls) from single parent families participated in this study. Student responses to a questionnaire measuring their self-worth, social skills, and sexist attitudes, and interviews and classroom observations used for triangulation and consolidation of qualitative findings revealed that girls improved significantly on several indices of science performance, and that both boys and girls decreased their sexist attitudes. Girls had significantly less sexist attitudes than boys at both pretest and posttest. Implications for practice and research are provided.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
Acknowledgement This research was sponsored by the Taiwan National Science Council, NSC 93-2511-S-165-001 and NSC 94-2511-S-165-001, with many thanks for its supports.
- Extracurricular science intervention
- Science performance
- Sexist attitudes
- Single-parent family
- Social skills | <urn:uuid:0a27029f-5a0d-44a6-83b8-2d49cdb6d1a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/effects-of-an-extracurricular-science-intervention-on-science-per | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.938515 | 243 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Project Lead(s): Jack Njiru
Malaria is still a major global health problem, with about 198 million cases in 2013 and an estimated 585,000 deaths, mostly among African children.
Artemisinin, extracted from the plant Artemisia annua, in combination with other drugs known as Artemisinin Combination Treatments (ACTs), is now the front-line treatment for malaria.
A stable, reliable supply of artemisinin at an affordable cost is a critical requirement for malaria treatment.
In the process of producing natural artemisinin, every ton of Artemisia leaves extracted yields 7 to 8 kilos of artemisinin and 30 to 40 kilos of waste (primarily waxes), which also contains about 10% dihydroartemisic acid (DHAA and AA).
Although not yet carried out commercially, DHAA and AA can be isolated from the waste streams and converted to artemisinin, increasing the recovery of artemisinin by a further 2 to 3 kilos of artemisinin per ton of raw material processed.
The specific objectives of this project were to demonstrate the commercial viability of:
1. Recovering DHAA and AA from the existing artemisinin processing waste streams
2. Converting it to artemisinin by a novel photosynthetic process
3. Assessing the potential benefit of selecting strains of Artemisia annua that have above-average content levels of DHAA and AA, in addition to high levels of artemisinin.
The project team was able to quantify the amounts of DHAA and AA in the raw material, and in the factory waste streams.
They successfully recovered DHAA and AA from the waste streams at close to the expected level and developed a process to convert AA to DHAA.
Test runs to convert DHAA to artemisinin have been conducted and, despite delays, work is ongoing.
Field trials were done with different varieties of Artemisia annua on three sites and, while the results are not conclusive, they do suggest variability in the active ingredients between the different varieties.
The team has also identified a source of DHAA produced from bacterial fermentation, which could be converted to artemisinin, using the same conversion process and largely the same equipment.
This could potentially supply a far greater quantity than that generated from the waste streams.
The team has applied for Phase II Transition To Scale funding to continue the project. | <urn:uuid:f3deaa49-9dd7-478e-b20a-0c9e5cee8f2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.grandchallenges.ca/grantee-stars/0417-01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158001.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922005340-20180922025740-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.932588 | 506 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Foot osteoarthritis affects one in six over 50s
A painful form of arthritis in the foot affects one in six people over 50 - more than previously thought, research suggests.
Experts at Keele University’s Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre studied more than 5,000 people with painful foot osteoarthritis.
The condition is caused by inflammation in and around the joints, damage to cartilage and swelling. People can suffer a range of symptoms including pain, stiffness and difficulty moving and often have osteoarthritis in other joints, such as hips or knees.
The study found that foot osteoarthritis affects more women than men, while those who have spent a lot of time in manual work are more likely to develop it.
Three-quarters of people with the condition reported having difficulty with simple day-to-day activities such as walking, standing, housework and shopping.
Dr Edward Roddy, clinical senior lecturer in rheumatology at Keele University, said the research had focussed on “midfoot” joints, which previous studies have neglected to do.
He said a “substantial proportion of people” with painful foot osteoarthritis have the problem in this area, meaning there has been a previous underestimate in how common it is.
He added: “Foot osteoarthritis is a more common and disabling problem than we previously thought, making everyday tasks difficult and painful for people affected.
“While it’s been known for decades that joints in the foot can be affected by osteoarthritis, much of the previous research has focussed on the hip and knee areas, and research into the foot has concentrated almost entirely on the ‘bunion joint’ at the base of the big toe.
“However, by looking at the whole foot and the impact on people’s lives, it’s clear the problem is more widespread than we anticipated.
“Doctors and other healthcare professionals should also be aware of osteoarthritis as a common cause of foot pain in this age group.”
According to Arthritis Research UK, 7% of people aged 45 and over have sought treatment for osteoarthritis in the foot or ankle, including 9% of those aged 75 and over.
Professor Anthony Redmond, spokesman for the charity, said: “This is a very important study. We know that foot problems become more much common as we get older but the medical and healthcare community have been guilty in the past of dismissing this as just an inevitable part of ageing.
“The new study tells us that these problems in the midfoot involve some of the same processes that affect arthritic hips and knees: conditions that are taken much more seriously.
“We have long known about some forms of osteoarthritis in the feet such as bunions, which are a common type of osteoarthritic damage affecting the big toe joints and are taken much more seriously, with both non-surgical and surgical treatments widely employed.
“The study tells us that if we want to keep our over-50s active and healthy we should be similarly serious about ‘arch’ or midfoot pain.”
He called for wider use of X-rays to check for signs of the condition.
He added: “While osteoarthritis does not yet have a miracle cure, the associated pain and disability are not inevitable and people with foot pain should be given genuine treatment options - something can always be done.”
Are you able to Speak out Safely?
Sign our petition to put pressure on your trust to support an open and transparent NHS | <urn:uuid:ab8d4c93-2755-4c0b-abb8-3bddda76a6a6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.nursingtimes.net/foot-osteoarthritis-affects-one-in-six-over-50s/5066710.article?blocktitle=Most-popular&contentID=-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115864313.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161104-00069-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968669 | 757 | 2.6875 | 3 |
But the U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost. By increasing the number of U.S. dollars in circulation, or even by credibly threatening to do so, the U.S. government can also reduce the value of a dollar in terms of goods and services, which is equivalent to raising the prices in dollars of those goods and services. We conclude that, under a paper-money system, a determined government can always generate higher spending and hence positive inflation.Of course, Bernanke was talking about ways to fight against deflation, not ways to avert debt ceiling catastrophe. But right now we're in a time with dangerously low inflation leading to ridiculously high unemployment. There's no better time to print some money.
Saturday, July 9, 2011
Printing Press Beats Debt Ceiling
Suppose that debt ceiling Armageddon comes to pass. The government is barred from issuing debt and what it's legally required to spend exceeds what it's legally allowed to produce. But since it's the federal government, there's still a way to get money. Ben Bernanke in 2002: | <urn:uuid:8754646f-6c0a-43d0-a960-aa1ed5fff2b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.donkeylicious.com/2011/07/printing-press-beats-debt-ceiling.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00390-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965609 | 250 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In this tutorial you will learn how check which version of Ubuntu you are currently running. The easiest way is to use Unity which is the default desktop environment of Ubuntu. Go to System Settings > Details > Overview, to get the system version.
To get additional information about your system, simply open a terminal and run one of the below commands:
lsb_release -r - Display the exact version of Ubuntu.
lsb_release -a - Display all info regarding to the current version of Ubuntu.
uname -r - Get the exact version of the kernel.
uname -a - Display all info regarding to the kernel version. | <urn:uuid:c4ad9446-4d54-4a10-b3a3-ec238954355d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://ccm.net/faq/42386-how-to-check-which-version-of-ubuntu-you-are-running | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00601-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.808042 | 132 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The increasing numbers of children and young people experiencing mental illness must be tackled by better training for teachers, says the Royal College of Psychiatrists.
The call comes at the start of the academic year and coincides with the publication of new online training resources produced by MindEd, a group of leading health organisations commissioned by Health Education England e-Learning for Healthcare.
The free e-learning resources, which include real-life video scenarios, will ensure teachers are able to support self-harming pupils, those contemplating taking their own life and those directly affected by suicide.
Bernadka Dubicka, chair of the child and adolescent faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “MindEd’s resources are the best introduction to the vital training teachers need and comes at a time when children’s mental health services are over-stretched.”
NHS Digital’s recent survey[i] of children and young people’s mental health found one in eight 5 to 19 years olds had at least one mental disorder.
Referrals to child mental health units from UK primary schools have risen by nearly 50% in three years[ii] while hospital admissions for self-harming 9 to 17-year olds have risen by 46% in the last five years[iii].
The online modules cover four areas: understanding suicidal ideation and self-harm; identification and what to do; safety planning skills; and post-suicide bereavement.
Tony Draper, CEO of Lakes Academies Trust, said: “I’ve seen a dramatic increase in the number of children in my schools suffering with mental illness.
“Teachers across the country are currently ill-equipped to deal with the mental health crisis in their classrooms and support the vast numbers of mentally ill children. I urge them to make use of these excellent resources.”
Each module is interactive and depicts a real-life situation – including the story of a pupil whose father took his own life - allowing the user to have confidence when approaching similar situations in their classroom.
As well as teachers, the modules will help parents, care workers and all professionals who work with children and young people.
Dr Raphael Kelvin, National Clinical Lead to MindEd Consortium and Consultant in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, said: “MindEd’s new resources will give people the skills and guidance they need to engage with young people who are facing issues around suicide and self-harm.
“Teachers - and others working with children and young people – will have the confidence to engage in difficult conversations with children affected by suicide and self-harm, which will help make those conversations a little easier.”
To access the resources visit: https://www.minded.org.uk/ | <urn:uuid:2d18ef31-ce17-41c0-9eaa-5735b909f0b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/news-and-features/latest-news/detail/2019/09/05/better-teacher-training-needed-to-tackle-the-increasing-numbers-of-children-with-mental-illness-say-rcpsych | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703581888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125123120-20210125153120-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.947068 | 568 | 2.875 | 3 |
Orbital Floor or Blowout Fractures
Some of the bones surrounding the eye (in the eye socket or orbit) are extremely thin and delicate. These bones are therefore easily fractured when the orbital area is traumatized. This kind of trauma to the orbital area is common in motor vehicle accidents as well as in assaults. A sudden increase in the pressure in the eye socket or orbit may in itself cause these delicate bones to fracture into the surrounding sinus cavities, either below or on the nasal side of the eyes. Buckling of the stronger bones around the eye such as the maxilla or cheek bone may also contribute to fracture of the delicate orbital bones. When an orbital floor or blowout fracture occurs, soft tissue content of the orbit can become trapped in the fracture site on the floor of the eye socket resulting in restriction of the movement of the eye. This can result in double vision (called diplopia in medical language) especially when looking up. The movement of soft tissue (primarily fat) content of the orbit or eye socket through the fractured bone to the surrounding sinuses can also cause the eyeball to sink back (enophthalmos) or sink down (hypoglobus) in the eye socket. This change in eyeball position may become apparent very slowly as the swelling related to the injury resolves. This shifting of the eye position following trauma can take up to one year. The larger the fracture, the more likely it is that the eye will move out of position. Surgical repair of orbital floor “blowout fractures” often involves the use of implant material to cover the fracture site after the orbital tissues (primarily fat but also at times muscle) are returned to their natural position in the orbit. Dr. Popham most often repairs this kind of fracture through an incision on the inside of the eyelid, thus avoiding any sutures or scarring on the skin.
Both benign and malignant (or cancerous) tumors may occur in the eye socket or orbit. Such tumors may begin within the orbit while others begin in the sinuses or brain and extend into the eye socket. Occasionally, an orbital tumor may come from a cancer elsewhere in the body in a process called metastasis. The most common tumors of the eye socket in adults are composed of blood vessel elements and are benign. The most common tumors in the eye socket in children are also benign and may be composed of skin related structures or of blood vessels. Orbital tumors may cause restriction of the movement of the eye and thereby cause double vision or diplopia. Orbital tumors may also push the eyeball forward or out of position. Other symptoms may include pain, loss of vision, and swelling around the eye. If an orbital tumor is suspected, Dr. Popham may order a CAT scan or an imaging study called an MRI. Many orbital tumors require biopsy for diagnosis.
Thyroid Eye Disease or Grave’s Disease
This disease is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease, or a disease in which the patient’s own immune system attacks an otherwise normal body structure. This disease has been referred to as Grave’s disease, thyroid eye disease (TED), thyroid related orbitopathy (TRO), Grove’s orbitopathy (GO), etc. Thyroid eye disease affects females more than males at a ratio of about 8:1. Many patients with Grave’s disease have family members who have experienced the same. Grave’s disease classically refers to a disease state in which the patient’s immune system attacks receptors on the thyroid gland, causing the thyroid gland to over produce thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). This typically causes the patient to experience symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, weight loss, hair loss, overheating, tremors, and irritability. Physical findings may include goiter, or an enlarged thyroid gland in the neck area. Smoking cigarettes aggravates the eyelid and orbital effects of Grave’s disease. The eye and orbital effects of thyroid eye disease include proptosis (a forward displacement or bulging of the eye or eyes), double vision, and eyelid retraction (the upper eyelids may pull up and the lower eyelids may pull down). In a worst case scenario, thyroid eye disease may enlarge the eye movement muscles which may squeeze the optic nerve. If this compression of the optic nerve (compressive optic neuropathy), persists or is severe, it can restrict blood flow to the nerve or the eye and cause loss of vision. The inflammatory components of Grave’s disease are often treated initially with anti-inflammatory medications or other medications. Radiation is sometimes used to control the inflammatory effects of the disease. Surgery may be needed to correct the negative effects of Grave’s disease. Surgeries are most commonly performed after the disease has become quiescent. Such surgeries may include orbital decompression (opening thin bones and removing fat in the eye socket to take pressure off the eye and optic nerve), eye muscle (strabismus) surgery (surgical repositioning of the eye movement muscles done to decrease or correct double vision or diplopia), or eyelid retraction surgery (moving the upper eyelids down or moving the lower eyelids up). | <urn:uuid:42c0bb7b-bc33-408d-a7e8-42f38c9fb813> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://drpopham.com/oculoplastic-procedures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.912519 | 1,071 | 2.9375 | 3 |
It’s commonly held knowledge that eating disorders are a Western phenomenon. They came about because of beauty standards, small models, and photoshopping. They’re on the rise! Panic! It’s an epidemic!
Only this isn’t necessarily supported by a hard look at the data. One of the problems with assessing whether or not eating disorders exist in other cultures is that the diagnostics for the disorders were developed in the US and Western Europe, leading to a focus on the presentations that we tend to see in those places. As an example, one of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia is “Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though you’re underweight.” While this is the motivation for many people to refuse food, it is not true of everyone who displays many of the symptoms of anorexia, and may simply have different motivation.
There are a few different sources of data that contradict the idea that eating disorders are culturally bound or that they are caused by Western beauty ideals. We can look at history or we can look to minorities or other countries that may not have been wholly influenced by Western concepts.
Historically, we have strong evidence that people have been choosing to starve themselves for hundreds of years. The book Fasting Saints and Anorexic Girls traces the history of self starvation from the earliest records through to the first recognition of eating disorders as psychiatric conditions. While the book suggests that these are distinct phenomena because in the past few people have practiced self starvation due to a fear of fatness, behaviorally it shows many parallels.
One particular group of individuals that have similar behaviors to modern patients with eating disorders are religious fasters. These tended to be young women who had little control over their lives in many ways and who chose to abstain from food for extreme periods of time in order to be morally better by ignoring their bodies and focusing on their spirits.
The book includes some quotes from people who chose to restrict their food intake in times past, and concerns about morality, space, selfhood, and perfection come up again and again, just as they do in current conversations about eating disorders. Many of the experiences are couched in religious terms, but the underlying fears (“I am not good enough”, “there is something wrong with my body”, “I need to be better”, “I don’t want this life”) could just as easily be pulled from a study of eating disordered patients today.
Individuals throughout history have chosen to abstain from food, often falling into something like depression and priding themselves on their ability to go without for long periods of time. Their motivations have changed as their social milieu has changed, going from religious, to entertainment, to aesthetic. However many of the sentiments that these individuals express ring similar across time and space.
“It’s like I never knew what self-respect was all about until now. The thinner I get, the better I feel . . . I’m proud of my stoic, Spartan existence. It reminds me of the lives of the saints and martyrs I used to read about when I was a child . . . This has become the most important thing I’ve ever done.” This kind of quote could easily be from a religious faster or a modern individual with anorexia.
Over at Science of Eating Disorders, Tetyana posits “Religious and spiritual reasons are not the only factors that could be contributing to AN in non-Western countries (or Western countries before the ‘thin ideal’). Personally, it would seem to be, that anorexics in those times, would just attribute their desire for weight loss to those reasons much like today it is often attributes to a fear of being fat. But, both of those could just be post hoc rationalizations on the part of the sufferer, to make sense of their otherwise perplexing desire to restrict their intake and lose weight. That’s my feeling.”
I’ve written elsewhere about how restricting food made me feel powerful, godly. I often imagined that my body was not subject to the same requirements that others were. Only the weak needed food, but I decided my morality, my meaning, and my body for myself.
“Comparable to the ascetic practices in the history of Christianity are the fasting practices in the Chinese Daoist tradition (Eskildsen, 1998). These practices sought to transform the body as a means of gaining immortality… The history of Chinese thought thus suggests that, in certain traditions at least, the emaciated body has been highly valued and pursued in a manner highly reminiscent of Western observances.”
But in addition to historical examples, we can also look at current cases of eating disorders in non-Western countries. It’s a common trope that these are rare, and when they do appear they are evidence of growing Western influence in the country. The problem with that assumption is that many individuals who might be diagnosed with an eating disorder but lack fatphobia are not given the diagnosis. The unthinking assertion that the rise of eating disorders correlates to increased Western influence doesn’t look at the lived experiences of individuals in non-Western countries.
Again, from Science of Eating Disorders:
“For example, one study found that in British Asian girls, dietary restraint was correlated with traditional (rather than Western) values (Hill & Bhatti, 1995). This finding was supported in a study by Mumford and colleagues (1991) who essentially found the same correlation. On a Caribbean Island, with little Western media, Hoek et al (1998) found that the prevalence of AN was comparable to Western countries and a study by Apter et al (1994) showed that a group of village Muslim women (with minimal exposure to Western values) had eating pathology scores that were indistinguishable from patients with AN.”
Many of the patients quoted in this article don’t talk about a strong desire for thinness or weight loss, but point to their bodies as the site for other struggles in their lives, particularly around control and selfhood.
“… food restriction arose from a sense of powerlessness in the family context, it is possible that the patient experienced her emaciation as egosyntonic, with her low body weight consonant with the goal of not wanting “to ‘give in’ to her family, especially her mother, who forced her to eat even when she was not in a mood to.”
Again, these individuals exhibit many of the same behaviors as individuals diagnosed with eating disorders in the Western world, but don’t show the obsession with thinness or fatphobia that we assume is an essential part of an eating disorder.
An eating disorder is a coping mechanism that allows an individual to survive extremely difficult situations or feelings. Physically, it has effects that make it easier to live through strong emotions: it numbs out painful things, it leaves you sleepy and sedated, and it also provides a kind of high that makes you feel accomplished and safe. These are biological results. They are the same no matter where you are or when you’re living. And they are effective at helping someone survive a difficult situation no matter what kind of difficult situation that is: it could be not living up to religious expectations or not fitting into a beauty ideal.
And so I am continually dismayed at ridiculous articles like this that seem to think eating disorders are not only limited to the West, but also limited to young, naive, shallow teen girls who can’t figure out how to do basic things like feed themselves. Diagnosis, demographics, and etiology are complex and confusing. If you don’t know a little something about mental health, don’t write about it. | <urn:uuid:1b1ffc22-a102-45d5-a08a-37a3cc08cb6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://taikonenfea.wordpress.com/tag/fatphobia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863834.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620182802-20180620202802-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.968579 | 1,621 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A boar's head of this model from the collection of Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland is in the Peabody Essex Museum and illustrated by W.R. Sargent, The Copeland Collection, p. 202, where the author notes that the records of the Dutch East India Company document an order of 25 boar's head tureens in the 1763 season. In 1764 19 were shipped home to Holland but a further order was not fulfilled because "the supercargoes considered them too risky".
The animal tureen form was fashionable in Europe in the mid-18th century, when faience or soft-paste models were made at Strasbourg, Palissy, Chelsea, Hochst and other factories. A faience boar's head tureen made at Kiel in Denmark is illustrated by D.L. Fennimore and P.A. Halfpenny in The Campbell Collection of Soup Tureens at Winterthur, p. 173, as is a Chelsea example, p. 148, where the authors quote a Chelsea factory auction catalogue of March 18, 1755 listing "a very curious TUREEN in the form of a BOAR'S HEAD".
Whether Chinese porcelain or European pottery, boar's head tureens must have made an impressive effect on the dining table, especially when filled with hot soup or stew emitting clouds of steam through the snout | <urn:uuid:5e5c1dbf-981d-494b-b3e7-b6ac3fa95a09> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-boars-head-tureen-and-cover-qianlong-4855152-details.aspx?intObjectID=4855152 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.937931 | 291 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Massive Filament Sighted
Click on image for a larger version
17 July 2002Click on the image to view a massive filament which SOHO and the Big Bear Observatory recently captured. A filament is a mass of gas suspended over the Sun's photosphere by magnetic fields, In this case, the filament appears as a large dark line threaded almost 3/4 of the way across the solar disk. When we see a filament on the limb of the Sun, against the dark sky, we call it a prominence. | <urn:uuid:401f4f1a-2f2c-4248-a1ad-78cc994c8b14> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://solar-center.stanford.edu/news/filament.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00225-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923533 | 105 | 2.515625 | 3 |
‘It’s’ nearly here and we know as teachers how hard it is to get through the final weeks of the Autumn term. It’s cold, dark and wet, you are exhausted because of grotto duty at the Christmas Fair, you have been trying to get the glitter out of your hair for several days, sorting out yet again who gets the toy from the cracker during the Christmas lunch or going to yet another Christmas production practice! It leaves gaps in your day which you may not know how to fill, which is why we are offering you a range of stocking fillers to help you fill those moments!
Busy Things offers a range of fun, festive digital content that you can use to get that much-needed magical moment of peace within in your class. From designing your own digital Christmas card, decorating your own tree (perfect for fine motor control in the EYFS), writing a letter to Santa, exploring symmetry through making your own snowflakes, or building a digital snowman you can use the many fun, interactive tools.
Busy Things have just released an updated ‘Santa’s Sleigh Ride’; in this fun game the pupils help Santa to get as many presents delivered as possible! In the daytime, they collect as many presents as they can using the ‘giddy-up’ button to keep him in the air (on a desktop computer you can use the space bar too). They should make sure they avoid the red monsters or else it’s game over! At night time, they drop the presents down the chimneys by pressing the ‘throw present’ button (on a desktop computer they can use the space bar too). There are 3 other ways to play the game: ‘Words’ within this mode at night time you must select the present that matches the label on the chimney, ‘Mental Maths’ they must select the present that match the amount on the chimney and ‘Shapes and colours’ during night time you must select the present that matches the shape/colour on the chimney.
Also, newly added are more fun colouring sheets which you can use digitally via Busy Paint or simply print them out.
The j2e Tool Suite has a Christmas winter wonderland tab where you can access a bumper pack of festive treats. Why not try playing a game of digital noughts and crosses festively named ‘Shepherds and Wise Men”, play a word matching game or create your own digital nativity scene?
Did you know that all of these resources are made with the powerful j2e5 application? If you select the edit button on each activity you can see how the activity was made and then ask your students to edit the activity.
Many J2e tools have also had a Christmas makeover:
- J2data (Branch): a Christmas set of resources to sort – elves, reindeer, gingerbread men etc. – plus a Christmas background and the clothes category are all winter clothes.
- J2Pictogram: a set of high-quality Christmas clip art images to use.
- JIT: Both Write and Paint have had a festive makeover, with a Christmas background in Write and Paint having high-quality Christmas clip art images to use.
- J2code: Visual has a reindeer instead of the usual penguin sprite (also a new update enables you to search via safe search where you find more Christmas sprites with ease).
- J2e also offers analogue activities such as making yummy festive biscuits. Remember to go back every day to open the advent calendar to see the latest activity!
Your students don’t need to be visited by the Ghost of Christmas past to see what has happened at Christmas time in the past. Let them search The Guardian and The Observer Archives, they go all the way back to 1791 and offer a window into celebrations from years gone by; great for your students to research and compare modern traditions with those in the past. Look at my previous post on other ways to use this resource too.
Widgit has 3 ready-made activity packs you can download for Christmas, which can be found in the activities area of the Widgit resource.
- Christmas Cards: 3 ready to print and fold Christmas card designs. Provided in the pack is a full-colour card for each of 3 designs or to make it more personal, each design also has a ‘colour your own’ version. Each card features Widgit Symbols and pictures and a symbolised greeting message on the front.
- Christmas Pack: Worksheets and activities from the Symbols Inclusion Project, This pack contains a range of 21 activities based around the secular aspects of Christmas, suitable for children of different ages and abilities. The more difficult activities are numbered towards the end of the list. included in the pack is an interesting German folklore story about why we put tinsel on a Christmas tree.
- Nativity Pack: Worksheets and activities from the Symbols Inclusion Project, 12 Nativity and Christmas themed activities and stories: colouring, word search, letters to Santa.
- There are also ready-made packs for St Lucia (the Swedish Festival of Light) and Hanukkah. These resources are for whole-class work, small groups and independent workers. There are symbol–supported stories, text-only stories, information sheets, recipes, crosswords, word searches and much, much more.
Audio Network has over 60,000 professionally produced tracks that can be searched by keyword or mood. Why not search for ‘festive’, ‘jolly’ or ‘Christmas’? You can use the tracks in lessons, performances and for any videos you create in school – without breaking any copyright rules!
Here are my 5 top picks from the Christmas jukebox:
- Swingle Bells: who needs the Michael Buble Christmas album when you have this up-tempo Christmas classic? (Cocktail, swing, jazz with crooning male vocal).
- Swing Merry Gentlemen: Jazz trio arrangement of ‘God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen’.
- The Holly and the Ivy: Traditional English Christmas carol played by a brass band.
- Rockin’ Wizards: A very familiar-sounding glam rock tune.
- Warm And Toastie: Display an open fire video on the IWB, get out the marshmallows and put on this warm and cosy song.
We also have Espresso Faiths to look at how Christmas is celebrated. Why not compare this with how different communities celebrate festivals and ask your students to explore the common links that they can see in the religious celebrations?
If you love an advent calendar (I know I do; I have 6 in my house!) have a look at the wonderful work of one of our Digital Excellence Award Winners, Simon Pile, with this wonder ‘Doodle-a-day’ book (designed for anyone aged 4 to 94). This book contains 25 Keynote doodle challenges to put you in a festive mood. Day-by-day you can build your skills using Keynote and move from adding a simple drawing to creating a whole animated movie with sound and music. So, download the book today and get ready to doodle!
and dont forget its never to late to send a Christmas card, unlock creativity this festive season and design your electronic (and environmentally friendly) Christmas greetings using #adobespark. Start your design from scratch or use the ready-made template Christmas Card designs, available here.
Whilst we are sorry to say we can’t get round to everyone’s house to drop something in their stockings, we can give you to the gift of Pledge2020. We are giving schools a bandwidth boost, putting more security into our network and putting in fantastic equipment AT NO ADDITIONAL COST – to help enhance the use of hardware within your school all you have to do is push the “count me in” button #PoweredbyPledge2020.
Also, a quick reminder that we also have this blog post about using Christmas media within school.
However you fill the last weeks of this school year, we at LGfL want to give you a massive round of applause and thank you for all of your hard work and support this year. We hope you have a restful break and are ready for an exciting 2020! Merry Christmas and a very Happy New Year! | <urn:uuid:8823304b-d2b5-4686-a778-d2f63aceabd9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://curriculumblog.lgfl.net/tags/guardian-and-observer-archives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.927983 | 1,761 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Mars is closer to Earth than it has been for nearly seven years and with a 4-inch or larger telescope you may be able to get quite a view.
According to Sky & Telescope in the middle two weeks of April, Mars will shine with a brightness of magnitude -1.5, matching the luster of Sirius - typically the brightest star in the night sky.
+More on Network World: What is so infinitely cool about Mars?+
April 8th is the planet's opposition date: when it's opposite the Sun in the sky. It passes closest to Earth on April 14th (the difference is due to the elliptical shape of Mars's orbit). But it appears practically the same size and brightness all month, according to Sky & Telescope.
The Martian northern hemisphere is tipped toward Earth this season, so amateur astronomers are able to track the red planet's North Polar Cap. Backyard observers are already seeing the polar cap recede, exposing a ring of dark ground under its outer parts. Mars and Spica cross the sky together from dusk to dawn. For telescope users, Mars is highest in the sky due south around the middle of the night, according to Sky & Telescope. Mars is the yellow-orange color of a campfire, while Spica, less bright, shines icy blue-white.
Check out these other hot stories: | <urn:uuid:913964c2-c530-4a07-b19b-fd3dfbbdcb7f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.networkworld.com/article/2226671/security/mars-look-bigger-and-brighter-than-usual--it-should.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00170-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935063 | 275 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Having Fun Outdoorsby WFP Admin added on 9 December 2015, Comments Off on Having Fun Outdoors , posted in Blog
Gretchen Dunning, WFP Secretary
Ever hear “We can’t play outside today; it’s too cold you might get sick?” when you were growing up? It turns out this has been proven to be somewhat of a myth. , The cold weather may actually kill certain types of bacteria that can’t survive in cold weather. Children being exposed to dirt, animals, pests, and bacteria on a regular basis, the natural way (outside) are less likely to develop allergies and autoimmune disorders.
Movement, running, and throwing all happen naturally and safely outside. In the house you can move and play, although some days nothing is better than sprinting or throwing the ball as hard and as far as you can while indoors!
Your imagination, using nature to create your very own special playground, can be just what our kids need. A chance to get away from technology and use logs, rocks, water to make forts or raceways will stimulate children’s minds and bodies. Playing outside can increase your child’s ability to solve problems too. This is done by working together to come up with ideas in fort building or taking turns with ball, bikes etc.
Even when it’s chilly if you can see that sun outside you can promote your children’s growth and development of good old Vitamin D. Just 10 or 15 minutes out in the sun can improve your child’s mood, energy level, and overall health.
So bundle up and get outside for a bit each day, it’s worth it! | <urn:uuid:abe0839a-43ac-47bd-ad69-2c030c014c06> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.woodinvillefamilypreschool.org/having-fun-outdoors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400234232.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926040104-20200926070104-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.943872 | 352 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Sea turtles, or Chelonioidea, live almost everywhere in the world. They typically nest on tropical beaches but travel long distances to feed. As such, humans have a huge impact on there lives.
Every year thousands of sea turtles hatch on beaches across the world. Already, they are faced with an overwhelming amount of natural threats such as raccoons, birds, crabs and ants as well as many others once they make it to the sea.
But among the Sea turtles greatest threats are humans. In many places sea turtles are hunted as a delicacy. There shells can be used to make prized jewelry and other things. Every year hundreds of thousands of sea turtles are accidentally caught in fishing nets where they are injured or killed.
Humans impact sea turtles in a large manner of harmful ways and while we attempt to lessen our impact with sea turtle rehabilitation organizations, it might not be enough. Many species are already endangered and more are likely to become so in the future. | <urn:uuid:82f73f0c-4246-4657-90a4-04d1bdcb1f9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://spark.adobe.com/page/vQdzrglUrgHrA/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110485.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822065702-20170822085702-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.958103 | 198 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Foot of Wallenpaupack Falls, Hawley In 1890 John S. O'Connor erected this bluestone building for the purpose of manufacturing cut glass using Dorflinger blanks. The electricity used was generated from the Wallenpaupack Falls located directly behind the building. A 300-candle power dynamo was housed in the basement. The office, roughing and stockrooms were on the first floor; the second and third floors held the designing, smoothing and polishing departments. The factory was a well-orchestrated assembly-line operation. The "Brilliant Period" in glass cutting was between 1880 and 1905. and J.S. O'Connor designed many highly collectible patterns, such as Parisian, Florentine, and Princess. He also designed special cutting wheels for circular cuts, a vacuum device that prevented glasscutters from inhaling the ground glass, and a hardwood polisher. John S. O'Connor was born in Ireland in 1831 and came to America as a child. In his youth he was an apprentice in cut-glass factories in New York City. After serving in the Civil War, he was employed by Christian Dorflinger at White Mills. He received first prize for his cut-glass submission to the Paris Exposition. In 1900 J.S. O'Connor opened a second factory in Goshen, New York. He died at his Hawley home in 1916 at the age of 85. The Country Inn at the Old Mill Stream presently occupies this bluestone building.
From 1993 through 2008 the Honesdale National Bank published an annual wall calendar, each featured 13 historic sites. The sites were chosen and researched by a committee of the historical society and artwork was commissioned to Judy Hunt and William Amptman by the bank.
This page was one month of the calendar and was made possible through the Wayne County Commissioners and a Tourism Promotion Committee’s Tourism Grant. | <urn:uuid:bf7593e6-2c28-4fac-887d-a800c785b8a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.waynehistorypa.com/places/id/152 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303779.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122073422-20220122103422-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.977992 | 395 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Chemical peels are used to treat facial skin problems ranging from fine lines and wrinkles, dry patches and sun-damaged skin to deep folds, acne scars and pigmentation problems. Generally, chemicals applied to the face dissolve layers of skin to reveal newer, tighter and more youthful layers. They have the added advantage of helping control acne and helping the skin respond to exposure to wind, cold and other external factors after treatments.
This non-surgical technique generally takes place in a physician's office and requires no anesthesia. The time involved depends on the strengths of the peel and the size of the area being treated.
Chemical peels range in intensity depending on the choice of chemicals, concentration used and exposure time in each treatment.
Mild chemical peels use alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic, lactic or fruit acids and treat the surface layers of the skin. Patients may experience mild tingling or a stinging sensation when they are applied. These procedures generally take about 15 minutes. Patients can return to work immediately. Multiple treatments may be needed to acquire the desired effect.
Moderate chemical peels use trichloroacetic acid (TCA) go deeper than mild peels are preferred for dark-skinned people. These procedures generally take between 15 and 30 minutes. Some swelling and skin crusting is normal following moderate chemical peels. Over-the-counter products may be used to help alleviate facial discomfort for a day or two. Patients generally return to normal activity in about one week.
Harsh chemical peels are the deepest and are used to remove coarse wrinkles and scarring. In some cases, they are also used to remove pre-cancerous skin cells. After a careful skin cleansing, the chemical is applied. It is removed with water to neutralize the effect. Petroleum jelly is applied generously to keep the skin moist while crusting occurs. The physician may also apply a mask for the first day or two. Patients generally return to normal activity within 2 weeks.
The deeper the chemical peel, the more likely patients are to experience increasing degrees of discomfort from the procedure. The physician can prescribe pain medication if needed. With increasing intensity depending on the chemicals used, patients can expect some swelling and puffiness. It is important to keep the skin moist with the ointments recommended by the physician after the procedure. After moderate and harsh treatments, scabbing will occur, which is natural. Do not pick or pull the scabs as this may create permanent scarring. Allow the scab layer to form and fall off naturally in about one week.
All chemical peel patients may experience redness and pinkness of the skin for a few weeks following the procedure. This is normal and can be masked by cosmetic make-up. The full effect of the treatment for moderate and harsh chemical peels is generally not visible for a few months. Chemical peels tend to have a bleaching effect, which may not make them suitable to individuals with dark skin. Patients should avoid sun exposure during the recovery period and use sun blocks. | <urn:uuid:0895d323-3b8b-4b0c-a90e-003dca2135a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ofc-pla-4.com/chemical-peel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.928895 | 631 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Air washers are designed to improve air quality by scrubbing the air that moves through it and adjusting humidity levels to keep the environment consistent. Air washers are used as a part of climate and air quality systems.
Air washers are used for industrial air conditioning applications. These are also used for humidification applications and also for removal of certain types of dirt and odours. Air washers are also used for temperature control for some of the industrial applications. | <urn:uuid:e93a7503-a825-49a2-8a0b-dc999afa4b8d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://wintecheco.com/product-air-washer.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257845.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525004721-20190525030721-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.953445 | 92 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Andromeda galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to our own, so it gives us the closest look at what the Milky Way might look like from the outside. This false-color infrared image was taken by WISE, a space-based telescope--older stars are shown in blue, while dust lanes heated by active star formation are shown in red and yellow. Small satellite galaxies of Andromeda are also visible. Click image for larger view.
Nick Scoville — Spring 2013
Ay 1 is offered as a menu course. It is intended to provide a background to astrophysics and to discuss in detail a few of the big astronomical questions and hot/new discoveries. Ideas, methodology, and deductive processes will be emphasized. The goal of the course is a stimulating and interactive experience, emphasizing current and future discoveries rather than a complete survey of the field.
The website is up, but is still under development. Until classes begin, all information is subject to change.
See the 'Assigmnemts' tab for posted homeworks and necessary resources.
Site last updated March 27, 2013.
Problems with the website? Contact the webmaster. | <urn:uuid:39975e35-e691-4302-b143-8be668fa48d2> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.astro.caltech.edu/ay1/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00285-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92359 | 233 | 3.125 | 3 |
For years I've been intrigued by the idea of a "healthy relationship". What does that mean? What does that look like? What does that involve?
Learning how to have healthy relationships is not something that we are taught in high school. It's not a part of our curriculum in undergraduate degrees. However, in Naturopathic Medicine, we are taught the impact that relationships can have on one's health. We understand that healthy and unhealthy relationships play a role on one's well-being, on our emotional status, on how we view ourselves and our perspective of the world. We learn what we call the "determinants of health", where we take into consideration inborn determinants, past medical determinants, and lifestyle determinants which all add up to our current picture of health or illness. Relationships can play a role on all three areas of our determinants, for instance; our relationships with our parents can impact our understanding or acceptance of our inborn determinants such as hereditary traits; our relationships can impact and even create our past medical determinants such as childhood trauma, stressful living environment, or malnutrition; and they can impact or are impacted by our lifestyle such as where we live, what we eat, what we do for fun, who we work with, and more. Additionally, our essential determinants such as diet, exercise, sleep, hydration, etc can be greatly determined by our relationships if we are in need of assistance, particularly children, elderly, inpatients, and potentially those with a disability.
You may have heard of the 8 decade long Harvard study on 724 men (and eventually their wives) that followed them since teenagers, observing their health and the factors that have played a role. What have they found? No matter the lows or highs in life, the income level, how hard one worked, whether they acquired fame or no fame, or even cholesterol levels, what matters in a long and healthy life as significantly as alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking? Our relationships. They found that social connections can help us live longer, stay healthier and be happier, where as isolation and loneliness can lead to declined brain function, early mortality, and poor memory (I'll include the study director's TED talk at the end of this post.)
However, it's not just about having relationships, it's about the quality and depth of those relationships. For example, they found a correlation between those that were close with their siblings and those that had healthier life outcomes. They believe this is because our siblings and immediate family members are ones we've spent the most time with and therefore have the opportunity to build a deeper relationship with. They also found that even if there were highs and lows within a close relationship, as long as that person was one they could count on, they still had the health benefits of social connections.
Other interesting findings;
poor relationships increased likelihood of depression, stress, anxiety, high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, and weakened immune system
healthy relationships prolonged life expectancy, improved brain function and memory
It's also important to recognize the impact that our relationships have on other determinants of health; it's been shown that they can play a large role in determining the type of foods we eat, how much we eat, alcohol and drug use, activity level, mood and emotional stability, and even how we cope with life circumstances, which overtime these lifestyle factors can either make or break our health.
I believe that when we hear or read the word "relationship",we immediately think that means significant other, but the reality is we relate in many different ways to many different people throughout each and every day. We relate with our children, teachers, bosses, postal workers, drive-through employees, pets, baristas, lawyers, caregivers, doctors, ourselves, and so on. Even the smallest interaction can alter our mood or affect how our day, week, or life plays out. Your relationship with your real estate agent, for instance whether there is understanding, trust,and clear communication, could affect which homes you see and therefore which home you buy and live in. The relationship you have with your teacher could impact your learning in that class or even your future relationship to that subject and therefore the type of career you pursue. The positivity from the barista in the morning could affect how you manage the stress from traffic to work. As you can see, big and small relationships can impact our lives in many different ways, so relating is a skill that we must take time to understand and master.
Let's start by looking at 10 unhealthy tendencies provided by the One Love foundation so that you can begin to spot them in your relationships or even in your own behavior;
Intensity; this can feel overwhelming and suffocating,like a lack of space, impatience, fast pace of intimacy, or lack of respect. Often mistaken for as love or passion.
Isolation; be on alert when someone is pulling you away from your support system such as family members or friends, or when someone attempts to create doubt in your other relationships like your coworkers, parents, friends, as to make you more isolated from others.
Extreme Jealousy; this can look like possessiveness and mistrust, it feels threatening and angry.
Belittling; such as name calling, accusing you for overreacting, or you as the center of their. jokes.
Volatility; this can come with lows and highs in the relationship, often feels like a rollercoaster and can include threatening behavior, hurtful comments, and broken promises.
Manipulation; convincing you of something to get their own way, influencing your choices by gift giving, apologizing, or ignoring you.
Deflecting Responsibility; having excuses for unhealthy behavior, not taking ownership for wrong doings.
Guiliting; putting blame on you for their happiness, choices, or life circumstances. Threatening behavior so that you stay with them.
Sabotage; spreading rumors to ruin your credibility or integrity, making you skip work or miss an important event
Betrayal; such as cheating, lying, deceiving, or acting differently around others.
At the bottom of this post I also included a video by the Executive Officer of One Love, Katie Hood, who goes into more detail about 5 of those unhealthy markers and gives examples between the differences of healthy and unhealthy relationships. Unfortunately, it is often easier to see the flaws of others than it is to see our own, so try to take note of unhealthy behaviors you may have while listening to the video in order to improve your own impact on your relationships, as they will in turn impact you and your wellbeing.
Being aware of these can help us become more conscious of when we are participating in unhealthy behavior and/or when we are experiencing it. It takes time to make changes to these behaviors but awareness is the first step. It may be beneficial to seek assistance in making these changes or dealing with these unhealthy relationships, please do not hesitate to seek help.
Now that we looked at the unhealthy, let's take a look at what a healthy relationship involves;
We can greatly improve our relationships by ensuring they include the above but also by;
Seeking to understand one another
Listening before speaking
Practicing gratitude for the good in a relationship
Savoring the good moments while they are happening
Encouraging one another to communicate without judgement
Now that you know how the quality of your relationships can impact your health, how to spot unhealthy relationships, and how to improve and create healthy ones, it's time to spread the word and do the work. Imagine a world where everyone was treated with kindness, compassion and understanding, isn't it fabulous? I agree! Let's do this, ya'll.
Kierstin DeWitt ND, RAc | <urn:uuid:cf24b649-c57f-492e-ba1e-515a0ede8fcb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.kierstindewitt.com/post/relationships-and-their-impact-on-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385389.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308174330-20210308204330-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.965815 | 1,584 | 2.609375 | 3 |
[An updated treatment of some of this material appears in Chapter 20 of the Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet (free) textbook.]
If you’re one of those humans who actually eats food, like I am, then a non-negligible part of your energy allocation goes into food production. As an approximate rule-of-thumb, each kilocalorie ingested by Americans consumes 10 kilocalories of fossil fuel energy to plant, fertilize, harvest, transport, and prepare. The energy investment can easily exceed a person’s household energy usage—as is the case for me. But much like household energy, we control what we stick in our mouths, and can make energy-conscious choices that result in substantial reductions of energy consumption. I now call myself a flexitarian, a term acknowledging that my body is a flex-fuel vehicle, but also that I need not be rigid about my food choices in order to still make a substantial impact on the energy front.
An earlier post on how many miles per gallon a human gets while walking or biking touched on the fact that fossil fuels undergird our food supply. As a result, walking to the grocery store effectively uses as much fossil fuel as would a typical sedan. The lesson is not to walk less, but to change that 10:1 ratio for the better by eating more smartly. Once upon a time, we put less than one kilocalorie of energy into food production per kilocalorie obtained (or else we and our draft animals would have starved to death). So the 10:1 ratio is not at all inescapable, and depends strongly on the foods we choose to eat. | <urn:uuid:416eb759-d112-4261-8d17-b8f28c40dfc0> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://dothemath.ucsd.edu/tag/metabolism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731234924-20210801024924-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.942866 | 343 | 2.625 | 3 |
The UV upturn has been a mystery ever since it was first found by the OAO-2 space telescope (Code & Welch 1979). According to the opacity effect more metal-rich populations show redder colours, and hence giant elliptical galaxies were not expected to contain any substantial number of hot stars to show a UV upturn. Yet, it was confirmed by subsequent space missions, ANS (de Boer 1982), IUE (Bertola et al. 1982) and HUT (Brown et al. 1997). Figure 1 shows an example spectrum of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4552 mosaicked from multi-band measurements.
Figure 1. The composite spectrum of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4552 shows a classic example of the UV upturn. The mosaic spectrum is originated from HUT (FUV), IUE (NUV), and ground-based telescope (optical). Excerpted from Yi, Demarque, & Oemler (1998).
Some of the observational findings based on the nearby bright elliptical galaxies are particularly noteworthy. The positive correlation between the UV-to-optical colour (i.e., the strength of the UV upturn) and the Mg2 line strength found by Burstein et al. (1988) through IUE observations has urged theorists to construct novel scenarios in which old ( a few Gyr) metal-rich ( Z) populations become UV bright (Greggio & Renzini 1990; Horch et al. 1992; Dorman et al. 1995). Also interesting was to find using HUT that, regardless of the UV strength, the UV spectral slopes at 1000-2000 Å in the six UV bright galaxies were similar suggesting a very small range of temperatures of the UV sources in these galaxies (Brown et al. 1997), which corresponds to Teff 20,000 ± 3,000 K. In fact, the characteristic temperature of the UV sources seems strangely somewhat lower in a stronger UV-upturn galaxy (Yi et al. 1998). | <urn:uuid:99951e27-5069-4ba2-bc6f-6e34b556b5ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept10/Yi/Yi2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530124450-20170530144450-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.911123 | 415 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The air that we are breathing is highly polluted. The ambient air quality as well as household air quality are well below the alarming level, triggering a spate of diseases the world over.
The State of Global Air 2018 — a special report on global exposure to air pollution and its disease burden — was recently released.
The report covers the entire planet and maps the air quality for countries. It does not just provide valid data for ambient air quality but also for the household air pollution, mainly from the burn of solid fuels for cooking, heating, etc.
It is an established fact that air pollution can affect people’s health. There is a spate of non-communicable diseases that have air pollution as one of the biggest contributors. Asthma, breathing problems, and even cardio-vascular diseases are linked to the quality of air we breathe in.
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project of the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) published a report saying that ambient air pollution has become one of the most important risk factors, contributing to deaths and disability in human beings.
The ambient air pollution (particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometres in diameter – PM2.5) now ranks as the 6th highest risk factor for early deaths in the world. Worldwide exposure to PM 2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease and respiratory infection.
The GBD initiative has also documented how millions of people around the world are exposed to air pollution in their homes arising from the use of solid fuels (such as coal, wood and dung) for cooking and heating.
The household exposure to air pollution has a substantial impact on people’s lives. Household pollution is now ranked as the 8th highest risk factor for early deaths, with 2.6 million deaths attributable to it in 2016. The combined ambient air pollution and household air pollution have contributed to deaths of people in such large numbers worldwide.
However, the developing and poor countries face greater challenges.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has set the air quality guidelines for annual average PM2.5 concentration — 10 μg/m3 based on evidence of health effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5. But the WHO acknowledged that it could not rule out health effects below that level either. However, this is considered to be an ambitious goal and hence, an interim target of lower concentrations has been set for different regions of the world.
The WHO suggested three interim targets set at progressively lower concentrations — 35 μg/m3, 25 μg/m3, and 15 μg/m3.
Based on the data available, however, 95% of the world’s population exceeds the WHO pollution guidelines for PM2.5. Nearly 58% of the population lived in areas that have more PM2.5 concentration than even the interim target.
The highest concentration of above 204 μg/m3 population-weighted annual average PM2.5 is in North Africa and Egypt, owing to wind-blown mineral dust. The next highest appears in South Asia, where combustion emissions from multiple sources like sold fuel use, coal fire power plants, agricultural and other open burning and industrial and transportation related sources are the main contributors. In Bangladesh, the annual average of PM2.5 is 78 μg/m3, in India and Pakistan it is 76 μg/m3, and in China it is 56 μg/m3.
The lowest, which is less than 8 μg/m3, is in Australia, Brunei, Canada and Estonia.
During the past six years, the air quality has further deteriorated on the planet. The PM2.5 concentrations have increased by 18%.
The trends of this increase are also quite interesting in the 10 most populated countries in the world. India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and China have all experienced both high concentrations of population and increasing trends in PM2.5 exposure, but there are noteworthy distinctions. China experienced substantial increases in population-weighted exposures before 2010 — reflecting in part the dramatic scale of economic development in recent decades — but the exposures since then have stabilized and even begun to decline, according to the GBD report. This is a substantial departure from the other South Asian countries that still have high concentration and pollution levels.
Pakistan, Bangladesh and India have experienced the steepest rise in air pollution levels since 2010, and now present the highest sustained PM2.5 concentrations among the countries.
The estimated combined toll from all forms of air pollution (PM2.5, ozone, and household) is substantial. On a global basis, total air pollution was responsible for 6.1 million deaths (11.2% of the global total). Of the number of global deaths in specific disease categories, 22.6% of ischemic heart disease deaths, 21.4% of stroke deaths, 23.5% of lung cancer deaths, 45.1% of deaths from acute LRIs, and 44.7% of COPD deaths were attributed to air pollution in 2016.
How is the Indian government responding?
The data from the GBD is startling. Among the most vulnerable regions in the world is South Asia, India tops with the largest number of polluted cities in the first 20 list. Given the situation, intervention on ambient and household air quality has to be of utmost priority. However, the approach of the Indian government has been to deal only with ambient air quality in the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). To improve the household air is still a distant dream.
The NCAP has a goal of achieving ambient air quality standards at all locations in the country in a stipulated time. Three objectives have been set: i) to augment and evolve a proficient ambient air quality monitoring network across the country, ii) to have effective dissemination of the data to the public and timely measures for prevention and mitigation of air pollution through public participation, iii) to have a feasible management plan for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
The approach to achieve these objectives is collaborative, multi-scale and cross-sectoral between ministries, state governments and local bodies. The big question is who will eventually own the plan to clean up air in their cities. There have been historic lessons in India where disaster (mainly earthquakes, tsunami, floods, etc.) management plans have been made, but when it came to responding to the disasters, the first in line were hardly to be seen. There are even city disaster management plans but still the district disaster management authority supersede the cities. Thus, the entire structure remains in a state of limbo. Likewise, for the air pollution plan in the city, the responsibility as to who would be the effective implementor will be a serious concern. This is not being addressed in the plan. For example, a city decides that there should be focus on public transport and private transport should be regulated, dissuaded. In such a case, the call cannot be taken by the city government but by the transport department, which is under the control of some other hierarchy.
There is a rather normative approach while dealing with air pollution from the transport sector. The NCAP comments on an action plan to leapfrog from BS IV to BS VI emissions (under the Bharat Stage emission standards) to ensure that better standard vehicles with less pollution are targetted. But this is completely erroneous. Because even if the standards are improved and the volume of the vehicles jumps by three times, the pollution level will remain the same or perhaps worse. Hence, the approach must be to change the present system of transport and ensure that public transport is strengthened. This must be the key change for success that needs to be brought about.
The public transport with better buses (less polluting), metros, bicycles’ movement and pedestrianisation must be given an impetus. At the same time, the movement of individual car owners must be coerced to ensure that people are dissuaded from using their private cars. Unlike in Delhi, where during the high rise in pollution in the months from November to January, the metro fare was hiked, public transport including metros must be highly subsidised to ensure that the people travel in them. Lessons must be learnt from Germany, where the state is planning to make public transport in cities completely free to check their pollution levels.
There has to be an integrated approach while preparing the air quality plans for the states and the cities, and targets must be set that are achievable. But one thing is for sure that it is high time that the governments respond and ensure that the air is at least made safe to breathe. The poor, who face the biggest brunt of poor air quality, must not be forced to buy air purifiers like the water purifiers. The citizens must have a right to good quality ambient air. | <urn:uuid:1e7221f4-e068-4921-93d1-67b1effec2cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://newsclick.in/air-we-breathe-worse-ever-what-indian-government-doing-about-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867217.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525200131-20180525220131-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.95365 | 1,800 | 3.8125 | 4 |
tagline seems misleading:Leading Harvard physicist has a radical new theory for why humans exist
Where do we come from? There are many right answers to this question, and the one you get often depends on who you ask.
For example, an astrophysicist might say that the chemical components of our bodies were first forged in the nuclear fires of stars.
On the other hand, an evolutionary biologist might look at the similarities between our DNA and that of other primates' and conclude we evolved from apes.
Lisa Randall, a theoretical physicist at Harvard University, has a different, and novel answer, which she describes in her latest book, "Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs."
Randall has written other popular science books, including the New York Times bestseller "Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions." Her studies at Harvard explore theoretical particle physics and cosmology.
In her latest book, she posits that the extinction of the dinosaurs — necessary for the emergence of humans — is linked to dark matter. Dark matter is the mysterious, invisible matter that astronomers estimate makes up 85% of all matter in our universe.One species' extinction is another's head start
Paleontologists largely agree that about 66 million years ago a giant, 9-mile-long celestial body — likely a comet — struck Earth. The impact wiped out 75% of species across the planet, including most of the dinosaurs.
Among the survivors were small primates. Over the next 66 million years these primates diversified, grew larger, learned to walk on two legs, and developed large brains, which they eventually used to invent pizza delivery.
So what caused that giant space rock to collide with our planet in the first place and give primates a chance to thrive?
It could just be chance — or luck, depending on your perspective — but Randall would disagree with both of these ideas.
In her book, Randall describes a dark, pancake-shaped patty of densely packed dark matter within our galaxy that could be responsible for our emergence as a species.
Dark matter has never been directly detected. However, there is enough evidence for its immense gravitational influence on our universe that the vast majority of the scientific community agrees that dark matter is a form of mysterious matter that we can neither see or touch, but that nevertheless must permeate the cosmos.
Generally, dark matter tends to be concentrated in large halos around galaxies like giant bubbles. But Randall thinks that there could also be a so-called dark disc amid the stars, planets, and gas clouds in our galaxy.Beware the dark disc
If there is dark matter in Randall's hypothetical disc, then it stands to reason that the disc has a powerful gravitational influence on the objects around it — including our solar system.
But our solar system is not always near the disc, which is the crux of Randall's theory.
As the solar system revolves around the center of the Milky Way — the same way Earth revolves around the sun — it moves up and down, or oscillates, through the plane of our galaxy. And the rate of this oscillation is very intriguing.
Below is an illustration of our solar system's oscillation, where the orange dot in the lower left rectangle is our sun and the black line at the center is the dark disc:
A team of astronomers made a rough estimate of this oscillation rate near the turn of this century, calculating that our solar system passes through the plane of the Milky Way about once every 32 million years, which means if there's a dark disc, we pass through that at the same rate.
Interestingly, there's evidence to suggest that mass extinctions in Earth's past happened within this time frame, or about once every 25 to 35 million years.
It's this similarity between the mass-extinction rate and the rate of our solar system's oscillation through the galaxy that made Randall and her Harvard colleague Matthew Reece first suggest the link in a scientific paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters last year, and that Randall explores more in her book.
Randall hypothesizes that when we're passing through the dark disc, the gravity from the dark matter within influences the outer region of our solar system, called the Oort cloud.
The Oort cloud, illustrated below just right of center, sits between roughly 1,000 to 100,000 Astronomical Units (90 billion to 9 trillion miles) from the sun and is thought to contain billions of icy objects at least 12 miles wide. (I found another image, theirs was HUGE)
If something 12 miles wide hit Earth today, it would mean the end of life as we know it. And Randall thinks that's exactly what happened to the dinosaurs 66 million years ago that opened the door for widespread primate evolution.Prove it
While it's impossible to wind back the clock, proving the existence of the dark disc would greatly advance Randall's theory.
She's tried to do so by looking at the speed and direction of stars in our galaxy. If stars moved in ways that couldn't be explained by the amount of ordinary, visible matter around them, then it could suggest the presence of the dark disc.
But that's a very tall order. There are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, and hunting dark matter is notoriously tricky.
We have a dozen or so functioning detectors underground, on Earth's surface, and in space — and none of them has yet managed to sniff out a dark-matter particle. If they do, it would be a significant step toward supporting Randall's hypothesis.
In her concluding remarks, Randall writes:
"In some global sense, we are all descendants of Chicxulub [the town where the dinosaur-killing meteor impacted]. It's a part of our history that we should want to understand. If true, the additional wrinkle presented in this book would mean that not only was dark matter responsible for irrevocably changing our world, but also that some of it played a crucial role in allowing our existence. | <urn:uuid:c7f18747-aecc-4084-b688-afd60a2a9c4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://tallonzektimes.org/bb/index.php?action=profile;area=showposts;sa=topics;u=1905 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295103.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00247-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942315 | 1,230 | 3.765625 | 4 |
There are a number of different types of compressors found in an array of air conditioning systems from varying HVAC brands.
Certain manufactures will make use of dissimilar compressors depending on their own specifications, and each compressor will function uniquely mechanically.
That said, any air conditioner compressor utilized within an air conditioning system is designed to serve the same underlying purpose. A compressor is the heart and lungs of the operation within an AC system, and without a compressor functioning correctly, you'll be receiving nothing but a whole lot of unpleasant warm air.
So, let's uncover some functional facts about an air conditioner compressor, and precisely why they are regarded as such an essential component in every AC system.
How Does an AC Compressor Work?
A compressor's sole function within an air conditioning system is to circulate refrigerant throughout the refrigeration circuit.
The compressor does this by compressing the refrigerant into a high-pressure vapor to which discharges the compressor at roughly 400 psi (on 410A refrigerant).
This high-pressure vapor is forced into the condenser coil where through a heat transfer process, it then changes state from a high-pressure vapor to a (sub-cooled) liquid refrigerant form.
This liquid travels further through the refrigeration circuit before entering a refrigerant control device, which is typically either a Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TX valve). The TX valve regulates the refrigerant flow into the evaporator, and due to the reduction in pressure via the TX valve, the refrigeration again changes state into a low-pressure vapor.
This low-pressure vapor then returns into the compressor via the suction port and the process repeats. As you can imagine, there is an enormous amount of heat generated from the compressor throughout this procedure.
That's why an adequate amount of refrigerant in a vapor form returning to the compressor to reduce the internal operating temperature is paramount. An efficient AC system will showcase a healthy-looking sweat on the low-side suction port, as the temperature of the suction line will be at saturation, which would be around 32 degrees.
The refrigerant returning to the compressor at this temperature will allow the compressor to operate effectively without generating excessive heat under load.
Not only that, compressors can not pump liquid. In order for any AC system to function correctly without harming the compressor, refrigerant in a vapor form must only be returned to the compressor via the low-side suction port.
How to Know if Your AC Compressor is Bad?
Your AC compressor can fail for a multitude of reasons. But, for any compressor to fail, there is an underlying root cause that will result in either mechanical or electrical impairment.
One of the more obvious grounds for compressor failure is when an AC system is put under excessive load while the system is short of refrigerant.
If an AC system was operating slightly above the low limit preset value of the LP switch for an extended period of time, it would cause the compressor to generate intense heat potentially damaging the electrical windings.
Another cause of compressor malfunction is mechanical valve seizure. Typically, this fault can be identified quite easily. It becomes apparent when the compressor attempts to run, but merely hums loudly and trips the electrical overload or circuit breaker.
Generally, these are some main major faults that will indicate whether a compressor is actually dead while conducting troubleshooting:
- The compressor body is extremely hot and the compressor does not attempt to operate when a cooling call is present via the thermostat.
- The compressor protection overload or mains circuit breaker trips constantly and continues to trip after resetting either or protection device.
- If the compressor buzzes and or vibrates aloud without mechanically pumping while drawing excessive amperage on start-up.
- When testing the electrical windings of the compressor the sum of the start and common windings do not equal the run and common windings.
- While conducting an electrical continuity test your multimeter produces a sustained beeping sound when pronging between any winding and earth.
Either way, if it is an electrical or mechanical malfunction you're encountering with your AC compressor, you'll at the very least require a multimeter to successfully diagnose the suspected fault.
If that's something you don't have and aren't willing to purchase, it's best you call an expert to conduct further essential fault-finding.
How Much Does it Cost to Replace an AC Compressor?
This will largely depend on both the capacity of your AC system and the manufacture's brand name. As previously discussed, different manufacturers make use of various types of compressors.
But hypothetically speaking, let's say you had a ducted split system with a total cooling capacity of 58,000 BTU from Daikin. This AC system utilizes a Hermetically Sealed Swing-Type compressor which would cost around $350, and the replacement labor costs would equal roughly $900 including materials.
As you can see, $1,250 is not exactly chump change, and this is more of a conservative estimate. Depending on the original price tag of your entire AC system, replacing it outright could be the more feasible alternative considering its aging condition.
Is it Worth Replacing an AC compressor?
If you've consulted with a professional HVAC contractor about repairing your AC system that regrettably possesses a faulty compressor, it would be best to request both a quote to repair and or replace.
This is especially the case if the compressor is burnt out as there are additional costs associated with replacing a burnt-out compressor.
Ideally, if your home AC system is of a window and or split system variety (non-ducted) and has been diagnosed with having a faulty compressor, you should assuredly consider replacing it with a new system.
Swapping a window AC or split system out for an entirely new air conditioning unit requires a lot less labor. Plus, if the existing system is on the same refrigerant as the new replacement unit, it's a simple like-for-like install.
I'd recommend going this route when it comes to faulty compressors within air conditioning systems in the lower end of the capacity spectrum, as you will be receiving a completely new unit with a manufactures warranty. While solely replacing the compressor may seem cheaper on paper, you never know what other problematic issues might pop-up in the near future.
I've learned this lesson the hard way throughout my years in the HVAC industry. This occurred when I endeavored to save the customer a few bucks by replacing a faulty compressor instead of the air conditioner its self, and then a mere 9-months later, the condenser coil sprung a leak costing the client another $1000 plus in repairs.
Sure, these things happen. But, you can potentially eliminate dead money when dealing with home air conditioners that have passed their used by date once a major malfunction has occurred, by instead investing those repair costs into a new and improved air conditioner.
Although, if we're talking about a home ducted air conditioner with a faulty compressor, it might be best to bite the bullet and go with the repair works. That is unless if you're willing to butcher your pretty ceiling to access the indoor unit and replace it.
What is the Best Home AC Compressor?
If I was choosing a new air conditioning system and had the option to select a compressor for it, I'd go with an inverter scroll compressor.
Throughout my career in the HVAC industry, if I ever encountered a dead reciprocating compressor and had the option to replace it with a scroll compressor, I most certainly would.
Why's that? Because I knew once I had begrudgingly swapped the reciprocating compressor for a scroll, I'd never have to touch the damn thing again.
Scroll compressors have a far greater life expectancy than reciprocating compressors as they don't have the traditional valve and piston construction. Scroll compressors operate by which a moving scroll rotates on a base plate countering a fixed scroll that circulates the refrigerant through a chamber-like structure.
This mechanical scroll function creates massive internal compression as the movable scroll rotates increasing and decreasing the size of the chamber size when rotating against the fixed scroll.
One thing to note about inverter scroll compressors is that they are more expensive. That's why if you're on a budget, I'd probably just stick with a standard hermetically sealed compressor that utilizes inverter technology.
That said, the majority of manufactures today only develop AC units with inverter compressor technology, so you won't have to look too far.
There are two brands that come to mind that manufacture air conditioning systems using scroll compressors, and both of these brands do so superbly.
So hopefully this article covered everything you initially once queried about AC compressors. By now, you've likely come to the conclusion that a compressor is both a complex and crucial component that is vital in order for your AC system to operate.
Whether you were pondering replacing a questionable compressor for your home air conditioner or simply seeking advice to perhaps hire the right expert, this guide should be beneficial to you in assisting with the decision making process.
Just remember to never work live on electrical circuitry when conducting any fault-finding on HVAC equipment unless you're trained to do so. Also, I'd suggest consulting with your manufacture when troubleshooting your home AC if you hit a roadblock.
The vast majority of air conditioning manufactures are surprisingly accommodating, and in most cases have a technical support team that will be willing to help. So they should be your first phone call when attempting to identify a new fault. | <urn:uuid:79b4eaba-2ab2-49c9-a6f6-b9536dacb36c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://thetoolscout.com/air-conditioner-compressor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703644033.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125185643-20210125215643-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.929371 | 1,973 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How can I teach critical thinking?
Look under Critical Thinking Resources on our website. We provide a selection of resources for those engaged in teaching for and about thinking. You'll find discussions of what critical thinking is, lists of research about critical thinking, and practical strategies that have proven valuable for training excellence in reasoning and judgment that can be applied across disciplines and settings, in teaching and training people of all ages, in all nations around the world.
A critical thinking skills test engages you with questions that require you to apply your skills. Typically a critical thinking test will present some information or a scenario of some kind and then ask questions about it, but the questions will invite you to analyze or interpret the information presented, or to draw a reasonable conclusion based on that information. A critical thinking dispositions measure typically invites the person to agree or disagree with a series of statements. You can search and find sample skills test questions and sample disposition items on this website.
To build your critical thinking skills and positive habits of mind, work through a critical thinking text book. We highly recommend THINK Critically by Dr. Peter Facione, one of our test authors. You can purchase that book or one of the many other good critical thinking text books on the market from one of many other online book outlets such as Amazon.com.
To gain an overview of critical thinking and how the skills and habits of mind go together in problem solving and decision making, we suggest the essay “Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts,” which you can download from our website. Remember, a good critical thinking test is not going to be a test of factual knowledge about critical thinking. Memorizing information and definitions is not the key. A good critical thinking test will engage you in using your critical thinking because critical thinking is a process. Achieving greater success with critical thinking requires practice. Regularly exercising your critical thinking skills builds strength.
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Insight Assessment will not share your data with anyone. Click here to view our privacy statement. | <urn:uuid:4323b983-e830-49b7-ac40-8feda2ddff1e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.insightassessment.com/FAQ/FAQs-Quality-Improvement/How-can-I-teach-critical-thinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00580-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908762 | 414 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The technology scales very well, it can be augmented by sunlight or run without it. Bear in mind that plants only need 17 hours of light a day, it's actually beneficial to run with darkness, so you only need to ensure that much light and light exposure. Plants can also be cycled from the inner areas towards the outer edges to ensure they get more actual sunlight rather than just artificial.
Also, research indicates that the light from a dual red-blue LED is actually as good or better than sunlight. LED's are cheap, and very efficient in terms of power consumption.
It's been cost effective for quite some time. Check out the site, they've already done the math, the systems have been tested extensively. Combine that high level technology with the natural concepts and organization from www.growingpower.org and it only gets better.
However, I would also like to point out that something the size and scale of a modern skyscraper would likely be a centralized system. It would be best if there was a harmony between any centralized systems (big skyscraper full of 3D farming systems), and smaller decentralized systems (community owned and operated greenhouse full of such systems, an omega garden in every home, etc), to smooth out the supply and demand as well as resource usage.
Just a quick point I want to make. Treating any such systems as mutually exclusive ("We can only build X or Y") isn't as efficient as treating them as blended and integrated. Not that I'm seeing anyone do so, but I just thought it would be prudant to point out that no one is suggesting a singular approach to any such problem solving. Especially relevant considering that my suggestion of 3D farming with systems such as Omegagarden only really apply to mostly the leafy green veggies, herbs, and some fruits such as tomatoes and a select few crops. It may not necessarily apply to grains or corn. Hence why a singular approach will not fix everything. It can still fix quite a few things though. | <urn:uuid:b65ea5d7-d50a-4172-b573-2bc583a280f4> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.giantitp.com/forums/showsinglepost.php?p=14092122&postcount=470 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00170-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972687 | 407 | 2.625 | 3 |
This is a lesson that Frank Laubach needed to learn when working among the Muslims.
in 1955 in founded Laubach Literacy. Eventually this became ProLiteracy Worldwide. He thought that literacy and world peace were linked, and travelled extensively talking about the needed for people to be literate, promoting peace through literacy.
His conversations with God helped to formulate his approach to working among the Muslim people, gaining their trust and acceptance. His literacy approach was very popular in the Philippines and from there spread through several countries.
He wrote many books and pamphlets. One of his pamphlets encouraged people to spend one second of every minute focused on God, thereby encouraging people to always be in an attitude of prayer. He wanted people to always be focused on God. He detailed these in his Letters by a Modern Mystic.
"His work touched 103 countries, involved 313 languages, and taught 100 mission people to read. His fifty-six books promoted both literacy and the intense spirituality which marked his life. In 1984 a U.S. postage stamp in the Great Americans series was issued in his honor".
Missionary Hero stories (book) | <urn:uuid:1ce9cd5b-feba-416f-8f50-6bb0492a6bde> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://anetintimeschooling.weebly.com/a-net-in-time-blog/archives/09-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.983653 | 246 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Critical Care Nurse Career Overview
Topics Covered (Click Here)
Critical care nurses are a special breed of healthcare professionals who work with and care for critically ill patients in emergency rooms, intensive care units or in-home care settings. Their responsibilities and duties are very similar to that of the emergency room and staff nurses. They work with critically ill patients of all ages. They assist doctors and specialists in treating and monitoring critically ill patients and also provide basic care for these patients.
If the patients show any change in their condition, the critical care nurse reports to the primary care physician. Critical care nurses work in various medical settings but almost always with critically ill or dying patients. To work as a critical care nurse, an individual must earn a degree, obtain experience working as a registered nurse and obtain any necessary certifications.
What is a Critical Care Nurse?
Critical care nurses are registered nurses who, much like their title indicates, work with critically ill patients. They are some of the most in-demand nurses in the nursing field. They’re often referred to as ICU nurses because they spend a lot of their time working in the Intensive Care Unit of a hospital. They help provide care to patients that are critically ill or seriously injured. They may work in specific departments or units of a facility working only with certain patients such as critical care burn units.
In addition to treating critically ill patients, the critical care nurse also monitors the patient by taking the patient’s vital signs and monitoring the medical equipment. Since some patients are on their last days, critical care nurses are often required to take blood oxygen levels and vital signs several times per hour. The critical care nurse often acts in the capacity of critical patient management and patient advocacy.
Where Does a Critical Care Nurse Work?
Of the large number of critical care nursing working in the United States, approximately 230,000 work in intensive care units while more than 93,000 work in transitional units. More than 50% of the critical care nurses work in a hospital setting that provides care to critically ill patients, such as:
- Emergency departments
- Pediatric intensive care units
- Cardiac care units
- Progressive care units
- Intensive care units
- Cardiac catheter labs
- Recovery rooms
- Burn centers
Some critical care nurses choose to work as transport nurses and help to deliver critically ill patients to better-equipped medical facilities. Still others work at outpatient surgery centers, in home health care and for managed care organizations. The majority of critical care nurses still work in hospitals with critical and intensive care units.
Education Needed for this Career
Becoming a critical care nurse requires education, training and a nursing degree. Although an individual may be hired as a licensed practical nurse, most critical care nurses are required to be registered nurses. The most common scenario is where the individual earns an associate or bachelor’s degree in nursing and specializes in critical care nursing. After earning the degree, the student must pass the NCLEX-RN exam to become licensed as a registered nurse.
Some aspiring critical care nurses work in a traditional nursing position for a couple of years before applying for a critical care nursing position. Some nursing graduates seek work in a critical care nursing setting to begin obtaining necessary work experience immediately. This is also beneficial for those interested in earning the Critical Care Registered Nurse credential through the AACCN, which requires at least two years of experience.
Earning a degree and certification may be the only real education requirements for becoming a critical care nurse, but it’s not the only requirement. Working as a critical care nurse can be both emotionally and physically challenging. They’re caring for children and adults who are recovering or suffering from serious injuries and illnesses. Critical care nurses are often expected to assess a patient’s condition quickly and make decisions equally as quick. They must have good communication, analytical and interpersonal skills.
Good communication skills are also necessary because the critical care nurse is often the one who speaks with that patient’s family members regarding their condition. The critical care nurse must be knowledgeable of various health conditions so that they can effectively speak with the patient and/or the patient’s family members and explain it in terms they can understand. Being a highly qualified critical care nurse requires a lot more than just obtaining the education and training. Their work involves treating patients who are seriously ill, in severe pain and often dying. A critical care nurse must have specific traits like patience, understanding and compassion.
Because of the seriousness of the patient’s conditions and the intense care the critical care nurse must provide, they should be skillful in basic life support, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) and pediatric advanced life support (PALS). They should also be familiar with defibrillators, ultrasounds, bedside monitors and similar life-saving equipment. While the primary care physician or specialist is the doctor who provides the basic care to the patient, the critical care nurse provides daily care to the patient almost hourly.
Career and Salary Outlook
Qualified registered nurses are constantly in demand, and the same can be said for critical care nurses. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) predicts that registered nurses would see an employment growth of 15% between 2016 and 2026. Because there appears to be a shortage of critical care nurses, they’re expected to have an even better employment growth. Salaries for critical care nurses is headed in a positive direction.
The critical care nurse annual wages range from $39,951 to $92,989 with the average wage at $64,998, according to a September 2018 report by PayScale.com. The average hourly wage was at $32.10. Factors such as education, training, experience, employers and geographic location all play a part in determining wages. The factors that affect the wages the most are experience and location.
PayScale reports that a critical care nurse with less than five years of experience can experience a wage of about $56,000 while one with ten to 20 years of experience might earn about $79,000. Geographic location can also affect wages. Here are the five top-paying and lowest-paying states for registered nurses as reported by the BLS in 2017.
- California – $102.700
- Hawaii – $96,990
- District of Columbia – $90,110
- Massachusetts – $89,330
- Oregon – $88,770
- Puerto Rico – $34,630
- South Dakota – $57,010
- Mississippi – $57,700
- Alabama – $57,890
- Arkansas – $58,810
Getting Started as a Critical Care Nurse
Once you’ve earned your nursing degree and obtained a nursing license, you’re well on the way towards starting a career as a critical care nurse. Students pursuing their nursing degrees are required to complete clinical education as part of the program requirements. The clinical education is in the form of rotations in different departments. It’s beneficial for aspiring critical care nurses to spend as much time as
possible working in intensive care units or emergency rooms to get as much experience as possible.
If you’re in a good nursing program, the school may be able to help you get into the type of nursing environment you need to help your critical care nursing career. If you can find work in ICU departments even outside of the actual nursing program requirements, it can be even more beneficial. It’s not only a way to beef up a resume but will also provide you with more experience. Registered nurses are often required to have a couple of years of experience working in a critical care unit before they can be hired as critical care nurses.
If you choose to obtain AACCM certification as a critical care nurse, you’ll also need to have a few years’ experience under your belt before you can apply to take the certification exams. You’ll also want to gain experience working in an acute care setting and performing duties like administering medication, implementing care procedures, evaluating patients and taking vital signs.
Joining critical care nurse associations can help you to gain knowledge of the career, network with other professionals and remain current with new procedures and nursing regulations. Here are some associations worth joining.
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
- Society of Critical Care Medicine
- Journal of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
- American Association of Critical Care Nurses
- Journal of Trauma and Acute Care
- British Association of Critical Care Nurses | <urn:uuid:67020d4b-ad4f-456c-a3d3-81f57f6ffc8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://bsneducation.com/careers/critical-care-nurse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986685915.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018231153-20191019014653-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.953524 | 1,759 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This is how the birth of Jesus the Messiah came about. His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph her husband was faithful to the law, and yet did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, “Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet. The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, they will call him Immanuel (which means “God with us”) When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel of the Lo0rd had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. But he did not consummate their marriage until she gave birth to a son. And He gave him the name Jesus. Matthew 1:18-25) NIV
I wanted to take a moment to consider the faithfulness of Joseph. We hear a lot about Mary, and rightly so. She was, after all, the mother of Jesus, the only person constant in the life of Jesus from the cradle to the grave. But what do we know about Joseph? In all the New Testament he never utters a word. Yet, he’s one of the principle figures in the Christmas drama. And so, let’s take just a moment to give Joseph his due. Tradition has it that Joseph was a simple man of an honorable trade: A carpenter from Nazareth. Sometimes you see Sunday school pictures showing him in a wood shop making furniture. But “carpenter” in Joseph’s day referred to a wide range of trades. Joseph could have just as easily worked with metal or stone, as with wood. The regional capital, Sepphoris, was under construction during this time, and it was within walking distance of Nazareth. It’s possible that Joseph was one of the stone masons there.
In any case, craftsmen worked with strong shoulders and callused hands. They were educated by apprenticeship. Their place was respectable but not on one of the higher rungs of the social ladder. Remember the flap in the synagogue in Nazareth when Jesus preached his first sermon? The elders raised their eyebrows and asked, “Isn’t this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James, Joses, Judah, and Simon?” (Mark 6:3).Jesus’ father was neither a rabbi nor a scribe nor one of the civic leaders. He had but two qualifications to play a part in the Christmas drama – he was a descendent of David and, for whatever reason, he was God’s choice. In this regard, I like to think that Joseph is someone with whom we can all identify – a common man who dared to be obedient to God’s will for his life.
His place in the Christmas story, of course, is that of Mary’s husband. According to Matthew, Joseph and Mary were “betrothed,” but not yet married. William Barclay explains that there were three steps in a Jewish marriage: The engagement, which was often arranged by the parents through a matchmaker when the boy and girl were children; the betrothal, which was a formal ratification of the marriage-to-be, usually done a year before the couple was married; and the wedding itself, which lasted a whole week, at which time the marriage was consummated. During the betrothal, the couple was legally bound to each other so that, if the man died before the actual wedding took place, the woman was considered to be a widow. They were actually referred to as husband and wife, though they refrained from having sexual relations. And then, in one further act of faithfulness and obedience to God, Joseph publicly named the child. Matthew says simply, “he named him Jesus.” In so doing, he claimed the child as his own and gave him the benefit of a noble ancestry, making him a descendent of the house of David. Because of the faithfulness of Joseph, Jesus would have a father and Joseph would have a place in the drama of God’s salvation.
Grace and Peace to you My Friends | <urn:uuid:c2f43252-7bad-46e3-b55f-dab1ef6489fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://quietmomentswithgodblog.wordpress.com/2017/12/09/joseph-accepts-jesus-as-his-son/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540544696.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212153724-20191212181724-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.989141 | 950 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A global campaign to boycott what activists are calling “dirty gold” gained its 100th official follower three days before Valentine’s Day.
The pledge was launched in 2004 by the environmental group Earthworks, which has asked retail companies not to carry gold that was produced through environmentally and socially destructive mining practices. Eight of the ten largest jewelry retailers in the United States have now made the pledge, including Tiffany & Co., Target and Helzberg Diamonds. The No Dirty Gold campaign is anchored in its “golden rules,” a set of criteria encouraging the metal mining industry to respect human rights and the natural environment.
While the list of retailers aligned in their opposition to dirty gold continues to grow longer, most gold remains quite filthy. The majority of the world’s gold is extracted from open pit mines, where huge volumes of earth are scoured away and processed for trace elements. Earthworks estimates that, to produce enough raw gold to make a single ring, 20 tons of rock and soil are dislodged and discarded. Much of this waste carries with it mercury and cyanide, which are used to extract the gold from the rock. The resulting erosion clogs streams and rivers and can eventually taint marine ecosystems far downstream of the mine site. Exposing the deep earth to air and water also causes chemical reactions that produce sulfuric acid, which can leak into drainage systems. Air quality is also compromised by gold mining, which releases hundreds of tons of airborne elemental mercury every year.
Gold has traditionally been a gift of love, and, not surprisingly, jewelry sales spike around Valentine’s Day. According to a recent survey released by National Jeweler, about 20 percent of Americans who planned to give a Valentine’s Day gift this year said they would be buying jewelry—sales estimated to total about $4 billion. Thus, activists see Valentine’s Day as a prime opportunity to educate consumers and stifle the trade of dirty gold. Payal Sampat, Earthworks’ director of the No Dirty Gold campaign, wants consumers to understand the back story of the gold industry. This, she believes, would spur an improvement in mining practices.
"We believe gold and metal mining can be done much more responsibly," Sampat says. "It's feasible, but consumers need to think about the impacts they have when they buy jewelry."
But the demand for gold is tremendous now. Several months ago, gold’s value hit $1,800 an ounce. It has since dropped to roughly $1,300—though that’s still five times its price in the late 1990s. The money to be made at all levels of the industry, from laborers knee-deep in mud to executive officers reaping thousands of dollars a day, creates powerful incentive to find gold—even though doing so may now be harder than ever. Alan Septoff, communications manager for the No Dirty Gold campaign, says that easily accessible gold has become scarcer and scarcer through time. “What we have left in most mines is very low-quality ore, with a greater ratio of rock to gold,” Septoff said.
This, he explains, makes the energy required to mine that gold—and the waste and pollution produced in the process—proportionally greater and greater. In other words, dirty gold is only getting dirtier. What’s more, gold that cannot be traced back to some level of deforestation, air and watershed pollution, and human injury and death is virtually nonexistent, according to Septoff.
“There is no such thing as clean gold, unless it’s recycled or vintage,” he says.
But James Webster, the curator of mineral deposits at the American Museum of Natural History, says the story is not as dark and one-sided as some may spin it. A clean gold mining industry is indeed possible, he says. Moreover, the industry is not as destructive at it may seem. Some states have strict—and effective—regulations on the handling of mine waste and runoff, Webster says.
"Cyanide is not as nasty/scary as it may sound," he wrote in an email. "Its half-life is brief in the presence of sunlight."
Yet the Environmental Protection Agency has reported that 40 percent of watershed headwaters in the western United States have been contaminated by mining operations. Many of these are tiny sites, and there are, overall, roughly 500,000 defunct metal mines in 32 western states that the EPA has plans to clean up. Remediation of these sites may cost more than $35 billion.
One of the largest open pit mines is located near Salt Lake City—the Bingham Canyon Mine. The deepest mine in the world, it is about 4,000 vertical feet from its rim to the bottom. Bingham Canyon is known as a copper mine, but the site yields gold, too. More than 600 tons of gold have come out of the mine since its opening in 1906, and every year, $1.8 billion worth of metals are produced here.
Another infamous American mine is the Berkeley Pit, in Montana. This mine made the nearby town of Butte rich and prosperous for a time, but the site was eventually exhausted of riches—including copper and gold—and retired. In the decades since, water has seeped into the Berkeley Pit and filled the mine, and today it contains one of the most lethally polluted lakes in the world. The toxic, acidic water killed 342 snow geese that landed here in 1995. The water, many people fear, will eventually taint the region’s groundwater supply.
The Grasberg Mine, in Indonesia, is one of the largest gold mines in the world and is owned by American company Freeport McMoRan. The Grasberg Mine is also located smack in the middle of Lorentz National Park, creating such a huge scar on the Earth that can be seen from space. The mine dumps about 80 million tons of waste debris into the Ajkwa river system every year, according to Sampat at Earthworks. Another American company, Newmont, owns the Batu Hijau mine, also in Indonesia. This operation dumps its waste into the ocean near the island of Sumbawa.
While the EPA struggles to remediate and restore almost countless mine sites in the United States, and while activists work to stem the tide of demand on the gold industry, efforts are underway to develop more open pit mines. Among the most controversial is the Pebble Mine, proposed for Alaska’s Bristol Bay region. The project, critics say, could destroy or seriously damage unspoiled wilderness, wildlife habitat, indigenous cultures and the region’s sockeye salmon fishery. Of the Pebble Mine, Septoff at Earthworks said, “There could not be a clearer example of a short-term profit gained at a long-term loss.” | <urn:uuid:879d90a8-5147-4a7b-978a-78217c67dbaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/environmental-disaster-gold-industry-180949762/?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094957.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00225-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960665 | 1,418 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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What to do When Visiting Your Doctor
A visit to your doctor, no matter how minor the complaint, is always serious: it's your health. Make the most of the time your doctor has for you by preparing what you need to say ahead of time.
Most doctors have a busy and tight schedule, and allow anywhere from 8 to fifteen minutes for an office visit. To get the most out of this you need to maximize the exchange of information between you and your physician. Follow some basic suggestions for how to make the time productive for both of you: your health and your doctor's ability to help you will benefit.
• Make a list of your symptoms ahead of time, and take the list with you if you need to.
• Mention the most important symptom or problem first.
• It really helps to be as precise as possible when describing symptoms, so think about what to say and how to say it beforehand. This is very important because the symptoms of one condition often mimic others, so the more detail you have the better. You want to avoid a misdiagnosis.
• Tell your doctor when each symptom started, what they make you feel like, whether or not you still have them, and all details about them.
• Allow your doctor to ask questions while you're talking: this is part of the process of narrowing down the condition or illness, and is also part of normal conversation.
• When your doctor mentions possible diagnoses ask about other symptoms associated with them, because sometimes you forget minor symptoms that can help identify the problem.
• Don't be intimidated by your doctor, the office, or the questions asked. Every bit of information is useful to a physician in diagnosing your problem, so delicate matters like drug use, sex and alcohol consumption can (and should) come up.
• Tell the doctor all the medications you are currently taking or have recently taken, including over-the-counter drugs and remedies. This is very important when prescribing new drugs. Also make sure to mention any side-effects you've had with past medications or remedies.
• Tell the doctor about all the other things that influence health, like smoking, stress, personal problems, family health histories, previous accidents, and anything that might help with an overall assessment.
• Ask about generic forms of medication to keep costs down, but be aware that not all drugs come in a generic form, especially when they are new.
• Ask questions about the medications themselves, like when to take them, potential side-effects for you, possible interaction with other medications, or alternatives.
• Don't hesitate to decline a medicine if you think it is too expensive or you're afraid of a reaction: your health is about you.
• If you are facing a procedure or surgery, make sure to ask about the preparations before and about what to expect afterwards. Also ask about possible permanent side-effects and, if these bother you, alternatives.
• Ask if further testing will help with the diagnosis.
• Bring up questions about billing, insurance, or office procedures at the end of your visit. They are all important issues and part of your overall health care, but actual health issues should always come first.
• If you feel that your doctor hasn't understood something that really concerns you, tell him or her again. Speak directly and say that the matter concerns you, even if you have to admit that you know it is just out of fear.
• Be realistic about your doctor and about healthcare in general. Not every doctor is able to diagnose every problem, and not every problem can be solved the first time you try. Humans are complex organisms, and more is always being discovered.
• After your visit if you feel you did not get the answers you expected, of if the diagnosis was for a serious health condition, you may want to seek a second opinion. Your doctor may feel insulted, but it is YOUR health, and you have a right to get as much information and opinions as you feel warranted. | <urn:uuid:1b29223b-fe66-44e5-9794-53fda3431c27> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.health911.com/visiting-your-doctor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541876.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00042-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938004 | 901 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In India, there is no end to festivals, occasions and celebrations. There are several states in India and each has its own festivals. May be the names are different, but the meaning or heart of such festivals are more or less the same. One such type of a festival is Ugadi that is celebrated in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Basically, Ugadi is the south Indian festival of welcoming the New Year, which is celebrated as 'Poila Boisakh' in Bengal or 'Gudi Padwa' in Maharashtra.
According to the Hindu luni-solar calendar, Ugadi is celebrated on the first day of Chaitra Masam, as it symbolizes the beginning of the Kannada New Year. People wear new clothes, clean their house and hang 'torans' made of flowers and mango leaves.
During Ugadi, people used to clean their houses with cow dung. Today, the modernists may frown at this practice, but there are really certain advantages of using cow dung at home, not only during Ugadi but also during other occasions.
The use of cow dung on floors and walls is popular in rural areas. This practice is not only restricted to South India, but also in other parts. So, would you want to know the importance of using cow dung to clean the floors of your house? Then, continue reading.
It Is Auspicious:
Ugadi is the festival of a new beginning, when people want to purify themselves and start a new journey of life. Cow dung is regarded as an auspicious substance and is used in several rituals of Hinduism. That's why people used to clean their houses with cow dung on Ugadi.
Cow Is the Holy Creature
As per Hinduism, Cow is regarded as the holiest animal and it is considered as ‘Gow Mata'. That's why, cow dung and cow urine are regarded as holy and are used in various religious festivals like Ugadi to purify the surrounding.
Good For Health
Urban people may complain about the foul smell, but recent researches have shown that it has certain objects that can kill bacteria and is good for human health. So, there is nothing wrong in making your house bacteria free this Ugadi, right?
Acts As A Pesticide
Apart from religious reasons, here is another scientific one on
why you can use cow dung to clean the floors on Ugadi.
It has been noticed from many years that cow dung works as a protective shield against small insects like scorpions, caterpillars and other centipedes.
Good With Weather Change:
Ugadi is celebrated when the hot summer is commencing. Another significance of coating floors with cow dung is that it keeps your house cooler during summer and warmer at winter. Natural AC, we must say!
In the rural areas, mosquitoes are a real problem. And Ugadi is celebrated during the season change when insects, mosquitoes, etc., come out from their hiding. So, applying cow dung on the floors in Ugadi is not only a mere ritual, but it also keeps mosquitoes away.
So, these are the reasons on why cow dung is used to clean the floor in Ugadi. | <urn:uuid:4e96e11a-8110-48ba-b251-ce86dfad1a9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.boldsky.com/home-n-garden/improvement/2017/why-is-cow-dung-used-to-clean-floor-in-ugadi-112148.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608686.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526222659-20170527002659-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.965489 | 668 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Power of Silence
Music in your mind
Julie Jaffee Nagel, Ph.D.
Music is not a verbal language. Yet music can speak to us. The nonverbal notes that comprise the vocabulary of music convey multiple messages. The many functions of music enable us to feel both elevating and disquieting emotions simultaneously and can allow us to put feelings into words that may not have been verbalized previously. Interestingly, unlike words which are spoken one at the time, music allows us to feel many things at once. Music speaks to us and allows us to speak.
Music is comprised of a number of elements that contribute to its communicative power. Notes are its metaphorical alphabet and there are fewer of them in the scale than the 26 letters that make up the written alphabet. Also when talking about the specific qualities of music besides the notes that allow it to speak, we think of the formal elements rhythm, harmony, phrasing, dynamics, and melody.
Music can provide accompaniment as well as accompany and enhance important life events such as weddings, funerals, parties, and official ceremonies. It intensifies the mood in movies and is played as background noise, in varying decibels, in places such as restaurants, department or grocery stores, coffee shops, hotel lobbies, and elevators. Music is everywhere if we tune into it both inside and outside our minds.
Music can evoke a variety of moods. Think of a favorite song or composition. Don't focus on the words, but let the music resonate in your mind for a few minutes. The sounds you hear in your head can result in you feeling happy, sad, energetic, calm, agitated, and many other emotions. These emotions may be tied to other events in your life that the music evokes. Music can help you feel what you cannot articulate.
Music can also function as a beloved object, similar a child's teddy bear or beloved blankie, to provide comfort. Just think of a lullaby or a favorite love song. I have heard patients talk about music this way this over many years in my clinical practice. Out of sight is neither out of mind nor out of earshot.
But what about the spaces between the notes - the silences? For the infant as well as the adult, sound can be threatening or soothing, creating tension and/or relief. Mother's voice ideally becomes associated with gratification, tension reduction, and pleasure, while silence (and/or certain noises) may be threatening and anxiety producing, and may evoke, by extension, abandonment and aloneness.
Conversely, mother and father can be responsive to or ignore their child's earliest nonverbal gurgles, coos, and cries, thereby establishing a foundation for psychic attunement to intimacy and safety, on the one hand, or anxiety and danger, on the other. Following a long pause in her session, one of my patients recounted, " I get anxious when it is silent here . . . a song in my head eases anxiety."
Unlike silence, mother's or father's voice - and, by extension, fantasies about the analyst's voice - can be loud and frightening. Such was the case for this patient, who feared her father's explosive temper and his thunderous voice, highlighting the various meanings inherent in sounds as well as words.
A column by Maureen Dowd in the December 7, 2011 New York Times is titled "Silence is Golden". (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/opinion/dowd-silence-is-golden.html) . Dowd writes about a new film, "The Artist", a silent movie at the Cannes Film Festival. It is poignant to read that some teenagers thanked the screenwriter, Michel Hazanavicius for "letting me (them) hear the silence....it was touching to discover that these young people, always with their iPods, could like real silence" ( to read full article see New York Times, 12/7/11, p. A 31).
What are you listening to today?
Julie Jaffee Nagel, Ph.D. is a psychologist-psychoanalyst in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She is a graduate of The Juilliard School with a major in piano performance and a minor in stage fright. She is also a graduate of the University of Michigan and the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute. Nagel publishes and presents on the topics of performance anxiety and music and emotion. Visit her website at julienagel.net. | <urn:uuid:70cf20dd-b2ac-4800-a9a6-fd48e9bf9852> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/music-my-ears/201112/the-power-silence?quicktabs_5=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463165.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00130-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949626 | 939 | 3.609375 | 4 |
By: JA Bazler
286 pages, Tabs
A useful resource intended to provide a gateway to authoritative Web sites suitable for use in teaching and learning. The bulk of the volume is a bibliography of Web resources grouped by topic. Each record includes title, URL, grade level, a suggested search engine for hunting similar information, suggested keyword(s), and a detailed annotation. Among the 37 topic categories are "Animal Behavior," "Diffusion," "Heredity," and "Viruses."
?[A] worthwhile purchase for school and public libraries? I think the answer is yes; many children unfortunately do not have access to good libraries but may have Internet access at school or at home. Since it is no secret that students of all ages use the web for research, having a list for recommended sites can be comfort to their teachers, librarians, and parents even if the students themselves are ready to just google their topic. And somehow, a print book still has an air of authority that most Web sites lack.?-E-STREAMS
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WIGAN’S NHS trust has issued some useful hints and tips to help children stay healthy during the winter months.
Youngsters are particularly vulnerable to catching coughs, colds and other common illnesses as temperatures start to fall, but health experts are offering some simple measures to keep them healthy.
A balanced diet is key to boosting a child’s immunity, so make sure they are eating lots of fresh fruit and vegetable. Making sure children wash their hands regularly, and before they eat food, will help to reduce the spread of germs.
Youngsters with a long-term health condition should always have a flu vaccination, and for the first time this year healthy two and three year olds are also being offered a flu nasal spray. Youngsters are also encouraged to wrap up warm and if they have a dose of sickness and diarrhoea – like Norovirus – is to keep them at home, give them plenty of fluids and allow the virus to work its way through their system.
If symptoms persist, parents should take their child to see a doctor.
NHS England’s medical director for Greater Manchester, Dr Raj Patel, said: “Parents can always ask a pharmacist (find your nearest one by visiting www.nhs.uk), or their health visitor, for advice too.
“There is also medical help available 24 hours a day for non-emergencies by dialling 111. We would urge parents to consider all these options before taking their child to A&E.” | <urn:uuid:d4a48a06-9ca7-4225-a1f1-857cf5150d88> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wigantoday.net/news/local/advice-to-keep-winter-bugs-away-from-children-1-6304099 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654285/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00099-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974442 | 313 | 3.125 | 3 |
Louisiana's salt marshes, which had already been degrading at an alarming pace due to human activities, have suffered tremendous losses, in some cases leading to permanent marsh ecosystem loss due to BP's 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil disaster, according to a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The study found that "oil concentrated on the marsh edge enhanced the rate of decline of Louisiana salt marshes" and some areas had double the natural rate of erosion because of the effects of the oil.
“Louisiana is already losing about a football field worth of wetlands every hour, and that was before the spill,” said Brian Silliman, a University of Florida biologist and lead author of the study, referring to the "oilpocalypse" when 4,900,000 barrels of crude poured into the Gulf of Mexico.
“When grasses die from heavy oiling, their roots, that hold the marsh sediment together, also often die. By killing grasses on the marsh shoreline, the spill pushed erosion rates on the marsh edge to more than double what they were before. Because Louisiana was already experiencing significant erosive marsh loss due to the channelization of the Mississippi, this is a big example of how multiple human stressors can have additive effects," states Silliman.
The study's findings warn that further oil damage and human activity will bring about increased destruction of this important ecosystem.
* * *
Marshes are the life’s blood of coastal Louisiana because they act as critical nurseries for the shrimp, oysters and fish produced in these waters while helping to sequester significant amounts of carbon. They also protect coastlines from flooding and guard estuarine waters from nutrient pollution.
But the marshes have been suffering for decades as a result of the channelization of the Mississippi River, which has starved them from needed sediments to deter erosion.
Then came the oil spill.
Researchers observed minimal oil on the surfaces of grasses located more than 45 feet from the shoreline, indicating that significant amounts of oil did not move into interior marshes.
Instead, the researchers found that the tall grasses along the marsh edge acted as wall-like trap to incoming oil slicks, concentrating oil on the marsh edge. This concentration of oil on the shoreline protected interior marshes from oiling but worsened already extreme erosion on the shoreline. As oiled plants died, their roots that hold tight to the sediment perished as well. Already eroding sediment was now exposed to wave action without the effect of the gripping plant roots.
The result: elevated erosion rates for 1.5 years that averaged more than 10 feet of shoreline loss per year — double the natural rate for this area.
* * *
GRITtv: Unheard Voices From the Gulf Coast
About this episode One region supplies the nation with 30% of its oil and gas and 30% of its seafood. Yet, a football field?s worth of land is lost every 40 minutes in the southeast bayous due to pipeline canals made by big oil companies. The land is severed, raped, and disjointed from commercial interests capitalizing without consideration for its people, namely the United Houma Nation. Now add the BP oil spill into the equation. Suddenly prosperous Mother Nature is choked by exploitive enterprise.
* * *
Gulf Coast Restoration Network:
Throughout the Gulf States, and the entire United States, we have been losing wetlands at an alarming rate. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife service estimates that over half of the wetlands in the Gulf of Mexico were lost between 1780 and 1980. An estimated 396,800 acres of freshwater wetlands were lost between 1998 and 2004 in the Gulf of Mexico. For comparison, this rate of loss was 6 times higher than the rate of freshwater wetlands losses in the coastal watersheds of the U.S. Atlantic Coast. The estimated wetland losses for all wetland types in the Gulf of Mexico were almost 25 times higher than those estimates for the Atlantic (371,000 acres versus 15,000 acres lost).
This rampant wetland loss is due to many reasons, most of which are caused or exacerbated by human influence. Some of the causes of wetland loss include:
- Construction and Development
- Salt water intrusion
- Oil and Gas Canals
- Sea level rise
- Hurricanes and other storms
* * *
Wetlands are extremely valuable to society. Wetlands can decrease flooding , remove pollutants from water , recharge groundwater, protect shorelines, provide habitat for wildlife , and serve important recreational and cultural functions. Taken as a whole, it is estimated that the aggregate value of services generated by wetlands throughout the world is $4.9 trillion per year (Costanza et al. 1997).
If wetlands are lost, the cost of replacing them can be extremely expensive, if at all possible. Lost wetlands can result in a city having to invest more money in drinking water treatment or higher costs to citizens for flood insurance. | <urn:uuid:368d9b3d-9ada-48e4-bb32-8a4e4c94651f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.commondreams.org/news/2012/06/26/bp-gulf-oil-disaster-further-choked-long-attacked-wetlands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804073038-20200804103038-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.955414 | 1,020 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Previously, I wrote about Guler Ice Caves located in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Well, if you are in the area, why not kill two birds with one stone, take a walk into the past and visit Layser Cave ?
A dwelling for American Indians beginning about 7,000 years ago, the caves were abandoned about 3,500 years ago.
Traces of ancient campsites have been found in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Dating of these sites reveals that people have lived in this area for at least 6,500 years. Throughout human history, Mount St. Helens eruptions have had a dramatic effect on the lives of local inhabitants. Work by archaeologists has shown that a massive eruption 3,500 years ago buried native settlements with a thick layer of pumice. As a result, people abandoned the area for nearly 2,000 years.
A short walk takes you to the entrance of Layser Cave, one of the most significant archaeological sites in western Washington. Animal bones and stone tools found on the floor of the cave and buried in the soil layers enabled experts to piece together a history of more than 7,000 years. Today we can duck down into the dark cool cave and imagine what the people were like who shared this space thousands of years before us. Signs along the trail help explain how archaeologists pieced together the story of the cave’s use. The parking area will accommodate buses.
Driving directions: Take highway 131 south from Randle, WA to Cispus road (Forest Service road 2300) and then follow the signs to the cave. The cave entrance is a short walk from the parking area. The cave itself is 60 x 40 feet and is marked by several interpretive signs. | <urn:uuid:e1bb1f5f-9c2d-4ed0-bbe1-af71dc2bf099> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://blog.seattlepi.com/washingtonadventures/2010/07/02/washington-caves-laser-caves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00190-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959906 | 361 | 3.25 | 3 |
Cue the cursing, tomato throwing, and eventually, hiding under a blanket: Winter is far from over in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast.
The National Weather Service's (NWS) technical forecast discussion (i.e. a discussion meant for the agency's forecasters and weather nerds around the country) on Friday morning said it all: "NOR'EASTER BOMB INDICATED OFF THE MID-ATLANTIC COAST LATE TUESDAY NIGHT..." The translation: a major storm, packing multiple threats ranging from heavy, wind-driven snow to coastal flooding, is projected to develop off the Mid-Atlantic coast, and may affect locations from Delaware north to Boston.
In a follow-up forecast discussion issued just before noon on Friday, the NWS said the cold surge of air and rapid development of an intense storm may be a combination only seen in late March about once every 10 to 20 years.
The overall weather pattern features an unusually deep dive, or trough, in the northern branch of the jet stream, which is a current of upper-level winds that helps steer storm systems. In addition, there is a strong flow of moisture that is hitching a ride on the southern branch of the jet stream, flowing from west to east across the southern tier of the U.S. Computer models are in agreement that the two branches of the jet stream are going to come together, or "phase," adding an injection of energy to an atmospheric ripple that is currently way up over Alaska.
As that energy reaches the East Coast, it is likely to spawn a rapidly intensifying low pressure system, whose path is not yet certain. However, what is clear is that the storm will intensify rapidly, so quickly, in fact, that it will likely undergo "bombogenesis," which refers to a storm whose minimum atmospheric pressure reading drops by 24 millibars or more in 24 hours. This storm is projected to see a pressure drop of at least 30 millibars in just 12 to 18 hours, which provides a sense of how strong this storm could get. (In general, the lower the pressure, the stronger the storm.)
Although many people may think of March as the month when winter finally eases into spring, it can actually bring extreme winter storms, thanks to the increased temperature contrasts between spring warmth and Arctic air masses that can still be present. "SOME OF THE DEEPEST EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES IN MODERN RECORD-KEEPING HAVE AFFECTED THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH," the NWS said, using their ALL-CAPS style.
The benchmark for March storms is the Superstorm of 1993, which brought several feet of snow, along with hurricane force winds, from the Southeast to Canada.
Ominously, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) says that the large-scale weather pattern predicted to be in place during the last week in March will be similar to the one that gave rise to that storm. However, this event won't impact nearly as broad an area.
Early next week, an unusually cold air mass will park itself over the east coast, with temperatures averaging up to 25 degrees Fahrenheit below average from the Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic states and the Northeast. This will help ensure that any precipitation that does fall will be in mainly in the form of snow. It will also provide a necessary ingredient for the storm, which will feed off of the temperature contrast between the cold air to the north and warmer air to the south.
In addition, the storm may get another injection of energy from unusually mild sea surface temperatures that are lurking off the Mid-Atlantic coastline.
According to the NWS:
THE EAST-COAST CYCLONE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE LATE-SEASON HEAVY SNOWFALL OVER A WIDE SWATH OF REAL ESTATE FROM VIRGINIA TO NEW ENGLAND; THAT IS A GENERALITY AT THIS POINT. MUCH REMAINS IN TERMS OF REFINING THE FORECAST STATE BY STATE. ANOTHER HIGH-IMPACT FACTOR WILL BE THE POWERFUL WINDS GENERATED BY THIS SPRAWLING, INTENSE CIRCULATION, ALONG WITH HIGH SEAS, BEACH BATTERY, COASTAL FLOODING, AND SO FORTH. AGAIN, AT THIS POINT, SUCH SENSIBLE WEATHER EFFECTS ARE SIMPLY ATTENDANT TO THE POTENTIAL OF SUCH A STORM.
It is not yet clear if the storm will dump heavy snow on New York City and Philadelphia, since several computer models project that it will sideswipe those areas, and bring its biggest impacts to southeast New England, including Boston and Providence.
The NWS forecast office in Boston said the storm is likely to "explosively" intensify as it moves off the Mid-Atlantic coast. However, forecasters cautioned that it could track far enough offshore to only graze the coast with strong winds and snow, rather than slamming the region with a high-impact event.
“I think this thing is definitely worth keeping a close eye on and being very aware of it,” said NWS meteorologist Gary Szatkowski in an interview with Mashable. “There’s a lot of potential high impacts with this.”
Szatkowski said the storm could be one of the "most memorable" storms of the 2013-2014 winter weather season, which has already featured several major snowstorms. Philadelphia, for example, has already set a record for the greatest number of six-inch or greater snow events.
Hindering forecasters now is the fact that the atmospheric disturbance that will lead to the storm is still in an area that lacks many weather observations, particularly data from weather balloons that the NWS launches from offices around the country. There are no such balloon launches where it is right now, but once it gets into a more data-rich environment, the confidence in the forecast is likely to increase.
Stay tuned to Mashable as this event unfolds, as we'll have updates throughout the weekend.
UPDATE, 3/22/14, 5:20 p.m. Computer models continue to project the formation of a rapidly intensifying winter storm off the Mid-Atlantic coast on Tuesday. The storm is likely to move north-northeast through Wednesday. There is no longer much doubt that this storm will form and that it will be a powerful system, but because some of the ingredients are still off the Pacific coast where there are few weather observations, the models haven't yet locked on to a consensus forecast regarding the exact track and storm intensity, which are crucial factors for forecasting the impacts of the event. There is growing confidence that the areas at highest risk of seeing heavy snow and damaging winds extend from southeast Massachusetts, including Cape Cod, to the Maine coastline. The big question is whether the impacts will extend to the Boston metro area, Long Island, coastal Connecticut, and New York City. At least some light snow and blustery conditions are expected in these areas on Tuesday night, but there remains the possibility that this could be a heavy snowstorm even for the Big Apple. This event is still several days away, and the forecast will continue to be adjusted throughout the weekend as more data comes in. We'll have another update on Sunday morning.
UPDATE, 3/21/14, 5:22 p.m. Daytime runs of some forecast models suggest the storm may track far enough offshore to spare Washington, Philadelphia, and New York a major snowstorm. These projections show the intense storm delivering just a glancing blow to southeastern New England. However, this event is still several days away, and the track forecast will continue to be adjusted throughout the weekend as more data comes in, so all possibilities are still on the table.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments. | <urn:uuid:3610aa82-032f-4a84-b0c9-d5fbe40c92a7> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://mashable.com/2014/03/21/spring-blizzard-may-hit-new-york-boston/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098072.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00170-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945807 | 1,644 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Slabs constitute an important part of the global plate tectonic system. They drive plate tectonics both by pulling along the lithosphere to which they are attached in a processes known as slab pull and by inciting currents in the mantle (slab suction). They cause volcanism due to flux melting of the mantle wedge, and they affect the flow and thermal evolution of the Earth's mantle. Their motion can cause dynamic uplift and subsidence of the Earth's surface, forming shallow seaways and potentially rearranging drainage patterns.
Slabs have been imaged down to the seismic discontinuities between the upper and lower mantle and to the core–mantle boundary. Slab subduction is the mechanism by which lithospheric material is mixed back into the Earth's mantle.
- Conrad, C. P. "How Mantle Slabs Drive Plate Motions (dead link)". Retrieved 24 April 2011.
- Conrad, C. P.; Lithgow-Bertelloni, C (2002). "How Mantle Slabs Drive Plate Tectonics". Science 298 (5591): 207–209. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..207C. doi:10.1126/science.1074161. PMID 12364804.
- Mitrovica, J. X.; Beaumont, C.; Jarvis, G. T. (1989). "Tilting of continental interiors by the dynamical effects of subduction". Tectonics 8 (5): 1079. Bibcode:1989Tecto...8.1079M. doi:10.1029/TC008i005p01079.
- Shephard, G. E.; Müller, R. D.; Liu, L.; Gurnis, M. (2010). "Miocene drainage reversal of the Amazon River driven by plate–mantle interaction". Nature Geoscience 3 (12): 870–875. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..870S. doi:10.1038/ngeo1017.
|This tectonics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:416e9326-4690-43bd-951e-3bc3e0218288> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_(geology) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00042-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.788502 | 445 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Philosophy of Karl Popper
Bryan Magee’s clear little introduction to the thought of Karl Popper opens with the remark that Popper’s name is not yet a household word among educated people. The remainder of the book is an attempt to remedy this allegedly undeserved neglect.
The educated reader might think that Popper has received adequate recognition. After all, Popper, an Austrian schoolteacher who left his native land in 1937 in anticipation of Nazi annexation, gained a world-wide reputation in 1945 with the publication of The Open Society and Its Enemies. Later, at the London School of Economics, he became Professor of Logic and Scientific method. He has now been a leading figure in the philosophy of science for many years; his Logic of Scientific Discovery, a translation of a work he had already published before he left Austria, must now be a part of almost every philosophy of science course in the English-speaking world.
In 1965 Popper became Sir Karl, and this year the Danish government chose him, at the age of seventy-one, for its Sonning Prize, previously awarded to figures like Bertrand Russell and Sir Winston Churchill, and worth around $45,000. Now, the publication of The Philosophy of Karl Popper (a collection of critical essays with replies by Popper) gives Popper a niche in the Library of Living Philosophers, alongside predecessors like Dewey, Moore, Russell, and Einstein. In fact, Popper has upstaged them all by being the first to run to two volumes.
The rewards of academic life do not normally include knighthoods and large sums of money. Is there any reason why Popper should deserve more than most other philosophers? Magee thinks there is. His short book makes or endorses an extraordinary series of claims for its subject. If they were all justified, Popper would have to be regarded as the outstanding philosopher—perhaps the outstanding thinker—of the twentieth century.
Among these claims are: Popper is the greatest living philosopher of science, and has influenced outstandingly successful scientists; Popper has solved the problem of induction, that “skeleton in the cupboard of philosophy” which has baffled philosophers from David Hume to the present day; Popper published the central arguments against logical positivism, even before that particular philosophy became fashionable in the English-speaking world; Popper’s The Open Society and Its Enemies contains “the most scrupulous and formidable criticism of the philosophical and historical doctrines of Marxism by any living writer” (the quotation is from Isaiah Berlin, but Magee adds: “I must confess I do not see how any rational man can have read Popper’s critique of Marx and still be a Marxist.”); Popper has written the most powerful defense of democracy in the English language.
Finally, Popper’s latest achievement, his theory of “objective knowledge,” offers solutions to the following range of problems: the relationship of bodies and minds, the objectivity of morality and aesthetics, problems of social and political change “which have engrossed the greatest philosophers…
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Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2016 5 06() doi 10.1038/nrn.2016.41
Increasing evidence points to a complex interplay between genes and the environment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including rare de novo mutations in chromatin genes such as methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) in Rett syndrome. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation act at this interface, reflecting the plasticity in metabolic and neurodevelopmentally regulated gene pathways. Genome-wide studies of gene sequences, gene pathways and DNA methylation are providing valuable mechanistic insights into ASD. The dynamic developmental landscape of DNA methylation is vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults: therefore, understanding pathways that are central to this ‘perfect storm’ will be crucial to improving the diagnosis and treatment of ASD. | <urn:uuid:ff0a221d-aafe-4d4f-92ed-056dc8acfb5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.physiciansweekly.com/the-landscape-of-dna-methylation-amid-a-perfect-storm-of-autism-aetiologies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189083.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00525-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901261 | 170 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In-line Illumination Considerations
This is Section 12.2 of the Imaging Resource Guide
In-line illumination is a unique style of lighting that incorporates the illumination into the optical train of the machine vision lens, usually by means of a fiber optic light guide or LED light source and a beam splitting optic. Although in-line illumination is not as bulky as diffuse axial illumination, and may be easier to integrate into a system that has tight space constraints, there are important optical differences a system designer must consider. In-line illumination is much more directional when compared to diffuse axial lighting, which, due to the chief rays being nearly parallel to the optical axis in object space, is one of the reasons that in-line illumination is widely incorporated with telecentric lenses (Figure 1). In comparison, diffuse axial lighting will project the illumination at a multitude of different angles, displaying different properties on the object and image planes.
Figure 1: Diagram of In-Line Illumination within a Telecentric Lens
Vastly different results will also come from comparing in-line illumination to bright field illumination. Figure 2 shows a chrome on glass, positive USAF 1951 contrast target illuminated both with bright field illumination and with in-line illumination.
Figure 2: Chrome on Glass USAF 1951 Resolution Target with Bright Field Illumination (Figure 2a), and In-Line Illumination (Figure 2b)
The most immediate difference between the two types of illumination is the complete contrast reversal between the two images. Additionally, the defects in the target are more readily apparent in the bright field image, which, depending upon the application, can be either a positive or a negative effect. Interestingly, the highly reflective nature of the target yields about 10% better contrast for the in-line image when compared to the bright field image – the reason for this is explained below.
When to Use In-Line Illumination
When considering using in-line illumination, it is important to understand exactly where it is applicable and where it is not. In-line illumination is ideal for the inspection of specular or semi-specular objects, such as semiconductor wafers or CCDs, due to the nature of the rays on the illumination path. Using two different telecentric lenses, one with in-line illumination and one without, images of the same CCD demonstrate the differences between bright field illumination (using a ring light) and inline illumination. The images are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Comparison of Brightfield Illumination (left) with In-line Illumination (right)
In-line illumination would be a better choice to inspect the wires along the edge of the CCD due to the higher, more even contrast between the wires and the rest of the CCD. As shown in Figure 4, the reason that the wires in Figure 3 appear bright using bright field illumination and dark using in-line illumination is due to the ray paths of the lighting. With bright field illumination, the rays are scattered into the lens, and with inline illumination, the rays are scattered away from the lens.
With bright field illumination, the rays originating from the ring light are reflected by the object into the lens. The reflections will vary based on the angle of the individual sources in the ring light as well as the angle of the wires themselves with respect to the CCD surface and the solder material at the tips, which is why the reflections have non-uniform pixel values along the length of the wire. Using in-line illumination, all of the rays are reflected by the object and scattered away from the lens such that none of the light that hits the wires is reflected back into the lens and onto the sensor. The more even contrast of the background, along with the stronger contrast of the wires, makes in-line illumination a better choice for the inspection of the wires than bright field illumination.
|Comparison of Brightfield and In-line Illumination|
|Brightfield Illumination||In-line Illumination|
|Low Contrast||High Contast Wires|
|Bright Chip on Faceplate||Dark Chip on Faceplate|
|High Contrast Image||Even Illumination with Consistent Contrast between Features (red square)|
If the CCD cover glass were to be inspected for digs or chips, in-line illumination would also be the more advantageous choice since the overall image has a much more even contrast. The dark chips shown using in-line illumination (a result of the light being scattered as shown in Figure 4) would appear at a much higher contrast to the busy CCD background than the chips shown in the high contrast image formed using a brightfield system, as demonstrated in Figure 3.
When Not to Use In-Line Illumination
Due to its multiple advantages, it is often believed that in-line illumination is always the superior choice for space-constrained systems. Unfortunately, it is not the best solution for objects that are optically diffuse or for objects requiring a large field of view. When used with diffuse objects, in-line illumination produces a hotspot on the image caused by the Lambertian (a nearly constant bidirectional reflectance distribution function) tendencies of the object, which is detrimental to any inspection system. Figure 4 shows an image of a diffuse object of wooden material both with (right image) and without (left image) in-line illumination.
Figure 4: Comparison of Ray Paths Using Brightfield Illumination (left) and In-line Illumination (right)
When the primarily Lambertian object is in-line illuminated, the image has a well-defined hotspot in the center of the field of view. This hotspot effectively washes out the desired contrast, yielding a contrast of about 70% for the brightfield image, and about 8% for the in-line illuminated image, with both contrast values taken at the center of the image.
There are, of course, other situations where in-line illumination is not the ideal option. When a large field of view is required, the étendue of the illumination system becomes a problem, in that spreading out the flux of the light over a large field inherently leads to a much less dense bundle of photons, and therefore has a negative impact on the throughput of the system as a whole. Imperfect light sources also significantly and negatively impact the performance of inline illumination systems with large fields of view, as the small imperfections are bolstered over the large projection in the object plane.
In-line illumination would be a better choice to inspect the wires along the edge of the CCD due to the higher, more even contrast between the wires and the rest of the CCD. As shown in Figure 2, the reason that the wires in Figure 1 appear bright using brightfield illumination and dark using in-line illumination is due to the ray paths of the lighting. With brightfield illumination, the rays are scattered into the lens, and with in-line illumination, the rays are scattered away from the lens. | <urn:uuid:b5f9c793-6fb6-4787-9a79-e63bd376893c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.edmundoptics.com/resources/application-notes/illumination/in-line-illumination-considerations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.919102 | 1,421 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Suspense and Obscurity
Fitness and Nutrition
Details The content coverage is basic, but it is a great way to let readers of all levels . See and discover other items: leveled books.
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Books related to Leveled Texts for Social Studies: Early America. Rate it . You Rated it .
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. See a Problem? We’d love your help. Start by marking Social Studies 2006 Leveled Reader Grade 4 Unit 04b as Want to Read: Want to Read savin. ant to Read. Read by Eric Oatman.
Australian National University ANU · Medical School. Australian National University. Bachelor of Science (Honours).
Content leveled readers teach social studies concepts, vocabulary, and reading skills – at each student’s .
Content leveled readers teach social studies concepts, vocabulary, and reading skills – at each student’s reading level – and allow students to read and explore the wonders of nonfiction. Social Studies leveled readers deliver world and American history, geography, and civics content to help address the individual needs of all students. Below-level (green), On-level (yellow), and Advanced (blue) selections give all students additional reading experiences, and teach social studies content at different levels to spark student curiosity and create eager learners
Flick through a Level 1 Reader. Flick through a Level 5 Reader. Self-study worksheet for Levels 1 to 3.
Flick through a Level 1 Reader. Your browser does not support the video tag. Flick through a Level 2 Reader. Flick through a Level 3 Reader. Flick through a Level 4 Reader. MB. Self-study worksheet for Levels 3 to 7.
Curriculum Design Components Content Area: Social Studies Grade(s) 4 th Grade Unit Plan Title: Challenges and Opportunities Common Core Anchor Standard Reading CCRA. 1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
Erica Meltzer has written a popular SAT Reading book - the Critical Reader. It's a great book, but not without its drawbacks. Other sites, especially about. One disclaimer: I’m co-founder of PrepScholar, an online SAT/ACT prep program. | <urn:uuid:426871b3-afc9-4ed2-96d3-5221970a4282> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.cdc-coteauxdegaronne.fr/nocategory/unsorted/142291-cajun-country-leveled-reader-(social-studies)-erica-keller-download-epub.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.862579 | 502 | 2.90625 | 3 |
First, the good news: some of the biggest players in the American food business have begun to phase out high-fructose corn syrup–a highly processed sweetener that is produced by a complex series of chemical reactions that includes the use of enzymes and caustic soda. The most common argument against high-fructose corn syrup is the correlation between the rapid rise of obesity in the United States, which began in the 1980s, and the introduction of industrial-grade high-fructose corn syrup at the same time. In addition, high-fructose corn syrup has been linked to diabetes and metabolic dysfunction; and has been shown to elevate triglycerides levels, which can lead to heart disease.
So although it’s great that, according to The New York Times, ConAgra isn’t using high-fructose corn syrup in its new Healthy Choice All Natural frozen entrees; that Kraft Foods recently removed it from its salad dressings, and is working on its Lunchables line of portable meals and snacks; it’s not in the tomato sauce on a Pizza Hut pie called “The Natural,” nor in the just-released soda Pepsi Natural. But here’s the catch. They’re swapping high-fructose corn syrup with sugar! Food manufacturers are switching to sugar as a result of extensive taste testing and consumer surveys. The general impression is that sugar is more “natural” than corn syrup–and as more and more people are becoming health-aware, that sounds good to the masses.
But just because sugar has been around for a long time, long before high-fructose corn syrup became an industrial staple, doesn’t mean that it is natural, healthy or necessarily good. In The New York Times, Dr. Robert H. Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist at the University of California, San Francisco Children’s Hospital, said: “The argument about which is better for you, sucrose or HFCS, is garbage. Both are equally bad for your health.” Both sugar and high-fructose corn syrup are made from glucose and fructose. The level of fructose is about 5 percent higher in the corn sweetener. Dr. Lustig studies the health effects of fructose, particularly on the liver, where it is metabolized. Part of his research shows that too much fructose–no matter the source–affects the liver in the same way too much alcohol does.
In addition, Sugar has caused environmental harm throughout the world’s tropics. Studies by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) warn about the environmental impact of sugar crops. One report published by the WWF, called Sugar and the Environment, shows that sugar may be responsible for more biodiversity loss than any other crop due to habitat loss, intensive use of water for irrigation, heavy use of agro-chemicals, as well as discharge and runoff of polluted effluent. The report provides some startling global statistics, such as an estimated 5.6 million hectares (roughly 14 million acres) of cropland are lost every year throughout the world due to severe erosion and degradation caused by intensive sugar production. And as new fertilizers and other chemical products are being used, there is a dangerous potential for the sugar-dependent island nations to simply run out of fertile land. And needless to say, big food probably isn’t using Fair Trade certified sugar.
While we can applaud the fact that food producers are stepping away from high-fructose corn syrup–embracing another refined sweetener and calling it natural and healthy seems to suggest that it’s all really just a big game of marketing. Wouldn’t it be great to see these manufacturers begin to use truly natural sweeteners like maple or agave syrup? | <urn:uuid:7547d9c2-4c4d-4ff6-96b2-1e1d1d97be08> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.care2.com/greenliving/sugar-the-new-health-food.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834494.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00070-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948012 | 786 | 2.65625 | 3 |
According to a recent study by the Joint Committee on Taxation (a nonpartisan committee of the United States Congress), more than 50% of US households had zero income tax liability which means they paid no federal income tax in 2009. Almost 30% of US households got their income taxes back plus additional funds thanks to refundable tax credits.
What are refundable tax credits?
In general, a tax credit is an amount that decreases the tax that is owed. Most tax credits are applied to the tax until zero tax liability is achieved. However, a refundable tax credit enables the tax liability to cross over zero resulting in a refund check from the government. Some examples of refundable tax credits from 2009 include:
- The Earned Income Tax Credit
- The First Time Home Buyer’s Tax Credit
- The Making Work Pay Tax Credit | <urn:uuid:48a0dec6-6c06-4c6e-8bb8-831bcf4b15c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://rabagolaw.com/everythingabouttaxes/2011/07/refundable-tax-credits-provide-tax-surplus-to-30-of-us-households-in-2009/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612018.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529053338-20170529073338-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.968463 | 171 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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An industrial shredder is a piece of heavy equipment capable of shedding dense and strong materials like rubber tires, plastic containers, and large volumes of cardboard and paper. Shredders may prepare materials for recycling or final disposal and are typically found at recycling and processing facilities. A number of companies manufacture industrial shredders and related supplies and some may offer lease and rental equipment for settings where a company has a temporary need for an industrial shredder but does not want to buy one.
The shredder uses very robust, sharp blades and a strong engine to thoroughly shred all materials fed into it. The design is often similar to that of an office paper shredder, except that it is capable of handling materials many magnitudes of size larger. Recycling companies use an industrial shredder to create shredded bales of plastic bottles, aluminum cans, glassware, and other materials so they can be sent to other facilities to prepare them for reuse. Shredders are also useful for destroying materials before disposal in a landfill or similar environment.
Some shredders can be used to prepare materials for final uses like mulching and insulating. The use of recycled materials to mulch flowerbeds, insulate homes, and provide materials for paths and walks is increasingly common around the world. Reusing materials can reduce demand on natural resources and provide an environmentally friendly way for disposing of materials that are no longer useful. Things like rubber mulch, for example, can be useful on a playground to keep weeds down and provide a soft surface for landing on in the event of falls.
Recycling companies accept materials from a variety of sources, including consumers with contracts for recycling services as well as companies that may produce large volumes of materials for recycling. The company can send trucks to pick up supplies or accept deliveries, and passes them through the shredder once it accumulates enough. Industrial shredders can be seen in use in facilities like scrap metal processors, where the device chews through steel and other metals to prepare them for recycling; some industrial shredders are even capable of eating whole cars and trucks.
Working around an industrial shredder can be very dangerous. This heavy equipment is capable of amputating limbs or decapitating heads, and workers need to be extremely careful around it. Most machines have emergency shutoffs that anyone can activate in the event of a problem. Workers typically wear snug protective clothing to minimize injuries from flying materials while reducing dangling material or hair that might catch in the industrial shredder and expose the worker to injury.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:f9c5fa02-44cf-4d10-a589-c01e2750dcee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-industrial-shredder.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944502 | 570 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Watch how some vegetables grow above ground and some below and all the different machines used to harvest them. A puncture has to be repaired before work can begin and the waste from the children’s vegetable garden is taken away for recycling. Enjoy a visit to the farm shop to see a cake being made from carrots. No better way to get children into veg and growing their own!
‘Grow with Ted’ using the free cress seeds enclosed in every ‘vegetables’ DVD.
Running time: 40mins | <urn:uuid:0851e4f7-f5a8-4792-b751-e45f5989acd8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.fanevalleystores.com/categories/toys-gifts/tractor-ted/dvds/products/64089/Tractor-Ted-Harvests-Veg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107893845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027082056-20201027112056-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.952637 | 111 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In earlier tests of color vision, scientists reported that color just wasn’t that crucial to dogs in their daily activities. However dogs have two types of cone photoreceptors in their retinas, meaning that they have about as much color vision as a color-blind human. And new research finds that they regularly rely on color cues.
With their two cone types dogs can see blues, greens and yellows, but not any reds and oranges. It has been thought that dogs rely more on brightness than color to differentiate objects.
Now a Russian research team has found, in a study of eight previously untrained dogs, that the animals overwhelmingly preferred using color as a cue rather than brightness.
The team, led by Anna Kasparson of the Russian Academy of Sciences, began with the dogs outdoors in natural daylight and worked with four colors on paper squares: light yellow, dark yellow, light blue and dark blue. The difference between the lighter and darker colors was stark, thereby ensuring that brightness was a factor in the dogs’ perception.
Going to the dogs
In the first ”training” stage of the experiment, researchers paired two papers that differed in both qualities—dark yellow went with light blue; light yellow went with dark blue. These markers were placed in front of feedboxes that contained raw meat—but crucially, only one of the boxes was unlocked. Over a series of trials the dogs learned to associate the meat with the one color it was consistently marked with. To reinforce the lesson, dogs each went through 90 total trials.
Then the researchers changed things around. Dogs that had been trained to associate dark yellow with a reward were now given two novel options: light yellow and dark blue. Their first choice of feedbox thus indicated whether the most salient quality, for them, was the color (yellow) or the brightness (dark) of the original marker.
Over a series of 10 tests, the dogs went for color matches more than 70 percent of the time. And for half of the dogs, color was what they based their decision on every single time. Thus they’d clearly memorized the color associated with the treat, not its brightness. The results are published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The study shows that dogs, as well as the many other mammals with two cone photoreceptors, may rely much more on color to perceive objects than was previously thought
. Something to think about the next time you’re making fashion decisions for Fido. | <urn:uuid:3d70804b-84b0-4561-ad29-64eca875e123> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2013/07/17/dogs-see-the-world-in-living-color/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122996.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00543-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978833 | 512 | 3.75 | 4 |
Procreate with Nikolai Lockertsen
When touchscreen smartphones and tablets were invented, the first thought that we as artists had was probably, "How can I draw with this?"
In this class, I am excited to share with you my tips and techniques for drawing and painting in Procreate, an app that I have been using exclusively for my work since 2012. The days of Procreate being "that iPad drawing app" are over. The Procreate that we know today is a powerful drawing program that happens to be mobile.
I will teach you how to draw, paint, and sketch in Procreate, make amazing custom brushes, and animate! With this class, I hope to make one of my favorite programs more accessible to a new generation of users!
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Procreate
I love Procreate! It's convenient, powerful, and easy to use if you know how. I will assume you're new to the program so in my first lesson, I will explain the menus, brushes, and other features that I find the most useful in my own work.
Lesson 2 - Brushes
Brushes need and deserve their own lesson, so here I will show you how to create a wide variety of custom brushes. We will look at the power under the hood of the Procreate brushes and how they all work. Procreate ships with a ton of great brushes for you to explore and we will tailor the settings to make each of them your own.
Lesson 3 - Sketching Creatures and Characters
In this lesson, we will talk about sketching in Procreate, and I will share some techniques for drawing creatures and characters efficiently, accurately, and quickly using Procreate's onboard features.
Lesson 4 - Color and Details
Carrying on from the previous lesson, we will now examine techniques for applying color and details to our sketch using both default features and custom brushes (including four bonus brushes of my own creation).
Lesson 5 - Perspective
Perspective often eludes even experienced artists, especially when it's a complicated setup. In this lesson, I will help you understand 1-, 2-, and 3-point perspective in a variety of scenarios.
Lesson 6 - Interiors
Carrying on from our lesson on perspective, we will now look at painting interiors. I will show you techniques for using blend modes such as overlay, and how to adjust color, brightness, and contrast using curves.
Lesson 7 - Exteriors
Exteriors require some different considerations from interiors. In this lesson, we will talk about techniques for creating cool vegetation. I will also share my tips for using the selection tool to create patches to paint in.
Lesson 8 - Animation, Part 1
The last feature that Procreate has which I love is animation! Even if you're not trying to get into animation, knowing how animating works will help you design for TV, movies, and games. Plus, it can be a fun thing to put into your online portfolio. In these last two lessons, I will focus on the Procreate tools that allow us to animate, starting with something small.
Lesson 9 - Animation, Part 2
In my final lesson, we will now look at how to animate something more complicated: character movement. I will start by showing you a small animated film I made, breaking it down and explaining how I did it: from coming up with the idea, designing the character, painting the environment, making the animatic, and progressing to the final result.
I will show you how to make a character walk cycle, from rough sketch to final colored and lit animation using techniques to transform, warp, and liquify the proportions of the character. | <urn:uuid:3a5cbc7a-1572-4751-b32b-c5f41c38c383> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.schoolism.com/digital-art-classes/procreate-nikolai-lockertsen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880616.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706104839-20200706134839-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.94024 | 761 | 2.546875 | 3 |
„ THE AVERAGE ADULT, WHEN RESTING, INHALES AND EXHALES ABOUT 7 OR 8 LITERS OF AIR PER MINUTE. THAT TOTALS ABOUT 11,000 LITERS OF AIR PER DAY. “
An air purifier is a device which has the ability to remove pollutants from the air. They have been in use for more then 200 years, but it was not until the early 60’s that it was commercialized by the invention of the first air purifier by Klaus and Manfred Hammes in Germany.
Living in a world where air pollution is inevitably present, we use them to protect ourselves and our beloved ones from polluted and harmful air.
The fine plastic net structure captures large particles like dust, hair and other large suspended solids to prevent debris from getting into the main filter.
The H11 Class high density antibacterial HEPA filter absorbs harmful PM particles (down to 0.3 μm), dust, allergens, bacteria, fungi and other particulate matter.
The honey cone mesh structured mixed activated carbon and catalyst filter absorbs smoke, odors and harmful gases like Formaldehyde.
„UP TO 60% OF THE HUMAN ADULT BODY IS WATER.“
Coming Q1, 2018. | <urn:uuid:27446147-08ab-48c0-8585-f530af332252> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.vauron.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.900658 | 266 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For younger women diagnosed with cancer, the treatments necessary to treat their disease can also make them infertile. But an experimental procedure is giving those women a second chance, by freezing ovarian tissue before cancer treatment begins. NBC's Dr. Nancy Snyderman reports.
Until very recently, young women who went through cancer treatment often discovered their fertility was a casualty of life-saving therapies. But a new option – the removal and freezing of an ovary prior to chemotherapy and radiation treatments – may be changing all that.
So far, 20 babies have been born worldwide as a result of this new procedure, which is called ovarian tissue cryopreservation, Dr. Nancy Snyderman reported on NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams.
This is good news for the estimated 1 in 46 women under age 40 who are diagnosed with some form of cancer, since chemotherapy and radiation -- the most common treatments -- can destroy a woman’s fertility.
One of the specialists who's been working with the technique is Dr. Kutluk Oktay, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at New York
Medical College and director of the Institute for Fertility Preservation/Reproductive Specialists of New York.
“Ovarian cryopreservation is a procedure where, when a woman is faced with a medical condition that would affect [her] future fertility, the ovary is removed through a keyhole procedure and it's taken through a specialized process which involves treating the tissue with antifreeze substances and utilizing an automated process to preserve the ovary for future use,” Oktay explained to Snyderman. “If you were a cancer patient 15 years ago, your options in terms of fertility preservation would be close to zip.”
While the option of freezing eggs before treatment has been available for the past several years, that alternative won’t work for those with aggressive cancers or hormone sensitive tumors, Oktay explained.
For egg harvesting and freezing, women need to go through a process in which their ovaries are stimulated with hormones that will spark the production of many eggs in one cycle, Oktay said. Those hormones can make some cancers -- like ovarian or certain forms of breast cancer -- worse.
And some women just can’t hold off on cancer treatments for the three to six weeks the process takes, said Dr. Kyle Orwig, an associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and director of the fertility preservation program at UPMC. Orwig’s institution is also looking at the viability of ovarian cryopreservation.
How does this new ovary-freezing procedure work?
Doctors remove an ovary and then, once a woman has completed cancer treatment, transplant the tissue back into the abdomen – or even under the skin. Once transplanted, the ovarian tissue will be able to turn its supply of immature eggs into viable ones, Oktay explained.
The procedure takes about 40 minutes and can be done under local anesthesia. As for cost – that all depends on whether the procedure can be done as a part of another surgery. If it can, the charge would be minimal, Oktay said. Otherwise, it could run anywhere from $6,000 to $10,000.
For Morgan Thompson, 29, it’s enough to know that she might one day be able to have a baby. Thompson was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma three years ago and was referred to Oktay when she told doctors she wanted to somehow preserve her fertility.
“It is a very shocking thing to have to deal with at any age,” Thompson told Snyderman. “But at 26, I was not prepared at all. I always knew I wanted to be a mom. In my mind I was going to have twin girls and a little boy. I had everything perfect in my head.
“You want to be told that you have options. You want people to think that you’re going to be here in order to make the decision to even have kids. So a procedure like this is amazing.”
While the new procedure offers women hope, no one knows exactly how risky the procedure is - yet.
It is still surgery, which means it comes with all the risks associated with surgery, Orwig said
The biggest concern, however, is the possibility that doctors might be putting cancer-tainted tissue back into a patient who’s been cured, Orwig added.
In that respect, some cancers are more risky than others.
“A good example would be leukemia,” Orwig said. “It’s a cancer of the blood and blood circulates through all the tissues, including the ovaries. If we put the ovarian tissue back into the patient, there’s a risk that we could be reintroducing the cancer. We don’t have the answer to that yet. We need to be certain that we’re transplanting cancer-free tissue.”
Ultimately, women need to recognize that the procedure is still considered to be experimental, Orwig said.
“I think it’s important that it works - although it’s experimental there are at least 20 live babies so far,” he said. “But there are risks and it’s way too early to remove the experimental tag.” | <urn:uuid:f1c7a2e2-fd90-497b-b31b-5da853f96525> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/chemo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163932627/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133212-00071-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965421 | 1,111 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Published by Steve Hedberg on August 11, 2009 Under arthritis
Fibromyalgia can be very painful and is an increasingly common type of rheumatic disease. In the United States, it is estimated that Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS,) affects over five million people and accounts for about 15% of all visits to rheumatologists. People of any age can be affected by FMS, but it is more common among the elderly, with women being the most at risk.
Symptoms of Fibromyalgia Syndrome
One of the main symptoms of fibromyalgia is increased pain in specific parts of the body, typically referred to as tender points. In anyone, pressing too hard on a tender point, such as the area where the shoulders and neck meet, can cause discomfort. However in someone with FMS, even just a slight pressure on a tender point, can be excruciating.
In addition to chronic pain, more than half of those with FMS also report having severe fatigue. This fatigue is often so serious that it affects their daily life. In many cases, this chronic fatigue is a result of the pain and stress caused by fibromyalgia, however fibromyalgia also interrupts sleep patterns, so many suffers report that upon waking, it feels like they did not get any sleep.
Causes of Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Doctors are not certain what causes fibromyalgia, but have noticed some consistent discrepancies among patients. For example, serotonin levels are typically lower than normal and there are increases in a substance called peptide in cerebrospinal fluid. However, the exact causes are often debated, with some researchers concluding fibromyalgia is caused by a virus.
Effects on Daily Life
While fibromyalgia syndrome can be very painful and have a very big effect on a persons life, there is typically no permanent loss of functionality or crippling. However, the pain of fibromyalgia can last for months and for some never goes away. Most of those with FMS are able to work, although about 1 out of six fibromyalgia sufferers is on disability.
Diagnosing and Treating FMS
FMS shares a number of symptoms with other rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, so often diagnosing FMS can be difficult.
The treatment of fibromyalgia also presents a number of problems, because finding a way to relieve the pain is not an easy task. This often results in frustration, both on the part of the patient, their family, and the doctor, as none of the standard tests can show that fibromyalgia is present. On the patients part, frustration is often the result of chronic pain and chronic fatigue, which has a negative effect on their mental state.
Most medicines used to treat arthritis, such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications do not work. As a result, it is not uncommon for doctors to be resistant to diagnose the condition as fibromyalgia, as there is no measurable test.
One of the most important steps in treating fibromyalgia is regular exercise. Most people must work up to a full aerobic workout, as it takes some time to build up muscles and overcome fatigue. Even just a short bit of exercise can help and in cases where the patient is able to preform regular exercise, results are sometimes seen in as little as two months. However, high impact sports, like jogging or basketball, are not recommended.
In addition to regular exercise, the other main focus is on pain relief and ensuring the individual can get a good nights rest. Many take anti-depressants, such as Xanax, before going to bed, not because they are depressed, but due to the effects they have on a persons sleeping habits. Sleeping pills and other medications, such as ibuprofen, are usually ineffective. Some patients also report that heat therapy and massage can help reduce pain.
No Comments | | <urn:uuid:2b36fecf-801b-4b3c-b2d3-135a8014a0fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.liftchairguide.net/archives/fibromyalgia-fms-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00625-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966348 | 796 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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(MAJORICENSIS ET IBUSENSIS)
A suffragan of Valencia, with the episcopal residence at Palma on the Island of Majorca. The see is said to have existed in the fifth century, there being mention of a Bishop Elias of Majorca in 480. The first historical reference is in 898, at which time Pope Rom anus placed Majorca and Minorca under the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Gyron. The episcopal succession was interrupted by the Moorish invasion, but in the eleventh century the Moorish king, Muggy, authorized the Bishop of Barcelona to exercise jurisdiction over Majorca. Don Jaime I of Aragon overcame the Moors in 1229 and caused Mass to be said in the ancient mosque at Palma. Gregory IX re-established the see in 1230, and the first bishop was Raimundo de Torrelles (1237-66). The cathedral, begun in 1230, is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The cathedral chapter dates from 1244, and was confirmed by Innocent IV, 5 April, 1245. By the Bull "Ineffabilis Dei benignitas" (30 April, 1782) Pius VI made Iviza and Majorca a joint diocese. It was suppressed by the Concordat of 1857 and is now governed by a capitular vicar. The present Bishop of Majorca and Iviza is Pedro Campins y Barceló, born at Palma, 14 Jan., 1859, ordained in 1882, appointed Bishop of Majorca 21 April, 1898, and consecrated 7 July following. There are in Majorca and Iviza 326,000 Catholics 61 parishes, 656 priests, 211 churches and chapels.
APA citation. (1910). Diocese of Majorca and Iviza. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09556b.htm
MLA citation. "Diocese of Majorca and Iviza." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09556b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:04d29e22-9efa-4e33-8d08-5645863295d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09556b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649741.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604093242-20230604123242-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.921113 | 635 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Here’s a new issue for us to ponder in our quest for improved sustainability and environmentally-sound gardening and farming practices. It was recently reported by NOAA scientists that nitrous oxide has become the largest ozone-depleting substance emitted by human activities. Yes, nitrous oxide causes destruction of the ozone layer.
Nitrous oxide is emitted from natural sources, such as cow manure, as well as from sewage treatment and some industrial processes. So where is the connection to gardening and farming?
Well, nitrous oxide is a by-product of soil fertilization, specifically nitrogen. Bacteria in the soil and in the oceans break down nitrogen-containing compounds and release nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide breaks down when it reaches the stratosphere to form nitrogen oxides that trigger ozone-destroying compounds.
As gardeners we have control over this process by limiting the amount of nitrogen fertilizers we use. For example, instead of fertilizing the lawn four times a year (which is simply overkill) apply a good slow-release winter fertilizer in September and maybe do a light fertilizing in early spring. The best way to check the amount of nitrogen in your soil is to do a soil test every three years … and then fertilize accordingly. We CAN protect the ozone layer, so let’s do it. | <urn:uuid:89a4d52b-5bb6-44ed-9193-05556587b789> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://diggingri.com/2009/09/14/nitrous-oxide-eats-ozone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156311.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919220117-20180920000117-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.938767 | 269 | 3.40625 | 3 |
CBT is the most recommended form of evidence based therapy today for improving one's mood and relationships!
Mental health problems such as mood disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding disorder, borderline personality, trauma, substance abuse, and marital distress have been treated effectively in research using CBT. A popular approach called exposure therapy is often used to desensitize individuals from perceived fear, threat, or anxiety. Discussing or visualizing the feared topic, thought, or situation over time and at length results in reductions of the anxiety and avoidance behaviors. Some exposure techniques like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) induce the client into a dream simulation state, using side-to-side eye movements, to enhance emotional processing during virtual exposure to past traumatic events.
Discussing the feared topic, thought, or situation repeatedly over time results in reductions of anxiety
Mindfulness is a technique used to increase awareness of one’s inner reality and emotional state. Practicing mindfulness increases the focus on the mind body connection. Thoughts can be triggers for distressing physiological and emotional reactions in the body. Mindfulness techniques can be used as exposure to ones own disturbed internal environment. Mindfulness exercises, such as deep breathing, can be very relaxing and useful as a tool to shift the autonomic nervous system from sympathetic (fight and flight) activation to parasympathetic (resting) state. An individual at the mercy of anxiety will find tremendous relief discovering how to use a mindfulness “dimmer switch”. Emotion regulation is a problem solving approach that teaches various strategies to reduce emotional intensity. A person may be asked to write a pro’s and con’s list for continuing behaviours that trigger negative emotions. Alternatively, they may be asked to act in an opposite way than they often choose to break the unproductive pattern. For example, a depressed person may be asked to go out and socialize even though he feels like isolating himself.
Emotion regulation strategies are used to reduce overwhelming emotional experiences
Distress tolerance is a problem solving approach often employed for suicidal or self-harming individuals. Solutions that prevent bodily harm are practiced to assist the person to tolerate enduring and intensely painful emotional experiences. One example, is to have the individual squeeze ice cubes or submerse her face in a bowl of ice cold water. Another could be the use of tapping techniques on pressure points to elicit a temporary emotional release. The goal is to bring focus away from the emotionally painful thoughts by using harmless physical sensations as a distraction. Emotions arrive in waves and these techniques allow people to shorten the wavelength.
Physical sensations are used to distract and shorten the waves of emotional pain.
Response shaping is an operant behavioral technique that uses a reward system to gradually teach a new behavior while replacing an undesirable behavior. For example, a chart showing a desired behavioral step can be regularly checked and reinforced with gold stickers until the next step in taught. Respondent behavior therapy focuses on reflex like connections demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Pavlov on his dogs. Pavlov showed his dogs steak to make them salivate and then rang a bell. After a few repetitions for a number of days, the bell ringing stimulus alone would produce the salivation response. Negative emotions and their antecedent behaviors function in the same way. The sound of a backfiring car can elicit tremendous fear and alarm in a war veteran who was wounded in combat by gun fire. Emotions and antecedent stimuli are identified and uncoupled using demonstrations of safety in the presence of both the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response.
The sound of a backfiring car alone can elicit tremendous fear and alarm in a war veteran who was wounded in combat.
Cognitive restructuring is a central strategy in CBT, where people are made to examine their thoughts, check for errors/ accuracy of the thought, and the effect the thought has on mood or interpersonal relationships. CBT also aims to delve deeper into the psyche of clients to uncover core thoughts, values, and/or beliefs. These core beliefs are very important as they are strongly held and, if factually erroneous, can distort a client’s perception. For example, a person may believe that she is unlovable. While holding this core belief, she may choose to recall experiences of rejection, abandonment, and disappointment in relationships instead of seeing a balanced view of reality. Accepting that others do act loving at times would be difficult for this person as it would counter her set core belief about self and others.
Core beliefs are very important as they are strongly held and, if factually erroneous, can distort a person's perception
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a broad analytical therapeutic approach equipped with many behavioral tools. The research on its effectiveness also varies, but is quite favorable for many mental health disorders. It can be used alone or in combination with other therapies. CBT is client-centered approach that uses useful mood tracking tools and outcome measures. It keeps therapy interesting, relevant, and focused by helping people keep track of their progress in improving mood and functioning. | <urn:uuid:d1c8eee3-d44e-464b-b5ff-e90c7a2e6db0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.proactivetherapymb.com/blog/cognitive-behavioral-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193391.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920031425-20200920061425-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.942824 | 1,036 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Perhaps most notably, the proposed label would replace existing serving sizes to more accurately reflect what consumers actually eat or drink. For example, the new rules would require a 20-ounce soda bottle to be one serving size, making it easier to count calories. Serving sizes have long come under attack for being misleading, as many single-serving packages list multiple servings so the calorie count appears lower. (Read the full text of the FDA proposal here.)
“For 20 years consumers have come to rely on the iconic nutrition label to help them make healthier food choices,” said FDA Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg, MD. “To remain relevant, the FDA’s newly proposed Nutrition Facts label incorporates the latest in nutrition science as more has been learned about the connection between what we eat and the development of serious chronic diseases impacting millions of Americans.”
Who guessed right? Read our coverage of yesterday’s Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) panel of industry experts forecasting which changes they anticipated in the revised nutrition label.
As was expected by many, calories would appear in larger type on the new label, further reflecting a shift toward concern with calories consumed among consumers and the food and beverage industry alike.
In another largely anticipated change, the new labels would remove the much-maligned “calories from fat” designation, while still requiring “total fat,” “saturated fat,” and “trans fat” on labels, as research shows the type of fat is more important than the amount.
The new label would also place increased emphasis on certain nutrients that US consumers aren’t getting enough of—requiring manufacturers to label amount of vitamin D (for bone health) and potassium (helps lower blood pressure). Vitamins A and C would no longer be required on the label, though manufacturers could declare them voluntarily.
Added sugar would be on new labels, but consumers don't know how much they're meant to have in a day
Somewhat surprisingly, the FDA has proposed labels will state if foods have added sugars, though the agency hasn’t proposed including a Daily Value (DV) for added sugar, which drew criticism from CSPI, despite that the consumer advocacy group largely supported the proposed changes.
Still, CSPI applauded the move to add a line for added sugar as “a major step forward".
“However, the group will strongly urge the FDA to define a DV for added sugars so consumers know how much of a day’s worth a food contains,” CSPI said in a statement issued this morning. “CSPI recommends a DV of 25 grams—about six teaspoons—considerably less than the 23 teaspoons the average American now consumes.”
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics also expressed support the proposed changes, but president Glenna McCollum echoed concerns over consumer confusion when it comes to concepts like "added sugar" and DV.
“Despite the improvements announced today, many Americans are not familiar with how to use the information on the existing Nutrition Facts panel. To make these changes fully meaningful for consumers, the Academy recommends implementing a sustained, adequately funded nutrition education initiative empowering consumers to use the new label to make informed decisions to eat healthfully,” Dr. McCollum said in a statement.
"The nutrition facts panel is only one source of information, which is why sustained support for educational programs and individual counseling by registered dietitian nutritionists is essential.”
DV for sodium would be lowered to 2300 mg, processed fiber would be excluded from 'fiber' designation
Meanwhile, CSPI also took issue with the FDA’s approach to sodium in its proposed revisions, as the agency proposed lowering the DV from 2400 to 2300 mg instead of 1500 mg, which the American Heart Association has recommended.
Elsewhere, the FDA also proposed that “fiber” listed on nutrition facts labels exclude purified, processed fibers such as maltodextrin and inulin, which it says are not as beneficial as the intact, unprocessed fiber in whole foods.
Both CSPI and the Academy said they would also continue to campaign for a mandatory front-of-package nutrition labeling system, as proposed in the 2013 Food Labeling Modernization Act.
“Nutrition facts labels are a success because the FDA, and not the food industry, decides what’s on the label and what the label looks like,” said CSPI executive director Michael Jacobson, calling out the Facts Up Front system put forth by the Grocery Manufacturers Association and the Food Marketing Institute.
“The industry’s ‘Facts Up Front’ isn’t designed to promote the healthiest diets but to keep the government from requiring top-notch front-of-package labeling."
The FDA's proposed labeling changes affect all packaged foods except certain meat, poultry and processed egg products. The agency projects food companies will have to spend around $2 billion to change labels. It is accepting public comment on the proposed changes for 90 days. | <urn:uuid:cc819f93-06e6-466a-8232-945e3a13fd5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2014/02/27/FDA-proposes-changes-to-Nutrition-Facts-panel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824820.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021152723-20171021172723-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.942702 | 1,052 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Special Collections Exhibit: “1916 Easter Rising: To Strike for Freedom (Images from the Joseph McGarrity Collection)”
Five cases, densely packed with materials drawn from the McGarrity Collection housed in Falvey’s Special Collections, and one case with loaned artifacts provide a comprehensive view of the 1916 Easter Rising, which occurred in Ireland one hundred years ago on Easter Monday, April 24.
The backstory for the Easter Rising, the subject of the exhibit, dates from the English occupation of Ireland in 1169. Over many years and centuries, the Irish resisted and rebelled, but were always defeated. In 1801 England imposed “The Act of Union” which annexed Ireland as part of the United Kingdom (Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales). The Home Rule party was created as were the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRA) and the Sinn Féin (We Ourselves). There were rebellions in 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916, all aimed at ending British rule. In New York, c.1867, the predecessor to Clan na Gael, an American Irish republican organization was founded. Joseph McGarrity of Philadelphia (the donor of the McGarrity Collection) was a prominent member of the Clan na Gael and a staunch supporter of the IRA.
Five cases are organized thematically: “Brothers, Rise! Your Country Calls,” “A Supreme Moment for Ireland,” “The Curse of the Irish Nation,” “Ireland for the Irish,” and “Who Fears to Speak of Easter Week?” These cases all contain materials from the McGarrity Collection, primarily books opened to show illustrations.
Of particular interest in the “Brothers, Rise!…” case are a large photograph, “Joseph McGarrity, standing with gloves,” and a typed poem, “To the Fianna” [members “of a secret 19th century Irish and Irish-American organization dedicated to the overthrow of the British rule in Ireland,” Meriam Webster Dictionary], written by McGarrity in 1915. There is a photograph of the Na Fianna Eirann Congress of 1913 and a number of books, many open to display illustrations.
A Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook: Easter 1916 (published in Dublin, 1917) and its map of Dublin occupy a prominent place in “A Supreme Moment for Ireland.” In “The Curse of the Irish Nation” there are again books opened to illustrations, a letter handwritten by Eamonn De Valera to Philadelphia (March 9, 1920) and a photograph of De Valera with the McGarrity family, c.1919.
“Ireland for the Irish” displays books, but a number of these feature women who were involved with the Irish nationalist cause. Two items of interest in “Who Fears to Speak of Easter Week?” are a copy of The Clan-na-Gael Journal (October 22, 1916) published in Philadelphia and an article, “Editorial: Proclamation of the Irish Republic – 1916” printed in The Irish People (April 10, 1982, p. 4), a newspaper published in the Bronx, New York.
The tall vertical case displays the proclamation, “Poblach Na H Eireann: The Provisional Government of the Irish Republic to the People of Ireland,” a small decorated Irish harp, an Irish Volunteers medal and a photograph of “Seán White, Co Derry, Staff Captain GHQ Dublin, Ireland.” On the bottom of the case are two framed copies “of excerpts of [handwritten] letter of provenance regarding the copy of the Irish Proclamation displayed above.” (From the accompanying placard.) These artifacts are on loan from an anonymous collector.
Anne Fitzpatrick, a history student, Laura Bang, and Michael Foight, with additional research provided by Craig Bailey, PhD, were the principal curators for this exhibit. Joanne Quinn, team leader for Communication and Service Promotion designed the graphics. The exhibit will remain on view until July 1. The digital exhibit is now live and can be viewed here.
On March 21 at 4:00 p.m. in the Speaker’s Corner, Irish Studies Program, Department of Theatre and Falvey will host “To Strike for Freedom, 100th Anniversary of the Easter Rising.” This event celebrates Irish culture in commemoration of the Easter Rising anniversary. Members of the Villanova community will present readings. The event is free and open to the public.
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Crop rotation is one of those things that are simple in theory but quite complicated in practice. A lot of new growers get really worried and concerned about crop rotating and planning. Others come up with plans of incredible complexity that usually fall apart on the second season.
My basic advice is not to worry too much about crop rotation. Keep a record of what gets planted where and try to avoid planting in the same place for two years running. Having said that, sometimes it’s unavoidable.
The simplest system is the three year cropping plan promoted in the WW2 Dig for Victory campaign and that’s a good place to start.
Main Articles on Crop Rotation
All Pages on Crop Rotation
- Crop Rotation – History & Principles of Crop Rotation
- Crop Rotation – Plant Families or Groups for Crop Rotation
- Crop Rotation – The Three Year Crop Rotation Plan
- Crop Rotation – The Four Year Crop Rotation Plan
- Crop Rotation – The Five Year Crop Rotation Plan
- Practical Example Crop Rotation
- Planning the Allotment Plot Crop Rotation Plan – New Plot
- Planning the Allotment Plot Crop Rotation Plan – Previous Year
- Planning the Allotment Crop Rotation Plan – What Potatoes to Grow
- Planning the Allotment Plot Crop Rotation Plan – Interim Legumes
- Planning the Allotment Crop Rotation Plan – Finished! | <urn:uuid:4d973d57-f0c8-46a1-b59a-374beb992c7c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.allotment-garden.org/crop-rotation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945317.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421184116-20180421204116-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.880335 | 314 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Bolton School Senior Girls
In Years 7-9 girls follow a syllabus based on the National Curriculum which has been devised to cater for a wide range of musical ability within individual classes. Furthermore, it is designed to give all girls an appreciation and understanding of music. This includes class singing and other practical work, in particular the development of keyboard skills. An awareness of different musical styles and listening skills are developed through the study both of well-known works and music from different cultures. Composing, either through improvising pieces or writing them down, is also an essential part of the curriculum.
Music is a popular option at GCSE and the school follows the Edexcel specification. All GCSE students have to perform on a regular basis - the normal standard is about Grade 5 on the chosen instrument by the end of the course, although many girls have achieved higher grades. Each student also produces a composition portfolio consisting of two contrasted pieces and has a listening exam at the end of the course based on specified Areas of Study.
AS and A2 Music is also well established, following the OCR Specification. There is a strong record of girls continuing their musical studies either at Music College or university on leaving school.
You can learn more about Musical productions, choirs, orchestras, ensembles and instrument lessons here. | <urn:uuid:c6ff3688-3121-4477-a7aa-d9e3f8d24410> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.boltonschool.org/senior-girls/academic/subjects/music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056974.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920010331-20210920040331-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.950906 | 271 | 3.25 | 3 |
'An apple a day help keeps the doctor away' - an age old saying that holds true today because apples contain so many beneficial chemicals.
Apple trees can typically be planted from late autumn to early spring. If the roots are dry, firs soak them in a bucket of water or seaweed fertiliser for 24 hours or overnight. Many apple varieties need a second variety for pollination however self-pollinating varieties are available. Dwarf varieties are available, which produce full sized fruit but on a smaller tree. This can be particularly useful in small gardens or for those who would like to fit a lot of trees into their garden.
Apples are ready to be harvested in autumn. The colour of a ripe apple varies greatly depending on the species so check with the nursery when you purchase your plant, otherwise taste one to see if it's ready.
In areas where fruit fly is a problem, you must pick up fallen fruit. This is a legal requirement in some ares but apart from that, fallen, rotting fruit attracts the pest.
Apple pies and crumbles are a very popular use for apples.
Apples contain large amounts of a wide range of phytonutrients (plant chemicals) in their flesh as well as their skin. They also contain both malic and tartaric acids, which have been shown to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. Apples are also a good source of vitamins C and K as well as fibre. Research has also shown that cholesterol levels can be lowered by up to 10% just by eating two apples a day. The also help to maintain blood sugar levels, something that is beneficial to those with diabetes.
- In an airy place, ensuring the fruit isn't touching
- Freeze stewed and puréed apples | <urn:uuid:978b1d6b-13e9-4083-9439-906b629da60d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://info.gardenrealm.net/gr/Plants/Fruit/apples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320570.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625184914-20170625204914-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.961292 | 359 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Racial Harassment in Vermont Public Schools: A Progress Report
Vermont has not escaped the racial prejudice that has afflicted our nation for centuries. In its 1999 report, Racial Harassment in Vermont Public Schools, the Committee identified racial harassment as a pervasive problem that harmed minority as well as white children in the stateís schools. In some cases, the problem was exacerbated by administrators not responding appropriately to incidents because of the lack of training and clear standards for schools to follow.
The Committee hoped that the report would move legislators, educators, and business and religious leaders to join forces to improve the safety and educational welfare of all Vermontís children. This would require making the elimination of racial harassment a statewide priority by state leaders, who could lend their coordinated efforts and leadership to the problem. To accomplish this goal, the Committee recommended that the state legislature give greater investigative and enforcement authority to the Vermont Department of Education (VDOE) and the Vermont Human Rights Commission (VHRC), two agencies best suited to spearhead the effort. By allocating sufficient funds and hiring additional staff, the agencies could work directly with local school boards, educators, and parents to handle complaints, develop appropriate bias-free curricula, and improve the overall school climate.
In the three years since the reportís release, the Committee monitored many exemplary efforts undertaken by state agencies, schools, and community action organizations to accomplish these goals. By holding its town meetings and soliciting written responses to its questions from these entities, the Committee learned of the considerable progress Vermont has made in addressing the problem of racial harassment in schools and in the larger community, including (1) enactment of a new anti-harassment and hazing law (Act 120); (2) efforts by organizations, such as VT LEADS, to bring together education leaders to coordinate their efforts to eliminate racial harassment; (3) major conferences and training programs on diversity and anti-racism issues; and (4) reallocation of staff and agency priorities by VDOE and VHRC to better address prejudice in the schools. However, the Committee identifies four remaining problem areas:
Racial and other forms of harassment continue to occur, as reported by VHRC, community groups, and victims. A significant number of incidents are race related, with some accompanied by physical altercations or serious threats of violence. As the Committee concluded in 1999, some administrators are not responding effectively to stop the incidents from reoccurring.
There is no coordinated plan to address the problem among various education entities, state agencies, and advocacy organizations. Training of teachers, administrators, and school staff to develop a common understanding of appropriate responses to incidents has begun, but this needs to be instituted in a systemic, mandatory way. Appointing and training civil rights officers in each school to receive and investigate complaints, as proposed in Vermont House of Representatives Bill 113, would help in this regard.
Vermont lacks a comprehensive, reliable way to collect and analyze data on harassment incidents. Although VDOE began collecting data, it needs to provide more guidance to schools to guarantee the accuracy of the information. VDOE should give serious consideration to developing a clear process for reporting, recording, and processing incidents. It needs direct oversight responsibility to ensure that school systems collect data and report findings to the public. A standard incident report form should be developed for parents to formally communicate incidents of harassment and bullying to school officials.
The Committee commends the efforts that Vermont has made since 1999 to address the problem of racial harassment in its schools. There is a genuine commitment among many individuals and organizations in the state to ensure that schools are safe learning environments for all students. Indeed, one of the challenges that remains for Vermont is to identify best practices that schools and communities have developed for dealing with the problem and implement them on a statewide basis.In recent years, there has been much discussion in Vermont of the need to be competitive in the global marketplace. Clearly, Vermont will be at a serious economic disadvantage if the stigma of bigotry deprives the state of a competent, diverse workforce and if our schools produce graduates who do not understand and respect differences among all people. Beyond this pragmatic consideration, the very high value that Vermonters place on strong communities is at risk if we do not embrace the growing diversity of those communities. We have taken important steps in that direction; the real work lies ahead. | <urn:uuid:afabbe37-b652-4390-89cb-48e6d311a22c> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/vt1003/ch3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164014852/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133334-00074-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961502 | 885 | 2.953125 | 3 |
} Many things can be said of Rudolph the Red, Terror of the North Sea.
} Rudolph the Red knew pillaging, raping, and burning. Rudolph the
} Red knew to pillage and rape BEFORE he burned. Rudolph the Red
} knew crushing his enemies, driving them before him, and hearing
} the lamentations of their women. Rudolph the Red knew long boats.
} Rudolph the Red knew the tactics to use against a Roman legion,
} and the tactics to use against a large number of armed, confused,
} and poorly organized villagers.
} Rudolph the Red knew heavy fighting. Rudolph the Red knew the
} long-sword, the battle-axe, the spear, and even the large rock.
} Rudolph the Red did *not* know the bow and arrow, which led to that
} unfortunate incident with the Franks. Afterwards, Rudolph the Red
} knew how to compensate in battle for a lack of depth perception.
} Rudolph the Red knew chest wounds, head wounds, leg wounds, shoulder
} wounds, concussions, groin injuries, third degree burns, gangrene,
} pneumonia, head aches, back aches, pulled tendons, detached ligaments,
} broken ribs, dislocated shoulders, broken noses and blood. Boy, was
} he familiar with blood. You do know he was blond, right? Rudolph the
} Red did not know anesthetics.
} Rudolph the Red did *not* know personal hygiene.
} Rudolph the Red knew women. Rudolph the Red knew girls. Rudolph the
} Red knew boys. Rudolph the Red knew ale. And on one occaision, after
} a great deal of ale and on a particularly cold night, Rudolph the
} Red knew a goat.
} But Rudolph the Red did *not* know reindeer. They could smell him
} You owe the Oracle a flagon of ale, a flank of burnt pig, and some
} industrial strength "Right Guard". | <urn:uuid:e0b2cb46-2f23-42d6-8494-25493302ee50> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://internetoracle.org/digest.cgi?N=1126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118021803-20171118041803-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.929924 | 415 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Somalia declares national emergency over locust swarms
Somalia has declared a national emergency over a number of large locust swarms that are spreading across East Africa.
The country’s Ministry of Agriculture said the swarms pose “a major threat to Somalia’s fragile food security situation” amid fears that the situation may not be resolved until April. The UN has called the swarms, which consume large amounts of vegetation, are the largest in Somalia and Ethiopia for 25 years.
Somalia declares national emergency
Somalia has become the first country to declare a national emergency over the huge swarms of locust currently moving across East Africa. However, it’s by no means the only country affected with Kenya seeing its worst threat in 70 years, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Food security in Somalia is particularly fragile, though, with the country facing increasingly difficult drought and flooding conditions throughout different parts of the year. Floods destroy crucial cropland and kill livestock while droughts make production impossible for many who still have land available.
Now, those who have managed to produce crops face the prospect of its being decimated by swarms of locust that rapidly consume vegetation and simply move on to the next source.
The challenge of dealing with locust is more difficult for Somalia, too, due to the country’s security situation meaning that planes cannot be used to spray insecticide from the air.
Featured image: By CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35486123 | <urn:uuid:57d833ee-16a1-463a-bb61-3d4f1d6ac210> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://eastafricamonitor.com/somalia-declares-national-emergency-over-locust-swarms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.934633 | 339 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Day10, May 10, 2017
Today we are in Jerusalem walking the route of the Palm Sunday procession. Across the street from the Jewish cemetery is the Church of Gethsemane (Pic 1) which means olive branch. This church is built at the base of the Mount of Olives where Jesus spent his final days on earth. Mass was being said while we visited the Church (Pic 2) and the altar is built on (or near) the rock where Jesus prayed in the Garden of Gethsemane (Pic 3). Our guide reminded us that it was Peter, James, and John who were with Jesus at the time of his transfiguration when they saw him in his divine state. Now these same three are with him at Gethsemane and see him in his human state. Jesus is in agony as he faces what is in store for him and saddened further by these three closest to him unable to stay awake and pray even one hour with him.
We next visited the Church of Beth-Phage, which means house (Pic 4) and is where Jesus set off for Palm Sunday. Riding on a donkey, he is greeted with Palms by a celebratory crowd. Here is Jerusalem, Palm Sunday is celebrated in a big way.
We followed this as we arrived at the church of Dominus Flevit, which means the Lord wept (Pic 5). It was from here that Jesus looked out over Jerusalem and predicted the destruction of the city and the destruction of the temple, symbolizing, of course, his own destruction (Pic 6).
Finally, the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu, which refers to the cock crowing (Pic 7), is a three-story church with the top floor being the contemporary church. The story below dates back to the Byzantine era (4th century when Queen Helena, Constantine’s mother, built so many churches). On this middle floor, the side wall shows Jesus predicting that Peter will deny him three times before the cock crows. Icons above the altar depict St Peter’s denial, his repentant weeping, and his reconciliation with his Master on the shore of the Sea of Galilee after the Resurrection. From this floor, there is a glass visual through the floor where we could look down to see the dungeon below where Jesus was imprisoned (Pic 8). It is highly likely that this is the exact prison (Pic 9) because of it being found below a 4th century Church and its proximity to the palace of Caiaphas. It is also likely that this was the same dungeon that Peter and John were held and scourged for preaching about Jesus in the temple. This lowest story, the dungeon or sacred pit (Pic 10) is where our group read the Gospel and prayed (Pic 11). Outside the church, there are the sacred steps (Pic 12) that Jesus would have taken to come up and go down from this area.
In the afternoon, Julius and I walked on our own to a Lutheran church in Jerusalem. Quietly in a corner of the church, we lit candles and renewed our wedding vows to each other (Pic 13). | <urn:uuid:a71bf75f-6b19-4390-8277-ec3d5f6b02c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.catholicchurchreform.org/216/index.php/news/holy-land-2017/213-pilgrimage-to-the-holy-land-day-10-10-may-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120191321-20181120213321-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.982386 | 644 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Synonyms in a broader sense
Meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis
Medical: Serosa menigitis
English: meningitis, encephalitis, brain inflammation, brain-fever
General information on the topic (What is menigitis?) Can be found under our topic:
The term meningitis (meningitis) describes an inflammation (-itis) of the meninges and spinal cord membranes (Meninges), which can be triggered by very different pathogens.
There are two forms of meningitis:
- purulent meningitis (see following text)
- non-purulent meningitis
The purulent meningitis (purulent meningitis) is caused by bacteria. It is associated with a high fever and severe general clinical picture and is an absolute emergency that must be treated immediately.
The non-purulent meningitis (non-purulent meningitis), for that as a rule Viruses are responsible, is usually harmless and often occurs in the context of general virus infections (except for the Herpes simplex encephalitisrepresenting an acute emergency).
The symptoms and the course are milder and the prognosis is better.
(= acute, lymphocytic meningitis, simple viral meningitis)
Occurrence and gender distribution
By far the most common form of inflammatory diseases Central nervous system (CNS), i.e. the brain and the spinal cord with its skins and liquor spaces, is viral meningitis (acute, lymphocytic meningitis) with 10-20 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Men are affected slightly more often than women. It is believed that many common infections caused by viruses have mild concomitant meningitis which is not diagnosed.
You have to distinguish them from the rare but dangerous Viral encephalitis, i.e. the acute inflammation of the brain itself or the spinal cord (myelitis, myelon = spinal cord), which in some cases can result from such a slight infection.
Cause and pathogen
The causative agents of viral meningitis have to be divided into two groups:
- into the primarily neurotropic viruses, that is, viruses that primarily penetrate the CNS along nerve roots and have the tendency to settle there and sometimes remain inconspicuous for years (virus persistence, i.e. they exist there without causing symptoms), but they too can cause "normal" viral meningitis (eg the varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles virus) or the TBE virus) and
- In the non-primarily neurotropic viruses, these are all viruses that preferably cause our colds (“flu-like infection”) in spring and autumn and in most cases get into the meninges (meninges) with the blood and which do not get there either survive (e.g. coxsackie, echo, mumps, measles or adenoviruses). They are the main causative agents of simple viral meningitis. There are regional / local differences with a varying spectrum of pathogens.
In western countries, however, unusual viruses such as the Hantaan virus, the Puumula virus, the Nipah virus, the West Nile virus (WNV) and the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are increasingly found.
Coxsackie and Echovirus infections make up for one Incubation period of 5 to 10 days by flu symptoms such as fever, sniff, Vomit, Sore throat and limbs noticeable.
Then the symptoms of acute viral meningitis set in later. They resemble those of bacterial meningitis with a headache and Neck stiffness, but they are less pronounced, more in the sense of irritation of the meninges.
Often the patients are with clear awareness and have light fever. If the inflammation is due to the brain spreading (meningoencephalitis), focal symptoms can be like a epileptic seizure, speech disorders or Paralysis occur.
In general, however, the symptoms subside after a few days. Here, too, the triggering viruses cannot be distinguished from the meningitis symptoms, but the pathogen can be deduced from the accompanying clinical symptoms. So go for example Echo viruses more likely to have gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea along, Coxsackie Viruses with tonsillitis (with Coxsackie B infections, severe Chest pain and a Myocarditis occur) and that Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, the causative agent of Pfeiffer's glandular fever) with swelling of the spleen and lymph nodes.
If viral meningitis is suspected, as with bacterial meningitis, an examination of the nerve water is sought with the help of the CSF puncture on.
In contrast to the purulent, bacterial meningitis Only a few impressive changes: The puncture has a clear to slightly cloudy color, as the number of cells is increased, but often does not exceed 1500 cells.
These are also not pus-forming cells (Granulocytes) as in purulent meningitis, but rather Lymphocytes (White blood cells).
Lymphocytes are the cells of our immune system that fight viruses and therefore do not form pus.
Protein, sugar and lactate - other important markers of the nerve water - have almost normal values, as does the procalcitonin in the blood (always below 0.5 ng / ml), which is a sensitive marker for differentiating between purulent and non-purulent meningitis (only increased with purulent).
The identification of the pathogen is best done by detecting the specific antibody in the blood with the help of ELISA-Technology (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). If the proof is unsuccessful, the will also find PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) Application.
The PCR directly detects the DNA, i.e. the genetic material of the viruses, and is now used as a routine method for the detection of certain viruses, especially the herpes virus group (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV), but also for the HI virus and others.
Therapy and prognosis
A simple viral meningitis, like simple, viral meningoencephalitis, does not require any special therapy. Bed rest, possibly antipyretic medication (e.g. paracetamol) and painkillers as well as stimulus shielding are useful. The prognosis is good. Permanent damage is not to be expected.
Vaccination / prophylaxis
For some viruses that can potentially affect the brain and meninges, vaccination in childhood is the best prophylaxis. These include measles, rubella, mumps, chickenpox (varicella) and poliomyelitis viruses (the causative agent of polio).
The virus is only vaccinated against the causative agent of early summer meningoencephalitis, the TBE virus, when traveling to the corresponding risk areas (especially southern Germany, but the virus is spreading further and further north), as is the case with the Japanese encephalitis virus.
Also read our topic: Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis
Chronic lymphocytic meningitis or (meningo-) encephalitis
Cause and pathogen
The causative agent of this form of the Meningitis are usually not viruses, but
- Mushrooms (e.g. Cryptococcus, cryptococcal meningitis / encephalitis),
- Parasites (e.g. Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, Pathogens are transmitted through cats)
- the tuberculosis pathogen (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis) and other mycobacteria
- Bacteria like that Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi, Borreliose, Pathogens are transmitted by ticks) or the pathogens of the syphilis, Treponema pallidum (neurolues, neurosyphilis)
- and other.
In addition to Lyme disease, they often occur in poor countries, in people infected with HIV and other patients with a weakened immune system and manifest themselves with a slow decline in personality, disorders of attention and memory and increasing neurological deficits.
The number of cells in the nerve water (liquor) is not or only slightly increased.
At the time of diagnosis, in contrast to acute (fresh) processes, antibody production can often be found within the Liquor spaces detect (intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis).
The antibodies against a virus are then more highly concentrated in the cerebral fluid than in the blood, which suggests that they are within the central nervous system (CNS) a slowly growing process is taking place.
The pathogen-related, non-purulent inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (meningitis, Encephalitis, Meningoencephalitis) can be classified as follows:
- viral (acute lymphocytic, serous) meningitis
- non-viral (chronic lymphocytic) meningitis
- acute viral encephalitis
An inflammatory process caused by viruses should always be considered if the following factors can be found in the medical history (anamnesis):
- Viral diseases in the area (e.g. mumps, chickenpox, polio)
- Insect or Tick bites (e.g. TBE virus, borrelia (borreliosis)
- Animal bites (e.g. Rabies)
- After blood transfusions or organ transplants (e.g. HIV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvo virus B19 (Causative agent of Ringlet rubella))
- Immunodeficiency caused by cancer, medication (e.g. rheumatism or rheumatoid arthritis) or AIDS (e.g. CMV, Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
- Stays abroad | <urn:uuid:bc42ed1d-3214-4eb5-9f2f-d3eea382c7ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lifeafterjob.com/class-nicht-eitrige-W8V | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.895994 | 2,105 | 3.328125 | 3 |
On Thursday, Mother Jones published an interactive infographic that illustrates just how quickly 'kill at will' laws have spread through the United States. The infographic also shows who was behind the effort that took Florida's 2005 'kill at will' law and replicated it in 23 states by 2011.
Below is an excerpt from Adam Weinstein's story on Mother Jones that looks at the roots of 'kill at will' aka 'stand your ground laws.'
The Florida law made infamous this spring by the killing of unarmed teenager Trayvon Martin was conceived during the epic hurricane season of 2004. That November, 77-year-old James Workman moved his family into an RV outside Pensacola after Hurricane Ivan peeled back the roof of their house. One night a stranger tried to force his way into the trailer, and Workman killed him with two shots from a .38 revolver. The stranger turned out to be a disoriented temporary worker for the Federal Emergency Management Agency who was checking for looters and distressed homeowners. Workman was never arrested, but three months went by before authorities cleared him of wrongdoing.
That was three months too long for Dennis Baxley, a veteran Republican representative in Florida's state Legislature. Four hurricanes had hit the state that year, and there was fear about widespread looting (though little took place). In Baxley's view, Floridians who defended themselves or their property with lethal force shouldn't have had to worry about legal repercussions. Baxley, a National Rifle Association (NRA) member and owner of a prosperous funeral business, teamed up with then-GOP state Sen. Durell Peaden to propose what would become known as Stand Your Ground, the self-defense doctrine essentially permitting anyone feeling threatened in a confrontation to shoot their way out. | <urn:uuid:78cc3752-64d7-470f-aa0d-7cb086ec4c81> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.colorlines.com/articles/infographic-how-quickly-stand-your-ground-spread-nationwide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097475.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00176-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98365 | 357 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In recent years, newspaper and magazine articles began to appear on the warming of the earth and frequent cataclysms, radio talks and television vividly demonstrates these effects. Several scientists attribute these disasters to the warming. The fact that global warming is a reality of our days and shows held in Copenhagen forum on global warming of almost all nations of the earth. On the causes of global warming, scientists divided into two groups. The first group believes the warming of the excess emission of carbon and other greenhouse gases and the formation of the screen – for these gases. Those scientists most. Other a group of scientists at least proves conclusively that carbon dioxide does not cause warming, and explains all the past periods and cycles of cooling and warming periods of solar activity, the properties atmosphere in the troposphere, the claim that soon chill. In this article we attempt, while not rejecting the cause of global warming – a greenhouse gas, to draw people's attention on more important, in my opinion, the cause of global warming on Earth. Previously would have to bring some information from astronomy and physics. Astrophysicist Alexander Chernin, in his book 'Stars and Physics', Moscow, 'Science', in 1984 wrote that the sun is in our spiral Galaxy in the disk at a distance of about two-thirds of the radius from the center. According to some data, it is between two branches of the spiral. During the rotation of the Galaxy The Sun has a speed of 220 – 250 km / sec. | <urn:uuid:8bbe01c1-fdd1-4e97-8801-9199a269e026> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.topfloormedia.com/2014/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.93879 | 298 | 2.90625 | 3 |
After recently drifting into recreational circles due to its hallucinogenic properties, ketamine is now being re-evaluated among medial researchers for its powerful anti-depressant qualities. A new study has now revealed the drug can be effective in rapidly reducing suicidal thoughts in patients.
For the last decade a vanguard of scientists has been researching the unexpected anti-depressant effects of ketamine, an old drug initially developed as an anesthetic in the 1960s. The rapid anti-depressant effects of ketamine have been so anecdotally strong that a number of "ketamine clinics" have popped up in the US to deliver the drug to patients, for a price.
This new study, from Columbia University Medical Center, homes in on the drug's rapid anti-depressant qualities, and examines its effects on patients with acute suicidal thoughts. It is the first study to focus explicitly on suicidal patients, as opposed to prior studies that have looked at more general depression symptoms.
"Currently available antidepressants can be effective in reducing suicidal thoughts in patients with depression, but they can take weeks to have an effect," explains study leader Michael Grunebaum. "Suicidal, depressed patients need treatments that are rapidly effective in reducing suicidal thoughts when they are at highest risk. Currently, there is no such treatment for rapid relief of suicidal thoughts in depressed patients."
The study took 80 patients with "clinically significant suicidal thoughts" and assigned them either a low-dose infusion of ketamine or a sedative called midazolam, commonly prescribed to reduce acute suicidal thoughts in at-risk patients. Twenty-four hours after the infusion the ketamine group displayed a major improvement in the reduction of suicidal thoughts compared to the midazolam group.
Perhaps the most compelling part of the study was the six-week follow up showing that the effects of the ketamine seemed to hold strong for an extended duration. The ketamine group reported an overall improvement in mood, depression and fatigue, indicating the drug had a major anti-depression effect as well as a rapid effect on reducing suicidal thoughts.
"This study shows that ketamine offers promise as a rapidly acting treatment for reducing suicidal thoughts in patients with depression," says Grunebaum. "Additional research to evaluate ketamine's antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects may pave the way for the development of new antidepressant medications that are faster acting and have the potential to help individuals who do not respond to currently available treatments."
With several studies looking into ketamine as a viable new treatment for depression disorders this is yet another fascinating glimpse into the unexpected effects of a drug that has been used in a variety of ways, both medically and recreationally, for over half a century.
The study was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.
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Father Joseph was born Guiseppe Garruchio at Castel Aragonese on the Island of Sardinia on March 27, 1712. He entered the Society of Jesus on January 6, 1731, and sailed from the port of Alghero, Sardinia, bound for Spain on October 23, 1740. On a day in February 1744 he looked for the last time at the port of Cádiz, gateway to Spain’s New World. For three years he had been waiting to sail for America. He had black hair and light skin. His eyes were blue and his beard sparse. At long last he was sailing on the San Francisco, alias La Peregrina.
No voyage across the Atlantic was without risk. In 1744, in the wake of the naval war with England, it was even riskier and also uncomfortable. With their names now conveniently Hispanicized, Father Garrucho and his nearly 20 fellow Jesuits might well have echoed Sedelmayr’s bid to his ship: “May she stoutly defend her Americans against the English!”
Just as the captain had sailed the San Francisco across the Atlantic and they were in coastal waters, his ship was set upon and boarded by Englishmen. The English captain, deciding that there were too many mouths to feed, put the excess passengers ashore.
News of their arrival preceded the two castaways inland to Puerto del Príncipe, today Camagüey, where certain leading citizens had been requesting the services of Jesuits. Fathers Garrucho and Juan Cubedo rested and then engaged in a “fervent and very fruitful” 20-day ministry, after which they set out for Havana, and there booked passage to the mainland. Thanks in part to the reports of two Sardinians, Garrucho and Cubedo, the people of Puerto del Príncipe in Cuba soon boasted a Jesuit College.
To his superiors in Mexico City, Joseph Garrucho appeared “zealous and healthy” enough for assignment to the Pimería. Early in 1745 he arrived there and met the “severe and difficult” Father Keller. As they approached the mission of Guevavi, Father Joseph must have been disappointed. There were signs of life all along the river but he could see nothing that resembled a mission. Suddenly they were there. Without the cross and bells and Pimas, it might have been a rancho. The Padre’s adobe house was apparently the same one that Captain Anza had begun for Father Grazhoffer. The church was nothing more than a brush roof over posts, which his predecessors may have ordered walled with adobes. The mission at best was crude—quite a challenge for Father Garrucho.
Once Father Keller’s scribe had entered in the book of burials the seven people who had died since Christmas, Joseph Garrucho, on May 5, 1745, made his first entry as resident Padre.
Almost before Father Joseph got to know his Indians, they subjected him to an initiation they had practiced before. They deserted him. In response to the Padre’s plea, Captain Pedro Vicente de Tagle Bustamente and a detachment of soldiers came north from the presidio of San Felipe at Terrenate, founded not only to chastise Apaches but also “to curb such recurring restlessness among the Pimas.” Father Keller rode with them. Reining up at Guevavi, they found Garrucho with only two houseboys and a vecino. The Captain was all for bringing the Indians down from the hills and punishing them. Garrucho and Keller protested. Without resorting to bloodshed they succeeded in getting the Indians and livestock back to the mission.
Father Garrucho soon learned that even when the Indians stayed at the mission, their numbers decreased. Measles and smallpox, more than the Apaches, were the scourge of the Pimería. During his six years at Guevavi, there were at least three killing epidemics.
To replace those who died, Father Joseph needed to bring in new blood from native rancherías. He was very successful, as the mission books reflected and his superiors noted. The mission population grew, even though the number of Pimas diminished. Long before the end of the mission period in Pimería Alta, the Padres found themselves caring for more and more gente de razón and fewer Indians. The need for military assistance to bring the Pimas out of the barancas was there, but reduction (uprooting and transplanting) cannot have been pleasant for the Indians or Garrucho.
Most of Guevavi’s population, Father Stiger later admitted, was reduced by force. Luis Oacpicagigua, soon to become the most infamous Pima of all, listed among his good works the reduction of two rancherías of his brethren to Guevavi and two more to the visita at Arivaca.
As Father Segesser had observed, “Indians do not come to Christian service when they do not see the pot boiling.” Upon the Padre’s ability to supply food for his Indians, depended the expansion of his mission. As a provider, Garrucho was very successful. He employed a division of labor. The King had decreed that the Indians work no more than three days a week in the mission fields. Depending on the job, sometimes they worked more and sometimes less, after all the King was far away.
Under Garrucho, the mission ranch at Tubac began to produce. In the village of Guevavi, Father Joseph made it a practice to keep a supply of maize, most of the year, in the center of the plaza in a “tapestle,” a large open cage on stilts. The Padre’s life was a very busy one.
The Jesuits looked forward to their annual spiritual exercises, eight days of disciplined re-dedication restored their zeal and perspective. On the eve of the feast day of Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1748, Father Garrucho evidently joined Father Keller at Suamca for the break.
On December 10, 1748, Father Garrucho professed his final vows at the mission of Arizpe during the celebration of mass. He was now in the fullest sense, a Jesuit. Father Visitor General of the Jesuits, Carlos de Roxas, had sent word that Father Joseph was ready to take his final vows.
In 1749, Father Garrucho almost enrolled in the ranks of Jesuit explorers. First, however, he was called upon to calm a distraught brother. The natives at Caborca had all but unnerved Father Bartholomé Sáenz. Replaced by Father Tello, whom the Caborcans subsequently martyred, Sáenz was sent to Guevavi, where it was hoped that “being in the company of Father Garrucho, who has a light hearted disposition, he might put aside all of his apprehensions.” Father Garrucho’s tonic seemed to work and he considered leaving Sáenz at Guevavi while he went to alter the course of the empire.
Since the days of Kino, the Padres had looked beyond the Pimería to the lands of the Yumas, the Gilenos, the Hopis, and farther. Father Sedelmayr resolved to return to the Yumas on the Colorado and he planned to take Garrucho with him. By early October 1749, the trip was arranged, only to have the acting Governor deny the necessary military escort, saying the soldiers were needed in the war against the Seris and Apaches. Thus Father Sáenz was not left alone at Guevavi.
Common defense and isolation drew the Padre and the settlers together. Unlike his brothers farther south, Father Joseph got along well with the gente de razón he served. For him it was a matter of self-preservation. He occupied the most advanced position on the entire Jesuit frontier. Exposed to Apache raids and Pima restlessness, it behooved him and the settlers to cooperate.
The corrupting influence of the Spanish way of life, wanting Indian labor and mission lands, and bitter disputes with parish priests of mining towns, all of which were combined in the long-established southern missions, made the Jesuits’ life a constant battle. “Those were not yet such issues at Guevavi.”
How the land was distributed between the gente de razón and the mission is a puzzle. The mission did not have a land grant as such. Black Robes’ enemies in Sonora claimed that the missionaries had turned the province into a private domain. Only the King and the Indians, they said, were the rightful owners of the lands, yet, in fact, the Jesuits controlled the best of it.
Most of the settlers did not have legally granted land. As Spaniards and half-breeds preempted river bottom acres and good water holes, the Indians sulked. They resented the intruders. So, behind the Padre’s back, certain of the natives plotted revenge.
Garrucho’s last months at Guevavi were the most eventful. Under him, the mission had prospered as never before. There was enough of a surplus to permit consideration of a long overdue proper church. Several times during 1751 he was gone from Guevavi, probably making arrangements for it.
Later in the summer of 1751, Don Joachín de Cásares, a master builder from Arizpe, arrived at Guevavi to take charge. Here at Guevavi, Father Joseph would leave, if nothing else, a house of God where none comparable had stood before.
Probably Cásares brought artisans and assistants. For the unskilled labor, he depended on the Indians. They would supply the muscle, at their own pace. Commenting on the native building crews, Father Sedelmayr once wrote, “Their manner of working was to gather between eight and nine and to quit about four. The ones who dug the earth did so seated. Those who carried two small balls of mud, did so then sat down to rest. The others also worked at this pace. But because there were so many of them, something was accomplished.”
As part of the fall offensive in 1751, a contingent of Pimas was to join with the soldiers of the Presidio of San Felipe on a routine search and destroy campaign down the San Pedro and back through the Chiricahua mountains. From Sáric, on the upper Río Altar, Luis Oacpicagigua, Captain General of all the Pimas, set forth with a band of warriors. Their route took them through Guevavi. The Padre himself told how he welcomed the famous Luis, entertaining him in his own quarters. When they were ready to leave, Garrucho sent them on their way with 15 head of the mission’s cattle.
At Suamca their reception was less cordial. Luis arrived dressed as a Spanish officer and may have been overbearing. Father Keller may have suggested that since Luis was more familiar with native weapons he would enjoy greater success with them. Or as some witnesses later said, he called the proud Indian a Chichimec dog whose proper attire was a coyote skin and a loin cloth and whose proper pastime was chasing rabbits and rodents in the hills. This offended Luis who now went home nursing black thoughts and abandoned the campaign.
This Luis, the Padres concluded, was a bad sort. Even worse he was a creature of Sonora’s new Governor, Diego Ortiz Parilla and, as such, enjoyed civil and military protection. Ortiz Parilla had also elevated Luis to the rank of captain general without consulting the Padres. For months the Jesuits had expressed their concern over Ortiz Parilla’s dealings with the Pimas. The Governor, during the Seri campaign, flattered them and now they returned haughty and averse to the Padres.
The fiesta at Guevavi in honor of the Feast of San Miguel, September 29, 1751, promised to be the best ever. If construction proceeded well, San Miguel’s new church would be filled to overflowing. The celebration was in full swing when a local native known as Pedro Chihuahua came looking for the Padre. He was Luis’ right-hand man and was carrying the baton of sergeant major of the Pima Nation, apparently granted to him by the Governor of Sonora without the missionary’s knowledge. A dispute arose. Either Garrucho suggested that Pedro was not authorized to parade around Guevavi with his baton or he grabbed the baton and ridiculed the Indian in front of the crowd. Pedro went away unhappy, not even pausing to watch the bullfights.
In November, Garrucho heard that natives had stolen mission horses at Arivaca; the thieves were apprehended and taken into custody. On the way back tempers flared and a scuffle resulted and some were wounded. By the time the prisoners were delivered to Guevavi and put to work on the church, Luis knew of the incident and Garrucho suspected that he was up to no good. These episodes in the fall of 1751 were typical of an active mission frontier. These details vary greatly depending on whom the reporter wished to blame for the shocking event that followed.
Sunday, November 21, 1751, began peacefully at Guevavi. With little warning the routine Sunday activities of the mission came to an abrupt halt. Near panic ensued. The mission foreman at Tubac, Juan de Figueroa, stumbled into the village, beaten and bloody. He said the Indians there had gone crazy and tried to club him to death. Arivaca, rumor had it, was a smoldering ruin. The natives of Guevavi grabbed their weapons and fled. On the advice of the native governor at Bac, Father Pauer and a small escort made a dash to Guevavi and Garrucho. A warning had reached Father Keller and he had passed it on to San Ignacio.
Without the natives, Guevavi could not defend itself. Preparations were underway to abandon Guevavi. The stock was rounded up and most of the santos and church furnishings were loaded onto pack animals. On Wednesday, November 24, 1751, the retreat began. Garrucho apparently never returned to Guevavi.
From Guevavi Father Garrucho went to Oposura, 150 miles southeast of Guevavi to serve the Ópatas. From Oposura in 1763 he sent orders to have the ailing Father Pfefferkorn removed from Guevavi and sent to Oposura to recuperate, sending the last Jesuit named Custodio Ximeno to Guevavi.
Already Diego Ortiz Parrilla had begun to lay the blame on the Jesuits. His initial report of the revolt sent to the Viceroy December 1, 1751, from San Ignacio, intimated that Garrucho’s foreman, Juan María Romero, and José Naba precipitated the whole thing. The report was sent to the King. Now the name Guevavi was heard in a very unfavorable context.
By the time Diego Ortiz Parrilla completed his investigation, the charges against Garrucho ranged from wanton whipping of loyal Pimas to kidnapping of native children. It remained for following pro-Jesuit investigators to demonstrate that the administration of Father Garrucho had been, in reality, an exemplary one.
Father Garrucho was perfectly capable of defending himself, although he might not have done so if the Father Visitor General had not ordered it. Father Garrucho’s long letter began on the feast day of the Presentation of the blessed Virgin Mary, November 21, and concluded on December 6, 1754. To no one’s surprise it was a strongly worded indictment of Governor Ortiz Parrilla.
Once they learned their Padre was not coming back to Guevavi, the people split up. Some joined Luis, others went into the mountains. Within a week after Father Joseph’s departure, a band of rebels held a native rally and “unhinging the doors of the Father’s house, they ransacked it, then began in the church, tearing, throwing down, and abusing the few santos that remained.” At San Xavier del Bac, the “capilla o enramada” and the Padre’s house were totally demolished. Nothing movable at either Bac or Guevavi was spared.
Because they were more substantial, the church at Guevavi and the Padre’s house survived to serve another day. For the time being, Luis held sway and defied any Padre to return.
At the invitation of Father Stiger, the mission of San Ignacio became an armed camp. On November 30, 1751, Governor Ortiz Parrilla arrived with his party. Apparently he was looking for a way out of a personal dilemma involving his personal relationship with Luis O. He sent out peace missions to Luis and began taking anti-Jesuit testimony.
In the early dawn of January 5, 1752, near the deserted visita of Arivaca, Luis suddenly lost his advantage. As the head of a horde of Indians, reportedly 2,000 strong, including Indians from Guevavi, he fell upon 86 Spaniards under the leadership of Bernardo de Urrea and was beaten. After this he was more willing to talk peace. There were conditions: Father Garrucho, now serving the Ópatas at Oposura, must return the Pima houseboys he had taken when he fled the revolt. Father Keller must be removed from the Pimería.
On March 18, 1752, Luis came alone to Tubac and surrendered to Captain Juan Tomás de Beldarrain. By mid-April, Governor Juanico Cipriano and 65 others were back at Guevavi. For more than a year they would resist a missionary’s return.
Father Garrucho was Father Visitor of Sonora in the early 1760s and for a brief time as Father Visitor General. He might have returned to Guevavi once more had not “his attacks” made riding so painful.
He served at Oposura for 15 years until the day of the Jesuit’s rude expulsion. The mission church at Oposura was one of the best in the province. He added additional rich furnishings, and with oval paintings, he arranged a small chapel to the Holy Virgin of Loreto. He even learned to preach in Ópata.
Among the Jesuits who survived the terrible trip after the expulsion were Garrucho, Pauer and Ximeno. They were put aboard the Swedish ship Princess Ulrica at Vera Cruz on November 10, 1768.
Those who survived the trip were disbursed to monasteries throughout Spain. A special reception awaited Joseph Garrucho, the Jesuit who spent more of his life at Guevavi than anyone else. When he disembarked at Cádiz, he was not allowed to go with his fellow Padres to the hospice at the Puerto de Santa María. Instead he was placed under heavy guard and marched halfway across Spain to Madrid, there to be imprisoned.
As an ex-missionary who had lived in the northern frontier, he was, in the eyes of the Spanish authorities, potentially dangerous. In his cell, which he shared with a German lay brother, he and his companion drew maps.
Later he was held in a Hieronymite monastery and then told he could go home. He refused. When and where death closed the remarkable life and ministry of Joseph Garrucho, once of Guevavi, is still a mystery.
His first experience as a missionary, Garrucho had gained at Guevavi. He endured longer than any other Jesuit either before or after him. Under him, the mission was transformed from a marginal, wilderness operation into a relatively prosperous frontier community. When he left, however, he fled. Fortunately for Jesuit Guevavi, his successor proved equal to the difficult task of reconstruction.
At his embarkation in 1744, Garrucho was reported to be 28 years old. Elsewhere, however, his birth date is given as March 27, 1712, which is apparently correct, making him 32 instead. Father Joseph had entered the Society of Jesus on January 6, 1731, and had sailed from the port of Alghero, Sardinia, bound for Spain, on October 23, 1740. AGI, Contratación, 5550. Zelis, Catálogo, pp. 20-21. Because the Jesuits of Sardinia were joined to those of Spain in the internal organization of the order, a considerable number of Sardinians found their way to the missions of the Spanish New World.
Sedelmayr to Amman, Puerto de Santa María, November 21, 1735; translation, BRP.
Alegre, Historia de la Companía, IV, pp. 404-405. Forty-one-year-old Father Cubedo (Giovanni Cubeddu) later served for many years at the mission of Chínipas, on a tributary of the upper Río Fuerte in extreme western Chihuahua. Ibid., p. 404, n. 31.
This scribe, perhaps a resident of the presidio at Terrenate, made numerous entries in the books of Soamca for Father Keller, who was indeed a very poor penman. Because Garrucho signed some of these entries while visiting Soamca (e.g., baptisms on June 4, 1746, and October 19, 1747) several historians have taken the scribe’s graceful studied hand for Garrucho’s and, thus, have erroneously implied that Soamca not Guevavi was Father Joseph’s station from 1744 to 1748., for example, Pradeau, Expulsíon, p. 150. By comparing the entries Garrucho actually did write (e.g., Soamca, Libro de Bautismos y Casamientos de los Pueblos de Visita, 1743-1755, September 4, 1746; Pinart, CPA; and Guevavi, “Tubaca y Otros,” 1745-1751) with those of the scribe it is obvious that they were indeed two different men.
Lieutenant Francisco Xavier de Escalante, Cuquiárachi, September 5, 1754; Utrera testimonies, AGI, Guad., 419, microfilm, BL. These are the testimonies recorded by the Jesuit Father Visitor General, Joseph de Utrera, August-December, 1754, concerning the Pima rebellion of 1751.
Their flight on this occasion was supposed to have been caused by a false report spread by a malevolent Pima. Christóbal de Osef, Real de Todos Santos, September 16, 1754; ibid.
From the bunching of burials at Guevavi during certain months in 1747, 1749, and 1751, Dobyns noted the lethal effect of these epidemics in “Tubac through Four Centuries: An Historical Résumé and Analysis,” unpublished report for the Arizona State Parks Board, 1959, pp. 94-100.
Father Carlos de Roxas to Father Provincial Andrés Xavier Garcia, Arizpe, December 29, 1748; AHH, Temp., 278.
Father Gaspar Stiger to Segesser, San Ignacio, November 29, 1751; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, Quaderno no. 1, AGI, microfilm, BL. This legajo contains the documents assembled by Governor Diego Ortiz Parrilla during and immediately after the pima rebellion of 1751, November 1751-March 1753.
Luis Oacpicagigua, San Ignacio, March 24, 1752; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 8. The names of the rancherías reduced to Guevavi were recorded as “Upiatuban” and “El Concuc”; and those of the rancherías reduced to Arivaca as “El Toamuc” and “El Suctuni.” Perhaps the latter was the same ranchería referred to by Father Torres Perea in 1743 as “the village of Santo Thomás Apóstol Supquituni.”
Treutlein, “Relation of Segesser,” MA, XXVII, p. 161.
Captain Gabriel Antonio de Vildósola, Cuquiárachi, September 9, 1754; Utrera testimonies.
At Soamca on El Dia de San Ignacio, July 31, 1748, Father Joseph baptized a boy for whom Father Ignacio was godfather.
It was customary for a Jesuit to profess his final vows on one of the various feast days of the Blessed Virgin Mary. December 10 was the feat of the Transfer of the Holy House of Loreto (traditionally the house in which the Annunciation took place, later moved from the Holy Land to Loreto, Italy). Although Father Garrucho’s profession was dated at Arizpe on December 10, he himself signed an entry in his mission book stating that he had baptized five children at Guevavi that very same day. In one or the other instance the date was an approximation or a slip, for it is extremely doubtful that Father Joseph was in both places on a single day. A copy of Garrucho’s profession is listed in AHH, Temp., 16. An English translation of the profession of Father Henrique Ruhen, Tubutama, August 15, 1751, is included in Ronald L. Ives, “Mission San Marcelo del Sonoydag,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. LXVI (1955), pp 220-21.
Roxas to García, December 29, 1749.
Roxas to García, Arizpe, August 8, 1749, AHH, Temp., 278. Sáenz had accepted Caborca on November 29, 1748, and had given it up on July 10, 1749. Entregas; WBS, 1744, ff. 271-72, 295-96. He was apparently to have been installed at San Xavier del Bac in April 1749, but when a military escort was denied the plan fell through. Arriving at Guevavi during the summer he seems to have remained in the salutary company of Father Joseph until fall. Shortly thereafter, he was re-assigned to Cuquiárachi. Father Salvador Ignacio de la Peña also was assigned to San Xavier, it appears, but before he got there his mission was changed to Cucurpe. Father Thomás Miranda to Balthasar, Ures, June 16, 1749; ibid. José Rafael Rodríguez Gallardo to Ortiz Parrilla, Mátape, March 15, 1750; AGN, Historia, 16.
Ibid. Rodríguez Gallardo to Ortiz Parrilla, March 15, 1750.
For an excellent summary of the areas of conflict between the missionaries and the civilian population, from the Jesuit point of view, see ibid., pp. 81-83. The economic basis for Jesuit-civil discord is considered by Treutlein in “The Economic Regime of the Jesuit Mission in Eighteenth Century Sonora,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. VIII (1939), pp. 289-300, and by Navarro García, Sonora y Sinaloa, pp. 161-234.
Ibid., pp. 203-208. Although land ownership during the Jesuit years in Pimería Alta remains unclear, this is not the case in the later Franciscan period, when land grants, including the missions’, were carefully surveyed and duly recorded. See Ray H. Mattison, “Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona,” NMHR, Vol. XXI (1846), pp. 273-327
Stiger to Segesser, November 29, 1751.
The quotation is from Sedelmayr’s oft-cited apology of November 29, 1754, supposedly written from Guevavi. The copy in AGN, Historia, 17, does indeed read “Guevavi.” Quite understandably, historians have accepted the fact and have claimed for Guevavi the distinction of Sedelmayr’s presence (e.g., Hazel Emery Mills, “Father Jacobo Sedelmayr, s.j.: A Forgotten Chapter in Arizona History,” ArizHR, Vol. VII (1936), p. 17; Dunne, Sedelmayr, p. iii, and Balthasar, p. 49; and Pradeau, Expulsión, p. 232). But the AGN copyist erred. Sedelmayr wrote from his mission of Guásavas, more than 150 miles southeast of Guevavi. Sedelmayr (to Father Visitor Joseph de Utrera), “Guassabas,” November 29, 1754; apparent original in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California (HM 22238). Cásares alleged that his peones, as he called the workers, came to work late, took a long lunch hour, and quit early. Joaquín de Cásares, Arizpe, September 20, 1754; Utrera testimonies.
Captain Santiago Ruiz de Ael, Diario, September 21 to October 11, 1751; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 7. Vildósola, September 9, 1754. Garrucho to Utrera, Oposura, December 6, 1754; BNMex, 43/721.
Antonio de Rivera, San Miguel de Horcasitas, December 5, 1753, et al., Arce y Arroyo testimonies.
Miguel Siarituc, San Ignacio, March 14, 1752, et al.; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 8.
Olave and Stiger quoted in Roxas to Arce y Arroyo, Arizpe, January 18, 1754, unsigned draft, WBS, 1744, ff. 347-50, and 40, ff. 163-64.
Father Juan Nentuig to Father Joseph de Utrera, Tecoripa, December 3, 1754, et al.; Utrera testimonies.
Francisco Padilla, San Ignacio, February 4, 1752, et al.; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 8. Juan Manuel Ortiz, San Ignacio, December 9, 1751, ibid.
There is some question as to whether word of the uprising reached Guevavi on Sunday, November 21 or on Monday, November 22. There is no question as to the effect it produced. This account of Garrucho’s last days at Guevavi is based on the various declarations and letters in AGI, Guad., 418 and 419, and on the Padre’s own defense, Garrucho to Utrera, December 6, 1754. For a general treatment of the uprising, see Russell C. Ewing, “The Pima Uprising, 1751-1752: A Study in Spain’s Indian Policy,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Berkeley, 1934; and his “The Pima Outbreak in November, 1751,” NMHR, Vol. XIII (1938), pp. 337-46; and “The Pima Uprising of 1751,” in Greater America: Essays in Honor of Herbert E. Bolton (Los Angeles, 1945), pp. 259-80.
Garrucho to Father Provincial Pedro Reales, Oposura, July 13, 1763; AHH, Temp., 17.
Don Diego had enlisted in Spain in 1734. Six years later he shipped out to Cuba to fight in the War of Jenkin’s Ear. Not long after that, he turned up in Vera Cruz with the rank of captain of dragoons. In 1749 he put down a revolt in Puebla, and that same year was named governor of Sonora. Concluding his controversial administration of that province Ortiz Parrilla took part in the ill-starred San Sabá project in Texas. Robert S. Weddle, The San Sabá Mission, Spanish Pivot in Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964), p. 38, et passim. From Texas he went on to serve as governor of both Pensacola and Coahuíla, according to the somewhat confused biographical sketch in Almada, Diccionario, p. 542. He died on a visit to Spain, in Madrid in 1775. Navarro García, Don José de Gálvez y la Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas del Norte de Nueva Espana (Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1964), pp 217, n. 30, 272, also 101-102, 197, 532.
Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 1; also AGI, Guad., 137. Royal cedulas, Buen Retiro, October 4, 1752; AGI, Guad., 418 and 137.
One of the most remarkable pro-Jesuit accounts of the uprising and its aftermath for a decade has been all but overlooked by recent historians, probably because a cataloguer mislabeled it. Seventy neatly written pages, it was set down in 1760 by Father Salvador Ignacio de la Peña. As one might expect, Peña praised rather than damned Garrucho, whom he portrayed as a kind and energetic missionary presiding at Guevavi over “a scattered mob of haughty thieves.” Not only does this account provide many valuable details of beleaguered Sonora between 1750 and 1760 but also shows the Pima Uprising to have been a decade-long affair. Although this important document is unsigned, its author’s admission that he was Father Utrera’s secretary during the 1754 visitation and that he was missionary at Cucurpe establishes it as the work of Father Peña. “Convite Evangelico á compasion, y Socorro de la Viña del Senor, destrozada, y conculcada con el Alzamiento de la Pimería Alta, desde el día 21 de Noviembre del Año de 1751, y sus lastimosos progressos en la siguiente Decada, hasta el año de 1760.” Labeled “An account of the uprising against the Jesuit missions in California (italics mine), from 1751-1766,” apparently at the University of California at Los Angeles; microfilm 71, UAL.
Ruiz de Ael to Ortiz Parrilla, Terrenate, December 17, 1751; Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 2.
It is possible that the new church was not in use by the time the revolt broke, and that these references are to the old one. Señor Cásares, the master builder, was still in residence on November 21, 1751. He testified later that he had been in Guevavi supervising the building of a church for the preceding three months; he spoke of Garrucho’s fair treatment of the workers on “la principiada Yglecia”; but he did not say how far along the project was. Cásares, September 20, 1754. Because it survived the rebellion while other churches did not, and because there is no mention of Garrucho’s successor having to carry on the work, it would appear that the references are to the new one, which served until the early 1770s, even after the Jesuits were expelled.
Díaz del Carpio, Diario (March 5-24, 1752), and “Padron de los Pueblos citados al norte de esta Pimería alta . . .” (April-May, 1752); Ortiz Parrilla testimonies, 5. The adults of Guevavi were listed by their Christian names only. Native family names were included in the Tubac census.
When Father Visitor General Ignacio Lizassoain was stricken Father Visitor Garrucho apparently functioned for him. Pradeau, Expulsión, p. 151.
Aguirre to Zevallos, Bacadéguachi, February 18, 1764; ibid. This document includes the Father Visitor’s one-paragraph description of Oposura under Garrucho.
“Nota de los 20 Regulares de la Comp.a embarcaderos p.a Espana en la Urca Sueca nombrada la Princesa Ulrrica,” Vera Cruz, November 10, 1768; WBS, 1745, ff. 461-62. “PP. Jesuitas que se embarcaron para Cádiz en el Verg.n Frances el Aventurero. Su Cap.n D. Pedro Lavant, que salió en 9, de Abril de 1769”; ibid., ff. 465-66.
Matheu in Pradeau, Expulsión, p. 108.
Donohue, “Jesuit Missions,” pp. 318-19. Zelis recorded the place and date of Father Garrucho’s death as Lubianos, Spain, November 30, 1785, but as Father Donohue points out, the Jesuit who supplied this information later corrected himself: the Padre who had died was not Garrucho of Guevavi. | <urn:uuid:501f9055-ec77-426f-a23e-30b9ef8d6f1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.nps.gov/tuma/learn/historyculture/joseph-garrucho.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746386.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120110505-20181120132505-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.95982 | 8,101 | 2.921875 | 3 |
‘The Korean community has a special name for the LA riots: Sa-I-Gu, Four-Two-Nine, the day it all began.’
The Los Angeles Riots erupted across South Central LA 23 years ago last week. Although the acquittals of the four officers involved in the Rodney King beating was the precipitating event, there had been another highly contentious event leading up to the riots—namely, the murder of fifteen-year-old Latasha Harlins by a Korean shop owner, Soon Ja Du.
The trial and sentencing of Soon Ja Du, who received only five-years probation, community service, and a $500 fine, exacerbated the already tense situation between blacks and Koreans in South LA. Misperceptions—such as the perception that Korean shop owners were disrespectful because they placed the change directly on the counter instead of in the customer’s hands; the perception that black youths were violent gang members and drug dealers—cumulated and snowballed. Harlins’ murder became representative of an entire constellation of injustice and systemic violence.
The LA Riots are remembered as being the first multiracial riots. Though the cause of the riots was wide-ranging and long-developing—police brutality, poverty, lack of educational opportunities, state-sanctioned segregation—news outlets preferred to stage the riots as an urban turf war—blacks versus Koreans, blacks versus Hispanics, Hispanics versus Koreans. As activist Angela Oh argued at the time, this was the easier story to tell—or at least it was the more profitable narrative.
And it was an easy enough narrative to perpetuate. For many of us growing up in LA in the early 90s, we remember watching footage of Korean men armed with AKs and Uzis on the roofs of their looted, burnt-out businesses, ready to shoot down whoever dared to trespass. Meanwhile, the LAPD was mysteriously absent, mostly letting the businesses burn.
Since the Baltimore protests, many have drawn parallels between the LA Riots then and the current uprising now—what has changed, what has stayed the same? Unfortunately, what has stayed the same has been an easy tendency to point toward POC vs. POC violence. Yes—during the Baltimore riots, Asian and Arab businesses were destroyed and racial epithets were hurled—but that isn’t the whole story. Perhaps the image of a Chinese liquor storeowner knee-deep in rubble is the face of the story, but what is underneath that story?
Perhaps to better understand our current historical moment, we might look again at the past, to look again at the macro by way of inspecting the micro. To inaugurate the first story in our #FridayFiction series, we would like to introduce M.K. Hall’s story “Fortune and Riot,” a story that is set during the 1992 LA Riots. In this story, a young half-Korean girl attempts to navigate this complex world of adult allegiances and hidden prejudices, and discovers for the first time how unfair and perplexing this world can be, a world where no crimes are equal and justice is doled out in the most arbitrary of ways.
A pencil. A calculator. A single, crisp hundred-dollar bill. A blue piece of yarn. A toothbrush. A golf ball. Grace’s dad arranged these items on a low folding table inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Whenever my mother spoke of the neighbors, she referred to Mr. & Mrs. Han as “Grace’s dad” and “Grace’s mom,” so that was what I called them, too. They owned a convenience/video-rental store downtown on Olympic near Wilshire Center. Every once in a while Grace’s mom would bring over a bouquet of flowers slightly too withered to sell, along with stacks of magazines and VHS tapes of Korean soap operas with Chinese subtitles I couldn’t understand.
It was sometime in November 1991 when the Hans invited us over to celebrate their son Jeffrey’s first birthday. I had been inside Grace’s house only a handful of times since they moved in next door, and despite my assumption that I would have a horrible time (I was in sixth grade and detested adult parties disguised as children’s parties), I was delighted by the little discrepancies between our homes. The blueprints were almost identical, except their three-bedroom ranch was the mirror image of ours. Reflexively, I would turn right towards the bathroom but end up in the kitchen.
When Grace’s dad was satisfied with the arrangement of items he called everyone to gather around the table. A screen adorned with peony blossoms served as the backdrop. Grace’s mom sat on the floor between the screen and table, Jeffrey squirming in her arms. The baby, oblivious to the display, kept tugging on the silk bow of her hanbok jacket until it unraveled like a partially unwrapped gift. Grace was also wearing a traditional Korean dress, and I was jealous of the colors, garishly vibrant, a kaleidoscopic rainbow. We were in the same grade and carpooled together, but we weren’t friends.
The ceremony was about to begin when the golf ball rolled off the table onto the wood floor, bouncing like rapid gunfire. It stopped under the sole of Grace’s dad’s shoe. To keep it from rolling away again, he set the ball on top of a silk coin purse, then circled his palms around the objects like a fortuneteller over a crystal ball.
“Let the selection begin,” he said in a mock announcer’s voice. People laughed politely at his theatrics.
“In Korea often baby die too young,” my mother whispered to my dad and me. “Doljanchi is a cheer for baby, ‘Yes you made it! Good for you.’ After one year, most likely, baby will survive.”
I was surprised my mother was bothering to explain anything to us. My dad was the son of a Syrian woman who fled her homeland and wound up marrying an Ohioan. Like his parents before him, my dad didn’t think I needed to know a distant mother tongue and my mother was too busy working as a labor and delivery nurse to teach me. Everything I knew about Korea I learned through osmosis. It really wasn’t until the Hans moved next door that I saw how my mother belonged to another group of people, that she had a “we” that didn’t include us. I was disturbed by her sudden explanations as though we were just tourists in her world.
Kneeling behind the table, Grace’s mom balanced Jeffrey by the armpits to keep him from falling as he held onto the ledge and did an infant’s exercise routine: a series of fast squats.
“Aga,” Grace’s mom said. She tapped the table’s shiny surface. “Ha na gol la.”
My mother translated for us. “She say, ‘Baby, pick one.’”
“I know,” I said, though I didn’t.
According to my mother, whichever object the baby chose would predict his future. Traditionally, a calligraphy brush represented life as a scholar, while rice signified a post as a government official. Money, rather unimaginatively, suggested wealth. Modern families substituted newer objects to portend more relevant aspirations. The calculator meant Jeffrey would become an engineering genius while the golf ball heralded his career as a star athlete.
“What’s the toothbrush for?” I asked.
My mother tapped her front teeth. “Dentist.”
Grace’s mom lifted Jeffrey over the objects, letting him touch each one. His mushy infant fingers did not grasp the golf ball or the pencil. When he passed over the money and the calculator, the room groaned in jest. He ignored the toothbrush too. Then his fingers tangled around the blue yarn. People clapped and nodded.
“For long life. Very good choice,” my mother said.
Afterwards, we gathered around towers of rice cakes, paper plates in hand. The room smelled of pickled things: cabbage, daikon, cucumbers, garlic. With his fingers, my dad dipped a piece of kimpap into soy sauce then plopped it into his mouth. He was the only man in the room with a beard. Everywhere were strangers who somehow knew my name.
“Japanese people trick the world pretending they invented sushi,” said Grace’s mom, appearing at my elbow. “Always they steal the best idea from Korea. Eat, eat. I make the best cooking.” Her eyebrows were tattooed in blue ink that creased elegantly as she transported half a dozen kimpap onto my plate with a slender pair of metal chopsticks. Then she fluttered off to attend to the other guests, the loose bow of her jeogori trailing behind her.
There was an empty picnic table in the backyard covered in white construction paper, which my parents and I approached, plates in hand. A lonely balloon was tied to a lawn chair, bobbing in the November wind. Grace’s dad stood smoking on the border between the patio and the lawn. As we maneuvered our legs into the bench’s skeleton, Grace’s dad turned. He took one last deep drag, then a second smaller puff, before dropping the cigarette into the grass, extinguishing its tip with the bottom of his sneaker. He had tucked his feet only partway into his Reeboks so the material in the back was flattened under his heels. Shuffling towards us, hands clasped behind him, he spoke with his announcer’s voice, “So my favorite neighbor, how is the Lovejoy family enjoying yourself?”
My dad sucked his fingers, index and thumb, then stood halfway, the picnic table restricting his movements. He pumped Grace’s dad’s hand. “Great. Everything’s great.”
“I am so happy you can come.”
Grace’s dad spoke to my mom in Korean and she laughed, shielding her mouth with a cupped hand, as if embarrassed to show her teeth. She was wearing lipstick. My mother was not generous with her laugher and I wondered what could be so funny. My dad examined the tips of his unused chopsticks. “How’s business? That controversy about the Harlins shooting affect your store at all?”
Earlier that year a girl named Latasha Harlins had stopped for breakfast on her way to school and put a bottle of orange juice in her backpack at the Empire Liquor Market, which was owned by a Korean family named Du, not far from where Grace’s dad ran his convenience store. The owner’s wife thought Latasha was shoplifting. There was a scuffle. When Latasha turned to leave, Mrs. Du shot her in the back of the head.
Upon hearing the name, lines of worry momentarily furrowed Grace’s dad’s forehead.
At the trial, Mrs. Du was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. But in light of the circumstances surrounding the shooting—the gangs that terrorized the store, the death threats against Mrs. Du’s son, who usually worked the counter at the time Latasha was shot—the judge reduced the ten-year sentence to five-years probation, four-hundred hours of community service, and a $500 fine.
“To be honest, the situation is tense,” Grace’s dad said. “So many gang sell drug in our area. Korean storeowners are afraid. In my opinion fear is more dangerous than even hate. My one friend suggest I should buy a gun for protection. His position is, to the police Korean people will always be foreigners in this country. We must defend ourself. But I refuse to resort to that way of thinking. I work hard. Everyday I prove I belong.”
“Fifteen-years-old,” my dad said, shaking his head. “You know what they found in her hand when she died?”
“In a way, I am not surprise such a tragedy can occur. To Korean storeowner, we have constant worry, is this customer gang, drug dealer, robbing me? There is serious problem. So it becomes difficult to separate what is truly dangerous from what is not.”
“Two dollars.” Dad was angry, but it seemed weird that he was directing his anger toward Grace’s dad. “My students are her age, you know. There’re just kids. Latasha Harlins was not dangerous. She wasn’t even shoplifting. And now she’s dead. That Du woman should rot in prison.”
“How can they send her jail?” my mother asked. “She was self-protect. What happen very sad, but this girl she was scaring storeowner. Fighting. Punch her face. Knock her down. You cannot do this my country. Younger generation show respect.”
“Yobo, not even the jury bought that bull.” My dad called my mother by the Korean term of endearment for sweetheart. That was one of things I loved about him.
I ate a piece of kimpap, and since I didn’t know what Mrs. Du looked like, I imagined Grace’s mom with her tattooed eyebrows, who seemed more foreign than my own mother and, thus, in my young logic, more prone to disregard American laws.
“Why send jail for mistake?” my mother insisted.
“Because Latasha’s family deserves justice.”
“What about Korean family? The police are not protect their store. I think judge made right decision, let her go.”
“What do you think, Mr. Han, about the sentence?” my dad asked sharply.
Grace’s dad tightened his mouth. “In the end, God will decide how to punish us all.”
The bones of his face seemed right beneath his skin: wide cheeks and a strong triangle nose. He wore his hair short with a clean part on the side. I remembered how my mom said he looked like a movie star from one of the soap operas she and Grace’s mom watched.
He clapped his hands together. “Today is my little piggy’s birthday. I am so happy. What about you, Ruby Lovejoy?” Grace’s dad always called me by my full name. I asked my mom once if this formality was a Korean thing, but she said no. That he probably just liked the way it sounded.
“What about me what?”
“Are you having a fun time at the party?”
“You should not have to guess your feelings. You should know.”
Grace’s dad asked my mom something in Korean. She shook her head once so quickly I wasn’t sure she moved.
“What are you saying?” I eyed her warily. “Speak English.”
“I was asking whether you had a doljanchi celebration as an infant,” said Grace’s dad. Again my mom shook her head, more vigorously this time.
“No!” I was outraged, as if such an event could have possibly informed my memories. “Why not?”
“Because,” said my mother. “You are not Korean.”
Grace’s dad smiled at my mom. “She is the future. A post-racial world. Am I speak correctly, post-racial?”
“People will always find something to hate about each other.” My dad popped another kimpap into his mouth. “Hey, Mr. Han. Hundred bucks says I can pop that balloon over there with the tip of this chopstick.” The red balloon was at least thirty feet from where we sat. He hovered the metal chopstick in the air like a dart, aiming.
Without hesitation, Grace’s dad pulled out the crisp bill from his wallet that Jeffrey had bypassed and placed it on the table. “I love to gamble. Without standing?”
“I’ll do it right from here.” My dad licked a finger and tested the direction of the wind.
“Why are you do this?” my mom said, embarrassed.
He winked at me. “Ruby, you ready to earn your commission?”
“I’ll split the winnings if you go over there and fetch me that balloon.”
In a flash I ran across the patio and ripped the white string that tethered the balloon to the lawn chair. When I handed over the balloon to him, he popped it easily with the chopstick.
Grace’s dad laughed so hard he closed his eyes, and his joy sounded like sobbing. “A clever trick,” he said gasping for breath.
My mom grabbed the bill and tore it down the middle. “Half for you and half for you.” Angrily she handed part to my dad and part to me, extracted her legs from beneath the picnic bench, and went inside. Grace’s dad and mine exchanged looks of bewilderment, then started laughing. I didn’t think there was anything funny about what she’d done. I wanted my money.
When my dad stood to go after her, he squeezed Grace’s dad’s shoulder meaningfully. “Be careful, my friend,” he said.
On the table the shriveled balloon lay attached to its leash. Grace’s dad plucked the balloon, wound the string around the rubber and put the lump in his shirt pocket while I fumbled with the fissure in Ben Franklin’s face, trying to reassemble what was beyond repair. Grace’s dad sighed extravagantly. “Tell me, Ruby Lovejoy,” he began. But then he seemed to change his mind, and we sat together, not speaking.
~ o ~
Then came the restless days of spring. Late April filled with sour static energy, the atmosphere tight with apprehension, as if we were all holding our breaths, a thrumming in the chest.
One afternoon, Grace and I waited on the white brick wall at the corner of the school. Her mom was late picking us up.
“What’s the zygomatic?” Grace asked, frowning into her biology notebook. I peered over her shoulder. There was a diagram of a human skeleton with horizontal lines pointing to various bones. Grace’s neat handwriting marched in purple ink across the lines.
“It’s the cheek bone,” I told her, pointing to the corresponding line.
She looked up, turning her head from right to left. We were the only kids left at the curbside pickup. She sighed. “What time is it anyway?”
“Maybe your mom’s car broke down. Maybe she crashed.”
Grace stood and stretched her arms overhead. “Do you have any money?”
“We can get change at the gas station.”
“To call home. There’s a payphone there, too.”
“Shouldn’t we stay here? What if your mom comes?”
“She’d wait until we got back. Come on.”
Without pausing to see if I would comply, she took off. I followed, not wanting to miss out on the adventure. Darting across the street, Grace took the route along the alley. Empty soda cans and potato chip wrappers littered the dirt path. The alley was where the popular older kids came to smoke before class, so I was surprised not only that Grace knew of its existence, but also that she was familiar with the shortcut to the plaza. We arrived at the dumpsters behind the Arco station, startling a man in a navy mechanics jumper. The ends of his hair were bleached blonde from the sun and hung in unwashed strands down to his shoulders a la Kurt Cobain. Leaning against a dumpster, he was smoking something that appeared to be a joint. We had learned about drugs in school and I was scared to approach him. Grace, however, plodded ahead.
“Excuse me,” said Grace, pouting her lips. “Can you help us?”
“We need a quarter for the payphone,” I said holding up my dollar.
“You guys Sea Kings?” His voice was reedy.
“Uh huh. Eighth-grade,” Grace said, lying. She flipped her hair, revealing a perfect conch shaped ear. “We’re trying to find a ride somewhere.”
“I was a Sea King once, back when the middle school was a high school. Used to be captain of the water polo team before I dropped out.”
“We want to go home,” I told him.
The man glanced at the station. No one was at the pumps. Twin lines of tire tracks stained the pavement. “You can use the phone in the office. It’s free.” He stared as if waiting for something, then giggled to himself. “Guess I’m supposed to led the way.”
Through the mini-mart we went. The three of us crammed into a shadowy room that contained a metal desk, but no chair. The blinds on the window were partially closed, slashing the dark with thin bands of yellow. A calendar of a topless woman hung on the wall. It was April. Kurt Cobain pointed to an old rotary phone, its plastic stained with whorls of black fingerprints.
“Just don’t tell my boss I let you back here.”
Grace picked the phone from its cradle, twirling the cord between her fingers. I thought about Jeffrey and the blue yarn from his birthday, so many months ago. Sensing Kurt’s eyes on me, I pretended to be engrossed with watching Grace dial. The sound of distant ringing.
“Hey,” Kurt whispered. I toed a broken piece of plaster with my shoe. “Hey,” he said, louder this time. I raised my eyes to his. He jutted his chin toward me. I hadn’t noticed how good-looking he was. No wonder Grace had been acting strangely: a twelve-year-old’s attempt at flirting. Even in the gloom, his eyes shone like blue sea glass. For a moment I thought he might kiss me. “Are you two Japs?” he asked.
“Me?” I asked incredulously, shaking my head.
“That’s good.” Kurt appeared genuinely relieved. “My boss hates Japs.”
Instinctively I looked over my shoulder, as if Kurt’s boss were standing behind me. Instead I saw the calendar. The pinup girl was wearing a fireman’s hat, her nipples tiny and pink. There were cross marks on the calendar through days 1-28.
Grace hung up. “No answer.”
“Bummer,” said Kurt. He bit into a hangnail on his thumb, then spit. It was a boyish thing to do, and I remember thinking he probably was just some teenager, tender age in bloom.
~ o ~
We bought a packet of Skittles with my dollar and ate them as we walked back to the curbside pickup, kicking an empty Gatorade bottle down the alley. The excursion had made us giddy. We talked breathlessly, recounting events from the Arco, wanting never to forget.
“And then he like winked at me,” Grace said, popping a skittle into her mouth.
“Are you sure he didn’t have something in his eye?”
“For sure. And he was totally high, you know?”
“Yeah.” I nodded, adding helpfully, “He was under the influence.”
We emerged onto the street. Pine trees lined the perimeter behind the white brick wall. I wondered if Grace and I were more than neighbors. Maybe we were friends.
“Wait.” She stopped walking. “I left my biology book there.”
“On the desk. We have to go back. Oh my God,” she squealed, grabbing my arm. The thought of seeing Kurt again made my bladder tighten. I heard a car swoosh past, then stop.
“Ruby!” My dad stuck his head out the window, glaring at us. I was so excited by the prospect of returning to the Arco that I didn’t wonder why he wasn’t at practice, drilling the high school track team to run in circles on the red clay track. “Ruby, where have you been?”
I skipped towards the van and flung open the door. “Grace left her homework at the gas station. We have to get it.”
“I’ve been driving around looking for you.” The sharpness of his voice began to find its way into my core like a stone dropping into a deep well.
Grace hopped into the backseat. “Hi, Mr. Lovejoy! Where’s my mom?”
He put a hand on the passenger seat and twisted his torso to face Grace, who was buckling her seatbelt behind him. Parallel lines creased between his eyebrows. “She’s at the hospital.” We were learning about parallel lines in math class, how they traveled side-by-side never touching. “Your father’s been attacked.”
~ o ~
When the riots started, my dad watched all the footage. Helicopters and news crews filmed everything: Reginald Denny beaten by a mob of locals at the intersection of Florence and South Normandie, the cinderblock crushing his skull; the rescue by Bobby Green Junior, a black man, who after watching the scene unfold on the television in his living room, decided enough was enough. My dad always said there was something poetic about Bobby driving Reginald to the hospital in a truck that was filled with sand. There’s footage of the armed resistance in Koreatown, merchants firing pistols, shotguns, AK-47s, an uzi (where did they get an uzi?). Because of what happened to Latasha, Korean stores—including the Han’s—were targeted, looted, and torched. The Korean community has a special name for the LA riots: Sa-I-Gu, Four-Two-Nine, the day it all began.
We drove and drove. The peninsula was a land of rolling hills perpetually shrouded in mist. Roads curved steeply on the downhill grades and we tilted our bodies against the centrifugal force. Trees gave way to power lines. We passed the oil refinery, smokestacks behind it releasing white clouds. From the on-ramp, my dad merged and darted into the carpool lane. A semi-truck blared its horn, barely missing us. He drove hunched forward, both hands on the wheel, eyes alternating between the rearview mirror and the exit signs that rushed by in blurs of white letters. Carsickness made me grip the armrest on the side of the door. Acid rose in my throat, faintly flavored with Skittles. I worried I would vomit. To the left a giant figure of Felix the cat stood guard over the Harbor Freeway, smiling.
Everything in the hospital was the same muted color: the flowers in the gift shop, the sign for the I.C.U., the green chairs in the waiting room weren’t really green but a darker shade of beige. My mother came forward, frowning. She must have come straight from work. Her scrubs had teddy bears holding onto strings of balloons. She told us Grace’s dad was still unconscious somewhere, recovering from surgery. The doctors had reattached a partially severed finger and wired shut his jaw. One of his lungs had collapsed. Mandible, I thought to myself. Maxilla. My mother had driven Grace’s mom, who had been too upset to drive, to the hospital where she now stared at a television mounted to the wall, absently beating her shoulders with a loose fist, waiting for the doctors to decide if Grace’s dad was stable enough for visitors. Jeffrey slept on the chair beside her. I wondered if Grace’s book was still on the desk at the Arco station, if Kurt would keep it safe for us. What did it mean that he had called me a Jap? That word had put me ill at ease because it meant Kurt saw me as different from him and that that difference was notable enough for commentary. If Lathasa Harlins had told him she needed to call home, what would he have said to her? A commercial for dishwashing detergent blinked images soundlessly. I wanted to cry, but no one else was, so I dug my nails into my palms. Grace went to sit on the other side of her mom, their shoulders close but not touching.
After a while, my dad and I went to the cafeteria for dinner. A woman had used what looked like an ice-cream scoop to dollop spaghetti onto my plate, but the food was surprisingly good. I ate ravenously as my dad graded papers.
“Why was Mr. Han attacked?” I asked, my mouth full of noodles.
“People are angry, Ruby.”
“But Mr. Han didn’t do anything wrong.”
“What is happening is too complicated to think about in terms of right and wrong.”
“How should I think about it then?”
My dad stacked his papers and leaned back in his chair, his hands tucked into opposite armpits. “I don’t know.” He opened his mouth then closed it. When he spoke again his voice got distant like he was quoting somebody from one of his civics lessons. “The thing worse than rebellion is the thing that causes rebellion…” he said, trailing off.
“Is Mr. Han going to die?”
The sudden candor of his gaze made me uncomfortable. “I hope not, honey. How are you doing? Are you scared?”
I shifted and I looked around the hospital cafeteria. At the next table a pair of doctors in white coats sat down, each transporting twin domes of spaghetti. “We’re safe here. The riots don’t have to do with us.”
“No, Ruby, that’s not true. You cannot draw a line in the sand between yourself and the problems of the world.”
I nodded, though his words didn’t really sink in. Instead I thought to myself that I was having a grown up conversation and it was weird to recognize so consciously the first shedding of my childhood, a sensation that grew more acute when my dad picked up his papers and spoke as if I were no longer there.
“I’m scared,” he said.
~ o ~
That summer the Hans moved away. Grace’s dad didn’t have health insurance, and the mounting medical expenses were staggering. They put their house on the market and collected a nominal recompense for the arson of their convenience store. Everything had burned. The magazines in their racks. The aisles of junk food, their brightly colored packaging going first white, then gray, then floating into ash. Plastic VHS cassettes of comedies and dramas and nonsensical game shows melted into nothingness.
There was no moving van. My dad enlisted five boys from his track team to carry couches, the dining table, mattresses, bed frames from the Han’s house to the front lawn. Those runner boys were skinny, all ropy arms and ostrich legs. The way they obeyed my dad as he shouted instructions, I could tell they were scared of him in a way that made me proud. Flocks of Korean families and neighbors I’d never seen before arrived, buying furniture that the boys struggled to negotiate into the backs of station wagons, roped to the roofs of cars. My mother managed the exchange of money, thumbing through the cash with rapid dexterity. Later that evening I caught her sneaking extra bills into the cashbox, thousands of dollars. No one acted surprised when the yard sale proved so profitable. What didn’t sell, the runner boys crated into boxes to be stored in our garage until the Hans figured out “next steps.” As far as I know, those boxes are still in there.
North along the Pacific Coast Highway we drove: my mom, Grace’s mom and Jeffrey in one car, following the rest of us in my dad’s Dodge van that could accommodate a folded wheelchair once he removed the middle seat. I had to sit in the back with Grace and the luggage. We Lovejoys stayed with the Hans until they boarded a flight to Honolulu, where they would catch a connection to Seoul. I had never been to an airport before and imagined the windshields of the airplanes were eyes of monstrous creatures that peered excitedly into the terminal, waiting to be fed through the straw connecting the side of their heads to the building.
From his wheelchair Grace’s dad kept thanking us, saying how lucky they were to have such good neighbors, such good friends. The toes of his shoes pointed childishly at one another. He acted as though they were setting off on some great adventure. At the time I pitied him, his foolish optimism. Now I think maybe he was right. We do not get to choose our fates, our families, our neighbors. But we can decide how to be in this world, whether to focus on the horrors or the acts of grace that make enduring hardships worthwhile.
I can still see them now: Grace’s father so thin, his cheeks sunken from weeks of a liquid diet, his jaw healed though still swollen on one side. He pats his wife’s leg encouragingly. She wears tan slacks topped with one of Grace’s old gym sweatshirts, hand resting on knee. Her fingers twitch as though she is counting. Beside them Grace holds Jeffrey in her lap like a precious souvenir from a foreign place. The windows behind them are enormous, letting in the light. | <urn:uuid:c882d81f-8a0a-47f6-a1e8-f04e5f6beef7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://aaww.org/fortune-and-riot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.977748 | 7,452 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains the leading cause of death in athletes, with recent studies showing the condition occurs more frequently than historical estimates. Currently, there are more than 350,000 SCA-related deaths each year. Stuart Long, CEO of InfoBionic, a digital health company that created the MoMe Kardia Platform, confirms that remote cardiac monitoring that is FDA cleared for diagnosis of arrhythmias is the next logical step after an alert from an athletes’ consumer wearable if confirmed by a physician.
According to a recent study by the University of Toronto, health screenings only identify young athletes who are at risk for cardiac arrest. However, more than 80 percent of cardiac cases are not discovered through systematic screening, researchers say. In fact, a significant problem with current screenings is that they exclude people whom are perceived healthy enough to safely engage in sports.3
A separate study sponsored by the National Institute for Health of 2,640 competitive soccer players featured data collected from 1974 until April 2004. From this population, there were 62 reported cardiac arrests; 24 were sudden death events; and 38 were resuscitated from cardiac arrest.4 SCA is responsible for as many as 20 percent of all deaths in the U.S., according to the study, and “50 percent of sudden cardiac deaths are first cardiac events, meaning the patient did not know they had heart disease,” Dr. Robert J. Myerburg, a professor at the University of Miami (Fla.) and a cardiologist said.5
In the U.S., on average, one young competitive athlete dies suddenly every three days. Young athletes are twice as likely to experience SCA than young non-athletes. Exacerbating the issue is that no two heart conditions are the same, as demonstrated by several young professional athletes who have suffered in-competition cardiac events.6,7
Consumer wearable devices can detect worrisome irregular heartbeat in many cases. However, the perceived lack of accuracy is leading to skepticism around false positives. For example, devices that employ electrocardiogram-like technology can be hindered when an athlete’s skin is wet, limiting or impairing the device’s readout, especially impacted by artifact or noise during intense activity. Wearers who receive an alert through the watch’s technology are instructed to consult a physician who can provide further diagnostics.8
A growing group of wearables such as watches are educational tools that help raise awareness but are non-medical grade devices and the findings are not qualified for use in the clinical setting. They show promise for early detection of health risks, including arrhythmia, though, meaning the potential of the technology is enormous even if they contain no medically valid data.8
“Available FDA cleared technology for remote cardiac monitoring can provide valuable information almost immediately to the team physician, cardiologist or a first responder should a cardiac event occur on the field of play,” Long said. “The devices are enabled to send detailed heartbeat data to the cloud, making it available on a doctors’ mobile device. This technological advance can enable rapid diagnosis and intervention for patients experiencing cardiac events.” These remote “full disclosure” monitors provide entire waveforms that include the onset and offset of an event, with a system capturing and analyzing the data 24/7 while making 100 percent of the data it available to the physician on demand.
Advances in cardiac monitoring technology benefit the entire population, Long says. “As consumer-based technology continues to improve and mature they will become a solution for clinical use,” Long said, “and further automate cardiac detection and streamline diagnosis in real time, unlike traditional monitors.”
- David M. Siebert and Jonathan A. Drezner; “Sudden cardiac arrest on the field of play: turning tragedy into a survivable event”; Netherlands Heart Journal; Mar. 26, 2018; Web.
“Young Athletes & Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)”; Boston Scientific; May 11, 2019; Web.
- Maureen McFadden; “Preventing sudden cardiac death in young athletes”; WNDU News; Apr. 13, 2018; Web.
- Staff; “The Intriguing Problem of Arrhythmias in Competitive Athletes”; Science 2.0; Jan. 31, 2007; Web.
- Wasfy, Hutter and Weiner. “Sudden cardiac death in athletes,” NCBI.nlm. April 2016. Web.
- K.C. Johnson; “Bulls and Lauri Markkanen are doing the right thing — and the smart thing — by taking a break”; Chicago Tribune; Mar. 28, 2019; Web.
- Gabriel Baumgaertner; “Why Isn’t Kenley Jansen Pitching This Weekend? An Amateur’s Guide to the ‘Irregular Heartbeat’”; Sports Illustrated; Sept. 7, 2018; Web.
- Neergaard, Lauran. “Apple Watch May Spot Heart Problem, But More Research Needed.” USA Today. 17 March 2019. Web. | <urn:uuid:8102af80-7636-438f-a2f5-d6a1f804cda9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://electronichealthreporter.com/wearable-heart-monitors-positioned-to-detect-cardiac-anomalies-in-athletes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986654086.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014173924-20191014201424-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.938299 | 1,072 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This aerial shows the city of Providence over the Seekonk River, as well as the bridges that cross this river. The Seekonk River begins where the Blackstone River reaches sea level, which is just under Pawtucket Falls. From here, the river flows south between Providence and East Providence eventually flowing into the Providence River between Bold and India Point. Also seen here is the Henderson Bridge which connects the cities of Providence and East Providence. Originally opened in 1969, it was built to replace the old Red Bridge. The Henderson Bridge was named after its designer George Henderson from Rumford, RI. Also seen here is the Crook Point Bascule Bridge or the Seekonk River Drawbridge. Built in 1908, this bridge provided connection to the old Union Station along the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad line. This bridge was abandoned in 1976 and it is known to nearby residents as the "Stuck-Up Bridge" for its stuck up open position and has become somewhat of a local icon of urban decay.
Creator 1 Role
Seekonk River (Providence, R.I.); Aerial photography -- Rhode Island -- Providence; Drawbridges -- Rhode Island -- Providence; Railroad bridges -- Rhode Island -- Providence
United States of America
Smolski, Chet, "Aerial of Providence over Seekonk River" (1985). Smolski Images. 105.
aerial; Seekonk river; Seekonk River Bridge; railroad bridges; drawbridges | <urn:uuid:6d93ff94-5cf1-4146-8faf-4a4383c7a254> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/105/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945493.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422041610-20180422061610-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.916488 | 305 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Fiction versus NonfictionBy Mrs. Knapp : 3rd grade Genre Identification
Standard 4 – Students will use literary knowledge accessed through print and visual media to connect self to society and culture.
August 2006 23
4.2b (K–4) Understand the differences between genres […] Fiction versus NonfictionBy Mrs. Knapp What is genre? : What is genre? It is a style of expressing yourself in writing.
For example: Fiction and Nonfiction Home What is fiction? : What is fiction? Books that are made up by the author, or are not true, are fiction. Click here for fiction examples Move on to nonfiction Fictional Literature : Fictional Literature Fiction books this way Back Fictional Books : Fictional Books Back to What is fiction? What is nonfiction? : What is nonfiction? Books that are nonfiction, or true, are about real things, people, places or events Click here for nonfiction examples Move on to Compare and Contrast Nonfiction Text : Nonfiction Text Back Nonfiction works this way Nonfictional Works : Nonfictional Works Back to What is nonfiction? Compare and Contrast : Compare and Contrast Similarities Differences Similarities-what they both haveFiction & Nonfiction : Similarities-what they both haveFiction & Nonfiction Back Differences-unique to the genre : Differences-unique to the genre Fiction Nonfiction Lesson Review Fiction Genre : Fiction Genre Can be realistic and contain facts, but not true. Fiction Genre : Fiction Genre The story isn’t true.
It is make-believe. Fiction Genre : Fiction Genre Imagination Back to Differences Nonfiction Genre : Nonfiction Genre True and things that really happened Nonfiction Genre : Nonfiction Genre Informative and based on facts Nonfiction Genre : Nonfiction Genre Real Back to differences Try the lesson links for review : Try the lesson links for review Lesson Link #1 Lesson Link #2 Lesson Link #3 Quizzes Try the quizzes for clarification : Try the quizzes for clarification Fiction or nonfiction Quiz Real or imaginary
quiz One more step Slide 20: Great Job!!
You have finished
You can always come
back to review. | <urn:uuid:5506f47c-9845-4443-bfa3-3d1545436210> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/spedknapp-325553-fiction-versus-nonfiction-edu-401-education-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119649133.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030049-00279-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88117 | 459 | 4 | 4 |
A return of ‘real news’ will take the Fairness Doctrine
The Fairness Doctrine is a tricky subject in American history.
The passage of the Communications Act of 1934 created the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established as the government authority that grants broadcast licenses. At the time, it was thought that there were only so many airwaves on which a radio or television station could operate. Therefore, the FCC was under the obligation to protect the public interest when granting licenses.
This became known as the Fairness Doctrine, which formalized, in a Commission Report, requiring licensees to spend time on controversial issues and to express contrasting views on the matter. The requirement was upheld by the Supreme Court and later repealed by the acting FCC chairman under President Reagan.
On the one hand, the requirements definitely attempted to control the broadcasters’ speech, which, if viewed as content-based requirements, is an infringement on First Amendment rights when viewed under strict scrutiny. On the other hand, the television and radio industries (both fall under the term “broadcasters”) have only grown more consolidated with higher barriers to entry than ever before.
The consolidation of the media industry has created a notion that cross-device outlets are synonymous with their broadcasting counterparts. However, there is a distinction. Broadcast outlets operate for free; this provides broadcasters the ability to reach a large audience.
The infrastructure needed to provide free content to the public across a city or even the entire nation is vast and expensive; it is so vast and expensive that, while the technological scarcity of the airwaves argument is no longer feasible, the barriers to entry ensure the airwaves are as scarcely populated as possible.
Since its abolishment, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 replaced the Communications Act of 1934, and the rest is history. A history that consists of media oligopolies, extreme political polarization and a struggling “public” broadcasting system.
With the recent push against major news outlets from the White House, it appears that it is time to establish a broadcasting standard for the public. If belief-affirming news sources have been deemed “fake” by the executive branch of the government, a codified communications standard should exist to compare broadcasters’ (or media outlets at large) operations with the interests of the public.
At what point do we consider broadcasters’ speeches commercial speech? The majority of broadcasters’ parent companies are for-profit organizations that are constantly advertising their offerings and transmedia storytelling platforms on their programming.
“You can follow us on Twitter at…” and “make sure to download our app…” are blatant advertisements for products that generate revenue and often mark the segue into a commercial break, ironically.
If the Fairness Doctrine’s First Amendment infringement was viewed under intermediate scrutiny, like many commercial speech cases, the unconstitutionality of the provisions of the Fairness Doctrine would not be as easy to distinguish.
The executive branch has made a hard stance on its preference of media outlets. To have a truly active marketplace of opposing viewpoints is an ethos aligned with the public. To have a truly active marketplace is the ethos aligned with a corporation. The two should not be misaligned together.
The relatively small group of broadcasters in the United States are beholden to corporate interests. If we truly want an ebb and flow of ideas, some sort of stopgap measure needs to be implemented for the structural basis of presenting opposing ideas across broadcasting outlets. That is, if the brandishing of news outlets as “fake news” that create false narratives of the executive branch is the main concern in the first place.
Otherwise, my concern is that the executive branch is beholden to corporate interests that create the fourth branch of the government.
Opinion columnist Nicholas Bell is an MBA graduate student and can be reached [email protected] | <urn:uuid:a54c65c6-16ab-484d-a93b-eb7522af499f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://thedailycougar.com/2017/02/27/fairness-doctrine-real-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.958866 | 788 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A filter is a type of screen that allows liquids or air to pass through while trapping sold, unwanted substances:
- An air filter removes dirt in the air as it goes through a machine.
- A gas filter in your car traps impurities found in gasoline.
- A coffee filter is used in a coffee maker. The filter allows water to pass through the coffee grounds.
- I have to change the furnace filter in my house every few months because it gets dirty.
- A vaccum cleaner has a filter that traps very small particles of dirt and dust.
- Saltwater must go through a filtration process in order to separate the salt from the water. (The word "filtration" is also a noun.)
These are coffee filters.
It's possible to use "filter" as a verb. In this case, it's in reference to the screening or selection of people or things.
- Applicants for jobs are filtered through the interview process.
- The media act as a filter for stories that are fake.
- Football tryouts filter out the players who aren't good enough to make the team.
- Immigrants who enter the United States are filtered though Homeland Security which checks people for criminal backgrounds.
Click here to learn more vocabulary.
Date of publication: December 8, 2016 | <urn:uuid:67b9d6b2-dcf5-4d23-a789-1984759feda3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://learnamericanenglishonline.com/Word%20of%20the%20Day/2016/December/filter.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00019-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951785 | 271 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Completing a story on Don’t desire to walk when you have wings to fly
Don’t desire to walk when you have wings to fly: Once upon a time, there lived a generous and kind-hearted king. He was fond of birds and animals, and had a huge bird sanctuary in his kingdom. He disliked harming the animals and birds. He did not kill them even for meat.
In appreciation of his generosity and kindness towards birds, the king was gifted two beautiful falcons by a businessman. Those two falcons were used to different climatic conditions. The king thanked the businessman and ordered the Head bird trainer to provide all the facilities to those beautiful falcons and make them feel comfortable in their country. The Head trainer took care of the birds. Gradually, the birds got adapted to the country’s climate.
One day, the king wanted to see the falcons fly as he had heard that one of those falcons could fly to great heights at very high speed. The bird trainer let the falcon out of the enclosure. It flew very high, very quickly, and came down to the enclosure within minutes.
The king was quite surprised, and rewarded the bird trainer with a handful of gold coins. He enquired about the other falcon. The bird trainer stated with regret that the other falcon had not moved even a step from day one and had just sat on the branch. The trainer also added that he had tried everything he could but still failed to make the bird move.
The king consoled him and told him that he would bring someone more experienced than him to try to train the other falcon.
Soon, the king announced that he needed someone to make the falcon move and fly.
Hearing this announcement, an old man reached the King’s palace and assured him that he would make the bird fly like the other one.
The king asked the head trainer to take the old man to the sanctuary to train the falcon. He said that he would visit them the next day to see if there was any change.
The next day, the king was very surprised to see the other falcon fly like the first one to great heights in rapid speed. The king was very happy and gifted the old man a handful of gold coins.
Then the king asked the old man what he had done to make the bird fly in a day. The old man simply replied, “I just cut down the branch of the tree where the falcon used to sit.”
Many of us are like this. We have wings to fly; we know how to fly, and where to fly. Still we sit doing nothing or doing something that makes us inferior to others.
Don’t sit still when you have wings to fly! | <urn:uuid:82e1ea41-9a93-4f6a-8f86-33bdfec04d31> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.qnapedia.com/dont-desire-to-walk-when-you-have-wings-to-fly-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141692985.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202052413-20201202082413-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.98471 | 572 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sir, The methods of calculus (letters, Oct 4 & 5) were discovered in the 17th century before the discovery of the mathematical notion of a limit, on which a rigorous treatment depends. That is why advanced calculus is called “analysis”: 19th-century mathematicians analysed heuristic methods to find out why they worked. Traditionally British schools have taught the heuristic methods. Another tradition, followed until recently on the Continent and in the US, avoids a heuristic approach and postpones the teaching of calculus until students can understand analysis. However, US schools have recently come to see the advantages of the British approach.
St Albans, Herts | <urn:uuid:2106b213-a8ed-4a94-a0d5-e7cab7c8e137> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/calculus-methods-j7ndmltstj3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.964756 | 135 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Autonomous vehicles offer a host of benefits to future commuters – promising to decrease traffic congestion, reduce harmful emissions, eliminate the frustrations of parking, lower transportation costs and reduce the cost of new roads and infrastructures. It’s no wonder so many companies have committed to developing and launching autonomous vehicles, from the assistive level one vehicles to their completely automated level five counterparts. But what are the levels of driving automation and what do they mean?
The five levels of driving automation indicate how capable the vehicle is of acting and reacting on its own. Here’s a simple explanation of what you can expect from each level of automation.
5 Autonomous Driving Levels
Level Zero – No Automation
At Level 0 Autonomy, the driver performs all operating tasks like steering, braking, accelerating or slowing down, and so forth.
Level One – Driver Assistance
At this level, the vehicle can assist with some functions, but the driver still handles all accelerating, braking, and monitoring of the surrounding environment. Think of a car that brakes a little extra for you when you get too close to another car on the highway.
Level Two – Partial Automation
Most automakers are currently developing vehicles at this level, where the vehicle can assist with steering or acceleration functions and allow the driver to disengage from some of their tasks. The driver must always be ready to take control of the vehicle and it still responsible for most safety-critical functions and all monitoring of the environment.
Level Three – Conditional Automation
The biggest leap from Level 2 to Levels 3 and above is that starting at Level 3, the vehicle itself controls all monitoring of the environment (using sensors like LiDAR). The driver’s attention is still critical at this level but can disengage from “safety-critical” functions like braking and leave it to the technology when conditions are safe. Many current Level 3 vehicles require no human attention to the road at speeds under 37 miles per hour.
Audi and others have announced Level 3 autonomous cars to launch in 2018. An autonomous vehicle expert at Ford noted that they plan to take the company straight to Level 4, saying “We’re not going to ask the driver to instantaneously intervene—that’s not a fair proposition.”
Level Four – High Automation
At Levels 4 and 5, the vehicle is capable of steering, braking, accelerating, monitoring the vehicle and roadway as well as responding to events, determining when to change lanes, turn, and use signals.
At Level 4, the autonomous driving system would first notify the driver when conditions are safe, and only then does the driver switch the vehicle into this mode. It cannot determine between more dynamic driving situations like traffic jams or a merge onto the highway.
Level Five – Complete Automation
Last and least (in terms of human involvement), is Level 5 autonomy. This level of autonomous driving requires absolutely no human attention. There is no need for pedals, brakes, or a steering wheel, as the autonomous vehicle system controls all critical tasks, monitoring of the environment and identification of unique driving conditions like traffic jams.
NVIDIA announced an AI computer to help achieve level 5 autonomy, where drivers simply plug in their destination and leave the rest up to the vehicle itself.
Autonomous driving can be scary for those who don’t fully understand how it all works, but hopefully, this post helps you navigate the news around autonomous vehicles and understand at what levels companies are developing them. Now, how our society, government, and city planners will adopt and address this gigantic shift in transportation is a question for another time.
Originally published on October 16, 2018. Updated on January 29, 2020. | <urn:uuid:a6253ecf-c413-4901-88c0-cd54fb8e186f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.iotforall.com/5-autonomous-driving-levels-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371576284.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405084121-20200405114121-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.937902 | 753 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A glass is located in front of concave mirror as shown in figure. The gap between mirror and glass is neglected. In this conditions, where is the final image of matter? http://i26.tinypic.com/2a6w6es.jpg The answer of above problem is not match with mine. I need help. I draw the beams as below, since the gap between mirror and the glass neglected, i think the figure is approximately the same as above. http://i31.tinypic.com/2yplsif.jpg If the roads of beam right then the final image of matter is between focus and center of curvature. But the book say it is far from center of curvature. What do you think? | <urn:uuid:e47c725d-e894-44f5-8b09-99f886661fe5> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/spherical-mirror-thick-glass.234082/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647706.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321215410-20180321235410-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.970846 | 153 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Five types of insect-induced galls derived from three host plant leaves were analyzed for their carotenoid (Car), chlorophyll (Chl), and Chl biosynthesis porphyrins such as protoporphyrinogen IX (PPIX), magnesium protoporphyrin (MGPP) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), and Chl degradation intermediates including chlorophyllide (Chlide), pheophytin (Phe), pheophorbide (Pho), and phytylated and dephytylated pigments, and compared to ungalled portions of the same leaf. Galls contain significantly lower levels of Chl-related compounds (CRCs) than ungalled portions of host leaves. The mole percent of porphyrin and the ratios of Chlide/Phe and phytylated/dephytylated pigments are both very different between galls and host leaves. We, therefore, conclude that leaf-derived gall is a kind of non-leaf green tissue, that herbivorous insects alter gall Chl biosynthesis and degradation pathways, that Mg-chelatase, Mg-dechelatase, and chlorophyllase may be the major non-lethal enzymes in galls, and that while ungalled host leaves take Chl. →. Phe. →. Pho and Chl. →. Chlide. →. Pho as the major and minor degradation routes, respectively, all galls are in contrast with the host leaves.
- Biosynthesis and degradation pathway
- Herbivorous insect
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Insect Science | <urn:uuid:2bb1baac-cc21-449c-a0ba-0c9e671b090a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://scholar.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/en/publications/herbivorous-insects-alter-the-chlorophyll-metabolism-of-galls-on--2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711126.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207021130-20221207051130-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.907739 | 375 | 3.046875 | 3 |
In this final installment we are going to look at electronic noise and electromagnetic interference. These are invisible culprits that can send some of the equipment we use today into a real frenzy. In the case of electromagnetic interference, it basicall y will affect any device that is magnetically sensitive. Examples are electronic compasses and autopilot direction sensors. We need to remember that devices we use on board like inverters and battery chargers can be emitters of EMI and any wire or cable with electricity running through it can be an emitter.
As for radio frequency interference, it is a matter of frequency, specifically, what frequency things are operating at. One device operating within a given frequency range can interfere with another device operating within the same frequency. So, on board I will use a collectin of three radios, a multi-band short wave receiver, AM-FM and VHY handheld to listen for radio frequency interference over a broad spectrum of frequencies. Then I have to consider seperating devices and their antennas to eliminate the interference. The slides from the presentation follow: | <urn:uuid:86c03dcb-4080-4779-abb5-1b2448a1411c> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.cruisingworld.com/top-four-things-can-affect-your-electronics-part-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670635.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120213017-20191121001017-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.925351 | 216 | 3.125 | 3 |
"The trick to life is to just keep breathing," says Chinese artist Johnny Lung.
You won't find a soul who disputes this truth, especially after witnessing a violent pandemic, which robbed people of their O2. Yet Covid isn't the only condition that affects the lungs — COPD does too.
"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe," pulmonologist MeiLan Han, MD, exclusively tells Morning Honey.
While Covid-19 infection rates have been dwindling, this chronic illness hasn't gone anywhere. "COPD affects an estimated 16 million people in the U.S., but many more might not know they are living with this disease," says the doctor, who wrote the book, Breathing Lessons: A Doctor’s Guide to Lung Health.
This is why it is important for the public to focus on the ailment during November, which has officially been dubbed "COPD Awareness Month," as it is "an important time to not only remind patients already diagnosed and living with COPD of the importance of identifying and reporting changes in symptoms but also to raise awareness among people who may be experiencing symptoms and have yet to speak with a doctor," she explains.
"COPD is a chronic disease, meaning that people diagnosed with it will live with it for the remainder of their life," explains Han. Because treatment is essential to your survival, you should know the symptoms, which "may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness."
If these pop up, don't ignore them. "At first, COPD may only present mild symptoms or no symptoms at all, but as the disease gets worse, symptoms tend to become more severe," she notes.
Though COPD presents serious health risks and "is most common in older or middle-aged adults, it is also important for younger adults to be aware of the risk, as the choices they make when they are younger can follow them throughout their lives," she explains.
Smoking, "long-term exposure to air pollution, secondhand smoke and dust, fumes and chemicals," or a rare genetic condition called Alpha-1 deficiency are the leading causes of the disease.
"In order to lessen your risk as you get older, I would recommend trying to live a healthy lifestyle and adopting habits such as keeping a nutrient-rich diet, daily exercise (even if light, low impact movement) and quitting smoking/vaping," she advises.
"If you are living with COPD, it is important to prevent seasonal illnesses during the winter such as the flu or the common cold," urges Han. Why? Because "the added burden of these illnesses (along with COVID-19) can further impact your lung health and possibly lead to hospitalization or permanent lung damage," she adds.
To stay healthy during the winter months, Hans "recommends getting vaccinated (this includes COVID-19, flu and pneumonia for most patients), regularly washing your hands and avoiding people who may be sick, and as the wintertime rolls around, I would also recommend avoiding the use of fireplace or bonfires, as the smoke can be irritating and cause a potential exacerbation to occur."
In the end, prevention is the best medicine, whether you are living with COPD or not — and for everyone, this starts "with early and honest communication with their healthcare provider." Discuss with your doctor what steps you should take if you feel your COPD worsening or how you can improve your "lung health and quality of life."
Han also urges patients to put a COPD action plan like this one in place, and she suggests keeping a journal to track how you are "doing day-to-day to prevent future flare-ups."
For more information, she recommends this site.
As the month continues, says Dr. Han, you can help raise "awareness for COPD by encouraging people to care about their long-term lung health" and urging your loved ones "to adopt healthy habits that will carry throughout their lives."
So, go ahead, pin an orange ribbon to your shirt — since that "is the official color of COPD awareness"— and get the conversation started. | <urn:uuid:1c802c16-1c9c-497a-8722-a995ee40eeda> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.morninghoney.com/p/pulmonologist-meilan-han-md-explains-copd-causes-prevention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.973753 | 874 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A Day in the life at Kindergarten
Our Kindergarten day begins at 8.30am when we start nursery and choose from a range of activities available from classroom. On Mondays and Fridays, we are joined by our Year 6 Buddies and attend the whole school assembly. Wednesdays and Thursdays, at 8.45am, we gather on the carpet and have our morning circle time. We enjoy singing, reading stories and taking turns to talk about our day ahead.
We then enjoy free play and take part in our planned structured and focused activities. These are always planned around our own interests which makes it so much fun!
In Kindergarten, we are introduced to initial sounds using the Jolly Phonics scheme, which involves lots of singing and actions rhymes. We also enjoy taking part in lots of experiments, exploring and creating different things each day. We especially love our weekly baking sessions…
At 11.30am we have a delicious lunch in the hall and we are joined by our teachers. We then run around our playground where there is a climbing frame, slide, mud kitchen, sensory garden and plenty of outdoor toys to play with.
After lunch we have afternoon circle time. We may have another story, sing more songs, be introduced to a new activity or choose something ourselves. On Thursdays we have a Show and Tell where one of our class friends will bring something from home into class to talk about. This is brilliant for helping us to develop confidence in ourselves and to gain an understanding of sharing, listening, and taking turns.
At 2pm we have an afternoon tidy where we put away the toys and activities and prepare for a snack together and sit around the tables to eat and share with each other.
A volunteer is selected to say a thank you prayer before our mummies and daddies come into the classroom to collect us at 3.30pm. We can’t wait to see them to tell then what a lovely busy day we have had and what we have learned! | <urn:uuid:c80a6839-059f-475b-b705-51bb85763f60> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.ladylaneparkschool.co.uk/kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.96529 | 411 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The disease is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. This pathogen has a wide host range and can survive on either living or dead tissue. It can overwinter on dead leaves, plant debris, and on the stems. The fungus rots fruit in the field before harvest, especially if rain occurs during blossoming. Most overripe and bruised fruit are susceptible, especially red raspberries. Aging leaves also are attacked, giving rise to cane infections.
Infections in the spring can be observed on canes, appearing as bleached-out, whitish areas. Infected berries become covered with masses of fungal spores, which give the disease its characteristic name "gray mold." If not harvested, infected berries become mummified, remain attached to the plant, and can serve as additional sources of inoculum in the planting. Botrytis can also cause a cane blight and leaf spotting.
Cultural practices that create an open plant canopy, improve air circulation, increase light penetration, and speed the drying of plant surfaces after rain aid in the control of the disease. Avoiding excess nitrogen fertilizer and eliminating weeds help maintain an environment less susceptible to gray mold. It is also important to harvest fruit before it is overripe. If fungicides are necessary, they should be applied during bloom, with additional applications made during harvest if needed. Refer to Table 7.5 for pesticide recommendations.
The important insects and diseases to be controlled, except for viruses, are listed in the right-hand column of this spray schedule. Always consult the label before making pesticide applications. Labels vary greatly among commercial products of the same material. It is important to refer to the label for the best timing and application rates when applying pesticides. Also read the text for information on cultural practices to minimize the application of pesticides. Due to a wide array of various products containing the same active ingredient, for insecticide recommendations, when appropriate, the active ingredient is listed instead of the name of the formulated product.
Table 7.5. Pesticide recommendations for brambles. (Follow all instructions and application rates listed on pesticide labels.
|Time to Spray||Suggested Materials||Pests to be Controlled|
|Dormant (blackberries) - before buds open||Lime sulfur||Anthracnose, cane blight, powdery mildew, rust|
|Delayed Dormant - just as buds begin to open||Lime sulfur||Anthracnose; spur blight on raspberries; powdery mildew, rust, and cane blight on blackberries|
|New shoots 8 inches long||Sulfur; Malathion; Esvenvalerate||Anthracnose; Botrytis, cane blight, and spur blight on raspberries; fruit worms; plant bugs|
|Petal Fall||Sulfur; Carbaryl plus Rotenone or Pyrethrum||Anthracnose; Botrytis, cane blight, and spur blight on raspberries; fruit worms; rose chafer; aphids; mites; plant bugs|
|Postharvest||Malathion plus Carbaryl||Aphids, if present; Japanese beetles| | <urn:uuid:9a9ff787-b979-448b-b695-1eb07c212de3> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://extension.psu.edu/botrytis-fruit-rot-on-brambles-in-the-home-garden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.883469 | 653 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Governmental tax authorities determine commercial property taxes using an assigned mill levy and a property's assessment value, according to Investopedia. Tax authorities calculate mill levies by assigning a number of mills to properties for tax purposes, one mill being equivalent to 0.1 percent of the property's assessed value.
Assessors determine the value of a commercial properties as income-producing properties, taking into account the net income likely produced by the property based on history among other factors, reports Investopedia. Assessors thus use a different method for evaluating such properties than they use for evaluating residential property values.
Property taxes pay for various public services, including schools, emergency agencies, public transportation, parks and libraries, states Investopedia. Authorities from the city, county, school districts and other entities assign mills to relevant properties depending on the funds needed to be raised for the budget year and according to committee or legislative approval. The tax authorities add up these mills to determine property taxes based on property values assessments. For example, if the city assigns 20 mills, the county 25 mills and the school district 10 mills, the assigned mills on an assessed property value is 55 mills, or 5.5 percent of that value. A commercial property with a value of a million dollars owes $55,000 in property taxes. | <urn:uuid:46f289d8-2e72-41dc-bfc9-13ffc7a7771b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.reference.com/business-finance/determine-commercial-property-tax-rates-4d976835ff670953 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742906.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115182450-20181115204450-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.904885 | 261 | 3.921875 | 4 |
This is a fun competitive game I played in one of my intermediate business classes. Students who all work together in the same company had a chance to use business related vocabulary in a very practical context and had a lot of fun doing so.
- To introduce or revise business related vocabulary.
- To write true statements about students’ places of work and their colleagues.
- To practise question forms by asking other students questions about their place of work and their colleagues.
- Put students in pairs or small groups and give them three categories: departments, duties, and positions.
- Ask students to give examples for each category e.g. Department: accounting and finance; Duties: preparing financial statements; Position: accountant. I have pre-prepared a set of cards and you can ask students to add further as necessary, in order to personalise the activity.
- Go through the vocabulary as a class to ensure the students understand the language in context.
- Divide the class into between 2 – 4 teams depending on numbers.
- In their teams, the students produce 10 true statements about their place of work using the vocabulary from the previous exercise, e.g. The accountant has been off sick for the last week; The accounting and finance department is responsible for preparing financial statements, etc.
- When the students have finished, the game begins.
- The students on the first team must change each of their affirmative statements into a question for the other teams, e.g. What is the accounting and finance department responsible for?
- The first team member to raise their hand and correctly answer wins the point for their team.
- Once the first team has asked all ten questions, it’s the next team’s turn.
- The team with the highest number of points after all the questions have been asked wins. | <urn:uuid:c9aa75f6-aebb-4812-b457-eebfddee2864> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://karolasenglishblog.com/2017/02/12/how-well-do-you-really-know-your-place-of-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.952605 | 376 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Why do I find has, have, etc. in every sentence? I think "We arrived" is correct too. Does it have something to do with French grammar?
Maybe to make the translations more literal, or to avoid confusion whether to use passé composé or imparfait. If you type we arrived, it will be accepted, as it should.
Because literally translated the passé composé always uses has/have, j'ai mangé, i have eaten, but in english, I have eaten and I ate or interchangeable
They're not always interchangeable in English. We arrived is simple past, a finished action. Usually used in sentences with 'yesterday', 'ago', 'last' etc. We have arrived is present perfect - for something that happened in the past but has a connection to the present moment. In this case either could be used as there is nothing more in the sentence.
we had arrived is pluperfect = nous étions arrivés (auxiliary in imperfect + past participle)
If 'sommes' means are, then why does this translate to we are arrived?? Why do the french say we are instead of we have? Very confusing, thanks.
Google Mrs. van de Tramp, you will find lists of the verbs that use etre rather than avoir.
Nous y sommes arrivés could be correct, but there is a side meaning (no context here) which is "we made it" in the sense of "we were successful".
Ah, perfect, you answered my question already. Merci beacoup!
In English, to say "I/ we have arrived" is an idiom, meaning "we've made it/ were successful", as you say. It is interesting that this is the case in French too.
Agree with Sitesurf. Another translation of "nous Y sommes arrivés" could be "we have arrived THERE". But here, I guess the only meaning is that we arrived, we do not know WHERE we arrived or HOW we arrived.
One meaning of "arriver" is "to manage". So could "We have managed" be another correct translation?
"To manage" can translate to "arriver à":
- Nous y sommes arrivés.
- Nous sommes arrivés à faire cela. | <urn:uuid:8373b3b5-3e44-45ad-90c0-d6bd8ee6d4f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/234714/Nous-sommes-arriv%C3%A9s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202698.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322220357-20190323002357-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.919194 | 497 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Monday, October 2, 2017
Naudsonce by H. Beam Piper
Unraveling a xenolinguistic conundrum
A contact team from the Terran Federation lands on a previously unexplored planet, soon to be named Svantovit after a Slavic god. The team’s job is to communicate with the planet’s native population and prepare them for Terran colonization and resource extraction. Svantovit is inhabited by an intelligent bipedal race with a civilization based around roughly Bronze Age technology. The team wants to introduce them to Terran tools and machines in order to accelerate their development and acclimate them to the technology necessary to establish large scale factories. The first step, of course, is to communicate. Despite their years of experience with xenolinguistics, however, the Terran scientists cannot make any headway in deciphering the language of the Svants (as the indigenous population has come to be called). Their native tongue does not correspond to the linguistic rules of any language the Terrans have ever encountered.
H. Beam Piper’s sci-fi novella Naudsonce was originally published in the January 1962 edition of Analog Science Fact – Science Fiction. In this story, Piper builds upon the fantasy of an anthropological explorer discovering a hidden culture in the wilderness, only in this case the wilderness is extraterrestrial and the natives have an alien anatomy. Like many explorers in Earth’s history, the Terran team has commercial motives for their expedition, but they also seek the benefits of scientific knowledge, cultural exchange, and galactic diplomacy. One of the great things about Piper’s fiction is he doesn’t confine himself to space operas or stories of astrophysical science. He writes speculative fiction about all branches of science, including, in this case, anthropology and linguistics. Piper has covered similar ground before in Omnilingual, his 1957 novella about scientists discovering an ancient lost city on Mars. Comparing the two works, Naudsonce is far less successful in capitalizing upon the joy of exploration and the thrill of discovery. While the science used to unravel the mystery of the Svants’ communication is interesting, the story just isn’t all that much fun. The Terran contact team, veterans in their fields, act as if such interspecies contact is old hat, and their blasé attitude is contagious.
Don’t expect to find any qualms about colonialism in this story. Piper acknowledges the moral sketchiness of imperialism, but doesn’t frown upon it. His libertarian political views are often evident in his work, and he makes it clear that an empire is OK with him as long as it’s a capitalist empire that thrives on free trade. For most of the story, the Svants are depicted as dumb primitives, just waiting to be exploited, though towards the end they start to develop more as characters and display some higher reasoning. Because it deals with the Terran Federation, Naudsonce is considered part of Piper’s Terro-Human Future History series. The story takes place about the end of the 26th century in that timeline, but the Future History stories are only loosely connected, so no prior knowledge of that series is required to read Naudsonce.
If you want to know what “naudsonce” means, you’re going to have to read the whole story. It isn’t explained until the final sentence, and I’m not telling. Unless you’re a diehard Piper completist, however, I wouldn’t recommend reading Naudsonce. If you’ve ever daydreamed about being an anthropologist who discovers a previously unknown culture, and you want to see how that might play out on another planet, I would highly recommend Omnilingual.
If you liked this review, please follow the link below to Amazon.com and give me a “helpful” vote. Thank you. | <urn:uuid:dae3ec62-8f3e-4ac3-802f-b16ada9b67f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://obdg.blogspot.com/2017/10/naudsonce-by-h-beam-piper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987787444.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021194506-20191021222006-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.946974 | 819 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Orchids are well known for their exotic and breathtaking flowers. However, many only flower once a year while some may only flower every few years. While you wait for flowers, I’ve found orchid roots can be an intriguing part of a plant. Unlike most plants which keep their roots well and truly out of sight in the potting mix or in the ground, orchids have large, conspicuous, often colourful roots. After a rest over winter, most orchids burst into life when the weather warms or the monsoon rains arrive. A large part of this active growth is with many new roots which in turn fuel vegetative growth.
Many orchids currently available in cultivation originally grew in the wild as epiphytes (growing on other plants, usually trees) or lythophytes (growing on rock). As well as taking in moisture, the roots keep the plant firmly attached to the plant or rock it is growing on. Orchid roots have adapted to being exposed to air. Having said that, most ephiphytic orchids came by these adaptations from growing in environments high in humidity such as rainforests or places experiencing regular precipitation (rain, dew, fog or cloud).
You may have expected the word “evolve” to be used in the above paragraph. As an evolution-sceptic, I have chosen the word “adapt” as we know for a fact all living things have adapted to their environment. However, we truly don’t know if they actually gain information (evolve). The difference is adaptation is when a plant (or animal) changes to better suit its environment using existing genetic information (same may call this “micro-evolution”). In mainstream media adaptation is often wrongly implied as “evolving” (gaining new genetic information). If you agree or disagree please comment!
Back to our subject, an actively growing orchid root has a green tip as it is growing new root tissue (velamen). As a root tip matures the outside layer of velamen dies and turns white. It is possible the dead velamen helps to protect a root from drying out. When such a root absorbs moisture the velamen layer becomes transparent.
A healthy orchid is a happy orchid with green (or white) roots and when actively growing, green root tips. When things go wrong, the roots can often provide clues. A smelly, mushy root implies this plant may be over-watered or the potting mix is degraded and requires re-potting. Or it might imply that potting mix is unsuitable for that orchid. Early on in my short orchid-growing career I tried growing Cattleya in coconut husk chips. After sometime I found coconut husk chips in plastic pots retained too much water for Cattleyas and their roots rotted. However, I found coconut husk chips are well liked by Phalaenopsis, Sarcochilus and some Paphiopedilums. My Cattleyas are now growing in a mostly bark mix, with the larger plants in clay pots.
If you grow Phalaenopsis orchids you may grow them in clear pots. It is possible some orchids such as Phalaenopsis, can use their roots for photosynthesis. Hence clear pots may keep the roots happier and less likely to grow out of the pot. The other major benefit of growing in a clear pot is you (the grower) can see the roots, watch them grow, and most importantly know when the plant requires watering. If you can see the mix is moist, no need to water. If it is dry or nearly dry then its high time to water. | <urn:uuid:05b90349-ca44-4e70-9f04-a65159d201cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://orchidjourney.com/you-can-tell-a-lot-by-the-roots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687766.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921115822-20170921135822-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.957065 | 768 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Photo © GIZ / Franck Boyer
The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process country-level training has been developed jointly by GIZ, the NAP GSP, UNDP, UNITAR and UNEP. It is supposed to assist multiple sectors at the country-level and constitutes the basis for a country upon which to strategize, steer and manage its NAP process. The overall aim of the training is to build capacities for the integration of a variety of sectors into the NAP process as well as to include adaptation to climate change into a country’s political- and budget planning.
Thus, the participants of the training work towards a common understanding of what NAP means for their country, which indicates that the training is tailored to the requirements of the group of participants and the country context.
For further and more detailed information on how the training is conducted in particular, please visit the NAP country-level training section in our knowledge base.
General information on National Adaptation Planning can be accessed here. | <urn:uuid:a6ff5776-69b8-4edb-9fb3-0b8cd2488a81> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/news/new-national-adaptation-plan-nap-process-country-level-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023002852-20211023032852-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.959978 | 211 | 2.96875 | 3 |
This past week I read a book called “Where the Wild Things Were: Life, Death, and Ecological Wreckage in a Land of Vanishing Predators” by William Stolzenburg. It discusses the idea of natural habitats being affected all the way down to the microscopic level because of the removal of large predators, such as whales, wolves, mountain lions, and bears. It was a fascinating glimpse into the research that has been done over the last 80 years, documenting the consequences of removing just a few predators from the food chain. But what I found most striking was in the epilogue- an idea, while produced to describe a new generation of conservation ecologists, could be applied to any field.
Marine biologist Daniel Pauly coined the term “shifting-baseline syndrome”. It describes a phenomenon where “the world as first seen by the child becomes his lifelong standard of excellence, mindless of the fact that he is admiring the ruins of his parents. Generation to generation, the natural world decays, the ratchet of perception tightens.” Pauly specifically was referring to the buildup of bacteria-laden slime in the oceans, accepted by 20-somethings in the science fields because for them, it has always been there…when two generations previously it didn’t exist. But I wonder if this syndrome isn’t applicable to the arts, to politics, to personal values, and any other number of disciplines/subjects. And if such a phenomenon does exist, how does one go about changing it? The modern public isn’t much interested in learning about history or how actions and decisions have had ripples of impact and caused chain reactions that no one ever expected. How can this generation be inspired to have a curiosity not just about the present, but about the past and how it relates to the future? Is such an inspiration even possible? | <urn:uuid:e3171bbb-c074-4ae2-bf70-968c86e4310c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://beccamakingfaces.com/2009/12/28/shifting-baseline-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023033857-20211023063857-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.956776 | 391 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Changing Global Land Use
55% of the Earth’s ice-free land is used for human agriculture and settlements.
Ellis et al. 1
- Ellis, Erle C, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Stefan Siebert, Deborah Lightman, and Navin Ramankutty, ‘Anthropogenic Transformation of the Biomes, 1700 to 2000’, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19.5 (2010), 589–606 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x | <urn:uuid:b54d941e-b2b6-4e2f-839f-2b4f524cfe44> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://earthcharts.org/category/ecology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571996.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814052950-20220814082950-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.668072 | 125 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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