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To a greater extent than most countries, Canada depends for its social, economic and political life on efficient communication and transportation.
Canada's first highways were the rivers and lakes used by Indigenous people, travelling by canoe in summer and following the frozen waterways in winter. The water network was so practical that explorers, settlers and soldiers followed the example of the Indigenous people. There was negligible road development prior to the 19th century; the first graded road in Canada, built in 1606 by Samuel de Champlain, was a 16 km military road from PORT-ROYAL to Digby Cape, NS. By 1734 Québec City and Montréal were linked by a road and a carriage could be driven the 267 km in 4½ days. In the early days of NEW FRANCE, roads and bridges were the responsibility of a crown-appointed chief inspector, a system retained by the British until 1832. Roads were divided into 3 classes: main roads, 7.2 m wide; connecting roads to farms, 5.4 m wide; and back roads, built on orders of the seigneurs (see SEIGNEURIAL SYSTEM).
Early roads in British North America were built out of military necessity, eg, the 60 km Yonge Street from York to Lk Simcoe in 1796 blazed by the Queen's Rangers, commanded by Col John Graves SIMCOE, and Dundas Street from York to London, safely inland from Lk Erie. State concern for roads set an early pattern. As early as 1801, the NB Assembly made regular grants for road construction.
In 1793 an Act of the first Parliament of Upper Canada placed all roads under the supervision of overseers, called pathmasters. Early road development was accomplished by a system of "statutory labour," which required settlers to maintain the road adjacent to their property or to work 3 to 12 days each year on road maintenance. Over time, the statutory labour system was commuted into payment of a fine in lieu of labour, creating the first source of funds for road expenditures. As road requirements developed beyond the capabilities of local orientation, toll roads were introduced.
An appropriation for roads was made in 1804 for a munificent £1000, which was doubled 12 years later. These early roads complemented rather than replaced water transport. Mostly little more than cleared paths, a few were planked or "corduroy" (made of logs laid side by side). Nevertheless, they provided valuable inland transportation (especially in winter), reduced costs and opened up new areas to settlement.
Travel by road in early Canada was difficult and often hazardous. The roads were so bad that most people preferred horseback or walking rather than vehicular transportation. Settlers' vehicles were usually homemade and crude; wheels were cut from the round trunks of huge oak trees. Later came the Conestoga wagons for carrying heavy loads (as much as 9 m long, drawn by 6-horse teams) and then 4-wheeled buckboards. The elite of the new cities and towns of Lower Canada had the CALÈCHE (open carriages) and the wealthy of Upper Canada and the Maritimes drove buggies. The stagecoach era began at the start of the 19th century and lasted more than 50 years. With it, in 1805, came the toll road and the turnpike trusts. Some of the turnpike companies controlled greater or lesser stretches of road, and the countryside was a network of toll roads for more than a century.
On some roads even a traveller on foot was charged a penny. (In recent years some provincial governments have revived the idea to help finance costly projects, such as the Laurentien autoroute north of Montréal and the Coquihalla highway in BC connecting Hope and Kamloops. Some international crossings also charge tolls.) At the peak of the stagecoach era, regular services for passengers and mail were run between all major cities and towns and into the US. But travel was still an adventure in clumsy, uncomfortable vehicles, ranging from open wagons to ungainly carriages hung on leather springs. In winter they were mounted on runners and some carried wood stoves for warmth. The stagecoach era waned with the coming of the RAILWAYS, and as the network of rails spread roads were used only for local travel. Trunk roads deteriorated as maintenance expenditures were cut. With vast investments in railways, there was virtually no road building.
BC's first road, from Esquimalt to Victoria, was built in 1854 by sailors of the Royal Navy. Four years later gold was discovered at Hope and hordes of prospectors poured through the Fraser and Thompson river valleys all the way to the Cariboo. A road was needed to serve the boom towns that had sprung up. Royal Engineers and private contractors, recruiting out-of-luck miners as their work force, built the CARIBOO ROAD in 3 years at a cost of $2 million. It was one of the wonders of its age, blasted out of mountainsides, crossing gorges on suspension bridges and hanging over precipices on timbered trestles.
Road development came more slowly to the Prairies. There was little need for roads at first; the early pioneers used Indigenous trails, and over these rumbled the RED RIVER CARTS and the settlers' covered wagons known as "prairie schooners." Crossings at rivers were provided by fords or ferries. Most prairie development took place through the railway, with roads providing local transportation.
The road system in the North-West Territories, which included present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan, was administered from Regina from the early 1880s until the provinces were formed in 1905. The development of natural resources spurred road construction, first in Manitoba and later in the newer provinces.
Transportation development of the North received great impetus from the building of the ALASKA HIGHWAY during WWII. Like early roads it was built for military reasons, but it provided an economic link between the YT and the Peace R country. The 614 km Mackenzie Highway began as a winter road in 1938 and was completed to Hay River on the shore of Great Slave Lk after WWII and to Yellowknife in 1961. The cost-sharing Roads to Resources Program, unveiled by the Diefenbaker government in 1958, was designed to exploit the resources of the North, and the volume of traffic has increased yearly as supplies, machinery and mining equipment are moved north and minerals, fish and furs south (see TRANSPORTATION IN THE NORTH). However, all provinces participated in the program. In some, particularly the Atlantic provinces, the funds were spent on tourist development, eg, upgrading and paving Cape Breton's Cabot Trail. In 8 years, $145 million was spent on 6400 km of new "roads with a future," the Government of Canada sharing 50% of the cost.
The modern highway system dates from the introduction of the internal-combustion engine some 20 years after Confederation. In 1898 John Moodie of Hamilton brought a one-cylinder Winton "horseless carriage" from the US. Six years later a Ford assembly plant in Windsor, Ont was built - and Canada's AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY was born. In 1907 there were 2131 cars registered in Canada, and by the outbreak of WWI there were more than 50 000. Some efforts were made to improve inadequate roads and streets. In 1915 Ontario completed the construction, begun 5 years earlier, of a concrete highway from Toronto to Hamilton, the first in that province and one of the longest intercity concrete roads in the world. Canada's first provincial Dept of Highways was created by Québec in 1914. Two years later Ontario, which had had a provincial instructor in charge of roadmaking attached to the Dept of Agriculture since 1896, formed its own separate highways department.
Through the 1920s cars became cheaper and their numbers multiplied; registration of motor vehicles increased from 408 790 to nearly 1.62 million by the end of the decade. Good roads associations, national and provincial, led the crusade for improved road travel, and expenditures on roads by all governments tripled. By 1930 the annual outlay was $94 million. Methods and technology for building roads improved as horse-drawn scrapers and graders gave way to steam power for shovels and rollers. However, road building in most provinces ceased and maintenance was reduced during the Great Depression and WWII as men and materials were urgently needed in the war effort. The few good paved roads that had been built were almost completely destroyed by heavy wartime traffic, particularly in industrial areas. The "Last Spike" of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven in 1885, but 61 years passed before a motor vehicle was driven across Canada. Brigadier R.A. Macfarlane and Kenneth MacGillivray made the journey in 9 days from Louisbourg, Cape Breton, to Victoria, BC in 1946, 4 years before the TRANS-CANADA HIGHWAY was begun.
Burgeoning road development in Canada and around the world left virtually no facet of economic or social life unchanged. With increasing efficiency and improving technology, road builders constructed highways and streets to accommodate automotive traffic. Expenditures soared from $103.5 million in 1946 to $1.5 billion in 1966 and to $4.5 billion in 1986. Expenditures on roads and highways fell victim to cost-cutting efforts in the 1990s. Total expenditures by local governments on roads and streets reached $6.09 billion in 1990, then dropped slightly to $5.9 billion in 1992, peaking in 1995 at $6.6 billion and then cut to $6.03 billion in 1996. Provincial/territorial spending followed suit, with expenditures on highways reaching $6.1 billion in 1990, dropping to $5.8 billion in 1992, peaking at $6.2 billion in 1995 and dropping to $5.7 billion in 1997.
In 1946 there were 28 982 km of paved rural highways and 10 000 km of paved urban roads and streets. In 1966 this total had risen to 148 987 km, nearly two-thirds of which were rural highways. In 1985 the total amount, paved and unpaved, was 841 411 km. By 1995 Canada had a total of 901 903 km of public roadway comprising 442 408 km of gravel road, 301 348 km of paved road, 69 292 of surface treated road, 66 829 km of earth roads, 16 571 km of freeway and 5455 km of roads classified as "other," eg, winter roads. These changes have left a deep imprint on the Canadian landscape, ripping through the wilderness and transforming the urban environment with expressways, interchanges, and suburban sprawl, with ribbonlike development along the highways. Rural life has also been transformed, as trucks deliver necessities and livestock, fruit, vegetables and other agricultural products are conveyed to market (see TRUCKING INDUSTRY).
Early traffic laws were very simple, concerned mostly with the marking of roads in winter by evergreen branches set in the snow. Later, sleigh bells on harnesses were used to warn of approaching vehicles when visibility was poor. Canada made 2 early notable contributions to N American road transportation. Highway numbering was introduced in 1920 in Manitoba, replacing the identifying coloured bands painted on telephone poles.
In Ontario in 1930 an engineer experimented with dotted white lines down the centre of a road. Within 3 years they had become standard throughout the continent. Traffic engineers, experienced in planning and electronics, were eagerly sought by municipalities in the 1940s and 1950s to help untangle traffic snarls. In 1956 the Canadian Good Roads Assn established a Council on Uniform Traffic Control Devices and 3 years later published the first manual of standard signs, signals and pavement markings. The association also launched a program of scholarships to help overcome the shortage of engineers qualified to use new techniques such as photogrammetry and computer programming. Postgraduate studies began in Canada as the University of Alberta offered the first degree in road engineering in 1956.
Under the CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867, the provinces were given almost complete responsibility for road building. By 1995 there were 655 892 km of public roadways under municipal jurisdiction, 230 930 under provincial jurisdiction and 15 082 under federal jurisdiction. Revenues from users - provincial motor-fuel taxes, the federal excise tax on gasoline, vehicle and driver licence fees, street-parking revenue and fines - have never been enough to cover expenditures. In 1996-97 provincial/territorial licencing fees amounted to $2.6 billion, provincial/territorial fuel taxes were $5.6 billion and federal fuel taxes amounted to $4 billion. Federal monies are used to supplement provincial/territorial funds. Federal expenditures to Transport Canada in 1997-98 were estimated at $2.4 billion, excluding monies to the Canadian Transportation Agency, Transportation Safety Board, Civil Aviation Tribunal and transportation expenditures by other federal departments such as Fisheries and Oceans, Public Works and Government Services and Parks Canada. Large sums come from consolidated revenue, with the logic that efficient highway transportation benefits the entire economy.
Today the federal government is responsible for maintaining roads crossing federal property, such as national parks. The federal government is also involved in the administration of the National Highway System, which incorporates federal and provincial highways as well as their connections to American routes. Street systems in cities, towns and villages are the responsibility of municipalities, though sometimes subsidized by the provinces. In the peak years of urban freeway development, the high costs frequently brought provincial and municipal governments together in cost-sharing agreements. The escalating costs of equipment, materials and manpower for replacement, repairs and maintenance of older roads mean higher budgets. The cost of snow removal also adds millions of dollars to maintenance budgets. In the 1990s era of fiscal restraint and cost-cutting, road and highway budgets suffered as provinces, cities and towns reduced operating costs. | <urn:uuid:ac7dc8be-a9f6-4fb4-a179-f2b38414c451> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/roads-and-highways | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743184.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116194306-20181116220306-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.973423 | 2,846 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Has the Speed Limit Increase from 55 To 65 MPH Had an Impact On Motor Vehicle Accidents?
In an effort to increase fuel efficiency nationwide, the U.S. Congress repealed the National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 MPH in 1995, and gave states the responsibility of implementing a 65 MPH limit. At the time, New Jersey chose not to implement it since the mandate focused on a type of roadway the state did not have many of — rural interstates.
However, in late 1997, the State Legislature acted to raise the speed limit on interstate highways, as well as the Turnpike, Garden State Parkway and Atlantic City Expressway. When the law passed in 1998, roughly 400 miles of New Jersey roadway were chosen for the speed limit increase, and an 18-month safety study was initiated. This 18-month study hoped to assess the impact of the speed limit increase on several issues:
- Public safety
- Accident rates
- Collision-related fatalities
- Average driving speeds
- Air quality and noise levels
- Administrative costs
The study found that average-driving speeds increased only 1 to 2 MPH on highways and about 3 to 4 MPH on the turnpike, so the difference was relatively insignificant compared to the 18 months prior to the speed limit increase. Fatalities actually decreased by 9.6 percent and fatal accidents decreased 7.9 percent in the 65 MPH zones.
While accidents with injuries increased by 9.4 percent and the total number of reported accidents increased by 18.3 percent, the NJ Department of Transportation determined the data was inconclusive. This is because accident rates fluctuated by as much as 12 percent annually between 1984 and 1996. So, NJDOT could not be certain that the increase in accident rate was due to the 65 MPH speed limit or normal fluctuations in accident rates over time. The study also did not detect any appreciable changes to administrative costs, enforcement or the environment. | <urn:uuid:b70633eb-6f7a-45d3-bf45-7893b8d0938a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.bskb-law.com/2012/11/27/has-the-speed-limit-increase-from-55-to-65-mph-had-an-impact-on-motor-vehicle-accidents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296974.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00279-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960268 | 388 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As you know, the web is built upon links between various bits of information. In fact, the basic language used to create websites is called HTML, which is short for Hypertext Markup Language. While the word hypertext might sound a bit like outer space talk, it actually refers to the fact that the content is linked to something else. When linking to web pages, we need to know the address of the page being linked. The official terminology for this address is uniform resource locator, or URL (pronounced as by the letters U-R-L) for short. URLs start with http:// and usually end with something like .com or .org.
Consider the address for finding features of the latest iPad on Apple’s web site:
Links and URLs : Schemes
The first part of the URL is called the scheme (previously referred to as a protocol). This tells the browser which interface should be used to access the address.The most commonly used schemes for viewing
web pages are HTTP and HTTPS. HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol. HTTPS is the same, except the s at the end indicates there is a secure connection in place.
Links and URLs : Domains
In the Apple address, apple.com is the part of the address called the domain that helps identify which computer houses the pages.
Links and URLs : Path
The rest of the address – /ipad/features/ is the path to the exact location of the information to be displayed.
In the case of the iPad web page, the actual content of the page is found inside the features folder, which itself is inside the ipad folder. | <urn:uuid:8e68f653-2744-4189-aa5d-0e579513c197> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://eseong.com/2014/06/information-on-designing-website-links.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.918234 | 351 | 4.375 | 4 |
Introduction to FLIP Fluids in Houdini
Creating a Champagne Pour Simulation with Danny Barnhart
Danny Barnhart cracks open his simulation secrets with a close look at how to create fizzy fluids in Houdini. Using a champagne flute and a bubbly liquid for this beginner- and intermediate-level demonstration, Danny walks through the entire process of simulating a champagne pour, from the initial setup of the fluid emitter to the final lighting and rendering. The workshop aims to familiarize artists with Houdini’s FLIP Solver as well as instructing how to work with particles to create believable motion.
Starting out with Houdini’s Shelf tools, this 3-hour workshop begins with how to create a simple setup of geometry emitting fluid into a glass object before diving into the simulation work. Danny then delves into creating custom attributes in Houdini to replicate the interaction between foams and liquids, and reveals how to use custom attributes to create differentiation in motion between liquid and foam particles as they interact.
Once the main simulation is cached out, the workshop moves into setting up the resulting foam particles for rendering and meshing the liquid simulation. Once the two main elements are set up, Danny walks through creating additional particle simulations for further bubble and fizz elements. When all of the elements are cached out, the training discusses basic lighting and shaders to render out a final simulation in Mantra, the highly advanced renderer included with Houdini.
Duration: 185 Minutes
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You may want to read this article first:
What is the multinomial coefficient?
The multinomial theorem provides an easy way to expand the power of a sum of variables. As “multinomial” is just another word for polynomial, this could also be called the polynomial theorem.
It tells us that when you expand any multinomial (x1+ x2 + ….xk)n the coefficients of every term x1n1 x2n2….xknk in the resulting polynomial will be:
This is called the multinomial coefficient, and n1, n2,…., nk are integers which add up to make n.
The exclamation mark signifies a factorial, where you multiply an integer by all the integers smaller than it. For example, 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120.
The binomial theorem is a special case of the multinomial theorem.
The Multinomial Theorem in Combinatorics
Suppose you have n distinct, differentiable items you are placing in k distinct groups. If you place n1 item group 1, n2 items in group two, and so on till you place nk items in the last group, the number of distinguishable permutations is given by the multinomial coefficient:
The multinomial coefficient can also be used to find the number of distinguishable permutations of n objects when n= n1 + n 2 +….+nk and you have n1 items of kind 1, n2 items of type 2, and nk items of type k for every k. Here again the number of permutations is given by the multinomial formula (above).
How many words can you make from the letters in mathematical? The word mathematical contains 2 m, 3 a, 2 t, one h, one e, one i, one c, and one l. Use the formula above, and you find the the number of permutations will be
. Work the factorial, and you get 19958400. So there are 19958400 possible permutations of the letters in the word mathematical.
For another example, divide a class of 15 into groups of 3 for a final project. The groups are numbered a through e. There are
ways of divying up the class. Group the students randomly, and any student will have a 1 in 168168000 chance of ending up in any given group with any particular two friends.
Stephanie Glen. "Multinomial Theorem" From StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/multinomial-theorem/
Need help with a homework or test question? With Chegg Study, you can get step-by-step solutions to your questions from an expert in the field. Your first 30 minutes with a Chegg tutor is free!
Comments? Need to post a correction? Please post a comment on our Facebook page. | <urn:uuid:81691dc5-c03b-40fa-af68-afce365fc563> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.statisticshowto.com/multinomial-theorem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.858882 | 629 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Former Confederate Major-General Fitzhugh Lee was the consul-general of the United States to Havana, Cuba at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. During the war he commanded the VII Army Corps.
The son of a U.S. (and later Confederate) naval officer, Lee was born in Virginia in 1835. He attended the West Point Military Academy from 1852-1856, flirting with expulsion for pranks before graduating 45 out of a class of 49.
Following graduation, Lee served as a cavalry officer in Texas for two and a half years before being appointed an assistant instructor of tactics at West Point in late 1860. While in Texas, Lee saw his first combat in battles against Indians. He was seriously wounded in a skirmish on May 19, 1859.
Lee's tenure as an instructor at his alma mater would last only 6 months. Like many Southern officers (including Lee's famous uncle, Robert E. Lee) he resigned hiscommission in May, 1861 and was named a first lieutenant in the regular Confederate army shortly after.
Promotion in the Confederate army was fast for young Lee (far faster than it would have been in a peacetime US Army!); he rose to lieutenant-colonel in August, then to brigadier-general the following July. His highest rank, major-general, would be attained in September, 1863; after achieving his greatest notoriety in the Battle of Chancellorsville where, leading the only full brigade of Confederate cavalry, he guarded the Confederate's flanking march around Union General Hooker's exposed right wing.
Lee saw much more action throughout the war. In September, 1864 he was wounded again and out of action for four months. By the time of his return, however, the Southern fate was all but certain. Lee surrendered on April 11, 1865.
Following a short stint as a Union prisoner, Lee turned his efforts to farming, taking pride in his success in the endeavor. In addition to farming Lee wrote several books in this period. He also began improving his political skills. Lacking any boastfulness and quick-witted, with an excellent sense of humor, the above-average soldier was an even better politician. The unusual mix of abilities would serve him well.
The public arena beckoned a return in 1885, as Lee's famous name and popular personality gained him election as governor of Virginia. Though his single term was relatively uneventful, it served to cast him in the political arena. In 1893 he was defeated for the Democratic nomination to the United States Senate. The following year hewrote his finest book, a biography of Uncle Robert E. Lee.
Democratic President Grover Cleveland, battling the continued economic woes of the 1890's, diplomatic troubles with Spain and England, and harsh congressional critics such as conservative Henry Cabot Lodge, appointed Lee consul-general to Havana in 1896.
Lee arrived in June to an island torn by civil war and mass poverty. Three weeks after his arrival he informed the State Department that Cuban rebels did not have the strength to drive the Spanish out, but that the Spanish were equally unable to subdue the rebellion. He railed against the Spanish tactics to suppress the rebels and fought for the rights of American citizens in Cuba (including some suspected by the Spanish of aiding the rebels and held captive in Cuba, such as crewmen of the filibustering vessel COMPETITOR, and Dr. Ricardo Ruiz de Ugarrio y Salvador, a naturalized American citizen).
Ironically, Lee won the praise of Cleveland's staunchest critics, who used Lee's strong stance against Spain as further fuel against the more benevolent President. Lodge wrote of Lee's "good sense and firm courage," while lamenting that Lee "was not sustained by the (Cleveland) Administration as he should have been."
December, 1897 saw more unrest in Havana. While much of the violence wasactually caused by the Cuban rebels (often directed toward American-owned sugar plantations), Lee's concern was chiefly the safety of Americans in Cuba, thus causing him to exaggerate the threat he feared from Cubans loyal to Spain. Lee requested a warship be ready in Key West in case violence erupted. The MAINEwas ordered to Florida in January, and Captain Sigsbee maintained steady communication with the consul-general's office. Early that month, the situation appeared to Lee to have taken aturn for the worse. He sent a preliminary signal to Sigsbee, prompting him to ready hisship. Whether Lee felt he had over-estimated the danger or the situation calmed, he never sent a further call for the MAINE.President McKinley and Navy Secretary John Long, however, did order MAINE to Havana.
Though Lee was unnerved by the MAINE's sudden arrival when he had specifically advised against it's visit at that time, months later he would recall the arrival as "a beautiful sight and one long to be remembered." Perhaps this underscored his ownuncertainty of the situation. Adding to the uncertainty was the prospect of growingGerman influence in the Caribbean (which, some speculate, wasMcKinley's motivationin sending the MAINE to Cuba). Whatever the reasoning, late 1897-early-1898 saw Lee take a step back from his earlier blatant criticism of the Spanish. Proponents of Leein 1896-8 saw his actions as decisive and pro-American, leading nicely to the "splendid little war," while later critics would charge that his misreading of theCuban situation(which, some would believe was intentional) moved both sides closer to war.
In spite of Lee's misgivings, MAINE arrived in Havana on January 25. Lee and Sigsbee were treated to a bullfight by hosting Spanish officers as part of the "good will" visit. Underneath it all, however, was an undeniable tension. Washington soon began to realize that the presence of the MAINE would only serve temporary goals, and many wondered how long she should remain in Havana.
One of those who worried about overstaying his welcome was Secretary of Navy Long. Nearly the opposite of his fiery assistant, Theodore Roosevelt, Long openly considered pulling the MAINE out of Cuba. Upon that suggestion, Lee threw away earlier objections to the ships visit, and both he and Sigsbee strongly opposed withdrawing the MAINE, unless it was relieved by another warship. "Many will claimSpain demanded it should go," Lee wrote Washington," we are master of the situationhere and I would not disturb or alter it."
The explosion of the MAINE on February 15 suddenly changed everything. While McKinley and Washington moved closer to war by the day, Lee's chief concern was the safety and evacuation of Americans in Cuba. As threats and ultimatums grew more intense, Lee cabled the President for more time, stating that he could not assure the safety of all Americans by Tuesday, April 5, a deadline previously set for Spanish agreement to terms set forth by the White House. He requested McKinley delay any statements until at least Saturday the 9th. Under intense pressure McKinley stalled,delaying the message that would lead to war until Monday, April 11, a day after Lee's arrival in Florida.
Following his return to a hero's welcome in the U.S., Lee was commissioned major-general of volunteers and assigned the VII Army Corps. The appointment was largely political, as McKinley had made it a point to place a few well known former Confederate officers in key commands to unite the nation (Joe Wheeler was another). VII Corps trained in preparation of a major role in a fall offensive, though the war's quick end (quicker than many thought, that is) kept VII Corps from any action. Lee's logistical and planning abilities and previous military experience exhibited itself through the VII Corp's few health and administrative problems; problems which plagued many of the other army corps. After the war he commanded what amounted to an army of occupation in Havana and was charged with the restoration of order on the island.
Fitzhugh Lee retired a brigadier-general on March 2, 1901. He died four years later. Lee was buried in his U.S. Army uniform, which caused one ex-Confederate to say "What'll [deceased Confederate general] Stonewall think when Fitz turns up in heaven wearing that!"
From the marker:
Lee's Brigade, Stuart's Cavalry Division
Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, Commanding.
1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 9th Virginia Cavalry
September 15 - 19, 1862
The 3rd, 4th and 9th Virginia Cavalry of Lee's Brigade reached the field late in the afternoon of the 15th and took position on the extreme left of the Confederate Army. The 5th Cavalry, detached from the Brigade, September 11, formed on the extreme right of the Army on the evening of the 15th and, on the morning of the 16th, rejoined the Brigade on the left. On the night of the 16th the Brigade was massed near the river in support of the Horse Artillery. The 1st Cavalry, detached on the 10th, rejoined on the morning of the 17th and the Brigade took position on the left of Jackson's Command, which it assisted in resisting the Union advance. On September 18th and 19th the Brigade covered the withdrawal of the Army of Northern Virginia to the south bank of the Potomac.
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Bilingualism in Teaching and Learning
Notes 1. (Slide 2): Language, speech and communication.
What is language? Language is a means of communication and a way to transmit information. The language is inextricably linked to our way of thinking, as well as with the imagination, memory and perception. It is not possible to conceive anything without language. Languages resemble mirrors, which reflect reality. There are a lot of languages, and they are all different, so each language reflects the same reality in different ways. Even more interesting is the fact that the language must be precise so that it is possible to understand each other.
The second question arise, what happens when people start learning a foreign language. They take their mother tongue, get new words and rules and try to construct other language expressions. As in the slide 1, we see the system that shows a chain of reaction – mother tongue, then new vocabulary and new rules. Then, all these steps are processed in the head and result into another language speaking.
Note 2 (Slide 3): Overlapping in Learning.
The diagram shows that previously described system is resulting into overlapping process and yellow zone shows mixture of mother tongue and foreign language rules. In this zone, it is very difficult to find necessary words and grammar construction. When students structure this zone and can use information from this zone, it becomes much easier to speak and say something very quickly. If we discuss children between 3 and 7 years of age, it is very difficult to make them differentiate this zone (Cameron, 2001). If we say about adults, it is necessary to form some so-called bridges between languages. Monolingual linguists say that it is possible to create a system of a foreign language from zero, and then it is necessary to start very early (Blackledge, 1994).
Note 3 (Slide 3): Language, Speech and Communication
It is necessary to distinguish between two closely related concepts: language and speech. The main object of linguistics is the natural human language as opposed to the artificial language or the language of animals. Language is a tool, a means of communication. It is a system of signs, tools, and rules of speaking, common to all members of the society. This phenomenon is a part of the constant period of time.
Speech - display and operation of the language, the process of communication, it is a unit for every native speaker. This phenomenon is variable depending on the speaker's face. Language and speech are two sides of the same phenomenon. Inherent in any human language and speech is a phonetic expression. Speech and language can be compared with the pen and the text. Language is a pen, and speech is the text that is written with this pen. What is communication? It is an answer on the text (Browne, 2007). It is very important to explain, because students can think that if they learn vocabulary, they already can speak-no, they learn only language.
Note 4. (Slide 4): Language and Skills
Language focus usually includes grammar and vocabulary constructions and their knowledge and equivalent in your mother tongue. Skills are abilities to use such constructions when you need them. In modern linguistics, skills are even more important in learning than language focuses.
Note 5 (Slide 5): Teaching Pronunciation
There are different ways how to drill pronunciation. One of them is tongue twisters. It is one of the best ways to improve English pronunciation. It is helpful to try as fast as possible and without error to say the tongue twister, it can be not only a great workout, but also a very fun class (Swanson, Rosston, Gerber & Solari, 2008)
How to use patters?
1. Start repeating the tongue twister aloud slowly until it sounds clearly in your performance.
2. Learn by heart such pattern.
3. Repeat the tongue twister as fast as you can, until you repeat it three times in a row without stopping and stammering. For example, it is possible to train aspiration-“p”.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? (http://www.twinkl.co.uk/)
Note 6 (Slide 5): Vocabulary
In teaching vocabulary, the emphasis is on the practical mastery of words, not only understanding, but also the active use in the speech, for which a grant selected the most frequent words and phrases illustrated and trainees in the most typical of the English language contexts (Cameron, 2002). A teacher can introduce new words and start drilling them. It is possible to introduce new words by interpretations of illustrations, tables and charts to help you understand and remember their meaning, and the right-hand page contains exercises to practice each section of the lesson.
Note 7. (Slide 6): Grammar
Grammar must be introduced in different pictures and formulas. For, example, it is how to explain Present Perfect Progressive.
Example from Personal Experience
There is an example of a student, Michael Saint. He is American, but at home he has to speak Russian, because they want to live in Russia. He uses a lot of phrases but if it is necessary to say some deep ideas he starts saying “how to say in Russian?” It means that he learnt only some phrases and uses them in different situations, but to use other is a problem. One way is to build Russian vocabulary on the Russian language. Firstly, it is necessary to formulate the thought in English, and then “give” appropriate clichés in Russian.
It is necessary to say not to be sacred. It is simply to exercise pronouncing sentences aloud in different ways. It is necessary to speak both languages to get our vocal apparatus accustomed to the sounds of a foreign language.
Although he always has experience of communicating in Russian, he finds it quite difficult to correctly pronounce the long sentences. Language began to flounder, some sounds disappear somewhere. When he wants to say something fast; then all his knowledge of grammar evaporate. I think the problem here is the lack of practice.
As his teacher, I provided him with the system of “every day thinking” in both languages; reading and listening to parallel texts and finding new interesting equivalents in the languages.
I used information from Appendix about grammar and about vocabulary, used a lot of cards and explanations and games. After 3 months of this methodology, he became more confident in his language skills. | <urn:uuid:14074988-e50c-44dd-8ac8-0933c61c60ab> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://super-dissertation.com/essays/education/bilingualism-in-teaching-and-learning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.950425 | 1,372 | 4.375 | 4 |
Most people think of arthritis as a single disease, but in fact arthritis is a general term for more than 100 medical conditions that affect the joints and surrounding connective tissues (muscles, tendons and ligaments).
People with arthritis experience pain and stiffness in the joints. Severity varies, but in many cases it can seriously impact simple daily tasks such as walking, driving or carrying out household chores.
The most common types of arthritis are:
- OSTEOARTHRITIS– usually follows a slowly progressive course of inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints.
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS– Inflammation and swelling of the joints caused by the body’s own immune system attacking the joints.
- GOUT– joint inflammation, pain, and swelling caused by small crystals of uric acid that dorm in and around the joints.
- JUVENILE ARTHRITIS– a general term for any arthritis that affects people under 16 years of age.
usually follows a slowly progressive course of inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints. There may be a sudden and severe deterioration in symptoms, or symptoms may fluctuate over many years.
The joint pain is usually worse during activity and is better with rest. There may be some stiffness after inactivity, or in the morning but this is usually for a shorter time than in rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms may vary from person to person, and also depends on the joints affected. This can include:
- Joint pain that is worse during activity and is better with rest. Pain at night or during rest can occur in advanced disease.
- Joint stiffness that may be worse in the morning or after rest, which gets better soon after movement.
- Tenderness around the joint.
- Crepitus ( a crinkly, crackling or grating feeling around the joint)
- Swelling caused by a build-up of fluid in the joint
- Enlarged joints caused by bony growths called osteophytes that form as the cartilage breaks down.
Diagnosis is bases on history, symptoms and physical examination of affected joint(s). For example the doctor might examine your knees by moving them forward and back to note your range of motion, and to find out which movements cause pain. X-rays and other imaging scans such as MRI may not be necessary for diagnosis.
Treatment for osteoarthritis focuses mainly on pain relief. There are a number of medicine options available, such as topical treatments (creams or gels), and oral medicines such as paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opiod based medicines.
LIVING WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS
Living with osteoarthritis can be difficult with pain, stress, fatigue and depression affecting each other. Techniques to deal with and fatigue are important and there are many options available.
Exercise is an important part of managing osteoarthritis symptoms, and can help to reduce pain, as well as improve physical function and quality of life. A healthy diet and weight loss can help stop your osteoarthritis getting worse as well as lessen the disability.
Rheumatoid arthritis invovles Inflammation and swelling of the joints caused by the body’s own immune system attacking the joints. Symptoms are usually worse in the morning and are symmetrical (the same joints on both sides of the body are affected).
Symptoms include, joint pain and swelling, and early morning stiffness lasting longer than an hour. Rheumatoid arthritis is more likely if there is:
- Family history of rheumatoid arthritis
- Swelling in five or mor joints
- The same joints are affected on both sides of the body.
If you think that you, or someone you know, may have rheumatoid arthritis, its important to see a doctor immediately. If treatment is started soon after onset, the disease may be slowed and permanent joint damage prevented.
Diagnosis is based on history, symptoms and physical examination as well as blood tests to show evidence of body-wide inflammation.
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis has changed over the past 20 years, and focuses on early prevention of potentially permanent joint damage. Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate, are used as first line therapy, and can change the course of the disease if they are applied early after onset, and if used consistently.
LIVING WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Living with rheumatoid arthritis requires management, monitoring and cooperation between the patient and their medical team. This team may include a rheumatologist, general-practitioner, pharmacist, and other health professionals such as physiotherapist.
While there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, with early diagnosis and the right treatment, most people with this condition can lead full and active lives.
Gout occurs as a result of high uric acid levels in the body. It is one of the most common types of inflammatory arthritis. Prevalence rate are increasing globally, associated with population overweight and obesity. Anyone can get gout, but it is seen more commonly in older men.
Symptoms of gout can come on very quickly, often overnight. Gout can affect any joint of the body, but it commonly affects the joint of the big toe. Joints become very red, swollen and extremely painful.
Without the correct treatment, an attack of gout can last for around one week. While another attack may not come on for many months, unless your gout is well-managed, the time between attacks can become shorter, and each attack more severe. High uric acid levels over an extended period of time can lead to permanent joint and cartilage damage, and constant mild pain and inflammation.
Diagnosis of gout is confirmed on basis of urate crystals found in samples of joint fluid. A small amount of fluid is withdrawn by needle from one of the affected joints and examined under a microscope. If joint fluid isn’t available, a provisional diagnosis can sometimes be made on the basis of other clinical or laboratory features.
If crystals are not sewn in the joint fluid, other causes of your symptoms will be investigated, such as infection.
Treatment of gout follows two pronged approach. On one-side mes
dicines such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine or corticosteroids are often used in the management of an acute attack of gout. The type of medicine that would be prescribed for you would depend on whether you are taking other medicines for different conditions.
However, you will also have to take medicines that lower your uric acid levels and prevent future attacks of gout. These medicines need to be taken regularly, regardless of whether you are having any gout symptoms.
LIVING WITH GOUT
Following a healthy lifestyle such as keeping off excess weight, avoiding sugary drinks and excess alcohol can also help with the management and prevention of gout. Early diagnosis and right treatment are crucial in preventing long-tee complications from gout. Untreated gout can cause permanent damage to the joints. Know your target uric acid level and learn ways to prevent gout attack.
Juvenile arthritis (also called juvenile idiopathic arthritis) is a general term for all types of arthritis that begin before 16 years of age. It is a serious, yet common medical condition though its rarely reported in black Africa.
Symptoms of juvenile arthritis are similar to those seen in adults, and can include stiffness and swollen, red, painful joints. A fever or rash may also occur, and sometimes there is inflammation of the eyes and lymph nodes. Internal organs can be affected.
Diagnosis of juvenile arthritis can sometimes require a lengthy and detailed investigation of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, x-rays and scan. There is no single test that can confirm the specific type of juvenile arthritis, and the tests and examination performed will depend on what type of juvenile arthritis is suspected.
Pediatric rheumatologists (though this specialists services are in short supply in the whole sub-Saharan Africa as a whole) specialize in treating children with juvenile arthritis, and should be consulted for an accurate diagnosis. This is a crucial step in ensuring that the condition is treated appropriately.
Treatment is very dependent on the type of juvenile arthritis but it is always a team effort between the family, school, child, rheumatologists and other healthcare providers. The main aim of the teams treatment plan are to reduce symptoms, manage pain and ensure quality of life.
LIVING WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS
One of the most important aspects of treatment, aside from the support of the team is learning self-care and self-management techniques, so that the child is able to manage their own prescribed care plan, and has the knowledge and skill to live well and stay healthy and happy.
Please do not use any of the drugs listed in this article without the advice of your health care provider | <urn:uuid:0e1944d8-b0e3-4e3a-946c-61287c414ff1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.prognosy.com.ng/2021/03/10/arthritis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.947216 | 2,009 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Sheep to Cloak
Grades: pre-K to 3rd | Duration: 2 hours
During this exciting workshop, students will have the opportunity to experience a part of rural life in 1845 through the processing of wool. They will visit the sheep, card and spin some wool, and then try their hand at weaving.
New York State Learning Standards
Social Studies Standard 1 | <urn:uuid:dcf8e411-5098-419d-906e-98060aa0baaa> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.nysha.org/for_teachers/school_programs/workshops/sheep_to_cloak | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297146.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00032-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944397 | 77 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The need for sustainability-oriented education and hands-on experiential learning is clear and agreed upon by families, educators and regional institutions. The challenge comes when we expect teachers to develop and implement outdoor projects in addition to their routine obligations.
Terra BIRDS’ “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” program addresses this need by leading students and teachers in being active stewards of their school grounds. Projects are not “out of a kit” or standardized lessons; rather, they are specific to the needs and goals of each school’s land and community. Terra BIRDS emphasizes problem solving skills, resourcefulness and teamwork to fulfill long-term goals of developing school cultures that value sustainable practices. By taking responsibility for the daily earth beneath their feet, students develop this mindset and carry it forward as they venture out into the world. Terra BIRDS meets with students and teachers once per week for 6-8 weeks on school grounds in both the fall and spring semesters. Topics and projects include growing food, soil building, land stewardship, ecological restoration, sustainable landscape design, gardening for wildlife, conservation, and permaculture principals. STEM content is included throughout the process. Through the experiential aspects of the program, students also explore the important topics of personal health and wellness, teamwork and effective communication, safety, and personal responsibility, ethics and civics. The projects vary from school to school, but always include cultivating food and habitat gardens, native landscaping, water harvesting, soil building, and beautification. The “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” is strongly supported by Flagstaff Unified School District (FUSD) Superintendent, Barbara Hickman, and Coconino County Superintendent of Schools, Robert Kelty.
Terra BIRDS is partnering with the Sustainable Economic Development Initiative (SEDI) to help fund the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability.” SEDI is leveraging its Green Business Network to develop an “Adopt-a-Classroom” model that will secure sponsorships from local businesses to support individual 4th grade classes. During these challenging economic times, SEDI’s “Adopt-a-Classroom” model engages the business community in the important task of educating our youth to ensure a healthy and prosperous future for Northern Arizona. The “Adopt-a-Classroom” model will be critical to achieving the ultimate goal of offering the program to all 4th grade classes in FUSD. Terra BIRDS’ “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability”, in collaboration with SEDI’s “Adopt-a-Classroom” model, jointly are designed as a self-sustaining process that engages local business support in leading 4th grade students on a creative journey of environmental and experiential learning that will prepare them to thrive in the world they will soon inherit.
Why 4th Grade?
Fourth graders have the desire and intellectual capacity to embrace important topics about the broadening world around them; and they are physically capable of performing the physical, hands-on work to make an impact on the world around them. The first step for a young person to become a steward of the environment is to develop a love for the natural world and a vision for humans’ positive role in it. Terra BIRDS staff, 4th graders and their teachers play and explore nature on school grounds and together use their imaginations to vision healthy habitats for both humans and other living beings; then we explore our individual skills and interests and find out how we can each contribute towards making these visions into reality. This program is part of the collaboration of stakeholders who share the common goal of providing a continuous track of sustainability-oriented education for Northern Arizona youth. Terra BIRDS’ “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” works in concert with Willow Bend’s elementary programming, Camp Colton for 6th graders, the Alpine Leadership Academy for middle schoolers, and STEM magnet programs at the high school level. Together, these programs and a broad array of community partners achieve the goal of raising new generations of thoughtful and committed stewards for a healthy Northern Arizona environment and sustainable economy.
Program History and Present Goals
John Taylor, founder of Terra BIRDS, started gardening with FUSD 4th graders in 2009. Terra BIRDS and FUSD aim to deliver the program to every 4th grade class in the District as a foundation for the aforementioned continuous track of sustainability and STEM education available to all students. To achieve this goal and to ensure credibility and ongoing financial support for the program, Terra BIRDS is developing a system to measure and document student achievement and metrics for success. Terra BIRDS is also developing a guide that will assist teachers in connecting program topics and experiential content to 4th grade-specific Common Core curriculum.
Current Projects For Spring and Summer 2013
During spring semester 2013, Terra BIRDS will deliver the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” to FUSD classes at Marshall, Sechrist and Puente Elementary Schools. Terra BIRDS will also be leading a FUSD Summer FACTS Program at Thomas Elementary over the summer of 2013. Terra BIRDS staff is happy to share specific details about the projects at each of these schools.
For the Spring 2013 semester, two businesses have generously agreed to support the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” project. Both APS and Foodlink have contributed funds to help implement this highly beneficial project. SEDI and Terra BIRDS want to extend their deepest gratitude to APS and Foodlink for recognizing the value in investing in local education through sponsoring a classroom for the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” project.
Additional funding to support the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” comes from a 2012 grant award from the Flagstaff Community Foundation. Additionally individual schools contribute funds donated by their PTO organizations or Arizona Tax Credit dollars. Terra BIRDS staff, families, and other volunteers contribute significant amounts of time and material resources as well to ensure the success of the program. FUSD is currently a finalist in the Helios STEM Grant through the Science Foundation Arizona. If awarded, this would provide funding for Terra BIRDS to fully realize the goal of expanding the “4th Grade Foundation in Sustainability” to all FUSD 4th grade classes. | <urn:uuid:1e656138-cc4b-4318-92c5-72b1508041fa> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://sedinaz.org/educational-outreach/142-4th-grade-foundation-in-sustainability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578675477.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424234327-20190425015503-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.937604 | 1,334 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Rene Jules Lalique
(1860 - 1945)
Rene Jules Lalique was active/lived in France. Rene Lalique is known for art deco glass design, abstraction.
Biography Rene Jules Lalique
A brief history of Rene Lalique (1860 - 1945)
Rene Lalique's life and artistic career bestrode arguably the three most important movements in the field of the Decorative Arts - Belle Epoque, Art Nouveau and Art Deco.
His contemporaries, Emile Galle and the American, Louis Comfort Tiffany, worked predominantly in Art Glass, distinctive for its rich interplay of color, botanic motifs and iridescence. These facets, although of great beauty, tended somewhat to disguise the medium of glass itself. Rene Lalique, however, stood out from his contemporaries by being the 'purist', who applied his talent to the inherent merits of glass, and thereby elevated it to new heights of technical and artistic interpretation.
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also viewed by people who viewed Rene Jules Lalique | <urn:uuid:ff7389df-3573-4a6e-860d-ef6491917dc0> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.askart.com/artist/Rene_Jules_Lalique/11000887/Rene_Jules_Lalique.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542009.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00093-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936845 | 232 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Spanish settlements expanded in which direction?
The last Spanish settlement was in
The purpose of the mission
was to convert the Pueblo to Christianity.
Spanish forts were called
Harsh treatment by the Spanish led the Pueblo to
The Pueblo were convinced to allow the Spanish to return to their settlements because the Spanish promised them
freedom to choose their own religion.
The Pueblo were convinced to allow the Spanish to return to their settlements by
Diego de Vargas.
The main industry of the French was
transported fur and other goods by canoe.
The French knew that the English would take over all of North America if they got control of
The French and Indian war began in 1754 when the British tried to move into
the Ohio River Valley.
Promising to keep colonists off their land the British were eventually aided in the war by
The war changed for the British when more money, equipment and troops were provided by
The French used the style of warfare of
the Native Americans.
At the war's end the British received all of France's lands through
the Treaty of Paris.
Lands received by the British included the
Ohio River Valley, Canada and Florida.
The agreement by the British to keep colonists off Native America lands west of the Appalachian Mountains was called
The Proclamation of 1763.
Generalizations help you to see how topics have
similarities (common traits).
Making Generalizations Step 1
Identify the topic
Making Generalizations Step 2
Making Generalizations Step 3
Compare the examples
Making Generalizations Step 4
Make the generalization
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For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:e5024dd6-a820-49fe-9ec8-54051dd4220e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://quizlet.com/10591474/chapter-8-european-rivalries-in-north-america-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00076-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936403 | 447 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Fifty years ago, the Concorde and its Russian rival Tu-144 pioneered supersonic passenger flight, but ended up succumbing for several reasons, including high operating costs, limited range and also noise.
Due to the high speed, these jets caused the supersonic boom that reached the ears of the inhabitants of the places where they flew. Because of this problem, US officials have banned the Concorde from flying over the country above the speed of sound, preventing the Anglo-French aircraft from having any chance of commercial success.
Retired in 2003, Concorde ended the first supersonic era in civil aviation, however, the aerospace industry is close to making that possibility real again. This week, one of the most advanced projects, Overture, from the US startup Boom Supersonic, took an important step in unveiling the XB-1 concept plane.
Looking like a fighter plane, the prototype of just over 21 meters in length takes only the pilot and is equipped with three GE J85 engines, the same ones used by the F-5 Tiger II. The experimental aircraft is expected to fly in 2021 to prove that the design of a passenger jet with a capacity of up to 88 seats is indeed feasible.
Among the challenges are a low emission of pollutants, resisting the heat generated by the flight and, of course, overcoming the sound barrier economically.
But it is in one aspect that the XB-1 will be put to the test: silence. To pave the way for the second generation of supersonic civilian planes, it will be necessary to reduce the noise generated by the breaking of the sound barrier.
The solution lies in the advanced design of the fuselage and wings, which are located in a more rear position. This configuration aims to ‘delay’ the supersonic boom as much as possible and thus make it smoother.
The XB-1 is not alone in this endeavor. NASA, in partnership with Lockheed Martin, develops a similar concept plane, the X-59 QueSST and is only a few months behind Boom. However, the intention of the US space agency is to help the various supersonic aircraft initiatives, in addition to the government itself, to create the standards to regulate this type of flight in the future.
Like the XB-1, the X-59 also carries a pilot, has short wings and an engine used by military aircraft, the GE F414. But the Skunk Works division’s experimental aircraft is more radical.
Its long nose is one of the concepts to allow the noise generated by the airplane to not exceed 75 decibels, or similar to the closing of a car door.
The large nose prevents the pilot from having a clear view ahead, so Lockheed Martin designed the eXternal Vision System, a system of cameras and front displats that will allow you to see the outside in augmented reality. A similar solution will also be tested by the XB-1.
The X-59 program was delayed by the pandemic and NASA’s goal is to complete prototype assembly and ground testing in mid-2021. The first flight is expected to take place in 2022, a year after XB-1.
What both planes expect is that when flying through inhabited regions, hardly anyone notices their presence. This will be the biggest victory for these aircrafts. | <urn:uuid:8f521527-49c0-4dbc-9270-ebd9d37868f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.airdatanews.com/new-supersonic-xb-1-and-x-59-airplanes-have-noise-as-the-biggest-challenge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.949645 | 694 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Recreational and medical cannabis has been used for centuries, and today it’s the most widely consumed drug on the planet.
Governments worldwide started outlawing the sale and use of marijuana in the early 1900s. As a controversial component of the “war on drugs,” cannabis prohibition reached its height in the 1970s. This movement fed skepticism and mistrust about the advantages and disadvantages of cannabis use for several generations. However, thanks to modern science, cannabis has been legalized for both recreational and medicinal purposes in most U.S states and a number of other countries around the world.
Cannabis has been shown in studies to have plenty of health benefits, especially when used safely and responsibly. However, cannabis use has real risks, and certain vulnerable populations should avoid it.
A recent poll shows that the number of Americans who support the legalization of cannabis has increased to 68%. With more people accepting cannabis use as normal, it’s become vital to understand how to use cannabis responsibly.
What Is Responsible Cannabis Use?
Responsible and healthy cannabis use requires moderation. When you know that you have significant obligations, such as caring for children, it’s best to avoid using cannabis until you have more free time.
It’s vital that you remember that driving after consuming cannabis is dangerous, smoke from cannabis is harmful to the lungs, and it’s healthier to vaporize cannabis oil or flower rather than smoke it.
A few ways that you can ensure you’re consuming cannabis responsibly include:
- Not consuming cannabis too often.
- Consuming cannabis in small amounts.
- Leaving at least a two-day gap between each time you use cannabis.
- Opting for products that have low levels of THC.
Pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, teenagers, those diagnosed with psychosis or bipolar disorder, and people who are likely to have a medical reaction should avoid using cannabis as it could potentially increase the risks associated with cannabis.
The Safest Ways to Use Cannabis
Purchase Your Cannabis From a Legal and Reputable Source
One of the best things about cannabis being legalized in so many places is that it’s now a requirement that all products have their safety tested in a lab. This ensures that the cannabis they’re selling contains zero pesticides, harmful chemicals, or mold. By testing your cannabis in a lab before using it, you’ll know if it’s going to cause mind-altering effects and exactly how much THC it contains, giving you the ability to dictate the way you feel when you’re using cannabis.
When purchasing a product from a licensed cannabis dispensary, the label will indicate the amount or percentage of CBD in the product. Doctors advise people to choose products that contain a balance of THC and CBD. Experts also advise choosing products with low THC levels. Even when purchasing from a reputable source, you should still be on the lookout for bad-quality cannabis that could cause adverse effects when consumed.
Choosing what Kind of Cannabis to Buy
There is a wide range of cannabis products to choose from in regulated markets. Remember that the effects of cannabis differ greatly from person to person, so it’s important to know what you want to get out of your cannabis use and what your needs are. No two people will have the same cannabis experience, so if you’re a new user, it’s best to fully contemplate all of your options.
There are three broad categories of products, each with a distinct effect.
- Smoking or Vaping: THC is delivered directly to the brain through the lungs’ oxygen-rich blood by smoking or vaping cannabis. As a result, the effects of THC are felt almost immediately and last for 2 to 3 hours.
Many people want the immediate effect of inhalation but are concerned about smoking. Fortunately, cannabis can be vaporized rather than burned. That is, cannabis oil or flower (raw plant material) can be heated to produce vaporized THC, CBD, and other molecules such as terpenes. If you do prefer to smoke your cannabis, the method you use can greatly impact your experience. Inhaling cannabis vapor is generally thought to be less dangerous than smoking. This is due to the fact that, like tobacco, burning plant material produces cancer-causing chemicals. A handheld vaporizer can be used to inhale the vapor from cannabis oil or cannabis flower. You can also inhale THC by superheating cannabis concentrate, such as dabs, wax, or shatter, and inhaling the vapor. Inhaling cannabis concentrates, known as “dabbing,” poses serious risks to both mental health and the lungs.
- Edibles: THC must first pass through the digestive system and the liver before reaching the bloodstream. As a result, it can take up to two hours after swallowing THC to feel its effects. The effects of edibles and similar products typically peak around 2 hours but can last up to 12 hours.
Consuming too much THC is easy when it comes to edibles, resulting in anxiety, a racing heart, and even panic. People frequently overdose because the effects take so long to become apparent. They take more before their first dose takes effect, believing they did not take enough. It is critical to wait for 2 to 3 hours before taking another THC dose.
- Lotions and creams: Some experts believe the best way to use cannabis is through skin care products that are made from both CBD and THC-rich cannabis. While some skin care products may start to work right away and last for several hours, other products may have no noticeable effects at all.
Even when THC is present, most topical products do not cause cognitive or memory problems. This is why topicals are such a good place to start for people who are new to cannabis.
Some topical cannabis products, on the other hand, may contain other ingredients that help THC and CBD penetrate the skin and reach the brain. So, if you’re using a THC topical for the first time, expect some mental/physical impairment.
Reducing the Risks Associated with Cannabis Use
Feeling too high can have unpleasant side effects, including nausea, anxiety, and dizziness. This is the biggest short-term risk of cannabis use. Preventing these unpleasant emotions in the first place is the best way to deal with them. Typically, the more THC you use, the greater the likelihood that you will suffer side effects. Therefore, it is wise to use a low-THC product or only a small amount of cannabis.
If you feel too high, know that it’s only a passing feeling. “Greening out” on THC has no known cure; the effects simply wear off over time. Although consuming too much cannabis can be unpleasant, it is not dangerous or life-threatening.
If you feel like you’ve gotten too high, try drinking some water, lying down, listening to soothing music, and taking a few slow deep breaths.
When is it Too Much?
If you’re a regular cannabis user, you may have noticed that you suddenly need to consume more in order to feel the effects. Increased tolerance is a sure sign that you’re using too much cannabis, and you should take a break.
Having a high tolerance increases the chances of you becoming dependent on cannabis, and quitting could lead to unpleasant feelings of withdrawal. The symptoms of cannabis withdrawal are similar to that of nicotine, and you can expect to experience irritability, cravings, anxiety, low appetite, and poor sleeping patterns.
It’s recommended that people take a 48-hour tolerance break on a regular basis. This may reduce the risk of physical dependence while also allowing the body to remain sensitive to the effects of cannabis.
Cannabis, like many other natural activities and substances such as gambling, sugar, and nicotine, can be abused. You should always be on the lookout for symptoms of a cannabis use disorder. If you’ve experienced two or more of the following symptoms, you should seek help or try to slow down your cannabis intake.
- Despite the risk of losing your job or loved ones, you continue your consumption.
- Withdrawal and high tolerance.
- Constantly craving cannabis.
Cannabis is an incredible product, and we’re finding new beneficial uses for the plant all the time. That being said, every good thing has a dark side, and you need to be aware of what they are. It’s always a good idea to know what you’re putting in your body, whether for fun or for medicinal purposes. The risks associated with cannabis are minimal, but that doesn’t mean they should be ignored.
Visit our website if you want to get some good bud without all the hassle. When you choose Nature Med, you won’t have to worry about unsafe bud because all of our cannabis products have been examined and approved by the health department. Nature Med’s goal is to provide only the best cannabis products available, and our knowledgeable budtenders are happy to answer any and all cannabis-related questions you may have. Is it not your thing to smoke? We have edibles, concentrates, and other products to meet your needs! | <urn:uuid:4610db5f-9894-4af6-b6fb-2fcbc5d23b93> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://naturemedaz.com/2022/11/09/best-practices-to-ensure-responsible-cannabis-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.948713 | 1,904 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By allowing employees to access the courses on their devices, mobile learning enables them to learn quickly. Learners get improved understanding and greater productivity through repetition and cautious pace.
In a nutshell, Mobile learning is imperative for a smooth learning experience. Mobile learning encompasses more than just desktop-based online learning on a smaller screen. Any gadget a person can carry should be compatible with a mobile learning curriculum. Mobiles, tablets, laptops, and other devices are included. Regardless of the technology the learners use, it should be a visually stimulating and engaging experience.
But have you ever wondered about the best ways to deliver your mobile learning so that it is exciting and compelling? Here are the 7 best ways to deliver mobile learning.
Delivery Through Online Videos
Online videos are one of the best mediums for delivering learning on mobile devices. Mobile learning benefits significantly from the use of online videos. This is so because the brain responds to them favorably. They can assist in quickly providing learners with important information. You may give training that aids learner retention by leveraging online videos for your mobile learning. Online videos are also crucial for simplifying complex subjects to match the demands of your learners.
Additionally, you can design your course material using various free web tools rather than spending money on developing pricey videos. You can edit the video content using free editing tools and internal talent for voiceovers. When done well, videos typically ensure audience participation and are useful for long-term learning.
Mobile Learning Through Microlearning
One of the major developments in education and learning is micro-learning, which is used in both business and academic settings worldwide. In the highly linked and quick-paced world we live in, people have become accustomed to easily digestible information. For some time now, blogs, social networks, brand-new websites, and video platforms have all been innovating in this area. They have access to the data necessary to determine how long modern people's attention spans are and cater their content accordingly. The truth is that there is no cause for cynicism over our declining attention spans; rather, it just indicates that information needs to be simplified for simpler assimilation.
This is why you should consider creating shorter videos and text modules that can be finished in a few minutes. This microlearning strategy to deliver mobile learning programs will make it more effective with your learners. You'll observe that your learners respond and retain the information better if you let them move through the subject at their own pace rather than forcing them to sit still for long periods.
Dedicated Games To Deliver Mobile Learning
Game-based material is yet another fantastic approach to providing learning on mobile devices. Game-based content can be created for touch-enabled mobile devices to increase learner engagement. With the help of educational games with scores and progress levels, you can deliver your mobile learning effectively. The games should be such that it stays the same, and you can always pick up where you left off. Additionally, they use notification tools to periodically remind you of the lessons and the most recent developments.
Deliver Mobile Learning Through Images
Images are an important component of mobile learning delivery. Your mobile learning course's picture selection shouldn't be an afterthought. It is not a task you should approach carelessly and complete quickly. A strong instructional tool that increases learner engagement, lowers cognitive load, and most effectively satisfies learning objectives is a pertinent, memorable image. The pictures you use in a lesson matter as much as the text you create, the activities you plan, and the tests you include. Make careful image selections that support the text, establish focal points, and encourage a genuine interest in the studied topic. A captivating visual layout aids in maintaining students' concentration and attention.
Make sure to specifically design pictures for mobile devices when creating courses for mobile learning. This typically means avoiding very complex graphics with many fine details because phone screens are smaller than those on other devices. Consideration should also be given to the image's orientation or whether it is a portrait or a landscape. Portrait photographs will look the greatest if you create a course for learners to finish while holding their phones vertically. Choose landscape-oriented photos if the course instructs students to hold their phones in that position.
Deliver Mobile Learning Through Mobile-Optimized Websites
Another effective method for providing mobile learning to your learners is through a mobile-optimized website. How? These websites were created with HTML5 and work on all platforms and browsers. So you give your audience access to your training through all types of browsers, including default browsers, by providing your mobile learning through mobile-optimized websites. Professionals in learning and development (L&D) can also benefit because they won't have to generate different learning materials for different devices.
Furthermore, there is no need to be concerned about compatibility, should any adjustments be necessary. Android and iOS users may quickly browse for training courses on mobile-optimized websites, which operate flawlessly on both platforms.
Make Use Of Project Management Applications While Delivering Mobile Learning.
Applications for project management provide your learners with yet another way to collaborate on the topic. For instance, it's simple to assign projects to a group of learners and then have them cooperate to finish the task. They can collaborate from anywhere on the earth, which is one of the best things about this method. This is yet another method for guiding your learners and delivering mobile learning.
Therefore, even if one employee works from home and the other is on the road, both can collaborate to learn the same content while working together as part of your mobile learning strategy. Your project management tool will ensure they hit the necessary checkpoints as they progress. If you are a small firm or start-up, you may incorporate a reliable learning management system solution or benefit from a cheap open-source project management suite.
Delivery Through Mobile Applications
You may offer individualized learning where learners can move between courses as needed by offering your mobile learning through mobile apps. Additionally, they offer the best opportunities for learners to learn.
You may give training that your learners can access from any mobile device using this way for delivering mobile learning. Through native applications, learners can access Just-In-Time training information when they are offline. Additionally, while learning, learners can move between devices. With access to content forms, including documents, online movies, audio clips, animations, etc., they can also look for social learning content.
Only content that is simultaneously immersive, amusing, and engaging will make mobile learning effective. The fact that the knowledge is presented in a way that learning happens without even recognizing it is a significant advantage of mobile learning. You may deliver mobile learning best by being aware of the learners' mobile usage patterns and preferences, employing powerful strategies, and including pertinent interactions! | <urn:uuid:4142f8c9-7946-43be-a604-5686de0b1b0f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.onrec.com/news/news-archive/7-best-ways-to-deliver-mobile-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.931675 | 1,370 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We all have our misconceptions about solar power. These misconceptions might be around how solar power actually works, how reliable the products are, or how the technology can help you save money.
Thankfully, accredited solar installers and solar panel manufacturers are willing to educate the masses on the topic. Let’s look at some of the most common misconceptions surrounding solar power.
Misconception 1: Solar products are cheap quality
There certainly are some cheaply made solar panels out there, but don’t get fooled into thinking they all come from the same place. There are many solar panel manufacturing companies that care about advancements in technology and bringing you the best quality panel for your home.
All you need to do is make sure you’re working with an accredited solar dealer and installer, with products from the trusted brands.
Misconception 2: Solar panels malfunction all the time
Solar panel malfunctions are only common in cheaply made systems. The better the hardware, the longer it will last. Again, this comes down to the quality of your solar panel, so don’t go for the most inexpensive option. Do your research and find out about warranty information.
Misconception 3: Solar panels are way too expensive
Installing solar panels is very affordable when you factor in the long-term energy savings you’ll be seeing. It’s easy to get frightened by up-front costs, but solar panels are an investment. Especially considering the subsidies available in different Australian states as well as benefits when you feed back into the grid, solar panels are an affordable energy solution.
Misconception 4: Solar technology doesn’t make sense
Like any new concept, not everyone is going to understand how solar technology works right away. That’s what your solar dealers are for: ask them questions. It’s also why we have the Beginner’s Guide to Solar from LG which walks you through everything you need to know.
It might seem like there’s a lot you don’t know about solar power, but the information is out there if you’re ready to learn and want to save money on your electricity bill.
Originally posted on Solar Trust Centre: https://solartrustcentre.com.au/common-misconceptions-about-solar-power/ | <urn:uuid:c22c7d6f-9705-4c24-82ee-f185fac4b83d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.soltekenergy.com.au/common-misconceptions-about-solar-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670448.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120033221-20191120061221-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.932221 | 479 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Census return for 1851 gives a fascinating picture of Dulwich before the impact of the railways and the Crystal Palace, when it was still part of the administrative county of Surrey and a village in every sense. The census enumerators took their own idiosyncratic route in carrying out their duties, so that it can be difficult to link households with particular buildings. Occasionally houses are named, and it would be possible (although this has not been done for the purposes of this survey) to arrive at definitive answers to such problems of identification by consulting College leases. Allowing for a few houses which may have been included incorrectly, this appraisal is concerned with the Village, the Common, Half Moon Lane, Dulwich (now Red Post) Hill, Herne Hill, the west side of Lordship Lane, and the Penge (now College) Road, in other words the College Estate excluding Sydenham Hill. It covers 278 households, about two- thirds of which had 'heads of households' born in the south-east of England. 122 had come from what is now Greater London or Middlesex, and of this number only 38 had their origins in Dulwich, showing (perhaps surprisingly to most people) that although the population may not have been as mobile as it is today, Dulwich was by no means an inbred country village. Of the remaining one-third 'heads', a substantial group came from the south and west of England, 7 from Scotland, Ireland or Wales, 7 from Europe, and 2 from Asia.
Although those from outside England were almost entirely middle-class, a large proportion of the manual workers came from beyond the South East. Certain groups of cottages or smaller houses, i.e. Wellington Place in north Dulwich, Garden Row and Lloyds Yard behind the west side of the village, and Ridley's and Herring's Cottages at the west end of the Common, have now disappeared, and Boxall Row has changed its name (to Boxall Road) and its form. In such dwellings, by and large, were housed the skilled tradesmen and working people who serviced the more wealthy denizens of the larger houses. On either side of the Village street (later the High Street, now called Dulwich Village) were the shops, mostly on the east side (as today), but there was of course no Commercial Place, nor shops at the north end of the village. The Census is unclear as to which houses were also shops, or whether heads of households were self-employed (although some are described as employers), but the picture for some types of shop does not look very different from today. Of the heads, four were butchers, three bakers, three grocers (two of them also cheese- mongers), besides a fruiterer, chemist, fishmonger, bookseller, and a stationer who was also a harness maker. Shoes and clothing are a very different story, with five cordwainers (or shoemakers), two linen drapers, three tailors, and five dress makers, suggesting that clothes were made rather than bought off the peg. Many daughters of shopkeepers and manual workers were also dress makers or seamstresses - a further 14 women were thus employed and while the daughters used a needle, their mothers often took in washing; 17 women were laundresses or manglers of linen. Four of these were heads of households, as were two charwomen, a butler, and one male house servant. However, in the category of domestic servant, a staggering 259 lived in. Eighty nine households had at least one servant, including 7 of the 16 (potential or actual) shop- keepers, the wheelwright, the local builder (Thomas Bartlett of north Dulwich, who employed six men), one of the carpenters, and one of the gardeners. Only ten of the 88 other middle-class households had no servants. If there was only one servant it was usually a young housemaid; if two, there would be a cook and housemaid; with three, a second housemaid or a nurse was added. A groom or footman is often listed where there are four or more servants, and further diversification (lady's maid, under nurse, kitchen maid) occurs as the numbers increase. Forty eight households had four or more servants living in, and the a banker Mr Matthias Attwood had a housekeeper, coachman, groom, cook, two footmen and three housemaids to look after himself, his brother and his son (both merchants) in his house at the top of Red Post Hill. His neighbour William Stone, at Casina (or Cassino) House, a silk broker (amongst other things), had eight. Gardeners did not live in, but the middle-class must have taken a pride in their gardens as there were 54 - the largest single occupational group - living in the area, usually away from the centre of the village, of whom 42 were heads of households. Two farms are noticed: Colonel Constable's 200 acres in (or near) Court Lane, and Mr Bew's dairy farm of 10 acres on the Common. Apart from Mr Constable's sons, 11 heads of households were described as agricultural workers, including two cowkeepers and a haybinder. Five unnamed tramps slept in Constable's barn on Census night. Mr Bartlett the builder has already been mentioned. The building trade was also represented by nine carpenters, eight bricklayers, six painters and three plumbers, 16 of whom were heads of households, several of them employing others. There was another builder, John Willson, but he described himself as a 'Builder in London employing 89 men and six boys'. His household had four servants. Apart from private houses, the biggest employers of staff were the inns; Mr Middlecott at the Greyhound, and Mr Webb at the Half Moon, each had five. The Crown was a smaller establishment with three. Mr Bryant, beershop keeper, was at Herring's Cottages in west Dulwich, with all four local police constables as his fairly close neighbours. Transport was represented by 17 coachmen, grooms or stablemen, not including those amongst the establishments of the larger houses, and of these 14 were heads of households. There were two omnibus proprietors and four omnibus conductors. In related professions, equivalent perhaps to today's garages, were five blacksmiths and Mr Dale, the vet, who also styled himself smith. He lived at the south end of what is now Commercial Place. Isolated trades were a caneworker in Boxall Row, and a mahogany picture frame maker near Bell House, opposite the Picture Gallery. It would be interesting to know whether the balance of occupations amongst the middle and upper classes has altered much since then. Almost certainly there were fewer teachers. At the College there was the Master (George John Allen) and the four Fellows, the Warden being absent when the Census was taken, and besides the 12 Poor Scholars there were the six Poor Brothers and six Poor Sisters (one of whom was, under the College Statutes, Matron for the boys, and is so described in the return), all but two of whom (giving the lie to their alleged poverty) had servants, often relatives. The Master had his own coachman, and for the College as a whole there was a cook, footman, kitchen maid and two housemaids. Living opposite, on the east side of the village, was the Headmaster of the Grammar School, the Rev. Bennett George Johns, and on the west side, between the wheelwright and one of the butchers, lived assistant master William Joseph Harris, aged 25, his 38 year old schoolmistress wife and 17 year old 'daughter-in-law', also a teacher. In the same category, one schoolmistress lived alone in Boxall Row, one with her sister in Herring's Cottages, and one (the daughter of a bricklayer) taught English. A governess lived in a merchant's household on the Common and another was the wife of the bookseller. There are three Misses Berry recorded (Tom Morris, writing half a century later, says that the two Misses Berry kept a young ladies' school at Blew House), the eldest of whom, and the head of the household, is described as "annuitant". At the time of the Census they has four visitors (two iron merchants and two gentlemen) and three servants. Of other professions, there were two general practitioners (the celebrated Dr Webster, and the surgeon Edward Ray at 97 Dulwich Village) and eleven lawyers, nine of them heads of households. Charles Rankin (actually Ranken), the solicitor at Belair, had seven servants, and although one of the other solicitors had no servants a solicitor's managing clerk who was head of the household at Elm Lodge in Half Moon Lane had three. Merchants and manufacturers make up by far the largest group of the middle class. If Attwood the banker and two stockbrokers are included, there were 44 (50% of the middle class excluding shopkeepers). Some are just described as merchants, but there is a fascinating variety: Stone the silk broker, Courage the brewer, a drug merchant, Manchester merchant, West Indian merchant, corn distiller, wood broker, straw hat maker, fancy soap maker, rice dresser, copper smelter, carpet warehouseman, and many more. The next largest group were ladies described as annuitants or fundholders - 15 in all. Four men were retired or living on unearned income. Other interesting individuals were Stephen Poyntz Denning, portrait painter (and keeper of the Picture Gallery), Bonham the deputy keeper, and an assistant Keeper of Public Records. Nicholas Francatelle, clerk, of Half Moon Lane, was evidently an early feminist; although he is listed as head of the household, his wife Mary is described as "wife in charge of the house". This article was written by Dr Tony Cox and first published first published in the Dulwich Society Newsletter in October 1983. | <urn:uuid:8eb9acd7-84ed-46c4-abbb-65be16073716> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.dulwichsociety.com/local-history/380-the-1851-census | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.987779 | 2,067 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Through the improvement of technology, digital financial innovation is improving as well which enables change in the way things are working in the financial institutions. For the most part. There is a dynamic change in technology which will affect how things work traditionally since our world today is enormously improving every minute because of technology which can be considered as digital financial innovation in the finance industry.
Automated teller machines, credit cards as well as debit cards, credit scoring and indexed mutual funds are among the famous examples of technological changes which have greatly affected the financial industry. In addressing old problems, there had been changes in the financial industry which may come in many forms including the utilization of devices such as automated teller machines.
Automated teller machines are examples of modernization in the financial industry which gives the customer a lot of benefit since they can save on their time and money in going to the banks. The machine is available 24 hours a day everyday so the clients won't have to go to the bank anymore. In just a short period of time, the use of cash on hand had been overshadowed by debit and credit cards which is considered as one of the most popular financial innovations in the industry. In line with this, people are now using this cards to do their transactions everyday since it does not require you to go to the bank and you can do it anywhere. Know more about finance at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance.
In spite of these, there are still numerous fintech innovation services firms who are struggling to keep up with all these changes. The compliance and regulation of these innovative changes in the industry is increasing the burden and work load for a lot of individuals since not all can adopt to the fast rising changes brought about by technology. Technological innovations are external forces which are only preferred by a few since people still believe in having changes caused about by internal factors and decisions.
This is not a position anyone would like to be in even if it is understandable. In some ways, the traditional way is the best way however since we are talking about financial services innovation, adapting to all these changes may help you improve and succeed in your business.
Notwithstanding the fact that this may mean changes in the opposing area, it might not stop here. Many companies and firms are already going about with these technological changes since there are also a lot of advantages that is brought about by these changes and they might not be able to do well with the competition. Taking into account international payments and peer to peer lending, it is very well-known that small software providers are upset about these old ways in dealing with finances.
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Integrated assessment of climate change
Understanding of the relationships between human activities, potential changes to the Earth’s climate, and the resulting ecological and economic impacts and other effects on human welfare from these changes requires an interdisciplinary perspective involving the physical, biological, social and political sciences. Policy makers, responsible both for identifying possible national response strategies to concerns about climate change and for negotiating international conventions and protocols, can benefit from tools, which enable them to examine these relationships and to evaluate alternative approaches for dealing with policy related questions about future climate change. Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) provides an integrated view of human interaction with the physical world.
Faculty and students in the department are developing models, which integrate human user into a climate modeling system. These models are contributing to our understanding of biogeochemical and biophysical processes and interactions with human systems, such as land use changes, as well as climate change impacts due to the evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations and proposed emission control policies. These models are also being used to examines: the relationships between climate variability and change to human and natural environments from the human perspective; development and applications of methods for testing and evaluating climate and climate impact predictions and their uncertainty characterization; critical issues linking relevant Earth system processes over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Due to the quality, reliability and significance of these model results, they have been used in international assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These assessments are relied upon by the U.S. and other nations to develop mitigation policies related to climate and to stratospheric ozone.
Want to learn more? See these faculty websites: | <urn:uuid:80fd9f79-4f6a-47b2-8645-288cd791f361> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.atmos.illinois.edu/cms/One.aspx?portalId=127458&pageId=210350 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00007-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927192 | 340 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Good question. Algae come in all kinds of shapes and sizes. Some algae, like the giant kelp that live off the coast of California, are 50 feet long.
Some algae are even too small to see.
Many organisms live on the giant kelp. These organisms include fish, lobsters, shrimp, sea slugs, snails, crabs, other very small animals and many others.
Some organisms eat the giant kelp, like snails and sea urchins. In fact, groups of sea urchins have been known to eat whole kelps forests.
Many organisms eat the algae that is too small to see too. These organisms either filter them out of the water, like clams and worms, or they eat them off of rocks, like some snails and some fish. For example, some people like to have cleaner fish in their fish tanks to eat the small green algae, so the water doesn't get green.
Click Here to return to the search form. | <urn:uuid:63278059-251f-4a68-9d03-1b88f5cee81d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=481 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688103.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922003402-20170922023402-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.970225 | 205 | 3.140625 | 3 |
An information is a document which includes an accusation of formal charges of criminal conduct against a defendant. It is a common method of introducing criminal charges against defendants in many states. The prosecution files the information and a judge considers the information at a preliminary hearing. This is the most common method of proceeding with the prosecution of criminal cases in many states and differs greatly from the grand jury process. In many states a prosecutor has the option of proceeding with an information or with a grand jury indictment.
A forensic scientist tests for fingerprints. A possible lack of evidence tying the accused to a crime is one preliminary hearings are held to decide if a case should go to trial (iStock). | <urn:uuid:ae70d2b6-d3f7-4d16-9655-054c9808076d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-Law-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/What-is-an-information/001137017/content/SC/52cb001f82fad14abfa5c2e0_Default.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526904.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418221425-20190419003425-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.950396 | 134 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Fatty Diet Before Pregnancy Linked to Gestational Diabetes
TUESDAY, Jan. 31 (HealthDay News) -- A pre-pregnancy diet high in animal fat increases the risk that moms-to-be will develop gestational diabetes, a new study says.
"Our findings indicate that women who reduce the proportion of animal fat and cholesterol in their diets before pregnancy may lower their risk for gestational diabetes during pregnancy," senior author Dr. Cuilin Zhang, of the epidemiology branch at the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, said in an NIH news release.
Researchers analyzed data from more than 13,000 women in the U.S. Nurses' Health Study II. The women were ages 22 to 45 when they enrolled in the study and provided information every few years about their health and lifestyle habits, such as the kinds of foods they ate.
About 6 percent said they had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes, a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes increases the risk for certain pregnancy complications and health problems in newborns.
Women who consumed the most animal fat were nearly twice as likely to develop gestational diabetes as those who consumed the lowest amounts. Also, women who consumed the highest amounts of dietary cholesterol were 45 percent more likely to develop gestational diabetes than those who consumed the lowest amounts.
There was no increased risk of gestational diabetes among women whose diets were high in total fat or other kinds of fat, said the researchers at the NIH and Harvard University.
They also found that the increased risk for gestational diabetes associated with diets high in animal fat and cholesterol seemed to be independent of other dietary and non-dietary risk factors.
For example, exercise is known to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes. But among pregnant women who exercised, the risk of gestational diabetes was higher among those who consumed higher amounts of animal fat and cholesterol than those who consumed lower levels of those types of fat.
The researchers concluded that changing 5 percent of dietary calories from animal fat to plant-derived sources could reduce a woman's risk of gestational diabetes by 7 percent.
The study was published online Jan. 4 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
"This is the largest study to date of the effects of a pre-pregnancy diet on gestational diabetes," first author Katherine Bowers of the NICHD said in the news release. "Additional research may lead to increased understanding of how a mother's diet before and during pregnancy influences her metabolism during pregnancy, which may have important implications for the baby's health at birth and later in life."
While the study found an association between a high fat diet and gestational diabetes, it did not prove that such a diet causes the condition.
The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has more about gestational diabetes.
SOURCE: U.S. National Institutes of Health, news release, Jan. 25, 2012Related Articles
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Cafesociety.org runs film making projects working particularly with young people in primary and secondary schools.
We think digital film making is a magical tool to enhance both learning and teaching. Over the last 15 years or so we’ve been delivering film making projects with young people in a wide range of settings and locations.
Our school programmes are designed to complement the national curriculum and to offer real tangible learning outcomes that aim to inspire and motivate pupils and teachers.
• Introduction to the movie making process
• Introduction to screen acting
• Pre-production storyboarding
• Production & filming
• How to use a video camera
• How to edit a movie & post-production editing.
• Exporting video for web, blog, Youtube & DVD
Each project is different depending on the type of group, genre and theme but all the workshops we run take the young people through the filmmaking process from start to finish. They learn about storytelling, scriptwriting, storyboarding, sound, camera, acting and editing.
Our workshops are a fun and educational experience that also helps young people to build confidence and express themselves creatively through the medium of film.
If you would like further info, please use the form below. | <urn:uuid:a498cc62-3ee6-4be7-9f14-724a64134c1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://cafesociety.org/about-our-services/film-making-projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159006.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923035948-20180923060348-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.928093 | 249 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Strategies To Beat The Host
The immune system is the mortal enemy of viruses - in order to survive, they must be able to reproduce in their hosts and either hide from or overcome the immune system long enough to reproduce and infect other organisms. Many viruses have developed clever ways of avoiding or overcoming the human immune system.
Some viruses, including Herpes and Shingles, lie dormant inside body cells for years, hiding from the immune system until conditions are favorable for infection. Herpes recurs periodically throughout the lifetime of an infected person. Shingles is caused by a dormant version of the chicken pox virus, which can hide for decades, only to re-emerge in later life as an entirely different disease.
Most viruses, however, do not have such tricks to avoid detection. Many, such as the rhinoviruses that cause the common cold, are simply highly infectious and spread rapidly from person to person - the immune system rapidly defeats them, but they reproduce and spread quickly enough that they are not easily contained or wiped out.
The operation of B cells and their antibodies, however, poses a serious
problem for most viruses, because once a host has developed an immunity, they cannot be reinfected. This means that the virus's future reproduction is limited to the population that has not yet been exposed to it. Once it has swept through a population, it faces a troublesome shortage of new hosts. The only way which it can continue to survive is for it to mutate enough that the immune systems of its
previous hosts cannot recognize it. All viruses mutate slowly over time, as errors in the copying and recopying of its DNA collect and are passed on to subsequent generations. But there is one set of viruses - the RNA viruses - that are the true masters of the art, mutating with great frequency. Hepatitis C is of this latter type.
In addition to changing their structure by mutation, many viruses also employ a kind of disguise mechanism. Rather than being released as a naked virus particle, a process that often occurs when the infected cell dies, some viruses depart the living cell by "budding" off. In the budding process, a mature virus particle comes to the surface of the cell and becomes surrounded by a piece of the cell's surface membrane. As it leaves the cell its own surface structure is masked by that of the surface structures of the infected cell. Since the cell surface looks like "self" the virus is invisible to the immune system so long as it retains its cell membrane coat. Such viruses are often highly infective, largely because they are very effective in their ability to evade the immune system. Again, this is a strategy that is used by the Hepatitis C virus. | <urn:uuid:88725400-b464-4aba-916b-77dd9d855ec9> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.epidemic.org/theFacts/viruses/strategiesToBeatTheHost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824319.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00221-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97187 | 558 | 3.5625 | 4 |
It’s no secret that food labels confuse people, but a new study from researcher OnePoll in partnership with Smart Lifebites’ parent Crispy Green found over half of Americans (53 percent) feel that labels can be sometimes misleading.
Label confusion is not new to Smart Lifebites. Last month we published a story that discussed food labels and provided information to help people better understand the information provided on the back of packages. However, the survey, which polled 2,000 Americans, found that label confusion is also tied to Americans’ distrust of the information provided to them.
Here are a few highlights:
– 33 percent of Americans consider transparency from a brand as an extremely important factor when purchasing food products.
– 11 percent of Americans find food labels to be completely untrustworthy.
– 82 percent of Americans have felt tricked by nutrition labels.
– 43 percent of Americans think brands are misleading consumers as a way to sell products.
– 44 percent of Americans are skeptical of the health claims purported on food labels.
– More than two-thirds (77 percent) of Americans read food labels.
– 71 percent are looking at sugar when they read a nutrition label.
– 93 percent feel like companies mask the presence of sugar in their products by using different words on the actual label.
– Some 56 percent have found themselves eating something they later realized contained sugar.
– And a further 45 percent have eaten something for a year or longer only to find out that it was actually totally unhealthy.
– Sugar isn’t the only thing they’re looking for. The other top nutritional red flags for which people scrutinize labels are: calories, fat, sodium, and carbohydrates.
“People are waking up to the fact that what they eat has a direct correlation to their health,” said Angela Liu, Founder and CEO of Crispy Green. “So, it’s no wonder they’re scrutinizing labels — they want to take control of their wellbeing and this is a great place to start.” | <urn:uuid:2d73ee3c-37b9-4fa9-919c-7f997e1e6422> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smartlifebites.crispygreen.com/food-labels-can-be-misleading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.930775 | 423 | 2.6875 | 3 |
On 21 December 1872, the British naval corvette HMS Challenger sailed from Portsmouth, England on an historic endeavor. Although the sophisticated steam-assisted sailing vessel had been originally constructed as a combat ship, her instruments of war had been recently removed to make room for laboratories, dredging equipment, and measuring apparatuses. She and her crew of 243 sailors and scientists set out on a long, meandering circumnavigation of the globe with orders to catalog the ocean’s depth, temperature, salinity, currents, and biology at hundreds of sites—an oceanographic effort far more ambitious than any undertaken before it.
For three and a half long, dreary years the crew spent day after day dredging, measuring, and probing the oceans. Although the data they collected was scientifically indispensable, men were driven to madness by the tedium, and some sixty souls ultimately opted to jump ship rather than take yet another depth measurement or temperature reading. One day in 1875, however, as the crew were “sounding” an area near the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific, the sea swallowed an astonishing 4,575 fathoms (about five miles) of measuring line before the sounding weight reached the floor of the ocean. The bedraggled researchers had discovered an undersea valley which would come to be known as the Challenger Deep. Reaching 6.78 miles at its lowest point, it is now known to be the deepest location on the whole of the Earth. The region is of such immense depth that if Mount Everest were to be set on the sea floor at that location, the mighty mountain’s peak would still be under more than a mile of water.
Nothing was known of what organisms and formations might lurk at such depths. Many scientists of the day were convinced that such crevasses must be lifeless places considering the immense pressure, relative cold, total lack of sunlight, and presumed absence of oxygen. It would be almost a century before a handful of inventors and explorers finally resolved to go down there and take a look for themselves.
In the years that followed the Challenger expedition, subsequent surveys of the region ascertained that the Challenger Deep is part of a much larger formation, the massive Mariana Trench. This 1,580 mile-long trench is the result of the Pacific tectonic plate subducting beneath the Mariana Plate, and the water pressure at its floor is so difficult to comprehend that it is oft described with incomprehensible analogies as “the weight of fifty jumbo jets,” “the weight of 1,600 elephants on every centimeter of your body,” or “all life as you know it stopping instantaneously and every molecule in your body exploding at the speed of light.”
The first scientist with the know-how and wherewithal to seriously consider a dive to the bottom of the Mariana was Auguste Piccard, a Swiss professor, physicist, and inventor of some repute. In the early 1930s, he had gained considerable scientific fame by constructing and piloting the world’s first manned stratospheric balloon, using a pressurized sphere and helium gasbag of his own design to reach altitudes than no human had previously attained. From over 70,000 feet, he conducted experiments to measure cosmic rays, and made measurements to help prove the theories of his friend Albert Einstein. Piccard’s wife—mortified that a middle-aged man would repeatedly subject himself to such risks—insisted that he retire his ballooning career. Much to her surprise, he agreed.
It turned out that he had grander plans afoot. Piccard had realized that a variation of his stratospheric balloon concept could be used as a deep-sea diving apparatus, and he soon set to work constructing his first bathyscaphe vehicle. The contraption consisted of a high-pressure passenger sphere suspended beneath a different kind of gasbag—a steel float chamber filled with gasoline. Gasoline is much lighter than water, causing it to be buoyant; yet it does not compress as air would, which allowed the tank to resist crushing even at extreme depths. The bathyscaphe operated a bit like an underwater zeppelin: operators descended by using pumps to replace small portions of gasoline with seawater, thereby reducing buoyancy. To ascend, operators used controls to let loose some of the onboard iron pellets used as ballast, thereby increasing buoyancy. Small electric propellers provided horizontal navigation.
Piccard finished his prototype in 1948, and conducted a number of unmanned test dives as far as 10,000 feet. In 1950 he sold the vehicle to the French Navy in order to begin construction on an improved design, the bathyscaphe Trieste. The new vehicle’s thirteen-metric-ton pressure sphere could accommodate two passengers—albeit quite cramped—and included oxygen tanks, rebreathers, and carbon dioxide scrubbers. Its hull was five inches thick, and it had a single, five-centimeter-wide window made from a thick cone of lucite—the only transparent material capable of withstanding the depths this vehicle was intended to reach. After the craft had undertaken a number of successful test dives, the US Navy purchased the Trieste and shipped it to the Marianas to use it in Project Nekton—a series of dives into the ocean’s deepest, darkest recesses to gather information regarding sunlight penetration, underwater visibility, transmission of man-made sounds, and marine geological studies of the trench.
On 23 January 1960, two men clambered aboard the Trieste for its attempt to dive into the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench: marine specialist Lieutenant Don Walsh of the US Navy; and oceanographer Jacques Piccard, son of the vehicle’s inventor. At 76 years of age, Auguste himself was unable to take part personally. The two hydronauts were expected to be confined in their battery-powered pressure sphere for over eight hours, including almost four hours each for the seven-mile descent and re-ascent. Since no manned or unmanned vessel had ever braved the journey to the Challenger Deep, no one was sure how much life, if any, would be found there. Most scientists were reasonably sure that microorganisms would be found, but some thought it unlikely that vertebrates could withstand such an inhospitable environment.
The men engaged the pumps to fill the ballast tanks with water, and the Trieste slipped beneath the waves to begin its long descent. It only took about sixteen minutes for the explorers to enter the aphotic zone—the depth at which no light from the surface is present—and the world outside the tiny window was left in utter darkness aside from the occasional faint flicker of phosphorescent organisms. From time to time the Trieste would slow and stop as she encountered a deeper, colder thermal layer, and more gasoline had to be pumped from the float chamber in order to continue the descent. The two men periodically reported their progress via a sonar-based phone handset, however there was little to report aside from the rapidly rising readings on the pressure gauges and the falling readings on the thermometers. The warmth inside the uninsulated sphere steadily dwindled.
Partway into their long descent, Walsh and Piccard grew alarmed when they discovered they were no longer able to raise the mother ship on the sonar/hydrophone communication system, even after repeated attempts. The two men were thus left truly isolated from the outside world. Curled up in the cramped, cold, and dimly-lit sphere, the adventurers continued their hours-long downward journey with only one another’s voices and the occasional pop or groan from the Trieste’s strained hull to punctuate the anxious silence.
At approximately four hours into their descent—several thousand feet above the sea floor—a sharp clang sounded through the pressure sphere and the vehicle shuddered violently. Once their wincing subsided, the men did what they could to inspect the craft and its condition. It seemed that the water pressure at this never-before-encountered depth—six tons per square inch—had cracked the outer pane of the lucite window. For the moment the vehicle itself remained watertight, but the damage was worrisome. The Trieste was outfitted with a few safety systems; for instance, the ballast doors were held closed by electromagnets, so in the event of electrical failure the doors would fall open and drop the ballast, causing the vehicle to rise to the surface. But such systems would be of no help to the men inside if the 1,000 atmospheres of pressure crushed their delicate passenger compartment. Moreover, no other vehicle in existence was capable of reaching such depths, which meant that if her float tank became compromised there was no chance of rescue. Nevertheless, the stalwart scientists opted to press on.
About three quarters of an hour later, the bathyscaphe Trieste made history as its hull came to a gentle rest on the silty floor of the Challenger Deep abyss. The Trieste and her crew had spent four hours and forty-eight minutes in transit. The bathyscaphe instrumentation indicated a depth of 37,798 feet and external pressure of 1,099 atmospheres—approximately eight tons per square inch. The scientists flicked on the exterior lights to cast light on a patch of earth that had not been illuminated in millions of years, and peered out through the peephole. Through the swirling clouds of agitated silt and sediment the pair could make out a flatfish which had been disturbed by the vehicle’s unexpected touchdown. They also spotted some shrimp and jellyfish swimming nearby. These observations proved that the water even at such depths was not stagnant and stationary—there was sufficient ocean current to bring in oxygen for complex life. The mission was not equipped with cameras, however, so the historic exploratory moment was sadly left unphotographed.
Walsh and Piccard attempted to use the sonar/hydrophone handset again, and found that it had inexplicably regained function. They reported their arrival and observations to the mother ship, and although their voices took approximately seven seconds to cross the seven miles of water, they came through quiet yet clear. The hydronauts observed the “diatomaceous ooze” through their tiny, cracked window, shivering in the 45F degree cold and munching chocolate bars to regain lost calories. For the most part, the few organisms they observed were little different from those found in the miles of water above them. Thirty or so minutes later, concerned that the damaged lucite porthole would not withstand the pressure indefinitely, the men dumped two tons of iron ballast and the vehicle slowly began to rise. Three and a quarter uneventful hours later, the bathyscaphe Trieste bobbed to the Pacific surface, having entered the history books with a record that could never be bested. Walsh and Piccard had been to the abyss and back.
Later the same day, the US Department of Navy issued a press release boasting that “the United States now possesses the capability for manned exploration of the sea down to the deepest part of its floor.” Project Nekton was a success. Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh were flown to Washington DC to receive decorations from President Eisenhower, and to retell the story of their descent of alternating boredom and terror.
Grand plans were hatched to do further research with the intrepid bathyscaphe, including bringing back samples of water, soil, and organisms from the abyssal trench. The US Navy, however, was less enthusiastic. The millions of dollars they had invested in the mission had not borne any particularly compelling scientific fruit aside from proving that such a dive was possible. Perhaps most importantly, they had demonstrated America’s deep-sea dominance to the pesky Soviets. Moreover, the public’s fickle attention was fixed rather firmly on the developing Space Race, leaving little interest in oceanic exploration.
For a few years the Trieste continued her career as a diving vehicle, though never again to such depths as the Challenger Deep. Most of her later missions were pedestrian by comparison, although when the nuclear submarine USS Thresher was lost at sea in 1963 she did participate substantially in the search efforts. Soon thereafter she was retired, and many of her systems were incorporated into other dive vehicles. Much of her outer hull was left intact, however, and it is currently on exhibit at the Navy Museum in Washington, DC. In the 45 years since the Trieste was taken out of service, there has not been another manned dive vehicle capable of reaching the floor of the Mariana.
Even today, less than 5% of the Earth’s oceans have been explored by humans according to the US National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration. Of course humanity has not entirely abandoned the exploration of the deep. In 1995 a robotic probe did finally revisit the faraway floor of the Mariana trench, as did another such probe in 2009. Though we must not diminish the achievements of those plucky remote-controlled explorers, it seems a shame that no humans have ever attempted to return. There are some people who say that there is little value in sending humans to harsh places where hardier robotic proxies can go in their stead; but for the indefatigable adventurer, that sort of stick-in-the-mud, stay-at-home complacency is unfathomable.
Update 25 March 2012: Famed Hollywood director James Cameron has since become the third human to visit Earth’s deepest chasm. He’s like the Pete Conrad of the Mariana.
Update 13 May 2019: A third expedition has reached the floor of the Mariana. Victor Vescovo found human garbage in the ocean’s deepest trench. | <urn:uuid:79e39864-e997-41cc-acc8-ef2873d1b5b7> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.damninteresting.com/steely-eyed-hydronauts-of-the-mariana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205005314-20211205035314-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.971635 | 2,832 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Estrogen: A Modern Clinical Review.
MetadataShow full item record
Estrogens have long been the topic of debate due to their absolute necessity in aspects of health such as behavior, CVD, fertility, cancer, cysts, respiratory diseases and more, while also presenting a potential danger if used in the wrong way at the wrong time. In addition, their label as the “female sex hormone” has made them the topic of much research, which ultimately revealed that many feminine health traits arise from the results of the hormone. The female sex characteristics are far from the only systems regulated by this paleotropic hormone, however. Research over the past couple of decades has implicated estrogen intricately in cardiovascular disease and the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, to name one. In addition, alterations in estrogens, especially estradiol, have been associated with structural changes in the brain in addition to cognitive changes in functioning for both rodents and non-human primates. As such, the wide ranging effects of estrogen cannot be overemphasized. (from Conclusion).
Senior honors thesis. Opt-out. For access, please contact: firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:33228f0f-b284-48ae-8087-175abfea0765> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/6075 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524743.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121101406-20210121131406-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.932337 | 238 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is Historical European Martial Arts?
Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) refers to both the academic research and physical training associated with the combat arts of medieval Europe. This includes a variety of cultures and martial styles, from German and Italian Longsword styles, to Dutch dagger, Scottish broadsword, and Portuguese staff fighting (Jogo Do Pau). HEMA is also sometimes referred to as Western martial Arts (WMA), however this term expands on historical European martial art by including studies in Military Sabre, Native American fighting systems and WWII knife or trench fighting.
Before the proliferation of digital scans of medieval fighting manuals on the internet, the study of HEMA was limited to small groups with local access to libraries containing original medieval manuscripts. Today, study groups throughout the world trade videos and research papers on HEMA, testing each others interpretations and encouraging new research questions.
“Europe produced a remarkable amount of literature of combat, from many countries, over the course of several centuries. The earliest known fight-book dates from around 1300, depicting monks, as well as a woman, fencing with sword and buckler (a small round shield). Later treatises cover all manner of swords, polearms, unarmed combat, sickles, daggers and other weapons.
Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) is founded on the premise that although these systems fell out of use, or mutated into something different, it is possible to reassemble them.
This is approached through scrupulous attention to the texts, physical experimentation, and study of their cultural context; without dismissing insights from elsewhere, such as modern training methods, pedagogy, biomechanics, or other martial arts. There is no dressing up – the central aim is to understand the historical systems. Therefore fighting with historical weapons by itself is not HEMA. By definition HEMA is practice based upon historical sources, hence the fundamental importance of the texts.
In this context tournaments and competitions provide an important space for practitioners to gather together and test their training and interpretations with the pressure of uncooperative opponents.”
~ Piermarco Terminielo
What HEMA is NOT
We remain engaged in the modern world, and practice HEMA in a modern context. We recognize that though we are studying forms of martial combat that are no longer part of modern warfare we still see its value in a modern art of self-defense. We recognize that that affecting historical personas and wearing historical clothing is important in pursuits similar to HEMA, however our focus is towards the study and application of historical sources in the reconstruction of a martial art and, as such, personas are irrelevant to its pursuit.
Though we do study history relevant to the setting and situation in which this martial art was developed – to better interpret and apply the methods and techniques from the historical sources – we recognize that history remains where it comes form; in the past. As an example, it makes sense that if modern inventions like rubber, plastic, Velcro, and zippers were known to the pre-gunpowder middle age combatants, they would have used them. It is not only unlikely that those inventions would in any way change how they fought, it is therefore not necessary to dress in historical garb in order for the martial art to be effective today.
Historical European Martial Arts are studied and practiced according to their original function, and it is therefore important to distinguish HEMA from three pursuits that may make similar impressions to newcomers:
- Stage fighting, as in films, which may evoke historical combat while being primarily concerned with dramatic and aesthetic effect.
- Combat sports, such as Olympic fencing, which may have origins in Historical European Martial Arts, but are governed by their own restrictive rules of competition and not the demands of practical survival with historical weapons.
- Role-playing entertainment may draw inspiration from historical material, but are primarily guided by creativity.
For more about HEMA, this Wikipedia article provides more detail:
General Wikipedia article: | <urn:uuid:4595d4d7-4ac7-4706-b056-be7e043ae2c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://sevenswords.us/about/what-is-hema/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00108-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953376 | 807 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- April 2013
- Vol. 14, No. 3
Siblings in Foster Care Toolkit
The National Resource Center for Permanency and Family Connections (NRCPFC) developed a web-based toolkit to help child welfare agencies better work with siblings in foster care and understand how sibling relationships affect children and youth in care. The toolkit provides an overview of recent research on the developmental and emotional importance of maintaining sibling relationships.
Youth definitions of and views about their siblings, information about the impact of placing siblings together, and characteristics of sibling groups that are most and least likely to be placed together are also included. The toolkit provides examples of State definitions of "siblings," as well as a section that discusses provisions in the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008 that directly address the needs of siblings.
Through the toolkit's Organizational Self Study, agencies can identify and assess their strengths and needs. The Practice Components and Resources section is divided into 10 components and covers topics such as:
- Initial decision-making regarding placing siblings together
- Youth voice in sibling placement decision-making
- Sibling visits and contacts
- The court's role in sibling placements
Access the entire web-based toolkit through NRCPFC's website: | <urn:uuid:58b54f4a-2118-4a1d-94d9-64db87d3b078> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://cbexpress.acf.hhs.gov/index.cfm?event=website.viewArticles&issueid=145§ionid=20&articleid=3831 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424154.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722222652-20170723002652-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.930781 | 266 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Unformatted text preview: cm. (a) Assuming it to be constant, what was its
acceleration (in m/s2 and in g’s) during the crash? (b) What force did the ground exert on the capsule during the crash? Express
the force in newtons and as a multiple of the capsule’s weight. (c) For how long did this force last? Use the kinematic information
to find the acceleration of the capsule and the stopping time. Use Newton’s second law to find the force F that the ground exerted
on the capsule during the crash.
SET UP: Let +y be upward. 311 km/h = 86.4 m/s. The free-body diagram is to the side.
gives (b) applied to the capsule gives and (c) EVALUATE: The upward force exerted by the ground is much larger than the weight of the capsule and stops the
capsule in a short amount of tim...
View Full Document | <urn:uuid:5ff05381-6fe7-4be4-a69b-2adb61e6cbd5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/7628728/0-cm-a-Assuming-it-to-be-constant-what-was-its-acceleration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.933364 | 215 | 3.09375 | 3 |
When children are small between one to five years, that’s when their brains develop the most and absorb a lot of learning from the people whom they interact with and the environment that they are a part of. You may have heard that most people saying that children pick up the most of the languages and words at such an age and that’s why parents are encouraged to use a lot of words so that they can learn faster. There have always been remarks of children being troubled kids and some being quite in the regular mind-set and that’s mainly because of the way they are brought up and the things that they worked with. Some kids who have always been living in an environment that was quite chaotic, they will find it a bit difficult for them to develop their skills and talents freely like a person being brought up in a much more peaceful environment.
Most people say that they should always make these kids get used to some kind of hobby while they are small as that will help them improve on their brain capacities. Those who have got used to some hobby is more likely to use some kind of Proedge hobby tools even they grow up. This read will focus more on how puzzle building will help a child in their stage of growth. It’s not only one skill that they can help to improve but there are several other skills that it can give a child.
The first one is the improvement in physical skills which doesn’t only come by matching up puzzles but also by solving Noch railway layouts and maps. They will use their hands according to what they visualize which improves their hand and eye coordination. When they see something, they will pick another piece that matches a certain piece which helps to send and receive information from the brain to their hands and make finger movements.
The next in line is their cognitive skills where they will think through and imagine which part to come next. This not only improves their imagination but also works in helping to improve on their memory capacities plus problem solving skills. This puzzle is a problem which child will use imagination to solve; therefore they will get a good thinking and solving ability. Finally they will have good ethical skills by working on their level of patience to wait until everything gets sorted and finally feel happy on the win. Puzzles in conclusion can help kids improve their physical skills, cognition as well as moral values. | <urn:uuid:9810e970-2fa0-4eed-bcd7-948b83ae549b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://list-classifieds.com/how-puzzle-making-can-help-a-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321112407-20190321134407-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.985515 | 475 | 3.25 | 3 |
Jean le Rond d’Alembert (1717–1783)
Born an illegitimate child in Paris, Jean le Rond d’Alembert would go on to be one of the major figures in the French Enlightenment. D’Alembert’s education was supported by an annuity left by his father, and his initial studies were pursued at a Jansenist college, an experience which resulted in his distaste for the Cartesian principles of the Jansenists and a revolt against the ecclesiastical career he was heading toward. Despite his studies in law, D’Alembert’s main intellectual interests would be in mathematics and fluid mechanics. After successful contributions to these fields, D’Alembert was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1741 and the Berlin Academy in 1748. A friend of Diderot’s, D’Alembert was responsible for much of the scientific content of the Encyclopédie, the quintessential Enlightenment project, and it is D’Alembert’s entry ‘Elements of the Sciences’ that is reproduced in volume nine of the Cahiers pour l’Analyse. An avowed atheist and materialist, D’Alembert was nonetheless not a ‘realist’ in the modern sense in that he questioned the correlation between what we perceive and things in themselves, thus anticipating in some respects Kant’s transcendental idealism. D’Alembert’s legacy lives on in his contributions to the scientific thought, and his name was immortalized in Diderot’s classic text on the conundrums of materialism, D’Alembert’s Dream (1769).
In the Cahiers pour l’Analyse
|[Unsigned], ‘Chimie de la Raison: Préambule’, CpA 9.11||[HTML]||[PDF]||[SYN]|
|Jean le Rond D’Alembert, ‘Éléments des sciences’, CpA 9.16||[HTML]||[PDF]||[SYN]|
- D’Alembert, Jean le Rond, and Denis Diderot, eds. L’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751–1772). The full text is online at http://diderot.alembert.free.fr/.
- D’Alembert, Jean le Rond. Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, trans. Richard N. Schwab. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. | <urn:uuid:f9dcf205-ca58-4a6b-ae79-f2d1aae8ebbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://cahiers.kingston.ac.uk/names/dalembert.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00577-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.797309 | 581 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Mindfulness Meditation-based Clinical Interventions (MMCIs) teach participants to regard their negative thoughts as passing phenomenological events that may momentarily capture attention but can then be let go of. Therefore a key principle of mindfulness meditation practice is to not react too strongly to thoughts, such as by ascribing too significant a meaning or importance to them, identifying one’s ‘self’ or ‘true reality’ with the content of one’s thoughts, or attempting to suppress negative thoughts. Consequently MMCIs seek to promote a form of awareness of negative thoughts in which qualities of acceptance, de-centering, and letting-go cultivate one’s inner capacity to reflect upon and influence one’s own cognitive experiences. This purposeful orientation toward one’s thoughts may promote affect regulation through cognitive flexibility. For example, Kabat-Zinn et al hypothesized that: ‘the insight that one is not one’s thoughts means that one has a potential range of responses to a given thought if one is able to identify it as such. This increased range of options is associated with a feeling of control... [that] is a feature of a cognitive pathway explaining’ the clinical efficacy of MMCIs for reducing anxiety and depression."
Frewen PA et al. Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2008; 32(6): 758-774.
|Photo: Knorp www.dpreview.com| | <urn:uuid:3fbc8618-72fd-4335-90bd-8d4593bc56a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.johnlovas.com/2013/03/mindfulness-letting-go-of-negative.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305277.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127163150-20220127193150-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.900744 | 306 | 3.25 | 3 |
Weathering is the gradual breakdown of pre-existing rock due to natural processes. These processes can be very quick, but some may take thousands of years to occur.
Rocks are weathered by their exposure to the elements- like rain, freeze and thaw and acid rain!. They are broken into smaller pieces, and then can undergo chemical changes. Erosion is the process of moving these weathered materials.
A lot of incredible landforms are made by these processes. Click here to take a virtual landscape tour!
Physical weathering is processes that break down the rock without changing the chemical composition.
Frost action is the result of the unusual property of water: As water is cooled, it expands. Most other materials expand when they are heated, and contract as they are cooled. Water expands dramatically between the temperature of 4 and 0 degrees Celsius. When water turns to ice, its volume increases by 9%!!! This expansion can exert pressure on an object measuring hundreds of thousands of pounds per square inch.
Water seeps into cracks and pores of rocks.
When the temperature drops, the water expands, and this repeated
action can wedge the rock apart. This repeated action of freezing
and thawing is called frost action.
Rocks can also be broken by abrasion. Abrasion occurs when rocks are being transported by an agent of erosion- like moving in a stream or falling down a cliff. As these rock fragments bounce around and off of each other, they break down.
How do you tell which way a stream flows by looking at a rock in the stream? Rock that faces upstream are angular, the downstream side is smooth.
In certain rock types that contain the mineral feldspar, exfoliation can occur. Water that seeps into the cracks of the rocks bonds to the water, and clay is formed As this layer is weak, it eventually falls off, along with the rock layer above the clay. this tends to happen faster along the edges of the rock, so an exfoliated rock tends to have a rounded appearance.
Half-dome in Yosemite Park is a great example.
Plant and Animal Action-
Animals also have an effect on rocks. The most common effect posed by animals is burrowing, or creating tunnels under ground. Ants, worms, weasels, mice, etc.. can all create an extensive tunnel system. These tunnels allow water and air to reach< points below ground, and begin the weathering process.
Humans have a dramatic effect on rocks. Human technology has allowed us to level mountains, cut out roads and tunnels, and also created problems such as acid rain. This acid rain can also weather rocks. (see chemical weathering)
Changes in temperature-
As a rock is heated by the sun, its temperature can increase dramatically, and at night it cools down. As this process occurs over and over again, the bonds of the rock molecules can break, leading to cracks in the rock. These cracks then allow a path for other agents of weathering.
Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rock through changes in its chemical makeup. These changes either break down the rock or weaken the rock to allow for physical weathering.
The atmosphere is composed of 21 percent oxygen. When oxygen combines with an iron rich rock, a process called oxidation occurs. The result is iron oxide. This reaction does not weather the rock. If, however, water is present at the time of oxidation, the result would be rust.
The result is much the same as an iron nail. When these bonds are rearranged, the bonds of the rock are weakened. If you compare a rusty nail to a regular nail, the unweathered nail is much stronger.
Slick Rock in Utah are the favorite red rocks ride
of moutnain bikers. The rocks are rustier
than the bikes in this climate.
Dissolving a rock in water is yet another form of chemical weathering. It is called solution. Solution occurs when compounds are dissolved into water. Halite, gypsum, and limestone are most susceptible to solution. Most compounds are at least slightly soluble in water, so water is called the universal solvent.
Carbonic acid can devastate rocks made of calcite. Rocks such as limestone and dolomite can be entirely dissolved, leaving extensive caverns. In states with bedrock composed of calcite, such as Florida this process can cause extensive damage to structures above. Often, caverns are cut out of the rock, the structures on top are heavy, and everything on top collapses into the cavern, leaving what is called a sinkhole. This sinkhole can swallow many houses at a time.
|Sea Caves form from Carbonation. A sea cave was featured in the movie Cast Away. For more on Sea Caves click here.|
Take a Virtual Cave Tour to some of the finest examples of Carbonation at work.
Normal rain is at a pH of 6.2. Plants and animals love it. Pollution from cars, factories, and coal burning plants are creating rain so caustic that sometimes the rains at pH of 4. If an entire lake was that pH, it would be crystal clear but lifeless.
Climate, which is usually measured in terms of temperature and moisture, can drastically affect the rate and type of weathering. In an area with cold temperature, for instance, frost wedging would be the dominant formof physical weathering. Chemical weathering occurs most rapidly in a high temperature climate. In New York, the climate reaches both extremes. Hot moist summers and cold winters make for a climate that promotes weathering.
The particle size of the material can affect the rate of weathering. The smaller the particle size, the faster it will weather. The more surface area that is exposed, the more it will weather.
Rock that is expposed to the atmosphere tend to weather much quicker. Bed rock that is covered by soil and vegetation may not weather as quickly.
All chemical and physical properties are determined by the mineral composition of the rock. Mineral composition is more important in determining the rate of chemical weathering. Those minerals that are most reactive with acids, water, and air are weathered at a more rapid rate.
Mineral composition also affects physical weathering. Minerals that are soft (hardness lower thaan six) can be easily abraided and blasted.
Weathering is a slow process. When we speak of time in a geologic sense, millions of years are often used as the units. The bedrock of Greenland has barely been weathered, and its age is over 3.5 billion years. The longer that a rock has been exposed to the weather, the faster it weathers.
The rock that soil comes from is called the parent rock, and soil that forms from the bedrock directly below is called residual soil. If the soil is from material that was transported, the soil is called transported soil. Transported soil often has a different composition that the bedrock directly below.
Cool landsforms like this one in Arches National Park Utah.
Erosion is the movement of weathered rock. Streams, waves, floods, and winds are just a few of the agents of erosion.
Mass wasting is the downhill movements of material due to gravity. This type of movement is going on at all times on most hills, but at different rates . As the slope of the material increases, the rate increases. The steepest slope at which the material will remain stable is called the angle of repose. Size, density, and shape of particles determine the angle of repose. As the slope's angle increase past the angle of repose, the slope becomes unstable, and mass wasting occurs. If the angle is slightly above the angle of repose, mass wasting is slow, as in hillside creep. If the angle is great, then slides may occur.
Types of mass wasting-
Rockfall- rock falls occur when large fragments of rock either fall from a cliff, or bounce down the side of a hill
Rockslides- rock slides occur on slopes that are less steep when rocks slide down the entire slope, rather than falling through the air.
Slump- a process in which a mass of bedrock or soil slides down a slope in one large mass. The mass slides down a curved plane of weakness. The slump block rotates and comes to rest tilted toward the cliff.
Mudflow- mudflow is the rapid, downhill flow of a fluid mixture of rock, soil, and water. Mudflows generally occur when there are long periods of rainfall, and the water content of the soil builds up. The watery soil runs downhill, and thickens up as it travels downhill and picks up rocks and soil.
Erosion by Moving Water
All precipitation that is not absorbed by the ground is called runoff. Runoff can sometimes transport sediment, and often ends up in streams.
Streams are bodies of running water that flows under the influence of gravity. The running water cuts into the surface of the earth, building a channel. This channel is surrounded by a bank on either side.
Material that is carried by water is called the stream's load. The faster a stream, the larger the load. A slow moving stream does not have the energy to carry a large load. Large sediments are usually dragged or pushed, a process called traction. Saltation is when particles bounce along the stream bed. Suspension is the process of sediments picked up by the stream. When rocks are dissolved, they are said to be carried by the process of solution.
When the load of a stream is a resistant rock, it can abraid the surface of bedrock. This prolonged scratching can gouge rock, and eventually a canyon can be formed. The Grand Canyon was created in this manner.
Check out the virtual river flooding interactive lab
The majority of the water in any stream will eventually end up on the earth's oceans. The ocean's waves can be very destructive. Formations such as sea cliffs, caves, stacks, and terraces may result. Oceanic waves cause longshore current, which can move sediments along the coast.
Deflation is the process of wind picking up sediment and transporting it. Abrasion is the process in which wind blown sediments collide and wear rocks down.
When deflation is concentrated, a deflation hollow is formed. There are thousands of such hollows on the Great Plains. In wet years, they fill in with grass or water. In dry years, the grass dies, exposing the hollow to even more deflation.
When deflation occurs in the desert, the water table may be exposed. Vegetation forms around the hollow, and an oasis is formed. After deflation occurs for a period of years, only the objects that could not be transported by wind are left, usually large particles. An area with only these particles left is called desert pavement. Large particles that are exposed to abrasion become ventrifacts. The rock has a flattenned surface where it was exposed to abrasion by wind.
As sand travels through the desert, being eroded by wind, dunes start to form. The gradual slope that sand is blown along is called the wind face. The steep slope that faces away from the wind is called the slip face.
When a stream is recently formed, it generally
flows qiuckly. The stream wears a long v-shaped valley
into the ground.
In a mature stream, the slope gets eroded over time, and the slope becomes much less steep. The water flows more slowly and sediment accumulates at the bottom of the valley. Water flows around obstacles, rather than over them, and the stream's path forms curving loops called meanders. If the river overflows, the water slows down, deposits its load, and a broad flat floodplain is formed.
Old Age Streams
In an old stream, a large peneplain is formed. This is the area that used to be the floodplain, that had the stream meander though it. This peneplain has oxbow lakes and cutoffs.
When a stream meanders, the outside of the meander is heavily eroded. Thats where you can find cliffs. The inside of the meander is where a sand beach can be deposited. The water moves faster toward the outside of the bend because of the water's inertia. Because the water can't "turn" it bashes into the far side. Meanwhile, the water on the inside of the bend is moving slower. Heavier sediments will fall out of the stream creating a great flat beach to camp on.
Glaciers form after long periods of snowfall, usually in the mountains. After many meters of snowfall, the snow at the bottom begins to recrystalize under the great pressure caused by the weight of the overlying snow. As the snow begins to crytalize into solid ice, the pressure continues to increase. This squeezing motion forces the ice to begin flow as a liquid.
As glaciers move along, the bottom melts, and refreezes. As this occurs, the rocks and sediment lying under the glacier are picked up and frozen into the ice. This process is called plucking. Sediments the size of boulders can be plucked and carried thousands of miles. Sometimes a plucked scraps on the bedrock as the glacier grids slowly onward. This causes deep grooves in the rock called glacial scratches.
As the glacier begins to recede, or melt, it deposits these sediments. Boulders that are not native to the area that they are deposited on are called Erratics. Large holes or depression that are plucked by glaciers are called Kettles. The sediment that is pushed by the glacier, similar to a bulldozer, is then deposited as the glacier recedes. This is called Morraine. Long Island is one long morraine deposit from a bulldozing glacier 11,000 years ago. Glacial deposited sediments are unsorted.
with thanks to Mr. O'Sullivan | <urn:uuid:00373e5b-a61b-4371-80cb-5a510e5010cf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.cathylaw.com/virtualESnotes/WeatheringandLandscapes/weatheringnotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663612.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00176-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95256 | 2,884 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Countess Freya von Moltke
Born March 29, 1911 in Cologne
Died January 1, 2010 in Norwich, Vermont, USA
German Resistance Fighter, Author, Lawyer
Freya von Moltke’s entire life was shaped by the fact that she and her husband, Count Helmuth James von Moltke (1907-1945, 1931 marriage to Freya Deichmann), opposed everything having to do with National Socialism. In 1940, when Hitler was at the apex of his power, Helmuth and Freya decided to do something about the Nazis’ despotism—it didn’t matter what. Passively watching while their world fell victim to the “ultimate enemy” was simply not an option. Together with Peter and Marion Yorck von Wartenburg, the Moltkes formed the center of a group that was preparing for the day when Hitler was not more. Freya hosted three conferences for her like-minded friends at the Moltke family estate in the small, rural village of Kreisau (May 1942, October 1942, June 1943). In the relative calm of the countryside, the “Kreisau Circle” drew up proposals for the democratic government it hoped to establish in the post-nationalsocialist era.
Unfortunately, none of these plans was ever put into place. Helmuth was arrested on January19th, 1944; yet his resistance work went undiscovered until well after the attempt on Hitler’s life was foiled on July 20th, 1944. On January 23rd, 1945, Roland Freisler, the president of the People’s Court, failing to unearth any evidence whatsoever connecting Moltke to the assassination attempt, had Helmuth executed for his Christian beliefs. Freya’s plea for clemency arrived at Heinrich Himmler’s door too late. There was no time to mourn: Freya had to make sure that her two sons (Helmuth Caspar, born 1937, and Konrad (1941-2005)), as well as the many families that had found refuge with her in Kreisau, were evacuated promptly.
For several years after the war (1947-1956), Freya lived in South Africa, where her mother-in-law had been born, and where her children could grow up among relatives and enjoy a relatively normal childhood. At this point in her life, Freya was not at all eager to delve into the painful events of the past. It was only much later, after moving to Vermont, USA, in 1960 to be with Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, that she began the monumental task of transcribing her husband’s letters—all 1600 of them! With Letters to Freya 1939-1945, published in German in 1988 and awarded the Geschwister Scholl Prize in 1989, Freya has preserved an important chapter of European history for future generations. Yet von Moltke intends to convey a more universal message regarding the significance of political resistance: “To object and then to stand for what you believe in is one of the most important human activities to this day” (Freya von Moltke in an interview with R. Freudenburg, May 17, 2002).
Kreisau/Krzyzowa is no longer part of Germany, but of Poland; and that, says Freya, is good. In its present form, Kreisau belongs to Europe as a whole, for it has been entrusted with the mission of reinterpreting the intellectual legacy of the Resistance for today’s world. The buildings that once housed the von Moltke family have been transformed into a conference and retreat center where youth and adults from eastern and western Europe meet to become better acquainted to work on European integration. The democratic ideals espoused by the resistance need to be studied and practiced in order to become reality, and Kreisau is one place where this wonderfully human learning process is stimulated and nurtured. Freya von Moltke, who was involved in the reinvention of Kreisau from the start, is—to say the very least—pleased. In 2005, the “Freya von Moltke Foundation for the New Kreisau” was established and entrusted with the task of providing financial security for the many projects that have taken root in Kreisau. In her words of greeting at the inaugural celebrations, and in all she does, Freya gives us hope that, despite all our differences, we can still learn to live together in peace on this earth.
Author: Rachel Freudenburg
If everyone thinks the same thing, then they sit down at the table and write it up, which isn’t much. What’s important today is that people who think differently speak to one another … and that’s one thing the Kreisau Group did exceptionally well. (Freya von Moltke, quoted in Hoffmann 44.)
The devil is in the details. To bring it [European integration] about is a very difficult thing. All the old differences between the European units are still there, and this makes Europe so attractive, but it also makes it hard for the Europeans to get together. (Freya von Moltke in an interview with R. Freudenburg, May 17, 2002.)
Literature & Sources
Hoffmann, Eva. Freya von Moltke: Die Kreisauerin. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.
Meding, Dorothee von. Courageous Hearts: Women and the anti-Hitler Plot of 1944. Trans. Michael Balfour and Volker R. Berghahn. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1997.
Moltke, Freya von. Memories of Kreisau & the German Resistance. Trans. Julie M. Winter. Lincoln, NE: U of Nebraska P, 2003.
Moltke, Freya von. “Die Verteidigung europäischer Menschlichkeit.” Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B27 (2004): 3-4.
Moltke, Helmuth James von. Letters to Freya 1939-1945. Ed. and Trans. Beate Ruhm von Oppen. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990.
Owings, Alison. Frauen. German Women Recall the Third Reich. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP: 1993
If you hold the rights to one or more of the images on this page and object to its/their appearance here, please contact Fembio. | <urn:uuid:961fa850-eb2f-4bd2-b1ac-3652fb45937c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/freya-graefin-von-moltke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493818.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329045008-20200329075008-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.9417 | 1,367 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The importance of calcium, as it relates to physiological disorders such as tip burn in lettuce, is fairly well recognized.
But recent research by University of California Cooperative Extension suggests that the disorder may have more to do with environmental factors than the amount of calcium in the soil or applied through irrigation water.
“Most soils in California test high for calcium,” says Tim Hartz, UC vegetable crops specialist. “Even with high soil calcium levels, it is common in California for growers to apply additional calcium through the irrigation water.
“So, if the calcium is there in the soil, how available is it to the plant, what is the best method of testing for it, and why aren't we seeing more of an impact on preventing tip burn?”
To answer those questions, Hartz and other UC researchers began by evaluating three methods used to test for soil calcium to determine which would best predict plant calcium uptake.
Those methods included ammonium acetate extraction, saturated paste extraction, and extraction of soil solution by centrifugation to characterize soil calcium status.
“The ammonium acetate extraction method, which is commonly used, actually tells you very little about calcium availability,” Hartz says. “The saturated paste test did a pretty good job, while the soil solution test did the best job.
“The soil solution test is not practical on large scale basis, but it is important to note that if you are basing decisions on the ammonium acetate extraction method, you're not making very informed decisions.”
With that part of the equation out of the way, Hartz and his team turned their attention to evaluating the impact of applied calcium on tip burn. They evaluated two field trials in 2005 and one in 2006, where three forms of calcium (calcium nitrate, calcium thiosulfate, and calcium chloride) were applied through drip irrigation water during the final two weeks of growth. These treatments were compared to an untreated check.
“The results showed that these applications had minimal effects on tissue calcium concentration and tip burn severity,” Hartz says. “So, if tip burn is not appreciably reduced if large amounts of calcium are available in the soil, and it is only marginally affected by applied calcium, what is driving the incidence and severity of tip burn?”
Hartz looked at the dilemma from the standpoint of evapotranspiration data and discovered an interesting correlation.
By comparing evapotranspiration trends during the worst incidences of tip burn to a 10-year average, he found that severe tip burn occurred only under conditions of low reference evapotranspiration (ET) and moderate temperature.
The telling story was evapotranspiration in 2005, compared to a 10-year average, according to Hartz. About July 17, 2005, ET dropped precipitously for about four days, then rebounded rapidly.
“That scenario was where the worst cases of tip burn were later recorded,” he says. “Under these conditions, a transient calcium deficiency was apparently induced in rapidly growing leaves by the restricted volume of transpirational flow. It's not the amount of calcium in the soil — it's the amount of calcium in the transpirational flow, or the transpiration per unit of growth potential. It's not a soil issue — it's an environmental issue.”
That doesn't mean that all calcium applications are wasted, says Hartz.
“I think calcium applications will most likely be helpful in coarse-textured soils with low soil solution calcium, in soils with low calcium in saturated paste extract tests, and in low pH soils.”
Based on these trials and observations, growers may find themselves wondering what, if anything, they can do about tip burn. The first thing they can do, Hartz says, is be aware of the conditions that are conducive to the problem.
“If you get fog rolling in, the temperatures don't necessarily change that much, but ET falls off the cliff,” he says. “Then if it rebounds quickly, the plant starts growing faster, and it's difficult for the plant to supply those developing leaves with enough calcium.
“If you see that type of weather pattern, you might want to consider harvesting earlier than you normally would in order to avoid problems. Even if you're sacrificing poundage, you're saving marketability.” | <urn:uuid:eeedca28-4e60-4596-89b3-1b8dfd204364> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://westernfarmpress.com/lettuce-tip-burn-linked-environmental-conditions-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00265-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956468 | 910 | 3.375 | 3 |
Younger children will enjoy this Abraham coloring page. It shows him looking up to see the stars as mentioned in God’s promise. This would be a helpful activity for any kids Bible lesson about God’s promise to Abram. It’s based on the following bible verse.
“Look up at the sky and count the stars—if indeed you can count them.” Then he said to him, “So shall your offspring[d] be.” Abram believed the LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness. Genesis 15:5-6
Like all our resources, this coloring pages is free to print and use in your ministry. For more like this, browse our growing collection of preschool Bible coloring pages. | <urn:uuid:a4a8c736-9f8b-489e-9a4a-a9d71a0557cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://ministry-to-children.com/abraham-coloring-page/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275981.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00105-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940449 | 154 | 3.046875 | 3 |
English Grammar is a very basic but most important part of the English Language. To make you well acquainted with Rules of English Grammar, we have started our series "Grammar Scholar''. The aim of this series is to make you well versed in English Grammar from the exam's perspective. In this series, today we will discuss 'ADVERB'.
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs are used in a sentence to tell us how, where, when, or the degree at which something was done. So let's understand 'Adverb' in this module of the series.
Grammar Scholar: Adverb
An adverb is a word or phrase which is used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs are used in a sentence to give us more information about the sentence. They usually express the manner in which something is done. Most of the adverbs end with the common ending –ly. An adverb used to modify an adjective or another adverb usually goes before it.
For example :
- The rain poured heavily and we took shelter under a tree. (Here the adverb 'quickly' is modifying the verb 'poured'.)
- You should go there as quickly as possible. (Here the adverb 'quickly' is modifying the verb 'go'.)
- I had a really great time at the dance party. (Here the adverb 'really' is modifying the adjective 'great'.)
Adverbs are used to carry out many functions in a sentence, such as :
- How: He walks gracefully.
- When: He came here yesterday.
- Where: Will you come here
- To what extent: This dish is extremely good.
Adverbs can also be used to change the meaning of the whole sentence. Mostly when adverbs are used at the beginning of a sentence, they tend to change the meaning of the whole sentence, for example :
- Unfortunately, no one was present there. (It was unfortunate that no one was present there.)
- Probably I am mistaken. ( It is probable that I am mistaken.)
Types of Adverbs
There are following types of adverb depending on time, place, frequency, and manner :
1. Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time are used in a sentence to answer the question 'WHEN'.
Some Examples of Adverb of time are today, yesterday, now, before, daily, already, since, ago, never, etc. For example :
- I met him yesterday.
- His father died two years ago.
- I have seen him before.
- They have already come.
- We will have to start now.
2. Adverbs of frequency :
Adverbs of frequency are used in a sentence to answer the question ‘how often’.
Some examples of this kind of adverb are: often, always, once, never, again, seldom, frequently etc.
- We seldom go out on Sundays.
- I have seen him only once.
- He called again this morning.
- We must always try to do our best.
3. Adverbs of place :
In a sentence, Adverbs of place are used to answer the question ‘Where’.
Some Examples of Adverbs of place are: here, there, up, down, everywhere, out, etc.
- She sat down.
- He looked up.
- I searched for him everywhere.
- Come in.
4. Adverbs of manner :
Adverbs of manner answer the question ‘how’ or ‘in what manner’. These kinds of adverbs include nearly all those adverbs which end in -ly.
Some Examples of 'adverbs of manner' are: quickly, carefully, sweetly, clearly, bravely, beautifully, well, fast, etc.
- The soldiers fought bravely.
- This essay is well written.
- she walked slowly.
- The baby slept soundly.
5.Adverbs of Condition :
An adverb of condition tells us the condition needed before the main idea comes into effect. (An adverb of the condition often starts with if or unless. For example:
- If it rains, the party will be ruined.
- I will not talk unless you apologize.
6. Adverbs of Certainty :
We use adverbs of certainty to say how sure we are of something. Adverbs of certainty usually go in mid-position.
Examples are: certainly, definitely, clearly, obviously, and probably.
- She will probably come.
- The train has obviously been delayed
- She is certainly right.
- There is clearly something wrong.
- He probably thinks that he is the smartest. (NOT He thinks probably that …)
Rules of Adverb
Rule 1: Adverbs should be placed before or after the word they are modifying. For example :
- I somewhat understand what you are saying (Here the adverb 'Somewhat' modifies the verb 'understand')
In most of the sentences, adverb comes after the verb/adjective/adverb. For example :
- Incorrect: He clearly speaks.
- Correct: He speaks clearly.
Rule 2: When there is an object, the adverb is usually placed after the verb + object.For example :
- Incorrect: I put carefully the vase on the table.
- Correct: I put the vase carefully on the table.
Rule 3: However, adverbs are never positioned between the verb and the object.For example :
- Incorrect: I read quickly the book.
- Correct: I read the book quickly.
Rule 4: Sometimes adverbs are placed at the beginning of a clause.For example :
- Quickly, I changed my opinion.
Rule 5: The adverb only should come immediately before the word it modifies.For example :
- Incorrect: I only solved two problems.
- Correct: I solved only two problems.
- Incorrect: John only managed to solve the problem.
- Correct: Only John managed to solve the problem.
- Incorrect: Praise them when only they deserve it.
- Correct: Praise them only when they deserve it.
Rule 6: Else should be followed by but, not than.For example :
- Incorrect: He did nothing else than devote time to studying.
- Correct: He did nothing else but devote time to studying.
Rule 7: Adverbs never, seldom, nowhere, nothing, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, neither are negative in meaning, So be careful not to use ''Double negative'' in a sentence. For example :
- Incorrect: I hardly know anything about this book. (Hardly and nothing both are negative words, so here it is an error of Double negative.)
- Correct: I hardly know anything about this book. (To correct it, use ''Anything'' in place of 'nothing' )
Rule 8: The adverb 'As' is used afterward 'Regard, define, describe, treat, view, know'. The adverb 'As' is not used afterward 'Elect, consider, call, appoint, choose, name'. For example :
- Incorrect: It is considered as the worst problem of this area
- Correct: It is considered the worst problem of this area.
- Incorrect: I regard him my family member
- Correct: I regard him as my family member
Common Errors of Adverbs :
Sometimes students use adjectives when they should use an adverb, For example:
- Incorrect: He behaved very bad on the field trip. (To modify or describe the verb 'behaved', an adverb should be used here. Use of adjective 'Bad' is incorrect here.)
- Correct: He behaved very badly on the field trip.
Good and Well :
Good and well are also confusing words. Most students think that these are same in usage, but this is not true. Good is an adjective which is used to modify Nouns or pronouns (the good boy). On the other hand, 'Well' is an adverb which is used to modify a verb (he listens well) or an adjective(the well-educated boy).
Hard and Hardly :
Hard and hardly look like similar words but both have entirely different meanings. Hard is an adjective which means 'with a great deal of effort'. Hardly is an adverb which means 'very little' or scarcely.
- I work hard.'
- I hardly work.'
Observe that these two sentences are entirely different in meaning.
Too and very :
Too has a different meaning from very. Too is used in the negative sense in a sentence. It means ‘more than enough’ or ‘more than is wanted’. Very is used in the positive sense in a sentence. Very is used for giving emphasis to something in a sentence.
Incorrect: This student is too intelligent.
Correct: This student is very intelligent very intelligent.
An adverb usually comes before the adjective or adverb it is modifying. But adverb Enough is an exception to this rule. Enough goes after the adjective or adverb it is modifying.
The adverb enough is used to modify an adjective. In this case, it goes after the adjective it modifies. For example :
- Incorrect: She is enough old to earn a living
- Correct: She is old enough to earn a living. (Here the adverb enough modifies the adjective old.)
- Incorrect: Is it enough warm for you?
- Correct: Is it warm enough for you?
- Incorrect: I am enough good to forgive your mistakes.
- Correct: I am good enough to forgive your mistakes.
When enough is used as an adjective, it modifies a noun. The adjective enough comes before the noun it is modifying.
- Incorrect: I have bought eggs enough.
- Correct: I have bought enough eggs. (Here the adjective enough modifies the noun eggs.)
- Incorrect: I didn’t get time enough to write the test.
- Correct: I didn’t get enough time to write the test.
Some words are used as both 'Adjective' and ' Adverb'. Which are :
'He's a fast runner.' – Here fast is an adjective.
'He runs fast.' – Here fast is an adverb.
'It was late at night.' – Here late is an adjective.
'We talked late into the night.' – Here late is an adverb.
Now as you know the rules, try to answer the following questions in the comment section. We will review your comments.
- Come to my office as ………………………. (quick / quickly) as possible.
- The situation is ………………………………….(Very/much/very much) serious.
- We have not gathered ………………………… (near / nearly) enough flowers.
- Our team played …………………………. (good/well) last week.
- Can you be there at 5 o'clock ......................? (Sharp/sharply)
- The ball hit me .............................. (Right/rightly) on the nose.
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Prep Smart, Score Better, Go Gradeup! | <urn:uuid:af1e5cff-c236-4600-8c5d-6a602797aaf7> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://gradeup.co/grammar-scholar-understand-everything-about-adverb-i-5e38b470-776b-11e7-9e15-3cd0021dd8c0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529080.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122020254-20210122050254-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.957944 | 2,518 | 3.921875 | 4 |
(1818–71). Argentine novelist José Mármol was highly influential in the development of the realistic novel in Latin America. His best-known work, Amalia, is considered by many critics to be the first Argentine novel.
José Pedro Crisólogo Mármol was born on Dec. 2, 1817, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. From his youth he was outspoken in his opposition to tyranny in any form—and specifically to Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. He was imprisoned in 1839 for his political views and eventually was forced to flee the country. He wrote most of his works during his years of exile in Uruguay and Brazil.
Mármol’s denunciations of Rosas in prose and verse earned him the title verdugo poético de Rosas (poetic hangman of Rosas). Amalia (1851–55) dramatically depicts the horrors of the Rosas regime with a highly romantic plot of love set against a background of contemporary events. In poetry such as Rosas: El 25 de mayo de 1850 (1850) Mármol spoke out against the dictator with a forcefulness that made him the hero of liberals throughout Latin America.
In 1852, after the overthrow of Rosas, Mármol returned home to Argentina as a national hero. An important public figure, he served as a senator and as director of the National Library, a post he held from 1858 until his death, on Aug. 9,1871, in Buenos Aires. | <urn:uuid:60dc4db7-88ba-4727-b079-344573903be2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Jos%C3%A9-M%C3%A1rmol/329208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216175.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130130840-20201130160840-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.978956 | 318 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Written by: Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky
Camelina, also known as false flax, is a plant that contains high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Camelina meal is a new by-product of oil extraction for biodiesel production. Camelina meal contains secondary plant metabolites, called glucosinolates, that adversely affect broiler performance.
Inclusion of 10 percent camelina meal in starter broiler diets adversely affected growth and feed efficiency. Supplementation with copper sulfate improved live performance and carcass characteristics. | <urn:uuid:dfa98abd-5925-442f-9985-2722faf142b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://articles.extension.org/pages/67047/feeding-camelina-meal-to-poultry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830305.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219005231-20181219031225-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.934877 | 112 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sangiovese’s long history is closely tied to that of Italy itself. To analyze Sangiovese from a historical point of view, it is necessary to consider two important elements – the myth of the origin of its name, and its typicality.
MITH. Myths are created by societies to give a particular significance to the phenomena and events they experience. The myth related to Sangiovese revolves around the origin of its name. Many hypothesis connect the name Sangiovese to blood, the symbol most closely linked to wine. Roma mythology made Jupiter a powerful God – the name “Sanguis Jovis” /Blood of Jupiter was most likely bestowed on the wine. Others connect the name to the idea that it was “good for the blood” – a belief strongly held among some traditional Tuscan families to this day.
Yet it is the Etruscans who early on make wine an integral part of their celebrations and rituals. Even though we do not have a complete understanding of the Etruscan language, we know that the word “vinum” forms part of it, as does the word “sanisva”/ father or ancestor., The latter is very similar to a dialect word used in Romagna “sanzvè” or Sangiovese. No wonder that to these days, Tuscany and Romagna argue about what should be the real birthplace of Sangiovese.
TYPICALITY. Typicality is a wide concept whose story and tradition go back more than 6000 years. It is strictly linked to the territory, the production style and to the point in time and its social context. Wine is a product with a strong typicality, and as such includes both tangible and intangible features. Consumers of wine then and now acquire more than simple tangible aspects of the wine. They often associate the drinking of wine with special occasions or rituals seeking the notion that they are enjoying quality product by which a variety of emotions can be experienced.
TYPICALITY I. Prior to 1500, there is no written mention of Sangiovese. The first to write about Sangiovese is Gioanvettorio Soderini in his book “Trattato sulla coltivazione delle viti” Firenze 1590. In his work Soderini testifies, “Sangiogheto is a juicy and full wine that never fails”. Later on, Cosimo Trinci from Pistoia in his “Agricoltore sperimentato” – Lucca 1726 – says that “San Zoveto is a grape of beautiful quality and very abundant”. Cosimo Villifranchi in his “Oenology Toscana” defines San Gioveto as the most important grape variety present in the best of Tuscan wines. While in Tuscany a few authors write about Sangiovese, in Romagna, where there is no written records, the name Sangiovese frequently appears in oral literature and performances. During the 18th century, the evidence of Sangiovese grows more abundant. Countless are the authors who consider Sangiovese the king of the Tuscan grape variety, and names such as Montalcino, Montepulciano appear as the territory of great quality. In its long history Prugnolo, Brunello and Sangiovese are studied and analyzed first as separate varieties than as having a common ancestor. It is Apelle Dei, Secretary of the Ampelographical Commission of the Siena Province, who in 1876 affirms that the three names actually refer to the same variety and that the variety is Sangiovese. In the following decades the variety, whether called Sangiovese, San Gioveto, Brunello, Prugnolo or even other names, is steadily and continuously cited everywhere, and it is in the forefront of every improvement applied to wineries and in vineyards both in Tuscany and in Romagna. It appears crystal clear that the territorial typicality of Sangiovese is linked to Tuscany and Romagna the core from which progressively moves to the neighboring regions of Marche, Umbria, Abruzzo and Lazio
TYPICALITY II. Having reviewed typicality in the context territorial origins, it is necessary to look at the one related to the vinification practices. Initially, only in Romagna, the wine is vinified as 100% Sangiovese, while in Tuscany it is blended with other varieties. Cosimo Trinci notes that the Sangiovese vinified alone is “a bit too stiff but it expresses itself much better when blended with other varieties”; Villafranchi adds that Sangiovese “gives more body to much lighter varieties”. Typically for those times, it is blended with Canaiolo, Colore, Trebbiano and Malvasia. Bettino Ricasoli, most likely the inventor of Chianti, writes in 1872 that there is a need make a perfect Chianti. His includes 7 parts of San Gioveto, 2 parts of Canaiolo and 1 part of Malvasia. More importantly, he clearly explains the beneficial aspect of every single variety in the blend – San Gioveto forms the most interesting part of the bouquet and gives vigor; Canaiolo provides amiability that softens the harshness of San Gioveto without altering the bouquet; and Malvasia lightens the taste and makes the wine ready to be drunk. From then on, Sangiovese comes to the forefront of the oenological panorama of Tuscany. Again, it is Ricasoli that gives a key boost to the quality of the wines based on Sangiovese by starting a varietal selection that highlights the best clones of the variety. Among the vine species of Italy, Sangiovese has a prominent position within the many internationally known DOC, DOCG and IGT wines. It is characterized by a great heterogeneity. It is often given a different name depending on the area where it is grown – in Montepulciano, Sangiovese is called Prugnolo and forms the base of “Vino Nobile di Montepulciano”; in Montalcino it is called Brunello as in “Brunello di Montalcino”; in Scansano, it is called Morellino as in “Morellino di Scansano“; in Carmignano, it is called “Carmignano”, but its most common name is still Sangiovese as it is in the Chianti area, Arezzo, Cortona and many other locations in Tuscany. Abroad, mainly in California and in two French departments, Sangiovese has been planted since 1990.
The origin of the most vine varieties cultivated in Europe “Vitis vinifera” is still partially unknown. As far as we know, the first attempt to cultivate vines occurred in the Caucasian region some 7000 years ago, and from there it moved to Greece and to the Mediterranean. It was only with at the time of the Roman Empire that the vines spread all over Europe. For the last 20-30 years, there have been many attempts to find a genetical origin of Sangiovese. It was only in 1996 that Vignani et al determine its monoclonal origin using the method of microcrystals to study the clones. The presence of some clones not related to the monoclonal origin makes many to believe in a polyclonal origin of the variety, an aspect confirmed by the high phenotypical variability of Sangiovese. Over the centuries, the polyclonal origin creates an ample genetical base where multiple genetic mutations and interactions with the environment significantly widen the variability. In particular, the differences noted are significant where a variety has been cultivated for long time in a territory with climatic variations. That variability is further enhanced by the selective application of different production objectives.
Today, according to the most recent data available, “IV Censimento Generale dell’Agricoltura del 1990″, Sangiovese occupies 11% of the total Italian vine-growing area. In Tuscany, the area with the highest distribution, it represents half of the regional vine-growing area. It is authorized in 16 Italian provinces, recommended in 56, and in 2 French departments of Haute Corse and Corse du Sud“. It has a significant presence in California and in France, while in other world regions like Chile, it is marginal. In Italy it represents 12,4% of DOC and DOCG wine production; it is used in the production of some 388 DOC, DOGC, IGT wines and in the composition of 182 DOC wines with a percentage varying from 15% to 100%. In Tuscany, the most prestigious wines are based on Sangiovese like Brunello di Montalcino, Carmignano, Chianti, Chianti Classico, Vino Nobile di Montepucliano and Morellino di Scansano. It makes a significant contribution to the production of many high quality IGT Toscana wines known as Supertuscans.
In conclusion, it appears that Sangiovese has an exceptional relevance both in Italian and in the world’s viticulture. Being initially a variety mainly cultivated in Italy, its importance has now spread even to the most recent vine-growing areas thanks to its characteristics of great value. It produces wines of very high quality, great structure and complexity even without blending it with other international varieties to enhance its aromatic spectrum. | <urn:uuid:3d2f3939-f47f-40bc-af9a-49e5c5bf4c7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deniszeni.com/2015/01/10/sangiovese/comment-page-1/?replytocom=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.945414 | 2,011 | 3 | 3 |
Labradors and Border Collies are friendly, energetic, and very intelligent. Unsurprisingly, breeders have mixed these two popular dogs to create the Labrador Collie cross
Physical characteristics of this crossbreed
Labrador cross Collie puppies get their distinct appearance from both parents. In some cases, one set of genes may be more prominent and the puppies will bear a closer resemblance to a Labrador or a Border Collie. Most will have a mix of characteristics from both parent breeds.
Many of these crossbreeds will have the shorter, stockier frame of the Border Collie. They also tend to inherit the collies’ sharp, dark eyes.
Some crossbreeds will be born with a Labradors coat. It will quite short and coloured in one of three ways: solid yellow, brown, or black coat. Others will inherit the collies distinct dual or tri-coloured coat. Although their coats aren't as long as purebred Collies, they still have more hair than a standard Labrador.
Labradors tend to be slightly heavier than the Border Collie but the difference usually evens out within any crossbreeds - a fully grown mix breed will weigh somewhere between 35 to 45 pounds, although the larger males could weigh up to 50 pounds.
Personality and temperament
Border Collies are very intelligent. A study by the American Psychological Association found that Collies have the same cognitive abilities as a two-year-old child. They’re also athletic, agile, and energetic, a combination of traits which made them the perfect dog for herding livestock in the Scottish highlands. Today's Border Collies still work as sheepdogs, as well as competing in sheepdog trials and dog sports all over the world.
Although not as intelligent as the Collie, the Labrador is no dunce. They still work as guide dogs, service dogs, and therapy dogs - jobs that require a significant amount of brain power. Labradors are much more playful than the Collie and tend to have a personality of a very happy toddler. This makes them kind, highly social, and eager to please.
Many of these traits will be passed onto a Labrador/Collie cross, making them excellent pets for people with active lifestyles and small children.
Training and exercise routines
Smart dogs get bored very easily so it's vital to keep them stimulated both physically and mentally.
A Collie/Labrador cross requires lots of rigorous exercise and activity. Exact requirements will vary as they get older, but a young dog in its prime needs more than a gentle evening walk. You're looking at 1-2 hours each day, and these active dogs need to run, chase, and play games to burn off their excess energy. This could be challenging for some owners, but think of it as a chance to keep yourself fit and healthy. A study by the Journal of Physical Activity and Health found that dogs owners get 34% more exercise than these without pet pooches.
Training is also essential. These working dogs are eager to learn and love pleasing their owners with new tricks. It can also be a lot of fun. Border Collies are capable of some amazing things when trained properly, and it's likely that a crossbreed will retain many of the same instincts. And be warned, a poorly trained Lab/Collie cross can be a real handful.
Health issues of this crossbreed
When it comes to health, mixed breeds tend to have a slight advantage over the pure breeds. Cross breeding different types of dogs created more opportunity for genetic diversity and, over time, the bad genes were gradually weaned out. Purebreeds, on the other hand, have a much smaller genetic pool, meaning that "bad" genes are often passed onto the next generation.
That being said, there are a few things that can affect the Labrador/Collie crossbreed. These include:
- Hip and joint problems
- Osteochondritis (joint cartilage inflammation)
- Congestive heart failure
Shedding and grooming of the Labrador cross Collie
Luckily, shedding isn't a big problem for the Labrador Collie cross. They generally have shorter coats, and even those with slightly more fur are easily managed with a weekly brush. Of course, you'll still find the odd few hairs around the house, but it will be nothing when compared to some other breeds.
The Labrador/Collie cross is a great combination of two very popular breeds. This mixed breed has the intelligence and athleticism of the Collie and the playful, loving nature of the Labrador. It's a really good dog for people with active outdoor lifestyles. The Labrador/collie cross is also great with kids and other pets, making them a perfect family dog. | <urn:uuid:0675d46d-4bc7-4610-856d-347cbc132fd7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wamiz.co.uk/dog/advice/1088/the-labrador-collie-crossbreed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.961452 | 973 | 2.765625 | 3 |
China has taken one huge leap in the search for alien life after it moved on the world’s major radio telescope. The hunt for alien life simply got bigger. The world’s biggest radio telescope has been switched on – and in progress looking for aliens. But it also assists as China’s giant hope for possibly receiving a message from aliens.
The wok is the world’s leading single-dish radio telescope, and it formally began operating on Sunday 25th September, supplemented by triumphant national television coverage, subsequently more than five years duration of construction. One success for the project would be receiving the kind of energy signal that would be directed by different civilisation called aliens deep into space.
The telescope will be attending out for the gravitational waves, radio discharges from stars and galaxies – and any type of signs of intellectual extra-terrestrial life approaching from deep in the universe. The project bears the potential to search for many strange objects to better comprehend the derivation of the universe and increase the global hunt for the alien life. After an early stint scrutinizing into deep space, the telescope will be let out to astronomers hopeful to detect emblems of alien life.
These astronomers compensate for hours on telescopes about the world and devote their time attending to the static of space. They are hopeful that if an alien civilization is in existence it is communicating through radio waves which can be directly detected by the telescope. The telescope will be utilized to penetrate deep into space to support unlock the mysteries of the formation of the universe and mainly about alien life.
Even if the signal is tremendously weak of distant, the telescope would be capable to detect it. The innovation would be competent to answer a long-lasting question about whether or not we alone exist in the universe. Many scientists consider there are other civilizations, but there is no indication of a single one till date. This problem is recognised as the Fermi Paradox, the indication that the universe is so huge there should be other intelligent life out there existing, but for some poorly assumed cause, we could not communicate with it. The telescope, which is in a grand but impoverished portion of Guizhou Province, symbolises China’s plans to grow as a scientific power.
The dish is prepared of 4,450 complexly positioned triangular panels and has a gathering area of 2.1 million square feet, equivalent to nearly 450 basketball courts. At diameter of 1,640 feet, it will be coarsely double as sensitive as the world’s subsequent-biggest single-dish radio telescope, the Arecibo Observatory located in Puerto Rico, which is about 1,000 feet across. The telescope will capable to detect radio signals and potentially signs of life from far planets.
The £140 million cost project, calculating 500m in diameter, examines for signals from galaxies and stars and listens out for alien life. Built at such a huge cost, the telescope dwarfs the FAST radio telescope in China as the world’s biggest single-dish radio telescope, with better the sensitivity and a huge reflector. Telescope is intended to search for intelligent life outer of the galaxy.
The construction of telescope has caused in the displacement of more than 2,000 families and approximately 9,000 people, residing within three miles of the area of construction site. The government claimed that moving occupants from the area was essential in order to make a sound electromagnetic wave environment for the operation of telescope. Representatives handed each affected resident the compensation of 12,000 yuan (around $1,800), corresponding to about half the average salary for Chinese workers, previously relocating them in neighbouring locations.
The natural landscape offers the impeccable shape and size for the construction of the telescope. The ground too offers enough support for the enormous telescope. The absorbent soil forms an underground drainage system that shields the telescope.
More about China’s FAST radio telescope:
A monument of China’s commitment to the arena of astronomy, the telescope will be utilised to learn pulsars and discover for alien life in the universe. The Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, FAST in abbreviation, is envisioned to project China’s technical determinations deep into the universe, carrying back dramatic findings and honours like Nobel Prizes. The Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is prepared to operate after continuous five years of construction.
The massive dish is supposed to be accomplished of detecting even the furthest and weakest radio signals, thanks to its advanced technology. FAST will need radio silence within radius of 5 kilometers. With FAST, China has confirmed that they have invested in becoming a world lead in radio astronomy and the hunt for alien life. Researchers supposed FAST’s vital goal is to “learn the laws of the expansion of the universe”.
A team of researchers at FAST will share statistics and information with researchers at the Green Bank Telescope, located in the U.S. and the Parkes Observatory in Australia to improve search methods and clean the sky for any kind of signs of intelligent life such as aliens.
Held in a karst hollow in the hilly landscape of southwest China, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, known as FAST is recognised as a process identified by astronomers as “first light” -when a telescope unlocks its eyes and takes its first images of the universe.
Its distant location in China’s Guizhou province was one of 400 places scientists measured more than 10 years. The egg-cup like shaped valley is seamlessly sized and the nearby mountains give a shield against interference of radio frequency.
“FAST’s potential to determine an alien civilization will be five to ten times that of present equipment, as it can see beyond and darker planets,” as suggested by the director of the NAO Radio Astronomy Technology Laboratory, told Xinhua. FAST’s size contributes the telescope a significant advantage, boasting a field of visualisation twice that of Arecibo Observatory and 10 times higher sensitive than the Effelsberg 100-meter Radio Telescope, located in Germany.
This also implies that the search for life has grown even bigger, literally and symbolically as FAST’s reach will be extensive and farther as compared to older and slighter radio telescopes. | <urn:uuid:e51da565-d4cf-425d-9d29-48836c9397b2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://einsty.com/the-hunt-for-alien-life-with-chinas-fast-radio-telescope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023033857-20211023063857-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.937442 | 1,293 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How Serious Were The Threats To Elizabeth? Essay
How Serious Were The Threats To Elizabeth?
There were three main threats to the throne of Elizabeth I; The Spanish Armada in 1588, The Northern Rebellion in 1569 and Mary Queen of Scots. These threats can be seen as both very serious and not so serious. Whilst Elizabeth was Queen, she faced many threats as a result of all the religious tension at the time. All three of these threats involved the removal of Mary’s throne and so can be seen as serious. The most serious of which was the threat from Mary Queen of Scots due to her legitimate claim to the throne and strong support.
On the one hand, the threat from Mary Queen of Scots was the biggest threat to Elizabeth I. This is because Mary had a legitimate claim to the throne as she was Henry VIII’s sister’s great granddaughter; therefore she was second in line to the throne. Mary Queen of Scots also had a lot of Catholic support, a lot of the European Union wanted England to be Catholic, and so they would have wanted Mary to be on the English throne and not Elizabeth. All of the Catholics in England would want Mary to be Queen, so she was a large threat to Elizabeth because people in England and in the European Union would want Mary Queen of Scots to be Queen and not Elizabeth I.
The Spanish Armada was also a large threat to Elizabeth during her reign. This threat was posed by The King of Spain, King Philip II. Philip and the Spanish were attacking England, because they wanted Mary on the throne. The Spanish Armada was a large threat to Elizabeth in 1588, because the Spanish could easily have attacked England; they had a lot more men and boats than the English. The Spanish Armada also posed as a large threat, because it was a new type of threat that no King or Queen had experienced before; the threat was also posed from another country, this makes it a lot more serious than it would have been if it had have been posed from an Englishman.
There was also a third threat, The Northern rebellion in 1569. The Northern rebellion was the least serious of the three threats, but it was still serious. The Northern rebellion occurred in 1569 when the Northern Earls posed the threats. There were three main Earls that posed the threat; The Duke of Norfolk, The Earl of Northumberland and The Earl of Westminster. They were attacking Elizabeth I because they saw an opportunity to replace the Protestant Queen with the Catholic Mary Stuart. The Northern rebellion was a large threat to Elizabeth, because it was a very large rebellion that had support from the whole of the North of England. Elizabeth could have easily been deposed from the throne due to the power of the Northern Rebellion. This is how serious the threats were to Elizabeth I.
On the other hand, the threat from Mary Queen of Scots was not a very large threat to Elizabeth I, because Elizabeth could easily have imprisoned Mary; since Elizabeth was Queen, she could easily have Mary put in prison, therefore she was not a large threat to Elizabeth. Once Elizabeth had imprisoned Mary, she plotted the Babington plot and executed Mary, proving that she was not a large threat to Elizabeth. Another few reasons why the Spanish Armada was not a threat to Elizabeth was because the Armada was a poor attempt to conquer England, their plan did not go exactly according to plan so was therefore not as large a threat to Elizabeth as it would have been if the Spanish’s plan had have gone exactly according to plan.
Also, the way that Elizabeth dealt with the problem that faced her sent out a large and clear message to both England and other countries in the world that she was very strong and powerful and was also a great Queen that knew how to deal with rebellions and attacks. Also, by the time that the Spanish actually reached England, they had lost a lot of men and a lot of boats.
They had lost over half of their boats and men so would have been distressed and shaken; therefore they would not have wanted to attack again and they would not have been very strong when they finally reached London, where the wanted to attack. The last threat, was the Northern Rebellion, this was not a very large threat to Elizabeth, because Elizabeth could have stopped the rebellion. Elizabeth gathered an army of twelve thousand men to attack the Earls, Dukes and their army. Also, nobody in the South would support the Catholic rebellion so Elizabeth could use that to her advantage. Since everybody in the North support their rebellion, the Earls and Dukes would only attack in the South. This meant that Elizabeth I only had to worry about the Dukes and Earls rebelling in half of the country. This is why the threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots, King Philip II and the Earls and Dukes of the North were not very serious to Elizabeth I.
As a conclusion, I think that the threat posed by Mary Queen of Scots was the biggest threat to Elizabeth I. Then the Spanish Armada and finally the Northern Rebellion. I think that Mary Queen of Scots posed the biggest threat, because she had a legitimate claim to the throne and she was a catholic. The Spanish Armada was also a big threat to Elizabeth, because they could easily have attacked England and they had a lot more men and boats than England had. The Northern Rebellion was not such a large threat as no-body South of England would support their rebellion, therefore it was not a very successful rebellion. This is how serious the three threats were to Elizabeth I during her reign. | <urn:uuid:85c43813-462e-42ed-9e90-0801ef73c1af> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://studymoose.com/how-serious-were-the-threats-to-elizabeth-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00158-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992834 | 1,137 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Most research on the global Si cycle has focused nearly exclusively on weathering or the oceanic Si cycle and has not explored the complexity of the terrestrial biogeochemical cycle. The global biogeochemical Si cycle is of great interest because of its impact on global CO2 concentrations through the combined processes of weathering of silicate minerals and transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the lithosphere. A sizable pool of Si is contained as accumulations of amorphous silica, or biogenic silica (BSi), in living tissues of growing plants, known as phytoliths, and, after decomposition of organic material, as remains in the soil. The annual fixation of phytolith silica ranges from 60–200 Tmol yr−1 and rivals that fixed in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle (240 Tmol yr−1). Internal recycling of the phytolith pool is intense with riverine fluxes of dissolved silicate to the oceans buffered by the terrestrial biogeochemical Si cycle, challenging the ability of weathering models to predict rates of weathering and consequently, changes in global climate. Consideration must be given to the influence of the terrestrial BSi pool on variations in the global biogeochemical Si cycle over geologic time and the influence man has had on modifying both the terrestrial and aquatic biogeochemical cycles. | <urn:uuid:6a43b69d-1d4a-4e1b-b924-12ae83d0d435> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002GB001894/abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171043.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00484-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906949 | 272 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Lighting manufacturers are waking up to the fact that daylight, or a close approach to it, is key to human health.
For example, research by Anjali Joseph at the Center for Health Design in the US found that: 'Higher light levels are linked with better performance of complex visual tasks. Light requirements also increase with age. By controlling the body's circadian system, light has an impact on outcomes in healthcare settings by reducing depression among patients, improving sleep; lessening agitation among dementia patients; easing pain; and improving adjustment to night-shift work among staff.
'The presence of windows and access to daylight have been linked with increased satisfaction at work. Exposure to light is critical for vitamin D metabolism in the body and is also used as a treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.'
While lighting could and should be a vital consideration in the design of healthcare buildings, the importance spreads way beyond there.
Partly this is because of society's concern with well-being; that it is important to keep people healthy, rather than just wait until they are ill and then treat them in hospital.
Good lighting also has immediate and more tangible benefits in productivity terms.
Philips' ActiViva range of lamps, for example, has a very high 'colour temperature' and emits a lot of blue light compared with traditional uorescent lamps, coming near to simulating a blue sky. We know anecdotally that this makes us feel good, but a controlled study in a distribution centre in Belgium went further. When ActiViva lamps were installed, not only did the staff like them, but they also reported fewer headaches, and performance rose by 10 per cent. The only drawback is that these lamps cannot be mixed successfully with conventional 'warmer' lamps, since the visual contrast is striking and aesthetically displeasing.
Zumtobel is a lighting manufacturer that, surprisingly, advocates the use of less, not more, artificial office lighting.
It believes that dedicated 'daylight-harvesting blinds' must be specified if daylight is to be brought into buildings without glare and heat gain.
These will filter glare, reect sunlight back outwards and redirect daylight inwards. Slats can be tilted at different angles, minimising solar gain while maximising daylight.
Zumtobel Lighting recommends that such blinds be used in conjunction with fully automated controls driven by readings of a sky scanner on the building's roof, linked to the artificial lighting. This directly contradicts the philosophy that people should have control over lighting in the work environment, but Zumtobel argues that this is the only way that technical blinds, daylight and artificial light can be fully integrated.
In many buildings, manual blinds are rarely adjusted. Where technical blinds have been installed, empirical evidence shows that if people are given control, typically within only one to two weeks they are satisfied to allow the blinds to work automatically. | <urn:uuid:776d6b90-01a2-4d97-a300-72ca1fda36d4> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/light-therapy/171536.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065330.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00012-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944269 | 600 | 2.71875 | 3 |
To Achieve Your Goals, Define the Consequence of Not Reaching Them
Our greatest glory is not in never failing but in rising every time we fall.-Confucius
The psychologist Sigmund Freud observed that the human mind is consciously and subconsciously motivated by two forces: the need to avoid pain and the need to gain pleasure. Pain is often more immediate than pleasure, so we may become more concerned with avoiding pain and, in general, develop a preference towards avoidance.
For this reason it is important to define with clarity the consequences of not achieving your goal, something many people forget to do.
Put another way, what is the pain that will result from not achieving your goal? As you define these consequences, you will be motivated to avoid this pain and to focus on your goal, especially if you have also clearly outlined the benefits of achieving it.
I have used as an example for outlining the steps to achieve your goals, my audacious goal to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro, at 19340 feet, one of the world’s seven tallest peaks. I set a clear timeframe to reach this goal in 1.5 years because of a three week school break in January 2005 that my daughter would have to undertake the trek with me. My measurement of success was to get to the top of Mt. Kilimanjaro without endangering my life or those in the group. I defined 10 compelling reasons why I was undertaking the climb and printed these out and kept them with me to review at all times. I defined the key benefits I would gain by reaching my goal.
Now in Step 6 I defined the consequences of not achieving my goals. The key consequence of my not achieving my goal would have been my inability to motivate others to take on huge challenges. This was particularly important since I wanted to inspire students to climb this mountain, and raised hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Your Next Step: To achieve your goals define the Consequences of Not Achieving Your Goal.
List as many reasons as possible in as much detail as you can. Your reasons should be as emotional as possible because even if we think of ourselves as practical we are still very often driven by emotion and we might as well use that as a strategy for our benefit. | <urn:uuid:34a382a7-c311-42be-b478-c0836f1b7932> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://avidium.com/goal-setting/goal-setting-to-achieve-your-life-goals-define-the-consequence-of-not-reaching-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737931434.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221851-00237-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975842 | 460 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Mennonites and Pennsylvania Germans
When they originated in Zurich in 1525 as the radical wing of the Protestant Reformation, Mennonites were known as as “Anabaptists”—re-baptisers—because of their emphasis on baptising believing adults. Today, “Anabaptist” describes a family of faith that includes Amish, Brethren in Christ, Church of the Brethren, Hutterites and Mennonites.
Mennonites got their particular name from Menno Simons, an early Dutch leader. Basic tenets of their faith, for which many Mennonites were executed, included nonviolence, voluntary church membership, practicing believers’ baptism and loving one’s enemy.
In America, both groups were part of a larger 18th and 19th century Pennsylvania German milieu that also included German Baptists, Lutherans, and Reformed Church members.
According to the 2000 Census, 17% of the U.S. population has German ancestry, making it the largest ethnic group in the country. Most Americans whose ancestors immigrated before 1892 (when Ellis Island opened) are of Pennsylvania German heritage.
According to Mennonite World Conference, as of 2006, there are about 1.5 million Mennonites and Brethren in Christ members worldwide. The United States had the highest number of Mennonites with 368,280 members. Of these, about 37 percent identify as either Conservative or Old Order Mennonite. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, India and Canada have the next highest populations, respectively. Fewer than 55,000 members remain in Europe. | <urn:uuid:7cce7db2-c7c7-4b93-92f2-75cc8a3218d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.lmhs.org/about/mennonite-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813602.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221083833-20180221103833-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.966296 | 341 | 3.484375 | 3 |
There could be numerous reasons to create a fake Ethernet interface on a Linux server though I have heard that people might do so to get around licensing of software that is tied to the MAC address of a specific Ethernet port. You really just enable a dummy Ethernet interface and assign the MAC address to it which is explain in more detail below. The easiest way to do this is to simply assign a MAC address to an Ethernet interface you are not using on your server where the drivers have already been installed automatically. If you do not have a spare Ethernet interface then the instructions below will assist you to accomplish your goal.
It can be useful to set temporary environment variables from the command line in Linux. Even more useful is the output of a long command being set to a single environment variable. Below I show an example of setting an environment variable followed by setting an environment variable to the output of a command or string of commands.
I find myself on a regular basis looking for various debconf variables to set before installing packages on Ubuntu. This is typically to not have to type in the answers on the various configuration screens or because I want to script an install of some package. If the package has never been installed before on that specific server then the debconf variables will not display. You can always login to another server where the package is installed to see the variables but I am going to start posting information for common packages here so others can easily find them when searching.
Yesterday I wrote an article relating to logging into the F5 BIG-IP LTM VE VMware image console using the default username and password however some people may prefer to perform their configurations using the BIG-IP LTM VE GUI which has a different default user and password. First you will need to locate the IP address of he BIG-IP LTM instance from the console and then you can type that IP address into your favorite web browser to then login as explained in more detail below. Please also note the supported web browser versions below for BIG-IP LTM version 10.1.
Earlier I wanted to see if any PPTP clients were connected to an internal network through a pfSense firewall but wasn’t sure best way to do it. Turns out that outside of the pfSense command line I am not sure there is a best way so below I describe how to check for PPTP connected clients via the pfSense CLI as we as numerous way to check for connected clients via the pfSense web interface. | <urn:uuid:23f657b0-357a-47c7-aa38-d7f3a9166cd2> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.question-defense.com/tag/ifconfig | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823997.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020082720-20171020102720-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.926772 | 501 | 2.546875 | 3 |
October 8, 2013 | 3
When physicist Richard Feynman was asked which now-deceased person from history he would most like to speak with, and what he would say, he said: “My father. I would tell him that I won the Nobel Prize.” The prestige of a Nobel Prize is not in doubt, but its 112-year history has been controversial and colourful.
The story behind the Prize is well known: industrialist Alfred Nobel stipulated in his 1895 will that most of his fortune be used to establish a fund to award five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” Prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace were first awarded in 1901; economics was added in 1969.
The Nobel Prize is held in such regard that other prizes are sometimes defined in terms of it. The Fields Medal is informally known as the “Nobel Prize of Maths”. The recent Milner Fundamental Physics Prize has been called the “Russian Nobel”. The Israeli Wolf Prize referred to as the “Pre-Nobel” prize, because of the many recipients who later win the Nobel. Conversely, the Ig Nobel Prize* is an American parody of the Nobel, given to “honour achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think”.
But there have been quite a few controversies, even if we don’t consider the often-politicised peace prize. For instance, half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for their discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature. Many felt that Nicola Cabibbo also deserved the award, as his work on two quark families laid the foundation for Kobayashi and Maskawa.
Such complications arise because of a rule to not award the prize to more than three people. In 1965 the Physics Prize went to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman for their contributions to quantum electrodynamics, but not to Freeman Dyson who had mathematically demonstrated that their three approaches were equivalent.
A similar problem was anticipated for the development of quantum chromodynamics, which was based on published research articles by David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek as well as a lecture series by Gerard ’t Hooft. Fortunately, ’t Hooft received the prize for another contribution in 1999, allowing the other three to share the prize in 2004.
The No-Bell prize
There has also been an unfortunate history of the Nobel committee not recognising the achievements of women. Columbia University researcher Chien-Shiung Wu experimentally confirmed the beta decay theoretical prediction of Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, helping them win the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics, though she herself did not receive it.
Rosalind Franklin’s work on X-ray diffraction images of DNA confirmed its helical structure, for which Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Franklin herself was never even nominated, and tragically died at age 37 of ovarian cancer.
And Joycelyn Bell Burnell did not share in the 1974 Nobel Prize for the first observation of radio pulsars, despite the fact that she was the one who had actually observed them. She shared the observations with her doctoral thesis adviser Antony Hewish, who did receive the Prize. The astronomy community has so universally condemned that award that it is often called the “No-Bell” prize.
The gravitas of the prize has also given rise to a number of urban legends. The most popular one is that there is no Mathematics Prize because Nobel’s wife (or mistress) was clandestinely involved with a Swedish mathematician. This is not true, though. What is true is that when the 2010 Physics laureate Andre Geim was informed of his recognition by the Swedish Academy, he replied, “The Nobel Prize has interrupted my work. I’m not sure it is a useful interruption, though it certainly is a pleasant one.”
Ironically, receiving the prize that recognises a great accomplishment is often accompanied with a decline in scientific accomplishment. This is most likely due to the deluge of social demands placed upon the laureates, who are perceived not just as a great scientist but also a sage.
French biochemist André Lwoff, winner of the 1965 physiology or medicine prize, speaking on behalf of his colleagues, observed:
We have gone from zero to the condition of movie stars. We have been submitted to what may be called an ordeal. We are not used to this sort of public life which has made it impossible for us to go on with our work…Our lives are completely upset…When you have organised your life for your work and then such a thing happens to you, you discover that you are faced with fantastic new responsibilities, new duties.
Richard Feynman claimed in his memoirs that he was almost afraid of winning because he might never again do any notable work, though in reality he made several notable accomplishments. The most bizarre post-Nobel career is undoubtedly that of Brian Josephson, who shared the 1973 physics prize for devising the eponymous solid-state junction. Afterwards Josephson became a follower of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and attempted to reconcile quantum physics with transcedental meditation. He is now director of the Mind-Matter Unification Project at Cambridge University, working hard to keep Britain at the “forefront of research” on telepathy.
The Nobel’s combination of science and politics can create unusual relationships. Linus Pauling is the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes, Chemistry in 1954 and Peace in 1962. Following the peace prize, Pauling was invited to dinner at the White House with John F. Kennedy in honour of all the nation’s Nobel Prize Winners. He attended, despite the fact that just hours before Pauling had been picketing the White House against the Kennedy administration’s policies on atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Kennedy greeted Pauling with a quip: “I understand you’ve been around the White House a couple of days already.” Pauling grinned and answered yes. Kennedy added, “I hope you will continue to express your feelings.” The two men shook hands.
*Physicist Andre Geim is the first person to receive both the Nobel and Ig Nobel Prizes. The former for developing a new two-dimensional material called graphene and the latter for magnetically levitating a live frog.
Mark Jackson does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations. | <urn:uuid:f9a902fb-de91-4170-8495-144dfb09f31c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2013/10/08/the-not-so-noble-past-of-the-nobel-prizes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300441.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00083-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973985 | 1,428 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What is Dupuytren's Contracture?
Dupuytren’s Contracture is a hand deformity that causes your fingers to curl towards your palm. This curling is caused by the palmar fascia (palmar aponeurosis), a thin tissue that lays beneath the skin, thickening and pulling your fingers toward your palm.
This condition typically develops over the years and can progress to become more series if it is not treated. Usually, it only affects the ring finger and pinky finger. Dupuytren's Contracture can make simple, everyday tasks like putting your hands in your pocket, putting on gloves, or shaking hands with someone difficult.
The Vikings are to Blame: Where Viking Disease Got Its Name
Tradition tells us that Viking Disease, another name for Dupuytren’s Contracture (Disease), originated with the Vikings. As they traveled across Northern Europe and beyond, the Vikings began to intermarry with local people of the areas they traveled. The condition began to spread over the next hundreds of years. In the 19th century, Viking Disease was renamed after a famous French surgeon.
Viking Disease also goes by the names of Dupuytren’s Contracture, Dupuytren’s Disease, and Palmar Fibromatosis.
Are you wondering… Why do my fingers cramp and curl up? Do I have Dupuytren’s Contracture?
Try placing your hand flat on a tabletop, palm facing down. If you can’t fully straighten your fingers against the tabletop, it is definitely a possibility that you have Dupuytren’s Contracture. This contraction of your fingers is a tell-tale sign of the disease.
If you have Dupuytren’s Contracture, it will be obvious by the look of your hand. Below, you can see an image of what Dupuytren’s Contracture looks like.
If you hold your hands next to each other with your palms facing the ceiling, you will be able to see distinct differences between the two. In your affected hand, you will notice the following symptoms:
Symptoms of Dupuytren’s Contracture:
- Small lumps or nodules in the palm of your hand
- Fingers pulled toward the palm
- Skin may appear dimpled or puckered
- Thickening of the skin on your hand
- Cords of tissue may form under the skin of your palm
Dupuytren’s Contracture Lumps (Nodules)
The first symptom seen in a person affected by Dupuytren’s Contracture is nodules appearing right under the skin. This is caused by the tissues under your skin tightening. These nodules may be sensitive to the touch and tender at first, but this discomfort typically subsides after the condition continues to progress.
Risk Factors of Dupuytren’s Contracture
- Sex: Males are more likely to develop Dupuytren’s and have more serious contractures than women.
- Family History: Dupuytren’s Contracture is believed to be a hereditary disease.
- Age: Dupuytren’s Contracture affects people most commonly after the age of 50.
- Ancestry: People of Northern European descent are more likely to develop the disease.
- Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Alcohol intake and smoking are associated with Dupuytren’s Contracture. It’s believed this is due to tiny changes in blood vessels and your liver.
The Difference Between Trigger Finger and Dupuytren’s Contracture
How to Determine if You Have Trigger Finger:
- Thickening of tendons
- Caused by overuse or injury
- Pain and locking of fingers in flexed position
- Fingers 'snap' back to position when forcibly straightened
- Finger clicks when moved
- Most commonly affects index finger, middle finger and thumb
If you are suffering from Trigger Finger, check out this hand immobilizer brace to help relieve the symptoms. If your Trigger Finger has progressed to a serious stage, there is the option of surgery to treat your condition.
How to Determine if You Have Dupuytren's Contracture:
- Thickening of fibrous tissue
- Unclear how it is caused, possibly hereditary
- Cords of tissue may form under the skin of your palm
- Sensitive lump of tissue forms on palm
- Most commonly affects the ring finger and the little finger
4 Stages of Dupuytren’s Contracture:
- Stage 1: Your finger will be bent 6º-45º.
- Stage 2: Your finger will be bent 46º-90º.
- Stage 3: Your finger will be bent 91º-135º.
- Stage 4: Your finger will be bent greater than 135º.
If you are experiencing these symptoms, it is recommended that you visit your doctor to determine the best treatment options for your condition.
3 Treatment Options for Dupuytren’s Contracture
There are many treatment options to help Dupuytren’s Contracture including needling, enzyme injections, and surgery. All of these treatment options have the same goal: break apart the cords that are pulling your fingers toward your palm. In early stages of Dupuytren's Contracture, an immobilizer brace can help to keep fingers straight while you're at home or at work. The best treatment option for you will be determined by your doctor.
Dupuytren’s Contracture Treatment: Needling
During this treatment technique, a needle is inserted through your skin in order to puncture and break the cord of tissue that is causing your finger to contract. This technique is appealing to many because multiple fingers can be treated at once, helping them to release. No incision is made and little physical therapy is needed afterward. Although, sometimes this technique cannot be used because it could damage a nerve or tendon.
Dupuytren’s Contracture Treatment: Enzyme Injections
By injecting a certain type of enzyme into the cord in your palm, it can be softened and weakened, allowing your doctor to manipulate your hand to break the cord and straighten your fingers again. This treatment technique has similar pros and cons to the needling technique.
Dupuytren’s Contracture Treatment: Surgery
If your Dupuytren’s Disease is advanced, a surgical procedure to remove the tissue in your palm may be needed. The main advantage to surgery is that it results in a complete and long-lasting solution than the other methods. Although, more physical therapy will be needed following the procedure and there is a longer recovery time. The most common complication with this surgery is delayed wound healing. Other complications include infection, stiffness, tenderness, damage to the skin, nerve injury, loss of circulation and blood clots. | <urn:uuid:60e42044-f263-4c17-b8d9-572f43bfe116> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.braceability.com/blogs/info/dupuytrens-contracture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.923013 | 1,456 | 3.375 | 3 |
Making real cider and perry at Gregg's Pit is a year-round task. Work begins in winter when pruning is done on frost-free days to promote new growth, shape and light in the trees.
In spring, the first blossom comes to the perry pear trees in April, and the apples continue to flower throughout May and early June. When the fruit has set, James and Helen walk through the orchards to check which varieties are likely to produce a good crop at harvestime.
In mid-summer the crop is assessed again and a detailed plan for the vintage is prepared so they know what to make and when.
Autumn brings the fruit harvest, when ripe apples and pears are picked up by hand from the ground, usually from late September until the middle of November. The fruit is chopped in a mill to produce a pulp, which is left to stand overnight. This process softens the pulp, removes some of the tannin, and increases the overall juice extraction.
The following day, the pulp is taken to the stone press in the heart of the orchard, and tipped onto a press cloth, called a hair. The cloth is folded up to make a square parcel, which is stacked with around fifteen others, to form a 'cheese'. A heavy board is put on the cheese and two people turn the screws at either side of the press slowly winding down the top beam, which applies pressure to the pulp. The pressed juice then pours out and is pumped into stainless steel tanks where the wild yeast begins its work, fermenting the juice into alcohol.
Several times during the winter, the fermenting juice is racked into clean tanks. When fermentation slows in May or June, the finished product is ready for bottling or sale on draught.
In most years, James and Helen make a range of single variety and named varietal blends of cider and perry, one or more of which will include the Gregg's Pit perry pear – our own ‘home’ grown variety. | <urn:uuid:79adbafc-4b18-421d-9021-38a252ebcd6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://liz2528.wixsite.com/greggspit/making | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362930.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204033320-20211204063320-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.959433 | 418 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Over al length 10 - 13.5mm. A large variable species that is predominantly orange with pale brown to black elytra. There is a black central mark on the head and the hind femora have a black distal tip and the hind tibiae are black.
Grasslands and hedgerows with umbellifers. The adults feed on other insects and the larvae feed on invertebrates in the soil.
Status and distribution
Fairly common in England and Wales but getting less common further north and in Scotland. Fairly common in Nottinghamshire and at Netherfield Lagoons.
Best time to see
May to July. | <urn:uuid:21557482-d433-4505-b05a-9eaf27f28f91> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.gedlingconservationtrust.org/species/beetles/soldier-beetle-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538741.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123222657-20210124012657-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.927344 | 134 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We have often talked about the 4th Industrial revolution in terms of its impact on labour, the economy and business, but we have not considered its impact on our manners.
The inspiration comes from a recent Time magazine piece by columnist John Patrick Pullen (subscription required).
He relates the story of his young son learning to speak in part from the interactions Pullen has with the family home automation device, an Amazon Echo. He would simply issue instructions to the device and it would comply. When his son began to copy him, he wondered if he would know to treat people differently from the machine.
It appears that children are more focused on your behaviour than who it is directed at and whether it was justified. So it stands to reason children will learn as much from our treatment of machines than they will learn from our treatment of others; a point that parenting expert Nikki Bush makes.
The Australian NGO Child Friendly illustrated the point with the hard-hitting ad below.
Machines are typically programmed to be polite and have a history of being so (remember C3PO in Star Wars). Yet in not treating them, understandably, just like humans, we tend to default to treating them badly.
It is difficult to suggest you need to treat a machine as anything other than a machine, but then the reason for doing so is not to humour the machine but to maintain our civility.
Movies are hardly the best indicator for this, but many examples exist of faithful servant machines treated poorly by their owners or the dutiful machine rising up against a perceived unjust owner. It may reflect a truth about how we will treat them though. We are certainly happy to take out our anger at them.
Dr Helgo Schomer makes the point that while we tend to consider the impact the machines will have on us, it is actually the impact we will have on each other as a result of the interactions with machines that is the real indicator of our future.
Online communications tend to be far more critical than a face-to-face interactions. We know it is an issue but we somehow treat emails and social posts as not requiring the same level of civility that you would if you were talking to someone. It seems fair to assume we will do the same when interacting with machines.
Treating a machine badly is probably not that different from the justification that someone might hold for treating animals the same way.
Humanity's history of the treatment of others is terrible and we tend to start by treating others badly and only change when forced to.
Does it still seem like such a bad idea to say "please" and "thank you" to a machine if it means we will continue to say "please" and "thank you" to each other?
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Is social trend Blesserfinder, where girls are allegedly matching up with rich 'benefactors' in exchange for sex, a real thing? | <urn:uuid:a744cf16-e31e-4d1b-b7ca-911305cf887f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.702.co.za/articles/14148/would-you-say-please-and-thank-you-to-a-machine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.963755 | 861 | 2.8125 | 3 |
International Sighting Categorization
(1) The Hynek Classification System
Developed by Dr. J. Allen Hynek, the sightings are divided into distant encounter (DE) (further than 500 ft,) and close encounter (CE) (within 500 ft) sightings.
DE-1 – Nocturnal Light(s) (NL): Well-defined, anomalous light(s) seen in the night sky, whose appearance and/or movement are not explainable in terms of conventional light sources. Most commonly reported.
DE-2 – Daylight Disc(s) (DD): Any anomalous, metallic appearing object(s) seen in the daytime sky, high in the sky, or close to the ground. Can be discoid, or any other shape.
DE-3 – Radar/Visual cases (RV): Objects seen simultaneously on radar and visually by the same or other witnesses. Least frequently reported.
CE-1 – Light/object in close proximity. Strange object(s) or light(s) seen in close proximity (nearby), but without physical interaction with either the witness or the environment.
CE-2 – Physical trace. The UFO leaves physical evidence (such as imprints, soil depression, burns or vegetation damage, physical effects on plants, animals or humans, excessive heating and chemical changes to soil and vegetation), or causes electromagnetic interference (car ignition system failure, damage to electronic gear, lights extinguished etc).
CE-3 – Occupant. Occupants or entities are seen. The occupants may be seen at ‘windows’ of the craft, or on the ground outside the craft. No communication takes place between the witness and the occupant(s).
(Hynek’s classification system has been expanded to incorporate other categories. Along with direct contact with alien beings, these categories also cover abductions or removal of the witnesses from their surroundings, and other reported incidents such as cattle mutilation phenomena. UFO Casebook lists additional categories in which the UFO and its occupants are captured or destroyed by military forces or civilians.)
CE-4 – Communication/interaction. Occupants communicate or interact with the observer(s).
CE-5 – Abduction or boarding craft. Humans or observers are taken onboard the craft.
(2) The Vallee System
Author and researcher Jacques Vallee devised a UFO encounter classification system which is more descriptive than Dr Hynek’s, particularly in terms of the reported behaviour of UFOs.
Type – I (a, b, c, d,) – Observation of an unusual object, spherical, discoid, or of another shape, on or situated close to the ground (tree height or lower), which may be associated with traces – thermal, luminous, or mechanical effects.
a – On or near ground.
b – Near or over body of water.
c – Occupants appear to display interest in witnesses by gestures or luminous signals.
d – Object appears to be ‘scouting’ a terrestrial vehicle.
Type – II (a, b, c) – Observation of an unusual object with vertical cylindrical formation in the sky, associated with a diffuse cloud. This phenomenon has been given various names such as ‘cloud-cigar’ or ‘cloud-sphere’.
a – Moving erratically through the sky
b – Object is stationary and gives rise to secondary objects (sometimes referred to as ‘satellite objects’.
c – Object is surrounded by secondary objects.
Type III (a, b, c, d, e) – Observation of an unusual object of spherical, discoidal, or elliptical shape, stationary in the sky.
a – Hovering between two periods of motion with ‘falling leaf’ descent, up and down, or pendulum motion.
b – Interruption of continuous flight to hover and then continue motion.
c – Alters appearance while hovering – eg. change of luminosity, generation of secondary object etc.
d – ‘Dogfights’ or swarming among several objects.
e – Trajectory abruptly altered during continuous flight to fly slowly above a certain area, circle, or suddenly change course.
Type IV (a, b, c, d) – Observation of an unusual object in continuous flight.
a – Continuous flight
b – Trajectory affected by nearby conventional aircraft
c – Formation flight
d – Wavy or zig-zag trajectory
Type V – (a, b, c) – Observation of an unusual object of distinct appearance, ie. Appearing to be not fully material or solid in structure.
a – Extended apparent diameter, non-point source luminous objects (‘fuzzy’)
b – Starlike objects (point-source), motionless for extended periods
c – Starlike objects rapidly crossing the sky, possibly with peculiar trajectories | <urn:uuid:1a5c75ba-b371-4673-b730-f958bdbda933> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ufocusnz.org.nz/content/International-Sighting-Categorization/77.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890466 | 1,019 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Hair loss has many causes. The sooner you take action, the better chance you have of saving some hair from going down the bathroom drain.
The most common cause is androgenetic alopecia, a genetic condition that could come from either side of the family. It’s sometimes called female-pattern or male-pattern baldness.
In female-pattern baldness, the part widens over the scalp but the frontal hairline is preserved. There is thinning but not baldness. In male-pattern baldness, there is receding at the temples and hair is lost over the crown, which can lead to baldness over the front hairline.
Other causes of hair loss can be medications, illnesses such as diabetes or autoimmune conditions such as lupus. Children diagnosed with alopecia areata could be losing hair because of a thyroid problem or anemia.
Pregnancy, surgery, a high fever or death in the family can cause stress-related hair loss, called telogen effluvium, which typically recovers on its own within three to four months.
“But some people, especially women, can go into a chronic condition, in which case we treat it,” said Dr. Mary Finnegan, an Omaha dermatologist.
You might have heard that wearing a hat can cause hair loss, but that’s a myth, according to Dr. Douglas Ramos, an Omaha plastic surgeon.
“Women that apply a lot of traction to their hair, like corn rows and permanents or pull at their hair can lose hair,” he said.
Finnegan advises paying attention to your body, especially if you see a sudden change.
“Not everything is attributable to aging,” she said. “Hair loss can be indicative of an internal medical problem.”
A dermatologist will look at your medical history and changes in medication and ask about hair loss over other body sites such as eyebrows, eyelashes, arms and torso.
Is there itching or burning? What shampoo are you using? An exam checks the width of the hair’s part in women to see whether it’s widening and looks for receding around the temples and crown of the scalp for men.
“We look for scale around hair follicles and for redness and scalp diseases that can cause hair loss,” said Finnegan.
Blood tests and biopsies might follow.
“In many cases, biopsies can give us prognostication of a chance for recovery,” she said.
Some people wear their baldness proudly or cover their head with wigs, hats and scarves. Others try medications such as the topical treatment minoxidil (one brand name is Rogaine) or finasteride pills for hair loss from treatable causes.
Minoxidil can be purchased over the counter. Depending on their diagnosis, many people are able to taper off use of the product after hair growth. Results are seen in three months; full results take one year. Five percent dosages are recommended for men; 2 percent for women. However, at times a dermatologist will recommend the 5 percent dosage for women.
“Finasteride pills are the most effective treatment for male-pattern hair loss,” Ramos said. “It will first stop hair loss in young males and grow hair in approximately half of men in the back part of the scalp but doesn’t work up front.”
However, finasteride pills (one brand name is Propecia) are not meant for women, especially women of child-bearing age. “The use of finasteride in women is taken on a case-by-case basis,” Finnegan said. “It depends on the dermatologist’s preference.”
Ongoing research may eventually provide additional medication options for male-pattern baldness. Drugs now being tested for facial flushing and allergic inflammation of nasal pathways block a protein called prostaglantin D2, or PGD2, which inhibits hair growth. Some scientists believe that removing the inhibition might prevent hair loss. | <urn:uuid:36a88426-2a4b-4b65-bf6f-49d2f95a9d9f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.hishairclinic.com/exploring-treatment-options-for-hair-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987773711.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021120639-20191021144139-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.953238 | 866 | 2.546875 | 3 |
January heralds the start of the Kapha season, and its cold, dull, damp and heavy weather tends to increase Kapha within the body. We often think of winter as a time for Kapha-associated diseases, such as colds and flu, yet Ayurveda maintains that winter is not weakening but strengthening, and the best season to improve your immunity.
Bala is the term Ayurveda uses for immunity and general strength, whether it be physiological, psychological or spiritual. As each of these aspects of ourselves are intimately connected, a disturbance in any area will affect your overall health and immunity. By increasing Bala you will automatically improve your natural resistance against disturbance in any area of your life.
The three levels of Bala
Ayurveda cites three levels of Bala immunity and strength:
- Sahaj (hereditary) is the innate level of Bala you are born with
- Kalaj (changable) is the Bala that fluctuates due to seasonal changes, different stages of life, and cycles of the planets. Here we need to look the cycles of nature as a guideline for maintaining immunity
- Yuktikrit (established) is the permanent, balanced immunity that can be created by following an balanced lifestyle and diet.
Tips to increase and maintain your Bala
1. Eat well during the cold season
When the weather is cold, your internal homeostatic system compensates by increasing internal Agni or heat. This means that your digestive fire and appetite is generally stronger during winter. Thus, if you eat fresh, wholesome food, this is the season where your body tissues, and thereby overall strength and immunity, can be built up.
A major reason why winter is often seen as a time for low immunity, where colds and flu abound, is that, with all the socialising during the festive season, we can end up eating too much or eat junk foods or hard-to-digest, heavy foods. Our immunity is thereby weakened.
Eat immunity-increasing freshly cooked foods during the cold weather, and follow an Ayurvedic daily routine – nourish your mind and body by eating well and getting more rest.
2. Winter is the best season to take Rasayanas
While autumn and spring are the traditional times for purification, winter is the time to build up and nourish the whole physiology, from the internal organs and tissues, to the skin, hair and nails. It's also the best time to take Rasayanas (rejuvenating preparations) and other Ayurvedic herbal products – because your digestive fire is naturally higher, your ability to assimilate the herbals and enjoy their benefits is boosted.
3. Eat immunity-boosting foods
Go for organic, fresh, easily digested, wholesome and unprocessed foods. These include fresh, organic milk and yogurt (though yogurt should be diluted with water and only drunk at lunch), fruits, nuts, vegetables, whole grains, lentils, beans, and ghee.
4. Avoid hard-to-digest foods
Processed, canned, frozen, and packaged foods have little Prana (life-force) left in them, and easily create Ama (toxins) in your body tissues. One example is that pre-prepared foods – when stored for any length of time – tend to oxidise and, when eaten, create free-radicals.
Avoid eating leftovers, foods grown using chemicals, and foods with preservatives, as they over-tax your digestive system, block the channels of circulation, create sluggishness and compromise immunity.
Avoid cold foods and iced drinks, as these weaken digestive fire.
5. Change your winter diet for the Kapha season
During the cold, dry, autumn and early winter Vata-increasing period, sweet, sour and salty tastes foods help nourish and balance your body, and you are recommended to eat less astringent, bitter, and pungent foods.
When the Kapha season starts (in Europe this is generally in January), the astringent, bitter, and pungent tastes are recommended, as they prevent the over-accumulation of Kapha. The light, dry, heating and penetrating qualities of such foods balance the heavy, wet, cold and sticky qualities of Kapha.
Of course, your own doshic body-type will also come into play and you must be careful to keep this factor well-balanced at the same time. Those who have more Vata in their constitution need to be cautious when increasing astringent, bitter, and pungent foods. Pitta body-types should be careful when increasing astringent and pungent foods.
6. Keep up your Ayurvedic routine
A poor routine will have a strongly negative impact on your Bala strength and immunity. Eating at irregular times, subjecting your body to stress and fatigue, working at night, staying up late, and sleeping during the day can all affect both your body rhythms and your digestion and ultimately compromise your immune system.
Keep your digestive clock, and other bodily rhythms, working smoothly, and to maintain high immunity, follow a balanced daily routine.
7. Take advantage of the natural tendency to rest
Winter is an inward season. The days are shorter, the nights longer and nature is at rest. Take advantage of this natural tendency by giving your mind and body the nourishing rest it craves. Go to bed a little earlier, and you will wake up feeling more freshness and vitality.
Yet, when the Kapha influence becomes prominent, from late winter onwards, take care not overindulge and sleep late or else dullness and lethargy will result, and toxic Ama (the seeds of disease) will accumulate.
8. Lifestyle tips to balance Kapha
From January onwards, have in mind to balance the increasing influence of Kapha. The best way is to cultivate the opposite qualities of the heavy, dull, stay-at-home qualities of Kapha:
- Get out and be more dynamic and active
- A daily brisk walk in the fresh air is an excellent routine, especially during Kapha season – though make sure you wrap up well
- Look out for new activities and interests, and for things that will stimulate and bring joy
- Get up early (before 6am) and avoid sleeping in.
9. Spice-up your immunity
Spices not only provide wonderful flavours to a meal, but also provide certain therapeutic values, such as anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties.
Spices, such as ginger, black pepper, turmeric, cumin, coriander and cinnamon, also help to provide the astringent, bitter, and pungent tastes that help balance Kapha. Maharishi AyurVeda provide Kapha Tea and Kapha Churna (spice blend), that contain spices and herbs that help balance Kapha.
You can create your own immunity-boosting spice mix:
- 6 parts fennel powder
- 6 parts turmeric powder
- 3 parts coriander powder
- 3 parts cumin powder
- 1 part black pepper powder
- 1 part ginger powder
- ¼ part cinnamon powder
- Mix all the ingredient together in a bowl and store in an airtight container, away from direct sunlight
- When adding to a meal, sauté some of the spice mix in a teaspoon of ghee or coconut oil. When you smell the spicy aroma, immediately remove the pan from the heat to prevent burning
- You can stir in the spice mix to a pan of cooked dhal, vegetables or grains (don’t add the mix to every dish in your meal, or else everything will taste the same!)
- Try stirring steamed vegetables into the spice mix while it is still in the pan
- You can add the spice mix at the beginning of cooking vegetable soups or stews
- Try sprinkling the sautéd spice mix on top of vegetables or grains before serving
- If you go out for a meal, you can take some of the sautéd spice mix and sprinkle it onto your food.
10. Take Maharishi AyurVeda supplements to strengthen Bala
Maharishi Amrit Kalash is the most powerful ayurvedic supplement for supporting immunity and overall well-being.
Produced in 250 meticulous steps, using numerous ingredients, the functions of the different herbs in Amrit Kalash are important. There are Hridya herbs for the heart; Medhya herbs for the mind and nervous system; herbs that balance all three Doshas, such as Amla; and nurturing herbs such as Ashwagandha which helps nourish all seven body tissues, particularly the reproductive tissue, and Shatavari which helps increase the production of Ojas (the highest product of good digestion and very supportive of immunity).
Cold Season Defence supports your immunity before symptoms appear. It strengthens digestion, clears the Shrotas (channels that supply nutrition), removes toxins, supports the immune system and helps prevent viral attacks.
When colds and flu are around Sniffle Free Tea supports your body's defences by strengthening your digestion and supporting the balance of mucus and moisture in your sinuses and lungs.
11. Give yourself an oil massage
Daily Abhyanga (Ayurvedic massage) is a pleasurable way to support your immunity. Massage helps stimulate all organs of your body; it helps flush away impurities; and it builds up resistance to stress and disease.
12. Try apple and cloves at breakfast
Try starting the day with a stewed apple. It will help build a good appetite for lunch, encourage regular bowel movements, increase alertness and vitality, and provide a light and satisfying start to the day.
- 1 large or 2 small sweet apples
- 5 cloves
- 1/4 cup of water
- Core and peel the apple
- Cut the apple into small pieces
- Put the cloves, apples and water in a pot
- Bring to the boil, turn the temperature down to simmer and cover
- Cook until the apple is soft
- Remove the cloves and enjoy your breakfast. | <urn:uuid:9cb85d3c-1c38-4470-8933-2dea34d3d625> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://maharishi-ayurveda-health-centre-uk.myshopify.com/blogs/news/12-tips-to-build-up-your-bala-strength-during-january-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718060927-20180718080927-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.933357 | 2,107 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A special ACM membership offer for Ubiquity readers
Technology Based Outsourcing K-12 Mathematics and Science Teachingby M.O. Thirunarayanan
The author suggests that the teaching of mathematics and science in K-12 schools be outsourced to teachers in other countries whose students achieve better in mathematics and science. He outlines the advantages of using telecommunications technologies to outsource the teaching of mathematics and science.
American corporations outsource a number of jobs, especially in the information technology (IT) sector, to countries like India. A number of factors make it not only feasible but also attractive to outsource such jobs. The availability of a highly skilled labor force, a labor force with more qualified people seeking jobs with fewer available jobs resulting in high competition for jobs, the fact that average wages are lower in other countries, and the strength of the US dollar vis a vis the currency of the other country, are some of the factors that make outsourcing a viable option for corporations in advanced countries such as the United States. Similar arguments can be made for outsourcing K-12 math and science teaching. Using telecommunications technologies, teachers from other countries whose students score higher on math and science assessments can teach math and science content to K-12 students in the United States.
The Status of Mathematics and Science Education in the United States
Educators can learn from corporations and start outsourcing the teaching of mathematics and science at the K-12 level to teachers in other countries. Although the United States is considered by some to still be the most technologically advanced nation in the world, teachers in its K-12 schools are lagging far behind teachers in K-12 schools in many other countries, including many third world countries, when it comes to teaching science and mathematics to students in elementary, middle, and high schools. In international comparisons of student achievement, students in the United States performed worse in science and math assessments than students in many other countries (Martin, Mullis, Gonzalez & Chrostowski, 2004; Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez & Chrostowski, 2004).
Outsourcing the Teaching of K-12 Mathematics and Science: An Economically Smart Solution
Due to the unequal rate of exchange of the currencies of the United States of America and countries like India or Singapore, and due to the fact that the cost of living and teacher salaries are generally lower in many other countries, teachers from these other countries can be paid wages that are less than the wages that teachers in the United States are likely to command. According to data published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD, the beginning salary for teachers in the country of Hungary in 2004 was equal to US$ 9,956 (OECD, 2006). During the same year, primary level teachers in the United States earned a beginning salary of US$ 28, 713 (OECD, 2006). According to the national "Survey and Analysis of Teacher Salary Trends 2005" (American Federation of Teachers, 2007), the average salary of teachers in the United States of America during Academic Year 2004-2005 was $47, 602, which is much higher that what beginning teachers earn.
Hungary is one of the many countries whose students scored higher in both international math (Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez & Chrostowski, 2004) and science (Martin, Mullis, Gonzalez & Chrostowski, 2004) assessments. Most school districts in the United States can hire nearly three teachers to teach from Hungary for the same amount of money that they pay for one teacher who is a citizen or resident of this country. School districts can also outsource teaching to more experienced teachers from countries such as Hungary at a substantial salary savings and improve student achievement in math and science at the same time. Hungary is just one example. There are many other countries whose teachers earn lower salaries, but whose students learn more math and science than students in the United States.
Advantages of Technology-Based Outsourcing of Teaching of K-12 Mathematics and Science
Since available internet, Web, and videoconferencing technologies can be used to enable teachers from other countries to teach students in the United States, and since the teachers will not have to physically visit the United States, it will not be necessary to obtain visas for the teachers to visit and work in this country. There is also no foreseeable possibility of these virtual teachers becoming immigrants and settling down in this country, a possibility that some anti-immigration groups of citizens in this country might be concerned about. These groups will have little reason to oppose such outsourcing of the teaching of mathematics and science.
Outsourced teaching contracts can be more closely tied to student achievement, and can be renewed or terminated on the basis of student achievement or other criteria determined by school districts, something that is hard to do in this country due to the strong unionization of the K-12 teaching profession.
In addition, if allowed under US laws, school districts that pay these foreign teachers should be able to withhold all applicable US taxes before making any payments to the teachers. This will ensure that the US government does not lose any tax revenues as a result of outsourcing mathematics and science teaching.
The United States will not have to bear any of the cost of training teachers from the other countries since they have already been trained in their own countries. The achievement of their students in math and science has also been well established by research that compares student achievement in math and science in various countries. Another advantage of outsourcing is that teachers in K-12 schools in the United States can also learn more science and math content as they follow up on activities and discussions initiated by their online counterparts in other countries.
The only potential problem is the ability of teachers in other countries to speak English in a way that American students can understand them. This can be achieved in at least two ways. People who originated from the country of interest and who have lived in the United States for a long time and have returned to their home countries can train teachers in that country to speak English similar to the way that Americans speak the language. Alternatively, a small group of American teachers can travel to the countries in which the expert math and science teachers reside, and teach them American English. During such travels, the teachers from the United States can also learn math and science content from teachers in other countries. Competition from other countries will in the long run help strengthen teacher preparation in this country.
Outsourcing math and science education using technology is a win-win situation for students, schools and parents in the United States. It is possible that in the short term, the egos of American teachers will be hurt. However, in the long run, the United States will most certainly benefit from the enhanced math and science knowledge of its students who will use such knowledge to help the country maintain its technological edge in the world.
American Federation of Teachers. (2007). Survey and Analysis of Teacher Salary Trends 2005. Washington, DC: American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. Retrieved from the Web on July 27, 2007: http://www.aft.org/salary/2005/download/AFT2005SalarySurvey.pdf.
Martin, Mullis, Gonzalez & Chrostowski. (2004). TIMSS 2003 International Science Report. Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.
Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez & Chrostowski. (2004). TIMSS 2003 International Mathematics Report. Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2006). Education at a glance: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
Dr. Thirunarayanan teaches in the College of Education and in the Honors College at Florida International University, in Miami, Florida. His interests include integrating technology in educational settings and studying the impact of technology on society.
Source: Ubiquity Volume 9, Issue 21 (May 27 - June 2, 2008) | <urn:uuid:5bc421bb-d1a2-4df0-9ce4-1714f5c68e93> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=1386857 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.945082 | 1,633 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A recent Op/Ed in the New York Times editorial noted that for the year ending in September 30th, 2009 that a total of 160 active duty soldiers have committed suicide. As the Afghanistan and Iraq wars drag on, one wonders how much of the citizenry has forgotten that the nation is at war. Certainly, the families of soldiers killed in these conflicts have not forgotten this.
This wasn’t the case in the late 1930s as the United States watched as European diplomacy and negotiations collapse into World War 2. While many in Europe turned a blind eye to Hitler’s ambitions, once war broke out many believed that it was a matter of time before the United States got involved. This didn’t happen for years until the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Americans didn’t want to get involved in the Second World War, and only when the sovereignty of the United States was at risk did the public support the United States entering the war.
The terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 provided a ground swell of emotions for public support for going to war against, well, anybody who looked like they might condone terrorist attacks or harbor terrorists. Since American intelligence was pretty sure the attack was launched from terrorists operating in Afghanistan, the Afghanistan war was launched about a month after 9/11. What began as a commando operation to find the terrorists involved, turned into an all out invasion of the poor nation.
The Iraq War which began on March 31st, 2003, almost a year and a half after the attacks on the twin towers, was undertaken almost as though the Bush administration was going after the “usual suspects”. Both of these wars were launched against foreign governments (albeit violently oppressive foreign governments) which had not declared war on the United States. Hence these wars were not condoned by the U.N. as a pure act of self defense. Rather, terrorists operating inside of Afghanistan had used the country to stage attacks against the United States. Or rather, terrorists had used the mountainous region between Pakistan and Afghanistan, which isn’t ruled by anybody in practice, as a base of operations.
Are we still hunting Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden in this region of the world? Not so much as attempting to help democracy take hold in Iraq and Afghanistan, in this way the war has become the United States imposing its governmental philosophy on foreign nations. As an American I believe that representative democracy is the best way to run countries, and that the atrocities by the Taliban against women were horrible. But these wars are costly in terms of human lives on both sides of the conflict and are beginning to look more and more like Vietnam than perhaps any other war.
There isn’t a dictator hiding in a bunker as he orders his army to continue to battle our troops in a war of attrition like World War 2. Rather, there is a fear that fundamental Islamic beliefs would over time give root to deep anti-Americanism and foster the development of terrorist training camps. Supposedly a democratic Afghanistan would not be a safe harbor for terrorists. However, how hard is it to setup a terrorist cell?
The 9/11 hijackers went undetected for months as they stayed in a motel within spitting distance of the National Security Agency in Maryland. Modern terrorists have become wise to using emails and cell phones and have reverted to more secure methods of communication. With proper training I am sure they could set up shop in almost any country in the world.
So why are we fighting these wars?
One of the goals of one of the architects of George Bush’s Iraq War was to nudge democracy along in the Middle East. It was hoped that a democratic Iraq that joyfully threw off the chains of dictatorship would start a domino reaction in other countries, such as Iran. This hasn’t happened yet, and now the goal is try to keep Iraq from dissolving into chaos.
And there are obvious concerns as to Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal and the unstable region between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the unsteady relationship between India and Pakistan. Sort of like a shopping trip where you go out to buy one thing, but then decide on something else, has the US military decided, “Well, as long as were here in these countries we might as well . . .”
Morally, the case for continuing the wars in these countries is shaky as the reason for the wars has changed somewhat since their inception. Can the United States preemptively invade a country which is practicing a form of religion that it believes in its most fundamentalist interpretation could pose a threat to it later on?
The Unabomber, who was a mathematics professor, was undoubtedly a threat to our way of life. Should the United States military invade and occupy college campuses and ask that mathematics majors submit to electronic monitoring by Uncle Sam? Maybe this is an incorrect analogy, however, these wars are being fought on the assumption that the best way to beat terrorists is to attack countries which may express similar political viewpoints. A big unanswered question is what if these wars only make matters worse?
While President Obama has fairly blamed the Bush administration for the inheritance of a bad economy and two wars, the running of the wars is pretty much on autopilot as the US military has become hooked on winning these conflicts at almost any cost. Given that gung-ho military commanders won’t walk away from almost any conflict, it is the duty of the civilian leader of the armed forces to decide when things have gotten out of hand and the wars need to be wound down. Like U.S. presidents who inherited the Vietnam War, President Obama appears to be content with letting the war run its course without a firm objective and without an understand of what cost is too high for American families to pay.
Like many of predecessors, President Obama doesn’t want to be a president who “lost” a war. | <urn:uuid:630a8df5-d46c-4f94-9453-d0175b25d168> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://itchyfish.com/like-vietnam-the-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars-are-on-auto-pilot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.974487 | 1,202 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 65-8 BC, known in English as Horace, was a Roman poet during the time of Augustus. He aspired to deliver his idea to the individual, in a way that it would stick mentally with the individual. Horace’s basic concept of ethical cause and effect poses that the individual should remain in the golden mean. He or she should expect no more, and no less than the healthy medium.
In his odes, Horace ultimately provides that the only major thing in life, is death. Death comes to everyone. With this inescapable end, all men will be equal during and after their last breath, and thus they are equal throughout their lives. The amount of wealth an individual possesses will not mean anything after that person is deceased. A person can work really hard to obtain riches, however, ultimately, this doesn’t change their position. However, he points out that a person does not want to find himself in poverty, because this will lead to material suffering. What is the solution? Live in the healthy medium; the golden mean.
Horace discusses this Stoic idea, and his reasoning behind it. There is not a substantial need to overwork yourself to obtain excessive riches, however, you must avoid poverty. In a nutshell, Horace says to live a balanced life, don’t allow less, and don’t do any more. You should make an effort, but don’t go too far out of your way.
Another reason he provides for living in the “golden mean,” is simply that of avoiding disappointment. If you make significant plans for yourself, you are enlarging the possibility of disappointment. Why? Horace says the fates have plan for every individual. The plans the fates have may or may not coordinate with those of the individual. If individuals position themselves in a middle class type of lifestyle, that is adjustable, then they will not encounter major disappointment.
Horace provides the example of the ant. She consumes what she gathers, and lays up only when she needs to. He says that people should follow this example. He poses the question, what is the point in having piles of gold? You cannot take your wealth with you when you die, it will be taken by friends and family, and your effort will be forgotten. Throughout his writing, he points to the golden mean, not too hot, not too cold; just right. In his first satire, he explains that individuals should not equate wealth with who they are; it does not define them. Rather, they should seek a balanced lifestyle, in which they can imitate the life of the ant.
Death is certain, no one can escape it, but living in the golden mean as Horace says to do, according to Horace, will provide satisfaction. Horace describes what we call today, the middle-class lifestyle. You do not have to depend on other people, and other people do not have to depend on you. This medium will give individuals a balance. Ultimately, the middle-class will be equal to the wealthy, because both WILL encounter death. | <urn:uuid:764bd1e0-70c8-4720-ab42-8d0489f1f435> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://purplefrog01.com/tag/roman-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540490743.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206173152-20191206201152-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.969713 | 646 | 3.3125 | 3 |
As a student I learned that bumblebee species differ in tongue length and that they visit mainly matching flowers. Since then, I’m fascinated by floral ecology. Though I took another direction in my career, I still can’t look at a flower that I don’t know without wondering who pollinates it. The beauty of it: the flower itself gives you some hints. It’s not as rigid as the classification may seem, but it’s a guidance.
Bee flowers – big variety in form and colour
Of course I begin with bees. They are the most specialized pollinators: they feed on nectar on pollen and sometimes they are even specialized on single plants. Bee flowers on the other hand, are very diverse, but have some common traits. They’re brightly coloured, but not pure red. Yellow, white and blue are very attractive. This is because bees see colours differently than us, but I don’t want to wander off too much. Check this little video, if you’re interested in how bees see the world. “Bee flowers” have the typical smell that we would call “floral”, it’s sweet and in general we would judge it as nice (roses, violets, lavender…). Flowers try to attract bees by these signals. Sometimes though, they don’t make it too easy for them to get what they want. The variety of forms is amazing:
The very long ones – butterfly and moth flowers
Such asymmetric flowers with the nectaries at the end of a long tube are visited and pollinated mainly by long-tongued bees. There are even more inaccessible flowers, those which are meant for butterflies and moths. These generally are very long and narrow and the petals form a kind of plate on top. An example is the campion on the picture above this post or this Dianthus:
Butterflies also manage to handle the more complicated bee flowers:
Or just have some fun together with other pollinators on less complicated blackberry flowers:
Which leads to another pollinator group.
Flies – the neglected pollinators
Do you wonder why I said trio under the last pic. You saw the fly, didn’t you? Well, flies are pollinators, too. And quite important ones, there is more and more evidence for that. And some of them are quite impressive. This year I saw my first hornet mimicking hoverflies, Volucella zonaria.
There are also special “fly flowers”, which often are less brightly coloured and may have a quite… well, organic smell. The nectar is easy accessible. An example is ivy:
As I said, the classifications are more a guidance than a strict rule.
We shouldn’t forget beetles in this list. They may be the less important in this list, but some species do visit flowers and feed on the pollen. They like flowers which offer their pollen openly, without too much difficulties. Like poppies:
Floral ecology of course is much more than immagining who visits certain plants. It’s all about the structures and physiological processes involved in pollination. The relationship between plants and pollinators from the flowers perspective. How do they attract the pollinators? What rewards do they give? How difficult is it to get to this reward? And so on. All in all a very fascinating area. You may take it as a game: sit in front of a patch of flowers, and guess by the characteristics you see who may be the intended visitor. | <urn:uuid:fa33c978-45c5-4b7c-895b-2b13c69404a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.bee-safe.eu/articles/bee-thoughts/floral-ecology-the-flower-tells-you-what-pollinator-to-expect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911027.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030153002-20201030183002-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.963646 | 750 | 3.265625 | 3 |
SEOUL, South Korea — South Korea, the world's most wired country, is rushing to turn what sounds like science fiction into everyday life. The government, which succeeded in getting broadband Internet into 72 percent of all households in the last half decade, has marshaled an army of scientists and business leaders to make robots full members of society.
By 2007, networked robots that, say, relay messages to parents, teach children English and sing and dance for them when they are bored, are scheduled to enter mass production. Outside the home, they are expected to guide customers at post offices or patrol public areas, searching for intruders and transmitting images to monitoring centers.
If all goes according to plan, robots will be in every South Korean household between 2015 and 2020. That is the prediction, at least, of the Ministry of Information and Communication, which has grouped more than 30 companies, as well as 1,000 scientists from universities and research institutes, under its wing. Some want to move even faster.
"My personal goal is to put a robot in every home by 2010," said Oh Sang Rok, manager of the ministry's intelligent service robot project.
Reeling from the Asian financial crisis of 1997, South Korea decided that becoming a high-tech nation was the only way to secure its future.Continue reading the main story
The government deregulated the telecommunications and Internet service industries and made investments as companies laid out cables in cities and into the countryside. The government offered information technology courses to homemakers, subsidized computers for low-income families and made the country the first in the world to have high-speed Internet in every primary, junior and high school.
As with robots and most other specific technologies, the government has had a strong hand in guiding businesses and research centers. Failures have occurred — most spectacularly in biotechnology, when the cloning scientist, Dr. Hwang Woo Suk, was exposed as a fraud — but the successes are many.
South Koreans use futuristic technologies that are years away in the United States; companies like Microsoft and Motorola test products here before introducing them in the United States.
Since January, Koreans have been able to watch television broadcasts on cellphones, free, thanks to government-subsidized technology. In April, South Korea will introduce the first nationwide superfast wireless Internet service, called WiBro, eventually making it possible for Koreans to remain online on the go — at 10 megabits per second, faster than most conventional broadband connections.
South Korea, perhaps more than any other country, is transforming itself through technology. About 17 million of the 48 million South Koreans belong to Cyworld, a Web-based service that is a sort of parallel universe where everyone is interconnected through home pages. The interconnectivity has changed the way and speed with which opinions are formed, about everything from fashion to politics, technology and social science experts said.
Chang Duk Jin, a sociologist at Seoul National University who has studied the effects of technology on society, said it had profoundly influenced domestic politics. Two years ago, after the opposition-led National Assembly impeached President Roh Moo Hyun, a consensus began forming on the Internet that the move was politically motivated — two hours after the vote took place, Mr. Chang said.
"That quickly led to mass demonstrations," he said. "That kind of thing had never happened in Korea before. Everyone is connected to everyone else, so issues spread very fast and kind of unpredictably."
There has been at least one unpredictable side effect: fierce witch hunts. In a case that caused national soul-searching, a woman riding the subway with her dog last year refused to clean up after it defecated in the car. One angry passenger photographed her with a camera-equipped cellphone and later posted the photos. Soon, all of wired South Korea seemed to be on the hunt for "Dog Poop Girl." Several misidentified women were verbally attacked, and finally the woman herself was identified on the Internet and humiliated as the topic of countless online discussions.
Such problems have led the government to consider curbing anonymity on the Internet, a proposal that has drawn strong opposition here. In another response, in February, the government released a 256-page "IT Ethics" textbook for junior and high school students. Teachers are expected to spend 30 hours instructing from the textbook, whose chapters include "Healthy Mobile Phone Culture," and "Protecting Personal Privacy."
"Education has lagged behind the technology," said Park Jung Ho, a professor of computer science at Sunmoon University here.
The government, though, is pushing ahead relentlessly. It has drawn a precise timetable on specific technologies to develop or invent, one of them robotics.
Mr. Oh of the Communication Ministry said South Korea lagged behind American, Japanese and European competitors in robotics but was aiming to be No. 3 by 2013. While other countries have focused on developing military, industrial or humanoid robots, he said, South Korea decided three years ago to develop service robots that, instead of operating independently, derive their intelligence from being part of a network.
Late last year, three types of robots were distributed to 64 randomly selected households, as well as two post offices, with mixed results, Mr. Oh said. In October, a second phase in the testing will put robots in 650 households and 20 public places.
By 2007, the networked robots are expected to be on the market. Yujin Robot started developing prototypes in 2004 and has sold 100, mostly to universities and research institutes, said Shin Kyung Chul, the company's president. It is the leader in making small, $500 robots that move around the house using sensors, vacuuming or sweeping. They have become popular gifts for newlyweds.
One of the networked robots — the two-foot-tall Jupiter with a big monitor in its chest, a round rotating head with big eyes that change shape to emulate emotions — can recognize faces and voices. Jupiter recited a nursery rhyme and danced, as Mr. Shin explained his vision of a robot-centered "intelligent society."
Kim Mun Sang, director of the Center for Intelligent Robotics, which groups about 500 scientists in a project by government and industry, said networked robots needed a "killer app" before they could become fully integrated into the wired society. He said the conditions were not ripe yet and would not be for another "5 to 10 years."
"But eventually robots could change how we live in a way we can't predict right now," Mr. Kim said. "It's like the PC. No one ever thought the PC and the Internet would transform our society the way they have."Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:bccd9d8a-7b97-47f8-b7c1-c7b9c7d4849b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/world/asia/02robot.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018152212-20181018173712-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.965328 | 1,365 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Fear of Crowds
What Is A Phobia?
The Greek word for “fear” is phobos, which is where we get the word “phobia.” Therefore, any time we see a word ending with “-phobia,” we know that we are dealing with a fear of something or some event. Below is a list of known phobias.
Acrophobia: Fear of heights
Hydrophobia: Fear of water
Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders
Claustrophobia: Fear of being in closed spaces
Agoraphobia: Fear of Crowds
Avoidance: The Real Culprit
Regardless of the fear, all have one thing in common: avoidance. We avoid taking the elevator because we fear we will be trapped, suffocate, and die. If we are at a restaurant, we fear we may be having a heart attack, faint, or go crazy. Therefore, we must avoid going out in public. It’s better to take the stairs than the elevator since we won’t be trapped inside.
We erroneously believe that if we avoid what makes us fearful, then we won’t have to experience those feelings. However, the truth is that when we avoid those situations, we are actually reinforcing our fear.
Breaking the Cycle
To be free from whatever phobia we may experience, we need to know the truth about our feelings and how to overcome them.
Like Pavlov’s dog, we’ve conditioned ourselves to be fearful. So the only solution is to recondition our thoughts and accept the truth rather than our misbeliefs.
Below are a few tips to achieve freedom from our fear.
1. Panic attacks as a result of agoraphobia or any king of phobia does not lead to insanity. Those feelings may be uncomfortable, but you can overcome them.
2. Do the 3-4-5 exercise. Breathe in for three seconds, hold your breath for four seconds, then exhale for five seconds. Repeat this at least four or five times.
3. Utilize desensitization techniques. Break down your fear into baby steps. Instead of leaving the house, walk to the end of the driveway. Stay there for a few minutes until you feel better. Next time walk to the end of the block. If you feel anxious, just practice the breathing exercises, and tell yourself the truth.
4. Replace the fear of being in public with the fun of being in public. Imagine spending time with friends and family, whether you’re at a restaurant or at a symphony.
5. Play the Even-If Game. Instead of asking, “What if . . . ?”, say, “Even if this happens, I might not like it, but I won’t die, lose control, or be humiliated. At worst, I’ll feel a little uncomfortable, that’s all.”
The key to avoidance is by doing what we fear. Irrational thoughts are the foundation of all phobias. We have to break the pattern by associating what’s fun and pleasurable about being out in public rather than what might happen.
Some may ask how long it takes to be set free from agoraphobia. The answer depends on the willingness and courage of the individual. By repeatedly subjecting ourselves to what we fear, combined with the proper mindset, we can break this fear forever.
Prevent future life-threatening accidents
With painless and non-invasive treatments at our clinic. | <urn:uuid:b1cc5b01-8462-449f-8a00-58196f1c229b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://bdccure.com/fear-of-crowds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027170516-20201027200516-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.920323 | 752 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Ksav Sofer writes that history concerns the nature of nations and how they fall into one of three categories. Either they are the conquerors; or they are the conquered and serve another nation or the third type which applies to the majority of nations, is none of the above. They do not conquer nor do they become the conquered, they just exist to themselves.
The history of the Jewish people however differs. History has shown over and over again that the state of Am Yisrael portrays a duel character, one that fluctuates between periods of conquering and dominion and periods of being the downtrodden nation that is enslaved and subject to others. Never have we found Yisrael to be in the third category of being not the conqueror nor the conquered. What is it about our peculiar nature that we don’t fit into the all encompassing historical formula?
This recognition of our unique role in history from amongst all the other nations was acknowledged even by the prestigious British historian Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) who through his controversial theory on civilizations became known to be an “anti-Semite.” According to his theory published in twelve volumes with more than 3 million words, he stated that civilizations, like human beings, have life cycles that are marked by rises and falls. But the story of the Jewish people, who were determined to survive 2,000 years in the Galus only to rise again as a modern nation, did not suit his theory. Thus Toynbee described the Jews as a historic “fossil” – not dead, true, but also not really alive.
What does a gentile know about Jewish History even if he is highly educated, brilliant and an outstanding historian to boot? Absolutely nothing! To the naked eye and with only an external look alone, history is only a hester, a concealment and the inner truth is cloaked over. It is like trying to analyze the functions of the body without realizing the existence of a heart which is its life force. Omitting Hashem from events is the greatest hester and delusion for by doing so one is removing the true cause and effect relationship that brings about what we call history.
Interpreting historic events by seeing them through the lens of the Torah, with the ruach hakodesh of Chazal and the meforshim, Toynbee’s fossil nation suddenly becomes more alive and perpetual than any other nation that ever existed or that will ever exist in the future. Even Yisro who heard all about Yetzias Mitzrayim as the first passuk in his parsha attests to, nevertheless when he met Moshe the passuk says (Shmos 18,8) that Moshe retold him the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim. Only then ויחד יתרו Yisro rejoiced. There is a tremendous difference between hearing the same events interpreted by goyim and sometimes even Yidden and between listening to its interpretation by a Gadol Hador.
Let us examine the opening pessukim of our parsha in the light of Kesav Sofer’s explanation and we will see contrary to Toynbee that it is every other nation who are the historic fossils of humanity and that only Am Yisrael alone are alive, thriving and eternal. In derech melitzah we can say that we apply to Toynbee the dictum of Chazal (Kiddushin 70b) כל הפוסל במומו פוסל anyone who fossils someone else really points a finger at himself projecting that he himself is the fossil.
The Ksav Sofer writes that the answer to his question why Am Yisrael is the only nation that deifies the irrefutable pattern of history is very simple. The nations of the world are influenced by the mazal and zodiac. Sometimes the constellations are in their favor and they rise and sometimes not and they fall and many times neither. This is in contrast with Klal Yisrael whose very existence is above the zodiacs and celestial bodies and they receive their direction and influence straight from Hashem alone. Therefore for us there are only two choices. The preferred choice is to fulfill the miztvos that He commands which rewards us with being superior over all the nations as the passuk says (Devraim 26,19) ולתתך עליון על כל גויי הארץ. It is then that we are crowned to be His Am Segulah and held in high esteem by the nations of the world. The only remaining scenario is that if we fail to observe the Torah we will become the conquered, descend into galus, and suffer until we do the teshuvah that Hashem desires.
This is the meaning of the opening passuk of the parsha. ראה אנכי נותן לפניכם היום ברכה וקללה I am giving before you beracha and curse. This declaration says clearly that unlike the nations of the world there are only two choices. Your beracha can only come אשר תשמעון by listening to what I command you. The curse will befall you when you don’t listen to Me. You are unique from all other nations that can just remain in a “Parve” state for years, Stalemate, not affected by others and not affecting them but just “doing your own thing”. Minding your own business does not exist in Jewish history vocabulary. Am Yisrael will always be the center of world news either as the conqueror or the conquered. We will rise and fall, control or be controlled but we will never find ourselves off the seesaw. Our history is determined by our actions and commitment to Hashem for good or for bad. Our heights and lows are in our hands alone contingent upon our moral choices.
The Medrash Rabba in the parsha also echos the same thoughts on this passuk
א”ר אלעזר הסייף והספר ירדו כרוכים מן השמים אמר להן אם תעשו מה שכתוב בספר הזה אתם ניצולים מן הסייף הזה ואם לא תעשו אתם נהרגים בסייף הזה ד”א אם תאבו ושמעתם א”ר לוי למה”ד לעבד שאמר לו רבו הרי מונייק של זהב ואם לאו הרי כבלים של ברזל כך אמר הקב”ה לישראל אם עשיתם את רצוני הרי הטוב והברכה ואם לאו הרי הקללה הרי שתי דרכים לפניכם ראה אנכי נותן לפניכם היום ברכה וקללה.
There are only two choices for Am Yisrael the sword or the sefer. If you choose the sefer you will be saved from the sword. If you choose not to observe the sefer you will receive the sword. This awareness of the existence of only two polarized realities the sefer or the sword was the 24/7 driving force of the lives of our Avos that merited them to become the spiritual DNA of Klal Yisrael as it stands today. An allusion to this is that ספר סייף are gematriah 502 which are the total number of years that the Avos lived, 175 Avraham,180 Yitzchak, 147 Yaakov.
If one however delves into Chazal he will discover that this issue of Yidden not being affected by mazal is not as simple as it seems. In Shabbos 156 we find an argument whether the rules of mazalos apply to Am Yisrael. One Amorah is of the opinion אין מזל לישראל that we are not affected by the zodiac and the other one says יש מזל לישראל. Tosfos asks from a gemarah in Moed Katan 28 against the one who is of the opinion that there is no mazal for Yidden why then do we find Rava clearly stating that children, life, and sustenance depend upon mazal and not on merits? Tosfos answers that this statement of Rava that these three are not dependent on merits really means that they are not dependent upon regular merits but rather it requires special merits to block the influence of the mazal.
From this we see that even the one who is of the opinion that Am Yisrael are not bound by the influence of the natural forces, he never meant in an all-inclusive way. His intention was rather to say that we still remain to some extent under their influence in such areas as birthing children, life and sustenance if we only possess insufficient merits to change their given destiny. However, if we can muster up greater zechusim with more fervent tefillos we have the ability to change even the mazal’s leaning upon us.
The gemarah in Berachos 28 says that our eighteen berachos of the Shemoneh Esrai is derived from the eighteen names of Hashem that are mentioned in our perek 29 of Tehillim. The gemarah goes on to learn out in detail how the berachos are actually alluded to in the pessukim. The first beracha which is called Avos parallels the first passuk in the perek הבו לה’ בני אלים because the Avos are called אלים (Rosh Hashanah 32). Why did Dovid Hamelech alter their title by calling themאלים which is a description of their power rather than the more frequently used title of Avos?
In the sefer Shemen Rosh (vol. 2 p. 158) he explains that a person might second guess himself asking why am I davening to Hashem for Him to change my lot if the mazal that I was born under dictates my the birth of children, quality of life and amount of parnassah? It is for this reason that the Anshei Keneses Hagadolah established the first beracha of Shemoneh Esari with the subject of the Avos paralleling it to Dovid Hamelech’s perek in Tehillim who gives them the title ofאלים for the purpose of strengthening one’s resolve to invest himself with a powerful tefillah. For Dovid Hamelech also had this in mind when he titled the Avos with the name אלים which is the acronym יש מזל לישראל אין. This is to make the mispallel cognizant of the fact that even though there is a determining mazal to Yisrael, with great effort and sacrifice and with special merits and sincere heartfelt tefillos, one can actually change it. The Avos have inherited this power to all of their descendents.
An allusion to this is the gematriah of the word אליםincluding its inner letters. אלים is gematriah 81. The aleph contains the letters of לף, the lamid contains the letters of מד,the yud contains the letters of וד, and the mem contains the letter of מ. The gematriah of these inner letters equals 204. Together the full gematriah of אלים is 285. The gematriah ofבנים וחיים ומזון is also 285. Even though these three areas are affected by mazal, the Yid has the ability to go beyond his limitations and bring about a greater shefa from above.
We can extend this thought even further. Every person is born with a tailor made set of qualities, character, intelligence, personality, talents, pluses and minuses etc. There are people who complain about their lot that they were not born with a higher level of intelligence and therefore learning Torah is too difficult and challenging for them. It is important for them to realize that sincere tefillah and sacrifice can alter even one’s intelligence.
Let us take for example the building of the Mishkan. The Medrash says (Shmos Rabba 48,3) on the passuk “See that Hashem called in the name of Bezalel the son of Uri the son of Chur”. The Medrash asks why mention Chur the grandfather? It is to teach us the reason how was it possible that Bezalail who was only thirteen years old at that time, nevertheless supernaturally possessed the wisdom to construct the Mishkan and all its vessels. It was because his grandfather Chur sacrificed his life to restrain Yidden from making the Aigel Hazahav that his grandson merited to receive such incredible wisdom even though his personal mazal did not dictate so. That is why the passuk (Shmos 35,35) uses the term מלא אותם He filled them with chachma. By using the word מלא the Torah alluded to its acronym אין מזל לישראל. Even though the mazal did not favor the granting to these individuals exceptional wisdom, Hashem felt that they were worthy of meriting it.
Everyone has the potential to overcome his limitations and overpower his personal mazal.
This is Hillel’s famous message (Pirkei Avos 1,14) אם אין אני לי מי לי if I am not for myself then who will be it for me. There is no duplication in creation. Every person is unique with his special one time mission that never was and will never be again since creation. A person should never say that he was born or raised spiritually, emotionally, or psychologically handicapped which set him on the path of failure in his mission. We must always remember even if you think it is true you still have the ability to rise and attain the level of אין מזל לישראל the letters ofמלא which are the same letters of the acronym אם אין אני לי מי לי.
So now to return to the question, are we or aren’t we under the influence of the mazalos? Klal Yisrael as a nation is not under a mazal. It was with the understanding of this concept that the Ksav Sofer wrote his interpretation on the first passuk of the parsha. As far as individuals, there are differing opinions. Tosfos however brings that even if we are under the mazal’s influence, with super tefillah and merits one can override even the mazalos.
This would answer the question how does one wish another person with the beracha of mazal tov? Either the particular time of the simcha is under the influence of a good mazal or a bad one, so what does it mean you wish that it should be a good mazal. We must say that in this wish of mazal tov one is really being mispallel that the baal simcha should acquire sufficient merits to change the mazal to good even though it might have been bad.
Mazal Tov to all of us.
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|Spanish to English translations [PRO]|
|Spanish term or phrase: doble escolaridad / turno mañana / turno tarde|
¿Cómo se dice esto en inglés (en Estados Unidos)?
"La mayoría de los colegios de la zona son de doble escolaridad." (en la Argentina también se dice doble turno: los chicos tienen clases a la mañana y a la tarde)
"Las clases para los grados de primaria se dictan en el turno mañana, y para los de secundaria en el turno tarde."
|double shift schools/classes Morning shift Afternoon shift|
The following entry says this started in the 1960's, but I remember getting stuck with this in 1953. It is especially memorable because I got the afternoon shift, my brother the morning one. So I got stuck with all the housework, my brother got to go to the movies with his buddies. My mother explained this discrepancy by saying that housework got done in the mornings, not the afternoons.
[PDF] Double-shift Secondary Schools: Possibilities and Issues
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
... recommends in a very brief discussion the use of double-shift schools to increase the average number of classes per teacher (and hence reduce unit costs) at ...
1,170 more Google hits for "double shift classes" at:
Selected response from:
Local time: 11:18
|Gracias a todos!|
Me quedo con la respuesta (y las anécdotas!) de Yolanda pero también con todas las otras sugerencias, que creo que me pueden servir en otras combinaciones. Gracias en especial por el aporte de "extended day", y Alan, I agree, we could sure use Oso right now...
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer
8 mins confidence: 9 mins confidence: peer agreement (net): +1
The majority of schools in the area have double shifts, morning and afternoon.
I would say that it is something rather unimaginable in th US just as it is in Australia, but that would be the best way to convey the idea.
Local time: 23:18
Native speaker of: English
PRO pts in pair: 64
|Login to enter a peer comment (or grade)|15 mins confidence: 1 hr confidence: 1 hr confidence: peer agreement (net): +2
extended day / morning session / afternoon session
This is how we refer to this system in our school district here in the United States, where this method is in fact used in quite a few schools. The terminology could vary by region.
I would avoid using the word "shift" in connection with a school, as this term generally applies to the workplace. I remember that when I was a child growing up in Southern California (I'm almost 50 now), they spoke of "double sessions" and maybe even "double shifts"; however, "extended day", though somewhat of a euphemism, is commonly used now, perhaps to soften the negative reaction of parents.
We could use "Oso" right now (San Jose, California schools).
Parent who has brought up 4 children through public schools in Orem, Utah, USA
| Alan Lambson|
Local time: 09:18
Native speaker of: English
PRO pts in pair: 114
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Looking at it today, Bach's lifetime achievement seems even more incredible than it might have looked for earlier generations: it is so much music that we can hardly imagine that it is possible to even just copy it using only a quill and ink within his lifespan of 65 years, let alone compose it. And we must not forget that he was not only a composer, but also a performer (which even for someone like Bach requires practice and rehearsal, at least from time to time), a civil servant, teacher, father and husband. The complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach nowadays exceeds the duration of far more than 100 CDs, which places his oeuvre not only artistically beyond comprehension but also makes it only comparable to those of Michelangelo, William Shakespeare or Pablo Picasso.
Nevertheless almost every attempt to approach the private person Johann Sebastian Bach has failed, even if a number of biographers have tried to do so over the last centuries and, while doing so, have shown a remarkable courage for pure fiction. Aside from his countless musical manuscripts, there is only one single document in his own handwriting that we possess, this being the infamous letter to the authorities in Leipzig that made posterity assume that he Bach was a rebellious character. Marten t'Haart quite reasonably argues that this might also be proof of the exact opposite: During all those years as an employee of surely not only agreeable nobility and authorities, there was only one incident that made him rebel?
We know nothing. The true nature of the human being Johann Sebastian Bach, let's just be honest, does not matter for playing and listening to Bach's music, as this music is pure and absolute and, due to this pureness, rich in possible meanings: Every player and every listener reads, plays, hears and feels different and individual details. This music shows as many varieties as human nature itself and comes in all aspects of human intellect and soul, equal only to the way that nature makes humans different from and similar to each other at the same time.
It seems that we will not come much closer to a true biography of Johann Sebastian Bach than a list of places where Bach was at certain times in his life, and even that list has huge gaps in it for long periods of time. The only thing that we can and should try is to imagine the world that he entered when, between schoolteaching, children, copyists, musicians, servants and other domestic upheavals, he wrote works like the Goldberg Variations, the passions, the B Minor Mass, Violin and Cello Suites and, last but not least, for many years a cantata every week. He certainly had no time for self-indulgence.
St Thomas Church in Leipzig is the place where he is now buried, under a plate that simply reads "Bach", similar to the marriage certificate of Elizabeth II. that states as "Father's profession" simply: "King".
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You are here: Online Safety Parent Toolkit > Understand
Young people find the internet an easier place to explore their identity, to challenge adult norms and boundaries, experiment with relationships and practice a range of behaviours. However, many of the consequences and implications of these things are amplified online. Get our advice on how to understand the online challenges young people may face in this section of the Online Safety Parent Toolkit.
UNDERSTAND THE ONLINE CHALLENGES
For many parents, as they were growing up, it would have been impossible to imagine what the internet would look like, what it was capable of, and the ways it could help us. It goes without saying then that understanding the challenges that exist online for young people is not something that most parents can draw from using their own experiences.
By contrast, our young people have at their fingertips access to so many digital opportunities – to stay connected to friends and loved ones, to learn, to play, to explore and to understand the world around them. But with those wide-ranging opportunities there are risks and challenges. Understanding what they look like and how you can help your children navigate them is one of the most important aspects of modern parenting.
Netsafe’s research has identified that nearly 19 percent of New Zealand teens have experienced an unwanted digital communication that had a negative impact on their daily activities. The same research identified that most teens response to unwanted contact was to block the person, ignore the situation or report the problem to an adult. While the challenges young people face varies depending on their age and what they do online, there are some key challenges every parent should know about.
WHAT ARE THE KEY ONLINE CHALLENGES
The internet offers endless opportunities for people to learn, connect and be entertained, but there are also some downsides that are important to understand. While the challenges each child may face will be different, there are some risks that are worth understanding in more detail.
- Online bullying
- Unwanted contact
- Social media risks
- Sexting and nudes
- Upsetting content
Netsafe has prepared easy to understand advice about a range of challenges parents often say are important in their homes, but also the most difficult to work through. These guides will provide a sense of the main issues to be aware of, and some strategies to help minimise the harm if things go wrong online.
ONLINE SAFETY PARENT TOOLKIT
You’re currently within the ‘Understand’ section of our Online Safety Parent Toolkit where online risks and challenges are explored.
This is the first step in our seven-step framework designed to help parents and whānau with digital parenting in a rapidly changing world. We recommend reading through each step of the Toolkit as this will guide you on how to support your child to confidently access digital opportunities and reduce online harm.
If you’re concerned about the immediate safety of you or someone else, please call 111. If you want help or expert incident advice, you can contact us. Our service is free, non-judgemental and available seven days a week.
- Email email@example.com
- Call toll free on 0508 NETSAFE (0508 638 723)
- Online report at netsafe.org.nz/report
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As the World Health Organization began moving towards their global Pandemic Treaty, a new disease suddenly emerged. Mainstream media outlets diverted citizens from the WHO’s latest power grab with a blitzkrieg of foreboding monkeypox headlines. According to ‘experts’, the virus spread throughout Europe, Australia, and America in early May. Those afflicted develop protruding lesions. Symptoms include muscle pain, fever, headache, and chills. Medical professionals insist the zoonotic pathogen is due to human-animal exposure. However, some inquisitive researchers believe the mysterious outbreak could be linked to an unexpected source.
Inoculation-Induced Skin Blistering
Internal Pfizer documents present concerning findings regarding COVID-19 vaccines. During the clinical trials, laboratory technicians noticed test subjects experienced unusual side effects. According to a recently released dossier labeled 5.3.6 CUMULATIVE ANALYSIS OF POST-AUTHORIZATION ADVERSE EVENT REPORTS OF PF-07302048 (BNT162B2) RECEIVED THROUGH 28-FEB-2021, recipients suffered from a host of inoculation-induced illnesses. One specific reaction listed is autoimmune blistering disease. The report reveals that 8,476 participants developed skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. Immunized individuals developing similar ailments are also described in the federal VAERS database. Numerous entries state patients experienced epidermal abnormalities post-vaccination. | <urn:uuid:e7805272-5867-4585-8d4c-c1dac0425cfc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://downthechupacabrahole.com/tag/smallpox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103671290.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630092604-20220630122604-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.900487 | 300 | 2.953125 | 3 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A tag worn by or attached to a person or thing that bears their name or other identifying details.‘get an identification tag for your dog's collar’
- ‘Their bags and personal items were moved from the patient bus to the baggage storage area, often without identification tags.’
- ‘Although the tags cost £3 each they can double as a secondary livestock identification tag, he suggested.’
- ‘Retailers are excited about radio-frequency identification tags (RFID), which many are studying as a way to track inventory.’
- ‘Do keep identification tags updated in the event your dog runs away.’
- ‘Diabetic identification tags or bracelets should be worn.’
- ‘After recording the physical aspects of the visiting birds, identification tags are attached to the birds to facilitate future observation.’
- ‘I accompanied Joseph's body to the morgue at the District Hospital, Carlow where I placed identification tags on his wrists and ankle.’
- ‘Although identification tags are mandatory, contractor uniforms are optional.’
- ‘Others use cat collars to hold identification tags in case the animal gets lost.’
- ‘They follow us home from the library via a radio-frequency identification tag.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:ede4f84c-1c3a-49f0-b6ba-c1641c7a429b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/identification_tag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.883993 | 313 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Trees are very intentional in their choices, by necessity. It’s a cruel world in the forest, and nature does not give a lot of second chances. Over millions of years trees and other woody plants have evolved very specific ways to grow, reproduce, and die, and much of this is predicated by growing together in communities in the forest
When a tree is growing by itself in a lawn and not in a forest setting, sometimes these mechanisms break down and don’t work. An example of this is the failure of one of my favorite trees on campus, a well known and well loved European Beech on the southwest corner of Battell Beach.
Many in our community will recognize this tree, I’ve seen people enjoying it for years. It’s a popular tree with slackliners, as well as hammock denizens. A low, broad spreading canopy gave a dense shade dappled with just enough sunlight to make it not quite feel cave-like. This beech, like some of the elms on campus, had a cathedral-like structure that made the tree feel like it’s own room, but this one was close enough to some major sidewalks that there was never a feeling of isolation.
One of the ways trees have evolved to live in a forest is to shed branches safely. Picture a forest community, with all it’s upper branches reaching for the light, growing every year skyward. Lower branches become shaded and unproductive, and these must be dropped rather than wasting upwards energy trying to sustain them. Trees have very specific branch attachments, so when a branch dies the tree can compartmentalize where the branch was, not allowing ddecay and fungus to spread into the main trunk.
In order for this to happen, the branch needs to be smaller than the piece it is attached upon. Sometimes, particularly in urban trees, the branches or trunks will be similar size, and this will cause a weak union, often made worse with included bark between the union.
The base of the Battell Beach Beech (couldn’t help myself there) was three trunks of similar size all attachted at the root flare, with an oddball trunk or two thrown in. All three had cankers at the base, and all had included bark in the union. Friday afternoon, on a calm day with zero wind or rain, one of these trunks had had enough, falling away, dropping nearly a third of the crown.
It’s possible this could have been prevented, at least in the short term. Other trees on campus have similarly weak attachments, and we’ve preserved these trees by careful pruning, or sometimes cables and brace rods. However, these beech not only had bad trunks, but large cankers (dead areas) were on all of the trunks, further compromising it’s health. Any interventions we could have done probably would have been for naught, or worst case made the tree worse.
With one of the trunks gone and the other trunk union between the two stems also weak, this tree is now much more structurally unstable than before the trunk fell away. We’ll be removing the rest of the tree before the start of the fall semester. While we sometimes don’t replant where trees have been removed, this is such a great location for a tree that’ll it’ll be high on the priority list.
Trees do everything relatively slowly-germinate, grow, live, even die slowly, sometimes taking decades. Arborists speak of a ‘mortality spiral’-when a tree suffers a series of compounding minor injustices and slowly declines until it’s eventual, and often undramatic, death. Owing to this tree time, in arboriculture there are very few red flag moments, those ‘drop everything and deal with this problem’ panics. Most of mine tend to be trees that have fallen across roads or fire lanes. Recently, we removed the Holiday lighted tree from the center of the main quad, having found a major red flag.
The Lighted tree was a Norway spruce, located next to Storrs Walk on the way up to the Chapel. There are only a couple of spruce left, but in past years they had formed a line on either side of the quad north of the McCullough Gymnasium, making a border and windbreak to what was athletic fields and are now our quad.
Film approximately 1930, thanks to Middlebury Special Collections- https://archive.org/details/middfilms_ff098 .
Norway spruce is a widely planted fast growing tree, native to northern and central Europe. They tend to live about 300-400 years in their native range and grow 60-80’ tall. The branches rise and ascend at the upper levels of the tree canopy, but gracefully swoop and hang down at lower levels. This is thought to aid in shedding snow in northern climes, but also lend a grace and beauty to the tree. Their fast growth and evergreen status make them a very popular landscape tree, and the wood is prized for its excellent tone in stringed instruments. We have many large specimens scattered on all corners of our campus.
This tree has had lights on it since forever. It’s a pretty good slug of work yearly to keep lit, as the squirrels on campus seem to love chewing the wires. One of our landscape workers was doing a safety check of the tree before replacing some of the lights when he noticed holes in the ground at the base of the tree. He called me over to inspect, and I ambled over.
We keep a close eye on all our trees, but some more than others. Probably 20-30 are on a list of ‘risk’ trees that we inspect yearly, most often older specimens in prominent locations. The lighted tree was not on this list. It has been in poor health for the last 15 years I’ve been here, in part due to location. Much of the root system near the base of the tree is covered in concrete sidewalk. Looking at the crown of the tree the poor growth rate was evident-little new shoot activity and a thin crown with few branches. But not all trees have to be perfect, just safe.
The holes around the root flare were indeed concerning, there were multiple locations where clearly a chipmunk or something had burrowed underneath the root flare. This was not the red flag, though. The excavation did not seem to be recent, and was not accompanied by mounds and mounds of dirt around the holes. I took a small tool and tapped on the trunk, usually my next step after inspecting the root flare.
As I suspected, it sounded hollow, a low thunky sound that’s hard to describe. Healthy wood has a solid ringing sound, like it’s proud of its strength, a low muted thump is usually the sign of rotten wood, a loud drum beat means it’s hollow. Taking a drill with a long but very narrow drill bit I probed several locations on the trunk. The drill enters live wood slow and needs quite a bit of pressure to do down into the trunk, but on soft, rotten wood encounters no resistance at all. I discovered about 1” of live wood before drilling through what was clearly rot. I drilled up about 5’ and found it was a column of decay from the base right up through the main part of the trunk. Probing and drilling around the root flare didn’t seem to indicate decay.
This is called a heart rot-the heartwood of the tree being attacked and decomposed by fungi, in this case probably Phellinus pini.Not the red flag though! Picture an old brick building, it’s interior walls long gone, but the solid outer walls holding strong for years. A tree can be hollow and still be strong, or at least strong enough to stay upright. Heart rot breaks down lignin, the structural cell component that makes wood strong and able to bear weight. Of more concern are usually sap rots, fungal species that break down cellulose in cell walls and compromises the flexibility of trees.
The red flag appeared as I walked up to the tree right at the very beginning, although I wasn’t sure. It seemed to me like the tree developed a lean, about 3 degrees towards the east, now appearing to loom subtlety but menacingly over the north/south sidewalk. I wasn’t sure, though. Looking at the ground next to the trunk it appeared slightly heaved up on the west side, but not dramatically so.
A persistent tree myth concerns roots. Roots don’t go deep, certainly not as deep as the tree is tall, and very rarely do trees have a true taproot. Instead, most tree roots are found within the top foot of soil, extending out past the crown of the tree. Most trees will send sinker roots down from those lateral roots, driving about 2-3 feet down, like a tent stake. Norway spruce, however, don’t grow a lot of sinker roots, and as a species tend to be prone to tipping over, particularly in clay soils or high wind locations.
We have both here, high winds from the west coming downslope, and a heavy clay soil prone to seasonal moisture at the base of the ledge. Remember the soil was heaved on the west, and we also noticed a crack in the trunk. Clearly, something was moving around here. The technical, and scary sounding name is Root Plate Failure, and it’s a big deal. Trees can be hard to define, but I prefer the concept of them being a large woody plant that if it falls on you will kill you. Root plate failure means the tree has lost its support and can fall. Seeing ground heaved up next to the trunk means recent and dramatic failure, and for organisms that do everything slowly root plate failure is lightning speed in tree time.
Trees need three items to be considered a risk tree, here we have all three. One, a part that could fail (the roots), second, a mechanism for failure (wind, upcoming winter snow load), and three, most importantly, a target. The sidewalks, the fire pits, tent out in the quad, all this means many people walking around, a classic ‘target rich environment’.
It is, however, the lighted tree. All trees deserve thoughtful consideration before removal, but iconic trees in prominent locations up the ante. Giving it every chance we could, we did an old fashioned pull test. Sounds fancier than it is-tie a rope most the way up the tree on the trunk, stand way back, and have a couple people pull, simulating a windstorm. A couple people pulled towards Old Chapel, and I stood at the base of the tree and felt the trunk and ground. Sure enough, the ground beneath me moved, and the entire trunk flexed all the way to the base. This was enough of a red flag I started calling every manager/director/vice president I could reach while we had the rope in the tree, as this was best experienced live.
The International Society of Arboriculture certifies arborists in Tree Risk Assessment, and I usually run through the process before any removals. I feel like we owe it to the tree. Following standard Tree Risk Assessment protocols, with high consequences of failure and a somewhat likelihood of failure and impact I determined this tree presented moderate to high risk.
Mitigation options other than removal are non-existent. Tree based interventions, such as preventing wind throw by bracing or crown thinning are contraindicated in both the species and this tree, and there are no treatments for heart rot with such advanced decay. Given the high activity near the tree with the tent, fire pits, et.al, site-based interventions such as moving pedestrians or restricting access is not possible. Sadly, given the level of risk remaining, we felt like the tree should be removed. We waited until holiday break, to not make a lot of noise during final exams.
It’s not your imagination, the leaves are turning early this year. The reason will seem a little odd, but an understanding of a tree’s relation to time helps.
I feel for scientists that have trouble explaining the concept of time. We are lineal creatures, stuck watching time pass from one year to the next. As a horticulturist, my year goes from spring to spring. But anthropologists measure civilizations in centuries, not our ordinary years. How about geologists, counting back years by the billions. Most impressive, let’s talk about Astronomy. A light year-the time and distance it takes for a photon of light to travel. It’s called the speed of light for a reason.
Tree time moves differently. Trees do everything slowly-germinate, grow, mature, reproduce, even die. Some varieties live well within one of our short lifetimes, while others will live for generations. Time moves in fits and starts for a tree, on yearly cycles familiar to those in Agriculture. But they aren’t exactly lineal.
Remember last year? It was a growing season in a bitter drought, with no rain for most of the spring, all of summer, not breaking until late in the fall. It was hot, dry, and overall not very pleasant. I use our annual flowers we plant as a barometer, and the ones we planted around campus languished in the heat, and with the exception of some petunias none ever really amounted to much.
Our tree canopy looked OK though, and we had a nice fall. But this year, not so much. Maples are turning early, losing their already smaller than normal leaves about 4 weeks too soon. Oaks have been thin all year, with many dead twigs and branches. But it was a great growing season this year, with all flowers blooming non-stop since commencement. But not in tree time.
Trees are about a year off, marking time in their own way. They leaf out and grow all season, but reach back to the previous year’s sugars and energy stored from the prior growing season. Last year’s food is this years energy. So the drought last year certainly affected the growth of trees, but on tree time it doesn’t show up until this year. Weakened roots and inadequate resources in twigs and stems are stunting growth this year, and trees are wearing out and starting to turn early. Trees live a dual year, growing in the previous year while stockpiling for the next.
Ordinarily in the early fall there are always a couple of trees starting to turn, and the easy answer is that they are weakened, stressed trees, our canary in the coal mine showing us underlying problems we might not have seen. Usually the Black maples east of Old Chapel turn fall color early, a problem of not only age but poor soil and compaction from living in a college quad for 200 years. This year, though, it is many, many trees. Primarily sugar maples, and mostly middle-aged trees, I’d guess 40-75 years old. In tree time for a maple you can think of them as 30-year olds facing a mid-life crisis with all the associated baggage. Primarily we’ve seen trees turning this year as ones in poor soil, either on ledge, or heavy clay. Above my house on Snake Mountain I see the canopy turning color, the relatively young forest showing it’s stress.
Younger, less mature trees are probably more in balance, and also flaunt vigorous and resilient root systems, while old, mature veterans had the massive underground roots to weather the (lack of) storms. Neither are showing the stress or are turning early.
It’s too soon to say what the fall will bring for color, but I’d sure like to see a little more rain soon, and a break in this mini heat spell we’re having. I do predict an early season, though, maybe longer if the oaks in the lower elevations can hang in there.
I’m not much of a writer, so I won’t bury the lede here-our annual Arbor Day celebration will be happening tomorrow, October 7, starting at 4:00. I’ll be giving one of my walking tree tours through campus, followed by a tree and rain garden planting about 5:30 or so. Cider and donuts provided. Here’s the events listing for a sneak preview-
Meet on the front porch of the Franklin Environmental Center (FEC) for the very popular Campus Tree Tour led by passionate Middlebury horticulturalist and tree expert Tim Parsons. This year, FEC is focusing on the theme Urban Innovations, Sustainable Solutions, which will include exploring connections between urban and rural. As part of the tour, Tim will explain why he manages our rural Vermont campus as an urban forest. Stick around after the tour for a tree planting, complete with hot cider and fresh local donuts. Bring your willingness to learn about and to get a little dirty.
And this is a sneak preview-
Anyway, where have I been and what am I thinking?
Anyone blogging in an academic setting probably knows the difficulty. I liken it to a lead weight between my shoulders. I know I should be posting more, but being surrounded in an environment filled with people much smarter than I means a blog post needs to be weighty, relevant, and not a stream of consciousness this is turning into. In short, a blog post is something that takes considerable inertia to start.
But start I shall. And, naturally, I’m starting with the landscape. Come on my tree walk, I’m picturing it as an “Envisioning Middlebury-Landscape Edition”, to piggyback off the excellent work the community conversations around this topic that are happening. Un-facilitated though, unless you count the trees. (I’ll show you how they are talking back to us.) Landscape is not static, and as we discuss the future of Middlebury let’s not forget the outdoor physical environment as well.
Abnormal weather always has people worrying about their trees and shrubs in the yard, and this winter is anything but normal. It’s the warm temperatures that are troubling, and many people have come up to me asking if the trees are going to be OK, or if the warm temperatures mean they are going to start growing.
Surprisingly, it’s the opposite, but this winter is a long ways from being worrying.
All temperate climate plants go through a period called dormancy, a mandated winter rest. This is triggered in the fall by not only temperatures, but by day-length. As the days get shorter the plants go through chemical and physiological changes to prepare for below normal temperatures. Once dormant, the plant needs sustained cold (500-2000 hours below about 40 degrees) to break dormancy and get ready to grow again in the spring. So, if this winter were to have stayed above about 50 all winter long the plants wouldn’t have started to grow, but the opposite, would just sitting there doing nothing.
And this makes sense. I’m always amazed at how smart and resilient plants are. While this winter is fairly unusual in the sustained warmth, we do see warm spells most winters, and plants that would start to grow at the first blush of spring wouldn’t be around very long. Breaking dormancy requires not only warm temperatures, but increasing day-lengths, longer spells of sunshine to break their winter gloom.
What can hurt a plant is freezing temperatures once dormancy is overcome. In trees, this is seen as frost cracking, long vertical fissures in the bark caused by water freezing in the xylem after warming up and moving around in the daytime. (Look at the trunk of the Sycamore in the triangle in Wilson Terrace outside McCullough)
This adaption to day-length also explains why plants with a local background (called provenance) is best. Day-length varies by latitude, with greater variation seen in northern latitudes. Take a tree from Vermont, move it down to Georgia (poor thing), and it will stop growing mid summer, as the days are a northern fall-like short. What I see quite a bit more, though, is the opposite. Plants grown in a nursery down south and moved up north don’t know when to shut down and start dormancy, and are often growing late into the fall, with their leaves and twigs freezing, unprepared for winter.
And while I’ve got your attention, let me take care of one final question I’ve been getting. No, your lilacs aren’t ‘budding’. Many people are looking at their giant buds on the ends of the lilac twigs, and think they are swelling about ready to pop and start growing. They were actually that large this fall, you just were too busy looking at fall foliage. Fear not.
Middlebury is ending the semester awash not only with hard discussions on stress and appropriation, but with a new surge of tree vandalism.
Four trees have been vandalized in the last four days. Three this past weekend, 1 pulled up out of the ground by Battell, one by HMKL pulled up and dragged to the front door, and one snapped at the base, only 20’ from a dorm.
Then two nights ago a memorial tree was rocked back and forth, unsuccessfully broken off, so instead all the branches were snapped off, and the top severed and left on the lawn. This is a new on our campus, as we’ve never had a memorial tree killed before.
Don’t think of it as vandalism, however, think of what is happening as aggression and violence. Vandalism is breaking off random branches here and there; violence is taking a well-established tree with a 3” trunk at rocking it back and forth for probably ten minutes until it snaps and breaks at the base. A former student wrote an entire term paper on tree vandalism, and told of the link of alcohol fueled aggression and violence against trees.
But, like many problems here on campus, who dares speak up? I’d certainly be nervous to confront someone in the act, and I carry chainsaws around for a living. I think back to my time on community council last year, with long discussions led by Ben Bogin on a Social Honor Code, not just an academic one. Read William and Mary’s code, or Haverford’s, with their ‘Confrontation’ philosophy, as difficult and engaging as President Patton’s wish for more and better arguments.
So maybe our department no longer plants smaller trees, as the smaller size seems to encourage vandalism. The field house, for example, was planted in 3” trees, and they would be nearly impossible to pull out of the ground. The problem with that, like many problems we face this semester, is the concept of resiliency.
Like people, trees and forests do better in large, diverse groups. Diversity brings resiliency- look to the lessons of Dutch elm disease when many, many towns lost nearly all of their shade, or look to our future when Emerald Ash Borer moves into Vermont and destroys all our ash trees, almost 15% of all trees on campus. We are diverse in tree species, so 15% is a hit, albeit an unpleasant hit that we can suffer through.
But only if we keep planting our forest without ceasing, and keep the goal of diversity. The nursery industry in Vermont doesn’t have a big diverse selection in large trees, so we plant smaller unusual trees in addition to the larger ones. Smaller trees are also easier to plant, and cheaper, so we can plant more trees in a year, and come in many different species, much more than basic maple, oak, and honeylocust. It’s these small trees, however, that keep getting vandalized, snapped, and pulled up out of the ground.
Our campus forest is losing resiliency, and to be honest, so am I.
I’m hosting a tree tour and tree planting for our fall Arbor Day celebration this Wednesday at 4:30. It’s part of the 50 Years of Environmental Education & Leadership at Middlebury celebration (view the whole schedule here). We’ll be leaving from the front porch of Franklin Environmental Center (Hillcrest), wandering around wherever my feet and your questions take me, and ending up back at Hillcrest about 5:30 to plant 3 oak trees on the corner.
The oaks are coming from Miller Hill Farm in Sudbury, and are a mix of Red and Bur Oak. We’re replacing two blue spruce that died in that location, and these will be hardy long lived street trees. Another Sugar maple is dying nearby (not a great street tree, by the way), so the oaks are particularly fortuitous here.
And of course, doughnuts and hot cider. Come be as happy as these volunteers last year!
The drought continues here on campus, and in the broader Champlain Valley. Our last rainfall was .4″, and after transplanting a tree afterword I saw the ground had only gotten moist about 1″ down-powder dry soil beneath.
I forget where I found them (probably Lifehacker), but some recent pictures of the US taken by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites show in stark maps the bubble of drought we seem to find ourselves in right now. The first map shows soil surface moisture, moisture in the first centimeter of soil. Look for the little dark red blob right on top of Middlebury. (click on maps for larger view)
The next shows root zone soil moisture, the top meter (39″) of soil.
This final map shows ground water in shallow aquifers (like the well at my house!).
I’ll include the overall map of all three maps, which give a legend to the colors. The explanation is as follows (and is quite scary!)-“The maps do not show an absolute measure of wetness, or water content. Instead they show how water content in mid-September 2015 compares to the average for the same time of year between 1948 and 2012. Dark red represents areas where dry conditions have reached levels that historically occur less than 2 percent of the time (once every 50 or more years).” Note how we are in the dark red in all three maps.
If you have a little bit of time, by all means read how gravity sensing satellites can figure out how much water is in the earth. In a nutshell, it’s two satellites seperated by 139 miles, and sensing how much they move towards or away from each other as they orbit minute changes in gravity from earth can be measured. The complete explaination is at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GRACE/ .
Hope is on the way, though. We’re looking at a pattern change, with a cold front moving into the area and drawing moisture into the region, possibly an inch of rain or more. That’s a good start. Here’s a good rundown from the Northeast River Forecast Center.
Our barely green lawns across campus belie a hard fact this summer-it’s been dry. Very, very dry.
Funny, considering how wet it was in late spring, when it was almost too wet to do anything outside. The High Plains Regional Climate Center (kick ass website for weather geeks!) maps show we have 25% of the normal precipitation in the last two months, that’s a 6″ deficit of rainfall.
A general rule of thumb I can’t find a reference for but I always tell anyone is that Vermont plants need a 1/2″ of rainfall per week for optimum growth. We’ve had only about 1″ in all of August, and only 1″ in July. Most of that falling in one day, leaving our clay soils to dry out and become nearly resistant to small rainfalls.
The early leaves you see falling are signs of that. Trees in temperature zones such as ours develop wide, spreading root systems, not going too deep in search of water or nutrients. In fact, much of our campus is on ledge, with very little topsoil available, meaning plants need to go shallow and wide to root into the ground.
(My unsubstantiated theory is that Middlebury was founded where it is because of the ledge-poor soils make poor farmland, and why waste valuable agricultural soils and farmland on something as unimportant as a college? Farmland in 1825 was precious, hard earned space, so let the geeks have the hill, we’ve got crops to harvest)
These wide spreading root systems enable fast, efficient uptake of water and nutrients in poor soils and a short growing season. In ordinary years, this is ideal, but in dry years, this strategy can be costly. As you can imagine, the shallow soils dry quickly, and the plants don’t have the deep extensive root systems to find moisture in the lower soil profiles. Trees are gamblers, and they’ve got a losing hand this year.
Flowers and other perennials show stress by wilting-the curling of the leaves cut down on the loss of water through the stomata (transpiration, if you want to flash back to high school biology). Trees react like that too, but also have the ability to shed leaves. We are seeing this now, and it may cause an early fall. The inner leaves on trees turn color and fall away, a survival mechanism. Inner leaves in the crown are not as efficient, they don’t photosynthesize as well, and therefore are not as “useful” to the tree as the outer, younger leaves. In desperation, the tree will shed the inefficient leaves ,brutally choosing the younger leaves to use the precious remaining water they have remaining.
We’ve had a little bit of rain this weekend, and more is coming, so luck it will come in time to prevent a wholesale dropping of leaves before your parents come up for fall family weekend. Snake Mountain above my house is starting to turn brown along the ledges, though, though, so lower expectations while you can.
I love getting emails from people concerning the landscape. After all, with more than 300 acres, there are probably things happening I’m missing. And in the chaos that is Commencement and Reunion, I was missing a big one.
Professor Jeff Byers wrote last weekend-
I don’t know if there is anything you can (or would) do anything about, but there is an oak tree between BiHall and Coffrin that was in the process of being totally devoured by gypsy moth caterpillars! There were so many that I could hear the hum of their munching under that particular tree.
I went right over. (the joys and perils of instant email on my phone-it was a Sunday.) I was terrified it was the giant Pin oak tree, the one that made the list of the twelve oldest trees on campus. Fortunately, it was one of the Poplars nearby. And was I impressed.
I couldn’t hear the munching, I think they were all fat and lazy by the time I got there. Much like me on a sunday. Not Jeff-have you read his blog? The last time I did a trail run up the wrong secret side of Snake Mountain I came down with Strep. I reached up to one of the many defoliated leaves, and grabbed a caterpillar.
Jeromy Gardner, our elm guru from Bartlett Tree in Manchester, correctly identified it as Satin Moth. Not worrying, but has a habit of building a large population every so often and completly covering a tree, in this case our White Poplar. Here’s a great article, if you are interested. They were originally thought to only attack exotic poplars, such as Lombardy poplar and European White poplar (what ours is), but now also is seen in forest stands, and could become significant if defoliation occurs for several years in a row. It does, however, have plenty of natural enemies, including parasitic insects, bacteria, fungi, even birds.
So all that remains on the tree are the major veins of all the leaves, everything in between them eaten. I fully expect the tree to re-leaf in a couple of weeks or so. What is even more interesting is the other white poplar about 30′ away, with only a minimal population. The infested one was in a construction zone a couple of years ago. Maybe the stress of root compaction has something to do with this? Or I’ll be writing about both trees being infested next year…
Thanks to Jeff for pointing it out. Maybe I’ll host a ‘trailrun’ of the trees on campus someday this summer. Better start training now. | <urn:uuid:bff9ee91-c5a5-4126-9eaa-17e24e56a02f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://sites.middlebury.edu/middland/author/tparsons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.963697 | 6,935 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Plastic Free July - Crazy facts to keep you motivated!
It's time to make your zero-waste, eco-friendly, reusable swaps and get involved with Plastic Free July! It can feel like a big challenge but don't give up! Here are some pretty shocking facts that you can arm yourself with in the fight against single-use plastic. We'll also offer up some of our favourite plastic-free, zero-waste, eco-friendly swaps...
'In the UK, 400 million plastic sponges are thrown away every year.'This Plastic Free July, make the swap to our Kitchen None Sponges - the ultimate, reusable, cotton washing up sponge. Made from 100% plastic-free, plant-based materials and are compostable and biodegradable!
'More than 1.2 billion metres of single-use cling film is used by households across Britain every year - that's enough to wrap around the world 30 times!'
'The average person who bleeds uses 240 single use, plastic pads a year
The average person will throw away 10,800 pads in their lifetime. That's enough pads in our lifetime to cover a large football pitch'
'It takes 1000 years for one plastic bag to break down. That means that the first ever plastic bag made in 1959 will still be breaking down now!'
Plastic really does hang around and often ends up in the oceans or in our ecosystems long before it fully decomposes, posing a huge risk to wildlife. Even when it does decompose, it releases toxic micro-plastics into the earth and water which make their way into our eco-systems, food chains, produce and water.
A little happy fact to lighten the mood! The total number of single use plastic bags sold by all UK retailers between 2018-2019 was 1.11 billion, a 37% decrease on the figures reported in 2017 to 2018. So change is happening! Be a part of this change and opt for reusable, zero-waste shopping bags like our Market Bag
'Globally, 1 million single-use plastic bottles are sold every minute'
And where to those all end up? Well, it turns out that only about 36% of them are actually recycled. They are either not disposed of correctly, put in the wrong bins, not cleaned out or simply left as litter in public places. A super easy swap you can make is going for a reusable water bottle.
These facts aren't fun, but don't get disheartened! We have to let these facts inspire us to fight against plastic waste.
We can all be a part of the change | <urn:uuid:796f4432-72f2-4dad-a46a-e316613bb17f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.tabithaeve.co.uk/blogs/news/plastic-free-july-crazy-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302715.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121010736-20220121040736-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.948585 | 560 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Fluoroscopy is a study of moving body structures - similar to an x-ray "movie." A continuous x-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail. Fluoroscopy, as an imaging tool, enables physicians to look at many body systems, including the skeletal, digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems.
Fluoroscopy may be performed to evaluate specific areas of the body, including the bones, muscles, and joints, as well as solid organs such as the heart, lung, or kidneys.
Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose problems of the bones, muscles, or joints include x-rays, myelography (myelogram), computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and arthrography. Please see these procedures for additional information.
Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures, such as barium x-rays, cardiac catheterization, arthrography (visualization of a joint or joints), lumbar puncture, placement of intravenous (IV) catheters (hollow tubes inserted into veins or arteries), intravenous pyelogram, hysterosalpingogram, and biopsies.
Fluoroscopy may be used alone as a diagnostic procedure, or may be used in conjunction with other diagnostic or therapeutic media or procedures.
In barium x-rays, fluoroscopy used alone allows the physician to see the movement of the intestines as the barium moves through them. In cardiac catheterization, fluoroscopy is used as an adjunct to enable the physician to see the flow of blood through the coronary arteries in order to evaluate the presence of arterial blockages. For intravenous catheter insertion, fluoroscopy assists the physician in guiding the catheter into a specific location inside the body.
Other uses of fluoroscopy include, but are not limited to, the following:
- locating foreign bodies
- image-guided anesthetic injections into joints or the spine
- percutaneous vertebroplasty - a minimally invasive procedure used to treat compression fractures of the vertebrae of the spine
There may be other reasons for your physician to recommend fluoroscopy.
You may want to ask your physician about the amount of radiation used during the procedure and the risks related to your particular situation. It is a good idea to keep a record of your past history of radiation exposure, such as previous scans and other types of x-rays, so that you can inform your physician. Risks associated with radiation exposure may be related to the cumulative number of x-ray examinations and/or treatments over a long period of time.
If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your physician. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects.
If contrast dye is used, there is a risk for allergic reaction to the dye. Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications, contrast media, iodine, shellfish, or latex should notify their physician. Also, patients with kidney failure or other kidney problems should notify their physician.
There may be other risks depending upon your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your physician prior to the procedure.
Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a fluoroscopy procedure. A recent barium x-ray procedure may interfere with exposure of the abdominal or lower back area.
- Your physician will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure.
- You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.
- The specific type of procedure or examination being done will determine whether any preparation prior to the procedure is required. Your physician will notify you of any pre-procedure instructions.
- Notify your physician if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast dye, or if you are allergic to iodine or seafood.
- If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your physician.
- Based upon your medical condition, your physician may request other specific preparation.
Fluoroscopy may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your physician's practices.
Generally, fluoroscopy follows this process:
- You will be asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may interfere with the exposure of the body area to be examined.
- If you are asked to remove clothing, you will be given a gown to wear.
- A contrast substance may be given, depending upon the type of procedure that is being performed, via swallowing, enema, or an intravenous (IV) line in your hand or arm.
- You will be positioned on the x-ray table. Depending upon the type of procedure, you may be asked to assume different positions, move a specific body part, or hold your breath at intervals while the fluoroscopy is being performed.
- For procedures that require catheter insertion, such as cardiac catheterization or catheter placement into a joint or other body part, an additional line insertion site may be used in the groin, elbow, or other site.
- A special x-ray scanner will be used to produce the fluoroscopic images of the body structure being examined or treated.
- A dye or contrast substance may be injected into the IV line in order to better visualize the organs or structures being studied.
- In the case of arthrography (visualization of a joint), any fluid in the joint may be aspirated (withdrawn with a needle) prior to the injection of the contrast substance. After the contrast is injected, you may be asked to move the joint for a few minutes in order to evenly distribute the contrast substance throughout the joint.
- The type of procedure being performed and the body part being examined and/or treated will determine the length of the procedure.
- After the procedure has been completed, the IV line will be removed.
While the fluoroscopy procedure itself causes no pain, the manipulation of the body part being examined may cause some discomfort or pain, particularly in the case of a recent injury or invasive procedure such as surgery. The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
The type of care required after the procedure will depend on the type of fluoroscopy that is performed. Certain procedures, such as cardiac catheterization, will require a recovery period of several hours with immobilization of the leg or arm where the cardiac catheter was inserted. Other procedures may require less time for recovery.
If you notice any pain, redness, and/or swelling at the IV site after you return home following your procedure, you should notify your physician as this could indicate an infection or other type of reaction.
Your physician will give more specific instructions related to your care after the examination or procedure. | <urn:uuid:81deb515-3253-453f-937e-14fb08e82664> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.muschealth.com/gs/TandPContent.aspx?PageID=P07662 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00220-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929538 | 1,477 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Warts are common fleshy bumps on the skin or mucous membrane. They are caused by the human papillomavirus, which has numerous strains. Although they can be unpleasant to look at, these growths are benign (non-cancerous). Dr. Burgess offers treatments that can help get rid of warts, leaving your skin smooth and unmarked.
- Where do warts come from? What causes warts?
- Why do warts spread?
- Are warts contagious?
- Are warts painful?
- Can warts cause cancer?
- How does Dr. Burgess remove warts?
- Are there treatments other than removal?
- What is Dr. Burgess’s approach when it comes to dealing with warts?
- Why do warts keep coming back?
- What can I do to prevent warts?
Common Questions on Warts Treatment
Where do warts come from? What causes warts?
Warts are caused by the Human Papillomavirus , or HPV. The virus is highly contagious, easily spread by touch. Warts can be transmitted by touching surfaces such as towels, pool decks, or showers. They can also be transmitted by person to person touch. If contracted, the virus causes cells on the surface of your skin to divide at a faster rate than normal. A wart is a build-up of those infected cells.
Why do warts spread?
Unlike many other viruses, HPV isn’t in your system, but on the surface of your skin. For that reason, it’s easily spread by touch. If a wart is on your finger, for example, the virus can spread to any part of your body touched by that finger. If a wart is picked at, or split, the virus can spread. The virus can also spread to other surfaces, such as a towel or a pool deck, depending on what the wart comes in contact with.
Are warts contagious?
Yes. Warts are highly contagious. The virus that causes them sits on the surface of your skin, making it easily transmitted by touch.
Are warts painful?
Warts aren’t typically painful, but when located on a pressure point (such as the sole of your foot, or your heel) they can start to ache over time. Also, due to their size and shape, they can sometimes get nicked or pinched, which can hurt.
Can warts cause cancer?
Certain strains of genital HPV have been associated with cervical cancer in women, and some strains can lead to anal cancer. However, most strains are not associated with cancer, and warts found elsewhere on the body don’t have the same risks.
How does Dr. Burgess remove warts?
For many patients, Dr. Burgess offers in-office removal of warts, using liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill off the infected cells. These treatments usually require two to four appointments over a month’s time. For patients with warts in sensitive areas, or who might not be able to come back to the office for multiple sessions, Dr. Burgess uses a topical medication that gradually peels away the wart-infected cells. These ointments are available in prescription form, and can be safely administered at home. Either treatment is effective, and Dr. Burgess will talk you through the options and help you decide which is right for you.
Are there treatments other than removal?
Removal is the most effective method of dealing with warts. As long as they’re present, warts are contagious, and can spread to other areas of your body or to other people. Covering warts can sometimes temporarily keep them from spreading, but the best option is always to have them removed and reduce the risk.
What is Dr. Burgess’s approach when it comes to dealing with warts?
Dr. Burgess has been treating warts for more than a decade. She knows what works, and how to safely administer aggressive treatments with high probability of clearing warts. For many patients, she offers removal using liquid nitrogen, which requires two to four treatments spaced out over a month. However, because the liquid nitrogen occasionally causes a sore or blister to appear after the treatment, Dr. Burgess will use a prescription ointment for patients with warts on sensitive areas, or for those who can’t return to the office for multiple visits. The ointment can be safely administered at home, and typically clears warts in two to three months.
Why do warts keep coming back?
Warts are highly contagious, and often made more so if a patient picks at them or tries to clear them on their own. Dr. Burgess works to completely clear the wart-infected cells, meaning they won’t return unless the virus is contracted again. However, there is still a 25% to 30% chance of recurrence when treated in the office. This is because wart-infected cells can sometimes be missed, as some warts have roots, or go down deeper than the surface of the skin, causing the wart to recur at a later date. Dr. Burgess will continue to work with you until all wart-infected cells are cleared.
What can I do to prevent warts?
Unfortunately, the virus that causes warts is highly contagious and spread by touch, so there isn’t a lot that can be done to prevent people from contracting HPV. It’s an extremely common condition. Dr. Burgess advises patients to be careful at nail salons, using only clean or sterilized instruments, and to wear shower shoes or protective shoes at the pool or in gyms. If a wart shows up, you can put a Band-aid over it to keep it to reduce risk of it spreading to other parts of your body, until you can have it removed. | <urn:uuid:bcd1e37a-a19a-4c91-bf28-db3f7d9d9fb9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://loopdermatology.com/services/warts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.955302 | 1,209 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Popcorn is a truly ancient snack. Archaeologists have uncovered popcorn kernels that are 4,000 years old. They were so well-preserved, they could still pop.
Dolores Piperno, a paleobotanist with the Smithsonian's Tropical Research Insitute, says corn, and specifically popcorn, helped lay the foundations for the Aztec empire.
"When you have a very highly productive crop like corn, that makes the rise of high civilizations possible," she says.
Piperno grows the wild, great-grandaddy of modern corn — a weird grain called teosinte. It has just a few kernels on each stalk, and they're too hard to eat or to grind into flour. But teosinte has a special property that almost makes up for these shortcomings: It can pop.
"All early corns were popcorns," Piperno says. "They were around for millennia before these other forms of corn."
After a couple of thousand years, the Mesoamericans managed to cultivate varieties of corn that were good for flour, but they still ate popcorn. The Aztec language even has a word for the sound of many kernels popping at once — totopoca.
After the Spanish invaded, popcorn spread around the world, and soon people began to figure out how popcorn actually works.
It turns out that rock-hard kernel — the thing that makes teosinte and popcorn impossible to eat raw — is the key.
"It acts as a pressure cooker," says David Jackson, a food scientist at the University of Nebraska. He says the durable kernel keeps water and starch sealed inside. When a kernel is heated, the starch liquefies and the pressure builds until the seed coat breaks.
"The pressure cooker essentially fails, and it explodes outward into a popped kernel," Jackson says.
The liquefied starch froths outward, cooling and solidifying in a fraction of a second. If you look at a popped kernel under the microscope, you can actually see the bubbles that were formed by the expanding steam. That's why popcorn is so light and fluffy — it's made of bubbles.
There's something to think about next time you're stuck watching a bad movie. | <urn:uuid:6262523f-55a5-4a3e-93b5-b3f6ebb1ceac> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/27/283307934/popcorn-common-snack-helped-to-build-empires?ft=1&f=1053 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00149-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970361 | 456 | 3.59375 | 4 |
culture & justice"
Re-reading our own lives. In the steps of St Ignatius's Autobiography
St Ignatius dictated his autobiographical reminiscences to Fr Gonçalves da Câmara shortly before his death. This booklet aims to help us re-examine our own biographies in the light of Ignatius’s, not something purely anecdotal or chronological but one attending to force lines that are at work within. We may grow through the discovery that God has led our own lives too, ‘dealing with us in the same way as a schoolmaster deals with a child, teaching him’ [Au 27].
At each stage we will plot the historical context in which Ignatius’s life is set; his inner life, or what is happening to him inwardly as his external pilgrimage unfolds; and ways in which our own life journeys may unfold, providing an invitation to re-examine what the Spirit has been working in us. | <urn:uuid:7a8ebafa-6871-4ab6-8d89-e6367e30a17c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.cristianismeijusticia.net/en/re-reading-our-own-lives-steps-st-ignatiuss-autobiography-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.968124 | 207 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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Operating System - Essay Example
An OS better known as an operating system is one of the most essential requirements for any computer to run, an operating system allows the user to carry out various functions which can never be carried out without the operating system. There are many operating systems available for the users these days some of the most popular are microsoft vista, microsoft windows XP professional and many more…
There are many uses of an operating system but this paper will focus upon the use of operating system related to Word Pad. "WordPad is a simple proprietary word processor that is included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 upwards. It is more advanced than Notepad, which is a rather basic text editor, but much more simple than Microsoft Word. It originated in Windows 1.0x as Write." ( Wikipedia, 10 September 2008). Word Pad provides the user with numerous facilities like formatting and printing the foramtted text. A user is free to choose the text size, the font script which suits his/her requirements the best, if a user makes any mistake, it can instantly be rectified within no time. The margin facility is also at the disposal of an user, with the help of which an user can start any sentence away from the margin or can also perform various other functions. There are many other facilities provided by Word Pad, these facilities include, bold, italics, underline and a host of other facilities. The spell check facility is the most amazing facility where in the user can correct his/her mistake instantly.
"Notepad is a common text-only (also referred to as plain text) editor. ... | <urn:uuid:88e08bd2-8877-4fe1-b154-45d34e1e9065> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://studentshare.net/miscellaneous/289272-operating-system-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321025.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627064714-20170627084714-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.945098 | 343 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Item #: SCP-439
Object Class: Euclid
Description: SCP-439 is an insect of unknown origin, somewhat resembling a greyish, semitranslucentForficula auricularia (common earwig), approximately 2.5 cm in length. Originally located/obtained in mainland China in the ████ ████ province. No other specimen has been found, as of yet.
SCP-439 is relatively harmless when encountered on safe terms, aside from the ability to deliver a firm, painful pinch with its abdominal forceps. The true hazard this creature poses lies in its habitat construction and reproduction, which is initiated when the specimen enters the mouth of a sleeping human. This will only occur with humans; other lifeforms have been presented to SCP-439 and have been uniformly rejected. Upon location of a suitable host, the specimen will hide itself in the immediate vicinity and wait until the victim has fallen asleep. How it is able to determine the state of sleep is unknown, but it has shown to be accurate in [DATA EXPUNGED] times out of [DATA EXPUNGED]. Upon entering the mouth of the new host, SCP-439 will travel down the trachea and take up residence in one of the victim’s lungs. | <urn:uuid:a09aed31-a7dc-4ded-8057-40833e0d6e6b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://horrorchan.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164024169/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133344-00031-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936789 | 261 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Even many of those who have agreed to cut emissions or protect wild areas have subsequently failed to meet the targets they accepted. And so it is in many fast-growing economies, each of whom wants to protect the environment without stifling competitiveness or the broader economy.
Kuwait, however, has a surprisingly robust environmental policy thanks to the so-called “Environmental Protection Law” which was unanimously agreed upon in 2014.
It clearly lays out how the Kuwaiti government plan to protect the environment including, for example, guidance on reducing fossil fuel emissions and increasing energy efficiency through the promotion of green building initiatives.
However unlike many other countries, where many of these policies are seen more as “guidelines” than a strict rule book, Kuwait has recently gone on record about just how seriously they plan to take breaches of these policies.
While few residents, either nationals or expats, can likely have too much of an impact on the wider problems, there are issues which can affect every individual. For example Kuwait aims to protect its wild places vigorously and takes no prisoners when individuals or companies are found to have damaged such areas.
But it’s not just the wilderness; legislation also covers urban environments, and it is here that individuals could fall foul without too many difficulties. Take, for example, public parks and other sources of greenery around Kuwait’s beautiful cities. It is deemed illegal to uproot or cut down any plant matter planted for the enjoyment of all. This includes grass, seasonal flowers and other sources of foliage.
Littering is also greatly frowned upon by the government, with considerable fines on the cards for those caught dropping empty food wrappers, drinks cans and the like. Even fruits and vegetables – which should biodegrade swiftly – are considered unacceptable forms of litter in Kuwait.
That said, one eagle-eyed reader was kind enough to point out that while there may be penalties in place, littering is still rife, for example along the Al Corniche beach front at weekends.
Let’s hope that the new rules dissuade at least a few people from unnecessarily dropping litter.
In essence the rules boil down to the avoidance of pollution and/or causing harm to others.
Kuwaiti nationals caught breaking these rules are taken to court, and if found guilty may end up having to pay a significant fine or spend time in prison. For expats, however, the end result could be far more serious.
Ministry of the Interior Undersecretary Lieutenant General Sulaiman Fahad Al-Fahad recently stated that police officers have been taking “decisive steps” against those caught violating the law. For expats, while jail time may still be on the cards the alternative could be deportation.
Lieutenant Al-Fahad also disclosed that the authorities will not hesitate to “name and shame” those caught breaking the law. This policy can include the publication of names and photographs of the perpetrators, as well as details on exactly what penalties where levied against them for their actions.
While some authorities claim that being deported for dropping an apple core could be regarded as an extreme measure, others highlight just how seriously the Kuwaiti government is taking those who pollute the environment or endanger the lives of others. Thanks to these new laws Kuwait should continue to remain as clean, picturesque and pleasant as ever. | <urn:uuid:cb1507da-21dc-4114-837d-ff275640771e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.expatriatehealthcare.com/expats-kuwait-deported-breaking-environmental-laws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613738.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530011338-20170530031338-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.966803 | 686 | 2.75 | 3 |
A new project funded by the Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security will enable 12 Pacific Island nations to combat outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases and improve the health of people in the region by strengthening vector surveillance and control programs.
Professor Tom Burkot of the Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM) at James Cook University, and project leader of Pacific Mosiquto Surveillance Strenghtening for Impact (PacMOSSI) says the main focus will be on the Aedes mosquitos. These mosquitos carry the dengue, zika and chikungunya viruses because there have been more frequent and intense outbreaks of these diseases in Pacific Island countries in recent years.
The project will help Pacific Island countries to do more systematic mosquito surveillance and control, based on best-practice recommendations from the World Health Organization, a directing partner for the project.
Professor Burkot says the reason why vector surveillance is so important is because with malaria and dengue alone, there are 800 million human cases each year and control can be ‘more complicated than rocket science’.
The many species of virus-carrying mosquito evolve constantly and adapt their behaviour to beat interventions, for example, some species have become resistant to insecticides. An effective intervention for one species may not work with others. “What we’re trying to do is arm the countries so that they can monitor the mosquito populations more proactively, so they can anticipate what is going to happen when they put in an intervention and allow them to get a step ahead of the mosquitoes or at least respond much more quickly than they have been doing,” he explains.
Professor Burkot and co-lead Dr Tanya Russell, an AITHM Research Fellow, will collaborate with scientists from a dozen institutions. Partners include the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, the Universities of Queensland and New South Wales, Australian Red Cross, Burnet Institute, Beyond Essential Systems, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Diseases Institute, The Pacific Community and the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network.
Dr Russell says: “What is unique is the strength of the collaboration we’ve been able to put together combining the strengths of our partners in Australia and regionally.”
The consortium intends to work to roll out a regional program across 12 countries, including Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Samoa and Tonga. The project has several components.
The researchers will do an online assessment of the capacity, strengths and weaknesses of each Pacific nation’s existing surveillance and control programs. The project was initially delayed because of COVID-19 delayed but the research team are now beginning to sign a memorandums of understanding with the ministries of health in each country, and working with them on building practical strategic plans to make the best use of existing staff and facilities.
The project team will use online platforms for capacity building for vector surveillance officers. The project team will create a complete set of 11 training modules on different aspects of vector surveillance. Countries will be able to pick the modules they need.
Another component is software development and management, so countries can collect and easily visualise data on aspects such as the number of cases, pharmaceutical supplies and which insecticides local mosquitoes are resistant to and which work.
Professor Burkot says controlling the vector-borne diseases is really challenging. “But the control measures work. If you look at malaria, it has been reduced by around 40% over the last 15 years.”
He believes countries have a better chance of being effective against other mosquito-borne diseases if they have the right tools at their disposal and are monitoring the right things. “With dengue in particular we have always been very reactive. We want to change the dynamics and allow countries to be more proactive,” he says.
“The ultimate beneficiaries of the project will be the people of the countries involved, particularly women and children as they are most vulnerable to outbreaks,” according to Dr Russell.
Photo caption: Dr Ian Norton looking at dengue information at the Good Samaritan hospital in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Dengue Taskforce, 2013. Photo credit: Lou Anderson, DFAT. | <urn:uuid:7c68eb4c-28ec-4323-ab36-6b47bf7ba61c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indopacifichealthsecurity.dfat.gov.au/strengthening-mosquito-control-pacific-islands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.924617 | 871 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It would seem the whole world only recently woke to the fact that pollution, especially in the cities, is harmful not only to our lungs but also to the skin. Many studies are now linking toxic environments to early skin ageing and worsening skin conditions such as eczema and age spots.
That said, the beauty industry is also rising to the occasion, manufacturing some excellent skincare products for protection against - or reversing pollution-related skin damage. But what else can you do to save your looks and health?
In this post, we look at what pollution entails, its effect on the skin, and how to protect yourself from various pollutants in the environment.
What Passes for Pollution?
Pollution in our context is a collective term for air pollution, UV radiation, and any extreme changes in weather and temperature. Your skin may be exposed to pollutants both outdoors and indoors.
For instance, while outdoors, you may be coming into contact with:
- exhaust fumes
- cigarette smoke
- manufacturing by-products (like phthalates)
- solar ultraviolet radiation
- other small particulate matter such as volatile aerosol compounds
On the other side, even when you are supposedly in the safety of your home, your skin could still be exposed to pollutants such as:
- dust mites
- pressed wood products (e.g., particleboard, plywood, and panelling)
- cigarette smoke
- synthetic fabrics such as permanent press
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from household cleaners, paints, cosmetic products, and other chemicals
How Does Pollution Affect Your Skin?
Pollution often gets in the body via breathing, although any part of the skin surface that has broken down provides a pathway for all sorts of tiny pollutants to get in.
The biggest problem with all forms of pollution is the formation of free radicals that further damage skin, leading to premature ageing. Besides, disrupting the skin barrier may also upset its micro biome, allowing even more pollutants in.
The most popular physical symptoms that show your skin is suffering the consequences of living in a polluted environment are:
Dark spots, referred to as melisma, form on your skin when particulate matter, as well as other pollutants, enter your skin. What's more, UV rays are known to damage the skin, even causing permanent pigmentation or, in worse cases, cancer.
This explains the ongoing fuss surrounding sun protection face cream and other products.
2. Dry Skin
Particulate matter – like smog – have been linked to the depletion of essential moisture in the skin, causing dryness. The sun is also a villain here. Prolonged exposure may rob natural oils from your skin, resulting in skin dryness, flakiness, and even irritation.
Scientists have linked pollution to atopic dermatitis (eczema), an inflammatory disease of the skin. For instance, in a recent literature review covering four other studies, eczema was found to be rampant in urban and industrialised regions where pollution is most prevalent and air quality is poor.
Did you know that air pollution, especially involving NO2 gas, could be the cause of your recurrent Acne Vulgaris? Well, a time-series study published in PubMed established links between acne and pollution, collectively suggesting that pollutants could lead to breakouts in many ways.
For instance, they could accelerate the production of sebum as your body attempts to compensate for the loss of moisture. Pollutants could also block the pores and form blemishes.
5. Fine lines, Wrinkles, or Sagging of the Skin
Ultimately, prolonged exposure to a polluted environment leads to premature skin ageing, manifesting itself in the form of wrinkles and loose skin.
Take UV radiation exposure, for instance. It may lead to solar elastosis, a condition where abnormal elastic tissue accumulates in the dermal layer. The light from the sun may also stimulate a process known as elastase that causes accelerated degradation of elastin.
Moreover, Ozone robs your skin of essential antioxidants such as the C and E vitamins. This leads to the formation of more free radicals that could create dimples on your skin.
How to Protect Your Skin from the Effects of Pollutants
Now that we have seen pollution's systemic damage to the skin, here are 5 ways to protect your skin from this damage;
1. Stay Hydrated
The oldest trick in the book, drinking plenty of water, is one of your best defences against unhealthy skin. It will help hydrate the skin, improve circulation, diminish dark circles that form around the eyes, stimulate cell growth, and improve elasticity.
2. Use Products with Antioxidants
Antioxidants are your best shot at fighting free radicals that damage your skin. These are naturally available minerals such as Vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, and Beta-carotene. You may already be consuming them through some foods.
However, using an antioxidant-rich skin care product ensures that you get the right combination of minerals and nutrients, increasing your chances of fighting off free radicals.
Applying sun protection face cream as part of your skincare regimen – like facial serum or moisturizer – is another way of protecting your skin. Barrier creams safeguard your skin health from UV damage as well as smog and other particles that could otherwise penetrate the skin.
When shopping for skincare sunscreens, you want to go for a minimum of SPF 50 to offer adequate protection against both UVB and UVA radiations.
4. Cleanse Properly
Among the best skincare routines is simply cleaning thoroughly. Cleansing will ensure you wash away all the pollutants attach to your skin throughout the day. You can consider using a facial cleanser for an effective wash.
Cleansing also guarantees that smoke and nanoparticles do not sit long enough to find their way into the skin. Moreover, it prevents clogging of pores.
Pollution may leave you with dry and flaky skin. Besides, cleansing – especially with soap – may reduce the moisture and natural oils on your skin. In such a case, using a hydrating moisturiser restores balance and prevents your skin from becoming all dry and cracked.
A moisturiser with SPF is even better. However, this does not make for the best face sun protection hence you should not take it as a replacement for your sunscreen.
The more we become urbanised and industrialised, the more it seems like the very air we breathe and weather are out to get us. We have to take precautions by cleansing, staying hydrated, and avoiding polluted environments whenever we can (although this may be tough).
Fortunately, we also have various skincare brands giving us a shot at preserving our skin's integrity through skincare products such as supplements, serums, sunscreens, cleansers, and moisturisers. | <urn:uuid:f0149cb1-47f8-4868-a8aa-9827362354f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.oxfordbiolabs.com/blogs/news/how-to-protect-your-skin-from-a-polluted-environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950373.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402012805-20230402042805-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.935032 | 1,452 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This country brief looks at gender and youth dimensions of employment in Morocco, paying particular attention to the rural economy. There are rapid changes taking place in Morocco due to a range of factors, including impacts of past policies in investment on education, health and ICT; repercussions of global economic crises, which have shrunk opportunities for labour-related migration towards Europe; and climate change. These factors create opportunities to promote rural employment policies that not only take into account the important roles of young women in the rural economy as farmers, wage earners and entrepreneurs, but that also consider the well-being of the members of their families, including food provision and care of children and the elderly. Morocco has taken a clear position on mainstreaming gender across all aspects of development and in all Sustainable Development Goals as a basic human rights issue. Underpinning this commitment is Morocco’s adoption of Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) and planning. | <urn:uuid:6dcd4f00-e224-4218-9d79-5f4824ee26d6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/youth-employment/WCMS_622767/lang--en/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870604.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528004814-20180528024814-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.956583 | 187 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to Japan. It is a deciduous shrub growing to 2 m (7 ft) tall by 2.5 m (8 ft) broad with large heads of pink or blue flowers in summer and autumn. Common names include bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea, lacecap hydrangea, mophead hydrangea, penny mac and hortensia. It is widely cultivated in many parts of the world in many climates. It is not to be confused with H. aspera 'Macrophylla'.
The term macrophylla means large- or long-leaved. The opposite leaves can grow to 15 cm (6 in) in length. They are simple, membranous, orbicular to elliptic and acuminate. They are generally serrated.
The inflorescence of Hydrangea macrophylla is a corymb, with all flowers placed in a plane or a hemisphere or even a whole sphere in cultivated forms. Two distinct types of flowers can be identified: central non-ornamental fertile flowers and peripheral ornamental flowers, usually described as "sterile". A study of several cultivars showed that all the flowers were fertile but the non-ornamental flowers were pentamers while the decorative flowers were tetramers. The four sepals of decorative flowers have colors ranging from pale pink to red fuchsia purple to blue. The non-decorative flowers have five small greenish sepals and five small petals. Flowering lasts from early summer to early winter. The fruit is a subglobose capsule.
Colors and soil acidity
H. macrophylla blooms can be blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple. The color is affected by soil pH. An acidic soil (pH below 7) will usually produce flower color closer to blue, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will produce flowers more pink. This is caused by a color change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants.
In climates where Hydrangea macrophylla flowers, place in a mixed shrub border or at the back of a flower bed. Its rich foliage and large size make it a wonderful background for white or light colored flowers, even tall growing perennials and annuals. In warm climates H. macrophylla is good for adding a splash of early summer color to shady areas and woodland gardens. Minimal pruning is recommended for most prolific flowering. Flowers are easily air dried and are long lasting.
Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol, and their 8-O-glucosides, and thunberginols A and F can be found in H. macrophylla. Thunberginol B, the dihydroisocoumarins thunberginol C, D and E, the dihydroisocoumarin glycosides thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside and four kaempferol and quercetin oligoglycosides can be found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii. The leaves also contains the stilbenoid hydrangeic acid.
The various colors, such as red, mauve, purple, violet and blue, in H. macrophylla are developed from one simple anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside (myrtillin), which forms complexes with metal ions called metalloanthocyanins.
Hydrangine is an other name for the coumarin umbelliferone, and may be responsible for the possible toxicity of the plant.
Amacha is a Japanese beverage made from fermented leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium is a drug made from the fermented and dried leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii with possible antiallergic and antimicrobial properties. It also has a hepatoprotective activity by suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.
Leaf extracts of Hydrangea macrophylla are being investigated as a possible source of new chemical compounds with antimalarial activity. Hydrangeic acid from the leaves is being investigated as a possible anti-diabetic drug as it significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in laboratory animals.
- 'All Summer Beauty' a cold-hardy, floriferous mophead
- 'Alpengluhen' a deep-red colored mophead
- 'Ami Pasquier' a floriferous, wine pink to blue mophead
- 'Bailmer' (marketed as Endless Summer) a perpetual-blooming, pink to blue mophead
- 'Beaute Vendomoise' a giant whitish-pink lacecap
- 'Blaumeise' a Swiss-bred "Teller" blue lacecap
- 'Blue Bonnet' a hardy, blue mophead
- 'Blue Wave' a robust light pink to light blue lacecap
- 'Blushing Bride' a cold-hardy, ever-blooming white mophead
- 'Europa' agm
- 'Forever Pink' a pink mophead
- 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye'agm a cold-hardy, French-bred pink to blue mophead
- 'Hamburg' a deep-colored pink to blue mophead
- 'Harlequin' a picoteed pink to purple mophead
- 'Lanarth White'agm
- 'Lilacina' a cold-hardy, disease-resistant pink to blue lacecap
- 'Madame Emile Mouillère'agm
- 'Marechal Foch' an old-fashioned pink to blue mophead
- 'Mariesii Grandiflora'
- 'Mariesii Lilacina'agm
- 'Mariesii Perfecta'
- 'Nikko Blue' a popular, cold-hardy pink to blue mophead
- 'Pia' a dwarf pink to purplish-blue mophead
- 'Penny Mac' a cold-hardy, pink to blue mophead
- 'Soeur Therese' a hardy, robust white mophead
- 'Taube' a Swiss-bred "Teller", pink to blue lacecap
- 'Tokyo Delight'agm
- 'Twist-N-Shout' an ever-blooming, hardy pink to blue lacecap
- 'Veitchii'agm an exceptionally disease-resistant, sun-tolerant white lacecap
H. m. 'Nikko Blue' petals exhibiting the 'blueing' effects of aluminium sulfate solution
- - Splendor In The Grass
- Hydrangeas- Their Pruning and Care(Heronswood Nursery)
- http://www.HydrangeasHydrangeas.com/mopheads.html - All About Hydrangeas: Information on Hydrangea macrophylla.
- Hydrangea Thoughts I - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Hydrangea (Culture, History and Etymology).
- RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
- University of Georgia: Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea
- USDA: Hydrangea Questions and Answers
- Matsuda, H.; Shimoda, H.; Yamahara, J.; Yoshikawa, M. (1999). "Effects of Phyllodulcin, Hydrangenol, and their 8-O-Glucosides, and Thunberginols A and F from Hydrangea macrophylla SERINGE var. thunbergii MAKINO on Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction in Rats" (pdf). Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 22 (8): 870–872. doi:10.1248/bpb.22.870. PMID 10480329.
- Matsuda, H; Wang, Q; Matsuhira, K; Nakamura, S; Yuan, D; Yoshikawa, M (2008). "Inhibitory effects of thunberginols a and B isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium on mRNA expression of cytokines and on activation of activator protein-1 in RBL-2H3 cells". Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 15 (3): 177–84. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.010. PMID 17950587.
- Yoshikawa, M; Uchida, E; Chatani, N; Kobayashi, H; Naitoh, Y; Okuno, Y; Matsuda, H; Yamahara, J; Murakami, N (1992). "Thunberginols C, D, and E, new antiallergic and antimicrobial dihydroisocoumarins, and thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, new dihydroisocoumarin glycosides, from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium". Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin. 40 (12): 3352–4. doi:10.1248/cpb.40.3352. PMID 1363465.
- Murakami, N; Mostaqul, HM; Tamura, S; Itagaki, S; Horii, T; Kobayashi, M (2001). "New anti-malarial flavonol glycoside from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium" (PDF). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 11 (18): 2445–7. doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00467-x. PMID 11549443.
- Zhang, Hailong; Matsuda, Hisashi; Yamashita, Chihiro; Nakamura, Seikou; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2009). "Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. Thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1–3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005. PMID 19374876.
- Hayashi, K.; Abe, Y. (1953). Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resour. 29: 1–8. Missing or empty
- Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T (2009). "Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology". Nat. Prod. Rep. 26 (7): 884–915. doi:10.1039/b800165k. PMID 19554240.
- Gorham, John (1977). "Lunularic acid and related compounds in liverworts, algae and Hydrangea". Phytochemistry. 16 (2): 249. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86795-3.
- Yoshikawa, M; Matsuda, H; Shimoda, H; Shimada, H; Harada, E; Naitoh, Y; Miki, A; Yamahara, J; Murakami, N (1996). "Development of bioactive functions in hydrangeae dulcis folium. V. On the antiallergic and antimicrobial principles of hydrangeae dulcis folium. (2). Thunberginols C, D, and E, thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside, (−)-hydrangenol 4'-o-glucoside, and (+)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside". Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin. 44 (8): 1440–7. doi:10.1248/cpb.44.1440. PMID 8795265.
- Nakagiri R, Hashizume E, Kayahashi S, Sakai Y, Kamiya T (December 2003). "Suppression by Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67 (12): 2641–3. doi:10.1271/bbb.67.2641. PMID 14730144.
- Chladil and Sheridan, Mark and Jennifer. "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund.
- Kamei K.; Matsuoka H.; Furuhata S.I.; Fujisaki R.I.; Kawakami T.; Mogi S.; Yoshihara H.; Aoki N.; Ishii A.; et al. (2000). "Anti-malarial activity of leaf-extract of hydrangea macrophylla, a common Japanese plant". Acta medica Okayama. 54 (5): 227–232. PMID 11061572.
- Yarnell E, Abascal K (Oct 2004). "Botanical treatment and prevention of malaria: Part 2 - Selected botanicals". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 10 (5): 277–84. doi:10.1089/act.2004.10.277.
- Zhang H. Matsuda H. Yamashita C. Nakamura S. Yoshikawa M. (2009). "Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1–3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005. PMID 19374876.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Altona'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ami Pasquier'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Europa'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lanarth White'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Madame Emile Mouillère'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Grandiflora'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Lilacina'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Perfecta'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Möwe'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Tokyo Delight'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Veitchii'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
- "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Westfalen'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrangea macrophylla.|
|Wikispecies has information related to: Hydrangea macrophylla| | <urn:uuid:2aeb35c7-a51f-4b1a-b004-93e43fb14861> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrangea_macrophylla | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00038-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.663071 | 3,528 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In this image provided by NASA Thursday Oct. 2, 2008 shows landscape' image from the cosmos to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope's Hubble Heritage Project. Cutting across a nearby star-forming region, called NGC 3324, are the "hills and valleys" of gas and dust displayed in intricate detail. Set amid a backdrop of soft, glowing blue light are wispy tendrils of gas as well as dark trunks of dust that are light-years in height. NGC 3324 is located in the constellation Carina, about 7,200 light-years away from Earth. The abrupt, mysterious failure of the command and data-handling system for Hubble's science instruments Saturday Sept. 28, 2008 means that the telescope is unable to capture and beam down the data needed to produce its stunning deep space images.
The opinions expressed are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Comcast. | <urn:uuid:f0be30ac-b5d2-4c8f-b571-fd647f909547> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/news-science-galaxies/38/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535745.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00383-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927248 | 191 | 3.546875 | 4 |
What Is Ethereum (ETH)?
Ethereum is a decentralized open-source blockchain system that includes its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for many other cryptocurrencies, as well as for the execution of decentralized wise contracts Ethereum was first explained in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, in addition to other co-founders, protected funding for the job in an online public crowd sale in the summertime of 2014 and formally launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015.
Ethereum’s own supposed objective is to become an international platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software application that is resistant to censorship, downtime and scams.
Who Are the Founders of Ethereum?
Ethereum has an overall of eight co-founders an unusually a great deal for a crypto task. They initially satisfied on June 7, 2014, in Zug, Switzerland.
Russian-Canadian Vitalik Buterin is perhaps the best understood of the bunch. He authored the original white paper that first described Ethereum in 2013 and still works on enhancing the platform to this day. Prior to ETH, Buterin co-founded and composed for the Bitcoin Publication news site.
British developer Gavin Wood is perhaps the second essential co-founder of ETH, as he coded the first technical application of Ethereum in the C++ shows language, proposed Ethereum’s native programming language Strength and was the very first chief technology officer of the Ethereum Foundation. Prior To Ethereum, Wood was a research study scientist at Microsoft. Afterward, he carried on to establish the Web3 Foundation.
Among the other co-founders of Ethereum are: – Anthony Di Iorio, who financed the job during its early stage of advancement. – Charles Hoskinson, who played the principal function in establishing the Swiss-based Ethereum Foundation and its legal framework. – Mihai Alisie, who provided assistance in developing the Ethereum Structure. – Joseph Lubin, a Canadian entrepreneur, who, like Di Iorio, has assisted fund Ethereum throughout its early days, and later founded an incubator for startups based on ETH called ConsenSys. – Amir Chetrit, who helped co-found Ethereum but stepped far from it early into the development.
What Makes Ethereum Unique?
Ethereum has actually originated the idea of a blockchain clever contract platform. Smart contracts are computer programs that automatically perform the actions needed to meet an agreement between a number of celebrations on the internet. They were created to lower the requirement for trusted intermediates in between specialists, hence lowering transaction expenses while also increasing deal dependability.
Ethereum’s primary innovation was developing a platform that permitted it to carry out wise contracts utilizing the blockchain, which even more reinforces the already existing benefits of clever contract innovation. Ethereum’s blockchain was developed, according to co-founder Gavin Wood, as a sort of “one computer system for the whole planet,” theoretically able to make any program more robust, censorship-resistant and less prone to fraud by running it on a globally dispersed network of public nodes.
In addition to clever contracts, Ethereum’s blockchain has the ability to host other cryptocurrencies, called “tokens,” through the use of its ERC-20 compatibility requirement. This has been the most common use for the ETH platform so far: to date, more than 280,000 ERC-20-compliant tokens have actually been introduced. Over 40 of these make the top-100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, for example, USDT LINK and BNB B: Related Pages:
New to crypto? Learn how to buy Bitcoin today Ready to read more? Visit our finding out hub Want to look up a transaction? Visit our block explorer Curious about the crypto space? Read our blog site
How Is the Ethereum Network Safe?
Since August 2020, Ethereum is secured through the Ethash proof-of-work algorithm, belonging to the Keccak household of hash functions.
There are plans, nevertheless, to transition the network to a proof-of-stake algorithm connected to the significant Ethereum 2.0 update, which introduced in late 2020.
After the Ethereum 2.0 Beacon Chain (Phase 0) went reside in the start of December 2020, it ended up being possible to start staking on the Ethereum 2.0 network. An Ethereum stake is when you deposit ETH (functioning as a validator) on Ethereum 2.0 by sending it to a deposit agreement, generally acting as a miner and hence securing the network. At the time of writing in mid-December 2020, the Ethereum stake rate, or the quantity of money made daily by Ethereum validators, is about 0.00403 ETH a day, or $2.36. This number will change as the network establishes and the quantity of stakers (validators) increase.
Ethereum staking benefits are identified by a circulation curve (the involvement and average percent of stakers): some ETH 2.0 staking rewards are at 20% for early stakers, but will be decreased to end up between 7% and 4.5% each year.
The minimum requirements for an Ethereum stake are 32 ETH. If you decide to stake in Ethereum 2.0, it implies that your Ethererum stake will be secured on the network for months, if not years, in the future up until the Ethereum 2.0 upgrade is completed. | <urn:uuid:e3532789-ca91-4bdb-9338-4d78a3872072> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://freestyleskaters.org/ethereum-vendors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991812.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515004936-20210515034936-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.951479 | 1,110 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A Second-order DSP filter is more complex than a first-order filter. There is one more delay block (z-1) added. Function diagram of second-order DSP filter.
The equation for second order DSP Filter can be written as follows:
And transfer function expressed in Z transform would be:
There can be two particular cases of filter. If we can write a general expression of filter like this:
1) When N=0, we get a non-recursive digital filter (FIR – Finite Impulse Response). This is a simple sum of a finite number of samples. In other words – averaging filter.
2) When N>0, we get a recursive filter. This filter (IIR – Infinite Impulse Response) has feedback where output samples are branched to input together with input samples. This type of filter has stability issues and so on.
The general form of transfer function may look like this – applies to all filter types:
What about the realization of the filter? Using digital filters in embedded systems is a critical issue. The sampled signal is forwarded to filter input as x(nT) queue, and output is y(nT) due to the digital processing of the signal. Speed of processing may be defined as minimal clock period Tmin of sampled input signal x(nT) or by frequency band Fmax=1/(2Tmin) of signal (according to Nyquist identity). The lower Tmin is – the higher Fmax – the speed of DSP processing. The main target of DSP processing usually is the real-time processing of wideband signals.
Universal microcontrollers are almost useless in higher speed signal processing. To make it effective, there are needed parallel modules in microcontrollers, but universal microcontrollers can perform one task simultaneously. Another situation is with DSP processors. They have the ability to parallel some instructions and increase the speed of critical parts of algorithms.
The most effective DSP can be done using FPGA. There all commands can be performed in parallel and at high speed. I am not going too deep in this as this needs a separate analysis thread. | <urn:uuid:d3f5b4bf-de4e-4261-a3ed-eca255de2423> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scienceprog.com/second-order-dsp-filter-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572898.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817092402-20220817122402-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.907346 | 448 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines.
Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together.
It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered.
New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included.
There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures. | <urn:uuid:92ed056e-d637-4583-b199-94de6fcb490e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://books.sae.org/r-297/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00589-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950668 | 317 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Published in Creation 35(4):24–27, 2013
After the Flood, Noah and his family were the only people alive on the earth. God told them to have lots of children because he wanted their descendants to spread out and live all over the earth. So Noah’s family had lots of children, who had lots of children, who had lots of children, and so on. After a while there were hundreds, and then thousands of people. They moved from the mountains of Ararat, where the Ark had landed, to a broad plain called Shinar. But none of them wanted to obey God’s command to live in other parts of the earth.
A tower with its top in the heavens
Instead, they said to each other: “Come on! Let’s build a city for ourselves with a tower that reaches way up into the sky, to make a name for ourselves, and so we won’t be scattered over the earth.” They used clay to make bricks, which they baked in ovens to make them hard and strong, and they used tar to stick the bricks together. Up, up, up went the tower, higher, and higher, and higher. God saw what they were doing, and He knew why they were doing it, because God knows everything. What could He do?
At that time everyone spoke the same language—that of their ancestor Noah. So, one day, God caused people to start speaking in different languages. Suddenly, it was impossible for people in one family to understand what the people in other families were saying. And so it was impossible for them to continue building their city or their tower.
Families and those people who could understand each other gathered together into groups. Then each group set out—north, south, east, and west—to get as far away from all the other groups as possible. In this way, God not only judged the people for their disobedience to Him, but He also caused them to want to scatter over the face of the earth. Wow! Whatever God wants to happen, He can make happen—very easily and no one can prevent it.
The city came to be known as Babel. The word ‘Babel’ sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘confused’. In English, we could say that God made a ‘babble’ of the languages the people now spoke.
Did today’s languages all begin in Babel?
Languages change as people add new words or give new meanings to words. Today there are about 7,000 languages. These can be grouped into a dozen or so different ‘language families’. For example, there is now the Indo-European language family, and the New Guinea language family, and the Australian Aboriginal language family, and so on. These language families are nothing like each other, but there are many similar languages within each family. All languages in a family probably descended from one of the languages God created at Babel. These Babel languages have multiplied into the 7,000 languages in the world today.
Evolutionists have great difficulty in accounting for the rise of languages from any supposed animal ancestor, as the theory of evolution requires. Animals communicate by the sounds they make, by their facial expressions and body postures, and by their odours, but they don’t use sentences as we do.
They especially can’t understand the way we combine small parts of language into larger parts. For example, even the smartest chimp can’t understand, “The man saw the boy give the book to the girl,” although you can very easily. That’s because the part “boy gives book to girl” is contained within “the man saw”.
Why is there such a big difference between humans and animals? Because we are made in the image of God, and God has given us, but not animals, the gift of speech. This is not only so we can talk to each other, but also so that we can speak to God in prayer. Did you know the Bible says that the prayer of the upright is God’s delight (Proverbs 15:8)?
Why are people all over the world so different?
The different groups of people moving away from Babel not only spoke different languages, they would also have had different features like dark or light skin, different eye colours, and so on. Dark skin is due to a pigment called melanin. We all have some of it; dark-skinned people simply have more of it than light-skinned people. People with darker skin are less likely to suffer sunburn and skin cancer, and so survive better in the tropics. People with lighter skin survive better in cooler climates.
But is this ‘evolution’, where new features arise that weren’t there before? No, God made our first parents, Adam and Eve, already programmed with the instructions, called genes, for these features. They had some genes for making lots of melanin in the skin, and others for makiong small amounts. When people had both genes, they had medium-brown skin. But some of Noah’s descendants lost some of these genes. The dark-skinned people have lost genes to make small amounts of melanin, The light-skinned people have lost genes to make lots of melanin. In a big group of people, the genes would be unlikely to be lost, because someone would probably have them. But in a small group, there is a good chance of some genes being lost for ever.
People in each language group leaving Babel would also have tended to marry within their own group, and so preserve those qualities seen as beneficial to that group. Over time, this has resulted in the differences that make up the various people groups in the world today. Some groups would have had people more skilled at building. Probably these were the people who built the pyramids in Egypt and other places in the world, after they had settled there.
God’s written Word, the Bible, reveals the true history of the world. Part of this is the confusion of languages at Babel. This perfectly explains both the different language families and the many ‘races’ or people groups in the world today. | <urn:uuid:2eddd8d3-6a8a-4299-82d4-59b62f3a0b61> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://creation.com/seven-cs-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320368.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624235551-20170625015551-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.979733 | 1,297 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Guidelines on Drowning Prevention
During the summer, one of the most popular activities to do is swimming. It may be fun but comes with hazards and uncertainties that are preventable according to Zanes Law-Phoenix. Hence, it is crucial to keep the swimming pool safe for children.
The US Consumer Product Commission urges the following of swimming pool safety guidelines to hinder children entry to the pool with no one present. An adult should be present to minimize any chance of drowning. Zanes Law-Phoenix has the campaign to inform on children’s safety around the pool because many homes own one. It is critical to protecting everyone around the pool. Zanes Law-Phoenix advocates for swimming pool safety tips that when applied will stop injuries and drowning incidents.
Zanes Law-Tucson urges you to swim in the company of others. Let someone accompany you when going swimming. Thus, the risk of an accident or drowning are reduced because even adults can suffer a medical emergency or a poolside accident that would require help.
It is paramount that you teach your kids basic water safety tips. It will ensure that they know and understand the limits they can go in the pool regarding depth. Teach them to contact a lifeguard in case of an emergency. The kids should understand that there should be no pushing around the pool and to not dive in areas not marked safe for diving. Teach them to get out of the pool in case of bad weather.
Zanes Law Group also recommends keeping children from swimming close to pool drains to avoid entrapment. Adult supervision is critical when children are in the pool. Give guidelines as to how far and how deep your child is allowed to swim as you keep a close eye on their movement.
Seconds matter when it comes to saving lives. Therefore Zanes law urges that you should take a telephone with you when supervising your children at the pool. When calling for rescue, you should make your message brief and clear. You should also ensure that you have floating tools nearby.
You should start looking for missing kids near swimming pool area. The reason is that the kid may have accidentally fallen into the pool thus for drowning prevention you need to organize rescue fast. Young swimmers should wear US Coastguard life jackets when in the pool. You will find out there are a various variety of life jackets. Check for weight and size recommendations that suit your child and have him or she wears it around the pool. The purpose of the life jacket is to provide that the kid keeps on floating mitigating the risk of drowning. | <urn:uuid:fb8d7082-3f4c-4758-bdeb-685174a3a01a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://educationcupcake.us/2018/05/18/the-essentials-of-resources-revisited | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247526282.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222200334-20190222222334-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.960466 | 515 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For this problem, we’re being asked to calculation thesolubility (in g/L) the CaSO4(s)in0.300 M Na2SO4(aq). Since the compounds space ionic compounds, they form ions when dissociating in water. The dissociation the CaSO4 and also Na2SO4 in water space as follows:
The sulfate ion, SO42–, has actually a charge of –2. Calcium is in group 2A so it’s fee is +2:
The sulfate ion, SO42–, has actually a charge of –2. Salt is in team 1A for this reason it’s charge is +1:
Notice the there is a typical ion present,SO42–. Thecommon ion effectstates that thesolubility that a salt is lowerin the existence of a common ion.
You are watching: The ksp of caso4 is 4.93× 10–5
We can construct an ice cream table for the dissociation the CaSO4. Remember the solids room ignored in the ice cream table.
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The Ksp of CaSO4 is 4.93 x 10-5. Calculation the solubility (in g/L) that CaSO4(s) in 0.300 M Na2SO4(aq) in ~ 25 °C.
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Join thousands that students and gain cost-free access to 46 hours the Chemistry videos the follow the object your textbook covers. | <urn:uuid:97686d51-bc21-4b8a-93ed-ea5d3d868b9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ivorycrimestory.com/the-ksp-of-caso4-is-4-93-10-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104209449.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703013155-20220703043155-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.886419 | 716 | 2.75 | 3 |
Installing your own Solar System
We strongly recommend that you have your solar system installed by an accredited solar installer. If this is not possible and you wish to install it yourself or with a friend, the following article gives a brief overview of some general wiring principles. If in doubt seek professional advice!
The following suggestions are offered:
There are now several hundred pages of standards that apply to solar and extra low voltage- electrical installations. The applicable primary standards are:
- AS 4509 Stand-alone Power Systems
- Part 1 Safety requirements
- Part 2 Design guidelines
- Part 3 Installation and maintenance
- AS / NZS 5033: 2005; Installation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays
- AS 4086 Secondary batteries for SPS Part 2 Installation and maintenance
Other relevant standards include:
- AS 3000 Electrical Wiring Rules
- AS 1768 Lightning Protection
- AS 1170.2 Wind Loads
- AS 4777 Grid Connections of Energy Systems via Inverters
- AS 3001 Electrical wiring rules for mobile applications
A common fault is using undersized cables. Cables should be sized so that the voltage drop is not greater than 5% - e.g.: 0.6 Volts for a 12V system. See our handy table on 12 and 24 Volt voltage drops.
Note that we use sq.mm. to refer to our cable sizes - some suppliers and manufacturers use mm when selling their cable. Cables should be protected in conduit if exposed to the elements, risk of mechanical damage or attack by rodents. Your 12/24 Volt cables should be physically separated from 230 Volt wiring and never use 230V type power points for 12 or 24 Volts!
Every circuit should be protected by a fuse or circuit breaker. The main leads to the battery should be protected by an HRC type fuse, installed below the vent level of the batteries. Where a smaller cable is connected to a larger cable the fuse should be sized to protect the smaller cable. Read more about fuse sizes.
Label your breakers so you can identify them in the future.
According to Australian Standards batteries are to be inside a ventilated, lockable and vermin proof box. The terminals should be protected with terminal covers so that explosions won't occur if an screw driver or something falls across them. Flooded wet cell batteries should also be installed on a battery tray (to contain acid leaks).
There should only be one cable going to each battery terminal. Spaghetti junctions at the terminals should be avoided. Multiple connections should be made using links in the distribution box. Read more about Battery Enclosures.
a) These should point north (in the Southern Hemisphere) at an angle suggested by your solar designer. This will generally be at a 'best yearly average'. However, depending on your loads you may wish to maximise your solar input for either summer or winter conditions. You can get some idea of suitable angles for Australia by looking at the solar radiation figures for some selected locations in the drop down menu for Solar Radiation Figures.
b) Make certain that water won't creep along your cable to your solar panels into the J box at the back. If the cable is coming above or horizontal to the J box have it loop down first below the J boxes so water can drip off it first.
c) Make certain your panels are securely bolted or fixed to your roof or other structure so they don't blow away in the first storm. If possible leave a 50-100 mm gap between the modules on the frame to reduce the wind loading.
d) You might like the appearance of your panels flat on your roof. We generally prefer to see them at least 150-200mm above the roof to help keep them cool and to avoid any build up of leaves or vermin under them. Remember, one day you may need to access the wiring for service or testing purposes. More information on mounting & ventilation of solar panels.
e) Your panels, like all other circuits, should be protected by fuses or circuit breakers. One day in the future you will probably notice a decrease in solar input performance. This will probably be due to a poor connection or failing batteries. In very rare circumstances a solar panel could develop a problem. Fault finding when there are multiple panels can be a time consuming task. We suggest you have at least a separate circuit breaker for each half of your solar panel array. If you have many solar panels, we suggest you have a separate breaker for every two or at most four panels. By installing extra circuit breakers you can turn off sections of your array and observe the difference it makes to your solar input Amps. If there are no observed differences, any performance decrease is now most likely to centre around the battery connections. The new Australian Standard 5033 specifies lots of breakers on longer arrays- 70 pages of PV cable protection!
f) Check your wiring first with a voltmeter before turning your circuit breakers and appliances on. The open circuit voltage of solar panels connected in parallel for 12V should be 18-20V or double that for a 24V system. Connected to a 12V battery you would expect a voltage of 12-15 Volts depending on your battery state of charge. If the voltage appears to be correct, slowly turn on your lights and other loads. If some lights go dim when other loads are turned on this is probably an indication of poor connections, undersized cables or poor battery condition. | <urn:uuid:677b80bf-72c3-4edf-ac99-3de5d383c9d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.rpc.com.au/information/faq/cables-fuses/do-it-yourself.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521574.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404073139-20200404103139-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.892372 | 1,112 | 2.875 | 3 |
In today's class, I assigned the kids the task of first working individually and then in pairs at practicing different skills related to tennis, table tennis, and badminton. They were then required to assess themselves both individually and in pairs as either; 1 for OK, 2 for Good, or 3 for Super Star for each of the sports.
They were told that they could go over to the chart paper at any time to assess themselves. I gave a few reminders here and there to them to go over and assess, but overall, they all seemed to understand the task requirements quite well.
In the next lesson, I will hand out individual assessment sheets to the kids and have them assess these same skills on their own sheets. I think that front loading assessment, ahead of time, works very well and serves to give them a bit of time to take it all in and to think about the task and their level of skill. Please see video below of today's class. | <urn:uuid:b47a7ca8-d991-4787-bf54-18fa8c3d9758> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.pyppewithandy.com/pyp-pe-blog/grade-2-front-loading-assessment-in-grade-2-net-games-unit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.982449 | 196 | 2.96875 | 3 |
RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a type of computer data storage, which enables the data to be read randomly without accessing the preceding bytes before that. That makes the RAM substantially faster than other types of storage devices like DVDs or HDDs in which all of the data has to be read in order to access certain information. When you have a shared hosting account, the exact amount of memory that your web apps can use cannot be fixed and may frequently depend upon the free memory that is available on the physical server. With a standalone hosting server, however, there's always a minimum amount of physical memory that'll be readily available at all times and will not be allotted to other clients even when it isn't being used. That's valid with our virtual and dedicated servers. | <urn:uuid:d503e880-cb1c-4f43-a676-d1d8c7f76e84> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://kazapo.net/terminology/guaranteed-ram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.945049 | 154 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Cressy-Longford Irrigation Scheme delivers irrigation water supply from the outfall of Poatina Tailrace on Tasmania's Central Highlands Hydroelectric Power Scheme, to the agricultural region surrounding the towns of Cressy and Longford in North Eastern Tasmania. The scheme delivers approximately 10 000 ML of water annually to a land district of 10 000 ha. The scheme consists of mostly open, earth lined channels, with sections of concrete lined channel, pipeline, culverts, drop pipes, and siphons or drop siphons where required for hydraulic design purposes or to provide road access and crossings. The system consists of over 100 km of channel and pipe, in a network of 17 distinct channel sections. The full system and its subcomponents have been modelled, using the generally available package, HEC-RAS, to model open channel sections, approximate pipe performance and to model the network operation under various scenarios. The performance of pipe and culvert sections was independently checked using spreadsheet analysis. The objective of the analysis was to determine the maximum capacity of the system in its current state; determine restrictions to the flow of water through the network; and to identify strategies to increase the capacity to deliver water by at least 30 %. The key restraints on the analysis were to ensure that any increased volume of water carried into the network could be safely discharged out of the network to adjoining natural watercourses in the event that irrigation was suddenly stopped and/or water input to the system increased, for example in the event of a sudden rainstorm. It was found that the system was currently underutilised, and that in most cases the culverts were capable of running full, which greatly increased the possible flow rates allowable in the system. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter measurements in sections of the channel were used to verify modelled flow rates.
There are many improvements to operation that can be made to a water distribution system once it has been constructed and placed in ground. Pipes and associated storages and pumps are typically designed to meet average peak daily demands, offer some capacity for growth, and also allow for some deterioration of performance over time. However, the 'as constructed' performance of the pipeline is invariably different to what was designed on paper, and this is particularly so for anything other than design flows, such as during times of water restrictions when there are significantly reduced flows. Because of this, there remain significant benefits to owners and operators for the adaptive and global optimisation of such systems. The present paper uses the Ouyen subsystem of the Northern Mallee Pipeline, in Victoria, as a case study for the development of an optimisation model. This has been done with the intent of using this model to reduce costs and provide better service to customers on this system. The Ouyen subsystem consists of 1600 km of trunk and distribution pipeline servicing an area of 456,000 Ha. The system includes 2 fixed speed pumps diverting water from the Murray River at Liparoo into two 150 ML balancing storages at Ouyen, 4 variable speed pumps feeding water from the balancing storages into the pipeline system, 2 variable speed pressure booster pumps and 5 town balancing storages. When considering all these components of the system, power consumption becomes an important part of the overall operation. The present paper considers a global optimisation model to minimise power consumption while maintaining reasonable performance of the system. The main components of the model are described including the network structure and the costs functions associated with the system. The final model presents the cost functions associated with the pump scheduling, including the penalties descriptions associated with maintaining appropriate storages levels and pressure bounds within the water distribution network. | <urn:uuid:7735b034-8d1c-45f8-83c0-01b3e82ab0c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository?view=null&f0=sm_identifier%3A%22ISBN%3A9780858258556%22&sort=null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.951248 | 740 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Lung, like all the organs of Chinese medicine, is much more than a physical apparatus. It is a system of functionality within the body that includes breathing, the strength and quality of the voice, functioning of the the nasal passageways, sinuses, throat, lungs, and skin. The Lung* regulates and distributes water in the body, and when it is malfunctioning it produces pathological phlegm, or mucus, that can obstruct the nose, throat, voice, lymph pathways, skin, and chest.
Lung and Large Intestine are the organs of the Metal element, or better called the Metal phase. Metal is about the functions in nature related to purification and boundaries- that is letting in and letting go- and the emotion of grief around the process of letting go. On a basic physical level as we breath in we are connecting to the outside world, we are literally bringing in the air of the world into our bodies and into our blood. When we exhale we are letting go of metabolic waste products that if kept in our bodies would be very harmful.
The Lung also houses a particular aspect of the spirit, called the po, the corporeal spirit. The Lung plays the role of minister within the body, advising and protecting the Heart, which is the emperor.
Thyroid: the Gland of the Lung
Even though the ancient Chinese did not acknowledge the thyroid gland as a discrete gland, it is part of the Lung function in Chinese medicine.
The fascial planes that separate the different layers, sections, tissues, and organs in the body run along specific pathways to organize the body. There is evidence that the fascial planes correspond closely to the channels in Chinese medicine theory, one of the best physiological explanations for the connection between limbs and organs.
In the case of the thyroid and Lung channel there is a specific fascial plan, the precervical fascia, that connects the thyroid gland to a key point on the Lung channel located on the outer chest. Functionally the thyroid hormone regulates cellar respiration, as well as breathing and heart rate. Embryologically the lungs and the thyroid both grow from the primitive pharynx.
Physiologically the only actual connection the lungs have to the rest of the body is the larynx, the voice box, so the “quality of the voice” as diagnostic for the Lung has a clear physiological reason.
Lung and Blood
In the biomedical model the shape of the lungs are very similar to a tree, where the “trunk of this tree is our windpipe, the branches are the main bronchi, the twigs are the bronchioles and finally the leaves are the alveoli. (Keown)”
The blood is “wafted” from the heart into smaller and smaller waterways until it is a single blood cell that can interchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the alveoli. The space between the alveoli serves the same function as the space between the leaves on a tree- for sunlight, or in the case of the Lungs, spirit, to circulate.
Lung and Heart
The Heart and Lung are both located in the uppermost part of the thorax, or upper jiao, and both have roles on governing or overseeing the other organs. In Chinese medicine the Heart is called the emperor and the seat of the spirit, the shen which is translated literally as heart-mind. The Lung is the minister and regulates and filters what reaches the emperor. Therefore breathing exercises to strengthen and purify the lungs, used in many systems of spiritual practice such as meditation and yoga, are important to relax and calm the heart-mind, the spirit.
Breath and Spirit
Breath is linked to spirit in almost all cultural traditions. Air is the most rarified element and the closest to the invisible source of life. When we breath we take in this invisible force that grants us life at each moment. Most spiritual exercises such as meditation, qigong, yoga etc. involve an awareness of the breath to attune more to the spiritual aspect. The Lung is called the “delicate organ” in Chinese medicine and is easily damaged by outside pathogens. Yet this same delicacy allows the most subtle and spiritual element to enter into our bodies and transform into our life force.
Pathologies of the Lung
Allergies, asthma, shortness of breath, phlegm or mucus in the nose, sinuses, throat, or chest, nosebleeds, disliking of speaking, sore throat, sinusitis, rhinitis, emphysema, cough, common cold, unresolved grief, low immunity. The Lung “system” encompasses all of these types of pathologies, which are caused by a deficiency of qi, or proper movement and functionality of the lungs, the thyroid, cellular respiration, blood nutrient exchange, and state of the heart-mind. These physical organs and glands are connected by the conductive fascial planes that travel down the anterior chest and arm, and therefore stimulating a point on the arm can treat these pathologies.
Daniel Keown, The Spark in the Machine: How the Science of Acupuncture Explains the Mysteries of Western Medicine
*When referring to the entire system of influence from a Chinese medicine perspective the name of the organ will be capitalized: the Lung, the Heart etc. When referring to to the biomedical model of the discrete organ it will be lower-case: the lungs. | <urn:uuid:03e847b4-6ef6-4bca-94aa-e259b5a0169d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.bluefirehealingarts.com/lung-in-chinese-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814079.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222081525-20180222101525-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.928064 | 1,129 | 2.8125 | 3 |
News Animals Antarctic Blue Whales Make 'Unprecedented' Comeback By Mary Jo DiLonardo Mary Jo DiLonardo LinkedIn Twitter Senior Writer University of Cincinnati Mary Jo DiLonardo has worked in print, online, and broadcast journalism for 25 years and covers nature, health, science, and animals. Learn about our editorial process Updated November 25, 2020 11:01AM EST The Antarctic blue whale is the largest animal on Earth, weighing up to 200 tons. Paul Ensor/Oregon State University [CC BY-SA 2.0]/Flickr Share Twitter Pinterest Email News Environment Business & Policy Science Animals Home & Design Current Events Treehugger Voices News Archive We're seeing a lot more of the largest animal on the planet. A team of scientists led by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) counted 55 Antarctic blue whales during their 2020 expedition to the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia — a number they called "unprecedented." In addition to Antarctic blue whales, the team recorded 790 humpback whales during the 21-day survey, and estimated that there are now more than 20,000 of them feeding off the island seasonally. The blue whale population in South Georgia was nearly decimated by commercial whaling that started in 1904, according to WWF-UK. Although protections were put in place through the International Whaling Commission in the 1960s, commercial hunting wasn't officially banned until 1986. Finally, after more than three decades of protections, the whale population appears to be rebounding. "After three years of surveys, we are thrilled to see so many whales visiting South Georgia to feed again," Dr. Jennifer Jackson, a whale ecologist at BAS, said in a statement. "This is a place where both whaling and sealing were carried out extensively. It is clear that protection from whaling has worked, with humpback whales now seen at densities similar to those a century earlier, when whaling first began at South Georgia." In 2018, blue whales were only sighted once and detected acoustically during the BAS team's survey of South Georgia. Only two years later, they were sighted three dozen times for a total of 55 animals. In some instances during the latest survey, the researchers were able to get skin and blowhole "breath" samples to learn more about the health of the whales they observed, reports the BBC. "For such a rare species, this is an unprecedented number of sightings and suggests that South Georgia waters remain an important summer feeding ground for this rare and poorly known species," BAS said in its release. The Antarctic blue whale's history A blue whale swims near Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean. Andrew Sutton/Shutterstock In 1926, there were believed to be as many as 125,000 adult Antarctic blue whales. When Antarctic explorer and Norwegian whaler Carl Larsen first visited South Georgia, he was impressed by the whale population and immediately applied for a license to open a whaling station there, according to BAS. He reportedly said, "I see them in hundreds and thousands." Not long after, many more whaling stations began to open along the coast. Whaling took an incredible toll, and the number of Antarctic blue whales dropped to as few as 1,000 in the '60s. For decades afterward, whales were rarely spotted along the South Georgia coast. As the effect of protections began to kick in, population numbers increased to 3,000 by 2018, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which classifies the Antarctic blue whale as "critically endangered." With whaling outlawed, today the main threats to blue whales are vessel strikes and entanglements in fishing gear, reports the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries. A massive presence Blue whales can be as long as 100 feet (30 meters) and weigh up to 200 tons. According to National Geographic, a blue whale's tongue can weigh as much as an elephant and its heart as much as a car. The massive carnivore can live 80 to 90 years on average. To keep their huge bodies thriving, whales survive on tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill. During prime feeding season, a large adult blue whale can eat as much as 6 tons of krill in one day, according to NOAA. Not only are they big; they're also very loud. They are the loudest animals on Earth with calls reaching 188 decibels, reports WWF-UK. By comparison, a jet is as loud as 140 decibels. The whale also has a low-frequency whistle that can be heard for hundreds of miles. Researchers believe that is likely used to attract other whales. There are five subspecies of blue whales including the Antarctic blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus ssp. intermedia). Blue whales are found in all oceans except the Arctic Ocean. 'A good place for them once again' Some observers might wonder whether the sightings of these massive mammals in South Georgia might be a fluke. Perhaps it's just a particularly bountiful year for food in the area that is driving the whales to the area or maybe there isn't a lot of prey elsewhere. But Jackson from BAS tells the BBC she believes the rising blue whale numbers are a long-term trend. "The preliminary data does not suggest it has been a particularly unusual krill year. Not this year, nor last year. It seems quite normal," she said. "So, I think this is positive. We know that 100 years ago, South Georgia was a good place for blue whales and now, after decades of protection, it seems the territory's waters are a good place for them once again." | <urn:uuid:68c75846-b008-4e25-8f15-fa3734d178b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.treehugger.com/antarctic-blue-whales-make-unprecedented-comeback-4859383 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.966392 | 1,148 | 3.59375 | 4 |
I have to disagree with the comment about -tomy: the range of meanings of the Greek tem-/tom-/tm- root is quite wide and includes the required "cutting into". Many medical terms include -ec-tomy with a separate preposition "out", but plain -tomy as in 'neurotomy' can mean "cutting (through)".
The word would seem to have been coined by Morris Marples in his book White Horses and other Hill Figures of 1949. As many subscribers have pointed out since this article first appeared, Morris Marples was no Greek scholar. It looks as though it is formed from the Greek roots leuci–, white, hippo, horse, and the suffix –tomy. Unfortunately this last doesn’t mean cutting or carving, but refers to cutting out or excising (as in many medical terms such as hysterectomy), so it actually means cutting off or excising white horses, which isn’t the same thing at all. (And in any case, it’s short one p and has one too many ts.) | <urn:uuid:b7617feb-cdda-4dc3-847d-faa8517bac55> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/leucipottomy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00107-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976582 | 228 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Vitamin D is gaining a reputation as a bit of a super nutrient. The vitamin plays a role in everything from calcium absorption to depression. Research has shown that it plays an important part in a number of bodily functions and health conditions. Some benefits of Vitamin D include:
- Contribution to strong bones and prevention of osteoporosis.
- Increase in energy and elevation of mood.
- Improved metabolic function.
- Reduction or prevention of high blood pressure.
- Lower risk of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.
Ensuring an adequate intake of Vitamin D can play a critical role in your overall health.
How Much Vitamin D Do You Need?
Everyone will have different Vitamin D needs, based on their age and health. Doctors recommend that adults under 69 get up to 600 IU per day, while those over 70 need 800 IU per day.
The body creates its own Vitamin D through direct exposure to sunlight. Typically, you would need to spend about 15 to 20 minutes in the sun about three to four times a week.
A number of factors can inhibit our ability to get the Vitamin D we need from the sun, including aging (our bodies are not as efficient at synthesizing Vitamin D as we age), the weather (cloudy days make it hard to get exposure to the sun), and even smog. For that reason, it is also important to eat foods that are rich in Vitamin D. Some examples include:
- Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel
- Cod liver oil
- Fortified breads and cereals
You can also take a daily Vitamin D supplement to ensure that you are getting the recommended daily dose.
Signs of Vitamin D Deficiency
There are not many recognized symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency. Often, those who are deficient in Vitamin D report problems with fatigue and pain, as well as difficulty losing weight. However, these symptoms could very well be the result of other health issues.
The only true way to find out if you are deficient in Vitamin D is to ask your doctor to test you. This is done through a blood test that will measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
If you suspect that you are deficient in Vitamin D, talk to your doctor. Your physician can take a health history and order the blood test. If you are deficient, your doctor can make individual recommendations for how to get the levels you need.
Have you discovered that you were or are Vitamin D deficient? Share your experiences and tell us what symptoms you suffered in the comments!
About the Author:
Bridget Sandorford is a freelance food and culinary writer, where recently she’s been researching bakery schools in New York. In her spare time, she enjoys biking, painting and working on her first cookbook. | <urn:uuid:baab5b05-88d5-49c6-8a2e-e66bca1bfc81> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://kristenrzasa.com/guest-blog-post-are-you-getting-enough-vitamin-d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.955945 | 577 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In 1943, fierce aerial bombardment razed the Berlin zoo and killed most of its animals. But only two months after the war's end, Berliners had already resurrected it, reopening its gates and creating a symbol of endurance in the heart of a shattered city. As this episode shows, the Berlin zoo offers one of the most unusual-yet utterly compelling-lenses through which to view German history. This enormously popular attraction closely mirrored each of the political systems under which it existed: the authoritarian monarchy of the kaiser, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, and the post-1945 democratic and communist states. Gary Bruce provides the first English-language history of the Berlin zoo, from its founding in 1844 until the 1990 unification of the West Berlin and East Berlin zoos. At the center of the capital's social life, the Berlin zoo helped to shape German views not only of the animal world but also of the human world for more than 150 years.Given its enormous reach, the German government used the zoo to spread its political message, from the ethnographic display of Africans, Inuit, and other "exotic" peoples in the late nineteenth century to the Nazis' bizarre attempts to breed back long-extinct European cattle. By exploring the intersection of zoology, politics, and leisure, Bruce shows why the Berlin zoo was the most beloved institution in Germany for so long: it allowed people to dream of another place, far away from an often grim reality. It is not purely coincidence that the profound connection of Berliners to their zoo intensified through the bloody twentieth century. Its exotic, iconic animals-including Rostom the elephant, Knautschke the hippo, and Evi the sun bear-seemed to satisfy, even partially, a longing for a better, more tranquil world.
Hvis denne bog ikke er noget for dig, kan du benytte kategorierne nedenfor til at finde andre titler. Klik på en kategori for at se lignende bøger. | <urn:uuid:1542ff8d-d921-4cf3-84c1-96b2fc057c3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.saxo.com/dk/through-the-lion-gate_gary-bruce_hardback_9780190234980 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937161.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420061851-20180420081851-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.897913 | 418 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Scaphoid sentence example
- U, ulna; R, radius; c, cuneiform; 1, lunar; s, scaphoid; u, unciform; m, magnum; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium.
- In none of the existing, and in but few of the extinct types, are collar-bones, or clavicles, developed; and the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus are separate.
- On the other hand in the Diplarthra, the tcl group to which the vast majority of modern Ungulates A i n belong, the second or lower row has been shifted altogether towards the inner side of the limb, so that the magnum is brought considerably into relation with the scaphoid, and is entirely removed from the cuneiform, as in most existing mammals.
- The os magnum 1, lunar; sc, scaphoid; u, unciform; of the carpus articulates freely m, magnum; td, trapezoid; tm, with the scaphoid.
- The humerus often has a foramen (entepicondylar) on the inner side of its lower end; the tibia and fibula may be separate or united; but the scaphoid and lunar of the carpus are also united, while the centrale is free.Advertisement
- In the carpus the scaphoid and lunar bones are united.
- In the carpus the scaphoid and lunar are welded, but the centrale remains distinct.
- In the Bathyergoidea the scaphoid and lunar of the carpus are separate, the tibia and fibula united and the clavicles normal.
- The tibia and fibula are separate, but the scaphoid and lunar are united, and the clavicles are generally incomplete.
- The three bones of the first row of the carpus (scaphoid, lunar and cuneiform) are subequal in size.Advertisement
- Scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid views.
- Scaphoid fractures may not be evident on the initial radiograph, get scaphoid views.
- A second guide-wire is placed next to the first wire and at the base of the proximal scaphoid pole.
- News Snippets Philippa Gammell has recently been diagnosed with a broken right wrist scaphoid bone, the original injury having occurred in April 2002.
- This came at a cost tho, as we lost our battling Frenchman Sebastien Tresarrieu to a scaphoid injury.Advertisement
- With use of imaging, the trailing end of the wire is located and is withdrawn until its end reaches the distal scaphoid cortex.
- The difference between the trailing ends of both wires shown in the photograph on the left is the scaphoid length. | <urn:uuid:ea775454-6623-4c4b-a8a1-bb03d12dedc4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/scaphoid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.879532 | 631 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Art Therapy: combining professional psychotherapy with the creative process.
Welcome to Speaking Through Art.
Art therapy is a unique approach to psychotherapy, in which the client is encouraged to use basic art materials to facilitate communication. Unlike traditional talk-therapy, art therapy enables the expression of emotions and thoughts which are difficult to put into words. It is extremely beneficial for those who do not have the language needed to explain what is troubling them, for those who are not able to find the words to talk about their emotions, or for those who might be afraid or ashamed to discuss their feelings.
The process of creating artwork reaches beyond our verbal thought processes. It also taps into deep psychological information by actively engaging the right side of the brain (which deals with the sense of intuition, emotional expression, creativity, and imagination), providing information which is sometimes hidden from our conscious awareness.
The images we create provide both conscious and unconscious information: the colours, lines, forms, and textures in the images give direct information about our affect, mood, thought processes, and cognitive functioning. The actual images and symbols may serve as metaphors.
Studies have shown that creative expression can improve mood, and foster a sense of well-being. | <urn:uuid:be383cde-5c12-40a6-bf3c-c2a6a5a0cfb9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.speakingthroughart.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215176.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819125734-20180819145734-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.939085 | 246 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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