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When knitting a sock for the very first time, the pattern will likely include knitting terms that you may not recognize. Here's a rundown of all the different parts you'll need to know, starting from the top of the sock, to successfully knit your first pair.
The very top of the sock is called the sock cuff. In order to help the sock cling to a leg, the cuff is usually worked in some kind of ribbed stitch. Cuffs are pretty common, but they are optional and not all sock patterns call for a separate stitch for the top of the sock. In lieu of a cuff, some decorative sock patterns call for a stitch or ribbing that's used all the way down to the heel.
Moving down from the cuff, you'll find the part of the sock that's known as the leg. This part of the sock usually has a different stitch pattern from the cuff. Most basic sock patterns call for stockinette stitch on the leg, but legs can also be worked in ribbing. The pattern may call for either the same count or a different ribbing from the cuff—or in another stitch altogether.
If you're knitting from the top down, the heel flap is the part of the sock you'll come to after the leg. Most sock patterns feature heel flap construction, although some may use a short row heel or another alternative.
The heel flap is typically knit back and forth in rows on about half of the stitches of the sock. Heel flaps are commonly worked in a simple repeating slip stitch pattern, and the first stitch of each row is usually slipped for ease of picking up later on. Heel flaps can also be decorative—sometimes they're knit with two colors, or they can feature cables and other stitch patterns.
Once the heel flap has been worked, the heel turn is knit next in order to shape the cup of the heel. This section of short rows creates a bend, making it possible to knit an L-shaped sock rather than a tube. Attempting the heel turn often intimidates beginners, but the most important thing is to pay attention to what the pattern dictates and to work as slow as necessary.
There's a pretty standard formula for working a heel turn:
- Slip the first stitch, working across half the heel stitches plus one.
- Work a decrease, and then a wrap and turn to prevent a hole in the heel.
- Slip the first stitch again, and purl across a few of those stitches you just worked (it's often 5).
- Work one more decrease and then another wrap and turn.
With each row, you'll work one more stitch before you turn until you've worked all the stitches.
Gusset and Instep
Once the heel turn has been worked, you'll pick up stitches along the sides of the heel flap to join the leg stitches back into the work. Then you'll resume knitting in the round.
You have more stitches now than you did when you were knitting the leg. To get rid of them, you'll work regular decreases along the sides of the foot. This wedge-shaped area is known as the gusset. The top of the foot, which is worked at the same time, is known as the instep. Pattern stitches from the leg are often continued on the instep, but not always.
Once you've worked back down to the same number of stitches you had in the leg, you will knit straight for some time to create most of the remaining length of the foot.
One more bit of shaping will create the end of the sock. The sock toe usually involves four decreases in a round, which is worked every other round until about half of the stitches have been decreased, then again it's knit every round until just a handful of stitches remain.
The last stitches can be finished off simply by threading the yarn through the stitches and closing the toe as you would for the top of a hat. You can also sew them together using Kitchener stitch. | <urn:uuid:46ce023f-4c17-4faa-a9b6-0c93c46268f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://bobzivkovic.com/sock-knitting-terms-3876011.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.960663 | 844 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Drug abuse kills about 200,000 people worldwide each year, according to a new United Nations (UN) report. Global treatment for drug abuse would cost $250 billion per year if everyone who needed help received proper care, according to the UN.
The UN estimates that about 230 million people, or 5 percent of the world’s population, used illegal drugs at least once in 2010. In the United States, female drug use was two-thirds the male rate, while in India and Indonesia, females constituted only one-tenth of those using illegal drugs.
Source: JoinTogether.org – June 27, 2012 | <urn:uuid:1b980cc0-9528-4f0f-86f5-abc4908587d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://atforum.com/2012/07/drug-abuse-kills-200000-people-each-year-un-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276305.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00065-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955821 | 126 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Q1: What is metadata?
A1: Metadata is the descriptive data necessary to allow us to find, process and use data, information and products. While metadata generally can describe products, services and software as well as data at different stages of manipulation, it can also be a specification. Metadata can be extensive and all-inclusive, or it can be specific to a more limited function. Metadata are used to provide documentation for data sets or services. In essence, metadata answers who, what, when, where, why, and how about every data that are being documented.
Q2: Why should I create metadata?
A2: Metadata helps to distribute information about the data produced by you or your organization. User can know description of your dataset or service. Metadata that conform to the WMO Metadata profile will correspond to the user application.
Q3: Who should create metadata?
A3: Data managers who are either technically-literate scientists or scientifically-literate computer specialists. Creating correct metadata is like library cataloguing, except the creator needs to know more of the scientific information behind the data in order to properly document them. Ensure that there is good communication between the metadata producer and the data producer.
Q4: Can I make new metadata elements?
A4: Certainly. This Profile provide standard metadata and an associated structure that will serve a wide variety of digital geographic data and non geographic data. The definitions and domain values are intended to be sufficiently generic to satisfy the metadata needs of various disciplines. However, the very diversity of data means that generic metadata may not accommodate all applications. Prior to the creation of extended metadata a careful review of the existing metadata within this WMO Core Metadata Profile must be performed to confirm that suitable metadata does not already exist. For each extended metadata section, entity, and/or element, the name, short name, definition, obligation, condition, maximum occurrence, data type, and domain values shall be defined.
Q5: How do I create metadata?
A5: First you have to understand both the data you are trying to describe and the standard itself. Then you need to decide about how you will encode the information. Normally, you will create a single XML file for each metadata record, that is, one XML document describes one data set. You then use some tool to enter information into XML document.
Q6: What tools are available to create metadata?
A6: Today you can create metadata using a text editor or Special XML editor like XML Spy.
Q7: What tools are available to check the structure of metadata?
A7: No, it is not implemented yet.
Q8: What is the file format for metadata?
A8: Metadata information should be available in a standard format, e.g. XML.
Q9: Data representation formats
While the WMO code formats will be used for real-time exchange of operation-critical data, the user will be able to select from a wide variety of optional data representation formats. | <urn:uuid:065c3cc1-8953-4513-b6ab-e64e47d178f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/WIS/FAQmetadata_en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122022571.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175342-00235-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870102 | 625 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Because of the rarity of pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), all children, adolescents, and young adults with these tumors should have their treatment coordinated by a multidisciplinary team comprising pediatric oncologists, pathologists, surgeons, and radiation oncologists. To better define the tumors' natural history and response to therapy, children with rare neoplasms should be considered for entry into national or institutional treatment protocols. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
This complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) information summary provides an overview of the use of laetrile as a treatment for people with cancer. The summary includes a history of laetrile research, a review of laboratory studies, the results of clinical trials, and possible side effects of laetrile use.
This summary contains the following key information:
Laetrile is another name for the chemical amygdalin, which is found in the pits of many fruits and in numerous plants.
Every attempt should be made to resect the primary tumor with negative margins before or after chemotherapy. Involvement of a surgeon with special expertise in the resection of STSs in the decision is highly desirable.
The timing of surgery depends on an assessment of the feasibility and morbidity of surgery. If the initial operation fails to achieve pathologically negative tissue margins or if the initial surgery was done without the knowledge that cancer was present, a re-excision of the affected area should be performed to obtain clear, but not necessarily wide, margins.[1,2,3,4,5] This surgical tenet is true even if no mass is detected by magnetic resonance imaging after initial surgery.; [Level of evidence: 3iiA]
Regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis are unusual and appear most likely with epithelioid and clear cell sarcomas. Sentinel lymph node mapping is employed at some centers to identify the regional nodes that are the most likely to be involved, although its widespread contribution to the staging and management of these tumors has yet to be clearly defined.[9,10,11]
Considerations for radiation therapy are based on the potential for surgery, with or without chemotherapy, to obtain local control without loss of critical organs, or significant functional, cosmetic or psychological impairment. This will vary according to patient variables, including age and gender, and tumor variables, including histopathology, site, size, and grade. Radiation therapy considerations include the same patient and tumor variables, surgical margin status, and expectations for radiation-induced morbidities such as impaired bone or muscle development, organ damage, or second malignancy. Radiation therapy can be given preoperatively or postoperatively, and the radiation field size and dose will again be based on patient and tumor variables and the operability of the tumor. | <urn:uuid:ad1c2cd0-0915-4aab-bd70-a2ccfa640191> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/childhood-soft-tissue-sarcoma-treatment-pdq-treatment---health-professional-information-nci-treatment-option-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929256.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00000-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926461 | 584 | 2.875 | 3 |
Reverse Racism is racism by or for the benefit of groups that have historically been the victims of racism. As such, it does not refer to the "reverse" of racism, but to a reversal in the direction of racism.
Example of reverse racism include:
- Racial quotas for employment or education, which give minority groups an advantage
- Racial rhetoric used by minority group leaders, directed against majority groups
- Affirmative action | <urn:uuid:e85f1ae9-f4e1-4ac2-8e7f-5065f5956037> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Reverse_racism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768957.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00082-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955546 | 90 | 3.359375 | 3 |
There are 7,861 households out of which 38.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.8% are married couples living together, 4.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% are non-families. 16.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.75 and the average family size is 3.09.
In the city the population is spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the Mequon http://mequon.net/ is $90,733, and the median income for a family is $101,793. Males have a median income of $72,762 versus $40,280 for females. The per capita income for the city is $48,333. 1.7% of the population and 1.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 1.2% of those under the age of 18 and 2.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The first white settlers of Mequon were Isaac BIGELOW and Daniel STRICKLAND, who emigrated with their families from the British possessions and settled in the town of Mequon in 1836. The territory at that time was one dense wilderness, the only thoroughfare, if such they could be called, were the Indian trails, leading in different directions through the vast country which lies north and west of the village. The pioneers followed one of these trails north until they came to Mequonsippi or Pigeon Creek, where they proceeded to erect for themselves rude shanties out of such material as could be found until they could replace them with more substantial log structures. In 1837, James W. WOODWORTH and his brother Ephraim came and took up claims near by. In 1838, William WORTH, Taylor HAVERLIN, John WESTON, Peter TURCK, Reuben WELLS, Isham DAY, Joseph LOOMER and several Irish families made settlements in the town. During the month of August, 1839, William F. OPITZ, in company with his father, mother, sister and brother-in-law, Adolph ZIMMERMANN, came and settled in what is now known as Mequon proper, one-half mile south of where the village of Thienville is now situated. They were the first German settlers. A month later, they were followed by five German families, consisting of Andrew GEIDEL, Michael MUELLER, Andrew LANZENDORF, W. SCHUMANN and Gottfried BAER. During the same year, the BONNIWELLS, William, George, James, Charles, Henry and Alfred came from England and settled that portion of Mequon now known as the Bonniwell District. Next after the BONNIWELLS came the Friestadt Colony, numbering about sixty families. These people sheltered themselves at first in tents. Timothy WOODEN, the first settler in the town of Grafton, and a neighbor of his, helped the Germans to erect their log houses. A year later, the colonists erected a log meeting-house, the first structure of the kind built in old Washington County. In the month of May, 1840, Edward H. JANSSEN, Henry HEISEN and John THOMPSON located in Mequon, and at once set about clearing the lands and interesting themselves in the general welfare of the community. Edward H. JANSSEN was the first German school teacher in the town. He was a man of great enterprise, and soon became an active worker in the politics of the county. Besides holding important offices in the town, he was made a member of the Constitutional Convention, was elected for two terms to the office of Register of Deeds, and, in 1851, was elected to the important office of State Treasurer. In 1854, he in company with his brother and a man by the name of GAITSCH built the Hamilton Grist-Mill, a large stone structure located on Cedar Creek, a mile south of the village. He was afterward elected County Superintendent of Schools, which office he held at the time of his death, which occurred during the year 1877. | <urn:uuid:165dc880-1989-4f19-b576-5e5fac854b29> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://wiki.coop-tic.eu/wikis/LHM/wakka.php?wiki=MequonWI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260658.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527025527-20190527051527-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.978652 | 1,002 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Strategy Design Pattern
- Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from the clients that use it.
- Capture the abstraction in an interface, bury implementation details in derived classes.
One of the dominant strategies of object-oriented design is the "open-closed principle".
Figure demonstrates how this is routinely achieved - encapsulate interface details in a base class, and bury implementation details in derived classes. Clients can then couple themselves to an interface, and not have to experience the upheaval associated with change: no impact when the number of derived classes changes, and no impact when the implementation of a derived class changes.
A generic value of the software community for years has been, "maximize cohesion and minimize coupling". The object-oriented design approach shown in figure is all about minimizing coupling. Since the client is coupled only to an abstraction (i.e. a useful fiction), and not a particular realization of that abstraction, the client could be said to be practicing "abstract coupling" . an object-oriented variant of the more generic exhortation "minimize coupling".
A more popular characterization of this "abstract coupling" principle is "Program to an interface, not an implementation".
Clients should prefer the "additional level of indirection" that an interface (or an abstract base class) affords. The interface captures the abstraction (i.e. the "useful fiction") the client wants to exercise, and the implementations of that interface are effectively hidden.
The Interface entity could represent either an abstract base class, or the method signature expectations by the client. In the former case, the inheritance hierarchy represents dynamic polymorphism. In the latter case, the Interface entity represents template code in the client and the inheritance hierarchy represents static polymorphism.
A Strategy defines a set of algorithms that can be used interchangeably. Modes of transportation to an airport is an example of a Strategy. Several options exist such as driving one's own car, taking a taxi, an airport shuttle, a city bus, or a limousine service. For some airports, subways and helicopters are also available as a mode of transportation to the airport. Any of these modes of transportation will get a traveler to the airport, and they can be used interchangeably. The traveler must chose the Strategy based on trade-offs between cost, convenience, and time.
- Identify an algorithm (i.e. a behavior) that the client would prefer to access through a "flex point".
- Specify the signature for that algorithm in an interface.
- Bury the alternative implementation details in derived classes.
- Clients of the algorithm couple themselves to the interface.
Rules of thumb
- Strategy is like Template Method except in its granularity.
- State is like Strategy except in its intent.
- Strategy lets you change the guts of an object. Decorator lets you change the skin.
- State, Strategy, Bridge (and to some degree Adapter) have similar solution structures. They all share elements of the 'handle/body' idiom. They differ in intent - that is, they solve different problems.
- Strategy has 2 different implementations, the first is similar to State. The difference is in binding times (Strategy is a bind-once pattern, whereas State is more dynamic).
- Strategy objects often make good Flyweights. | <urn:uuid:f952751a-82eb-445d-80a3-93822824ef8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541315293.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216013805-20191216041805-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.897297 | 700 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Thucydides (//; Ancient Greek: Θουκυδίδης, Thoukydídēs, [tʰuːkydídɛːs]; c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.
|Born||c. 460 BC
Halimous (modern Alimos)
|Died||c. 400 BC (aged approximately 60)
|Notable work||History of the Peloponnesian War|
He also has been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the political behavior of individuals and the subsequent outcomes of relations between states as ultimately mediated by and constructed upon the emotions of fear and self-interest. His text is still studied at universities and military colleges worldwide. The Melian dialogue is regarded as a seminal work of international relations theory, while his version of Pericles' Funeral Oration is widely studied by political theorists, historians, and students of the classics.
In spite of his stature as a historian, modern historians know relatively little about Thucydides's life. The most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War, which expounds his nationality, paternity and native locality. Thucydides informs us that he fought in the war, contracted the plague and was exiled by the democracy. He may have also been involved in quelling the Samian Revolt.
Evidence from the Classical periodEdit
Thucydides identifies himself as an Athenian, telling us that his father's name was Olorus and that he was from the Athenian deme of Halimous. He survived the Plague of Athens that killed Pericles and many other Athenians. He also records that he owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle (literally "Dug Woodland"), a coastal area in Thrace, opposite the island of Thasos.
Because of his influence in the Thracian region, Thucydides wrote, he was sent as a strategos (general) to Thasos in 424 BC. During the winter of 424–423 BC, the Spartan general Brasidas attacked Amphipolis, a half-day's sail west from Thasos on the Thracian coast, instigating the Battle of Amphipolis. Eucles, the Athenian commander at Amphipolis, sent to Thucydides for help. Brasidas, aware of Thucydides's presence on Thasos and his influence with the people of Amphipolis, and afraid of help arriving by sea, acted quickly to offer moderate terms to the Amphipolitans for their surrender, which they accepted. Thus, when Thucydides arrived, Amphipolis was already under Spartan control.
Amphipolis was of considerable strategic importance, and news of its fall caused great consternation in Athens. It was blamed on Thucydides, although he claimed that it was not his fault and that he had simply been unable to reach it in time. Because of his failure to save Amphipolis, he was exiled:
I lived through the whole of it, being of an age to comprehend events, and giving my attention to them in order to know the exact truth about them. It was also my fate to be an exile from my country for twenty years after my command at Amphipolis; and being present with both parties, and more especially with the Peloponnesians by reason of my exile, I had leisure to observe affairs somewhat particularly.
Using his status as an exile from Athens to travel freely among the Peloponnesian allies, he was able to view the war from the perspective of both sides. Thucydides claimed that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out, because he thought it would be one of the greatest wars waged among the Greeks in terms of scale:
"Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it."
This is all that Thucydides wrote about his own life, but a few other facts are available from reliable contemporary sources. Herodotus wrote that the name Olorus, Thucydides's father's name, was connected with Thrace and Thracian royalty. Thucydides was probably connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades and his son Cimon, leaders of the old aristocracy supplanted by the Radical Democrats. Cimon's maternal grandfather's name was also Olorus, making the connection exceedingly likely. Another Thucydides lived before the historian and was also linked with Thrace, making a family connection between them very likely as well. Finally, Herodotus confirms the connection of Thucydides's family with the mines at Scapté Hýlē.
Combining all the fragmentary evidence available, it seems that his family had owned a large estate in Thrace, one that even contained gold mines, and which allowed the family considerable and lasting affluence. The security and continued prosperity of the wealthy estate must have necessitated formal ties with local kings or chieftains, which explains the adoption of the distinctly Thracian royal name Óloros into the family. Once exiled, Thucydides took permanent residence in the estate and, given his ample income from the gold mines, he was able to dedicate himself to full-time history writing and research, including many fact-finding trips. In essence, he was a well-connected gentleman of considerable resources who, after involuntarily retiring from the political and military spheres, decided to fund his own historical investigations.
The remaining evidence for Thucydides's life comes from rather less reliable later ancient sources. According to Pausanias, someone named Oenobius was able to get a law passed allowing Thucydides to return to Athens, presumably sometime shortly after the city's surrender and the end of the war in 404 BC. Pausanias goes on to say that Thucydides was murdered on his way back to Athens. Many doubt this account, seeing evidence to suggest he lived as late as 397 BC. Plutarch claims that his remains were returned to Athens and placed in Cimon's family vault.
The abrupt end to Thucydides's narrative, which breaks off in the middle of the year 411 BC, has traditionally been interpreted that he died while writing the book, although other explanations have been put forward.
Inferences about Thucydides's character can only be drawn (with due caution) from his book. His sardonic sense of humour is evident throughout, as when, during his description of the Athenian plague, he remarks that old Athenians seemed to remember a rhyme which said that with the Dorian War would come a "great death". Some claimed that the rhyme was actually about a [death by] "famine" or "starvation" (λιμός, limos), and was only remembered as [death by] "pestilence" (λοιμός, loimos) due to the current plague. Thucydides then remarks that should another Dorian War come, this time attended with a great dearth, the rhyme will be remembered as "dearth," and any mention of "death" forgotten.
Thucydides admired Pericles, approving of his power over the people and showing a marked distaste for the demagogues who followed him. He did not approve of the democratic commoners nor the radical democracy that Pericles ushered in but considered democracy acceptable when guided by a good leader. Thucydides's presentation of events is generally even-handed; for example, he does not minimize the negative effect of his own failure at Amphipolis. Occasionally, however, strong passions break through, as in his scathing appraisals of the democratic leaders Cleon and Hyperbolus. Cleon has sometimes been connected with Thucydides's exile.
It has been argued that Thucydides was moved by the suffering inherent in war and concerned about the excesses to which human nature is prone in such circumstances, as in his analysis of the atrocities committed during the civil conflict on Corcyra, which includes the phrase "war is a violent teacher" (πόλεμος βίαιος διδάσκαλος).
The History of the Peloponnesian WarEdit
Thucydides believed that the Peloponnesian War represented an event of unmatched importance. As such, he began to write the History at the onset of the war in 431. His intention was to write an account which would serve as "a possession for all time". The history breaks off near the end of the 21st year of the war and does not elaborate on the final conflicts of the war. This facet of the work suggests that Thucydides died whilst writing his history and more so, that his death was unexpected.
After his death, Thucydides's History was subdivided into eight books: its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War. His great contribution to history and historiography is contained in this one dense history of the 27-year war between Athens and Sparta, each alongside their respective allies. This subdividing was most likely done by librarians and archivists, themselves being historians and scholars, most likely working in the Library of Alexandria.
The History of the Peloponnesian War continued to be modified well beyond the end of the war in 404, as exemplified by a reference at Book I.1.13 to the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC), seven years after the last events in the main text of Thucydides' history.
Thucydides is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus, known as "the father of history", Thucydides places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he himself probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants about the events that he recorded. Unlike Herodotus, whose stories often teach that a hubris invites the wrath of the gods, Thucydides does not acknowledge divine intervention in human affairs.
Thucydides exerted wide historiographical influence on subsequent Hellenistic and Roman historians, though the exact description of his style in relation to many successive historians remains unclear. Readers in antiquity often placed the continuation of the stylistic legacy of the History in the writings of Thucydides' putative intellectual successor Xenophon. Such readings often described Xenophon's treatises as attempts to "finish" Thucydides' History. Many of these interpretations, however, have garnered significant scepticism among modern scholars, such as Dillery, who spurn the view of interpreting Xenophon qua Thucydides, arguing that the latter's "modern" history (defined as constructed based on literary and historical themes) is antithetical to the former's account in the Hellenica, which diverges from the Hellenic historiographical tradition in its absence of a preface or introduction to the text and the associated lack of an "overarching concept" unifying the history.
A noteworthy difference between Thucydides's method of writing history and that of modern historians is Thucydides's inclusion of lengthy formal speeches that, as he himself states, were literary reconstructions rather than actual quotations of what was said—or, perhaps, what he believed ought to have been said. Arguably, had he not done this, the gist of what was said would not otherwise be known at all—whereas today there is a plethora of documentation—written records, archives and recording technology for historians to consult. Therefore, Thucydides's method served to rescue his mostly oral sources from oblivion. We do not know how these historical figures actually spoke. Thucydides's recreation uses a heroic stylistic register. A celebrated example is Pericles' funeral oration, which heaps honour on the dead and includes a defence of democracy:
The whole earth is the sepulchre of famous men; they are honoured not only by columns and inscriptions in their own land, but in foreign nations on memorials graven not on stone but in the hearts and minds of men. (2:43)
Stylistically, the placement of this passage also serves to heighten the contrast with the description of the plague in Athens immediately following it, which graphically emphasizes the horror of human mortality, thereby conveying a powerful sense of verisimilitude:
Though many lay unburied, birds and beasts would not touch them, or died after tasting them [...]. The bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead creatures reeled about the streets and gathered round all the fountains in their longing for water. The sacred places also in which they had quartered themselves were full of corpses of persons who had died there, just as they were; for, as the disaster passed all bounds, men, not knowing what was to become of them, became equally contemptuous of the gods' property and the gods' dues. All the burial rites before in use were entirely upset, and they buried the bodies as best they could. Many from want of the proper appliances, through so many of their friends having died already, had recourse to the most shameless sepultures: sometimes getting the start of those who had raised a pile, they threw their own dead body upon the stranger's pyre and ignited it; sometimes they tossed the corpse which they were carrying on the top of another that was burning, and so went off. (2:52)
Thucydides omits discussion of the arts, literature or the social milieu in which the events in his book take place and in which he himself grew up. He saw himself as recording an event, not a period, and went to considerable lengths to exclude what he deemed frivolous or extraneous.
Philosophical outlook and influencesEdit
Paul Shorey calls Thucydides "a cynic devoid of moral sensibility". In addition, he notes that Thucydides conceived of human nature as strictly determined by one's physical and social environments, alongside basic desires.
Thucydides' work indicates an influence from the teachings of the Sophists that contributes substantially to the thinking and character of his History. Possible evidence includes his skeptical ideas concerning justice and morality. There are also elements within the History—such as his views on nature revolving around the factual, empirical, and the non-anthropomorphic—which suggest that he was at least aware of the views of philosophers such as Anaxagoras and Democritus. There is also evidence of his knowledge concerning some of the corpus of Hippocratic medical writings.
Thucydides was especially interested in the relationship between human intelligence and judgment, Fortune and Necessity, and the idea that history is too irrational and incalculable to predict.
Scholars traditionally view Thucydides as recognizing and teaching the lesson that democracies need leadership, but that leadership can be dangerous to democracy. Leo Strauss (in The City and Man) locates the problem in the nature of Athenian democracy itself, about which, he argued, Thucydides had a deeply ambivalent view: on one hand, Thucydides's own "wisdom was made possible" by the Periclean democracy, which had the effect of liberating individual daring, enterprise and questioning spirit; but this same liberation, by permitting the growth of limitless political ambition, led to imperialism and, eventually, civic strife.
For Canadian historian Charles Norris Cochrane (1889–1945), Thucydides's fastidious devotion to observable phenomena, focus on cause and effect, and strict exclusion of other factors anticipates twentieth-century scientific positivism. Cochrane, the son of a physician, speculated that Thucydides generally (and especially in describing the plague in Athens) was influenced by the methods and thinking of early medical writers such as Hippocrates of Kos.
After World War II, Classical scholar Jacqueline de Romilly pointed out that the problem of Athenian imperialism was one of Thucydides's central preoccupations and situated his history in the context of Greek thinking about international politics. Since the appearance of her study, other scholars further examined Thucydides's treatment of realpolitik.
More recently, scholars have questioned the perception of Thucydides as simply "the father of realpolitik". Instead they have brought to the fore the literary qualities of the History, which they see as belonging to the narrative tradition of Homer and Hesiod and as concerned with the concepts of justice and suffering found in Plato and Aristotle and problematized in Aeschylus and Sophocles. Richard Ned Lebow terms Thucydides "the last of the tragedians", stating that "Thucydides drew heavily on epic poetry and tragedy to construct his history, which not surprisingly is also constructed as a narrative." In this view, the blind and immoderate behaviour of the Athenians (and indeed of all the other actors) – though perhaps intrinsic to human nature – ultimately leads to their downfall. Thus his History could serve as a warning to future leaders to be more prudent, by putting them on notice that someone would be scrutinizing their actions with a historian's objectivity rather than a chronicler's flattery.
Historian H. D. Kitto feels that Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian War not because it was the most significant war in antiquity but because it caused the most suffering. Indeed, several passages of Thucydides' book are written "with an intensity of feeling hardly exceeded by Sappho herself."
In his Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl R. Popper writes that Thucydides was the "greatest historian, perhaps, who ever lived." Thucydides' work, however, Popper goes on to say, represents "an interpretation, a point of view; and in this we need not agree with him." In the war between Athenian democracy and the "arrested oligarchic tribalism of Sparta," we must never forget Thucydides' "involuntary bias," and that "his heart was not with Athens, his native city:"
"Although he apparently did not belong to the extreme wing of the Athenian oligarchic clubs who conspired throughout the war with the enemy, he was certainly a member of the oligarchic party, and a friend neither of the Athenian people, the demos, who had exiled him, nor of its imperialist policy."
Thucydides and his immediate predecessor Herodotus both exerted a significant influence on Western historiography. Thucydides does not mention his counterpart by name, but his famous introductory statement is thought to refer to him:
To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession than to be rehearsed for a prize. (1:22)
Herodotus records in his Histories not only the events of the Persian Wars but also geographical and ethnographical information, as well as the fables related to him during his extensive travels. Typically, he passes no definitive judgment on what he has heard. In the case of conflicting or unlikely accounts, he presents both sides, says what he believes and then invites readers to decide for themselves. The work of Herodotus is reported to have been recited at festivals, where prizes were awarded, as for example, during the games at Olympia.
Herodotus views history as a source of moral lessons, with conflicts and wars as misfortunes flowing from initial acts of injustice perpetuated through cycles of revenge. In contrast, Thucydides claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts, although, unlike Herodotus, he does not reveal his sources. Thucydides views life exclusively as political life, and history in terms of political history. Conventional moral considerations play no role in his analysis of political events while geographic and ethnographic aspects are omitted or, at best, of secondary importance. Subsequent Greek historians—such as Ctesias, Diodorus, Strabo, Polybius and Plutarch—held up Thucydides's writings as a model of truthful history. Lucian refers to Thucydides as having given Greek historians their law, requiring them to say what had been done (ὡς ἐπράχθη). Greek historians of the fourth century BC accepted that history was political and that contemporary history was the proper domain of a historian. Cicero calls Herodotus the "father of history;" yet the Greek writer Plutarch, in his Moralia (Ethics) denigrated Herodotus, notably calling him a philobarbaros, a "barbarian lover', to the detriment of the Greeks. Unlike Thucydides, however, these authors all continued to view history as a source of moral lessons.
Due to the loss of the ability to read Greek, Thucydides and Herodotus were largely forgotten during the Middle Ages in Western Europe, although their influence continued in the Byzantine world. In Europe, Herodotus become known and highly respected only in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century as an ethnographer, in part due to the discovery of America, where customs and animals were encountered even more surprising than what he had related. During the Reformation, moreover, information about Middle Eastern countries in the Histories provided a basis for establishing Biblical chronology as advocated by Isaac Newton.
The first European translation of Thucydides (into Latin) was made by the humanist Lorenzo Valla between 1448 and 1452, and the first Greek edition was published by Aldo Manuzio in 1502. During the Renaissance, however, Thucydides attracted less interest among Western European historians as a political philosopher than his successor, Polybius, although Poggio Bracciolini claimed to have been influenced by him. There is not much trace of Thucydides's influence in Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince (1513), which held that the chief aim of a new prince must be to "maintain his state" [i.e., his power] and that in so doing he is often compelled to act against faith, humanity and religion. Later historians, such as J. B. Bury, however, have noted parallels between them:
If, instead of a history, Thucydides had written an analytical treatise on politics, with particular reference to the Athenian empire, it is probable that ... he could have forestalled Machiavelli. . . .[since] the whole innuendo of the Thucydidean treatment of history agrees with the fundamental postulate of Machiavelli, the supremacy of reason of state. To maintain a state said the Florentine thinker, "a statesman is often compelled to act against faith, humanity and religion." ... But ... the true Machiavelli, not the Machiavelli of fable ... entertained an ideal: Italy for the Italians, Italy freed from the stranger: and in the service of this ideal he desired to see his speculative science of politics applied. Thucydides has no political aim in view: he was purely a historian. But it was part of the method of both alike to eliminate conventional sentiment and morality.
In the seventeenth century, the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan advocated absolute monarchy, admired Thucydides and in 1628 was the first to translate his writings into English directly from Greek. Thucydides, Hobbes, and Machiavelli are together considered the founding fathers of political realism, according to which, state policy must primarily or solely focus on the need to maintain military and economic power rather than on ideals or ethics.
Nineteenth-century positivist historians stressed what they saw as Thucydides's seriousness, his scientific objectivity and his advanced handling of evidence. A virtual cult following developed among such German philosophers as Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Schlegel, and Friedrich Nietzsche, who claimed that, "[in Thucydides], the portrayer of man, that culture of the most impartial knowledge of the world finds its last glorious flower." The late-eighteenth-century Swiss historian Johannes von Müller described Thucydides as 'the favourite author of the greatest and noblest men, and one of the best teachers of the wisdom of human life.' For Eduard Meyer, Macaulay and Leopold von Ranke, who initiated modern source-based history writing, Thucydides was again the model historian.
Generals and statesmen loved him: the world he drew was theirs, an exclusive power-brokers' club. It is no accident that even today Thucydides turns up as a guiding spirit in military academies, neocon think tanks and the writings of men like Henry Kissinger; whereas Herodotus has been the choice of imaginative novelists (Michael Ondaatje's novel The English Patient and the film based on it boosted the sale of the Histories to a wholly unforeseen degree) and—as food for a starved soul—of an equally imaginative foreign correspondent from Iron Curtain Poland, Ryszard Kapuscinski.
These historians also admired Herodotus, however, as social and ethnographic history increasingly came to be recognized as complementary to political history. In the twentieth century, this trend gave rise to the works of Johan Huizinga, Marc Bloch and Braudel, who pioneered the study of long-term cultural and economic developments and the patterns of everyday life. The Annales School, which exemplifies this direction, has been viewed as extending the tradition of Herodotus.
At the same time, Thucydides's influence was increasingly important in the area of international relations during the Cold War, through the work of Hans Morgenthau, Leo Strauss and Edward Carr.
The tension between the Thucydidean and Herodotean traditions extends beyond historical research. According to Irving Kristol, self-described founder of American neoconservatism, Thucydides wrote "the favorite neoconservative text on foreign affairs"; and Thucydides is a required text at the Naval War College, an American institution located in Rhode Island. On the other hand, Daniel Mendelsohn, in a review of a recent edition of Herodotus, suggests that, at least in his graduate school days during the Cold War, professing admiration of Thucydides served as a form of self-presentation:
To be an admirer of Thucydides' History, with its deep cynicism about political, rhetorical and ideological hypocrisy, with its all too recognizable protagonists—a liberal yet imperialistic democracy and an authoritarian oligarchy, engaged in a war of attrition fought by proxy at the remote fringes of empire—was to advertise yourself as a hardheaded connoisseur of global Realpolitik.
Another author, Thomas Geoghegan, whose speciality is labour rights, comes down on the side of Herodotus when it comes to drawing lessons relevant to Americans, who, he notes, tend to be rather isolationist in their habits (if not in their political theorizing): "We should also spend more funds to get our young people out of the library where they're reading Thucydides and get them to start living like Herodotus—going out and seeing the world."
Another contemporary historian believes that while it is true that critical history "began with Thucydides, one may also argue that Herodotus’ looking at the past as a reason why the present is the way it is, and to search for causality for events beyond the realms of Tyche and the Gods, was a much larger step."
- Cochrane, p. 179; Meyer, p. 67; de Sainte Croix.
- Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian. "Political Realism in International Relations". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved 2016-03-23.
- Strauss, p. 139.
- Harloe, Katherine, Morley, Neville, Thucydides and the Modern World: Reception, Reinterpretation and Influence from the Renaissance to the Present. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (2012). p. 12
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.117
- Thucydides 4.104
- Thucydides 2.48.1–3
- Thucydides 4.105.1
- Thucydides 4.104.1
- Thucydides 4.105–106.3
- Thucydides 4.108.1–7
- Thucydides 5.26.5
- "Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, book 1, chapter 1, section 1". data.perseus.org. Retrieved 2018-03-07. line feed character in
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- Herodotus, Histories 6.46.1
- Pausanias, 1.23.9.
- Plutarch, Cimon 4.1.
- "Μετάφραση Google". google.com. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
- "Μετάφραση Google". google.com. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
- Thucydides 2.54.3
- Thucydides 2.65.1
- Thucydides 3.36.6
- Thucydides 4.27, 5.16.1
- Thucydides 8.73.3
- Marcellinus, Life of Thucydides 46
- Thucydides 3.82–83
- Thucydides 1.1.1
- Thucydides 1.1
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 9
- Thucydides 1.22.4
- Thucydides. " Book 11#1:13". History of the Peloponnesian War. Wikisource.
- Mynott, Jeremy, The War of the Peloponnesians and Athenians. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (2013). p. 11
- Grant, Michael (1995). Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation. London: Routledge. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0415117704.
- Hornblower, Simon, Spawforth, Antony, Eidinow, Esther, The Oxford Classical Dictionary. New York, Oxford University Press (2012). pp. 692–693
- Dillery, John, Xenophon and the History of His Times. London, Routledge (2002).
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 144.
Endnote cites: Paul Shorey, “On the Implicit Ethics and Psychology of Thucydides”
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 144.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 22
The page itself refers to an endnote detailing that this conclusion is inspired by multiple works, including but not limited to: Athens as A Cultural Center by Martin Ostwald; Thucydides by John H. Finley; Intellectual Experiments of Greek Enlightenment by Friedrich Solmsen
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 152.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 147.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 156.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 157.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides. (Princeton University Press, 2015), p. 160.
- Russett, p. 45.
- Charles Norris Cochrane, Thucydides and the Science of Medicine (1929).
- Clifford Orwin, The Humanity of Thucydides, Princeton, 1994.
- Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic vision of Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 20.
- See also Walter Robert Connor, Thucydides (Princeton University Press, 1987).
- Bury, J. B. (1958). The Ancient Greek Historians. New York: Dover Publications. p. 147.
- Bowker, Stan (1966). "Kitto At BC". The Heights. XLVI, Number 16.
- Lucian, How to write history, p. 42
- Thucydides 1.22
- Momigliano, pp. 39, 40.
- Lucian: Herodotus, pp. 1–2.
- Ryszard Kapuscinski: Travels with Herodotus, p. 78.
- Thucydides 1.23
- Lucian, pp. 25, 41.
- Momigliano, Ch. 2, IV.
- Cicero, Laws 1.5.
- Plutarch, On the Malignity of Herodotus, Moralia XI (Loeb Classical Library 426).
- Momigliano Chapter 2, V.
- J. B. Bury, The Ancient Greek Historians (London, MacMillan, 1909), pp. 140–143.
- Johannes von Müller, The History of the World, (Boston: Thomas H. Webb and Co., 1842), Vol. 1, p. 61.
- See Anthony Grafton, The Footnote, a Curious History (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999)
- Momigliano, p. 50.
- For his part, Peter Green notes of these historians, the fact "That [Thucydides] was exiled for military incompetence, did a hatchet job on the man responsible and praised as virtually unbeatable the Spartan general to whom he had lost the key city of Amphipolis bothered them not at all." Peter Green (2008) cit.
- (Green 2008, op cit)
- Momigliano, p.52.
- Stuart Clark (ed.): The Annales school: critical assessments, Vol. II, 1999.
- See essay on Thucydides in The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism: An Introduction to the Thought of Leo Strauss – Essays and Lectures by Leo Strauss, edited by Thomas L. Pangle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
- See, for example, E.H. Carr's The Twenty Years' Crisis.
- "The Neoconservative Persuasion". weeklystandard.com.
- "Arms and the Man: What was Herodotus trying to tell us?" (The New Yorker, April 28, 2008)
- "The American Prospect". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009.
- Sorensen, Benjamin (2013). "The Legacy of J. B. Bury, 'Progressive' Historian of Ancient Greece". Saber and Scroll. 2 (2).
References and further readingEdit
- Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910). . The classic translation by Richard Crawley. Reissued by the Echo Library in 2006. ISBN 1406809845 OCLC 173484508
- Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. Indianapolis, Hackett (1998); translation by Steven Lattimore. ISBN 9780872203945.
- Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920). ISBN 0-674-99133-8 perseus.tufts.edu.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). ISBN 0-674-99104-4. perseus.tufts.edu.
- Plutarch, Lives, Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. (1914). ISBN 0-674-99053-6 perseus.tufts.edu.
- The Landmark Thucydides, Edited by Robert B. Strassler, Richard Crawley translation, Annotated, Indexed and Illustrated, A Touchstone Book, New York, NY, 1996 ISBN 0-684-82815-4
- Cochrane, Charles Norris, Thucydides and the Science of History, Oxford University Press (1929).
- Connor, W. Robert, Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984). ISBN 0-691-03569-5
- Dewald, Carolyn. Thucydides' War Narrative: A Structural Study. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-520-24127-4).
- Finley, John Huston, Jr., Thucydides, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1947.
- Forde, Steven, The ambition to rule : Alcibiades and the politics of imperialism in Thucydides. Ithaca : Cornell University Press (1989). ISBN 0-8014-2138-1.
- Hanson, Victor Davis, A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War. New York: Random House (2005). ISBN 1-4000-6095-8.
- Hornblower, Simon, A Commentary on Thucydides. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon (1991–1996). ISBN 0-19-815099-7 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-19-927625-0 (vol. 2).
- Hornblower, Simon, Thucydides. London: Duckworth (1987). ISBN 0-7156-2156-4.
- Kagan, Donald. (1974). The Archidamian War. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-801-40889-X OCLC 1129967
- Kagan, Donald. (2003). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-03211-5.
- Luce, T.J., The Greek Historians. London: Routledge (1997). ISBN 0-415-10593-5.
- Luginbill, R.D., Thucydides on War and National Character. Boulder: Westview (1999). ISBN 0-8133-3644-9.
- Momigliano, Arnaldo, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography. Sather Classical Lectures, 54 Berkeley: University of California Press (1990).
- Meyer, Eduard, Kleine Schriften (1910), (Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte).
- Orwin, Clifford, The Humanity of Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1994). ISBN 0-691-03449-4.
- Podoksik, Efraim. "Justice, Power, and Athenian Imperialism: An Ideological Moment in Thucydides’ History", History of Political Thought. 26(1): 21–42, 2005.
- Romilly, Jacqueline de, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1963). ISBN 0-88143-072-2.
- Rood, Tim, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998). ISBN 0-19-927585-8.
- Russett, Bruce (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03346-3.
- de Sainte Croix. The origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972). London: Duckworth. 1972. pp. xii, 444.
- Strassler, Robert B, ed. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: Free Press (1996). ISBN 0-684-82815-4.
- Strauss, Leo, The City and Man Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964.
- Zagorin, Perez. Thucydides: an Introduction for the Common Reader. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2005). ISBN 069113880X OCLC 57010364
|Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- Works by Thucydides at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Thucydides at Internet Archive
- Works by Thucydides at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Short Bibliography on Thucydides Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University
- Perseus Project: Thucydides, Table of Contents
- Thomas Hobbes' Translation of Thucydides
- Anthony Grafton, "Did Thucydides Really Tell The Truth?" in Slate, October 2009.
- Bibliography at GreatThinkers.org
- Works by Thucydides at Somni:
- Thucididis Historiarum liber a Laurentio Vallensi traductus. Italy, 1450-1499.
- De bello Peloponnesiaco.Naples, 1475. | <urn:uuid:1cf9561e-da16-4939-b4a3-4007318988b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.930561 | 9,024 | 3.578125 | 4 |
A study published in the renowned Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism revealed that women afflicted with PCOS have a decreased quality of life compared to their peers at the age of 31, and 15 years later, at the age of 46. The women felt that their health was poorer and they were less satisfied with their life compared to their peers with no PCOS symptoms.
The study, led by Terhi Piltonen, Professor at the University of Oulu, involved a total of 2 960 women born in 1966 and belonging to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort.
PCOS is a multidimensional hormonal disorder occurring in approximately 6-18 per cent of women of reproductive age. Regardless of its high incidence, PCOS is relatively unknown and remains underdiagnosed in health care. It is common for PCOS to be diagnosed only during infertility treatments when the syndrome makes it more difficult for women to get pregnant.
Typical for the syndrome is the overproduction of male hormones as well as having polycystic ovaries. PCOS causes symptoms such as excessive hair growth, acne and irregular menstruation. More than half of the women afflicted with PCOS are overweight or obese. The syndrome triples women’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The risk of falling ill with depression and anxiety is up to five times higher.
According to the study, the metabolic and psychological morbidity related to PCOS is strongly present in women’s life all the way to menopause. The study indicated that PCOS impairs women’s quality of life as much or even more than other chronic illnesses, such as asthma, migraine or rheumatoid arthritis.
The most significant factor impairing their health and quality of life is the higher psychological morbidity related to PCOS.
“Our study demonstrated that a poorer quality of life shows also in older women who are close to starting menopause,” Piltonen explains. “We used to think that symptoms related to reproduction and disorders in the menstrual cycle would be mitigated at an older age, but now it looks like metabolic and psychological factors also clearly affect women’s quality of life and health later on.”
In recent years, research and clinical work have paid more attention to the aspects of PCOS which decrease women’s psychological health and quality of life. Based on this research, attention should be paid to the quality of life of women suffering from PCOS even after their reproductive years have long passed.
The study, led by the University of Oulu, was conducted together with the Imperial College London and the University of Helsinki.
Research publication: Salla Karjula, Laure Morin-Papunen, Stephen Franks, Juha Auvinen, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Juha S Tapanainen, Jari Jokelainen, Jouko Miettunen, Terhi T Piltonen. Population-based Data at Ages 31 and 46 Show Decreased HRQoL and Life Satisfaction in Women with PCOS Symptoms. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 105, Issue 6, June 2020, dgz256.
Last updated: 12.6.2020 | <urn:uuid:a19890f0-90a3-4a8c-8e81-b62e4e793a0d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.oulu.fi/university/news/pcos-impairs-quality-of-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400234232.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926040104-20200926070104-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.951436 | 670 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Written: December 1932;
Source: Workers Library Publishers, New York, 1932.
Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid
March 14th, 1933, marks the fiftieth anniversary of the day on which humanity lost the most important mind it has ever possessed. Karl Marx, originator of Communism, founder and leader of the International Workingmen’s Association, the man who gave the proletariat “the consciousness of its own position and needs, the consciousness of the conditions of emancipation,” died on March 14th, 1883. In the workshop of this mind was created the most potent, most complete and most comprehensive work to be found in the history of humanity.
Marx’s doctrine is the most potent doctrine because it is the reflection of the objective truth. It did not proceed from any theoretical principle with its nucleus born in the “realm of reason” in order to draw its further conclusions from this principle. On the contrary, by their content Marx’s teachings are the theoretical epression of the real struggle which was going on in his day and is going on now in capitalist society with its anarchic mode of production, that struggle between those who possess and those who do not possess, between the capitalists and the wage-workers. They constitute the answer to questions raised by the foremost minds of humanity before Marx, but hitherto left unanswered. They are the answer to all the questions put by an actual historical movement, questions which we are being made hourly to face by the working-class movement of to-day.
Marx’s doctrine is the most complete there is. It contains the definitively discovered law of development governing human history; which, as Frederick Engels said in his funeral oration at the bier of his dead companion in their joint labours and struggle, “contains the simple fact covered up under ideological over-growth that man must, before all else, eat, drink, live and clothe himself, and then only can he engage in politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of existence and thereby the corresponding degree of economic development of a people or a period forms the basis on which the State institutions, legal views, art and even the religious ideas of the people concerned developed and on which they therefore must be explained — and not vice versa, as heretofore.”
Marx’s doctrine does more than expound the general law of development of human history. It also contains the special law of development of the capitalist method of production and of bourgeois society engendered by it.
The great secret of capitalist production and its concurrent bourgeois society was a sealed book to the best representatives of bourgeois economy who investigated the capitalist method of production and deemed it an eternal institution, as well as to be the best representatives of pre-Marxian utopian socialism who critisised and rejected the capitalist system. The discovery of surplus value by Marx revealed this secret of capitalist production and bourgeois society. The wage-worker in capitalist society sells his labour power to the owner of the means of production. It is not a question here of any relation of things: product of labour and means of production, but of relations between people of whom one has only his labour power while the other owns the means of production. Commodity labour power is endowed with the peculiar property that even when purchased at its full value it creates more value than the equivalent of its own value, i.e., than is necessary for the reproduction of the commodity labour power. The private appropriation of these unpaid surplus values is the basis of the capitalist method of production and it is precisely this surplus value which is the source from which the capitalist class draws its growing wealth.
The discovery of surplus value led not only to the discovery of the motive power of the development of capitalist production, but also to the discovery of the driving force of the struggle between the two classes arising historically under capitalism: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Socialism was no longer a fortuitous discovery of this or that “gifted mind” but recognised as a necessary consequence of capitalist development and of the class struggle.
Capital — created by the workers — brings about the ruin of the small producers. It multiplies the class of the wage-workers. By developing the forces of production (machines, etc.), it constantly increases the earnings of the capitalists derived from the work of the former. Capital becomes more and more concentrated and finally leads to monopolist domination by a handful of the most powerful magnates. Production becomes more and more socialised. Hundreds of thousands and millions of workers are embraced in a few industrial organisations. The product of their social labour is, however, appropriated by a mere handful of capitalists.
In the process of the concentration of capital, human labour power is increasingly displaced by machinery. This leads, on the one hand, to the most intensified accumulation of wealth for the capitalists; on the other, to increasing misery for the working class. This also gives rise to the giant army of the unemployed. This industrial reserve army renders possible a still more intensive exploitation of the working class by the capitalists.
This constant expansion of production (which is accompanied by a steady decline in the purchasing power of the masses), leads to crises of over-production which become more aggravated at each repetition and shake the capitalist system more and more.
This historical tendency of development of capitalism was strikingly epitomized in “Capital,” the main work of Marx, in the following words:
“The expropriation of the immediate producers was accomplished with merciless Vandalism, and under the stimulus of passions the most infamous, the most sordid, the pettiest, the most meanly odious. Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent labouring-individual with the conditions of his labour, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labour of others, i.e., on wages-labour.”
“That which is now to be expropriated is no longer the labourer working for himself, but the capitalist exploiting many labourers. This expropriation is accomplished by the action of the immanent laws of capitalistic production itself, by the centralisation of capital. One capitalist always kills many. Hand in hand with this centralisation, or this expropriation of many capitalists by few, develop, on an overextending scale, the co-operative form of the labour-process, the conscious technical application of science, the methodical cultivation of the soil, the transformation of the instruments of labour into instruments of labour only usable in common, the economising of all means of production by their use as the means of production of combined, socialised labour, the entanglement of all peoples in the net of the world-market, and this, the international character of the capitalistic regime. Along with the constantly diminishing number of the magnates of capital grows the mass of misery, oppression, slavery, degradation, exploitation; but with this too grows the revolt of the working-class, a class always increasing in numbers, and disciplined, united, organised by the very mechanism of the process of capitalist production itself. The monopoly of capital becomes a fetter upon the mode of production, which has sprung up and flourished along with, and under it. Centralisation of the means of production and socialisation of labour at last reach a point where they become incompatible with their capitalist integument. This integument is burst asunder. The knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated.”
Even thirty vicars ago these words read like a prophesy, but to-day they already toll the death knell of moribund capitalist society and sound the tocsin of the attacking proletarian armies which, in the midst of the devastating world economic crisis, are storming the fortresses of capitalist exploitation and oppression on the sure ground of the post-war crisis of decaying capitalism. These prophetic words, the recognition, too, of the laws revealed by them, have brought it about that socialism which was a utopia has become a science and finally a reality, a science which records the objective law of development of society to socialism as dictated by nature.
Therefore the doctrine of Marx is the most complete which has been created through the collective efforts of the thought of all preceding generations and through the genius of their individual thinkers.
Marx accomplished the discovery of the general laws of motion of the development of human history as well as of nature through the cognition of materialist philosophy, on the basis of the cognition that, as Feuerbach said, “thinking is to be explained from being and not being from thinking.” Marx, however, did not stop at this general cognition. Dialectics — the science of the laws of the development of the external world as well as of human thinking which was liberated by Marx and Engels from the idealist envelope of the Hegelian system of philosophy — in its materialist form — the doctrine of the relativity of thinking as a reflection of matter eternally in motion — confronted Marx with the question whether different stages in the development of society had not different and peculiar laws of motion. Marx discovered the peculiar laws of motion the capitalist method of production and of bourgeois society built upon it.
Yet he went farther than that. In contradistinction to everything that had existed before him in science, Marx’s doctrine is not only an explanation of society, of its objective laws of motion, but is simultaneously the doctrine of the transformation of society.
In the notes by Marx on Feuerbach penned in the Spring of 1845 when, together with Engels, he wrote “German Ideology,” which was both the foundation of Marxism and the balance sheet, if you like, presented to bourgeois ideology; we read:
“The philosophers only give different interpretations of the world, but the point is to transform it.”
The doctrine of Marx is the first not only to give a world outlook which is not only a Weltanschauung, a world philosophy, but a doctrine of the transformation of the world and a guide for effecting this transformation.
It consists not only in that which the materialists taught even before Marx, namely that
“Man is a product of circumstances and upbringing; modified man is therefore a product of other circumstances and changed upbringing.”
“Circumstances are modified by man,” reads the great, historic, epoch-making discovery of Marx, by which not only was philosophy freed from the shackles of intuitive materialism but theory also — through materialist dialectics — was transferred to practical, human, perceptible activity.
“Man himself makes his own history” is what the great discovery of Marx denotes. The recognition of this fact has made active agents out of the proletarians instead of merely passive ones.
Society divided into classes accomplishes its development in the class struggle. The class struggle is the basis of its development. The class struggle is the driving force in the history of humanity.
The proletarians have not only been changed from passive to active agents but from active individuals to exponents of their class and its consciousness. Thus Marx developed the kernel of his doctrine.
In his letter to Weydemeyer, dated March 5th, 1872, a year after the Paris Commune, the first revolution of the proletariat, Marx himself described this kernel of his doctrine in the following manner:
“What I did was to prove, first: that the existence of classes is linked only to definite historical stages of development; second: that the class struggle leads necessarily to the dictatorship of the proletariat; third: that this dictatorship itself forms only a transition to the abolition of all classes and to classless society.”
The historical rôle of the proletariat, as the creator of the new society, consists therefore in the conquest of its own class dictatorship, as the pre-condition of the abolition of all classes and the creation of classless society.
Thus the most important point was discovered: the path to Socialism, the path to the liberation of the proletariat, the direction of the leap humanity must take from the land of necessity into the realm of liberty, into socialism.
The science of Marxism is likewise “an historically moving, a revolutionary force.” Science and revolution are united in Marxism not through the personal qualities of the creator of the doctrine, but internally and inseparably through the method — through materialist dialectics. Therefore Marxism is not only the most potent, the most complete, but also the most comprehensive of all doctrines that have been created in the field of the cognition of nature and of human society.
This most potent, most complete and most comprehensive of all doctrines, which itself represents an historically moving, revolutionary force, is the theory of a class. It lays no claim to hovering above the classes. It lays no claim to being non-partisan science, without pre-conditions. It is the theory of the revolutionary class of the proletariat and its revolutionary class party — the Communist Party!
Let toothless Kautsky repeat a hundred and a thousand times that the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat is not the quintessence of Marxism; let his disciples keep on repeating after him such chatter as that the dictatorship of the proletariat was a “youthful aberration” of Marx and Engels. Marx himself attests the fact that his doctrine can only be the theory of the revolutionary workers, of the party that struggles for the dictatorship of the proletariat and materialises it.
The revolutionisation of the working class, the historical mission of which is the revolutionary overthrow of existing society, could only be effected by anchoring socialist theory in the consiousness of this very class. On the other hand, the transformation of utopian socialist theory from an “absolute truth,” “independent of time and space and historical development” and which only needs be discovered in order to “conquer the world by its own power,” into a science, could take place only by connecting socialist theory, on the very real basis of the existing capitalist system, with a definite class in whose very interests it is to fight for the destruction of the capitalist system and for socialism, viz., the working class.
The socialist movement and the labour movement pursued parallel and separate courses before Marx. The more or less sectarian socialist trends and movements lived their own lives outside of the working class and its daily struggles. The labour movements, the struggle of the workers against the employers, even the struggles of the workers for political rights (as for instance the Chartist movement in England), proceeded without being given socialist aims. Socialism and the working class, the socialist and the labour movement, were united for the first time by the party whose theoretical and practical leaders were Marx and Engels: by the revolutionary party of the Communists. This party was first the Communist League, whose programme was the Communist Manifesto dawn up by Marx and Engels.
The other revolutionary labour organisation called into life directly by Marx and Engels was the International Workingmen’s Association, the First International, the first world party of the revolutionary proletariat. The following historical slogan in its constitution has since become the common property of the international working class:
“The emancipation of the working class must be accomplished by the working class itself.”
But the interlinking of socialist theory with the labour movement could not be consummated through revolutionary theory alone. That required also a revolutionary leader.
“Marx was a revolutionist above everything else,” wrote Engels. “To participate somehow or other in the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions created by it, to participate in the liberation of the modern proletariat . . . was his real life profession. And he fought with a passion, ability and success that could be matched by few.”
As a revolutionist Marx was the “most hated and most slandered man of his day.” And this not only as the mortal foe of the bourgeoisie who called and organised the workers for combat. He was hated and spurned as an enemy not only because he was the leader of the Communist League, the editor of the revolutionary Neue Rhenische Zeitung, the founder of the First International, the leader of its General Council, the advisor of the socialist organisations and movements in Europe and America, the leading publicist of the revolutionary labour movement, the spokesman of all revolutions of his day before the forum of international public opinion: of the French, the German, the Austrian and Hungarian revolutions in 1848-49, of the French Commune in 1871, of the revolutionary movements of the Russian Naródniki in the ‘70’s and 80’s, the defender of the oppressed nations: the Poles and the Irish as well as the Hindus and the American Negroes, but also because he fought against petty-bourgeois democrats like Mazzini, Ledru Rollin, Kinkel, etc., who in the name of the “interests of democracy” attempted to prevent the development of an independent Class Movement of the Proletariat. He was no less hated and slandered as a fighter against the world-redeeming ideas of the various socialist and anarchist sects, from Weitling and Proudhon by way of Willich, Schapper and Bakunin right to Ferdinand Lassalle, the friend of Bismarck. They all wanted to transform the world either according to their own ready-made prescriptions or to tie the working class to the tail of the ruling classes.
“The history of the International,” wrote Marx, on November 13th, 1871, to Boltke “was a continuous struggle of the General Council against the sects and amateur attempts, which sought to assert themselves against the real movement of the working class within the International itself.”
The Right-opportunist, petty-bourgeois danger (to use present-day terminology) which greatly threatened the young class-conscious labour movement from its inception, encountered his passionate ire in no lesser degree. In his famous Critique of the Gotha Programme he warned the follower of the Eisenach tendency of the dangers of the Lassallean dilution of the German labour movement. Together with Engels he remonstrated still more energetically when during the period of the validity of the anti-Socialist law the delivering over of the Party organ of the German Social Democratic Party to a circle of friends consisting of “philanthropically-minded students and professors of the upper and lower middle-classes,” was contemplated.
“So the gentlemen have been forewarned,” wrote Marx in 1879 to Sorge on the occasion of the emergence of this opportunist danger, and they know us sufficiently well to appreciate that here it means either bend or break! If they want to compromise themselves, tant pis (so much the worse).
“In no event will they be permitted to compromise us.”
An irreconcilable revolutionist, hurling defiance at all governments, whether absolute or republican; at all bourgeois-conservatives as well as extreme democrats, all petty-bourgeois — the preachers of general fraternisation between man and man, as well as the preachers of general destruction — inflexible revolutionist was our greatest of teachers, Karl Marx.
The fifty years that have elapsed since the death of Marx have been a period of incessant struggle for and against Marxism. No matter how numerous or how palpable the evidence furnished by history to corroborate the correctness of Marxism, the struggle for and against Marxism has never stopped, as this struggle is part of the great contest between two historical classes, the class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat.
As these fifty years rolled by, the course of historical development not only fully and completely confirmed, in the countries of older-established capitalism, the soundness of the Marxian teaching, but it was confirmed also by the awakening of new classes in the East — in Japan, in India and China — which had been only partly covered by Marx’s investigations and whose “historical inactivity and sleep” were of great assistance to the bourgeoisie of the old capitalist countries in maintaining their positions against the working class in their own countries.
The historical tendency of capitalism’s development, that is the ultimate passing beyond that stage of society, has moved towards its end with the iron necessity predicted of it by Marx and Engels. Capitalism, which after Marx’s death had already subjugated the entire world, entered a new phase at the end of the nineteenth century, the phase of monopoly capitalism, of imperialism. Through the concentration of capital in the hands of a few cartels, trusts and syndicates, dominated by still fewer major banks; through the seizure of the sources of raw materials especially in the colonies; through finance capital whose international cartels have commenced the economic partition of the world among themselves, free competition was replaced by monopoly. The export of capital became the principal means of the expansion of capital. The territorial division of the world among the great imperialist powers was concluded. In one imperialist war after the other (the Spanish-American war of 1899, the Boer war of 1900-02, the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05) history was confronted with the problem of a fresh division of the world.
The three peculiar features of imperialism — monopolist, parasitic and decaying capitalism — have evoked a number of far-reaching changes in bourgeois society. The bourgeoisie of the imperialist countries has lost the last remnants of its progressive rôle. All its sections — though they harbour antagonisms among themselves — have become reactionary. The parasitism of the bourgeoisie, enhanced through the formation of an entire section of rentiers, has not only strengthened political reaction but also corruption, which had already assumed tremendous proportions. The parasitism of the ruling class has reached a monstrous scale through the export of capital and the exploitation of the colonies. The bloodsucking bourgeoisie in every imperialist country has extended privileges to an upper layer of the working class, the labour aristocracy, which occupies its privileged position partly at the expense of the colonial peoples, partly at the expense of the native proletariat. In the Federal Council of the English Section of the First International “a vote of censure was administered to Marx because he said that the English trade union leaders were bribed.” But this reprimand has been rescinded by history. The labour aristocracy, a bribed section of the working class, has become an international phenomenon. To the extent that the English working class as a whole lost its privileged position through the shattering of England’s Monopolist position on the world market, the bribed section of the labour aristocracy took shape in the other imperialist countries as well.
The decay of capitalism through the monopoly system — as well as the sharpening contradiction between the growing socialisation of labour and the capitalist method of appropriation — meant that capitalism, as Marx had predicted, was entering the stage of its death throes.
The monopoly system within the framework of an unevenly developed world capitalism placed two decisive questions upon the agenda of history: imperialist war for a division of the world and proletarian revolution for the dictatorship of the proletariat as the transition, to socialism!
Marxism and the class movement of the proletariat, on reaching this turning point in history, have arrived at what is a critical stage for themselves. The laws of motion underlying capitalist production discovered by Marx, and of bourgeois society corresponding to this mode of production, have exerted their influence on a higher plane of development. The historical fate of capitalism having entered a decisive stage, the historical destinies of Marxism have also entered a sphere marked by the embittered struggles of historical decisions.
Marx’s doctrine went through its historical development in the smoke of battle, both while Marx was still alive and after his death. Before the bourgeoisie applied the criticism of the weapon as such, or force of arms, against the revolutionary labour movement, it endeavoured to destroy Marxism through the weapon of criticism. An entire caste of doctors of philosophy, university lecturers, professors and syndics representing capitalist interests and independent scholars, an entire caste of large and small-scale producers of bourgeois ideology, was formed to “kill off” Marxism. They not only “killed off” Marxism daily, weekly and monthly in their periodical and non-periodical publications, but they buried it just as often. These “Marx-killers,” these economic and political weather-prophets of the bourgeoisie, applied their learning mainly against the law of the concentration of capital, the law of the pauperisation of the working class. Every reform, however small, every achievement of social policy, however petty, which was gained by the working class in severe class struggles was celebrated as a refutation of Marxist teaching, particularly that concerning the class struggle.
The influence of bourgeois ideologies upon the working class was not only fostered from without, but also from within. In the pre-imperialist period of capitalism this influence was exerted mainly through the medium of the proletarianised artisans, through newcomers in the working class. During the period of imperialism the labour aristoracy became the principal intermediary through whom bourgeois influences penetrated the working class.
Marxism after the dissolution of the First and the formation of the Second International gained the hegemony in the struggle of the working class to bar bourgeois influences from its movement. In the comparatively “peaceful” period after the overthrow of the Paris Commune until the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the beginning of the evolutionary movements of the Eastern nations, Marxism expanded the positions it had won among the broad masses. The perfectly obvious facts of the real development of the class struggle under capitalism were far more potent than the “proofs” of the Marx-killers.
Other methods had to be applied against Marxism which was deservedly extending and strengthening its hold among the working class.
Along with the method of Marx-killing, the method of Marx-adulteration had to be resorted to, mainly within the labour movement. By this means it was hoped to create a bourgeois labour movement instead of the proletarian-revolutionary class movement of the workers.
“The dialectic of history is such,” wrote Lenin in his article entitled The Historical Fate of Marxism, “that the theoretical victory of Marxism forces its enemies to don Marxian garb. Internally decaying liberalism seeks a revival in the form of socialist opportunism.”
After the death of Engels the Second International entered upon this stage of Marx-adulteration on a “wholesale” scale, entered upon an “entire stage of the undivided domination of opportunism.” Upon the structure housing the leading party of the Second International, the German Social-Democratic Party, the lately deceased Edward Bernstein openly hoisted the flag of the revision of the Marxian doctrine. In the realm of philosophy: against materialism, for idealism; against the “traps of Hegelian dialectics” — “back to Kant.” In the realm of economy: against the Marxian theory of value, for its “supplementation” by the so-called theory of final utility of Boehm-Bawerk’s Austrian school of economy, a theory which attempted to refute the theory of labour value. In opposition to the doctrine of the concentration of capital, a theory concerning the “indestructibility of small-scale production” and the “democratisation of capital” through joint-stock companies, was created. A theory concerning the absolute and relative amelioration in the position of the working class was counterposed to the theory concerning the absolute pauperisation of the working class. Whole libraries were written by Edward David and other revisionists “to prove” that Marx’s teaching had no application to the development of agriculture. In agriculture small-scale production gains the upper hand over large-scale production — was the conception of the revisionists.
The Marxist theory of crises was singled out for special attack by all the revisionists who maintained that capitalism through its cartels, trusts, etc., had overcome its anarchy and thereby also its periodically recurrent crises. By overcoming these crises and thus preventing the return of catastrophic mass unemployment, by dint of the increasing “social consideration of the bourgeois class,” which finds its expression in the strengthening of social policy — through all, this Marx’s “theory of collapse” was to be disproved. It was claimed that revolution would no longer be necessary to overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie; that no dictatorship of the proletariat was necessary to safeguard the transition from capitalism to socialism; that peaceful reformist work, the conquest of a parliamentary majority on the part of the Social-Democratic Parties, would assure evolution into socialism. Socialism was to cease to be the cause of one class, of the working class, and was to become the product of the peaceful “collaboration of all classes of the population.” In this way socialism was to be withdrawn as an urgent actuality of the hour which had to be faced just when it had been raised as a living issue by the advent of imperialism. “The final goal means nothing to me — the movement is everything,” was the motto of Edward Bernstein, the revisionist.
But the most dangerous falsification of Marx was not open revisionism, but the “defence” of Marxism by the Marxian Centre under the leadership of that driest of pedants, Karl Kautsky, Pope of the Second International. This “defence” consisted in the abandonment of what were just the most important theoretical positions of Marxism in favour of the revisionists this being done primarily on the issue which the revisionists put metaphysically as: “Reform or revolution.”
Marxism was to be split into two parts: into its “revolutionary” and its “reformist” ingredients. Reform as such held an independent significance all its own in the theory of the Centrists. Reforms were divested of their real character of a by-product of the revolutionary struggle and set up as a goal in themselves. The first victim of the “defence of Marxism” by the Centrists was the Marxian theory of the State. The doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and, therefore, Marx’s doctrine of revolutionary tactics, as well, was relegated by the Centrists to the attic of history as something superannuated. What Marx and Engels had written about armed uprising was passed over in silence or destroyed as so much “Blanquist deviation.” Engel’s introduction to Marx’s Class Struggles in France was brazenly falsified by the representative of the Executive Committee of the German Social-Democratic Party by suppressing those passages that spoke of armed uprising. Centrism was far from being headed towards a struggle against the bourgeois influence that the revisionists allowed to seep in; it represented, on the contrary, conciliation with the transformation of social democracy into a bourgeois labour party.
Revisionism and Centrism are most closely interwoven on the question of imperialism. For both, imperialism was not a special phase of capitalist development but a policy of part of the ruling class. The one openly espoused the imperialist policy of its own bourgeoisie, the other did the same thing while making a pretence of combating imperialist policy by mouthing pacifist phrases.
The left radical tendency, headed by Rosa Luxembourg, conducted a valiant struggle against revisionism and centrism, but not consistently against the latter. She was not in accord with the conciliatory attitude of Kautsky and Bebel toward Bernstein and Vollmar. The left radicals demanded the expulsion of Bernstein from the Social-Democratic Party. But they themselves designated very important theoretical views of Marx as “erroneous” or “obsolete.” They did this in the case of the law of the accumulation of capital; in the case of the doctrine of Marx and Engels concerning the national question and the peasant question; of their (Marx’s and Engels’) views concerning the rôle of the proletarian party, concerning armed uprising, the dictatorship of the proletariat, etc. It therefore could not be the tendency which continues Marxism in accordance with the new phase of the capitalist development of imperialism. It therefore was incapable also of discovering the roots of revisionism. For it reformism — and that variety of revisionism known as centrism — was not an inevitable consequence of the social composition, the social stratification, of the working class, but in large measure nothing but a theoretical or political deviation of individual theoreticians or leaders of the social-democratic parties.
This was the situation in the Western Sections of the Second International when imperialist development confronted the proletariat with two vital questions: imperialist war and proletarian revolution-imperialism or socialism?
The passing over of the revisionists as well as the centrists to the side of their own bourgeoisie, their attitude in favour of the imperialist war (in form openly social-chauvinist or mantled by social-pacifism), and their abominable betrayal of the cause of the working class was conditioned by the entire preceding development of the Second International.
The Left radicals, in accordance with their previous principles, conducted the struggle against imperialist war with courage and self-sacrifice. Liebknecht, Luxemburg and Mehring will live for ever in the history of the labour movement as courageous and valiant revolutionary fighters for the cause of the proletariat. Yet, and this was in keeping with their attitude on very important theoretical questions of Marxism, they could not break with the centrists during the war and even after the war they could do so only after a struggle, for they were not consistent supporters and continuers of the work of Marx and Engels. When the laws of motion of capitalist production and bourgeois society, laws discovered by Marx, were being “refuted” in whole or in part by the dominant tendencies in the Western parties of the Second International, it was naturally impossible to perceive that capitalism had entered a new stage in conformity, with these laws. Nor could they perceive what constituted the peculiar traits of capitalism during this phase and what conclusions the proletarian parties had to draw therefrom. The perception of the imperialist phase of capitalism and of its special traits reached on the basis of Marxian dialectics and the special laws of capitalist production discovered by Marx — this historical, epoch-making perception could rise only in the mind of a Marxist who permitted neither so-called “criticism,” nor “supplementation of Marxism,” nor its ossification into a lifeless dogma.
Only Lenin could succeed in accomplishing this epoch-making discovery: only he was the one consistent continuer of the Marxian doctrine after the death of Engels. He alone could show the right path, tell the working class how it should act in this new imperialist phase of capitalism, especially with reference to imperialist war.
He perceived reformism in its every variety, whether revisionist or centrist, as an inevitable phenomenon of capitalist society and completely exposed its social roots: the petty bourgeois sections of the proletariat which had sunk down to the working class and the sections of the proletariat that had risen to the labour aristocracy — there was its social source.
He also perceived the historical significance of reformism from its inception in whatever variety it appeared, revisionist or centrist. In 1908, in his article dedicated to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the death of Karl Marx, he gave final shape to the characterisation of reformism as follows
“ . . . . It is quite natural that the petty bourgeois world outlook should again and again break into the ranks of the broad workers’ parties. It is quite natural that this should be so, and it will always be so, until the climax of the proletarian revolution; for it would be a great mistake to think that the “complete” proletarianisation of the majority of the population is necessary in order to bring about such a revolution. What we now experience more often on the mental plane only — discussions with theoretical additions to Marx what now emerges in working practice only on certain particular questions of the labour movement as tactical differences with the revisionists and splits on these grounds — the working class will have to experience to an immeasurably greater extent when the proletarian revolution makes all debatable questions acute, concentrates all the differences upon points which have most direct significance in determining the attitude of the masses and compels us, in the heat of the battle, to separate enemies from friends, and to expel bad allies in order to deliver decisive blows against the enemy.”
Leninism, which according to Stalin’s classic definition is “Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution” was born in the struggle — in the only consistent struggle — for Marxism against the “Marx-killers” as well as against the Marx-falsifiers, the “supplementers” and “critics” of Marxism. Even historical continuity exists between the activity of Frederick Engels, Marx’s peer as a collaborator and comrade-in-arms, and Lenin, their peer as a continuer of their work and struggle.
Frederick Engel’s activity was terminated in 1895 by his death. In 1894, Who Are the Friends of the People and How do They Struggle against Social Democracy?, the product of young Vladimir Ulyanov, appeared illegally in Tsarist Russia in hectograph form. In this early work of Lenin’s, Marxism appears in full armour, the programme of the Communist revolution stands forth in complete and bold relief in a “way” that no one except Marx and Engels had ever presented it. In this work he took up the cudgels, not only against the special Russian form of petty bourgeois socialism, against the Nardóniks, but also “against the narrow conception of Marxism . . . . even among the Marxists.” Two years after the death of Engels appeared the protest by Lenin and his colleagues against Bernstein and his Russian supporters, a protest written while in Siberian exile. This protest, in contradistinction to the “defence” of Marxism by Kautsky and Co., really and consistently defended Marxism in its entirety and in every particle of its doctrine. From this first hectographed production of Lenin’s until the October Revolution and until his last work, which dealt with the co-operative plan, the same consistency in the development of his original thoughts may be noticed as with Marx and Engels, and their first labours until the last words written by them.
The October Revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union, the construction of socialism throughout one-sixth of the globe, commenced under the leadership of Lenin and continued under the leadership of Stalin, is the fulfilment, the materialisation of Marxism in a struggle, not only against the bourgeoisie, but also against the opportunism of the Marx-falsifiers — which had developed into social-chauvinism, social-imperialism and social-fascism, from Bernstein, Kautsky and Trotsky to Otto Bauer, Hilferding and Vandervelde, as well as against the Right and “Left” distorters of Leninism.
The greatest historical act accomplished after the October Revolution in the course of socialist construction, the rooting of socialist forms in agriculture resultant on the achievements of socialist industrialisation (effected through the collectivisation of the peasant farms and elaborated theoretically and practically by Stalin), is nothing more nor less than a literal materialisation of that which Marx and Engels thought and wrote concerning the transition to Communist economy. In a letter, heretofore unpublished, written by Engels to Bebel on January 20th, 1886, we read the following concerning Marx and Engels’ plan of collectivisation
“And that during the transition to Communist economy we will have to utilise collective economy as a medial stage on an extensive scale, neither Marx nor I ever doubted. Now matters must be so arranged that society, i.e., in the first place, the State, retains the ownership of the means of production, (Compare The Nationalisation of the Land, the latest decree of the Soviet Government concerning the inalienability of collective-farm land and concerning the machine and tractor stations — B. K.), and that the special interests of the collective as against society as a whole cannot become incrustated.” (Compare, again, the purging of the collective farms of the kulak elements that had crept in, as the result of the efforts to sabotage grain-collections. — B. K.).
If we juxtapose the documents saved from the literary heritage of Marx and Engels and published recently — documents which were kept secret by the excellent premonition of social-democratic theoreticians like Bernstein and Kautsky — to the works of Lenin and Stalin, the fact must be acknowledged that the theoretical and practical attitude of Lenin and Stalin on questions in which the opinion of Marx and Engels could not have been known to them completely coincides with the attitude of Marx and Engels, in many instances even verbatim. This is not merely a matter of the personal qualities of Lenin and Stalin which can be measured with the rod of our two old masters, but the proof that the Bolshevism of Lenin and Stalin represent the only consistent continuation of the work of Marx and Engels.
Developments during the fifty years that have elapsed since Karl Marx died have not only fully and completely confirmed, upon a new stage of their development, the laws of the capitalist method of production, discovered by Marx, but especially their theory concerning the State and revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat, as the only possible way to socialism. Not only the tremendous development of the forces of production through the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union, but also — and this is especially to be noted at the threshold of the second Five-Year Plan — the struggle to train the toilers to become conscious builders of classless society confirm completely what Marx and Engels set forth in their “German Ideology,” published recently for the first time:
“That for the mass generation of this Communist consciousness, as well as for the accomplishment of the matter itself, a mass change in man himself is necessary, which can only take place in a practical movement, in a revolution; that the revolution, therefore, is not only necessary because the ruling class cannot be overthrown in any other way, but because only in a revolution can the overthrowing class reach the point of ridding itself of all the old rubbish and of becoming capable of founding a new society.”
In the struggle between the two systems — capitalism and socialism — the banners of the proletariat, which has become the ruling class, bear the proud slogan of the Communist Manifesto:
Workers of the World, Unite!
The leader of the proletarians of all countries, the Communist International, has it in its charter that:
“The Third Communist International, founded March, 1919, in Moscow, capital of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, declares solemnly to the entire world that it undertakes to continue and conclude the great task begun by the First International Workingmen’s Association. ”
This pledge to complete the work of the First International of Marx and Engels is an undertaking to fulfil, to materialise Marxism, begun by the October Revolution under the leadership of Lenin, a materialisation to be accomplished by incessant, arduous and indefatigable struggle for the world dictatorship of the proletariat. Marx belongs to those who fulfil his teaching, who struggle for the materialisation of Marxism — to the Leninists.
Marx belongs to us!
To us, the Communist International and the Young Communist International!
Many of you will consider we are being too fervent in stressing so sharply the fact that Marx belongs to us.
Who besides Communists lays claim to Marx to-day?
Was it not Mr. Emile Vandervelde, chairman of the Second International and repeatedly Minister of His Majesty the King of Belgium, who recently publicly repudiated Marxism?
He did this by replying to a new “Marx-killing” by Lord Melchett, chairman of the English Chemical Trust, better known as Sir Alfred Mond, partner to the English reformist trade-union leaders in founding so-called Mondism, the English variety of the theory of industrial peace. This noble lord said about seven years ago and reprinted in his book, entitled Industry and Politics:
“If there is one thing in the world which is dead in this country it is socialism. It was buried at Liverpool, buried deep, deep down. You have only to read Mr. Ramsay MacDonald’s speech to all. And why? Because every practical man knows, and every man who has had the responsibility of Government in this country, knows perfectly well in his heart, whatever he may in theory think about socialism or speak about it, you cannot apply the system. ”
To this Marx-killing the chairman of the Second International replied as follows:
“Socialism and Marxism are not to be taken as synonymous. . . . It would give the conception of socialism a peculiarly narrow construction if this conception were to be completely identified with Marxism. ”
The chairman of the Second International had nothing else to do but feign that he was abandoning the “sinking ship” of Marxism, his life he had boarded perhaps once only as a stowaway.
Was it not Karl Renner, one of the most prominent theoreticians of Austrio-Marxism and former Chancellor, who, on the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Ferdinand Lassalle — whose doctrine concerning the State became the socialtraitors’ theoretical point of departure — stored away Marxism for good when he wrote:
“Marx was right when figuring in centuries, but when figuring in the decades in which we live, Lassalle was right in every particular. ”
Both statements appeared in the theoretical magazine of the German Social-Democracy, edited by Dr. Rudolf Hilferding.
Another star of Belgian Social-Democracy, Henrik de Man, highly esteemed as a theoretician in the entire Second International, declared in his book On the Psychology of Socialism that “the vanquishing of Marxism, ” “the liberation from Marxism” were the result of his work. To him this vanquishing of Marxism is “not only a question of knowledge, but also of conscience” (German: “Wissen” and “Gewissen”). He does not any longer want to support. the lie — he writes this himself — that he is a Marxist as his party comrades do; he does not want to participate in the hypocrisy that is being practised in Germany where, in his judgment:
“Properly speaking Marxism no longer has any internal points of contact whatever . . . with the trade union and the co-operative movement, at least not in the sense that it directs their activity . . . . It only continues to play a rôle in the political activity of the Social-Democratic Party, which is recognised by the party as useful (i.e., for the purpose of “Left” manuvres. — B.K.). Social-Democracy is constrained to conduct an opportunist policy of coalition and support of the State, which, while not in reason, yet in sentiment contradicts the prior keynote of irreconcilable class struggle to which it owes its origin; in consequence of which it is particularly interested in emphasising the inner stability of this policy by symbolising its attachment to the Marxian tradition . . . It (i.e., Marxism. — B. K.) can no longer guide the policy of the party because this policy rests upon actual pre-conditions, which contradict those out of which the doctrine once arose. Of course, Marxism can still supply slogans for agitational purposes, slogans which, in the main, bridge the gap between the political tradition of yesterday and the policy of to-day. ”
This is the judgment of a leading social-democrat, not only concerning Marxism in general but also concerning the relation between social-democracy and Marxism.
In his latest book on Capitalism and Socialism After the World War (Rationalisation — Mistaken Rationalisation) (Fehlrationalisierung), Otto Bauer “dethrones” the Marxian theory of price to replace it by a brand new “theory” of Marshall, Moor and other American investigators of busiess conditions and manufacturers of ideology for Dollar Imperialism:
“The significance of these investigations is just as great for the development of the theory of price, ” wrote Otto Bauer, commenting on the work of these American economists.
“Heretofore the function of demand was no more than a mathematical symbol of the given demand situation which the price theory utilised to represent schematically the dependence of the market price upon the given demand situation. Only when definite functions for individual commodities, calculated on the basis of statistical data, take the place of the symbolic functions do we attain an inductive-statistical price theory.”
The price theory of Marxism, based upon the doctrine of value promulgated by Marx and Engels, is therefore declared inadequate by Otto Bauer and is “supplemented” by a vulgareconomic theory. Naturally, the only effect achieved thereby is a new “refutation” of one of the most fundamental precepts of Marxism.
And was it not Mr. Tarnow, a prominent leader of the A.D.G.B. (General German Trade-Union Federation) and of the German Social-Democratic Party who eliminated Marx altogether in his book Why be Poor? He actually accomplished the feat of raising Henry Ford, the auto king, to the rank of theoretician of the reformist trade-union movement, in order to prove that socialism was unnecessary, as poverty could be abolished forever under capitalism by using Ford’s method.
“Henry Ford’s book, My Life and Work, is certainly the most revolutionary writing of all economic literature to date.”
Thus in the reformist trade-union movement Marx’s Capital — written against capital — had to yield place in revolutionary world literature to make room for Henry Ford’s book — written for capital.
While Otto Bauer repudiates Marx’s theory of price, Rudolf Hilferding, who before the war was engaged in revising Marx’s money theory, cannot now reconcile himself to Marxism as applied to the agrarian question. On the occasion of the agrarian debate in the German Social-Democratic Party (1927) he declared in his Theoretical Observations on the Agrarian Question that:
“. . . the dispute concerning the preponderance between large and small-scale production in agriculture continues undecided to this day . . .” That on the one hand; and on the other he says that: “precisely the application of Marx’s method” shows “that the law of concentration (i.e., the law concerning the concentration of capital and of enterprises) does not apply to agriculture. ”
Disproving Marxism “in instalments” could not satisfy Prof. Erik Nölting, a social-democrat and one of the most typical theoreticians of social-fascism. In one of his discourses entitled What does Marxism mean to its to-day? (reported in the Frankfurter Volksstimme of January 21st, 1928), he attempted to guillotine Marxism altogether.
He recapitulated his refutation of Marxism in ten points from which we can cull only a few excerpts:
1. Since Marx, capitalist society has changed in its basic structure . . . . The doctrine of crises is itself no longer tenable, as the crises of to-day have their origin in shocks that have arisen outside the process of production. . . .
2. As trade unions were formed, the labour market changed. . . . Marx taught that the worker must necessarily become impoverished, must sink lower and lower . . . . that his liberation would grow out of his destitution. But the most elevated sections are the basic troops of socialism. . . . Psychologically the theory of pauperisation is erroneous.
3. The peasant question remains entirely unsolved. Marx was a typical city dweller, an exile in flight. We assumed with him that the peasantry would travel the same path of concentration as the capitalists. . . . That is a very grave misapprehension, etc.
4. The problem of socialisation as Marx saw it is too narrow. In one place he wants social justice, then he wants the transfer of the means of production. . . . The socialisation proposal of Marx also lacks the concrete indication as to whom the means of production are to be transferred. This we missed in the revolution.
5. The cultural question found no solution in orthodox Marxism. . . . Marxism says that the proletarian stands in opposition to the bourgeois, hence his culture also stands in opposition to bourgeois culture. Cultures did not grow out of the economic structure, however much they were modified by it. The higher the proletarian rises the more the differences disappear. . . .
6. International questions also found no exhaustive solution in Marxism. The placard-like formula: “Proletarians of all countries, unite!” screens the actually existing differences between the workers of the individual nations.
7. The democratic parliamentary state is a fact which can afford the proletariat the possibility of improving its position. You must utilise this and not deny the State in the old Marxist sense. . . . Marx is of the opinion that the State is to be destroyed. But we see that it will only pass from one hand to the other. It is neither a purely bourgeois nor a purely proletarian matter. In essence it is rather a matter of officials. (Exactly the programme of the presidential government of von Papen and von Schleicher. — B. K.).
8. The fact that there is an intermediate link between capitalism and socialism overcomes the Marxist conception of an explosive conversion from capitalism to socialism. This transitional phase finds threefold expression: (a) politically by coalition governments (Kautsky is the father of this idea. — B. K.); (b) economically by industrial democracy (Hilferding is the father of this idea. — B. K.); (c) socially through labour legislation (the paternity of this idea is difficult to establish, the entire international trade-union bureaucracy share the responsibility. — B. K.).
9. Why the concept of determinism is superfluous. Marxism is imbued with the belief that socialism must grow out of capitalism. Every movement seeks to base its raison d’être on hope in the determinism of its thesis.
Enough of this piffle of the most vulgar bourgeois science, which nevertheless, has one advantage in Prof. Nölting’s recapitulation, viz., that it contains almost everything that the leading theoreticians of the Second International have uttered at various times in refutation of Marxism. Marx passed judgment on such a garbled apology of capitalism, when in his preface to the first volume of Capital he wrote concerning these theoreticians that for them it is not a question
“Whether this or that theorem is true but whether it is useful or harmful, convenient or inconvenient for capitalism, whether allowed or not allowed by the police.”
We could multiply ad infinitum such and similar declarations of social-democratic theoreticians and practitioners; in which Marx is “refuted,” and forever “dethroned” They were especially numerous during the period of the relative stabilisation of capitalism when it seemed to them that Hilferding and Naphtali’s “organised capitalism” had for ever rendered “unreal” the “irksome” law of capitalist production discovered by Marx and Engels. In the days of “prosperity,” when it seemed to the social-democratic leaders that imperialism had overcome its post-war crisis, Marxism was thrown overboard as ballast by all parties of the Second International. Even its utilisation as a shibboleth to placate those who wanted to erect a bridge “between the past and the present of social-democracy” was reduced to a minimum.
But the period of shocks and jolts for industry and the end of relative stabilisation brought about by the accentuation of the world economic crisis in the capitalist countries, together with the simultaneous victorious advance of socialist construction in the Soviet Union (which it was impossible to conceal from the necessitous masses of the capitalist countries), the revolutionary upswing and the growing influx of the masses into the Communist Parties caused other winds to prevail. The practical as well as the theoretical victories of Marxism have compelled the enemies of Marxism to re-dress themselves in Marxian garb after all their seasonal theories have been torn to tatters.
After the election victory of the Communist Party of Germany on November 7th, two Marxian parties suddenly appeared in Germany on the horizon of the Vienna Arbeiterzeitung.
“Relatively the share of votes obtained by the two Marxian Parties has increased,” wrote. Mr. Otto Bauer or one of his lieutenants after, the Reichstag elections in November, putting a pleasant face on an unpleasant situation.
The Berlin organ of the Social-Democratic Party, the Vorwärts, reprinted with special emphasis this new discovery of Otto Bauer’s concerning the “two Marxist parties.”
Mr. Vandervelde who, after the miners’ strike in Borinage, had to record the fact that the reformistically organised Belgian workers were disinclined to follow the coalition policy of his party, wants to convince them in the name of “Marxism” that they ought to form a united front with the clericals instead of with the Communists. On the occasion of the last governmental crisis in Belgium he wrote in Le Peuple on December 11th:
“I am an old Marxist. I believe in the primacy of the economic factors. I am decidedly inimical to any reversion to political formulas that would push anti-clericalism again into the foreground. I would deprecate with all the power within me every action whose aim it would be to divide the working class still more against itself, by undertaking any attack whatever upon freedom of conscience and of instruction.”
“Religion is opium for the people,” wrote Marx. The chairman of the Second International is ready to falsely label himself an “old Marxist,” so that the workers may believe him when he advocates a coalition with the dispensers of this opium.
The Social-Democrats, still Marxists only by the grace of Hitler, go so far that, at their party congress in Germany which is being called during the period of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the death of Karl Marx, Marx actually figures on their congress agenda. Rudolf Hilferding, author of Finance Capital and most devoted servant and avid beneficiary of finance capital, will make the introductory report at the party congress on “ Marx and the Present Day.” So it comes that Marxists by the grace of Hitler now lay “voluntary” claim to Marx.
We would like to recommend two slogans for the streamers that will decorate the congress hall when Hilferding delivers his address. Even without the use of clubs or beer jugs these two slogans would of themselves denote a battle in the meeting hall yet might be most appropriate on this occasion when Hilferding holds forth on Marx.
One of these slogans is by Marx himself: —
“I am the mortal enemy of capitalism.”
The promulgator of the other slogan was not a simple revolutionist like Marx; he demands that his honorary titles be enumerated: Ex-Chairman of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, Member of the Council of People’s Commissars in November, 1918, and First President of the German Republic. I refer to Friedrich Ebert. The watchword that is traceable to him and dates back to those same days of the November revolution reads:
“I hate revolution like poison.”
I entertain no hopes that this proposal of mine — although it would be a correct introduction to Hilferding’s discourse on “Marx and the Present Day” — will be accepted. On the contrary, I think it is highly probable that Hilferding will solve this “slight discrepancy between the conceptions of Marx and Ebert in his own fashion which savours of Austro-Marxism — as follows:
“Well, you see, it’s a matter of taste; this one hates capitalism, and that one revolution, but both were enamoured with Socialism!”
I think it is quite improbable that in his discourse Hilferding will deal with all questions that bear on his theme — especially such current topics as the development of social-democracy into social-fascism, its relation to fascism; the responsibility of the social democrats and the reformist trade unions for the lowering of the working-class standard of living; for the unemployment of millions.
These questions are of the utmost importance to the present-day labour movement. A correct reply to them can be made only by consulting Marx. This is the more necessary because many social-democratic workers feel offended if one speaks about their party as a social-fascist party and opine — quite in good faith — that the social-democratic party has retained something of Marxism. For this reason it is necessary to counterpose at least two important questions of the day; the relation of the social-democrats and the fascist’s to the bourgeois State, and the wage policy of social-democracy and fascism, to the Marxist conception of the State and wage policy.
Let us next consider whether the social-democratic conception of the State which lies at the bottom of the “proposals for a united front,” calling, as they do, upon the workers not only of Germany but of the entire world, to defend the Weimar Republic — whether this conception of the State, the expression of which is the Weimar Constitution, has anything in common with Marxism and whether there is any essential difference, any difference in principle, between it and the fascist conception of the State.
It is well known that Marxism represents the idea that the bourgeois State, and therefore the Weimar Republic also, is “the expression of the irreconcilability of class-contradictions,” of the antagonism between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, between capitalist and worker. The Weimar Constitution, its construction, cost the lives of tens of thousands of German proletarians, of their best leaders: Liebknecht, Luxembourg, Jogiches and others who were murdered by the myrmidons of Ebert, Noske and Wels in order to produce this Weimar Constitution with its Article 165 which lays it down that: —
“Workers and employees are to collaborate with the entrepreneurs on an equal basis in the regulation of the conditions of work and wages, as well as in the entire economic development of the productive forces.”
We see that this sentence in the Weimar Constitution, which was fought out in the democratic counter-revolution against the proletarian revolution, which the German worker is to defend according to the “proposals for a united front” made by Breitscheid, Kunstler, Otto Bauer, etc., has nothing in common with the Marxist conception of the “irreconcilability of class contradictions.”
But this sentence in the Weimar Constitution corresponds so much the more — both in meaning and language — to the conception of the State entertained by the fascists.
Mussolini gives utterance to this principle upon which the social-democrats harp so much as his own principle in the following modest words
“We have incorporated all forces of production in the State. Labour and capital have equal rights and equal duties; they must work together, their conflicts being adjusted by recourse to law and the courts.”
And the fascist constitutional charter in Italy, the “Carta del Lavoro” (Charter of Labour) contains the following article, corresponding to Article 165 of the Weimar Constitution:
“The trades corporations recognised by law guarantee equality before the law as between employers and employees. They maintain the discipline of production and promote its perfection.”
Turati, the former General Secretary of the Fascist Party of Italy, could point with pride to its theories of communes expounded in the “Carta del Lavoro”:
“The juridical recognition of the syndicates as organisations of public law, which are authorised to represent all productive forces of the country (the entrepreneurs and the workers by hand and brain), forms the basic principle of the Fascist State.”
day, especially the wage policy of the reformist trade unions.
The wage policy of all trade unions which arc not to be designated as yellow but as organs of the class struggle, as organs for the defence of the daily interests of the working class — not to mention the struggle for the abolition of the wage system — was based upon the theory of Marx, according to which
“The general tendency of capitalist production is not to raise the average normal wage but to lower it, i.e., to shift the value of labour more or less to its minimum” (Marx: Value, Price and Profit).
Tarnow, the German trade union leader, joins issue with Marx here, giving it as his opinion that:
“The individual entrepreneur may figure now as before, that lowering wages can only be to his advantage. But for the entrepreneurs as a whole, this manipulation can no longer be practised without doing injury to the interests of capital and profit of the entrepreneurs themselves.”
Marx was of the opinion that the workers must wage a struggle against the capitalists, varying in form, but persistent.
“The determination of the actual degree (i.e., the degree of exploitation) is ascertained by the incessant struggle between capital and labour; the capitalist constantly tries to force down wages to their physically lowest and to draw out the working day to the physically longest, while the worker constantly exerts pressure in the opposite direction. The matter is solved by the question of the relative forces of the participants in the struggle” (Value, Price and Profit), — such is the other thesis upon which the Marxian trade union policy is founded.
Messrs. Nölting, whose text book Introduction to Theoretical Economy is considered a semiofficial publication of the A.D.G.B., entertain a different opinion:
“The formation of wages” — we read in this social-democratic text book — “is beyond the reach of strikes and the arbitrary will of parties. Every attempt to influence wages collapses by reason of its internal impossibility . . . . trade union wage policy, especially of the organisation and the carrying through of wage strikes is a fruitless and fateful illusion; laws can not be abrogated by putsches. A revolution against wages would be as nonsensical as a revolution against the law of gravitation.”
It is difficult to imagine that anything in the works of the social-democratic theoreticians could possibly exhibit more open enmity against Marxism. None the less the following choice morsel comes from the pen of Naphtafi, whom Tarnow celebrated as the “Marx-substitute” of the reformist trade unions:
“To-day relations have changed essentially,” this great discovery announces. “Legal relationships are being established between entrepreneurs and worker. To-day we can no longer speak in general of exploitation of the workers by their employers.”
These “refutations” of Marxism are the principles which form the basis of the policy of the A.D.G.B. This was the basis of its attitude on the question of capitalist rationalisation, when word was passed round that the “organisation” of capitalism was to be advanced at the expense of the working class by means of capitalist rationalisation. Everything that vulgar economy could invent was set up by the German trade union leaders in opposition to Marxism, was set in motion by the theoreticians of the German reformist trade unions to have the workers believe that what was being done under capitalism was in defence of their interests, actually promoted the realisation of their interests, much better than could be done by a socialism after the model of a “certain Marx.” Die Arbeit, theoretical organ of the German trade unions, wrote at the time
“Every step in rationalisation is a lap on the way to the return to consumption economy, of course, big capitalist in form, but without big-capitalist spirit, and is consequently a big lump of socialisation. Thus a century-old dream is coming true.”
Every word of which is so much bosh and nonsense! None the less, this omnium-gatherum of idiocies was the theoretical basis upon which the reformist trade union members were “voluntarily” subjected by their leaders to capitalist wage pressure in the halcyon days of capitalist rationalisation.
Time, however, brought changes in trade union tactics and a newer refutation of Marxism. Rationalisation could not even adduce the semblance of proof that the laws of capitalist production — discovered by Marx — had lost their validity. The “organisation” of capitalism could not master the crisis even with the aid of capitalist rationalisation. The theory according to which capitalism is interested in high wages was thus disproved. It was not the “individual entrepreneur” but the bourgeois State, the agent of the capitalist class or to use Tarnow’s terminology — “of the entrepreneurs as a whole” which led the offensive against the wages of the working class. The industrial reserve army, the host of unemployed, grew to monstrous proportions during the crisis. Otto Bauer was immediately on the spot when a defence of social-fascist practice was to be “theorised” — the practice of the reformist trade unions which, by supporting the pressure upon wages, and because of the immense increase in unemployment, pressed the workers by supporting capitalist rationalisation, close to the border line of barbarism or even into barbarism itself. The new descriptive word of social-democracy for the defence of capitalist rationalisation was coined by Otto Bauer and is denominated “mistaken rationalisation.”
The same Tarnow who conducted the chorus of the German trade union bureaucrats when they sang the praises of capitalist rationalisation had to admit publicly that “precipitate and overzealous rationalisation was one of the main causes of mass unemployment.”
As the crisis sharpened the workers offered resistance to the capitalist offensive.
Marx’s theory of trade union wage policy says clearly on this point that the working class should “utilise any occasional possibilities for temporary improvements . . . . If it were to yield in cowardly fashion in its daily conflicts with Capital, it would most assuredly deprive itself of the capacity to undertake any major movement.”
But the question was precisely this: that the working class was to be restrained from utilising capitalism’s critical state dine to the crisis, restrained from these “major movements,” i.e., from the proletarian revolution, from the struggle for socialism. That is why the entire social-democracy — supported by all sorts of renegades — proclaimed the theory: “No wage struggles, no strikes, during the crisis!”
The strike is, of course, far from being a revolution, but to underestimate the revolutionary significance of strikes is anything but Marxism. Both the social-democrats and the reformist trade union leaders correctly appraised the revolutionary significance of strikes — especially in times of crises — (more correctly than many Communists who do not understand the revolutionary significance of partial demands and partial struggles), by the supreme efforts they made, and are making, to hold the workers back from strikes in order thereby to be able to defend capitalism against proletarian revolution.
That is why Tarnow, the arch-reformist, advanced exactly the opposite kind of tactics against the trade-union tactics advocated by Marxism. In his notorious Königsberg discourse on the world economic crisis — delivered at a time when wage cuts were being handed out at high-pressure speed — Tarnow raised strike-breaking, instead of reforms and minor alleviations, to the rank of a theory.
“The crisis should not be regarded from the standpoint of the working class. The crisis must be tided over within the framework of capitalist economy by the sacrifices of the working class necessary for that purpose.”
Now, whereas the trade-union theory and practice of social-democracy is the direct opposite of Marxian trade-union theory and practice, this theory of strike-breaking, enunciated by the social-fascists has all the traits in common with the fascist point of view as to the relation of the working class to the crisis and to wage movements. Small wonder, then, that while Tarnow was delivering himself of these astonishingly self-revealing sentiments, Hitler’s personal press organ, the Völkische Beobachter was actually printing its stand on the matter in these words:
“if in this situation the economic demands of Germany’s employees are examined from the point of view of right, it will be evident at first blush that reason is against them because the entire economic scheme as such is on the verge of collapse.”
Both declarations date back to November, 1930 — Tarnow’s as well as that of Hitler’s own paper.
Quite true, there have been few historical injustices to match the case of social-democracy which stands accused of Marxism for no reason whatever by its twin brother, fascism. The economic theory of social-fascism, the principles of which form the basis of the wage policy and the entire practice of the reformist trade unions, is as far distant from Marxism as it is close to the economic “theory” of national fascism.
The point of departure taken by the Marxist theory is that surplus value, which the employer appropriates in its entirety at the expense of the worker, has its origin in the process of production. From this fact follows the irreconcilable contradiction between the employer and the employee, the class contradiction between capitalist and wage worker. The point of departure of all vulgar economy, also of the economic “theory” of fascism is, on the contrary, the process of exchange. Profit springs not from the production of commodities but from their exchange.
But, according to the theories of both the fascists and social-fascists, harmony prevails in the process of production as between the interests of the capitalists and the wage workers.
This the programme of the N.S.D.A.P. (National Socialist Labour Party of Germany), expresses less scientifically than clearly by stating in its tenth paragraph:
“It must be the first duty of every citizen to do mental or physical work. The activity of the individual may not infringe upon the interests of the community, but must be pursued within the framework of the entire body politic and must accrue to the advantage of all.”
Alfred Braunthal, one of the best-known economic theoreticians of social-democracy, propounds a theory in opposition to Marxism which is scientifically formulated, but whose content corresponds fully to the fascist programme. This theory is set forth in his Present-Day Economy and its Laws, and is intended for use as a text book. There this disciple of Otto Bauer says:
“The theory of productivity, viewed from the angle of wages, doubtless has practical significance and can be justified in one point, for the following law accords with it: Any rise in wages finds an absolute limit in the productivity of labour. And vice versa: the greater the productivity, the higher wages can, under certain circumstances, rise. In this respect the theory of productivity is undoubtedly superior to the Marxist theory.”
it is “superior” because it represents the interests of the capitalists by seeking to persuade the workers that an increase in the productivity of labour occurs “in the interests of the community” and “within the framework of the entire body politic and must accrue to the advantage of all” — to use the words of the fascist programme.
Braunthal’s theory of wages strikes a different tune. There we are informed that:
“Of course not more can be divided than has been produced, and the more there is being produced, the more we have at our disposal for distribution. Therefore the worker is undoubtedly interested in the greatest possible increase in production. . . .” (Of course, everything Braunthal says has reference to the capitalist method of production. — B. K.).
While Braunthal bases the social-fascist theory of wages solely upon the harmony of interests between worker and employer in the capitalist process of production, Kautsky also found a different “reason” whereby the economic as well as the political struggle of the wage workers against the capitalists can be regarded as the fascists regard it, namely, as an infringement upon the “interests of the community.” In his preface to the popular edition of the second volume of Capital, Kautsky distorted this great work of Marx’s inter alia by the following sentence:
“In the process of circulation phenomena arise which are of the greatest moment for the weal and woe of the workers and which do not lose in weight by the fact that here workers and capitalists have identical interests up to a certain degree.”
“Identical interests” between workers and capitalists in the process of production as well as in the process of circulation. What else is there left? Against whom is the social-democratic worker to fight in the opinion of his theoreticians, his political and trade union leaders?
Nothing else remains but to fight against the workers who do not recognise these “identical interests between workers and capitalists,” against the Communists, against the revolutionary proletarians who adhere to the Marxian doctrine — that the contradictions between Capital and Labour, bourgeoisie and proletariat, are not identical but irreconcilable.
So what does it mean when now a few social-democratic leaders like Otto Bauer, Vandervelde and company, in their immediate propinquity to fascism, suddenly make the discovery, under the blows of the crisis and the revolutionary upsurge, that somewhere in some country there are “two Marxian parties” — perhaps also two Marxian labour internationals? What significance attaches to this discovery after Kautsky’s well-known statement that if what is going on in the Soviet Union — and what we all want to materialise throughout the world — is Marxism then his life had been in vain?
This discovery is nothing more or less than an attempt to parry the main blow of the revolutionary proletariat which, in the struggle for socialism, must necessarily be directed against the internal foe of the proletariat, against the social-democracy. The Otto Bauers,
“the people who,” as Marx and Engels wrote concerning such types in the labour movement, “under the guise of incessant hustle and bustle, not only do nothing themselves, but even endeavour to hinder others so that nothing but idle chatter results . . . these self-same people who see a reaction (which they help into the saddle. — B. K.), and then are perfectly astonished to find themselves in an impasse where neither resistance nor flight avail, the same people who want to cram history into their narrow philistine horizon and whom history passes by each time without taking note of them,”
these people, caught in a deadlock, now write concerning the unity which they have split. They vociferate about the defence of the interests of the workers whom they have sold and sell every day of the year. They inveigh against the “nonsense of the Communists” who direct their main blow against the newly-discovered “Marxian party.” All their clamour about unity is because they know that in the difficult times of this crisis, of preparation for imperialist war, of military intervention against the Soviet Union, the proletariat presses for unity of action.
The sort of united front the social-democrats, who raise the hue and cry against the Communists, want is exemplified by the conference of the leaders of the national committee of German youth organisations which met on November 26th at which all tendencies were represented, social-democrats as well as national-socialists, with the sole exception of the Communist youth. This conference, which had “Youth in the Struggle for Germany” on its agenda, is reported in the Gewerkschaftszeitung (Trade organ of the A.D.G.B., in an in panegyrics, as stating that:
“For the trade unions it was interesting to see that among the numerous groups represented at the conference of the Reich committee of the German youth organisations none could be found to sponsor a policy of laissez-faire. It is also noteworthy that in the concluding remarks by Prof. Flitner, as well as in various Press comments, the question was raised whether it was not time for the leaders of the youth organisations to endeavour to take a common and positive stand on concrete questions of the day.”
Naturally, the organ of the A.D.G.B. is in favour of a “common and positive stand on concrete questions of the day” between the social-democratic and the fascist youth. For where there is no essential difference of opinion in the main question of to-day: defence of capitalism or the shattering of capitalism, such a common attitude is not at all difficult to maintain.
There have been cases where the social-democrats have succeeded — in the interests of capitalism — in perverting the pressure of the proletariat for unity of action into a unity farce. There are still many proletarians, I am certain, who — under the influence of social-democracy and the reformist trade unions — still flail to differentiate between unity of action in the class struggle, and the unity farce that serves the interests of the bourgeoisie.
In an unpublished letter of Engels’ we find a splendid reply to Otto Bauer’s hypocritical jeremiads concerning the “nonsense of the Communists” who direct the main blow against the social-democrats, who want to realise the united front of the Communist and social-democratic, of the organised and the unorganised workers, but who are disinclined to enter into a “united front” with the misleaders of the social-democratic workers — with the leaders of the Second and the Amsterdam Internationals and their sections, whose bankrupt policy was characterised as follows by the Arbeiter Zeitung of October 9th, 1932:
“The German workers have sacrificed themselves for the State, have again and again placed their own interests after those of the State. The German bourgeoisie is thankful to them for this — through Hitler and Papen.”
In this letter from Engels to Bebel, dated January 20th, 1886, we find the following:
“In France the long-expected split has become a fact. The original rapprochement between Guesde and Lafargue, and Melon and Brousse could not be avoided, I suppose, on founding the party, but neither Marx nor I ever laboured under any illusions about the fact that this could not endure. The point in dispute is purely one of principle: whether the struggle is to be conducted as a class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, or is it to be permitted in good opportunist fashion (or to translate it into socialist languageJpossibilist fashion) to drop the class character of the movement and the programme wherever more votes, more followers, can be gained by doing so. . . . The development of the proletariat is everywhere the result of internal struggles, and France, which now is forming a Workers’ Party for the first time, is no exception. We in Germany are beyond the first phase of the internal struggle. Other struggles are still ahead of us. Unity is all right as long as it lasts, but some things take precedence over unity. And when one has fought all one’s life more than anyone else against self-styled socialists, as Marx and I have done (for the bourgeoisie we tackled only as a class and almost never engaged in single combat with one cannot lose any tears over the inevitable struggle has the bourgeois) the fact that broken out.”
This is the corroboratory judgment of and Engels concerning the theory that the blow of the revolutionary masses in the struggle against the main enemy, the bourgeoisie — must be directed against social-democracy. This is the answer Marx and Engels have for political bankrupts who desire to manoeuvre their way out of the deadlock at the expense of the workers they have betrayed. This is the keynote for our activities to effect a real united front of the working class, a united front from below, in the daily struggles which must be led on to the decisive struggles for power.
The insurrection of the forces of production against private property in the means of production, against the capitalist production relationships which are the life springs of the bourgeoisie and its domination, has won greater vigour by the economically and politically decisive fact that the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics exists and is victorious, while the capitalist world has approached the point where the dynamiting of Marx main the capitalist relations of production commences. Never before has the bourgeoisie proved itself so clearly a “superfluous class” as now. In its own countries it contemplates the crisis with despair as it breaks out with ever-renewed fury. It founds its domination more and more upon open terror against its wage slaves, whose millions lack the absolute minimum of existence.
But in the country where Socialism has become a fact, in the Soviet Union, it is daily proven that the working class, freed from its exploiters and oppressors, now its own master and ruling in its own right in the Soviets, develops the socialised forces of production at a tempo that staggers imagination, while at the same time appropriating socially the social product of labour. By abolishing the conditions of life under which it lived in bourgeois society, it abolishes “all the inhuman conditions of life” that capitalism has created: no unemployment, abolition of the slavery of woman, abolition of the oppression of more than a hundred nationalities. The general crisis of the capitalist system means also a crisis for the material power of society, the power of the ruling class, especially in view of the simultaneous triumphal march of socialism in the Soviet Union. This crisis for the material power evokes at the same time a crisis of the ruling intellectual power, of the prevailing bourgeois ideology.
The capitalist system which cannot give bread nor work to tens of millions of its wage slaves can also no longer cover their intellectual needs with its ideologies, not even with “anticapitalist ideology,” can no longer constantly satisfy them. The period of the intensification of the general economic crisis is at the same time a period of crisis of all bourgeois ideologies which also figure as a means whereby the bourgeoisie may keep exploited and oppressed masses in check. The hunger of the masses, especially of the millions of young workers whose “graduation to life” takes place at a time of severest deprivations, of unemployment and terror, demands not only work and bread, but also a world outlook. The period of the general crisis has become the period of “grave doubts” on the part of the bourgeoisie. Words like dislocation, disintegration, internecine struggle, cataclysm, ruin and chaos are now in very common usage not only in the sphere of science but also of ideology.
“What is the point at issue?” queries someone active in fascist circles who arrogates to himself the rôle of ideologist of young Germany. “That is the decisive question which everyone who thinks at all must ponder, which gives him no peace and agitates his entire being. Is that which we are living through today the result and the aim of a development which has devoured untold sacrifice and which has shaken man from head to foot? Is this the end?”
But also in the victor countries, in France, in England, in the United States, the words written by Hegel in his Philosophy of History concerning the wars of Napoleon are more than applicable to their economy as well as to their ideology:
“No greater victories have ever been gained, no more genial moves have ever been made; but likewise the impotence of victory never appeared in a more striking light.”
The nationalism rampant in the countries of victor and vanquished alike is an expression of the impotence that has seized the world after the repartition of the world by the Versailles Peace Treaty and the Washington Convention had tenfold increased the number of potential startingpoints of war to-day. On the other hand, it is also the consequence of the impotence of the bourgeoisie in the province of home policy, an expression of the fact, that as a result of the crisis, it feels itself more and more constricted in the application of its ideology of social reforms and is constrained to have recourse almost exclusively to what is the sheerest national damagogy.
Pacifism — that falsification of the honest will of the workers to peace, first omen of instinctive protest against imperialist war and of the awareness of a reactionary character in the clandestine preparations of imperialist war and military intervention against the Soviet Union is undergoing a profound crisis. The bourgeoisie becomes less and less capable of concealing the fact that the cause of war lies in imperialist capitalism itself; that capitalism and war are inseparable. Those who used to be pacifists by honest conviction are experiencing a change of heart. They are forsaking pacifism and drawing nearer to the idea of revolutionary struggle against capitalism as the cause of war. This was one lesson taught by the Amsterdam Anti-War Congress. Those, on the other hand, who were not the deceived but the deceivers in the pacifist movements are now revealing themselves more and more to the masses as the pacifist agents in this work of preparation for imperialist war and intervention.
The “revalorisation of all values,” that expression of disbelief in all traditional ideologies which always tends to crop up among the bourgeoisie in all crises of capitalism, extends to all spheres of bourgeois ideology, but more especially to the problem of the possibility of survival for the capitalist system itself.
Those political and economic leaders, leading ideologists of the bourgeoisie, who still entertain the belief that capitalism can continue as of old, are “white ravens” indeed. The words of the bourgeois, as well as social-democratic economic healers of the bourgeoisie concerning “late-capitalism” and “organised capitalism,” only seek to veil the hideous fact that for them capitalism has come to the end of its tether and that of course an attempt must be made to save it somehow. Optimists are scarce. But their optimism is no less impotent than the gloomy forebodings of the pessimists.
“The danger that man will become the slave of his tool,” wrote Prof. Adolf Weber, one of the optimistic champions of capitalism after the crisis had set in, “cannot be averted by changing the economic system, but only by influencing the patterns of thought and soul-life of man.”
The accentuated crisis of capitalist economy surely greets this inane prattle with derisive laughter. For it “freed” forty to fifty million proletarians, who had become unemployed, from the “slavery of their tools.” It never even permitted the millions of youth to reach the status of “slaves of their tools.” “Influence upon the patterns of thought and the soul-life of man” — that is social-democracy; that is fascism. How long they will suffice to stem the rising tide of the proletariat beating against the capitalist system, against the bourgeoisie, is to-day the greatest worry of the capitalists and their ideology manufacturers.
In this period of “grave doubt,” of the “revalorisation of all values,” when everything in economy, in the machinery of power, in the ideology of capitalism, has been shaken to its deepest foundations, the edifice of Marxian doctrine stands firm and proud in all its parts and particles, untouched by the crisis of ideologies.
Prof. Schmalenbaeh, a most prominent bourgeois theoretician of industrial economy, has said with resignation:
“What difference is there in essence between what we are going through to-day and the fulfilment of the predictions made by Marx, the great socialist?”
Nor is it this “recognition” of Marx on the part of an ideologist of the bourgeoisie that most glaringly characterises the discomfiture of bourgeois ideology and its defeat by Marxism-Leninism. The following is perhaps less self-evident but none the less much more characteristic: the turning of the bourgeoisie, in its period of decline, away from everything it had created during its period of ascent. Marx and Engels — however much their theory was “rooted in the material economic facts” — in the theoretical elaboration of scientific socialism, derived their start from the best that the young bourgeoisie had created in its period of ascent in the realm of ideology, that being “the thought material on hand.”
This “thought material on hand” was supplied by German classical philosophy — primarily Hegel, English classical political economy, primarily Smith and Ricardo, and French socialism, primarily Saint Simon and Fourier. The elabortion of scientific socialism, of Communism, by Marx and Engels, proceeded theoretically in the form of a critique of these doctrines, i.e., by contrasting these doctrines with the objective facts and their coherence. All that transcended in these systems the limited borders of bourgeois thinking was rescued by Marx and Engels and given over to the proletariat.
The putrescent bourgeoisie in the period of its decline repudiates even the remnants of those intellectual products produced in the heyday of its development as a class.
Hugo Schulz, a bourgeois economist, recently confessed that the bourgeoisie had to abandon the classical theory of political economy as it could not combat Marxism from the standpoint of this theory. The period of the present crisis is the period of a revival of vulgar economy in the camp of bourgeois science to an extent never witnessed before. A refutation of all law in economy, and the rejection of every theory, is the main trait of these hirelings of bourgeois economy. For them the economic crisis is not a consequence of the regular economic development, its cause does not lie “in economy” but “in the soul”; it is a “crisis of confidence.” Vulgar economics like this have nothing in common with the classical theory of political economy which the best representatives of the young bourgeoisie elaborated in the struggle against feudalism that the capitalist method of production might be victorious.
German classical philosophy, which translated the great French revolution into the field of philosophy for the cowardly German bourgeoisie, is to-day as dead as a door nail as far as it (the German bourgeoisie) is concerned. Hegel, greatest representative of the classical school, is again singled out by the bourgeoisie for treatment as a “dead dog.” Marx and Engels linked up the dialectic method with the revolutionary side of Hegelian philosophy. They stripped dialectics of their mystical covering of Hegelian idealism. They turned dialectics “up-side down” by demonstrating that the “ideal” is nothing else than the “material” converted and translated in the mind of man.
The bourgeoisie in the period of its crisis had to repudiate Hegel since his dialectics were intolerable for it even in their idealistic covering. Hegelian dialectics preclude precisely that which is most necessary for the idealogists of the bourgeoisie in the course of the crisis: the contemplation of the existing, of the existing order of society, as something endowed with finality.
Flight from truth, flight into the “intellectual,” is a general phenomenon in bourgeois science. The one takes refuge in religion — not only Christian religions, but also the ancient heathen religions, as certain fascist tendencies in Germany do, in oriental religions, in Buddhism, like the English theosophists. Within the bourgeoisie multifarious schools of philosophical mysticism prosper. It is the religion of the refined bourgeoisie, which has lost faith in the Christian as well as in the Jewish god, inasmuch as the Jewish god in his unity and the Christian god in all his trinity have proved themselves incapable of preserving capitalism from the crisis.
Not even the youth is spared this flight from the truth. The youth movement which finds expression in the “back to nature” ideologies: the cult of the old Germanic; of the Celtic, all sorts of vegetarian sects, religious pacifism, etc., are nothing but disintegrated products of bourgeois ideology.
Social-democracy too takes flight “into the intellectual.” The English trade union bureaucrats and American Socialist leaders unite their bureauaratmc functions in the labour organisations with the post of preachers in various ecclesiastical sects. Religious socialists find more favour in the social-democratic parties than radical free-thinkers. Sollmann, a German social-democratic leader, professes positive Catholicism. Otto Bauer has become nothing less than a god-seeker who has elevated a timeless, spaceless, and classless “freedom of conscience” to be his social-democratic god. The worst kinds of inane idealism have replaced the old French materialism and even the idealism of classical German philosophy.
In France the various radical-socialist tendencies — which in a certain sense consider themselves heirs of the French Revolution and French socialism — have discarded all semblance of kinship with the great utopians of French socialism and the great French Revolution. The socialism of the great utopians sallied forth from the traditions of the French Revolution to the watchwords: liberty, equality, fraternity. For these watchwords the radical-socialist groups in France have substituted the trinity: Panama-scandal-corruption.
To-day more than ever it is appropriate, is the high duty of every Communist, of every young Communist worker, to bear aloft the flag of Marxism-Leninism, the revolutionary “doctrine of the conditions of victory the working class;” to make Marxism-Leninism the common property of all proletarians seeking a world philosophy and emancipation. This duty now becomes paramount in the period of “grave doubt,” which has penetrated even the ranks of the proletarian youth.
Special significance attaches to-day to Lenin’s words: “Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement.” Millions of youth — without any trade or profession, millions of adults who are losing their professional training through unemployment, who have been thrown upon the street, are now in quest not only of “room to live” but also of a “principle of life,” of a guide to action that will enable them to win for themselves “room to live.” They need a revolutionary theory to be able to resist the seduction of fascist demagogy, of social-democratic hypocrisy.
The bourgeoisie not only holds on to its positions in the process of production; retains its hold on capitalist private property with all possible tenacity, with all the power of its material force up to and even after its overthrow, but also insists upon the propagation of its ideology no matter how low it is laid by the crisis. It does this the more in view of the fact that this ideology also represents a measure of power which helps it to maintain its shaken domination.
Fascism it is which, as a method of government having recourse openly to armed force, to terror, and as an ideology which is being applied wherever and whenever social-democracy alone is not adequate to act as intermediary in bringing bourgeois influence into the working class to keep the indignant proletariat in check, is the expression of this tenacious, desperate life-and-death struggle of capitalism for its domination, for its very existence.
To free the workers won by fascism, especially the young workers, from the ideology of despair that drove them to fascism is possible only in a persevering struggle conducted with the weapons of Marxist-Leninist theory. This, of course, refers no less to the masses of workers and young workers which directly or indirectly, under the influence of social-democracy, are unwilling props in the main support of bourgeois dictatorship. The superiority of Marxism-Leninism as the consciousness of the working class over fascism and social-fascism cannot be doubted. Here the question is, on the one hand, only this: that our practice in the political-economic struggle has not been sufficiently pervaded by this theory; on the other hand, that our theoretical struggle lags far behind the requirements necessary to destroy the ideological-political influence of social-democracy and fascism in the working class.
Let us be honest with ourselves, comrades. Let each one take stock of himself and confess how often he remembers that the historical struggle of the proletariat does not proceed only in two forms of struggle. How often are we mindful of what Engels wrote and what Lenin and Stalin always emphasised — that the historical struggle for the liberation of the proletariat must proceed not only in two forms, in the form of the political and economic struggle, but in three forms: in the form of the political, economic and theoretical struggle, if the proletariat is to attain victory.
I have no doubt but that especially the neglect of the economic front of the class struggle, the boycotting of trade union work on the part of many revolutionists which is customary in the Communist Parties — to-day rather covert but none the less existent — is the consequence of the inadequate theoretical insight into the conditions and methods of the revolutionary class struggle, the consequence of the lack of knowledge of Marxist-Leninist theory.
I now put another question, comrades: How often are we mindful of the facts recorded by Engels back in 1875, the beginning of the socialist mass movement, when he stated that:
“Indifference to all theory . . . . is one of the main causes responsible for the fact that the English labour movement, despite all the excellent organisations of its individual apparatus, creeps along at such a snail’s pace; and on the other hand, for the mischief and confusion which Proudhonism in its original form wrought among the French and the Belgians, and in a form more caricatured by Bakunin among the Spaniards and Italians.”
Translate this, English, French, Spanish and Italian comrades, into the language of the present-day movement in your respective countries. Think of the narrow “practicism” of the leaders of the English trade unions and of the Labour Party who “reject all theory.” In order to be able under this guise the more easily to smuggle all kinds of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois theories such as the theory of industrial peace and of guild socialism into the working class. Think of French syndicalism which exhibits many essential reactionary traces of petty-bourgeois Proudhonist anarchism; think of the reformist syndicalists, of the Minoritaries within and without the C.G.T.L.! Think of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists who were and are the props of bourgeois counter-revolution in Spain and who with their caricature revolutionism mislead many good revolutionary workers and keep them back from the struggle for the advancing of the bourgeois democratic revolution into the stage of proletarian revolution.
And you, young Communists of Germany! Remember what Engels wrote concerning the German working class in whose ranks Marx fought his first battles:
“The German workers must be given credit for the fact that they exploited the advantage of their situation (as the birthplace of Marxism — B. K.) with rare ingenuity. For the first time since a labour movement has been in existence is the struggle being conducted harmoniously, co-ordinatedly and planfully on all its three fronts, the theoretical, the political and the practical-economic (resistance against the capitalists). Precisely in this what may be called concentrated attack lies the strength and invincibility of the German movement.”
Remember that in your victories also this good tradition of the German labour movement is and will continue to be effective; but reflect also whether the degree of concentration of the struggle to-day does not leave much to be desired in many instances.
No doubt the fact that we have been unable to enlarge our mass influence at the expense of Social-Democracy in all countries, of the anarcho-syndicalists in Spain and South America, of the reformist trade union leaders in the entire world, to the extent that this may have been possible in the given objective situation, is largely due to our failure to conduct our agitational and propaganda work among the masses sufficiently on principle, with an adequate Marxist-Leninist basis. To-day when everything — the crisis, the revolutionary upsurge, the end of capitalist stabilisation, the great fundamental questions, questions of principle, of the struggle for and the way to socialism, the question Dictatorship or Democracy? when the victories of socialist construction in the Soviet Union — places the question of classless society now confronting the broad masses of the workers inevitably upon the order of the day, this is an especially grave shortcoming in our mass work. The point is that Social-Democracy, because of the trouncing it is receiving at the hands of the revolutionary working masses in the capitalist countries, feels compelled to act as if it wanted to return to a “policy of principle.” The “Left” manuvres denote a broader exploitation of pseudo Marxian phraseology. These attempts to mislead the workers through these pseudo-Marxist phrases can be combatted successfully only by unfolding a thorough propaganda of Marxism-Leninism and by basing our day-to-day policy on a broad footing upon basic principles. Likewise dryness, pedanticism, bureaucracy, these poisonous weeds that often take root in our mass work and which youth can bear least — these too can be fought with no better means than by imbuing our day-to-day work with the revolutionary spirit and ardour of Marxism-Leninism.
Nor let us forget the problem of cadres, a question that is in as bad shape as our mass work. How can we burrow deep enough if in dealing with this question we do not act on the directions given by Engels:
“It is the duty of the leaders to enlighten themselves more and more on all theoretical questions, to free themselves more and more from the influence of traditional phrases appertaining to the old world philosophy and ever to bear in mind that socialism since it has become a science must needs be treated like one, i.e., be studied. The point will be to disseminate with steadily mounting zeal among the workers the increasingly clarified discernment thus gained, to weld the organisations of the Party as well as of the trade union associations ever closer together.”
Who can assert that the “influence of traditional phrases appertaining to the old world philosophy” — above all Social-Democratic conceptions in the Communist Parties as well as in the sections of the Young Communist International — is nonexistent and does not act as a stumbling block an our way to conquer the majoriy of the working class? One should not seek comfort in the belief that youth has no Social-Democratic traditions like their elders. Unfortunately the fact is that neither age nor youth guard against folly. Social-Democratic conceptions percolate into the Communist movement not only via custom and traditions. The strenuous efforts of the petty-bourgeoisie seeking to maintain its existence finds expression also in the ideological pressure which this moribund medial stratum of society (incapable itself of conducting any independent policy), steadily exerts upon the working class. The strength of the labour aristocracy consists not so much in its numbers as in its key position in production — especially to-day in the period of the crisis — and it is precisely this position which is utilised as a conduit to pump bourgeois ideology into the broad masses of the workers. Social-Democracy is nothing more or less than the bourgeois poison that is innoculated through the petty-bourgeoisie, through the labour aristocracy, day by day into the heads of the workers. The sole and exclusive antidote in the Marxist-Leninist enlightenment of the workers through cadres trained for that purpose. It would be a denial of Marxism-Leninism, which is the revolutionary consciousness of the working class, an anti-Bolshevik deference to spontaneity, to think that without a thorough Marxist-Leninist education the officials of our Party and youth organisation can be made into leading Bolshevik cadres free from petty-bourgeois social-democratic inhibitions, into cadres that understand politics — the art of figuring with millions, the art of leading millions — who, in the coming war will do their bit without any hesitancy, who can lead the proletariat to victory!
Look at the Party of the Bolsheviks, hardened and steeled in three revolutions, in civil wars and last but not least in splits and in the struggle for the erection of the united front of the working class! This Party learnt the art of conquering in the political and economic struggle by never neglecting the theoretical struggle, by making splendid use of the burnished weapons of Marxist theory in the struggle against the Mensheviks as well as the “Left” currents.
Consider our two greatest and most victorious leaders: Lenin, the greatest theoretician and tactician of the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat — and the perpetuator of his work, Stalin, the theoretician and tactician of socialist construction. It was and is their greatest source of strength, and at the same time their greatest pride, that they were and are the best disciples of Marx and Engels who devoted a major portion of their knowledge and their revolutionary fighting energy to the struggle on the theoretical front, to the defence of Marxism-Leninism against every counterfeit.
Proud and eager for battle we claim:
Marx is ours!
But we must take possession of him if we are to be accoutred for battle and victorious.
We must permit the broad masses of adult and young workers to share this possession of ours, so that they may he transformed into conscious fighters for the cause of the liberation of the working class and into conscious builders of socialism through the dictatorship of the proletariat.
East and West, North and South, the proletarian millions rally to the red banner of the Communist International of Marx, Engels and Lenin! From the tops of the industrial titans of the Soviet Union the five beams of light radiating from the Soviet star illumine the path to be trod by the proletarians and oppressed peoples of all five continents, who crave and fight for bread, work and liberation. The capitalist system, the power of the exploiters and oppressors, the power of the imperialist bourgeoisie, rocks to its very foundations. The more we strain our every effort to see to it that Marxist theory, penetrates the masses, the more this theory becomes the force that will deal the death blow to the power of the bourgeoisie!
The time has come for the proletariat to carry out this world-liberating deed in pursuance of its historical mission discovered by Marx: it is now!
Let the petty bourgeois denizens, the pedants, the philistines, the counterfeiters of Marxism, the traitors to the working class, the murderers of its best leaders and fighters shriek to their hearts’ content about the “dislocation, ruin and chaos” which it is claimed the revolution will call forth — the proletariat, flying the flags of the Communist International, will pursue its road plotted by Marx and Engels and graded by Lenin and Stalin. The call then is forward along the road of struggle for the socialist revolution, for the dictatorship of the proletariat, for the victory of communism throughout the world! | <urn:uuid:39e85732-46e6-4e3b-a174-d8d663715320> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://www.marxists.org/archive/kun-bela/pamphlets/1932/12.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701150206.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193910-00257-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95705 | 23,357 | 3.21875 | 3 |
To draw a straight line through a given point parallel to a given straight line.
Let point A be the given point, and line BC the given straight line.
It is required to draw a straight line through the point A parallel to the straight line BC.
Take a point D at random on line BC. Join line AD. Construct the angle DAE equal to the angle ADC on the straight line DA and at the point A on it. Produce the straight line AF in a straight line with line EA.
Since the straight line AD falling on the two straight lines BC and EF makes the alternate angles EAD and ADC equal to one another, therefore EAF is parallel to line BC.
Therefore the straight EAF has been drawn through the given point A parallel to the given straight line BC. | <urn:uuid:0e950ecb-6679-4293-8e09-e44d9df4b7de> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://rawgit.com/YouClid/euclids_elements/master/html/book1/prop31/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.897572 | 168 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Smoking was as bad for people in the Victorian era as it is for anyone today, but back in those days it seems it did far more damage... to their teeth.
In the mid-19th century, prior to the invention of the cigarette, when tobacco was copiously consumed through clay pipes, smoking often resulted in nasty dental disfigurement.
A Museum of London study of skeletal remains excavated from a Victorian cemetery in Whitechapel, east London, found most people had "notches" in at least two, and often four, front teeth made through the habitual holding of pipe stems.
Oesteological analysis of 268 adults buried between 1843 and 1854 found that some disfigurement had occurred in 92% of adults exhumed, while wear associated with habitual use of pipes was evident in 23%.
Hole in the jaws
"In many cases, a clear circular "hole' was evident when the upper and lower jaws were closed," said Donald Walker, human oesteologist at Museum of London Archaeology Service.
Males were affected far more frequently than females.
The study, published to coincide with national No Smoking Day in Britain, also found a number of young adult skeletons had tell-tale notches, suggesting pipe-smoking may have begun in childhood.
Clay pipes, which for the gentrified classes could be up to 18 inches long, were the cigarette butts of their day and can be dated right back to the Elizabethan period when tobacco was first imported to Europe from the New World.
Cigarettes were mass produced for the first time in the United States in 1860 and by 1881 were being widely consumed in Britain, sounding the death knell for the clay pipe.(Reuters Health/ March 2011) | <urn:uuid:05013e89-9c1f-4a60-a5e6-c97a34fc16a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Stop-smoking/News/Victorian-smokers-had-rotten-teeth-to-match-lungs-20120721 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583518753.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024021948-20181024043448-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.983052 | 359 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Unsoftened polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipes are used in household gravity sewage systems. Due to well developed joining material they are often used for manufacturing household connections and joining them with different type of sewage systems.
Two basic types are:
Compact PVC wall-lined UKC pipes - Full walled pipes
Full walled pipes are manufactured in accordance with SIST EN 1401-1 standard. Compact pipe wall means same material is used for entire pipe thickness.
Full walled PVC pipes are renowned for a number od excellent characteristics:
Good corrosion resistance
Smooth inner surface insures good hydraulic properties and lessens the possibility of sediment build-up
Water-tightness of the pipeline
Long lifespan and low maintenance costs
Light and consequently easy for transport and installation
A large number of different joining and fitting elements
Coex or co-extruded PVC pipes are mad of three layers. Inner and outer layer are made of thin and compact PVC material, while the middle layer is usually regenerated PVC, regenerated foam or foamed PVC. Coex pipe is cheaper alternative to compact PVC pipe.
Coex pipe are manufactured in accordance with SIST EN 13476-1 standard.
Coex pipes have properties similar to compact PVC pipes, but the foamed middle layer makes them:
Less stressful for the environment, due to use of regenerated materials | <urn:uuid:46c77b38-8639-4095-8d46-6e8878f489e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.mapipipe.si/en/sales_programme/drainage_and_sewerage_piping/ukc_pipes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488253106.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620175043-20210620205043-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.910033 | 284 | 3.046875 | 3 |
How to Make
Effective Use of Web Fonts
© Herman Drost
Writing for your web site is not the same as offline
writing. The fonts used for print media are different than
web fonts. This is because it's harder to read text
on a computer screen and visitors tend to scan your web
pages rather than read them word for word. When deciding
on what web font to use, take into consideration the
character of your site and whether the web font type
is widely available (accomodates different screens and
If you use the wrong web font, your web pages will
may appear unprofessional and you may lose visitors to
So how do you decide on what web site font to use?
1. Analyze the character of your web site - for
most web sites you would use a large or fancy font for
your header to capture your visitors attention and a
smaller web font for body text. When using a fancy font
make sure it is available on most computers otherwise your
visitors won't be able to read it. (To get around this,
read my article "Improve your web
site design with a fancy font").
2. Search engine compatibility - fonts used within
images can be seen on all computers, however it can't be
read by the search engines. They can only "read" text.
When designing images always use the "alt" tag to convey
what your image is about. Try to include appropriate
keywords in your web site copy. This will help the search
engines index your site.
3. Use a web safe font - there are 2 types of fonts
that are widely used:
Serif Fonts - these are most widely used for PRINT
media ie Times Roman, Georgia, but are not good for the
Web, because they are difficult to read on the screen.
Serif fonts are those that have fine cross-lines at the
extremities of the letter.
Sans Serif Fonts - these are fonts that don't have
serifs. They are the best fonts to use for the WEB (ie
Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Trebuchet) but are not
appropriate for print media.
Here's a great readability study that was done when
comparing serif and sans serif fonts:
4. Use the correct font size - alternative font
sizes add flavor and character to your web site. If you
want your text to be viewed correctly for both PC and MAC
users, then it's better to use pixels rather then points.
Points may look all right on a PC but will appear smaller
on a MAC (although these days there are only a small
percentage of folks that use MACs).
Use a large font size (ie Arial H1) for your main header
text, smaller font sizes (Arial H2, H3) for your
subheadings and a point or pixel size of 10 or 12 for your
Generally I use Verdana 10pt for body text and Arial text
5. Utilize Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) - these
enable you to easily create a consistent font style across
your entire web site. If you want to change the font on
all your web pages, you just need to change one style
CSS allows you to easily use comma-separated list of fonts
(ie Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif). The browser
will use the first one it comes to in the list that is
installed. If none of the type faces in the list are
available, it reverts to the default.
Writing correct web copy using fonts that are easy to read
and readily available, not only adds character to your web
pages, but shows you care about the experience of your
Web font readability study.
Hundreds of fonts, most of them free.
101 Highly Effective
Strategies to Promote Your Web Site | <urn:uuid:04612e43-4c68-45ae-8bd3-214e19a98dae> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.isitebuild.com/web-fonts.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482347.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217172628-20190217194628-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.838137 | 839 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By Dr. Shubhangi Rathi
(H.O.D. Political Science)
Smt. P. K. Kotecha Mahila Maha.Bhusawal
The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times, through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers. One of them is Mahatma Gandhi. The history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition etc. The current President of India is a woman. In fact its credit goes to Mahatma Gandhi. In India he was involved women in Political movement first time of Satyagrah. He worked not only for the political emancipation of the nation, but for liberation of all the suppressed and oppressed sections of society. One of the notes worthy results of his life-work has been the awakening of women. This made them shed their deep-rooted sense of inferiority and rises to dignity and self- esteem. Women, urban and rural, educated and uneducated, Indian and foreign, were attracted to his ideas and deeds. An attempt is made in the present paper to understand Gandhi's views on women in the context of social, economic and political issues. In this paper discuss on Gandhiji’s thought on women upliftment, against child marriage, social and religious barriers to widow remarriage, purdha system, dowry system, heavy expenditure in connection to marriage, etc. As well as discuss on Gandhiji’s view of women participation in politics. After Gandhi which position of women in India also focus in this paper.
The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. In fact its credit goes to Mahatma Gandhi. In India he was involved women in Political movement like Satyagraha. An attempt is made in the present paper to understand Gandhi's views on women in the context of social, economic and political issues. But Main focus on Political issue.
Gandhi worked not only for the political emancipation of the nation, but for liberation of all the suppressed and oppressed sections of society. One of the note worthy results of his life-work has been the awakening of women, which made them shed their deep-rooted sense of inferiority and rise to dignity and self- esteem. For Gandhi, "When woman, whom we all call abala becomes sabala, all those who are helpless will become powerful". The welfare of the weaker sections of society was dear to his heart. He had no qualms about the priority of social over political ends. In his opinion, to postpone social reform till after the attainment of Swaraj.
Women, urban and rural, educated and uneducated, Indian and foreign, were attracted to his ideas and deeds. While some like Sarojini Naidu, Lakshmi Menon, Sushila Nayyar and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur rose to prominence, there were thousands of unsung and unnoticed heroines of India who learnt the meaning of liberation from him and contributed with all their energy to the struggle for independence. Life sketches and reminiscences of women freedom-fighters give us glimpses of their crusade against injustice and inequality.
M.K. Gandhi is known to be one of the few people who encouraged women's active participation in the freedom struggle-marking him as a rare promoter of women's liberation. In Gandhi words, "My contribution to the great problem (of women's role in society) lies in my presenting for acceptance of truth and ahimsa in every walk of life, whether for individuals or nations. I have hugged the hope that in this, woman will be the unquestioned leader and, having thus found her place in human evolution, will shed her inferiority complex. Women's entry into national politics through non-violent methods brought miraculous results. On the one hand, women became aware of their inner strength, and on the other, the process brought human and moral elements into politics.
Gandhi had tremendous faith in women's inherent capacity for non-violence. And his experience of participation by women in politics from his days in South Africa till the end of his life bears testimony to the fact that they never failed his expectations. With Gandhi's inspiration, they took the struggle right into their homes and raised it to a moral level. Women organized public meetings, sold Khadi and prescribed literature, started picketing shops of liquor and foreign goods, prepared contraband salt, and came forward to face all sorts of atrocities, including inhuman treatment by police officers and imprisonment. They came forward to give all that they had - their wealth and strength, their jewellery and belongings, their skills and labour-all with sacrifices for this unusual and unprecedented struggle.
Gandhi's call to women to involve themselves in the freedom struggle had far-reaching results in changing their outlook. "The cause of Swaraj swept all taboos and old customs before it". Many women in their individual lives shed their age-old prejudices against the caste system. They had no hesitation in leaving the boundaries of their protected homes and going to the jail. They even broke their glass bangles (a sign of ill omen for married women) when they were told that they were made of Czechoslovakian glass. Women's participation in the freedom struggle feminized nationalism and the nationalist struggle helped them to liberate from age-old traditions.
Though Gandhi never challenged the traditional set up, he inspired women to carve out their own destinies within it, and thereby changing its very essence. Women learnt from Gandhi that one can be strong, even if seemingly weak, to protest against injustice. They realised that they do not have to accept the norms of male-dominated politics. They evolved their own perspectives and formulated their own methods. In a way they presented a critique of the colonial unethical state.
Gandhi could see woman as connected with service and not with power. When a woman wrote to him in 1946 about the political scene and the paucity of women in it, he wrote: "So long as considerations of caste and community continue to weigh with us and rule our choice, women will be well-advised to remain aloof and thereby build up their prestige. Women workers should enroll women as voters, impart or have imparted to them practical education, teach them to think independently, release them from the chains of caste that bind them so as to bring about a change in them which will compel men to realise women's strength and capacity for sacrifice and give her places of honour. If they will do this, they will purify the present unclear atmosphere." His advice to women was to teach people in villages simple lessons of hygiene and sanitation. Seeking power would be, for them, "reversion of barbarity". And still Gandhi believed that, "Women must have votes and an equal status. But the problem does not end there. It only commences at the point where women begin to affect the political deliberations of the nation."
Lastly we can conclude that the position of woman in India compared to other countries is poor. In some villages they are considering woman as a kitchen bee. This type of attitude has to be changed. But compared to the early days, these days' women are coming out freely and participating in every field. It’s a good sign of women upliftment & empowerment. So, today also need to know Gandhijian thought of women upliftment. | <urn:uuid:eb82d917-7724-4e0b-8f8b-9622e6d448fc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-articles/gandhiji-and-women-empowerment.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.977337 | 1,648 | 3.46875 | 3 |
They never fail to give me some optimism for humanity's future. It's true that they sometimes come pre-installed with silly ideas; but I find that the vast majority of them are curious, interested in the world around them, and enjoy being challenged. Given the opportunity to learn some of the skills of critical thinking, they rise, and often exceed, the target.
One student on the hope-for-the-future list is a young man I just met this year who has already supplied me with a number of topics for this blog, putting him in the running for the winner of the Junior Skeptophile Award for 2013. His latest was one that I actually thought was satire for a while -- Poe's Law once again biting us in the ass. But sadly, no, this one is real, which will shock you when you find out what it is.
I'm just going to give you a moment to ponder that one, okay?
Are you thinking, "Wait. That can't mean what it seems to mean." But yes, it does. These people are taking water... and then diluting it a bunch of times, with water. And of course, being that this is homeopathy we're talking about, the more you dilute the water with water, the stronger the water gets. This water is diluted to "30c" -- which is homeopathic parlance for one part water in 10 to the 30th power parts, um, water.
That's some strong water, friends. As a coworker of mine commented, "I'll bet it's really good at curing dehydration."
(Look, I'm not claiming this isn't ridiculous. Don't yell at me.)
[image courtesy of photographer Derek Jensen and the Wikimedia Commons]
The method used by homeopathic researchers to define the symptom profile of a particular substance. Most provings were done and recorded in the late 1800's, although in the last ten years many homeopathic researchers have begun proving new substances. Provings are a very specific type of research and usually follow a standard protocol.Which, as a definition, kind of sucks. It's as if you defined "physics" as "a body of practice engaged in by physicists, mostly done since the 17th century, following a specific set of rules and standard protocols. That's all you need to know."
Well, I wanted more than that, so I went to the wonderful site The Skeptic's Dictionary, and found on their page for homeopathy the following:
Hahnemann [the founder of homeopathy] experimented on himself with various drugs over several years and concluded that "a doctor should use only those remedies which would have the power to create, in a healthy body, symptoms similar to those that might be seen in the sick person being treated" (Williams, Guy R. The Age of Miracles: Medicine and Surgery in the Nineteenth Century (Academy Chicago Publishers 1981).)... (He) called this method of finding what symptoms a drug caused in a healthy person a "proving."So, what they did, with the water diluted in water, is to give it to healthy people, and see what symptoms they developed. And man, did these people develop symptoms! Here are a few of over a hundred results, copied right from the "Materia Medica" page on "Aqua Nova" (which is what they call their water diluted in water):
I have felt invisible over the last few days, and with one particular person, it was as though I hadn't existed as she hadn't thought of me. People didn't register my presence.All I can say is: if any of my readers participated in this study, I don't want to know about it. And please don't come for a visit. It might seem harsh, but I don't really want to hang out with invisible large-beaked birds who are experiencing twitching eyes, nose spasms, and massive farts, however "erotic and relaxed" they're feeling.
Feel very light headed as though the top of my head, from the eyes upward, has dissolved and I am merging into the atmosphere.
Husband says I am more erotic and relaxed sexually. I feel more relaxed and less sensitive, physically and emotionally.
Can't stop drawing spirals while taking notes. I concentrate better if I draw those spirals.
I had this strange feeling of being a bird with a large beak. My nose felt as if it coming outward and down to meet my chin, which was also coming outward and up. My face felt contorted. My tongue was being squeezed into a very small space.
Twitch in left eye, underneath, lasts about 2 hours.
The end of my nose is in spasm, intermittently through out the day.
So. I guess now we know what water diluted with water is useful for. And in case you're wondering what other treatments are out there, there's a page called "Provings" linked on their website (link provided above) that tells you about other "remedies" these folks have worked on. These include "30c" dilutions of:
- blood from an AIDS patient
- basaltic lava
- blood and feathers from a Peregrine Falcon
- a latex condom
- a road-killed badger
So, anyway, I think we can all agree that my student has found quite a treasure-trove of facepalming material, here. But to return to the hopeful note of my opening paragraphs, keep in mind that these young people who, over and over, demonstrate to me that they are capable of high-level critical thinking -- those are our future. With minds like this leaping forward into adulthood, I think we have every reason to be optimistic. Wouldn't it be nice if one day, I can retire from this blog, because I've run out of topics, and this sort of superstitious hocus-pocus is a thing of the past?
I, for one, wouldn't mind that as an outcome, at all. | <urn:uuid:dbfd3a0a-0924-4ab4-a321-d19a1eab6998> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://skeptophilia.blogspot.com/2013/03/you-put-water-in-water-and-drink-it-all.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811795.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218081112-20180218101112-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.973927 | 1,249 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A 15-foot-long giant fish washed ashore in Chile. They are distinguished by their shiny silver color, long red horn-like limbs and strangely shaped faces. The oar fish was found off the coast of Isla Talcan, Desertoras Island, Chile. People believe that oar fish coming to the shore is a harbinger of upcoming natural disasters. Oar fish can grow up to 50 feet in length. But what washed ashore in Chile was a relatively small fish.
Locals see the arrival of oar fish as a sign of impending natural disasters. They live about 1640 feet below sea level. Why these occur is still a mystery. A conclusion is that they may be injured and reach the shore when the sea is rough. There is another argument that it may come here in search of prey. But what is most relevant is another argument. The Japanese believe that they come to the coast as an earthquake warning. Ore fish are huge fish that can predict natural disasters such as tsunamis. For the Japanese who live in the shadow of the threat of earthquakes, the arrival of fish portends disaster.
These creatures are capable of sensing even the slightest movement on the ground. The Japanese believe that the omens come to the coast usually before disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Although there is no scientific evidence for their belief, the reason for its strengthening is the earthquake in Fukushima in 2011. More than fifteen thousand people lost their lives in the disaster that day. Before this disaster, about a dozen oar fish had washed up on the coast of Japan.
They are found at depths of about 660 to 3280 feet below sea level. They have a shiny silver body and red fins. In Japan, oar fish are known as namasu. Locals believe that these fish are the emissaries of the sea king’s palace. There are three categories of oar fish. The largest of these are the oar fish, the Japanese messengers of death. Their food is small fishes, prawns and jelly fishes. They live in the deep sea and rarely reach the shore. The researchers concluded that the changes in the sea due to global warming may be the reason for the beaching of oar fish in the deep sea.
English Summary: 15-Foot-Long ‘Doomsday’ Fish Washes Up on South American Beach | <urn:uuid:0da6c129-6843-4d0f-b181-75be2b34a960> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.archyde.com/it-is-memorable-to-have-hit-the-beach-in-chile-15-foot-long-doomsday-fish-washes-up-on-south-american-beach-residents-call-disaster-omens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.960673 | 483 | 3.46875 | 3 |
See also, Mechanisms for Policy Reversal
Grade inflation occurs when a student receives a grade for course work unwarranted by the level of work or achievement demonstrated (Stone, 1995). There is evidence that grade inflation is in fact present in both private and publicly funded colleges and universities. The exact causes of grade inflation and agreement on whether the issue is important enough to warrant serious concern are topics of much disagreement. The purpose of my paper is to suggest that grade inflation does exist and that another of its causes is fiscal and budgetary policy, specifically, the use by many states of enrollment based funding formulas as a means of allocating funds for higher education. My paper begins with a discussion of the grade inflation phenomenon and some of its more popular causes followed by a review of college economics and the funding formula. A look at the current student, the concept of higher education as a business, and defense of my thesis follows.
What is grade inflation? Dr. Perry Zirkel, the laccoca Professor of Education at Lehigh University, characterizes it as a societal trend to de-emphasize competition and make people feel better about themselves. Inflating grades has, in part, been a response to fears that stringent grading would damage the student's self-concept (Edwards, 2000). Stone (1995) says grade inflation is an increase in reported grades unaccompanied by higher student achievement. The effect of grade inflation is a devaluing of undergraduate degrees. Many students today seek Master's degrees immediately after the Bachelor's because it is seen to be the entry level degree by many students (Levine and Cureton, 1998). Undergraduate surveys conducted by Levine and Cureton in 1969, 1976, and 1993 showed that in 1969, 7% of students reporting earned A- or higher and 25% earned C grades or below. The 1993 study showed 26% of students reporting earned A- or higher and 9% earned C grades or below. A recent article by Sonner (2000) cites research finding only 10 to 20 percent of all college students receive grades lower then B-. That being the case, 80 to 90 percent of all college students must receive grades of either A or B (Sonner, 2000).
One might interpret this to mean that today's students are taking their studies more seriously and earning higher grades. The Levin and Cureton survey found that the degree to which academics were taken seriously varied by the institution, by the student body, and even the time of year (Levin and Cureton, 1998). Their study encountered schools where academics were rigorous and standards high and schools where academics were weak. Students stated that they worked hard or thought they did and 83% of them considered themselves to be intellectuals (Levine and Cureton, 1998). Although the extent to which the level of students effort has increased over the years is unclear, in the last 30 years the gentlemen's C has become the gentlemen's A as the percentage of Cs to A's appear to have reversed themselves (Levine and Cureton, 1998).
Studies of available data from the period 1965 through 1980 consisting primarily of Graduate Record Examination scores do not suggest an increase in average student achievement. In fact, while grades were inflating, overall achievement of college seniors appears to have declined. Additionally, preparedness for college as measured by the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores and American College Training (ACT) scores declined during the period from 1963 through 1980 when grades were inflating most rapidly (Wilson, 1999).
Since the 1980's achievement in the areas of biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and economics have recovered somewhat while the areas of political science, sociology, psychology, education, history, and English literature have not. Stone (1995) cites empirical studies of U.S. colleges and universities finding the grade point averages (GPA's) of students receiving Bachelor's degrees rising from .3 to .5 points from the mid 1960's to the 1980's. At Princeton, the median GPA for the class of 1973 was 3.078, while the median GPA for the class of 1997 was 3.422 (Wilson, 1999). At Dartmouth, the average GPA rose from 3.06 to 3.23 from 1968 to 1994 (Wilson, 1999). In the 1996-97 academic year, 46% of the grades awarded undergraduates at Harvard were A's as compared to 22% in 1966 (Wilson, 1999). Stone concludes, therefore, that the 2.5 GPA of today would be a 2.0 by 1960s' standards and that today's students with less than a 2.5 GPA would have less than a 2.0 GPA, be under the minimum for college retention, and not be in school or graduate (Stone, 1995).
The suggested causes of grade inflation range widely, It has been around since the Academy, in the late 1940's, began to admit students different from the social groups that elite colleges and state universities saw as their clientele before World War 11 (Korshin). The war in Viet Nam influenced grade inflation as students flocked to colleges in fear of the draft (Levine and Cureton, 1998). Levine and Cureton go on to suggest that the nontraditional age students - serious minded and very focused - play a part. Administrative policy and practices such as reductions in rigorous core requirements, movements toward more electives, removal of first attempt grades from transcripts, and pass/fail options all tend to inflate performance as measured by grades (Edwards, 2000). The current practice of student evaluation of faculty is frequently cited as a cause. Faculty members realize that giving poor grades is not in their economic best interest. They believe that low grades lead to low faculty ratings by students, reductions in class sizes, and eventual loss of theirjobs (Edwards, 2000).
Sonner's (2000) research indicates the increasing use of adjunct instructors is at fault. The most likely explanation for adjunct faculty giving higher grades than do full-time faculty is that adjuncts, employed on a term- by-term basis, are hesitant to give lower grades as it could create student complaints resulting in the adjunct's not receiving an offer to teach in subsequent quarters (Sonner, 2000). These and many more suggested causes come with some very persuasive evidence. I suggest that no less compelling than these is fiscal and budgetary policy.
A review of the institution's economics, where colleges get their money, is important to understanding the impact of fiscal policy on grading. The U. S. Department of Education "Finance FY 94" survey suggests that publicly funded institutions of higher education received 35.9 % of their funds from state governments and 18.4% from tuition; bringing to a total of 54.3% the funds derived from numbers of enrolled students. The Federal government, local government, private sources, endowment income, and sales and service revenue combine to form the remaining 45.7% (U.S. Dept. of Education, 1996).
With state funds amounting to almost 36% of the institution's revenue, how solid is the state portion? A growing economy and record surpluses in many states spelled healthy appropriations and management stability for public colleges and universities (American Association of State Colleges and Universities State Issues Digest, 2000). The 1999 AASCU State Issues Survey completed by 47 presidents and chancellors representing public colleges in 43 states, as to fiscal issues, concluded that economic conditions in their states were good but anticipated a slowing of growth in the year ahead. Respondents indicated a plateau in the economic performance of their states.
Since all state spending on higher education is discretionary and more easily cut by lawmakers than spending on law enforcement, health care and some other services, college budgets are likely to fall off as the economy turns down (Schmidt, 2000). The growth of state higher education budgets has slowed throughout much of the nation. The Center for the Study of Education Policy at Illinois State University which tracks state expenditures on higher education needs other than construction found an aggregate spending increase of about 7% in fiscal 2000 (Schmidt). Adjusted for current annual inflation of about 3.4%, the aggregate increase in state funds rose only 3.6% (Schmidt). The study further points out that after adjusting the aggregate rate for the state of California which increased the year 2000 spending by 17%, the aggregate rose only 2.4% after inflation. James C. Palmer, a professor at Illinois State who conducted the survey said "nationally, we seem to be on a plateau". Finally, Schmidt advises of the need for care in interpreting the percentage increase in funds. Not taken into consideration are increases in enrollments and how the funds may be set aside i.e. funds taken from the general appropriation and made available only for community colleges for their efforts in state workforce development. Going forward, higher education appears to be faced with flat state educational budgets and competition for state funds from health care and criminal justice systems, to name a few.
The changes in the student in the last 20 years has also played a part in the grade inflation/fiscal policy issue. Between 1980 and 1994 the growth in college enrollment came from nontraditional students: students over 25, working students, females, or students attending part-time (Levine and Cureton, 1998). Their 1993 Undergraduate Survey found that 37% of the respondents admitted that, if they thought attending college wasn't helping their job chances, they would drop out. By 1996 fewer than I in 6 undergraduates fit the traditional stereotype. What it means is college is not necessarily the most important thing in the lives of today's students (Levine and Cureton, 1998).
Levine and Cureton (1998) point out that, not surprisingly, these different students are looking for a different type of relationship with their college. They want the type of relationship they have with other suppliers of goods and services. They want colleges nearby and operating at convenient hours. They want convenient parking, polite staff, and quality education at affordable prices for which they will shop (Levine and Cureton). Although consensus on a definition of a quality education is beyond this paper, Levine's study suggests that students view quality as a caring faculty, anxious to help. Additionally, on matters of curricular structure, course content, and educational relevance, there is fairly general agreement that colleges are right on target (Levine and Cureton, 1998). There has been a triumph of the consumer's perspective in the institutional culture of the academy, replacing the authority of professional judgment ... with the authority of student wants (Wilson, 1999). In short, students have for higher education exactly the same consumer expectations they have for any other commercial enterprise. For colleges and universities, survival means satisfying these consumer expectations and keeping tuition dollars coming.
Each of the 50 states in the United States has devised its own plan for financing higher education (Noe, 1986). At least one-half use some formula to determine at least part of their higher education budgets. The 1999 AASCU State Issues Survey reports that the number of states using enrollment-driven funding formulas has declined from 60% of respondents indicating formula use in 1998 to 55.3% in 1999 (AASCU, 2000). Additionally, 27.7% of the respondents reported state reliance on performance indicators to allocate a portion of state funds to public colleges and universities. Nearly two-thirds of respondents predicted that their states would adopt funding mechanisms linked to performance within the next five years (AASCU, 2000). Despite an interest in performance funding, formulas are being used to both allocate funds to institutions and to develop appropriation requests (Noe). Noe points out that most states use some quantitative approach linking funding to enrollment levels.
Noe (1986) traces formula funding to the early 1950's as an attempt to:
I reduce political complexities, 2 satisfy the need for a more equitable distribution of resources, adjust for inadequate revenues, and 4 to provide for increased demands for accountability.
Political issues provided strong reasons for development of formula funding. According to Moss and Gaither (1976):
The politics surrounding funding was perhaps the greatest single factor contributing to a recent increase of formulas in higher education. Prior to formula funding, each public institution approached the state legislature and presented its request for funding. This subjective method fostered a great deal of power politics and intrigue, resulting in the capstone institutions faring much better than other state institutions (Moss and Gaither).
Noe suggests that equity does not mean equality. The objective is not to allocate the same amount of funds to all institutions but rather to allocate based on need as determined by formula. He goes on to say that since qualitative differences among schools are subjective, it would be difficult to say higher quality deserves higher income. Accordingly, equitable distribution means equal resource support per student by program. Stone (1998) reminds us of the complexity of policy designed for an equitable distribution. The use of a formula simplifies the problem.
Each formula state is free to craft their formula as they see fit. Noe (1986) suggests there are some common characteristics in formula structure.
1. They are complex. Most states limit formula calculation to determining the resource requirements of instruction, libraries, student services, physical plant operation, and institutional support. Formula complexity is the result of the need to recognize and support the diverse missions of colleges and universities (Filipic, 1996).
2. Formulas use few base factors. Most formulas use enrollment attributes such as student credit hours, building square footage, or grounds acreage as allocation drivers. The State of Ohio bases its instruction subsidy on enrollment measured on an FTE basis (Filipic). An FTE (fall term enrollment) equals 15 credit hours of enrollment as determined on the 14'h day of the summer and fall terms. Campuses submit their student enrollment figures each year to the Board of Regents who use them for subsidy calculations (Filipic).
3. Formulas use a rate per base factor unit, a percentage of base factor unit, or a base factor adjusted for additional attributes such as teacher to student ratio as a basic computational method. The Ohio model recognizes that some coursework is more expensive to teach than others (Filipic). Accordingly, courses are classified into 15 groups or models by discipline and level. The rates thus determined are multiplied by the respective FTE's.
4. Formulas are zero based. Unlike "Incremental budgeting" which simply takes last years budget line items and increases them a certain percentage, zero based budgeting sets everything to zero at the beginning of the period requiring justification of every dollar put on the budget. The zero based budget process is a valuable exercise requiring one to look at all costs - even those taken for granted.
5. Budget formulas make no distinction among institutions.
6. Budget formulas assume a linear relationship between base factors and resource requirements. That assumption is one of convenience found commonly in the budgeting process making formula calculation uncomplicated. Curvilinear functions in budgeting are possible to work with but require more sophisticated mathematical models.
The formula basis for allocating is common in accounting. Some activity or driver is multiplied by a rate to allocate something. If one wanted to predict or budget the cost of employee benefits one would predict them as a function of total salaries or perhaps as a function of the number of employees. A budget for machine maintenance might be forecasted as a function of production hours. When we search for that driver in accounting, we search for the one with the strongest cause and effect relationship.
Noe (1986) suggests the major advantages of formula funding are 1) budget formulas help to assuage the political warfare among institutions and open lobbying by state supported institutions for scarce funds and, 2) formulas measure quantifiable objectives. Formulas provide a measure of comparison and subsequently are more equitable. They further aid In providing some measure of accountability. The use of a formula can provide some standardization of performance and facilitate comparison among institutions of higher education (Noe). He goes on to suggest that the most overriding criticism of the method is its failure to recognize quality. Formula use tends to level program quality.
It seems like a short stretch from fiscal policy and formula funding to the issue of grade inflation. Higher education appears to have become a business or at least evidences many of the characteristics of today's business. We have seen enrollments level and the number of colleges and universities increase resulting in increased competition for students. The last twenty years have seen the huge growth of community colleges (Pozdena, 1997). Colleges have changed from being education driven to consumerism as today's students demand customer service.
Public colleges and universities obtain better than one-half of their revenue from discretionary state funds that, although they have increased modestly over the inflation rate, appear to have plateaued. The formula funding model rewards public colleges and universities based on numbers of students enrolled. In those states that allocate funds on the basis of enrollment (better than 50% of the states) pressure to maintain enrollment levels in order to maintain funding levels must be present. Given that pressure, one can easily conclude that inflated grades must be a result. It would not be good business to have students leave the college to seek friendlier grading. Wilson (1999) claims to have seen first hand the corruption of academic standards, both in pedagogical rigor and honesty in grading, engendered by the university's scramble for enrollments and its insistence that students be retained once they have enrolled - by any means necessary (Wilson, 1999).
The college community have long considered themselves unique with a mission of discovery and disseminating truth, seeing themselves quite different from business; priding themselves on their social responsibility (Levine and Cureton, 1998). If we want to return to a time when academic excellence is the core value of university life, then we need to get the financial and budgetary pressures off the faculty (Wilson, 1999). This view of the academy may be changing today for many of the reasons cited. What if this change is just evolution in education? Higher education has become business and as such it cannot stay the same. Perhaps grade inflation really does not matter. There are no obvious sufferers other than people with nostalgia for their own college years (Korshin).
American Association of State Colleges and Universities 1999 State Issues Digest (2000).
Edwards, Clifford H. (2000). Grade Inflation: The Effects on Educational Quality and Personal Well Being. Education, 120, Spring 2000.
Filipic, Matthew V. (1996, April). State Funding for Higher Education in Ohio: A Brief Introduction. Paper prepared for the work of the Higher Education Review Funding Commission, Ohio Board of Regents.
Korshin, Paul J. ( ). Why Everyone's Getting A's. The Penn Current.
Levine, Arthur, Cureton, Jeanette S. (1998). When Hope and Fear Collide, Portrait of Today's College Student. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Noe, Roger C. (1986). Formula Funding in Higher Education: A Review. Journal of Education Finance, 11, 1986.
Moss, Charles E., Gaither, Gerald H. (1976). Formula Budgeting: Requiem or Renaissance. Journal of Higher Education, 67, 5, September/October 1976.
Pozdena, Randall (1997). Power to the Student, An Alternative to Higher Education Funding Increases. Analysis prepared for Cascade Policy Institute, Portland, OR.
Schmidt, Peter (2000). State Higher Education Funds Rise Over All, but Growth Slows in Much of Nation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 15, 2000.
Sonner, Brenda S. (2000). A is for "Adjunct": Examining Grade Inflation in Higher Education. Journal of Education for Business, 76, September/October, 2000.
Stone, Deborah (1998). Policy Paradox, The Art of Political Decision Making New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
Stone, J. E. (1995). Inflated Grades, Inflated Enrollment, and Inflated Budgets: An Analysis and Call for Review at the State Level. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 3 (11), June 26, 1995.
U.S. Department of Education. National Center For Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 1996. NCES 96-133, Washington, D.C., 1996.
Wilson, Bradford P. (1999). The Phenomenon of Grade Inflation in Higher Education. National Forum, 79, Fall, 1999. | <urn:uuid:3412785b-183b-4a6f-a617-c617695ac8a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://newfoundations.com/Policy/Barndt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.955214 | 4,180 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A recent study at the University of Cambridge has shocked ornithologists and bird hobbyists alike. Writing in the March 12, 2010 edition of Science, researchers revealed that female Canaries (Serinus canaria) influence the behavior of chicks that are still developing in the egg.
Chemical “messages” deposited in the egg somehow communicate what type of environment, in terms of food availability, the chicks should “expect” upon hatching. By switching eggs among the nests of parents with access to differing amounts of food, the researchers established that the chicks’ begging behavior was established prior to hatching.
Food Rich vs. Food-Poor Habitats
Chicks that will be raised in a food-rich environment are primed to beg vigorously, so as to get the most food possible and grow quickly (the loudest, most aggressive “begger” will get more food from its parents than quieter siblings).
Chicks whose parents will be unable to provide food in abundance are more subdued in their efforts. In theory, by conserving energy that would be wasted on “pointless” begging, the chicks can put more of their limited resources into growth.
In each situation, rapid growth and quick fledging are encouraged by the chicks’ behavior.
It has been known for quite some time that birds can influence the development of egg-bound chicks. However, it was always assumed that messages provided by the mother would be for the purpose of assisting her survival…this is the first evidence that chicks can also benefit.
Take-Home Message for Bird Owners
This newly discovered information reinforces the importance of providing your Canaries and other birds with nutritious foods in generous proportions, especially as the breeding season approaches.
The background research that eventually led to this interesting discovery can be found in this National Academy of Sciences article.
You can see a video of a pair of Canaries feeding their chicks Here. | <urn:uuid:f55f3453-ea5e-4c77-8aad-56831db37ab1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2010/05/13/canary-chicks-learn-what-to-expect-from-their-motherbefore-hatching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188773.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00456-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961051 | 394 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Memorial Walls, Pioneer Walls and Honour Rolls In the Mid Gippsland Area of the Latrobe Valley
1. Blue Rock Lake Pioneer Wall - Transcriptions
2. St Johns Anglican Church TRAFALGAR
3. MOONDARRA and District Roll of Honor
Blue Rock Lake Pioneer Wall
Tangil was a gold mining settlement about three miles due north of the present township of Willow Grove. In the year 1848 F. Brodribb, W. Pearson and H. Reoch were granted leases of two cattle runs, one of which, Tanjil Hills, gave the town its name. Tangil is an aboriginal name meaning 'the place of snow or frost'.
Gold was first discovered in this area in 1858. This area is now being covered by the waters of Blue Rock Lake. Gold was first discovered by Hugh Massey Stewart, but first officially reported at Alberton by Edward William Gladman. Most gold was alluvial, but some nuggets were found in the surrounding gullies and hills, the largest being 37 ounces. Other recorded nuggets were from Blue Rock, 12 ounces; Californian Gully, 17 ounces; Klondike, 14 ounces.
The reefs and leads in the hills were rich in gold, the Empire Reef yielding five and a half ounces to the ton. Other reefs were Gumsucker, Golden Crown, New Year, Moonlight, Blue Rock, Cement Hill. The last machinery was moved from Blue Rock to Tasmania in 1910.
Tangil township was founded in 1867 and soon there were houses, two stores, two hotels, a post office, a school, a police station and a recreation reserve to service the needs of the miners and their families.
One facility which has been impossible to locate is the Tangil Cemetery, supposedly containing about 30 graves, though there is only positive evidence that 6 children and 3 adults were buried there.
Other lone graves are known to be scattered throughout the area.
Tangil and other residents were serviced by vehicles travelling on a track through Shady Creek to Walhalla bringing goods from Melbourne. Other dray and bush tracks criss crossed the district bringing goods from Port Albert and other places.
After the mining boom, farming was the main occupation, and the name Tangil had now become Tanjil.
Further evidence of progress is now seen with the waters of Blue Rock Lake covering a place where many years ago people once worked and lived.
This plaque is to commemorate the pioneers of old Tanjil and surrounding districts, who cleared the forests on these hills and opened up the area for mining and farming in the latter part of the eighteen hundreds, and whose efforts to survive, through many hardships, will not be forgotten.
In recognition and appreciation of GEORGE & ISABELLA BELL and family settled in the Tanjil Valley 1879
In recognition of CHARLES & MARGARET BLOYE arrived at Russells Creek 1879. Settled at Hill End mid 1880s.
In recognition of the contribution made by the BURGESS & MOORE families in pioneering the Tanjil Valley.
In recognition of EDWARD & JANE CRONIN and family selected property known as Bon Hill at Fumina South approximately 1885.
In recognition of DAVID & HARRIET ESPIE arrived at Russells Creek early 1860 s settled at Hill End 1880.
True pioneers PATRICK, LIZ. FARRELL selected 1885 Killarney Blue Rock. Remembered by all descendants.
In recognition of ERNST WILHELM & AUGUSTE HULDA FECHNER who settled in Willow Grove 1878.
In appreciation of the contribution of JESSE & ESTHER HASTHORPE Arrived at Russells Creek 1860s. Later selected land at Tanjil South
In recognition and appreciation of PETER & MARY HUNTER and family , who selected land on the Tanjil River 1879.
In recognition of THOMAS & MARGARET BAIRD IRVINE and family who settled in Willow Grove 1865.
In recognition of the achievements of FARQUHAR & ELLEN LAMONT and HECTOR & MARY LAMONT who settled in the Hill End area during the 1880's.
In recognition of the services of ANDREW & RACHAEL LECKEY and family settled in the area 1870's.
In recognition of MR JOHN GEORGE LUDWIG and family who settled in the Willow Grove district in 1880 and opened the first Post Office.
In recognition and appreciation of JOHN & FRANCES MacPHERSON who selected land on the Latrobe River 1886.
In recognition and appreciation of the achievements of THOMAS & ANN NEEDHAM and family who settled in Willow Grove 1872.
In recognition of JOHN PAUL & family arrived at Russells Creek early 1860's. In recognition of HENRY & JESSIE CAMPBELL ROBINSON and family who settled in Willow Grove 1884.
In recognition and appreciation of the achievements of HENRY GEORGE and VICTORIA MARGARET STAFF who settled on land at Westbury 1875.
To commemorate the achievements of WILLIAM JEFFREY & VIOLET McNEIL TURNBULL and family whose association with the Tanjil Valley dates back to 1867.
In recognition of the achievements of JOSEPH SAMUEL & CLARA VARNEY and family who settled at Russells Creek 1862.
In recognition of CORA E. VARNEY and family. Early settlers of the Tanjil Valley.
To commemorate the achievements of CHARLES JAMES & ESTHER WALKER and family settled on the Latrobe River 1870.
To commemorate the achievements of THOMAS WEBB & family who selected land at Hill End 1883.
In recognition of the pioneering family of WILLIAM HAMILTON WHITTAKERS of Tanjil Hills Station 1884.
In recognition of CHARLES HENRY & ELIZABETH WILLIAMS and family settled at Tanjil 1875.
In recognition of JOHN & ANN WILSON and family settled in Tanjil East (Becks Bridge Road) 1879.
|ADAMS||IN LOVING MEMORY/ OF/ ERIC ADAMS/ 29.6.1918 - 22.1.1989/ DEAR HUSBAND OF SYBIL/ LOVED DAD OF MARJ, REG & PAM/ FATHER-IN-LAW OF PADDY, MERLE & ROB/ GAR & GRANDPA TO TRAVIS, KRISTEE, ANNE,/MATTHEW, CARLY, BROOKE & STACEY/ AT PEACE|
|ANDREWS||LILLIAN EDITH MABEL / ANDREWS (CLEAVERS) / 1910 - 1995 / REUNITED WITH HER LOVED ONES / ”UNTIL WE MEET.”|
|ASHBY||HAZEL ASHBY (LESTER)/ WIFE OF IVOR (DEC.) & GEORGE (DEC.) / MOTHER OF SHIRLEY & RAYMOND (DEC.)/ GRANDMOTHER OF LINDEN & ALLAN/ GREAT GRANDMOTHER OF REESE/ SADLY MISSED/ 9.9.1921 - 27.1.2003|
|BORGHMANS||BORGHMANS /ADRIEN JOHANNES / 12.5.'22 - 27.10.'84|
|CHAPMAN||CHAPMAN / NORMAN HAROLD / LOVED HUSBAND OF / LORNA / 14TH OCTOBER 1984 / AGED 66 YEARS|
|HILL||BRUCE WESTWOOD HILL / HUSBAND OF BEVERLY / FATHER OF STEPHEN / DEBRA, SHARON, MICHELLE / DARRON & BRENDAN / 15.7.1939 - 17.7.1981|
|HILL||(A.I.F. BADGE)/ VX51350/ CPL. GEORGE WILLIAM HILL/ 10.11.1907 - 16.8.1967/ LOVED HUSBAND OF SYLVIA/ LOVED FATHER OF GRAHAM & LYNETTE,/ RONALD, BRUCE & CHERYL/ LOVED GRANDPA OF CHERIE, JODIE, KYLIE & JACKIE/ IN GOD'S CARE|
|INGRAM||RUBY MAY INGRAM/ 26-11-1985 AGED 86YRS/ LOVED MOTHER OF/ JIM, VERNA, BILL,/ JACK & BETTY/ REST IN PEACE|
|LENZ||EDGAR RUPERT LENZ/ HUSBAND OF PEARL/ FATHER OF JOHN,/ NOLA, CORAL, ELAINE,/ BARBARA, BRIAN,/ EILEEN & RHONDA/ 1907 - 1976|
|LESTER||(AIF EMBLEM) / GEORGE LESTER / 48 YEARS / HUSBAND OF HAZEL / FATHER OF SHIRLEY & / RAYMOND, G/FATHER / OF LINDEN & ALLAN|
|LESTER||LESTER/ RAYMOND GEORGE/ 15YEARS. BELOVED SON/ OF GEO. (DEC.) & HAZEL/ BROTHER OF SHIRLEY|
|McCULLOCH||MATTHEW DAVID/ McCULLOCH/ (STILLBORN) 9- 7- 1987/ DEARLY LOVED SON OF/ BRENDA & DAVID/ IN GOD'S CARE|
|MADDICKS||W. T. (DICK) MADDICKS / LOVED HUSBAND OF / MOLLY, FATHER OF / CORAL, DAWN AND MARGERY / 6. 7. 1907 - 15. 8. 1978 / AT REST|
|MATTHEWS||EVELYN MARGARET/MATTHEWS/LOVED WIFE OF TOLLY/MOTHER OF TERRI, MAUREEN,/PAM, GARY, DOUG,/JACQUI & MICHAEL/ 30.8.24 TO 19.9.88|
|MOFFATT||MOFFATT / FREDA RUBY / 1906 - 1989 / WIFE OF THEO (DEC.) / MOTHER OF FRED (DEC.) / DOREEN, KEVIN, VALDA, / AND JEANETTE|
|MOFFATT||MOFFATT / WILLIAM THEODORE / 1906 - 1983 / HUSBAND OF FREDA / FATHER OF FRED (DEC.) / DOREEN, KEVIN, VALDA / AND JEANETTE|
|NEILSON||ILA MAY NEILSON / LOVED WIFE OF KEITH / LOVED MOTHER OF DON / 2ND SEPTEMBER 1989|
|NEILSON||KEITH ARTHUR NEILSON / LOVED AND LOVING / HUSBAND OF MAY / FATHER OF DON / 12TH APRIL 1982|
|NEWMAN||GARY WALTER / NEWMAN / BORN 26.7.66 - DIED 1.2.95 / ALWAYS REMEMBERED|
|PETERS||BRIAN PETERS/ 21-2-81/ AGED 47 YEARS/ LOVED HUSBAND OF FAYE/ DAD OF CRAIG, DEBBIE / & ROBBIE|
|PETERS||CRAIG PETERS/ 16.12.85/ AGED 23 YEARS/ DARLING SON OF/ FAY & BRIAN (DEC.)/ LOVED BROTHER OF/ DEBBIE & ROBBIE/ CHERISHED UNCLE OF/ ASHLEY & CHRIS|
|TATTERSON||DAWN LORRAINE/ TATTERSON/ LOVED WIFE OF KEN,/ MOTHER OF JAN,/ LYNN, DALE, STEVEN/ 7.9.33 - 21.4.87|
|TAYLOR||(CROSS INSIGNIA) (R.A.A.F. INSIGNIA) ERN TAYLOR / 7TH APRIL 1983 / AGED 84|
|TUENA||THOMAS ALAN TUENA/ BORN 13-1-1912/ DIED 27-7-1986/ BELOVED HUSBAND/ OF MYRA|
|TUENA||MYRA LAURA TUENA/ WIFE OF/ THOMAS ALAN TUENA/ 1916 TO 1991/ REST IN PEACE|
|WEYMOUTH||IN LOVING MEMORY OF/ DULCIE WEYMOUTH/ DIED 22ND MAY 1972/ AGED 57 YEARS/ LOVED WIFE OF JOHN/ MOTHER OF JOHN & HELEN / AT PEACE|
|WEYMOUTH||IN LOVING MEMORY OF/ JOHN H. WEYMOUTH/ DIED 17TH APR. 1981/ AGED 66 YEARS/ LOVED HUSBAND OF DULCIE/ FATHER OF JOHN AND HELEN/ LOVING GRANDFATHER OF / JOHN, MARK, REBECCA, JESSICA,/ LINCOLN & ALEXANDER/ AT PEACE|
|AITKEN, K.||MARKS, A.|
|AITKEN, T.||MARKS, R.|
|BLACK, A.||MARKS, S.|
|BOYD, H.||MORRISON, F.|
|BOYD, J.||MURIE, W.|
|COATES, T.||NELSON, A.|
|COLLETT, T.||NELSON, W.|
|CUNNINGHAM, H.||NICHOLLS, F.|
|GATTI, O.||RICHARDSON, J.|
|GLOZ, L.||SENINI, J.|
|GLOVER, L.||SENINI, L.|
|HEHIR, W.||SENINI, S.|
|JAMES, A.||SMITH, J.|
|LEVERIDGE, E.||TALBOT, A.|
|LUNDY, A.||WALLACE, R.|
|MALONEY, J.||WILLIAMS, C.| | <urn:uuid:709bd9fb-387d-40b3-b470-0fb5f9285350> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://home.vicnet.net.au/~mgfhs/memorials.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382185/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.797351 | 3,125 | 2.625 | 3 |
Health Watch -- Kidney Stones
Health Watch is a Public Service of the Office of News and Publications and is intended to provide general information only and should not replace the advice of a medical professional. You should contact your physician if you have questions about any of these topics.
Modern lifestyles may increase your chances of developing a kidney stone. What can you do to prevent that?
While we know humans have been suffering from kidney stones for a very long time -- judging from stones found in Egyptian mummies -- the way we live now may be making matters worse. An estimated 10 to 20 percent of Americans will develop a kidney stone at some point in their lives, most often between the ages of 20 and 40. These stones, which are made up mostly of calcium and uric acid, can be anywhere from the size of a grain of sand to the size of a golf ball. Men are more likely to develop kidney stones, but the number of women with kidney stones is rising.
What can you do to prevent kidney stones from forming? The easiest thing to do is drink plenty of water. Dr. Orson Moe of UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas says that the water will help dilute or flush out substances that form kidney stones. Some studies have shown that eating too much protein may also be linked to kidney stones, so avoid a diet that's excessively high in protein, especially if you have a history of kidney stones.
Symptoms of a possible kidney stone include extreme, lingering pain in the back or side; blood in the urine; fever or chills; vomiting; cloudy or bad-smelling urine; and burning during urination. If you notice these symptoms, see a doctor as soon as possible. There are new treatments that can help get rid of kidney stones with less pain, such as using sound waves to break stones down so they pass more easily. | <urn:uuid:63d9217f-57f9-4375-abfa-e548b56d7cbf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/health-watch/year-2004/health-watch-kidney-stones.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657111354.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011151-00233-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94733 | 377 | 3 | 3 |
Socially Useful and Productive Work (SUPW) is a mandatory part of the school curriculum. SUPW may be described as purposive and meaningful manual work, resulting in either goods or services which are useful to the community. SUPW programme in the school is an important means of operationalizing the ideals of 'Green India Clean India'. The elements of green school (environmental, intellectual, academic, social, cultural, spiritual, aesthetic and moral greeneries) is developed and manifested through the various SUPW programmes that the students plan and carry out not only during the school sessions but also during the vacations. This emphasis on providing socially useful and productive experiences to students is aimed at bringing students closer to the real understanding of socio-economic and cultural needs of their society. It aims to help develop among the students the habit to work as a community and encourage community thinking. Working together, students learn to solve problems and make decisions and successfully contribute to their community. They connect local concerns with global issues and gain awareness of others. All this will serve them now and years later as they transition out of school and into the world of work. | <urn:uuid:16e7b667-39e4-44a2-89fc-582bfcf6faa4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.sacredheartschoolballia.com/supw.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.963841 | 230 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Browse and search white papers and mission & technology studies received by the Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Click here for basic user instructions.
Title: Exploring the Shallow Subsurface of Mars with Imaging Radar: Scientific Promise and Technical Rationale
Primary Author: Bruce A. Campbell
Secondary Author(s): John A. Grant, Ted Maxwell, Jeffrey J. Plaut, Anthony Freeman
Institution: Smithsonian Institution
Summary: Global information on martian near-surface features and physical properties represents a great untapped aspect of the search for habitable zones and evidence of past climate. Imaging radar measurements can penetrate several meters of mantling material and 10’s of meters into ice.
Panel Selection: Mars: Not Phobos and Deimos.
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These documents have been prepared in coordination with the National Academies of Science in support of the National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey. These documents are being made available for information purposes only, and any views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of NASA, JPL, or the California Institute of Technology. | <urn:uuid:9788b265-4a63-4c7d-b8ff-b5c63a80da57> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/2013decadal/whitepapers.cfm?PaperID=146&Display=Table&Category=WP&Sort=Author&SortDir=ASC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765678.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00156-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848455 | 224 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Many is the time that we have heard you bemoan the fact that Americans (the young in particular) are so ignorant of American and World History that this level of ignorance helps to undermines the ability of our great country to more effectively compete with the rest of the World because we don’t understand what motivates and drives other nations and their cultures. Consequently we are unnecessarily operating at a great competitive disadvantage. Bill, we are in complete agreement with you regarding this particular insight.
However, to paraphrase former President Reagan who was a true friend of Poland and its fight for independence:” It is time for you to be taken to the intellectual woodshed”.
Your ignorance of Poland in its joint battle against Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 is deeply disappointing. No doubt, you will be receiving a good deal of comments from a number of individuals who are well versed in the history of the Second World War, the role of Poland and the Poles who fought on virtually every front of that war. In this war Poles were often engaged in actions which directly resulted in saving of the lives of thousands of American soldiers. We would like to talk about one such action which, hopefully, should give you a sense of the Polish fighting spirit, their commitment and effectiveness in the fight against Nazi Germany.
One of the most significant contributions of Poles toward saving American lives was at the Battle of the Falaise Pocket (sometimes called the Falaise Gap) during August 12-21, 1944. This battle was the decisive engagement of the battle of Normandy. In this battle the Western Allies were attempting to surround and destroy the German Seventh and Fifth Panzer Armies who were desperately trying to flee through a corridor known as the Falaise Gap. The Polish 1st Armoured Division under General Maczek was the given responsibility to “Close the Falaise Pocket” by capturing and defending the two critical hills overlooking the mouth of the escape route. Since the German armies had to pass through this point, they were determined to take those two hills whatever the cost. Despite being isolated, the Poles often engaging in ferocious hand-to-hand fighting managed to hang on to those two hills and significantly slowed the German escape. One of the hills the Poles occupied, Hill 262- was the scene of 2,000 Germans killed and 5,000 prisoners taken. Their actions along with those of the Americans, Canadians and British helped to insure that ultimately 50,000 German soldiers were captured. Soldiers who certainly would have inflicted great casualties on the Americans in any future conflict.
General Eisenhower after viewing the battlefield wrote ” The battlefield of Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest ‘killing fields’ of any of the war areas Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could only be described by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.”
Bill, hopefully, you will take the time to speak with some of the very knowledgeable respondents to your comments of September 1st. Perhaps you might even invite some of them on your show to help correct the terrible misimpressions that you have left with millions of your viewers. It takes a ‘truly big person’ to own up to a mistake. Bill, we believe that you are just that kind of person.
Alicja Karlic, PhD — Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of The Polish Weekly/Tygodnik Polski
Frank J. Dmuchowski — Contributing Writer | <urn:uuid:a06da8b2-6131-47ae-a395-76d092a92936> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://polishweekly.com/tygodnik-polski-response-to-mr-oreilly-of-fox-news-in-defense-of-poland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00732.warc.gz | en | 0.973972 | 732 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Stress is considered to be an important cause of disrupted sleep and insomnia. However, controlled and experimental studies in rodents indicate that effects of stress on sleep-wake regulation are complex and may strongly depend on the nature of the stressor. While most stressors are associated with at least a brief period of arousal and wakefulness, the subsequent amount and architecture of recovery sleep can vary dramatically across conditions even though classical markers of acute stress such as corticosterone are virtually the same. Sleep after stress appears to be highly influenced by situational variables including whether the stressor was controllable and/or predictable, whether the individual had the possibility to learn and adapt, and by the relative resilience and vulnerability of the individual experiencing stress. There are multiple brain regions and neurochemical systems linking stress and sleep, and the specific balance and interactions between these systems may ultimately determine the alterations in sleep-wake architecture. Factors that appear to play an important role in stress-induced wakefulness and sleep changes include various monominergic neurotransmitters, hypocretins, corticotropin releasing factor, and prolactin. In addition to the brain regions directly involved in stress responses such as the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and the amygdala, differential effects of stressor controllability on behavior and sleep may be mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex. These various brain regions interact and influence each other and in turn affect the activity of sleep-wake controlling centers in the brain. Also, these regions likely play significant roles in memory processes and participate in the way stressful memories may affect arousal and sleep. Finally, stress-induced changes in sleep-architecture may affect sleep-related neuronal plasticity processes and thereby contribute to cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. | <urn:uuid:b2c2780b-6b4f-4b09-8570-0a3eee9f0bdf> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24852799/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.935884 | 349 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Music of Money
When you jungle coins in your pocket what musical note do they give? This sounds rather like a riddle, but the answer is quite straightforward; see if you can guess the note and see if you are right by striking several notes on a piano. Of course, there is a good deal of confusion about the about the sound, and the confusion is especially marked when the coins are mixed together in a pocket. No sooner has one of them given out its clear note than another touches it and stops the sound, as surely as the sound of a bell is stopped when touched by a finger. Then again, each coin has a note of its own, though there is far less difference than would be expected between a ½ p piece and a I0p piece.
The best coins to experiment with are Iop and 5p pieces. Little coins require more careful handling. All that you need to do is to balance two coins on the tips of the first fingers of each hand, then gently strike the rims of the coins together. They will give out a perfectly clear note like that of a tiny but very musical bell; compare it with notes struck on a piano. When a number of coins are shaken together the notes made by the smallest ones are scarcely heard, so the dominant one of the 50p piece, or Iop piece prevails. | <urn:uuid:e6f5dc1a-248c-42fa-b4dd-89622ec51368> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.4to40.com/wordpress/art-craft-for-kids/craft-activities-for-kids/music-of-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.964329 | 274 | 3.328125 | 3 |
By: Rhonda Nemri
We hold on to things that are valuable to us. The means of those things can stick with us forever, or they can be reconstructed into things we don’t want to be a part of. Our identity is shaped throughout our lives. Identity is everything to us. However, what happens when you want to reject the identity that has been ascribed to you since you were born? Culture plays a huge role in our lives, whether we like it or not, it is and always will be around us. As Simone de Beauvoir stated:
“One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. No biological psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch, which is described as feminine” (The Second Sex 267).
Biologically women are seen as the child bearers, but socially, we our females, wives, mothers, and the other. Culture is not only based on whether you belong to an ethnic background, culture is the definition of your life through social, morals, values, norms, etc. We all have some sort of norms that we go by, whether it is norms we learn from family, friends, our careers,or societal norms. I will discuss the double-standard in general and then apply it to the Middle Eastern culture, how the double standard affects women today, and what it’s like being a Middle Eastern feminist in a male dominated culture.
One might think, “well the double standard occurs in all different kinds of cultures, including the American culture.” Yes, this is very true and sadly it does exist everywhere. As much as we can say women are equal to men; they work, go to school, they get to vote, etc. However, there are still societal issues that deal with a women that stops her from really indulging in the things she wants to do in her life and not what society wants her to do. The double-standard, is a standard that when comparing a man and woman, there are things that women can’t do, or get judged on because they are a woman, while the man is free to do whatever he likes without society pressuring him or judging him on his actions. We live in a socially constructed society, where men make the money, run the household, pay the bills, and there is no real biological factor for him other than procreating with a woman.
One of my favorite quotes by Simone de Beauvoir has a similar approach to the double-standard. “Man is defined as a human being and a woman as a female-whenever she behaves as a human being she is said to imitate the male” (Brainy Quotes, 2012). In other words, anytime a woman wants to step outside the box, in a socially-disruptive society, then she is acting like a man and not ladylike. In my personal experience, whenever I had an opinion of some sort or show any anger, I was told “all of a sudden you want to speak up and act like a man.” In this patriarchal society that has been constructed on the bases that men are in control, it is hard for women to match up to a man. Women don’t want to be men; we just want to be recognized as equals to men. When growing up girls have always been told to act nice, sweet, pretty, play with dolls and act ladylike, while the boy is a rough, dirty, acts out, and should like cars and play with firetrucks. Anytime this girl acts like a boy she is considered what society calls a “tomboy.” If I were to ever play sports or act rough, then I was automatically considered a tomboy, but could never be androgynous, because girls should always act feminine and not both feminine and masculine.
A woman is to be looked at as honorable and no flaws or faults, where a man can have as many faults as he can and not be ridiculed the same way a woman has. Men having hectic sexual relations with many women make a man to be honored and accepted within the society. However if a woman were to do the same thing, then she is dirty, used, and will never be an honorable woman. Hardly ever men’s irresponsible actions destroy his social image: he is forgiven easily. A woman’s image at the same time is fragile and can easily get destroyed. This is painfully true, especially in my culture.
Metaphorically speaking, in the Middle Eastern culture, a women is very fragile and if she breaks she cannot be fixed.She is just like a glass fixture. Therefore, if she does anything wrong she is doomed. In the Middle East, honor is on a high pedestal. This does go for both men and women, however if a man and a woman were to do the same exact mistake, the woman will be scrutinized and is dishonorable because she is a woman. Just recently, I read in an article about a woman in Morocco, who was raped by a man, despite the fact she was sexually abused, her family forcefully pushed her to marry the man who raped her. She had no choice, but because she dishonored her family the only thing left to do was marry him or be killed. Unfortunately, she committed suicide because of the fact that she was about to have a forced marriage. The problem with this is, the man would be let free if he were to marry her, while the woman is forced in a marriage because of something she had no control over. The word honor has been misused. It has become something where if a woman does anything to dishonor her family, she is then the shame of the family. While the man is allowed to be aggressive or sexually aggressive because it is the “man’s nature” to be this way.
The Middle Eastern culture has a set of norms, values and morals. A lot of Middle Eastern countries encompass Islamic doctrines. Christian Arabs have used this religion as their foundations for cultural norms. From my personal experience, not all are this way, however most Arab families have strict tendencies and close knit traditions. Religious and cultural values have a big impact on the Middle Eastern heritage.
A woman in this culture has a set of duties that she must fulfill in her life. This in-tales marriage and having children. She is also expected to be married by the ages of 18-24. If she is not married by this time, then something must be wrong with her. It is easy for her to be judged because she is not married. Often you may hear “No man will want her if she is old”, “She will not be able to have kids if she marries old”. But because it has been socially constructed that women must marry and bear children, then she must follow this. If these norms are not met then something is wrong with her. When I reflect on my life, I know that being married at a young age does not make me a woman. Because women in my family married before 25, this means I should too. I know that what I have chosen is not based off of my inabilities to be married or find someone. It is because I know that I want to fulfill my destiny by accomplishing my wants and not everyone else’s wants.
Men have their moments of being pushed to marriage, however not for the same reasons. When a man gets married it is so that he can come home to house that is clean with his wife standing there waiting to greet him at the door with dinner ready on the table. This doesn’t mean I have to do this, however, these are the reasons why many men are pushed to get married, so that their mothers can stop taking care of them, and their wife can. A man can get married at 35 and this is normal, while a woman who gets married at 35 is not accepted.
Even though this is occurring in other cultures including the American culture, in the Middle Eastern culture, marriage for a woman, is the definition of being a “real” woman. It is not until marriage that she is able to be rationale, make decisions, and go out when she wants to. Even though this type of freedom is given to her, she is still under the patriarchy when she marries her husband. Once she leaves her parents home, her parents are no longer responsible for her, and the decisions that she makes. It is now the husbands duty to take “care” of her. When we look back at the marriage process, for hundreds of years it is always respectful to ask for the woman’s hand in marriage. The groom to be must go to the father, and then when the wedding day comes it is the father who is giving his daughter away (hardly the mother). She goes from one patriarchy to the other.
There is this community of women who are married, who feel that they have something in common with each other. Whereas the single woman in the background has no idea how to wash dishes, make dinner, or make decisions of their own because she is not married. The sad part about all of this is that these are woman who think this way, because they have internalize the patriarchal ways of knowing as their own ways of knowing, and have rejected their own view of the world. These women only add to the double-standard that society already creates.
The double-standard affects women because society has created this standard for how woman should act and be. If we continue to perpetuate these standards, then how is it that women are gaining rights and freedom? Why must a women be dishonorable if she is at fault? She is not allowed to make mistakes, while the man is able to make mistakes and it’s okay. We should be allowed to both be able to make mistakes and learn from them, and not be tormented and scrutinized for our mistakes. Yes woman can be doctors, lawyers, professors, etc. However, these women in these jobs are still discriminated against and still are in this box where they should act a certain way. Even though we are in these prestigious jobs, these jobs STILL pays us (women) less than a man.
Me being a Middle Eastern feminist has created issues for some. Because I do not follow the socially constructed ways a woman should be, then I am wrong. A lot of times I would be talking to people from my culture and the moment they find out I am a feminist, they have their opinions (which is fine) however they try to warn me to be careful when I speak up because if I do it the wrong way then I am acting masculine. This is the problem, and not only is this coming from men it comes from women also. I need to act feminine, so that I can find a man and get married. Because since I am a feminist, then it is going to be harder for me to be accepted. But why wouldn’t a man want a women who thinks, is intellectual, and wants to be free from anything that oppresses her? It is the fact of being empowered, and strong to face those who have little to no confidence in you.Yes, it is hard for my family to understand my motives, but it is only hard for them because they are only used to what they know, and what they want to know. Don’t get me wrong, I am respectful, open-minded to other views, caring, and loving. But, being a feminist shouldn’t be an issue, being a feminist made me a better, open-minded, accepting of others views, and empowered person. One needs to be open minded and not controlling of others lives. If women do not speak up whether they are middle eastern or any other culture, then they will always be stuck in what society wants them to do, rather than women deciding what they want to do. Since the Middle Eastern culture is rather dominated by men, it is always harder for me to reach those men to understand what I believe in. Since I am a woman, then I do not know what I am talking about. I believe that I have not rejected my culture completely, however I have rejected the ways that this culture thinks what is best for me. I do enjoy the music, poets, family gathering, food, etc., however this is not whats making me reject the culture, it is the socially constructed norms that I reject.
*Note: Anything italicized in this blog is taken from an article I wrote that is published in the Communication journal called Pastels (Purdue University Calumet). I will give you the website of the Pastels to read the full article on the double-standard and also other articles written in this journal. http://pastelsjournal.org/third-volume/
Please take a look at these websites that offer many author’s on Feminism in the Middle East.
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/jor.html Feminism in Jordan
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/egy.html Feminism in Egypt
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/pal.html Feminism in Palestine
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/ira.html Feminism in Iran
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/isr.html Feminism in Israel
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/sau.html Feminism in Saudi Arabia
http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/leb.html Feminism in Lebanon | <urn:uuid:2c6af5f2-7d0f-4ba2-bbe6-04df27a81bb0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://feministtalk.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/middle-eastern-culture-feminist-views/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863886.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620202232-20180620222232-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.978575 | 2,853 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Heavy Drinking and Smoking Leads to Early On-Set Pancreatic Cancer
Among the many bodies of research and warnings on the health risks of smoking and drinking, a new one can be added thanks to a study published by the University of Michigan which reveals that those who smoke and drink heavily may develop pancreatic cancer at an earlier age than those who don't.
Published in a recent issue of the American Journal of Gastroentreology, the study says that smokers with pancreatic cancer were diagnosed around age 62 and heavy drinkers at age 61 - almost a decade earlier than the average age of 72.
Beer drinkers specifically were found to have been diagnosed earlier than their compatriots who drank alcohol or wine.
The study involved 811 pancreatic cancer patients from the multicenter, international database Pancreatic Cancer Collaborative Registry.
"As screening programs are developed, an understanding of how personal features influence the age of presentation will be important to optimize the timing of those screenings," says lead study author and gastroenterologist Michelle Anderson, M.D., assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan Health System. Detecting pancreatic cancer early is difficult and contributes to the poor survival rates. By the time pancreatic cancer is diagnosed, it is frequently at an advanced stage and has spread to other organs.
Smoking is a strong risk factor for pancreatic cancer and alcohol has been shown to cause oxidative damage to the pancreas, which sets the stage for the inflammatory pathways that can lead to cancer.
Study authors stress that the habits are not known to cause pancreatic cancer, but do accelerate the process of pancreatic deterioration after diagnosis.
Also, researchers add that early stopping of alcohol and tobacco use within 10 years of quitting will have no more or less higher risk of pancreatic cancer than those who never smoke or drank at all. | <urn:uuid:e0205a57-dd79-4e88-89d6-c5e428696d97> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.counselheal.com/articles/2986/20121001/heavy-drinking-smoking-leads-early-pancreatic-cancer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.959054 | 374 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Destruction of Marine Habitats
Marine habitat destruction is becoming more prevalent of an issue than many recognize. Though humans and Mother Nature can share the blame for this problem, it is not even in the slightest. Costal areas, because they are so close to the human population, are experiencing impacts from manmade stresses that are becoming detrimental to marine habitats and to the overall biodiversity of these areas. Though hurricanes, typhoons, and other natural disasters have played their part in negatively impacting these environments, human impacts have proven to be much more consistent and harmful.
As many can assume, areas with access to the ocean are typically areas with high levels of tourism. This brings millions of boaters, snorkelers, and scuba divers into direct contact with these fragile ecosystems. The hulls and anchors of the boats used for these activities can damage the habitats below. Destructive fishing techniques such as bottom trawling, dynamiting, and poisoning are also becoming more and more common and in turn adding to the damage of these habitats.
Image of Bottom Trawling
The most significant impact on the destruction of these marine habitats is global climate change. “Global warming” is a term we have all become so familiar with yet most of us do not fully understand the impact it has that we cannot necessarily see. We hear about the constant rising temperatures on land, but rarely pay attention to the effects it is having on organisms other than us. As the earth’s temperature rises, the ocean is forced to absorb much of this extra heat. It is able to do this because of the high specific heat of water; a large amount of heat can be absorbed before the temperature of the water actually changes.
The high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, caused mainly by the burning of fossil fuels, are absorbed into the ocean where the gas is dissolved into carbonic acid. This in turn leads to an increase in ocean acidification, which is extremely negative for marine organisms and their habitats. Many organisms, including the corals that make up a majority of the habitat, rely on calcification, or hardening, of their outer shells so to speak. An increase in ocean acidification causes this hardening to become more difficult or sometimes not occur at all. This decreases any organism’s ability to protect itself and destroys the coral reefs, the environment in which over thee quarters of fish use as their main habitat.
Scientists agree that in order to stop this issue where it is right now, drastic measures would need to be taken. We need to realize that we are destroying out earth faster than we can comprehend because we often do not think about anything that isn’t right in front of us. Laws banning dumping into the ocean are having positive effects, but not enough to counteract the negative that we are doing. We have to come to the realization and accept that everything is interconnected so by destroying these habitats and organisms, we are inevitably destroying ourselves. | <urn:uuid:c1e4f978-3c41-4732-b8c1-a6604878de27> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.hercampus.com/school/eckerd/destruction-marine-habitats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.958626 | 598 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Little Pied CormorantScientific name: Microcarbo melanoleucos
Aboriginal name: Kokoko (caw’caw’caw).
Distribution: Occurs in Australia wherever water can be found, including ephemeral waters in deserts.
Description: Up to 65cm long with a 90cm wingspan.
Notes: The furthest distance recorded by the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme for this species of bird to travel is 2,886km. The oldest bird recorded was recovered 11 years 6.7 months after being banded (information as at 13 June 2012).
References: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Various contributors.
What Bird is That? Neville W Cayley. 1978
Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage. Ian Abbott. 2009. Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. Volume 7 No 2 http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/about-us/science-and-research/76-publications-and-resources/103-conservation-science-wa-journal
Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/science/abbbs/abbbs-search.html | <urn:uuid:9635adaf-1489-4b42-9997-d2894edbbeba> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.friendsofqueensparkbushland.org.au/little-pied-cormorant/nggallery/slideshow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.861807 | 272 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Network Institute studies the interaction between digital technology and society, or what is often called: the Digital Society.
Digital technology – from social robotics to smart mobile devices, from global social media networks to fluent natural language processing tools, from realistic virtual environments to knowledgeable virtual agents – is rapidly changing, and society is changing with it. At the same time, new societal problems may emerge, and technological solutions are sought for.
Digital technologies and societal processes thus become increasingly entwined. To study how both interact, it is not always sufficient to look at things from a monodisciplinary approach. Instead, we should encourage researchers from different backgrounds to work together and challenge their ideas and working routines. Such challenging interdisciplinary collaborations are exactly what the Network Institute aims to facilitate.
As an example: to build a social robot, social scientists are needed to understand how social cues are mediated, AI-scholars are needed to model the encoding, processing, and decoding of social information, and computational linguists are needed to relate the social cues to language utterings. Without any of these perspectives, social robots will not come to full potential.
With its interdisciplinary focus, its extensive size, and its well-established organization, the Network Institute is uniquely positioned. Within the VU, it is a central player in realizing the VU’s Connected World research agenda. Meanwhile, many VU researchers have benefited from their Network Institute-based collaborations, and the institute has introduced interdisciplinary research work to a generation of young VU scholars. | <urn:uuid:00f62cf8-a1f0-4a6f-9916-020bc3b51729> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://networkinstitute.org/about-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890108.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026002022-20201026032022-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.921362 | 311 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sexting refers to the sharing of inappropriate or sexually explicit content via text messaging. Importantly, sexting does not require a smartphone. Any phone with a camera can be used to generate illicit content, and any phone with the ability to display a picture can be used to view material sent via text message. Most feature phones today support both of these capabilities.
The Associated Press reported in December 2009 that more than one-in-four teenagers have sexted in some form.
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, a non-profit organization, attempted to quantify just how widespread the practice was in a poll of individuals aged 13-26. The numbers were alarming. Twenty percent of teens aged 13-19 admitted to having sent or posted nude or partially nude pictures or video of themselves. Additionally, 39 percent of those surveyed acknowledged sending sexually explicit text messages, emails, or instant messages. Three-quarters of the teens polled understood that sending such messages, pictures, and video could engender negative outcomes, but it clearly was not enough of a deterrent to preclude enough from doing so.6
High school and junior high school students engage in most sexting, although the usage has spread across older age groups. In fact there are reports of an emergent epidemic of sexting among retired senior citizens. (I wish I was making that up.)
The most common reason cited for sexting include:
- To be “fun or flirtatious” (66%)
- As a “sexy present” from a teen girl to her boyfriend (52%)
- In response to having received it (44%)
- As a joke (40%)7
Peer groups figure large in the spread of sexting. 51% of teen girls say pressure from a guy is the main reason for sending inappropriate photos, while only 18% of teen boys cited pressure from girls as their reason for doing it.8 Almost 1 in 4 teenagers say they were pressured by friends into sending or posting sexual content.9
In some states, taking nude pictures of a minor legally constitutes child pornography, even when the pictures are taken by minors. In most states, lawmakers and prosecutors understand the difference between teenagers engaging in foolish and inappropriate actions and adults producing and distributing child pornography to other adults. Of course, at the governmental level you can’t just sit back and do nothing.
Those who support criminal prosecution of teens under our existing child pornography laws will no doubt point to the time-honored rationale of deterrence as the foundation for moving forward on such grounds. Some prosecutors may also initially charge the teens with the heaviest, most punitive of charges to frighten them and not have the real intent to go forward with them.10
In some cases, state prosecutors have had no choice under existing laws but to charge teens under child pornography laws, requiring that those convicted register as sex offenders. Finding the balance has been a challenge as laws catch up with this growing social phenomenon.
Nevertheless, states are enacting their own statutes, trying to carve a middle path between completely decriminalizing sexting on one hand and prosecuting teens as sex offenders on the other. Bills or resolutions have been introduced in at least 20 states, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, and new legislation has been enacted in at least 10 states. Most of those bills aim to lessen the penalties for sexting by treating it as a misdemeanor or other low-level infraction instead of a felony sex offense. In Illinois, for instance, teens who forward or post online racy pictures of their underage classmates would get juvenile court supervision that could result in mandatory counseling or community service.11
Apart from the obviously spiritual and moral issues associated with sexting, the personal cost can be high.
At the same time, some observers say that teens who send explicit photos of themselves are leaving themselves vulnerable to victimization. For example, a recipient could forward the photo to other people or post it online. In one high-profile tragedy, 18-year-old Jessica Logan of Cincinnati committed suicide after a photo she sent to her boyfriend was more widely circulated.12
Such tragic stories underscore the importance of parental relationship and involvement in the online behaviors of our children. | <urn:uuid:5346403f-b809-4ed7-ba45-c113106fdee1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://digitalmists.com/read/chapter-7/sexting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708211828-20200709001828-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.955007 | 865 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Throughout history, our time and attention are drawn towards those who are out in front making the headlines, giving the speeches, and closing the big deal. Many times, those exalted as innovators, brilliant, effective leaders, or the ones making things happen, are often seen as being larger than life compared to the rest of us.
Most of us are not in the spotlight, on the stage, being interviewed by the reporter, or standing in the ribbon cutting line.
As we continue on our journey to build and strengthen our character, today’s note is about the important role most of us play, the role of assisting others to reach their full potential.
The history books that document mankind’s achievements or the scrapbook that documents the achievements made within our families may leave the “assistants” out of the biographies. However, the reality is that the lives of those who have public or private impact are most often filled with others assisting them in their efforts.
We all know well the inventions and legacy of Thomas Edison. However, we probably don’t know William Hammer who was Edison’s chief engineer responsible for most of the work at the Edison Lamp Company or Frank Sprague who was the mathematician behind critical steps in the electric lighting system. These assistants helped Edison reach his full potential.
We can probably name the head coach of our favorite football team, but I bet we struggle to name the offensive line coach who is often responsible for building the group of linemen who clear the path for the running back to get on the cover of a sports magazine.
Behind every well performing leader in business, there is always an assistant who makes sure things get done. Behind every sales position in an organization, there is usually a team of assistants making sure expectations are met. These assistants most often do not take the stage at the Million Dollar Round Table banquet, but without them, top performance is not possible.
Truth be told, our most underappreciated examples of honorable, quiet assistants occur with those closest to us in our homes and extended family. It is these assistants that form the backbone of health and safety in our communities and our nation. The service of one spouse to another, of a parent to a child, siblings to each other, and the service of children reversing roles to assist elderly parents makes all the difference in building a strong family.
If it weren’t for the honorable and principled assistants, we would all be in a difficult position. The history books and our discussions at family gatherings may leave them out, but they are a critical element to purpose and accomplishment.
An important reality to accept, sooner rather than later, is that a passionate, purposeful life is not about personal achievement, rather it is about helping others reach their full potential.
Our efforts to faithfully play our role, which most likely will not make the headlines, will help to build and strengthen our character and Character Creates Opportunity® for us to assist others in helping them reach their full potential. | <urn:uuid:74d6ae77-c6be-4032-b105-687ca47d9924> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.harvesttimepartners.com/2017/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.965816 | 612 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Not all fats are created equal.
Some of them are simply used for energy, while others have powerful health effects.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid found in meat and dairy that is believed to have various health benefits (1).
It is also a popular weight loss supplement (2).
This article examines CLA’s effect on your weight and overall health.
Linoleic acid is the most common omega-6 fatty acid, found in large amounts in vegetable oils but also in various other foods in smaller amounts.
The “conjugated” prefix has to do with the arrangement of the double bonds in the fatty acid molecule.
There are 28 different forms of CLA (3).
The difference between these forms is that their double bonds are arranged in various ways. It's important to keep in mind that something as minuscule as this can make a world of difference to our cells.
CLA is essentially a type of polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. In other words, it’s technically a trans fat — but a natural type of trans fat that occurs in many healthy foods (4).
Summary CLA is a type of omega-6 fatty acid. While it is technically a trans fat, it’s very different from the industrial trans fats that harm your health.
The main dietary sources of CLA are the meat and milk of ruminants, such as cows, goats and sheep.
The total amounts of CLA in these foods varies greatly depending on what the animals ate (8).
Most people already ingest some CLA through their diet. The average intake in the US is about 151 mg per day for women and 212 mg for men (10).
Keep in mind that the CLA you find in supplements is not derived from natural foods but made by chemically altering linoleic acid found in vegetable oils (11).
For this reason, CLA supplements do not provide the same health effects as CLA from foods.
Summary The main dietary sources of CLA are dairy and meat from cows, goats and sheep, whereas CLA supplements are made by chemically altering vegetable oils.
The biological activity of CLA was first discovered by researchers who noted that it could help fight cancer in mice (14).
Later, other researchers determined that it could also reduce body fat levels (15).
As obesity increased worldwide, interest grew in CLA as a potential weight loss treatment.
In fact, CLA may be one of the most comprehensively studied weight loss supplement in the world.
Animal studies suggest that CLA may reduce body fat in several ways (16).
CLA has also been studied extensively in randomized controlled trials, the gold standard of scientific experimentation in humans — though with mixed results.
In a review of 18 controlled trials, CLA was found to cause modest fat loss (29).
The effects are most pronounced during the first six months, after which fat loss plateaus for up to two years.
This graph shows how weight loss slows down over time:
According to this paper, CLA can cause an average fat loss of 0.2 pounds (01. kg) per week for about six months.
Another review gathered that CLA caused about 3 pounds (1.3 kg) more weight loss than a placebo (30).
While these weight loss effects may be statistically significant, they are small — and there is potential for side effects.
Summary Though CLA supplements are linked to fat loss, the effects are small, unreliable and unlikely to make a difference in everyday life.
In nature, CLA is mostly found in the fatty meat and dairy of ruminant animals.
Many long-term observational studies have assessed disease risk in people who consume larger amounts of CLA.
Additionally, studies in countries where cows predominantly eat grass — rather than grain — show that people with the most CLA in their bodies have a lower risk of heart disease (34).
However, this lower risk could also be caused by other protective components in grass-fed animal products, such as vitamin K2.
Of course, grass-fed beef and dairy products are healthy for various other reasons.
Summary Many studies show that people who eat the most CLA have improved metabolic health and a lower risk of many diseases.
Evidence suggests that getting small amounts of natural CLA from food is beneficial.
However, the CLA found in supplements is made by chemically altering linoleic acid from vegetable oils. They are usually of a different form than the CLA found naturally in foods.
Supplemental doses are also much higher than the amounts people get from dairy or meat.
As is often the case, some molecules and nutrients are beneficial when found in natural amounts in real foods — but become harmful when taken in large doses.
Studies indicate that this is the case with CLA supplements.
Keep in mind that many of the relevant animal studies used doses much higher than those people get from supplements.
However, some human studies using reasonable doses indicate that CLA supplements may cause several mild or moderate side effects, including diarrhea, insulin resistance and oxidative stress (40).
Summary The CLA found in most supplements is different from the CLA found naturally in foods. Several animal studies have observed harmful side effects from CLA, such as increased liver fat.
Most studies on CLA have used doses of 3.2–6.4 grams per day.
One review concluded that a minimum of 3 grams daily is necessary for weight loss (40).
The FDA allows CLA to be added to foods and gives it a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status.
However, bear in mind that the risk of side effects increases as your dosage increases.
Summary Studies on CLA have generally used doses of 3.2–6.4 grams per day. Evidence suggests it doesn’t cause any serious adverse effects at doses up to 6 grams per day, but higher doses increase the risks.
Studies suggest that CLA has only modest effects on weight loss.
Although it doesn’t cause any serious side effects at doses up to 6 grams per day, concerns exist about the long-term health effects of supplemental doses.
Losing a few pounds of fat may not be worth the potential health risks — especially as there are better ways to lose fat. | <urn:uuid:8e546a75-80b9-438f-ad38-5e3ed230f241> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/conjugated-linoleic-acid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742970.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116025123-20181116051123-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.963477 | 1,271 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In the past few decades, the occurrence of the two shrub forest species Green alder (Alnus viridis) and Dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo prostrata) has increased in the Alpine region. This influences the transition to high forest, the effectiveness of protection forests and biodiversity. Thus, up-to-date and area-wide information on their distribution is of interest to various fields of work. Statistical data are provided by the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) and the Swiss 'Arealstatistik'. Due to their sampling scheme on a regular grid, these data are not spatially explicit distribution maps. Remote sensing sensors enable the production of such maps through the acquisition of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. The aim of this project is a robust workflow to produce an up-to-date, wide-area and high-resolution distribution map of the two dominant shrub forest species based on data of the Copernicus missions Sentinel-1/2 and ADS of swisstopo. The project is conducted within the framework of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI).
2020 - 2021 | <urn:uuid:bbcdbaa2-f3f6-4ecd-9116-9489471db30a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.slf.ch/fr/projets/landesweite-gebueschwald-verbreitungskarten-basierend-auf-fernerkundung.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711045.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205200634-20221205230634-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.903419 | 234 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Lately, there’s been a lot of talk about the term microbiome, which refers to a collection of microorganisms or “good bacteria” that live inside your gut. The microbiome is a relatively new term in the nutrition world, and it’s rapidly becoming an increasingly important field of study among scientists. Millions of dollars are being poured into research to reach a better understanding of the microbiome and its role in disease. Here’s what you should know:
About the microbiome
The human body contains 10-100 trillion microbial cells, which consist of about 1000 different strains of bacteria that make up the microbiome. It exists in the skin and mouth, but the largest and most diverse part of the microbiome is found in the gut. Beginning at birth, a human’s microbiome is formed with the microorganisms from the mother’s birth canal and skin. Breast milk is also rich with good bacteria that populate the baby’s gut. By two years old, the adult microbiome is almost fully established, but it can change throughout the lifetime. An individual’s microbiome is not just a random collection of bacteria; each organism works together to create a thriving healthy environment inside the body.
Are all microbiomes the same?
Studies suggest that an individual’s microbiome is unique to them. However, your skin microbiome will be similar to other peoples’ skin microbiomes, and your gut microbiome will be similar to others’ gut microbiomes. The Human Microbiome Project, funded by the National Institute for Health, was established in 2008 to characterize the strains in the human microbiome and understand their role in human health and disease.
How can the microbiome affect your health?
While we often think of bacteria as potential pathogens, certain bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile are found in healthy individuals and only cause illness when the microbiome is disturbed or imbalanced. When that occurs, a variety of health complications may ensue. Preliminary research suggests that a stressed microbiome may be associated with gastrointestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn’s disease, autoimmune diseases like Celiac disease or asthma or even larger health complications, like obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.
Such imbalances may occur after taking an antibiotic, which disturbs the normal microbial gut community. Other risk factors include a poor diet, lack of sleep or excessive stress.
How can you create a healthier microbiome?
Eat a diet that is rich in ‘prebiotics,’ fiber found in fruits and vegetables, which induces the growth of healthy bacteria. Adding probiotics—aka live bacteria—to your diet can also help maintain a flourishing microbiome. Probiotics are naturally found in fermented foods like yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut, and they are also available in supplemental form.
When choosing a probiotic supplement, look for one that has millions of live cultures from multiple strains. Because supplements are not regulated by the Food & Drug Administration, make sure you choose a trusted brand, like Renew Life’s Ultimate Flora with 50 Billion live cultures and 10 probiotic strains per capsule.
Natalie Rizzo, M.S., R.D., is a media dietitian, food and nutrition writer, spokesperson and blogger at Nutrition à la Natalie. | <urn:uuid:f8cae750-adcf-4c0a-9a2d-3dd6bef75d16> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://blog.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/2017/01/11/why-should-you-care-about-the-microbiome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00132-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919626 | 685 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- 1 English
- 2 French
stable (plural stables)
- A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) animals with hoofs, especially horses.
- There were stalls for fourteen horses in the squire's stables.
1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 5, The Celebrity:
- We made an odd party before the arrival of the Ten, particularly when the Celebrity dropped in for lunch or dinner. He could not be induced to remain permanently at Mohair because Miss Trevor was at Asquith, but he appropriated a Hempstead cart from the Mohair stables and made the trip sometimes twice in a day.
- (metonymically) All the racehorses of a particular stable, i.e. belonging to a given owner.
building for animals with hoofs
building for horses
stable for oxen, cows, cattle
- (transitive) to put or keep (horse) in a stable.
- (rail transport, transitive) to park (a rail vehicle)
- (rail transport): outstable
put or keep in a stable
- Relatively unchanging, permanent; firmly fixed or established; consistent; not easily moved, altered, or destroyed.
- He was in a stable relationship.
- a stable government
- In this region of chance, […] where nothing is stable.
- (computing) Said of a version of software that has been tested and is believed to be relatively free of bugs, as opposed to a beta version.
- You should download the 1.9 version of that video editing software, it is the latest stable version. The version 2.0 is beta, it has more features but is known to freeze randomly.
stable m, f (plural stables)
- stable (relatively unchanging) | <urn:uuid:7c8bb31a-00e8-4e93-93c2-fb3c44c9b81e> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159985.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00252-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872144 | 395 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Councils across Victoria are set to review educational resources to ensure stories and experiences go beyond ‘gender stereotypical narratives,’ the Herald Sun revealed.
The move follows a study by the Australian National University which suggested, educators should avoid classifying children according to gender, like ‘boy’ and ‘girl.’
Researchers found, ‘prejudice along race and gender lines can be observed’ in children as young as three-years-old.
According to the study, girls who played with ‘feminised characters’, such as Barbie, had fewer career options. It was also revealed that girls who played with Disney princess toys and boys who watched superhero shows were more gender stereotyped in their thinking.
The study means schools, kindergartens and libraries could be without children’s classics such as Thomas the Tank Engine, which would not pass the guidelines, the Herald Sun reported. | <urn:uuid:314086e5-644a-403d-863b-6fed19e17619> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://caldronpool.com/superheroes-and-disney-princesses-could-be-banned-from-schools-after-push-to-make-classrooms-gender-neutral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000609.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626234958-20190627020958-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.980337 | 189 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The English Skills Box 2 provides opportunities for pupils to read an exciting range of graded texts to support, match or challenge their needs and to creatively apply their skills and knowledge of English comprehension, vocabulary, spelling, grammar and punctuation.
15 colour sets of five cards within the box provide a range of illustrated fiction (modern and classic), non-fiction, rhyme and poetry texts for children to read and enjoy. The texts are aligned to book bands: Box 1 Green to White; Box 2 White to Grey; and Box 3 Grey to Dark Red and beyond.. The use of a qualitative and quantitative readability measure ensures greater reliability in text measurement and progression.
Follow-up, skills-focused activities link to the statutory English national curriculum requirements and the content domains for reading, spelling, punctuation and grammar, as featured in national tests (SATs). The number of activities gradually increase over the three boxes.
The careful grading and steady skills progression mean the cards may be used in whole-class teaching, small guided reading groups or independently by the pupils. They may be used in sequence or selected by the teacher to match identified needs. The cards have been written to increase in difficulty as children progress through the box. Cards within a colour set may be tackled in any order.
After every three card sets, pupils may take a progress test to review knowledge and skills met along the way. Each test covers reading comprehension, vocabulary, spelling, grammar and punctuation and has a maximum score of 20 marks. Tests are written in the style of national tests and will be provided as a FREE download. Answers are available in the Teacher Guide.
These high-quality, engaging and exciting cards will be fought over, so it’s a good job that they are tough and able to withstand several pupils handling them. Using the Teacher Guide it is possible to select cards which focus on objectives from earlier year groups and therefore provide suitable differentiation. Ideal for working 1:1 or in a small group, the presentation allows pupils plenty of SATs practice at a level appropriate to their needs. School budgets are tight, so the thought of £199 for a box of reading materials is enough to make any school sweat; however, these are not just reading materials, they are well-researched, supportive resources that will complement any school curriculum. By splashing out the £499, a primary school would have enough activities for its own year groups but then also to support those in older groups who need additional practise. I would take the cards out of their respective boxes and sort them by topic/theme to provide to the teachers along with the relevant curriculum map/focus information. This would provide differentiated material instantly.Abigail Hawkins
What we like: We like the colourful pictures. We like the way they are levelled so that we have a challenge, they are not too easy which helps us learn. We really like the challenge section at the end because it gives us more things to do and it makes us think. They are enjoyable to read because the texts are interesting. The questions are also good and not too long and complicated. We like marking it ourselves because we can see our own mistakes and we can learn from them. The questions make us have to look back in the text. They will help us with our PIRA assessment.Pupils at Trinity School, Jersey | <urn:uuid:3cce7b40-aad4-4aac-afee-967f5e9640c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.prim-ed.co.uk/shop/the-english-skills-box-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401260.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529023731-20200529053731-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.960818 | 679 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Empathy in Societies
As neuroscientists discovered more than 10 years ago, empathy, the ability to feel, identify and understand other people’s emotions, is deeply wired in our brains. Empathy seems to be the building block of morality and the key to successful relationships at work and in personal life.
In Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign, empathy was a major theme:
“There is a lot of talk in this country about the federal deficit. But I think we should talk more about our empathy deficit – our ability to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes, to see the world through those who are different from us – the child who’s hungry, the laid-off steelworker, the immigrant cleaning your dorm room.”
Obama emphasised the vital role of people having empathy for one another as a part of the solution to major social problems and their symptoms in American society: fragmented communities, decreased civic engagement, and deepened individualism. Many analysts believe that European countries face similar social problems resulting from the lack of empathy, as Roman Krznaric writes in Empathy, Why It Matters and How To Get It.
It Pays Off to Be Empathic
David Deming of Harvard University considers empathy, among other social skills, to be increasingly important for a variety of jobs, not only health care workers, therapists and others at the interface with customers also benefit greatly. Empathy is also important for software engineers and managers especially, in workplaces where collaboration is required.
Deming’s study shows that in the last 10 years, the labour market rewards the professionals with social skills. For example, nowadays, a programmer with good math skills and high social skills gets higher income than a programmer with similar math skills but lower social skills.
Programmers and any other professional working in an organization are more likely to get along and work efficiently as team members if they have the ability to understand the experiences and circumstances of their colleagues. The exercise of empathy between team members may result in an all inclusive working culture, where members of the team have the feeling of being seen, heard and appreciated for their contribution.
The Choice of Growing the Empathetic Muscle
For some people, empathy may be natural to express in interactions at work. For others, it may require more conscious effort, especially when the working memory is overloaded with thousand tasks.
The good news is that empathy can be developed by consciously choosing to practice it in everyday life. Inspired by George Orwell’s model, Krznaric recommends to try another person’s life as a habit to foment empathy. George Orwell collected the material for his book, Down and Out in Paris and London, after living as a beggar in the streets of Paris and East London. This experience radically changed his beliefs, priorities and relationships.
“I wanted to submerge myself, to get right down among the oppressed.”, Orwell wrote.
Curious to Listen
In the workplace, you don’t need to move in with your colleague to understand more about his life. It may suffice to have short coffee breaks weekly and have the genuine curiosity to learn more about his life. Listen carefully to what’s important to him.
Curious to See
Further foster the curiosity about others lives by asking to see photos of their children and beloved ones. Looking at the photos of the people who are most important for colleagues enables us to acknowledge their individuality and perspectives.
Be a supportive team member by guessing what might be going on with your colleagues, what concerns and hesitations they might have about a particular project. Reach out to them and open the discussion. Put aside for a while your role in the project. Instead cultivate an open attitude to understand other points of view.
On a scale from 0 to 10, how natural it is to you to want to understand more about different standpoints?
What new beliefs would you want to embrace?
What would be the positive intention behind embracing the new beliefs?
What story do you tell yourself about other team members?
“… We are confident when the story we tell ourselves comes easily to mind, with no contradiction and no competing scenario. But ease and coherence do not guarantee that a belief held with confidence is true. … ” (Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, pp. 239)
What is the truth that you are looking for when interacting with others at work?
Empathy is the skill that gives us the sense of being connected to the people at work, in the family and community. The more we are willing to practice empathy, the more we’ll see the common humanity we share with others and we’ll respect their individuality. Not to mention that it is fun and stimulating to be in a group of individuals of complementary strengths, behaviours and ideas.
This post was originally published as a guest post on Panda-Training blog. Panda-Training is a Finnish startup with the vision of bringing transparency of competition and collaboration to the corporate training industry. | <urn:uuid:05805af9-a3a9-472f-bc11-8567c0df0878> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.velcu.fi/guest_blog_panda_training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.957249 | 1,035 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Search or browse hundreds of free middle school science fair project ideas that are fun, exciting, and appropriately rigorous for middle school students.
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Ideas for Kids' Science Projects. Suggestions for projects, how to conduct experiments and how to write a science report. | <urn:uuid:db8f3cd9-5dab-4755-a731-8a57cfc27514> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=Science+Project+for+School&o=2603&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102393.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816191044-20170816211044-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.898151 | 249 | 3.53125 | 4 |
How Is An Ultrasound Administered?
Ultrasound is painless and is administered using a tool called a transducer, which is placed on the skin to examine a specific body part. Sound waves are emitted by the transducer, which then bounces off the structure that is being examined. As a technologist scans the body using the transducer, sound waves create an image which is displayed on a monitor. The movement and structure of the body’s organs and blood flowing through blood vessels can be seen in the ultrasound images because they are captured in real-time. Once the images are obtained, they are sent to a radiologist to read.
When Is An Ultrasound Used?
Physicians will order an ultrasound to detect abnormalities in blood vessels and are often used to evaluate growth during pregnancy and fetal anatomy. Ultrasound is a painless, safe imaging technique that does not use any form of radiation exposure. A typical ultrasound examination will take about 30 minutes to complete.
Types Of Ultrasounds Performed At Adams Diagnostic Imaging
• Abdominal Ultrasound: Used to look at organs such as kidneys, pancreas, spleen, liver, or gallbladder.
• Thyroid Ultrasound : Used to examine the thyroid, most commonly when thyroid nodules exist, to determine whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled.
• Venous Doppler Ultrasound : Used to measure the blood flowing through veins and arteries that supply blood to the body’s limbs, namely the legs and arms.
• Carotid Ultrasound: Used to produce an image of the carotid arteries in the neck which carry blood from the heart to the brain.
• Pelvic Ultrasound: Evaluates the reproductive and urinary systems.
Small Parts Ultrasound
See more: Ultrasound Services | <urn:uuid:f2262132-f813-4656-afe2-f40856d23ad1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://pcsri.com/news/ultrasound-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500758.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208092053-20230208122053-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.915135 | 391 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The government of B.C. seeks to improve the health of British Columbians and reduce the rate of chronic illness caused by smoking and tobacco use. The program focuses its work in three key areas: stopping youth and young adults from starting to use tobacco, protecting people from exposure to second-hand smoke and encouraging and assisting tobacco users to quit their use of tobacco products. The program partners with health authorities, communities, schools and non-governmental groups to support and deliver prevention, protection and cessation programs.
Learn about laws around the sale, promotion and use of tobacco:
B.C.’s Tobacco Control Strategy
British Columbia takes a comprehensive approach to controlling tobacco. This approach is described in British Columbia’s Tobacco Control Strategy: Targeting Our Efforts (PDF, 774KB). The strategy has a focus on three key areas:
- Prevention programs - to prevent youth and young adults from starting to use tobacco.
- Cessation programs - to encourage and assist tobacco users to reduce and quit their use of tobacco products.
- Protection programs - to protect British Columbians, particularly infants and children, from exposure to second-hand smoke.
The Tobacco Control Strategy is delivered in partnership with:
- Regional health authorities:
- Tobacco reduction co-ordinators work to reduce tobacco use in their communities.
- Enforcement officers enforce the Tobacco Control Act in their communities.
- Ministry of Finance - administers the sale of tobacco through the Tobacco Retail Authorization and the Tobacco Tax.
- BC Lung Association - administers QuitNow.
- BC Pharmacare - administers the B.C. Smoking Cessation Program
- WorkSafeBC - governs smoking and second-hand smoke in the workplace under the Environmental Tobacco Smoke section of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation.
- Health Canada’s Tobacco Control Programme - administers the Tobacco Act.
- Non-governmental organizations. | <urn:uuid:e040c432-ab59-4830-a6ba-f742cdca4fe8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/managing-your-health/mental-health-substance-use/quitting-smoking-tobacco-use/tobacco-control-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.884164 | 389 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In Our Spotlight
Growing Nutrient-Dense Vegetables
Empty calories. Depleted soil. Overproduction. By now, most Americans have heard reports that even as we’re eating more, we’re taking in fewer nutrients. Today’s ubiquitous fast foods and processed meals play a large part in the changing quality of our diets. But research also suggests that the mineral content of plant-based foods—fruits, vegetables, and grains—has been steadily diminishing since the 1950s.
What’s behind the decline? Some say commercial farming methods that target higher yields are stripping the soil of minerals, leaving less for new plants to absorb. Other theories point to modern hybrid species that have been developed for higher yields, easier handling, better appearance, and marketability at the expense of nutritional content.
With deficiencies in essential minerals linked to osteoporosis, anemia, higher infection rates, and a host of other ills, figuring out how to increase the nutrient density of crops is on the minds of farmers, consumers, scientists, and public health departments alike. That’s where Stockbridge School of Agriculture Professor Allen Barker comes in.
Barker and his team set out to study the nutrient content of a selection of fruits and vegetables to see how new cultivars compare to old-fashioned strains and how both are affected by various fertilizers. In the first two years of the project, they’ve grown and harvested 24 varieties of tomato, 35 types of cabbage, and 18 different lettuces in soil enriched with either chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, or compost. The results offer more than a few surprises.
“For lettuce, cabbage, and tomato, essentially no differences occur in nutrient accumulation between modern hybrids and heritage varieties,” reports Barker. “On average, they have essentially the same composition.” Nor did the team note a large disparagement in average nutrient content between phenotypes – that is, between red cabbages and green cabbages, or between romaine lettuce and iceberg lettuce.
However, there proved to be an enormous difference among specific varieties within those phenotypes. According to Barker, “Varieties of cabbage, lettuce, and tomato differed widely, with some varieties having twice the nutrient content of others in all species.” In other words, he explains, “We can’t say that romaine is better for you than iceberg, or that red cabbage is better for you than green cabbage, but we can say which varieties of romaine or red cabbage are best.”
This is good news for farmers, who are eager to hear Barker’s recommendations so they can plant and market healthier foods. It’s good for breeders, who are interested in using the information to develop higher-nutrient plants through genetic improvement. And of course, it’s good for the consumers who take those fruits and vegetables home. In fact, one of the project’s main goals is to build public awareness of the nutrient content in different types of produce, thus opening new marketing opportunities for farmers while helping to combat malnutrition.
But choosing the most nutritious tomato is only part of the picture. Much of the project’s value lies in helping farmers determine not just what to plant, but how.
“Soil fertility problems associated with nutrient depletion by crop production are worldwide,” says Barker. Since the 1960s, he explains, fruit, vegetable, and grain yields have increased markedly, resulting in a dilution of the minerals available in the soil and, it follows, in the crops themselves. “There’s concern that we’re mining the soil, taking out more nutrients than we put back in,” he explains. “For nutrient-sufficient foods to be sustainable, elemental depletion of soils must be compensated for by return of nutrients through fertilization.” That’s been hindered, says Barker, by the cost of fertilizers and by recent criticisms of over-fertilization.
To find the most effective way to replenish the soil, Barker and his team used three regimes to grow their specimens: organic fertilizer, conventional chemical fertilizer, and compost. Each of the three media was fundamentally equal in nutrient content, that is to say, richly fertilized. “We fed them well,” says Barker.
In analyzing the harvest, Barker found that the fruits and vegetables grown using quick-releasing chemical fertilizer were equally nutrient-dense to those grown with slower-acting organic fertilizer. Trailing behind was compost, which is effective in the long term, says Barker, but may require several years to build up the soil. The experiment suggests that what’s critical in growing mineral-rich produce is not the type of fertilizer used, but rather the quality and quantity of nutrients provided.
Barker hopes to take these results further in several directions. One is to discover whether the mineral content of nutrient-dense varieties can be boosted even more with vigorous fertilization. He’d like to see if a plant’s nutrient components can be enhanced in soil as they have been when grow hydroponically. And he’s eager to correlate his results with those of scientists who are researching other plant components, such as vitamin content.
“There are quite a few people looking at other constituents, but we’re kind of unique,” says Barker. “I don’t know of anyone who’s studying the specific factor that we are with as much intensity.” | <urn:uuid:721c2b04-5eb0-44de-b5a4-4f86dddab85a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://ag.umass.edu/news-events/highlights/growing-nutrient-dense-vegetables | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.941614 | 1,144 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Unformatted text preview: 3.9. THE PRINCIPAL AXIS THEOREM 377 Finding Eigenvectors
How do we find the eigenvectors of a matrix A? If we knew the
eigenvalues, then for each eigenvalue λ we would need to simply solve the
system of linear equations
A− = λ−
for − . To find the eigenvalues, we use our observations about singularity
and determinants in Appendix E. We rewrite the eigenvector equation in
A− − λ− = 0
or, using the distributive law for matrix multiplication,
(A − λI )− = 0 .
u (3.33) You should verify that the matrix A − λI is obtained from A by
subtracting λ from each diagonal entry, and leaving the rest alone. Now −
is by assumption a nonzero vector, and this means that the matrix A − λI
is singular (since it sends a nonzero vector to the zero vector). From
Appendix E, we see that this forces
det(A − λI ) = 0. (3.34) Now given a 3 × 3 matrix A, Equation (3.34) is an equation in the unknown
λ; you should verify (Exercise 4) that the left side of this equation is a
polynomial of degree three in λ; it is called the characteristic
polynomial of A, and Equation (3.34) is called the characteristic
equation of A. As a corollary of Proposition 3.9.2 we have
Remark 3.9.5. Every eigenvalue of A is a zero of the characteristic
p(λ) = det (A − λI ).
If A is symmetric and 3 × 3, then p(λ) is a cubic polynomial with three real
zeroes, and these are the eigenvalues of A.
Thus, we find the eigenvalues of A first, by finding the zeroes of the
characteristic polynomial (i.e., solving the characteristic equation (3.34));
then for each eigenvalue λ we solve the system of equations (3.33) to find
the corresponding eigenvectors.
Let us apply this to two examples. ...
View Full Document | <urn:uuid:d50cf045-40a3-4831-867b-e95d561c7850> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/6472476/Engineering-Calculus-Notes-389/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.824596 | 527 | 3.328125 | 3 |
How can we enhance the resilience of Berlin to increasingly frequent water-extreme events?How can open data and crowd-sourced information enhance the resilience of Berlin and the cities of tomorrow to increasingly frequent water-extreme events (flash floods and droughts) via improved real-time warning and long-term forecasting?
The increasing concentration of water demands into urban areas requires safe and secure urban water networks, reliable water supply, operations, and management strategies. In addition to the challenges posed by urbanization and ageing urban water networks, climate change and the increasing occurrence of extreme rainfall events and droughts demand for resilient urban water networks in the coming decades.
In Berlin, 2017 recorded the heaviest rainfall event of the last 110 years, with about a quarter of the normal annual rainfall volume falling in only 18 hours. Extreme rainfall events can also affect the surrounding environment, especially in cities with a combined sewer network system, like Berlin.
While floods seem to generate the most tangible short-term water-related damages in urban environments, concerns are emerging also on the medium- and long-term effects of prolonged drought conditions. Frequent dry periods in the summer might end up with reduced water supply for the irrigation of private and public green spots.
We seek for solutions to these specific questions:
- How can crowd-sourced information be used and sustained to identify/map/monitor vulnerable areas to flash floods and develop early-warning systems?
- How can open data (e.g., satellite images) be used to forecast the short-, medium-, and long-term impacts of droughts/floods in urban areas?
- Which interconnections between water networks and other infrastructure/networks (e.g., energy grid, transportation, telecommunications) can be exploited to develop integrated solutions?
- Which management/control strategies, possibly including efforts by citizens, can help reduce overflows from combined sewer systems?
- What is the role of water utilities and municipalities in the developed solutions? Who will benefit from them?
Possible solutions should be built on currently open data and crowd-sourced information, or demonstrate the potential of open and crowd-sourced data to complement data from existing sensor networks such as:
- Hardware/software products and services (e.g., mathematical models, control systems, forecasting, alert/warning, and monitoring systems)
- New business models to support district-level and decentralized solutions (e.g., decentralized rainwater harvesting technologies)
- Policy- and society-oriented conceptual frameworks and management strategies, e.g., education and awareness campaigns, behavior-based interventions, public participation, community-oriented and bottom-up measures, citizen-science based methods.
Creating Climate Innovation to Facilitate Berlin's Transformation Towards a Green Future
How can we shape the future of Europe's greenest capital to meet the ambitious climate targets put forward by the City of Berlin? Let's create sustainable innovation to solve Berlin's climate challenges!See more from Berlin | <urn:uuid:f4fb4c37-fcda-4d26-932f-461edaf1eef6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://climathon.climate-kic.org/en/challenges/extreme-weather/berlin-sponge-city | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670597.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120162215-20191120190215-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.905186 | 607 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Convert 314 Cubic Inches to Imperial Gallons
To calculate 314 Cubic Inches to the corresponding value in Imperial Gallons, multiply the quantity in Cubic Inches by 0.0036046501651529 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 314 Cubic Inches by 0.0036046501651529 to get the equivalent result in Imperial Gallons:
314 Cubic Inches x 0.0036046501651529 = 1.131860151858 Imperial Gallons
314 Cubic Inches is equivalent to 1.131860151858 Imperial Gallons.
How to convert from Cubic Inches to Imperial Gallons
The conversion factor from Cubic Inches to Imperial Gallons is 0.0036046501651529. To find out how many Cubic Inches in Imperial Gallons, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Volume converter above. Three hundred fourteen Cubic Inches is equivalent to one point one three two Imperial Gallons.
Definition of Cubic Inch
The cubic inch is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and depth) being one inch long. The cubic inch and the cubic foot are still used as units of volume in the United States, although the common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 123 = 1,728.
Definition of Imperial Gallon
The imperial (UK) gallon, now defined as exactly 4.54609 litres (about 277.42 cubic inches), is used in some Commonwealth countries and was originally based on the volume of 10 pounds (approximately 4.54 kg) of water at 62 °F (17 °C). The imperial fluid ounce is defined as 1⁄160 of an imperial gallon; there are four quarts in a gallon, two pints in a quart, and 20 Imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint.
Using the Cubic Inches to Imperial Gallons converter you can get answers to questions like the following:
- How many Imperial Gallons are in 314 Cubic Inches?
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- How much is 314 in3 in uk gal? | <urn:uuid:4b97b3e1-f77a-447a-bb13-56ea66c9c924> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://whatisconvert.com/314-cubic-inches-in-imperial-gallons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556133.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624141035-20210624171035-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.854693 | 631 | 2.890625 | 3 |
At the GH Institute, we've been concerned about large inflatables like moon bounces, bounce houses, and slides for quite a while. And for good reason.
According to a new Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) report, emergency rooms across the country treated more than 17,000 injuries associated with the popular party amusement toy in 2013, compared to a little over 5,000 in 2003.
The most common injuries were arm, hand, leg, and foot fractures, strains, sprains, and dislocations. Tragically, 12 deaths (six children and six adults) related to these oversize inflatables occurred between 2003 and 2013.
So how do you keep your kids safe? See our recommendations below:
To prevent injuries:
• Always follow manufacturer's instructions when setting up and using inflatables. If the inflatable is a rental, it's the supply company's job to properly anchor it.
• Make sure the inflatable is property secured. Most often, the biggest safety concerns have to do with how they're tied down, rather than the inflatable itself.
• Pay attention to the weather. Strong winds can pose serious safety hazards and potentially lift inflatables if hit at the right angle.
• Have proper adult supervision for children at all times. Limit the number of children in and on the inflatable to ensure the supervising adult can always see them.
• Do not allow more children to play in the inflatable than recommended by the manufacturer.
Photo: Holly Harris/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:483d1dff-f128-4553-b2ab-a2fd4c668538> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/institute/a31616/bounce-house-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.921194 | 314 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cystic fibrosis (CF) results from a genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that results in impaired transport of chloride and bicarbonate ions. Patients with CF have thickened mucus, accompanied by inflammation, which affects the lungs and organs of the intestinal tract. Although the disease has received much scientific attention, current treatments only manage the symptoms and affected individuals continue to suffer from reduced life expectancy.
A new study from researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, has now identified defects in signalling mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) that contribute to disease symptoms. Examining colonic epithelial cells and whole lung tissue from CFTR-deficient mice, the team found reduced expression of genes that are normally activated by PPAR-γ. Lipidomic analysis of the colonic epithelial cells suggested that the defect resulted in part from reduced amounts of the endogenous PPAR-γ ligand, 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 (15-keto-PGE2). The researchers were able to partially restore gene expression by treating the mice with rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist used in the treatment of diabetes, reducing the severity of disease.
Rosiglitazone had no effect on chloride secretion in the colon, but increased expression of carbonic anhydrases 2 and 4 (Car2 and Car4) resulting in increased bicarbonate secretion and reduced mucus retention.
The study, published in Nature Medicine, suggests that levels of 15-keto-PGE2 could provide a marker for patients who might benefit from treatment with a PPAR-γ agonist. | <urn:uuid:7384ed99-125c-4ea3-ac6e-537fb796878c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drugdiscoveryopinion.com/2010/02/new-approach-to-cystic-fibrosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.933519 | 362 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Doctor insights on:
Can Antibiotics Cause Kidney Stones
The kidneys are paired organs that lie on either side of the vertebral column. Part of their critical functions include the excretion of urine and removal of nitrogenous wastes products from the blood. They regulate acid-base, electrolyte, fluid balance and blood pressure. Through hormonal signals, the kidneys control the ...Read more
Usually not...: Usually, using antiacid should not cause kidney stone since the key cause for urinary stone formation is genetic factors, which is still unknown to us on how to detect its related strength. That is why healthy lifestyle without overindulgence and obsession is the foundation of care. More on life reality? Go to peruse articles listed in http://www.formefirst.com/onLifeBasics.html. Best wish... ...Read more
Kidney stone.: Kidney stones up to 5mm in size will predictably pass on their own. Just drink plenty of water so you produce a lot of urine, dilate those ureters and allow the stone to pass. It may hurt while it's on its way out, but it'll pass. Bigger stones will likely get stuck and will cause tremendous pain and will have to be removed by lithotripsy or cystoscopy. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
Many things : There are other organs how long the flank the size of kidney including on the left side the spleen on both sides the colon, you have a liver there, the pancreas, and other things. These are things you should discuss with your physician ...Read more
No data on internet: No definite evidence this supplement is related to kidney stones at recommended dose of 120 to 450 mg for 6 months via a quick internet search. However, please discuss the use of any over the counter drug or supplement with your doctor because of possible interactions with other medicines and or supplements. ...Read more
Yes: Flank pain is a common symptom of ureteral stones, which are kidney stones which have "dropped out" of the kidney and entered the ureter, the tube which carries urine to the bladder. Blockage of urine flow causes stretching of the kidney and ureter which is sensed as flank pain, often severe, sometimes radiating to the lower abdomen or groin and causing nausea/vomiting/sweating. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Solutes precipitate and combine to form stones formed of calcium oxalate usually around a nidus of uric acid. Other solutes that form stones are ca and mg phosphates, cystine, and uric acid staghorn calculi form in the presence of chronic urinary tract infections. Stones can be painful, may require ...Read more
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- Talk to a infectious disease specialist online | <urn:uuid:3a5a4fb0-3bd4-4177-9655-42ceb3c28760> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.healthtap.com/topics/can-antibiotics-cause-kidney-stones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514355.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021203102-20181021224602-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.920721 | 652 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When did tourism become popular?
We can trace the origin of the modern concept of tourism back to the 17th century, when young nobles from western and northern European countries made what was called the Grand Tour: a trip around Europe (usually covering France, Germany, Italy and Greece) with the main purpose of soaking up history, art and cultural …
How did tourism become so popular?
The availability and type of holiday has increased – mass tourism and package holidays have opened up markets to huge numbers of people. Extreme and ecological tourism are also becoming popular, further swelling the choice. The Media – Extensive coverage of holiday types has increased the demand to travel.
What led to the growth of tourism in the 19th century?
Transport innovation was an essential enabler of tourism’s spread and democratization and its ultimate globalization. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the steamship and the railway brought greater comfort and speed and cheaper travel, in part because fewer overnight and intermediate stops were needed.
Was tourism popular in previous centuries was there any type of tourism in ancient times?
However, trips similar to today’s tourism were made as early as during the ancient period, when people travelled not only for trade and business, religion, sports, health, education and other specific reasons, but also for leisure and pleasure involving sightseeing of the new and unfamiliar areas.
Who first traveled for pleasure?
One of the pioneers was Thomas Cook & Son, which was the first to offer excursions and holidays for groups, which included transport, accommodation and food tickets, thus making costs cheaper. This would be the origin of what we now know as package holidays.
Why Has tourism increased since 1950?
People have more paid holidays. In the UK, the number of weeks we have off work has increased from about two weeks in the 1950s to four to six weeks now. Travel has become easier and cheaper. More people have cars and our roads and motorways are better quality, making it easier to travel further in less time.
What are the main reason why attractions are growing in popularity?
Reasons for growth / increase in Tourism:
More Paid Holidays- People tend to take many small holidays rather than one big one. Increase in amount of Disposable income- People can afford to treat them. Awareness of attractions- People are becoming more aware of travel from travel shows and advertising. 2 working parents.
What are the 5 A’s of tourism?
These key elements are known as the 5 A’s: Access, Accommodation, Attractions, Activities, and Amenities.
When did tourism start in Europe?
“Tourism, so travel where the aim is to enjoy traveling and for no other purpose, started during the period of romanticism at the end of the 18th century,” explains professor Hasso Spode, director of the Historical Archive on Tourism at the Technical University in Berlin.
Who were the first tourists?
The first real tourist, according to historians, was Cyriacus of Ancona. He journeyed around the Mediterranean, eager to learn about Greek and Roman history. His desire to learn about what had come before – and to see what remained – encouraged others to think about how travel could benefit education.
Which type of tourism was develop in 20th century?
Travel developed during the early 20th century and was facilitated by the development of the automobiles and later by airplanes. Improvements in transport allowed many people to travel quickly to places of leisure interest so that more people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
Did tourism exist in ancient times?
Although modern-day tourism could not have existed in the previous centuries, on no account can one claim that “tourists” did not exist back in the ancient past. Thus, Gyr (2012) argues that recreational and educational trav- el already existed in the classical world and, even earlier, in Egypt under the pharaohs.
What are 3 types of tourism?
Forms of tourism: There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outbound tourism.
Who is father of tourism?
Thomas Cook, (born November 22, 1808, Melbourne, Derbyshire, England—died July 18, 1892, Leicester, Leicestershire), English innovator of the conducted tour and founder of Thomas Cook and Son, a worldwide travel agency. Cook can be said to have invented modern tourism. | <urn:uuid:0f5a5758-e3b4-46e0-80f7-20a166eb0ff0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://innagram.com/foreigner/you-asked-when-did-tourism-become-more-popular.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.973288 | 924 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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Ketones are responsible for many natural flavors and odors. Ketones exist in their precursor form in fresh butter as alkanoic acids. As acids, they may be only marginally important in contributing to the flavor of fresh butter. However, when heated, these acid precursors are converted to different ketones and their total concentration rises above their flavor threshold value. Thus, they are very important in providing flavors associated with heated or cooked foods containing butter. Aliphatic ketones are important flavor components, especially in blue cheeses; Penicillium roqueforti, for instance, produces 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone and 2-nonaone.
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The acoustic (eighth cranial) nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve, has two parts — the cochlear nerve, which transmits sound from the inner ear to the brain, and the vestibular nerve, which facilitates balance. A benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops in the vestibulocochlear nerve is commonly called an acoustic neuroma, but is also known as a vestibular schwannoma or neurilemoma. Acoustic neuromas begin in Schwann cells, which form a substance called myelin that insulates nerves. The vast majority of these tumors arise in the vestibular portion of the nerve, but a few begin in the cochlear nerve. Between 3,000 and 5,000 people, usually between the ages of 30 and 60, are diagnosed with an acoustic neuroma each year in the United States.
Most acoustic neuromas affect only one ear and have no apparent risk factors. Rarely, some people — usually teens and young adults — develop acoustic neuromas in both ears in association with a hereditary disorder called neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).
Most acoustic neuromas grow very slowly, some more rapidly, and others not at all. As an acoustic neuroma expands, it compresses nearby nerves, blood vessels, and the surface of the brainstem and cerebellum, threatening neurological function.
The first symptoms of an acoustic neuroma usually involve hearing and balance. As the tumor grows, it may compress the brainstem and other cranial nerves, leading to a variety of progressive symptoms including:
- hearing loss (usually gradual) occurring on one side
- ringing (tinnitus) in the ear
- dizziness (vertigo)
- loss of balance
- facial numbness
- double vision
- facial weakness
- nausea and vomiting
- hydrocephalus (a blockage in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord)
Diagnosing an acoustic neuroma may be difficult, because symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ear, and dizziness are similar to those of other ear-related or neurologic conditions. Initially, the doctor may perform an ear examination and hearing tests. If an acoustic neuroma is suspected, a radiologist or other specialist may use an MRI scan to determine the location and size of the tumor. Prior to imaging, a contrast dye is administered intravenously to obtain a more detailed picture of the tumor.
Once an acoustic neuroma has been identified, the patient may undergo additional functional tests to evaluate hearing and balance. | <urn:uuid:12b3fa76-0574-4da8-8b89-0c4ea1a23a44> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/acoustic-neuroma/about-acoustic-neuroma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832538.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00323-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916852 | 537 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In this new project, we’re going to learn how to get connected to The Things Network by building a small weather node only using a Feather M0 LoRa and a DHT22.
What is the Things Network?
The Things Network is a project dedicated to building a network for the Internet of Things. While WiFi is used in most Internet of Things devices, The Things Network uses a protocol called LoRaWAN which allows devices to talk to the internet without cellular or WiFi connectivity. This means you don’t need to worry about protected wireless hotspots, cellular data plans, or spotty WiFi connectivity.
It’s ideal for most internet of things projects, and unlike cellular plans or WiFi – it’s free to use.
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, TinyGO, or even use the Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand. | <urn:uuid:0119ae2a-bc29-456d-92ed-daec2e9e4d96> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://blog.adafruit.com/2018/09/25/new-guide-the-things-network-for-feather-thethingsntwrk-lora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836368.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023225038-20191024012538-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.873583 | 353 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is the Customer Feedback Loop?
The idea of feedback is that when an event happens, the resulting actions are observed or felt, which then modifies further actions. For instance, in human behavior, a child might say something inappropriate. The parent scolds the child. The child has received feedback and will likely modify their behavior in the future. Feedback loops occur throughout nature!
In the business world, the theory of a customer feedback loop has given ways to higher levels of product quality, the meeting of consumer demand, and higher revenue for companies that successfully receive and act on feedback.
Closing the Feedback Loop
A closed loop is one that returns to the starting point. If a consumer buys a product or service, then provides feedback which reaches the ears of the producer, then the loop is closed. If they provide their feedback and no one receives it, the loop is open, and the information provided by the consumer has gone to waste.
Closing the customer feedback loop isn’t always as intuitive as it sounds. Thankfully, there are experts like Starlight Analytics who specialize in this field, and can help your business successfully receive and act on customer feedback data through smarter marketing.
Why Customer Feedback Loops Are Important
As stated above, an open loop receives no feedback. Consumers are putting products and services to the test every single day. They are the best source of information for how these products perform in real world conditions through positive and negative feedback.
When customers know they are being listened to, they tend to reward the companies who welcome the feedback with increased brand loyalty and higher sales.
There are many examples of products that looked good on paper, but performed horribly in the marketplace. Successful companies are agile and listen to the feedback and make changes accordingly.
3 Amazing Examples of Closing the Customer Feedback Loop
In one of the most famous examples of a customer feedback loop, the Coca Cola company reformulated its signature beverage. The feedback was instantaneously negative. Tens of thousands of phone calls and letters were received by the company expressing outrage for changing this American classic. In less than 80 days, Coca-Cola reintroduced the original formula. In this example, the feedback was loud and almost impossible not to receive, but had they not acted, the fortunes of the company might have been much different.
Lyft and Uber
Lyft and Uber both use feedback loops to provide service. At the completion of a ride, the driver rates the passenger based on their experience; the passenger rates the driver; and any problems with the service can be reported directly to the companies online. This in turn boosts customer satisfaction and keeps employees happy. Drivers with a lower satisfaction score don’t get as many rides. Lower rated passengers may not be picked up as often, which incentivizes better driving and passenger behavior! Customer concerns can be addressed immediately via the app. Dissatisfied passengers often receive refunds in minutes. This cements trust in the service.
Similarly, AirBnB is using customer feedback systems in a similar manner. After renting a property, the guests are sent a survey to rate the property. The owners can rate the guests. This keeps everyone on their best behavior. If there are any problems, customers or owners can contact AirBnB representatives immediately to receive refunds or a redress of their complaints.
Benefits of Using Customer Feedback Loop
The benefits to successfully closing the customer feedback loop are many! Here are just a few areas where you’ll see improvement:
The product development cycle is one of the best places to see the feedback loop in action. As the design evolves, beta testers use the product and report feedback of their experience. This results in changes, which are then checked for further feedback. This is done in nearly every industry from software, to food service, to consumer products and much more.
Many people have heard the famous quote by the late Steve Jobs: “Some people say, ‘Give the customers what they want.’ But that's not my approach. Our job is to figure out what they're going to want before they do. I think Henry Ford once said, ‘If I'd asked customers what they wanted, they would have told me, 'A faster horse!'" People don't know what they want until you show it to them. That's why I never rely on market research. Our task is to read things that are not yet on the page.”
Jobs wasn’t saying that companies should just make things and hope people want them, but rather that really understanding the feedback would lead to producing products that better meet their needs.
Churn simply means losing customers. Customers who don’t feel like they are being listened to often “churn” and find a new line of product or service. As it is often said, it's much cheaper to keep an existing customer than to find a new one, so keeping your customers happy is one of the keys to long term success. But don't just gather customer feedback and sit on it. Question first why customers may be providing this feedback and then act on it.
By offering the products and services that your customers actually want, you’ll be able to charge higher prices and avoid unsold inventory.
How to Gather Customer Feedback
There are many ways to create a feedback loop. A simple one, offered very commonly now, is to automatically include a satisfaction survey at the end of every transaction to collect customer feedback. Fast food restaurants often utilize this strategy. When you complete your order, the receipt will contain a phone number or web link for a short survey. As a reward, customers usually receive a free item with a future purchase.
For a more focused approach, some companies will do face to face interviews. After a transaction, a cross section of customers are contacted and invited to sit down with an interviewer. They can be asked targeted or open-ended questions, gathering customer feedback.
Pro tip: For a feedback loop to be successful, you need to have a way of separating out useful and non-useful feedback. More information is both a pro and a con. For example, you might value the feedback of one target demographic over another. Repetitive or chronic complaints from a handful of people may not be relevant. More information isn’t necessarily better.
Utilize The Services of An Expert
Consulting an expert company like Starlight is one of the best ways to make sure you are creating a beneficial and focused feedback loop.
With product concept testing from Starlight, you’ll be equipped with information on the perception of your product, buyer demographics and what drives them to purchase. Through social listening and voice of customer analysis, you can listen to your customers’ unmet needs and test these suggestions when it comes to concepts and pricing.
Developing a product is just one part of the process. You need to know exactly how to price it in the marketplace. This is where the concept of price testing comes in. Being thorough in your price testing through proper goal setting and data collection will help you set the right price for your product and avoid costly pitfalls. Starlight offers this suite of offerings to help you power your next winning product. They will base a custom study on your goals, and provide clear insight into what steps you should take next to truly go to market with confidence.
- Wharton Business School: The Feedback Loop: More Data Doesn’t Always Mean Better Customer Service https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/feedback-loop-data-doesnt-always-mean-better-customer-service/
- Harvard Business Review: A 5-Step Roadmap For Becoming A More Customer-Centric Company. https://hbr.org/sponsored/2021/08/a-5-step-roadmap-for-becoming-a-more-customer-centric-company | <urn:uuid:9fa1eb83-6142-4d03-a7e4-70cf9dd42023> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.starlightanalytics.com/article/customer-feedback-loop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.953128 | 1,644 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A selection of articles related to dough.
Original articles from our library related to the Dough. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dough.
- Ostara - The Vernal Equimox
- ABOUT OSTARA | RITUAL | FOODS | REFERENCES ABOUT OSTARA Ostara (pronounced Oh-star-ah) is also called Eostre, Easter, Vernal Equinox, Spring Equinox, and the First Day of Spring. This is the time of year when day & night are equal, and heralds the return of...
Holidays >> Ostara
- Beltane - The Lover's Holiday
- ABOUT BELTANE | RITUAL | FOODS | REFERENCES ABOUT BELTANE Beltane is celebrated on May 1st and is one of the original Celtic festivals, Samhain being the other one. Beltane or May Day is also known as the Lover's holiday. Beltane is pronounced bel-tene, "...
Holidays >> Beltaine
- Samhain, The Celtic New Year
- Samhain (pronounced Sowain, Sah-uin, or Sahm-hayn) is also called the Celtic New Year, The Third harvest, All Hollows Eve, the Day of the Dead, and of course Halloween. There are many more names for Samhain, but rather then having a different meaning, they...
Holidays >> Samhain
- King James Bible: Exodus, Chapter 12
- Chapter 12 12:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, 12:2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you. 12:3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the...
Old Testament >> Exodus
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 15
- Chapter 15 15:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 15:2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land of your habitations, which I give unto you, 15:3 And will make an offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering,...
Old Testament >> Numbers
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- Yule, the Winter Solstice
- ABOUT YULE | RITUAL | FOODS | REFERENCES ABOUT YULE Yule, pronounced "you all", or jol is the Winter Solstice, the shortest day and the longest night of the year. Yule, in Old Norse means, Wheel. As the Wheel of the Year is significant in pagan...
Holidays >> Yule
Dough is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Dough books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Dough Creatures
- 6. Activity 3. You'll Need (per small group): ◆ conductive and insulating dough ( See Smart Start for directions.
- Pie Dough 101
- dough. Here are some surprising tips on making easy-to-roll-out dough and fitting it A food processor is the quickest and best tool for making a pie dough.
- Dough it Yourself - Morton Salt
- If you're an old hand at dough art, this handbook will provide you with hundreds of To make the dough, combine flour and salt in a large flat-bottomed bowl.
- Baker's Dough
- children's toys for interesting baker's dough tools. CAUTION: Always supervise chil- dren working with sharp or pointed objects.
Suggested News Resources
- Ralcorp Brings In the Dough
- The company also announced its intentions to buy Sara Lee's (NYSE: SLE ) refrigerated dough business in a $545 million deal. Revenue for the quarter increased to $1.17 billion, up 22% on a year-on-year basis.
- Baker loses dough in price war
- Good enough to eat: But sales of Goodman Fielder products are stale.
- Teens Charged with Passing Phony Money
- Amherst Police believe the phoney dough was being printed on one of the teen's home computer starting in June. Merchant reports started coming into police in July. In one instance, a small amount of money was passed to buy food at a local lawn fete.
- New York Nightclubs Raking In The Dough
- A website called Bundle poured through data of consumer spending at nightclubs nationwide and came up with a list of "the Most Expensive Nightclubs in America" by determining the average amount of each customer's tab.
- Lack of rain stressing SD crops and pastures
- Eighty-seven percent of corn is at or beyond the dough stage, with 26 percent in the dent stage. That's well behind the 5-year average of 39 percent. Small grain harvesting is nearly complete with the exception of barley.
Suggested Web Resources
- DOUGH Pizzeria Napoletana Pizza | Pizzeria | Resturant Pizzeria
- Dough Pizzeria, an Authentic Neapolitan style pizza restaurant, creates delectable, delicious Italian dishes San Antonio, Texas and Dallas Texas.
- Dough - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Dough is a paste made out of any cereals (grains) or leguminous crops by mixing flour with a small amount of water and/or other liquid.
- Dough - Bedford Stuyvesant - Brooklyn, NY
- 208 Reviews of Dough "Dough was like the doughiest donut I always wished to have but never did...
- Urban Dictionary: dough
- See doe. Did you get some dough? Cash, money.
- Dough - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster
- a mixture that consists essentially of flour or meal and a liquid (as milk or water) and is stiff enough to knead or roll. 2.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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music of peru native peruvian music | <urn:uuid:2d136a18-93ef-4be5-ba86-48801b67780b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.realmagick.com/dough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158130.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00256-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901927 | 1,422 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Weeks-McLean Law; 1913: addressed waterfowl management and protection.
It was later repealed.
The Act of July 3, 1918;
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act: Affords protection from commercial
exploitation to both migratory waterfowl and other species
of birds. This act expanded the duties of the "Federal Game Warden" whose
existence began in 1900 with the passage of the Lacey Act and continues
to be a major priority today.
The Act of February 18, 1929; The Migratory Bird Conservation Act
of 1929: The law expanded the existing National Wildlife Refuge System
established in 1903, and provided authorization for the acquisition
of wetlands for waterfowl habitat. The law was, however, only a stop
gap measure, as it made no provision for the procurement of funds with
which to purchase lands.
The Act of March 16, 1934; Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act as Amended:
Requires every waterfowl hunter 16 years of age or older to annually
purchase and carry a stamp and earmarks proceeds from the sale of Duck
Stamps to buy and lease waterfowl habitat. The stamps must be issued
and sold by the Postal Service at (1) each first and second class Post
Office, and (2) any establishment, facility, or location as the Postal
Service and the Secretary of the Interior direct or authorize; and may
be sold by the Department of the Interior pursuant to regulations prescribed
jointly by the Postal Service and the Secretary of the Interior. Receipts
from the sale of stamps must be deposited in the Migratory Bird Conservation
The Act of June 15, 1935, amended the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp
Act: Requires validation of the hunting stamp by signature across the
face of the stamp.
Public Law 135; The Act of June 28, 1941: Provides that the migratory
bird hunting stamps not sold at the end of each fiscal year for which
issued must be turned over to the philatelic agency and placed on sale
until disposed of or until the Congress otherwise provides and that
such stamps shall be usable as migratory bird hunting stamps only during
the fiscal year for which issued; and provided for the distribution
of funds received from the sale of stamps for the acquisition of migratory
The Act of August 12, 1949; amended the 1934 Act: Provided for an
increase in the price of the stamp from $1 to $2.
Public Law 838; The Act of July 30, 1956: Makes it mandatory for the
Postmaster General to provide for redemption of unused stamps which
are on consignment to retail dealers and are returned at the end of
the season in blocks of two or more; adds provision defining retail
dealers; and authorizes use of migratory bird stamps only during fiscal
year for which issued.
Public Law 85-585; The Act of August 1, 1958: Increased the cost
of a stamp from $2 to $3.; earmarked proceeds from sale of stamps, less
expenses of Post Office Department, for the acquisition of migratory
bird refuges, and permitted hunting of resident game birds in designated
wildlife management areas.
Public Law 85-921; The Act of September 2, 1958: Permits the printing
or publishing of black and white illustrations of postage and revenue
stamps for philatelic, educational, historical, or newsworthy purposes
in articles, books, journals, newspapers, or albums (but not for advertising
except illustrations of stamps in philatelic articles, books, journals,
newspapers, or albums).
Public Law 92-214; The Act of December 22, 1971: Authorized the collection
of up to $5 for each stamp sold (to be determined by the Secretary of
the Interior after considering the increased cost of lands).
Public Law 94-215; 1976:
Authorized the sale of stamps by the Department of the Interior and
provided for deposit of receipts into Migratory
Bird Conservation Fund. Also provided for joint promulgation of regulations
by the Postal Service and the Secretary of the Interior and the sale
of stamps at any establishment, facility, or location. Substituted "September"
for "June" in relation to redemption of blocks of stamps, and provided
for consignments of stamps to any person (not limited to post offices
and retail dealers only).
Public Law 95-552; The Act of October 30, 1978: Authorized an increase
in the price of the stamp to $7.50 if all sums appropriated to the Migratory
Bird Conservation Fund in the proceeding fiscal year were obligated.
Public Law 97-307; The Act of October 14, 1982; amended the 1934
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act: Authorized the use of Duck Stamp Contest
entry fees to administer the Duck Stamp Contest.
Public Law 98-369; The Act of July 8, 1984; Amended the Act of 1934:
Authorized color and black and white reproductions of migratory bird
hunting stamps subject to terms and conditions deemed necessary by the
Secretary of the Interior; and provided that any proceeds received by
the Federal Government as a result of such reproduction shall be paid
into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund. All color reproductions must
be less than three-fourths or at least one-and-one-half times the linear
size of the actual stamp. (Licensing Program)
Public Law 99-645; The Act of November 10, 1986; Emergency Wetlands
Resources Act of 1986: Section 201 authorizes the Secretary to charge
admission permits (entrance fees) at designated units of the National
Wildlife Refuge System; except that the Secretary may not require an
admission permit to any person who holds a valid Migratory Bird Hunting
and Conservation Stamp, a valid Golden Eagle Passport, a valid Golden
Age Passport, or a valid lifetime admission permit.
Section 202 provided for an increase in the price of the Migratory
Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp to $10 in hunting years 1987 and
1988, $12.50 in 1989 and 1990, and $15.00 in each hunting year thereafter.
Public Law 100-653; The Act of November 14, 1988; The Wetlands Loan
Act and Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act Amendment; amended the 1934
Act: Authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to finance the marketing
expenses involved in the Duck Stamp Licensing Program from the royalties
derived from that program.
Public Law 103-340; Signed October 6, 1994 authorized appropriations
to expand implementation of the Federal Junior Duck Stamp Conservation
and Design Program conducted by the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service. This is an educational program enabling school children across
the Nation to learn about wildlife conservation. The Junior Duck Stamp
is presently a collectable and is not required for hunting. Proceeds
from the sale of the Junior Duck Stamp must be used for conservation
education awards and scholarships to the program participants.
Public Law 105-269; Signed
October 19, 1998. "The Migratory Bird Hunting
and Conservation Stamp Promotion Act".
16 USC 718(d): Promotion of Stamp Sales.
"(1) The Secretary of
the Interior may utilize funds from the sales of migratory bird
hunting and conservation stamps, not to exceed
in each of fiscal years 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, for
the promotion of additional sales of those stamps, in accordance
a Migratory bird Conservation commission approved annual marketing
plan. Such promotion shall include the preparation of reports,
brochures, or other appropriate materials to be made available
to the public
that describe the benefits to wildlife derived from stamp sales."
"(2) The Secretary of
the Interior shall include in each annual report of the Commission
under section 3 of the Migratory Bird
Conservation Act (16 USC 715b) a description of activities conducted
subsection in the year covered by the report." | <urn:uuid:e6653fb4-bd30-47f0-b74b-a1410c770ca1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.fws.gov/duckstamps/Info/Stamps/stamplaw.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00277-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914861 | 1,675 | 3.3125 | 3 |
- Do your studying in relatively small chunks (ca. 40-60 min).
- Do take breaks while studying.
- Be an active and interactive learner.
- When studying, use as many senses as possible: speaking, listening,
writing, and reading.
- Spend 45 minutes each day reading.
- Practice with a friend.
- Practice saying new words out loud (or writing them).
- Study vocabulary several times a day for 5-10 minutes at a time.
- When learning vocabulary, practice conjugating new verbs or declining
new nouns and adjectives.
- Practice using new vocabulary in simple sentences so that you get
used to seeing the word in context.
- Practice with a friend, making up sentences about the pictures, asking
questions about the story, creating short questions and answers, and
quizzing each other on grammar and vocabulary.
- Imagine a specific context (e.g., the home, the market, the symposium,
the agora) and create sentences that describe what is happening in that
- Review old vocabulary and grammar before doing the written homework.
- Study new vocabulary and grammar before attempting the written homework.
- Re-read an old reading passage to get you thinking Greek before attempting
- Read a new passage for content first, guessing at words that you don't
know, looking for key words to help you unravel the meaning of the paragraph.
- Read a new passage quickly on the first try while listening to the
tape, trying to get the gist of the passage (aural and visual reinforcement).
- Read the passage aloud, trying to speak the story in phrase groups
that belong together (recognizing sense units).
- Better to read through the passage several times rather than just
- Rewrite a paragraph or two of a reading passage by changing the time
(tense) or the point of view (person and number).
- After reading the passage carefully, try listening to it on tape without
looking at the text (testing comprehension).
- Don't panic. It's normal for language students not to master new grammar
or vocabulary on the first try. Language learning is a cumulative process.
- Don't study for several hours in a row without a break. You'll go
nuts, and it will be less likely to become part of your long-term memory.
- Don't be a passive learner. If you use all your senses, if you use
the language to create new sentences, you will learn it better.
- Don't just read an assignment to yourself: say the words or write
- Don't study vocab for more than 15 minutes at a time, preferably no
more than 10 minutes at a time.
- Don't begin your written homework without first reviewing old
vocabulary and practicing old grammar (you'll end up having to
look up too many words and forms and you'll feel like you are spinning
- Don't begin your written homework without studying the new
vocab and grammar (ditto).
- Don't refer to grammar charts and vocabulary lists as you do your
homework. If you have already reviewed the material, try to work from
memory. Then go back and check your work after you have completed the
- When doing a reading passage, don't read the passage just once. This
is a foreign language, not your native language. Give it time to sink
- Don't write out a literal translation of a reading passage. Better
to spend the time re-reading the passage | <urn:uuid:14964ccc-bb55-4462-b6d5-f37ea53cd7d8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.cornellcollege.edu/classical_studies/greek/tips.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909034906-00246-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89337 | 738 | 4 | 4 |
The Fair — smoke free but not cruelty free?
Elephants have been viewed throughout history with a sense of awe. In the fourth century Aristotle referred to the elephant as “the beast which passeth all others in wit and mind.”
“Natures great masterpiece,” poet John Donne wrote of elephants, “the only harmless great thing.
Elephants are magnificent, highly complex, social animals living in extended family groups The largest land mammal, elephants are genetically designed to move and forage most of the day; this constant movement is necessary for their psychological and physical well-being.
Elephants in captive environments suffer from captivity-induced physical and psychological health problems. Health problems include debilitating foot and joint problems, arthritis, digestive disorders, stereotypical behaviors (neurotic behaviors resulting from severe confinement). Other problems include reproductive system shutdown, and high infant mortality rate.
There is no “elephant whisperer” coaxing these creatures into submission. Captivity is contrary to everything these giant mammals are about and is done through cohesive force-- beating, chaining, the use of bullhooks and electrical hotshots and social isolation. Additional callous treatment of these sensitive animals is imposed during the rides. The chair or Howdah attached to the back of the elephant is miserable, causing irritation and blistering from the side to side motion and weight of the riders.
Videos, witnesses and photos attesting to the heartless practices at Have Trunks Will Travel (HTWT) were submitted to the board in the past. The board turned a blind eye. A visit by a board member to HTWT “did not turn up any abusive practices.” With so much at stake, wouldn’t HTWT present their best image to this visitor? The cruelty they impose is not for public display.
Elephant rides have been banned by the Orange County, Los Angeles, Sierra Madre and Fountain Valley. By eliminating the elephant rides the Fair will significantly benefit:
- San Diego will be in alignment with the current enlightened standards
- A compelling message is sent about morality, ethics, and rejecting animal cruelty
- The possibility of an accident that might injure or kill riders is eliminated
- An educational opportunity is achieved; animals are not to be subjected to such merciless and inappropriate treatment
End the elephant rides! | <urn:uuid:ba5cc953-19c3-4890-87e2-7ae75797f0f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.delmartimes.net/sddmt-the-fair-smoke-free-but-not-cruelty-free-2013apr04-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.938972 | 482 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Best posts about this topicLoading . . .
A theater, theatre or playhouse, is a structure where theatrical works or plays are performed, or other performances such as musical concerts may be produced. While a theater is not required for performance (as in environmental theater or street theater), a theater serves to define the performance and audience spaces. The facility is traditionally organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members.
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Sussle is the first, open visual encyclopedia. Anyone can use it.
It has beautiful images and viral videos that are way more fun than reading all the text in traditional encyclopedias.
Just click on the red module above. | <urn:uuid:55b12ec8-5dd4-4b88-9904-11d3eb857889> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://sussle.org/t/Theater_%28structure%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.916806 | 144 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Two thousand years ago, the Roman poet Ovid encouraged young women seeking illicit lovers to write their suitors secret messages in milk, rendering their words of enticement invisible until touched with coal dust.
That sexy allurement is the way Georgia Institute of Technology professor Kristie Macrakis opens her intriguing book, Prisoners, Lovers & Spies: The Story of Invisible Ink from Herodotus to al-Qaeda.
“Secret communication is part of the game of love, and forbidden love heightens romance,” writes Macrakis, a Harvard-educated historian of science, who grew up reading true crime books, not romance novels.
But Macrakis, who is also an expert on espionage, confesses that if the story of former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden had broken while she was writing Prisoners, Lovers & Spies, she would have opened her book with the computer geek intercepting secret communication rather than the randy poet instructing women on the art of seduction.
Certainly, Prisoners, Lovers & Spies captivates with its tales of early secret communication—a war message tattooed on a slave’s shaved scalp but sent only after the slave’s hair had grown back, a Jesuit priest’s escape from the Tower of London thanks to secret messages sent via orange juice and orange peels, and America’s (perhaps first) Congressional budget battle due to George Washington’s love of and use of invisible ink during the American Revolution.
Then there’s Carl Frederick Muller, a German living in World War I London. Like the Jesuit priest who escaped the Tower of London, Muller used citrus juice as an invisible ink. But Muller did it to alert the Germans to British troop movements. And the Brits, believing they had the right and power to read everyone’s mail, and believing that women—especially women with well-turned ankles—had a sixth sense to discover secret writing in mail, hired thousands of women to do just that. That interception of mail eventually led New Scotland Yard to Muller’s boarding house where they discovered three pieces of lemon and two pens in his dresser drawer and another lemon in his overcoat pocket. “By the time Carl Frederick Muller faced the firing squad at the Tower of London, he was calm,” Macrakis writes.
What the British did 100 years ago—blanket surveillance in order to catch spies—is exactly what the NSA is doing today. “It’s just much more high tech and all-encompassing,” she says. But 100 years ago, the United States believed that “gentleman don’t read each other’s mail.” So during times of war, surveillance and mail interception expanded, while in times of peace it contracted.
“And then the Cold War was so long that the war never really ended and it just set everything into place and it got bigger and bigger so that we don’t contract anymore. They just violate these civil liberties that people were used to having before,” Macrakis says. “Frankly, if people had been monitoring history, maybe we wouldn’t be where we are—there would be measures in place so that this wouldn’t have happened.”
For the Ph.D. in the history of science, all of her books—and this is her fourth—have grown out of personal experience. While studying at Harvard, the Boston native was awarded a fellowship that sent her to Communist East Germany. At the time, Macrakis knew nothing about spying, she says, except what she’d read in John le Carré novels. But after the fall of the Berlin Wall, she heard about the German Democratic Republic’s Ministry for State Security (Stasi) and secret police. She started investigating the Stasi, which created her interest in the history of espionage and eventually led to her first book, Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany, and third book, Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi’s Spy-Tech World.
Two years before Seduced by Secrets was published, Macrakis was once again in Germany submitting, as she puts it, “request after request to the Stasi archive for material relating to methods of secret writing.” Despite carefully perusing “miles and miles of Stasi files,” no secret writing formula ever appeared. Then one day, mixed among a pile of useless paper that she’d been handed, Macrakis found a thin file marked top secret, and in it she discovered the German’s World War I formula for invisible ink, a formula that America’s CIA still refused to declassify.
That formula developed into Prisoners, Lovers & Spies. And as she wrote the book, in 2011, the CIA finally released its World War I secret ink formulas.
Now Macrakis travels the world teaching and lecturing about invisible ink and its uses in both love and espionage. Because, in this day in age, you can be sitting in a Starbucks sending a love text to your illicit paramour, while the CIA, NSA, Edward Snowden and your spouse intercept it and release it to the media…or Kristie Macrakis. And no coal dust is needed.
Suzy Spencer is the author of the New York Times bestselling true crime book Wasted. | <urn:uuid:7ec5e892-60b7-461c-8f23-7558d59f9bb2> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/features/kristie-macrakis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.949944 | 1,129 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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In this course, interaction designer Luke Wroblewski shows how to create web forms that encourage visitors to enter information and covers ways to capture input without the use of forms. The course covers boosting conversion rates and customer satisfaction, organizing the structure of forms, aligning and grouping form elements, assigning the correct input field types, validating input, and handling data entry errors. The last chapter highlights alternatives to static forms, such as using dynamic inline forms, using web services, and leveraging device capabilities, which can be used to gather additional information or replace a traditional form altogether.
Not everyone using a web form has the same needs, so not every input field applies to them. In fact, it's better to hide irrelevant options from people so they don't need to consider them. To do so, we can turn to additional inputs, let's look at an example. Most people have a single manager, so a form asking for that information usually just exposes First Name and Last Name of your manager. In cases where you're in a matrix organization or have two managers for another reason, Additional Inputs allow you to specify that second manager quickly and easily, just click the Add another manager link directly below the input field and you get another First Name, Last Name series of inputs.
Note that there is a quick way to remove those inputs, if you click them in error and decide you don't actually need them. The Remove manager link to the right of the input fields let's you do just that. Now in situations where you happen to have three managers, you can just click Add Another Manager again to expose another set of input fields. In each of these cases the input fields are showing up in line, that is directly below the action that triggers them. For most additional inputs, this is a great way to go, because things stay contextually relevant to where they apply. They also are right in line with where you click the action, giving you kind of a reciprocal on/off behavior, meaning, you don't have to look elsewhere to see where this thing showed up.
Let's look at another example. In the Product Management site Base Camp, a new message can have a series of additional inputs associated with it. You can choose to Attach Files to the message or you can Associate This Message with a milestone. Now most messages don't need to do either of those, so both these options are hidden behind the link. When you do choose to expose these additional inputs, let's say Associate This Message With a Milestone, clicking the link shows a series of additional inputs that apply to that step, you can pick the milestone that applies to, mark it as complete and actually associate it.
Once again there's a way out with the Cancel button, so if you click this link an error or you decide you don't need these additional inputs, you can get out. And again, these links are showing up in line, keeping context with the rest of the form. Let's look at one more example, and this time we'll do things a little bit differently. On the invite service Renkoo there is a series of Notification Preferences you can set. You can choose to have your notification sent to your e-mail address, your instant messenger, your mobile phone, whatever you like. Some people however would like to have more control over where the notifications go.
Most people don't, therefore, these additional options are treated as additional inputs. Clicking on the Advanced Notification Settings brings up a little dialog window that gives you a lot more control. You can pick this specific notification type you'd like on the left and set where it's going to be sent to. This level of control really is for advanced users, so again. we're not exposing it to everyone by default. Note again there is a way to get out of this mode. There is Cancel link and a little X up to the right of the dialog window and the method that we're using here is no longer in line. Because there is an extensive set of options, putting things directly below the input field that triggers them would probably jump the page too much and disorient you and also lose the contacts of the form.
So instead we're using a little bit of a dialog window to show more information. Wrapping up on additional inputs, the number one point here is to map additional inputs to prioritize the user needs. That is if there's something everybody needs to consider, you don't want to hide it behind an additional inputs link, instead you want to expose it on the form for everyone. There are things that only a subset of people actually needs to engage with, additional inputs are a great option. They're most effective when they're user initiated, that is, when somebody takes the effort to say, hey, I need to answer these additional questions, let me click on a link open a dialog or expose some more fields.
They're not as effective when you automatically try and infer when people need things, trying to guess what everybody needs here and there, can lead to frustration. Also, when you do use an in-line solution, try to avoid excessive page jumping, that is, if you're showing a lot of additional inputs and the form is bumping up and down that maybe time for a different type of interface, like the dialog window we saw in the Renkoo example. And always maintain a way to get out, that is when you show these additional options, let people cancel out or remove the additional fields they've added into the form, just in case they've decided they don't need them or click that link in error.
And last but not least, a consistent approach will usually do better than lots of variations. People begin to develop expectations around how additional inputs will show up in a series of forms and if you keep bouncing between different interface solutions, they may not know what to expect and be hesitant to engage.
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|THE DIVINE LIFE SOCIETY||HOME||TEACHINGS||MESSAGES||RELIGIONS||DISCOURSE||SAINTS||SWAMI SIVANANDA|
This article is a chapter from the book "Sadhana-The Spiritual Way".
SRI SWAMI KRISHNANANDA
The "mind" is a name given to the policy of affirming one's finitude. The assertion of individuality is known as "mind." It is a pressure exerted upon the limitedness of our personality, and there is no such thing as mind independently existing, as we may imagine it to be.
Childlike considerations may form the opinion that the mind is something moving inside the body, like a ball of mercury changing its position frequently, within the body only. No such thing is the mind. It cannot be located as "something." It is, to explain it precisely, the body asserting itself: "I am." This body feels "it is." That vehement feeling of physical existence is termed the "mind" for purpose of easy comprehension.
Fickleness is the nature of the mind. It will never occupy a particular position because the physical affirmation spoken of is a tantalizing phenomenon, not sure of itself. The body does not finally know what it wants; that is to say, the mind, so-called, does not know what it wants. This is so because there is a contradiction between the affirmation of individuality through the physical body, and the infinite longings that seem to be there, lying at the back of the personality. The infinite longing contradicts the finite affirmation and, therefore, life is before us as a great contradiction.
Everywhere we see problems, and no problem is finally capable of solution. Kings and ministers, statesmen, work hard throughout their lives to solve the problems of life. But they go, and the problems remain, because life is constituted of an insoluble contradiction. Inasmuch as the very basis of our existence is contradiction, no one can find a solution to it.
But, is there not a way? The very longing within us is a pointer to the problem capable of solution. Our longings are so firm, so convincing, so irrefutable, so unrelenting that we seem to be enshrining within our own selves a non-finite impulse simultaneously with the finite impulse of bodily affirmation.
The control of the mind is, therefore, equal to the finding of the relation between the finite and the Infinite. Great persistence, great understanding and capacity to discriminate is here called for. Ancient masters and seekers of truth, to one of whom I made reference yesterday, had their own way of solution. Sometimes the solutions seem to be very humorous, but very practical. The mind has to be handled in an intelligent manner, but persistently.
When we drive a nail continuously on the wall, without changing the spot, with the determination to drive the nail into the wall, it will go inside and yield to our pressure. But, if we strike at one place and find a brick, at another place a stone, in a third place something else, we will not succeed in driving the nail at all.
In a similar manner, several methods have to be adopted in a continuous determination to achieve a purpose. This determination takes various phases of expression. It is not that everyone can manifest this determination in the same way. There is a world under every hat, they say, and there is a different type of solution within every individual. My solution is not yours, and yours is not somebody else's. Peculiarity, novelty, and a kaleidoscopic character of the method to be adopted,-all these are some of the features of spiritual determination. There are some stories of humorous instances adopted by great saints and sages. We will be inclined to laugh at these analogies, but they are very practical and prove very useful.
There was a great saint called Swami Narayana. His followers are very large in the area of Gujarat, though he hailed from Uttar Pradesh. One day he observed some villagers struggling with a cow. They were unable to milk it because it was giving a kick the moment anybody approached it. They could not go near the cow. Whenever it felt that somebody was coming near it, it would kick with its foot.
Swami Narayana was not only a saint but also a seeker in himself. He told these villagers, "I shall find a way of stopping this kicking." He took a long stick and, sitting a little away from the cow, slowly touched the cow's leg with that stick; it gave a kick immediately. After a few seconds he again touched it; it gave another kick. He sat there for the whole day, without taking food from morning to evening, doing only one work, -touching the leg of the cow with the stick. To the surprise of all the people who were witnessing this phenomenon, for a continuous twelve hours, this touching went on. How long will the cow give a kick? It is also a living being. It got fed up, tired, and stopped kicking. Then he told them to milk the cow; it never kicked afterwards.
The mind is turbulent in some way of this kind. It has to be treated in the same way as the swami treated the cow. Whatever we say, the mind will not agree. It has its own voice and something else to say, quite different from what we are wanting it to do. If we say, "Do this," it will say, "No, I will do another thing."
There was a couple, husband and wife. The wife always did the opposite of what the husband said. If he said, "Today will you prepare some good meal with coconut?" she would say, "No, I will not use coconut." She would make a thin, watery dal(lentils) and give him. Then, he would say, "Today I am not feeling well, so don't make any dish. I want only a little thin watery dal." "No, I will make a good dish for you," she said, and she made a sumptuous meal, and he took it. "Today some venerable guests are coming," he said; "Will you cook some good meal for them?" She said, "No, I will not. I will give only water to the guests." Then, after some days, when the visitors were actually expected, he told the wife, "Today I am not expecting anybody and I don't think any special meal is necessary." "No, I will make a very good meal for twenty people," she said, and she cooked twenty people's food; the visitors came and they were fed.
This is what the mind is telling us: "I will not listen to you. You may say anything, but I have some other way." How will you deal with it? Use the same way as the husband or Swami Narayana handled the situation.
Sometimes, we may have failure when offering a frontal attack to the mind. A direct attack is not always going to be a success even in military operations. Great wisdom is to be exercised. We have to retreat, we have to move forward, we have to become invisible for some time, if necessary.
There was a fierce bull. If it saw any human being from a distance, it would make a hissing noise through its nose. There was a gentleman who decided to control that bull. How will he control it, if he cannot go near it? What he did was that he built a fence around that fierce bull. Now, one step for success has been taken, -the bull cannot go outside the limit of the fence. Previously, it could roam anywhere and attack anyone on the road; now it cannot go, because a fence is there. Likewise, do to the mind. It goes everywhere, roaming throughout the world, wanting anything and rejecting anything. Put a fence over it: within this limit only it must operate. Give it whatever it wants within the limitation; do not deny everything.
The bull was within the fence. The next step was that the gentleman took a bundle of green grass, thrust his hand through the wire fence and showed the bull the grass. The bull slowly came near. The man knew very well the ferocity of the bull, -he could not touch it. But, because of the grass, it forgot the man outside and was thinking only of the grass. He fed it every day; daily feeding it with grass was his only work, so that the bull became acquainted with the personality of this individual. Every day it was seeing the same person. Then, with or without the grass he could gently touch the bull's forehead, and it would just look up. Then he lessened the circle of the fence and made it more restricted, so that it was not more than a few square yards; he could go on patting the bull with his hand continuously, and feeding it with green grass.
The acquaintance became so intense that the bull started slowly licking the hand of the gentleman. It developed an affection for him. Previously, fierce it was; animosity was its nature. It became friendly because of this affectionate treatment; it yielded to his touch. Then he removed the fence and went near it with the grass. Without the fencing he went near it, touched it, gave the grass, patted it on the head, and even sat on its back. Can you imagine the success, to the surprise of all people?
The ways of saints, the methods adopted by masters and seekers of yore, are very interesting. They are not always logically rigid, but a beautifully construed methodology of handling the mind.
I have told you many years back, perhaps, a Sufi saint's story. There was a great mystic called Jalaluddin Rumi in the Middle Ages. He had many followers. He recited an instance of how a person can change himself by changing his circumstances. There was a Sufi guru who had several followers and disciples, many of whom were poor Arabs, but very devoted to their master. One of them came in the early morning to pay homage to his master. The master asked, "How are you, my dear boy?"
"Master, I am living in hell."
"What is the trouble with you?"
"I have one room only, which is a small area where I have my family, my wife and two children. There inside I cook my food. I have a camel which brays continuously, and there is a dog barking all night. We cannot sleep. You can imagine our condition. Don't you think, Master, that this is veritable hell?".
The master said, "There is no problem; I can solve this difficulty."
The obedience of disciples to the master was so amazing, especially in ancient times, that they would not argue with the guru. Though his suggestions may look funny, irrational, and sometimes unusual, the devotion and submission to the guru supersedes rationality. The guru told the disciple, "Tonight you tie the dog inside your house when you go to bed." The man could not understand what kind of solution this was, but obedience is obedience.
The dog made matters worse. It went on barking inside the room and howled throughout the night. Nobody slept even for a minute. The disciple went to the guru the next morning. The guru The man said, "I cannot say anything. It is worse than construed hell. The dog did not allow us to sleep."
"There is a solution for it. You have got a camel? Tie it inside.
"He thought, "What is this? Am I going to be alive?" But the guru is guru, and he did not say a word against him. He tied the camel inside the room. There was no space to sit. The camel occupied the entire area, making kicks and jumps, and the dog was barking also, the fireplace was giving sparks, the children were crying, the wife was standing only, and he was also sitting.
The next morning he went to the guru and said, "I cannot speak, Master. I am dying today. I think it is the last day for me. I thought it was hell; this is worse than hell."
"I will find a solution for it," the guru said. "Tie the camel out; put the dog also out."
He slept very well that night, - no noise, no disturbance of any kind. The next morning he went to the guru. The guru asked, "How are you?
"Heaven, heaven!" he said.
"Heaven? Hey! You came to me in the beginning, saying it is hell. Now how has it become heaven?" he asked. "Do not complain."
The mind is a great mystery. It can deceive you every moment and tell you everything is wrong, -nothing is good anywhere, everybody is foolish, the world is a devil's abode and it is better to be rid of it. It will go on telling all kinds of things; yet, till the last moment of your breath, the desire to live long will not leave you. You may be a patient with incurable disease, utterly poverty stricken, but you would like to continue the existence in this body as much as possible. Nobody would like to abolish the personality, destroy one's individuality, negate one's existence.
What is it that you are longing for? Stories of this kind, analyses of this nature, will tell you that again here is a contradiction in your life. Your opinion about people and the world, and sometimes about your own predicament, contradicts the endless longing that you maintain within yourself for anything and everything. Death is a terror. Nothing can be worse than that, because it is the end of your existence. You will tolerate the end of anything that you possess, but you cannot tolerate the end of your being.
So, your affection centralises itself later on into a pin-pointed existence of your own location: "I must be; I do not want anything else. Let the world go, let all things leave me, but may I live long, may I persist, may I exist for ever and ever."
Who generates this feeling of endless longing, if not that which is your real nature? What kind of longing is this? In the beginning it is very nebulous and not clear to your mind. That is why you cannot answer the question of why you want to live long. There is no why for it; it is there, and it has to be accepted. For the final issue, there is no why. Whatever be your situation in this world, you would like to live for any number of years. Even if you are granted a blessing of ten thousand years of living, that cannot satisfy you because when you are completing the tenure of 9,999 years, the fear will strike you that only one year is left, -as powerful as the fear of death would be if you were to pass away earlier. So, length in life is not the solution, because how long will that length of life continue? It will end one day.
When the great seeker Nachiketas was offered longest life and all the glories of the world by the great master Yama, Nachiketas' reply was: api sarvam jivitam alpameva, tavaiva vahas tava nrityagite: "The longest life is short when it comes to an end." There is no such thing as long life because when it ends, it is short. So, what do you mean by saying that you want to live long?
Here again is a psychological contradiction before us. Actually, what insists on our continuing for a long time is not this body calling for a persistent existence, because the mind is clever enough to know that the body cannot last long. But, it wants to accumulate certain features that will give it the satisfaction of living long.
The central feature of this longing is the longing to have our own selves. Know thyself and be free. Though we hear these admonitions a hundred times, we will make the common mistake of identifying the Self with this so-called person seated here: "Let me know my Atman (Self)." You will say "my Atman," as if you are going to possess it as a property. If the Atman is to be possessed by you, it stands outside you, like an object, like any other thing in the world. If you are going to possess the Atman, then who are you? Other than the Atman is the anatman. Anatman is nonexistence. Is non-existence trying to possess existence? Here is again a contradiction in our thinking.
Great discrimination, vairagya, is called for. Easily do we mistake the principle of vairagya. So many Sadhus (renunciates) are there, so many vairagis are there. They have all renounced everything. You may ask a vairagi: You have renounced everything; what are the things that you have renounced?
The immediate, quick reply may be: "I possess nothing. I have left everything that I had earlier. I have left the world; therefore, I have completed my renunciation."
If you have abandoned the world, where are you standing now? Are you sitting in the sky? Standing on the ground that is the earth, you are saying that you have renounced it. The world blows a breeze of various types on your personality every moment, saying that you cannot renounce the world, unless you renounce yourself first. The renouncer has to renounce himself, so that the renunciation may become complete.
But where is the meaning in renouncing ones own self? If the self is renounced, what remains? This difficulty will suddenly take possession of our own selves. There is really no such thing as renunciation of anything, because nothing in the world really belongs to you. How can you renounce a thing which has not actually become your property? Are you renouncing somebody else's belongings? The world is not under your control; therefore, how will you renounce it?
Here, renunciation has to be understood in the spirit that is within it. Renunciation is not an abandonment in the literal sense of the word, but a spirit that is maintained within, -a spirit of not belonging to anything, and a spirit of nothing actually belonging to one's own self. In this process of the determination of the spirit, the world stands united with you because of the fact that you are made of the same substance as the world of nature.
All humanity is inside you, with you, within you, and has taken possession of you. The principle of every individual in the world is inside you also, so that on different occasions you can manifest the character of any person in this world. Anything is inside you; only the proper button has to be pushed. All humanity is potentially present inside you. The world is potentially present inside you, inside in the sense of that personality of yours which is clubbed with the whole nature at the same time, and not this Mr. So-and-so personality.
Here is the difficulty that the mind will encounter every day. We cannot think in this manner because our education is purely empirical, outwardly motivated, and physically conditioned. But you stand a master of all things by renunciation, in the sense of belonging to the whole world,-the world belonging to you, and you yourself belonging to the world. The world stands, including all personalities and all individuals, all human beings, every created being, including yourself. The world stands renounced within itself. You become a world individual.
Such renunciates are world masters, because they are self masters. When the taste for things ceases, you have conquered the world; when the taste is conquered, the world is conquered. Taste of the tongue, taste of the eyes, taste of the ears, taste of the nostrils, taste of touch,-all these are tastes of one kind or the other. They persist till our death almost, because of the fact that we never succeeded in living as world individuals. We have never succeeded in maintaining the position of a world personality.
Can any one of you feel convinced within yourself that you are a world individual? "I do not merely belong to the world; it is not that the world belongs to me. I will stand as a meeting point of the world and the individuality of everybody." Unthinkable is this situation. A master-mind we call such people; a super-man, an incarnation, an avatara,-all sorts of names and nomenclatures are attributed to such achievements in a person who ceases to be a person and is at the same time a super-person.
Such renunciation precedes the understanding that is required to practise Yoga, which is real sadhana. The essence of this situation is that you cannot entertain little petty desires and then sit for meditation.
When you are seated in meditation, a kind of infinitude enters into you, as is suggested in the sutra of Patanjali: prayatna shaithilya ananta samapattibhyam: Steadiness in posture is possible by a comprehension of the infinitude that this world is. Relaxation and the concept of the Infinite will enable you to occupy a desired posture. Relaxation,-the nerves are tense, the muscles are tense, the mind is tense, the body is tense; they have to be released in a fashion akin to yoganidra (the sleep of yoga, where the body is resting but the mind is awake). It is not nidra (sleep); it is so called because of its resemblance to non-perception of anything outside, similar to nidra, the condition of sleep.
Before you sit in a posture for meditation, lie on your back. Stretch your arms aside. Take deep breathing: take in air through the nostrils and breathe out through the mouth, as you do generally, automatically, when you are tired after a long journey or hard work: "Oh God, the day's work is over, let me lie down!" You are not aware of anything at that time except that you want nothing but total relaxation. As the mind is connected to the body intimately, the mind also gets relaxed at that time, together with the relaxation of the nerves and the muscles. For a few minutes you can meditate even in that posture. It is not necessary that you sit up with a rigidity of feeling at the outset.
As long as it is comfortable and possible for you to contemplate your ideal even in that posture of lying on the back, let it be; continue, because the mind will not enable you to concentrate on anything when the body is feeling any kind of pain or discomfort. When you catch hold of the mind, you cannot reject the body. The rider on the ass is connected with the ass, so you cannot displease the ass when you are riding on it.
Body and mind go together, as a psycho-biological individuality. You cannot say you are the body, or are not the body, -you are the mind, or you are not the mind. These statements have no meaning, finally. It is a child's definition of what you are. You are an integrated affirmation, wherein are blended both the mental structure and the physical structure. So, a kind of relaxation caused by satisfaction of having achieved an end should follow simultaneously with the effort at meditation.
But it is not an effort, actually speaking, because Patanjali has told you "prayatna shaithilya": loosen your tension of effort. Don't say, "I am doing something," because this consciousness of doing something is again an assertion of individuality and a potential of egoism manifesting itself.
Just be in a state of complete psycho-physical relaxation, either by lying down, or in any other comfortable posture. Really, for the purpose of meditation, there is no particular posture prescribed. As is comfortable, so is the posture. The Yoga Shastra (texts) does not say, "Sit only in this posture." Though sometimes for certain reasons a particular seated posture is suggested, every rule has an exception. In a similar manner, this general instruction to be seated with spine erect and neck straight, etc., can be regarded as a very practicable posture, provided that you don't feel any discomfort in that posture. Dissatisfaction of any kind should not precede the effort at meditation. How the Yoga practice commences is stated in this manner in the Yoga texts.
I will repeat once again what I told you yesterday: be clear as to what you are seeking. The object of meditation is the final choice that you make in this world. You have selected it as the ultimate meaning for your life. There are people who cling to a certain thing throughout their lives and consider that particular thing as the be-all and the end-all of their lives. Rightly or wrongly, they have hugged that particular thing through their emotional clamouring. But this is a treacherous attitude of the emotions. It will leave you in the dark at any moment.
Nobody likes a thing continuously throughout one's life. That is the effect of the fickleness of mental activity. In the choice of the object of meditation, no fickleness is possible. You may take months to decide what it is that can give you true satisfaction.
There are devotees who choose the form of a divinity, the ultimate Godhead manifest before them in some form which they regard as final. The reason why they consider that form as final is that they are sure that the infinite longing for salvation is centralised in that particular form of divinity, as the potentiality of the power of the sun is hidden in a single ray of the sun. So, the whole world is one object.
You strike one object to the core; an atomic bomb manifests itself. Strike it further; you will find the treasures of the world coming up from inside the very object that you have struck again and again by the hammering of the mental process. Strike it further; you will find that this mind which meditates is the meeting point of all the levels of creation commingling in one point, like the sea at the meeting point of a river, where the two become one. Even in this initial stage of meditation, you will see that you rise up from meditation as a new individual, as if something has entered you, has been injected into you.
Old habits still persist. A sutra (verse) of Patanjali tells us: Never feel satisfied with any experience, because any satisfying experience in meditation,-sound, colour, perception of beauty, fragrance, -should not attract you because it is as temporary and tantalizing as any other presentation in this physical world.
Actually, what you call heaven is only a rarefied form of earthly enjoyment. A highly potent form of sensory experience is heaven; the gross form of it is the earth. When such presentations are, placed before you, don't smile, "Oh they have come. Wonderful!" No, it is a mask put on by a tremendous deceptive force before you.
The world opposes you in the beginning. Vehemently will it oppose you, and it will see that you do not succeed. People will harass you, condemn you, criticise you, say that you are a crack, and the world will present further difficulties, causing you to tremble in your person, as if you have gone wrong. I have told many a time on earlier occasions, when you churn the mind for the sake of treasures that you seek, the treasure will not come; only poison comes, as illustrated in the story of amritamanthana in the Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana. Wanting nectar, you churn the ocean; deadly poison comes in the beginning.
What is this poison, actually? Wherefrom has it arisen? It is the potentiality of attachment still persisting at the last moment of the death of individuality. When a cobra is about to die, it becomes most poisonous; if it strikes at that time, it is a death strike. Likewise, the last kick that human desire gives you is a poisonous smoke of discomfiture and sorrow, and indecision of every kind. Do you know how many treasures afterwards slowly arose from the churning of the ocean in amritamanthana? Some fourteen gems are described there as the jewels of human love, tempting more and more as the succeeding ones rose up, so that the temptation to possess it rose in greater intensity. Finally, you know what happened to these people who wanted nectar in this enlightening story.
This is a story about our own selves, -the gods and the demons, the ocean, the nectar, the treasures, the jewels, the poison. All these are inside us, inside in every sense of the term, outwardly, inwardly, and also in the blend of both sides. Knowing well that such things are possible before us, through the guidance that we have received from our Master, whom we should not desert till the end of our lives,-knowing this well, march forward.
Last Updated: Monday, 29-May-2017 05:54:30 EDT
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The reading and the lecture for this week talk about race and class a lot– the reading breaks down the different classes in colonial Latin America, while the lecture talks about how racial divisions developed. The reading and lecture also spoke to the ways in which people could use race and class to their advantage.
Using both (and your reading will help you with both), which do you think is more important? From the perspective of a person from the “lower class”, which do you think was more important? Were both equally important?
But to maximize profits in the Americas, the Spanish had to create a stable government, one that represented– or claimed to represent– everyone living in the colonies. This, the two republics (which we have already discussed previously). It is within these institutions that indigenous peoples and people of mixed race backgrounds were able to take advantage of the system to make a better life for themselves. As your reading demonstrates, “race” was not always about “race.” For instance, check out this excerpt, which I think is really enlightening:
“But distance from Europe; the mixture of races, ethnicities, and cultures; and sometimes-tumultuous performance of the colonial economies created more fluid and complex “societies of caste.” In these societies Indians, Africans, and their American-born descendants, and racial mixtures, castas, were defined as inferiors by law and discriminated against in practice.”
What this excerpt is saying is that there were many ways in which the racial order in Latin America was more than the Spanish crown could handle. The distance from Europe created identities that the Spanish crown couldn’t always adequately deal with. As a result, it led to the oppression of people who were A) Indian, B) Mestizo, C) mixed race, D) African, and E) even Spanish people born in the Americas (not to mention Muslims, Jews, and other non-Catholic Christians– however few there were so close after the Reformation (Links to an external site.)).
HOWEVER, check out the rest of the paragraph (p. 192):
“But these were also societies where men and women with substantial property were commonly presumed to be white even if their color or appearance might suggest otherwise. In the first decades of settlement, for example, numerous mixed children and grandchildren of conquistadors and Indian women moved in elite circles and married Europeans.”
Now here is the really important part:
“Race was therefore defined largely by wealth, lineage, and power or, alternatively, by poverty and tributary status, rather than biology. Yet culture, mastery of Spanish or Portuguese, Christianity, mode of dress, and diet also contributed to contemporary attribution of race and ethnic identity.
You see what this is getting at? So far in this course we have been talking about the Indians and Spanish as a simple binary. However, as time went by and the colonial government became established, not only did the population get much more diverse, but people were able to slide in and out of different racial categories! I know what you are thinking:
But seriously, they did!
However, at the same time, although the Spanish and Portuguese had a tough time keeping a handle on the day to day workings in the colonies, the elites in Spanish America in particular set to work, trying to make those fluid categories of race more rigid. A little bit later in the colonial period– the 18th century (the 1700s), the elite commissioned artists to create casta paintings. These casta paintings were not so subtle ways of creating a racial order– a racial hierarchy in a system that was already hierarchical (there was a pecking order), but had a ton of loopholes, as you read in the example from the text above. Generally, casta paintings consisted of a large painting with many individual squares with smaller paintings. Here is an example of a large casta painting:
Now, you may not be able to see the details, but if you take a good look at the way people are dressed at the top and the color of their skin, you will notice a big difference between that and the people in the bottom squares. Now here are some squares from a totally different casta painting:
If you’ll read the caption (I typed it on top with a bigger font), it says, “De Español e India produce Mestizo” (“a Spaniard and an Indian make a ‘mestizo'”). This is pretty straightforward, right? They are showing what happens when there is intermixing, and the picture itself is telling. The male, the head of the household, is white. He has his kind, Indian wife, and she is holding their offspring, the “Mestizo.” You might also notice how white the baby looks in this picture. Interesting, right?
How about this picture:
Again, you see very little contrast (even less than in the previous picture, since the woman is not an Indian, but rather is a mestiza– a little bit lighter skinned). Now let’s jump down a few frames on this casta painting:
Alright, this one is a little more serious: “De Chamizo e India sale Cambuja” I don’t really think I need to translate this, since the picture gets the message across quite well (the drama playing out in the above scene directly speaks to what happens when mixing happens on the lower end of the “color spectrum”).
In response to what some of you must be saying right now, yes– this is incredibly racist. But setting aside how distasteful this is, let’s think about it as intellectuals for a second:
1) the purpose of such paintings was to establish a racial hierarchy, or a pecking order of which races were more important, more affluent– more civilized than others. This implies that the previous racial hierarchy was either insufficient, or at the very least, difficult to maintain in practice.
2) such paintings also made clear (by design) who was on the top, and who was on the bottom of the social world in Latin America (these paintings were done in Mexico, however), and even though they did more clearly establish the racial hierarchy, it did not erase the fact that people of all races were able to take advantage of laws and the church to basically change their own race legally to fit their needs. Again, despite the efforts of the elites and the colonial governments, native folks and people of mixed race backgrounds were able to slide in and out of racial categories. However, as you will find out later in this class (as well as in History 8B, should you take it), the general marginalization of Indians and mestizos continues throughout the colonial period, through Independence, and to this very day throughout much of Latin America, despite efforts of some governments in Latin America to promote equality.
The chapter for this week talks about problems big and small in the Americas– international issues (war with other European powers), and how the colonial governments and elites sought to maintain their power and wealth, through trade, institutions, and the creation of a racial and class hierarchy. What do I mean by class?
For those who might not know, when someone says “class”, or in sociology, “social class”, they are speaking to the socio-economic position of a given person– their income, their job, the types of people that they associate with, etc. So, for example, in your reading for this week, the author calls one such “class” the “elites.” Usually it can be broken down to the “elites,” the “upper class,” the “middle class,” and the “working class.” But when it comes to specific situations and contexts, sometimes it can get more complicated. For example, in your reading for this week, Burkholder breaks it down a little differently , calling them the “rural middle groups,” and “the broad base of colonial society” (which can be broken down even further to the “free urban poor,” “free rural poor,” and “indigenous,” etc.). But at the end of the day, when you are talking about “class,” it always breaks down in similar ways: upper/middle/lower– just with little twists here and there, additions and subtractions (like “slavery,” for instance), depending on who or where we are talking about.
The reading for this week will give you a good sense of all of these different classes. And while you are reading, I would like you to think about the ways in which race and class intersect, and the ways that, maybe in colonial Latin America, sometimes they don’t!
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By Alonso Mendez, Cultural Astronomer
One of the most famous passages in Sophocles’s classic Oedipus Tyrannous is the test that the mythical hero faces with the great Sphinx of Thebes. This beast, that combined the features of a lion and woman, would riddle its beleaguered victims and if its questions were not answered correctly, the poor souls were devoured. The question that was posed to our hero was: “Which animal walks on four legs at the dawn, two legs in the mid-day and three legs at dusk”? The correct answer, and of course our hero’s response, was man; thus allowing Oedipus his safe passage and the death of the Sphinx. This question summarizes in a metaphorical way the life of man as the passage of the Sun through the sky. Another equally poetic metaphor compares the life of humans to the seasons, where life at birth is compared to springtime, the midlife to mid-summer, and finally, old age to the days of winter. A relationship between humans, the Cosmos and time as expressed by the movement of the Sun from day to day as well as its yearly course have always been an essential part of the description of the human experience.
At Palenque, the famous Classic Maya site in the southern state of Chiapas, a similar poetic statement is replayed year after year in the written history as well as in the art and architecture of the site. This site which saw its apogee during the mid to late 7th century, found its maximum height of expression during the rule of the famed K’inich Ja’nab Pakal. At Palenque where the rule of Divine Kingship was at its peak, rulers such as Pakal wielded great power, enough evidently, to bring together the resources and manpower to build some of the most impressive temples seen in the pre-Columbian world. No mean task, as the environment of the tropical lowland forests was a difficult and challenging place to raise a civilization.
Divine rulers depended on their astronomical knowledge to predict the important solar stations such as the solstices, equinox, zenith and nadir passages. By associating their own lives to the movement of the Sun, rulers were able to project the illusion that they were the human presence of the Sun on Earth, thus gaining the appellative “K’inich Ahau” or “Radiant Lords”. In order to elicit this response from a faithful following, hierophanies were employed to evoke the presence of divinity on a temple place or person. Hierophany, (from the Greek roots "ἱερός" (hieros), meaning "sacred" or "holy," and "φαίνειν" (phainein) meaning "to reveal" or "to bring to light") signifies a manifestation of the sacred. When related to architecture, hierophanies may manifest in three ways: A structure may be built in such a manner that from a particular vantage point, the Sun will align either at its setting or rising. These events can be dramatic as they can be witnessed by multitudes. An example of this is the rising Sun seen piercing the central doorway of the Temple of the seven dolls at Dzibilchaltun on the equinox.
A second hierophany is manifested as shadow and light that is cast upon the structure or spaces directly associated to the temple. The most famous of these hierophanies is the projection of triangular shadows upon the Castillo at Chichen Itza. This event is also of a public nature, and today, crowds throng the main plaza eagerly waiting what is now popularly known as the descent of Kukulkan, the Feathered Serpent.
A third and more subtle hierophany exists when sunlight pierces the interior of architecture and illuminates the interior in such a way as to define or make more significant a part of the interior design or a person or object that occupies the space.
Temple of the Inscriptions, Winter Solstice Sunset. Image Credit: Alonso Mendez
Two major solsticial hierophanies are incorporated into the design of the Temple of the Inscriptions. This temple dominates the central plaza at Palenque and houses the remains of the great ruler K’inich Ja’nahb Pakal. Born on 23 March 603 AD, his accession at the age of 13 marked one of the most significant growth spurts in Palenque’s history. His long reign, perhaps the longest of any ruler, is equally brilliant. At the extraordinary age of 81 years, he was finally laid to rest in a beautifully sculpted tomb deep in the heart of the massive temple. Within the design of this tomb, the message of the divine Sun kings was clear.
Despite the overgrown forest behind the Temple of the Inscriptions, this alignment is still visible when standing at the doorway of House E in the Palace. One can still witness the setting Sun of the winter solstice descend directly behind the Temple of the Inscriptions. The two temples that were primary to the life of Pakal, House E, was built to commemorate his coronation and the Temple of the Inscriptions, the place of his burial. Linda Schele was the first to propose that this alignment might refer to the metaphorical descent of Pakal into the underworld. Winter solstice was seen as having a strong association to death and the weak Sun. Built onto the terraced base of the great mountain that rose directly behind it, the Temple dominated the southern side of the ceremonial plaza and functioned as the portal into the underworld. To corroborate this idea, we discover that the temple was dedicated on December 21, 688 AD-- a winter solstice--favoring the quality of a funerary monument.
At the other extreme, the Sun of the summer solstice came to symbolize the youthful Sun, a powerful force rising from the center of the palace. Though the Temple of Inscriptions is clearly associated to winter solstice, there is also a summer solstice hierophany that is incorporated as a defining element of its design. An appropriate image of the cyclical quality of nature that is in tune with the solar stations is one offered by Loren Eiseley:
Beneath the midsummer sunlight of another year a molecular alarm will sound in the coffin at rest in that silent chamber; the sarcophagus will split. In the depth of the tomb a great yellow and black Sphex will appear. The clock in its body will tell it to hasten up the passage to the surface.
On that brief journey the wasp may well trip over the body of its own mother -- if this was her last burrow -- a tomb for life and a tomb for death. Here the generations do not recognize each other; it remains only to tear open the doorway and rush upward into the sun. The dead past, its husks. its withered wings are cast aside, scrambled over, in the frantic moment of resurrection [All the Strange Hours. 1975].
Temple of the Inscriptions Stucco Piers. Drawing by A. Hunter, after A.P. Maudslay
Today through epigraphic understanding, we know that the Temple of Inscriptions along with its importance as a funerary monument, also celebrates the heir presentation of Pakal’s first born son, Kan Bah’lam. This important pre-accession event is recorded as occurring on 17 June 641 AD. This ceremony culminated five days later on 23 June. The passage of divine lineage demanded that as one ruler faded a new one rose with all the elements of a Divine Lord. This message is clear as it is displayed on the facade of the temple piers, where a series of stucco panels portrays the youthful figure held in the arms of both parents as well as grandparents. Shown as literally sprouting or standing on the sacred mountain, these figures present the heir to the grand plaza. This dialogue between solsticial extremes points to a concerted effort by the ruling elite to identify the youthful heir as a transitional figure that is linked to agricultural cycles and the role of ruler as the embodiment of the Corn God. Like an Eiseley wasp, sprouting through the shells of its parents, the young ruler is likened to the cyclical process of Lowland Maya agriculture.
For the lowland Maya of the Palenque region, the corn cycle began on the first Zenith passage and ended on the second Zenith. (Early May- early August) The midpoint of this three-month cycle places us directly on the summer solstice. At this time if one were to visit a milpa, the corn plants typically would stand at just about the height of a human, the stalks would be showing the first little cobs and silks and the plants would also be flowering. Pollination is taking place, and the developing kernels on the cobs are becoming viable. The metaphorical and symbolic associations are powerful for a ruling elite that depended on the fusion of a political and religious governing system to manage resources.
Summer Solstice Heirophany, Temple of the Inscriptions. Image Credit: C. Powell
Cyclical manifestations of the Corn God through divine lineage dictate that the rulers behave like the Sun. Solar cycles are keyed to critical natural phenomenon like the cycle of corn, which in turn help to organize both agricultural cycles and religious celebrations. Association to these grand celestial events enhances the divine ruler’s ability to proclaim his importance as a pivotal figure, and that the passage of divine rulership thus is seen as inevitable as the passage of time itself. In order to fabricate this illusion, city planning conforms to important solar cycles, and becomes the stage for the ruler's drama. These inspiring events called hierophany allowed the ceremonial centers to function as solar calendars that marked the meter of seasonal changes. | <urn:uuid:0c4d3efc-272d-442d-9104-880372820c37> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://calendarinthesky.org/Articles/MayaScience/MayaScienceArticleView/tabid/139/ArticleId/45/language/en-US/Solstice-at-Palenque-Chiapas.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464253.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00327-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955538 | 2,068 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Fair Housing (CORE ELECTIVE)
4 CE (Education)
Discrimination can be subtle or overt and sometimes unintentional.
It is crucial that real estate practitioners are aware of and compliant with the laws that govern housing discrimination. This course looks at the history of fair housing and examines in depth the most pertinent legislation in force today.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 was the first major legislation that applied to residential housing. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 broadened the coverage, increased the enforcement policies of the Act and stiffened the penalties invoked for violation of the Act.
The course will also examine:
The New Mexico Human Rights Act and detail the additional classes that it offers protection to.
Specific advertising policies are investigated and illustrated.
The procedure for filing a complaint of discrimination are studied in detail
Plus there are lots of hints on how to stay clear of discriminatory practices in sales, rentals and financing of real estate. | <urn:uuid:6b1c1756-8045-46b3-9b4a-b69fa0bd04a0> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.gaar.com/education/detail/fair-housing-core-elective-jklaflkghhjlakfjhgh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.951922 | 189 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Should we really be training ultra-smart birds to do our dirty work for us, picking up cigarette butts all over our cities in exchange for treats? One Dutch start-up hopes their clever ‘Crowbar’ will be an easy and mutually beneficial way to deal with the ongoing problem of this specific kind of urban litter, making use of the corvid’s unusual intelligence. Crowded Cities proposes hanging smart machines around the city that train the birds to clean up butts.
‘Crowbar’ is based on the ‘Crow Box,’ an open-source project that gives crows peanuts in exchange for coins. The birds learned that they only get rewarded for inserting a particular kind of object. The Crow Box is just one example of humans testing crows’ ability to understand cause and effect and documenting the results. They explain the process as follows:
“The crows bring a cigarette filter to the Crowbar, where they drop it into the bottom funnel to get it checked. After the camera has recognized the cigarette filter as a filter, it returns a bit of food to the table in front of the crow. The crow goes out telling others, or keeps his secret to himself – we are not sure.”
Apparently we’ll find out, as the team finishes assembling the CrowBar and puts it out into the world. In the Netherlands, more than 6 billion cigarette filters are tossed onto the street each year, and each one takes 12 years to degrade. It’s not hard to imagine this project seeing some kind of success – have you ever had a crow drop a nut right in front of your car while you’re driving, in the hopes that your tires will act as giant nutcrackers? They’re incredibly smart.
But it’s a bit disturbing to imagine crows being repeatedly exposed to the carcinogens present in cigarette butts, potentially punishing them in the long term for a stupid human behavior. Plus, it’s only a matter of time before the crows start snatching lit cigarettes right out of people’s hands. | <urn:uuid:3427e95a-8e94-40cd-b3d2-30d2a5370cc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://weburbanist.com/2017/10/09/doing-our-dirty-work-crows-trained-to-clean-up-cigarette-butts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711077.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206092907-20221206122907-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.942869 | 438 | 2.75 | 3 |
Warsaw 1920 (eBook)
The War For The Eastern Borderlands
de Zaloga Steven J. Zaloga
Sobre o livro
The Battle of Warsaw in August 1920 has been described as one of the decisive battles of European history. At the start of the battle, the Red Army appeared to be on the verge of advancing through Poland into Germany to expand the Soviet revolution. Had the war spread into Germany, another great European war would have ensued, dragging in France and Britain. However, the Red Army was defeated by 'the miracle on the Vistula'. This campaign title explores the origins and outcomes of this momentous battle. In May 1920, the Polish Army intervened in war-torn Ukraine, pushing all the way to Kiev, but the Red Army, by now triumphant in most of the theatres of the Russian Civil War, turned its attention to this new threat. By the late summer of 1920, two Soviet armies had advanced into Poland and the overconfident Soviet leadership dreamed of advancing over a prostrate Polish Army into neighbouring Germany to ignite a Communist revolution in the heart of Europe.Thanks to the low density of forces on both sides and the huge distances involved, the conflict was a war of manoeuvre, with a curious mixture of traditional and advanced tactics. Horse cavalry played a dominant role in the fighting, but aeroplanes, tanks, and armoured trains lent the war an air of modernity. This illustrated study explores the war through the lens of the Battle of Warsaw, the turning point when, after a summer of disastrous retreat, the Polish army rallied and repulsed the Red Army at Warsaw and Lwow. | <urn:uuid:63dc01b2-a576-434b-8a1d-0518ba3f9978> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.bertrand.pt/ebook/warsaw-1920-zaloga-steven-j-zaloga/23935475 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.958301 | 334 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Teens Teach Kids About Dog Training
When friends and neighbors Evelyn Pang and Hilary Louie of San Francisco were 9, a dog training class was offered in their apartment building. Though neither girl had a pup of her own, both loved dogs, so they signed up for the class. Five years and many classes later, the two high school sophomores co-authored Good Dog! Kids Teach Kids About Dog Behavior and Training (Dogwise Publishing 2008).
Inspired by the belief that kids learn best from other kids, Pang and Louie wrote and illustrated their book, which incorporates expert advice on teaching kids how to read doggie body language, how to be safe around dogs and how to train Rover to do cool tricks. Says Louie: “Kids need to understand and train their dogs so that neither ends up getting hurt.” Below, the young authors share their five favorite tips for kids who live with, or around, dogs.
Tip No. 1: Know your dog’s signals Dogs are playful, peaceful creatures. When a canine feels threatened, it will display “calming signals.” These are visual cues that communicate to nearby dogs or people that the dog doesn’t want to fight. “The fur on the back of its neck will stand up. Its tail may go down, or its head will lower,” explains Pang. When this happens, Louie advises walking away, if you are the one scaring the dog. If a nearby dog or other animal is scaring your furry friend, you should simply remove your dog from the frightening situation.
Tip No. 2: Know your own signals If a strange dog comes running toward you, Pang and Louie advise keeping yourself safe in the following way: be a tree. “Stand still, put your arms by your sides, and your head down. Look at your toes and don’t move,” says Pang. “The dog will think you’re boring, and it will go away.” Running from a dog will signal that you’re up for a game of chase, and looking the dog in the eye may make it feel afraid, which can lead to a fight that both you and the dog don’t want.
Tip No. 3: Be consistent during training Pang and Louie advocate clicker training, which involves reinforcing desirable dog behavior with the sound of a clicker, followed by a treat. The dog learns to associate the click with the reward and comes to understand that that the click is a compliment. But this only works if the trainer is consistent. “You have to click on time, and every time,” stresses Louie. “You have to pay attention at all times during clicker training, or your dog will think you’ve lost interest, and (the activity) won’t be fun anymore.”
Tip No. 4: Treat, don’t trick, during training sessions Dogs in training need rewards in order to learn. What they do not need is for you to yell, or worse. “Don’t punish your dog,” emphasizes Pang. “You are its teacher, and if the dog messes up, it’s sort of like it’s your own fault. It’s your responsibility to teach them.” If things get heated, or you start to feel frustrated, take a break! You can always go back to it later or another day.
Tip No. 5: Have fun! Pang and Louie agree that training is a game, and games should be enjoyable. “If you’re not positive, you’ll get impatient. If you’re not having fun, it’s not a game anymore,” says Louie. The girls believe that training also promotes bonding between humans and canines. It’s the best time to create feelings of closeness between people and their pets. “Your dog will feel your love during training,” says Pang. It should be like hanging out with a friend. You’re doing something together and learning together. | <urn:uuid:f7cf02fe-978f-4227-bfaf-f3021f2c35db> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thedogdaily.com/conduct/training/teens_teach_dog_training/index.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.959325 | 860 | 3.25 | 3 |
Time-saving hub for teachers
A range of evidence-based tools are now available online to support lesson planning and professional development.
06 April 2021
Teachers now have access to a time-saving online Learning Resource Hub, cutting the time spent searching for appropriate classroom resources.
Minister for Education and Early Childhood Learning Sarah Mitchell said the online resources contained a range of evidence-based materials and tools to lift student performance.
“Quick access to quality resources for every teacher will help them focus on their core job - the success of their students,” Ms Mitchell said.
“The hub will provide tools and resources to support schools and teachers with professional development.”
Teachers who had already used the hub believed it would save them around five hours a week in lesson planning, Ms Mitchell said.
The online Learning Resource Hub features a powerful search function, allowing teachers and school leaders to find content quickly and easily by searching for keywords, phrases and NSW syllabus results.
Ms Mitchell said the hub’s resources could be modified to meet individual needs and featured links to professional learning, related resources, syllabus outcomes and the learning progressions.
“They provide teachers with opportunities for assessment, feedback, targeted teaching, and monitoring in the context of the teaching and learning cycle across learning areas,” Ms Mitchell said.
“We are focused on evidence-based best practice in our classrooms and making sure every school, teacher and student has access to the support they need.
“Providing teachers with the resources for success and the time to focus on their students is part of our School Success Model and curriculum reforms.
“Students will ultimately be the beneficiaries of these reforms as they continue to roll out across our schools,” Ms Mitchell said.
- Media releases | <urn:uuid:0936727c-a8a7-4c5e-a3fd-fe8f52f5abbd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://education.nsw.gov.au/news/latest-news/time-saving-hub-for-teachers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.952881 | 368 | 2.75 | 3 |
1-Thallus: Plant body without true stem, root & Leaf.
2-Halophiles: Organism living in salty areas.
3-Plankton: Plants floating passively in water current.
4-Chemosynthetic: Using chemical reactions as energy source.
5-Heterotrophic: Unable to synthesise own food and dependent on others for food.
6-Pathogenic: Disease causing.
7-Plasmodium: Main body of slime mould.
8-Saprophyte: Organism feeding on dead & decaying organic matter.
9-Parasite: Organism which depend on living host for food.
10-Symbionts : Two organisms living together benifitting each other.
11- Plasmogamy : Fusion of cytoplasm.
12- Karyogamy : Fusion of nuclei.
13- Dikaryon : A cell with two nuclei.
14- Dikaryophase : Stage of fungus with dikaryotic cells.
15- Isogamous : Morphologically identical gametes.
16- Anisogamous : Morphologically non identical Gametes.
17- Oogamous : Female gamete oosphere and Male gamete motile. | <urn:uuid:d2989d65-be22-4c0b-ab23-bef28ce11741> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.padheye.com/2015/09/terms-revision-of-biological.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948617.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426222608-20180427002608-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.673124 | 268 | 3.328125 | 3 |
PDF (Acrobat) Document File
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Student Journal | Encouragement Journal | Teacher Student Notes | Teacher Student Communication Journal | Behavior Journal
During one especially difficult year, I began using a student-teacher journal with one of my students. She had difficulty expressing herself verbally without losing control, but I discovered that she was able to communicate through writing. We began writing notes to each other – she when she needed a time out and me in response to her or when I knew she needed some encouragement. The journal writing broke down barriers between us and helped to establish a trusting relationship.
Use this Encouragement Journal however you need to with your students. Use it only with students who need it, as I described above, or as a way to communicate with your entire class throughout the year. Have students write about what’s bothering them or simply have them write a letter to wrap up their week. The possibilities are endless!
Each set of pages includes a sheet where students write to you and a sheet where you can respond. On the bottom of each student page, there is an inspirational quote to encourage them. There are 36 student pages – one for each week of the year - with extras you can use to expand if you need.
The journal itself is very simple - no graphics and very little text. This was an intentional choice so that students can make it their own.
Want to change a quote? Simply use the editable Google Doc to make the journal your own.
This Encouragement Journal includes:
1. Resource Notes. Notes explaining what is included and how to use the materials in your classroom.
2. Journal Covers. Two options included.
3. Upper Elementary Version. 36 two-page sets of writing pages. Each set includes one for student writing and one for the teacher. Student pages include inspirational quote. (Lines are spaced more closely together and inspirational quotes are in a script font.)
4. Extra Upper Elementary Pages. These are formatted exactly like the Upper Elementary version, but don’t contain quotes or page numbers. Use these to expand the journal, if you choose.
5. Primary Version. 36 two-page sets of writing pages. The same general layout and quotes as the upper elementary journal. This version contains wider-spaced lines for writing and a student-friendly print font for the quotes.
6. Extra Primary Pages. These are formatted exactly like the Primary version, but don’t contain quotes or page numbers. Use these to expand the journal, if you choose.
7. Monthly Covers. Two versions included – one for younger students and one for older. If you choose to use this as a weekly response journal with your students, you can choose to use these covers to divide the pages into monthly sections. Simply place 4-5 pages between each monthly cover.
8. Editable Google Doc. Contains sheets that look similar to this printable PDF and offers you the flexibility of making the text your own.
Looking for other ways to help manage behaviors in the classroom? See my Classroom Management Category where you’ll find:
Leaving encouraging notes for students is one of the best ways to build a positive classroom environment. Let students know you notice when they make great choices with these motivational notes. 24 original notes are included - with two versions of each (one version contains clip art and the other has no graphics). Some notes encourage kindness, while others reinforce a growth mindset. You choose which notes work best for your students. And if none work for you, use the included editable Google Doc to make your own.
A quick and simple way to redirect attention from what’s negative to what is positive in your room. Students love having their good deeds noticed and soon you will see your board overflowing with praise!
Encourage students to reflect on and take responsibility for their own choices throughout the school day with this simple free tool.
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© 2018 Jennifer Martinez, everything just so. All rights reserved. License permits individual use in a single classroom only. To share with friends, please point them to this page to download their own copy. No part of this work may be reproduced in any way or by any means without expressed written consent of the author. Thank you for helping to protect my work! | <urn:uuid:6193d86b-7113-4d54-8ccb-01c82b67498b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Letters-to-My-Teacher-Encouragement-Journal-Editable-Student-Writing-Journal-4121041 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826354.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214210553-20181214232553-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.93383 | 971 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Year Published: 1918
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Garis, H. R. (1918). Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys. New York, NY: A. L. Burt Co.
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 4.8
- Word Count: 1,271
Garis, H. (1918). Chapter 26: “Floppy and the Bonfire”. Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from
Garis, Howard R.. "Chapter 26: “Floppy and the Bonfire”." Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys. Lit2Go Edition. 1918. Web. <>. January 27, 2015.
Howard R. Garis, "Chapter 26: “Floppy and the Bonfire”," Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys, Lit2Go Edition, (1918), accessed January 27, 2015,.
One night, after an election in Woodland, where the Twistytail family of pigs lived, Curly, one of the piggie boys, asked his brother Floppy if they couldn’t have some fun.
“I guess so,” spoke the other little piggie. “I have a big pile of leaves, so why can’t we make a bonfire?”
“The very thing!” cried Curly Tail. “There are always bonfires after election, and we’ll have ours now.”
“And we’ll invite all the other animal boys to help us,” suggested Curly Tail. “Sammie Littletail will want to come, I know, and so will the squirrel boys, and Jimmie Wibblewobble, the duck, and the Bow Wow puppy boys.”
So, as it was after school, and they had done their homework lessons, the piggie boys could run out and play. In a vacant lot, not far from their house, Flop Ear had collected a big pile of leaves, ready for the fire, and he said to Curly Tail:
“Now, if you go get the other fellows, I’ll find some more leaves, and some old boxes and barrels and we’ll have a fine big fire.”
“All right, I will,” agreed Curly Tail. So off he ran over the fields and through the woods to call all his friends to the bonfire which Flop Ear was going to make.
“Now for a surprise!” exclaimed the little piggie boy who was left near the pile of leaves. “I’ll look for some potatoes and I’ll put them to roast in the bonfire and when it is all over we’ll eat them, and sit about the blaze, telling stories about the election.”
So he crawled through a fence into a field near by, where there were some late potatoes, and soon, with his strong, rubbery nose, he was rooting them up. The field belonged to Grandfather Goosey Gander, and Flop knew the old gentleman goose would not mind if the boy animals took a few potatoes.
“Now to make the fire and roast them,” spoke the little piggie boy, and when he had shoved the leaves all up in a heap with his nose he lit them with a match.
“Won’t Curly Tail and the others be surprised when they come up, and see the fire already going?” thought Flop Ear. “And they’ll be more surprised when I pull out the roast potatoes for them. Oh! I almost forgot! I must get some salt to eat on them.”
Into the house he ran, with his queer little kinky tail twisting around like a piece of strawberry shortcake, and Floppy got the salt. His mamma was busy getting supper, and she did not see him, and as his sister, Baby Pinky, was practicing her piano lesson on the tin dishpan, she made so much noise Mrs. Twistytail did not hear the piggie boy, so no one stopped Flop Ear.
Maybe if mamma had known that he had a bonfire she would not have liked it, and I want you children—especially you little ones—to promise Uncle Wiggily that you will never, never make a fire unless some older person is there to watch you. Fires are very bad, you know—and burns—Bur-r-r-r! How burns do hurt!
Well, anyhow, Flop Ear had his fire going, and the potatoes were roasting in the hot leaves, and he had the salt all ready to eat on them. As he came running back to the blaze, out of the shadows stepped someone, and a voice said:
“Ah ha! Good evening! I was wondering who had made this good fire for me.”
“I—I did,” said Flop Ear, “but I didn’t make it for you. I made it for us.”
“Never mind, it will do very well for me,” went on the voice. “It will save me the trouble of kindling one to roast my pork sausage and chops—I mean you!” exclaimed the voice.
Flop Ear gave a jump, and looked more closely at the figure in the shadow by the fire. And then he saw that it was a big, bad old fox, with a fuzzy tail.
“Oh! Oh!” gasped the little piggie boy. “You don’t mean that, do you; that you’re going to roast me!”
“Exactly what I’m going to do,” replied the fox, and he caught hold of Flop Ear. “We will wait until the fire is a little hotter,” he said.
Oh, how poor Flop Ear did try to get loose, but he couldn’t because the fox held him too tightly. And the fire got hotter and hotter, and the little piggie boy was hoping that Curly Tail and the other animal boys would come back in time to save him, but he could neither see nor hear anything of them.
“I guess I’m going to be roasted!” he cried. “Oh, if Uncle Wiggily were only here. Or even Grandpa Squealer!”
“Ha! No one will come to save you!” snarled the bad fox, and just then, what do you think? Out from the fire rolled some of the potatoes Flop Ear was roasting for his friends. Out rolled two big potatoes, and the fox, seeing them, exclaimed:
“Ha! What have we here? Something good to eat, I should say,” and he smelled the baked potato. “Oh Yum yum!” he cried, and he smacked his lips. “That will go most excellently with roast pork. I think I will eat one, and then I’ll put you on the fire to cook,” he said to Flop Ear.
The little piggie boy didn’t say anything, but he felt very bad. And the fox, holding him with one paw, took up a roasted potato in the other, and cracked it open with his teeth.
Well, you know how hot roast potatoes are, just out of the oven, I dare say. This one, from Flop Ear’s bonfire, was even hotter. It was just roasting hot, and the fox had bitten into it.
“Oh, wow!” cried the fuzzy creature. “Oh, double wow, and some ice cream cones! Oh, pepper casters! Oh, mustard! Oh, my mouth, how it burns! And my paws!”
And then he had to let go of Flop Ear, and run to the brook to get a drink of cold water—that fox did—because the hot potato burned his mouth so, but I guess it served him right.
Anyhow, Flop Ear was free, and the next minute along came Curly Tail and all the other animal boys, and then of course the bad fox had to run away and put cold cream on his tongue. Flop Ear told all that had happened, and then the bonfire was made bigger than ever, and when the roast potatoes were cool they all ate some, and had a fine time.
So, that’s all now, but in the next story, in case the pear doesn’t fall off the apple tree and hit the ragman on the nose, I’ll tell you about Flop Ear and the skate wagon. | <urn:uuid:7e89b33e-7c90-4b20-abde-5f9f8158265d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/183/curly-and-floppy-twistytail-the-funny-piggie-boys/3462/chapter-26-floppy-and-the-bonfire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861027.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00017-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974676 | 1,928 | 2.578125 | 3 |
I’ve been working exclusively with the records of Achada in the Azores for the last month. I’ve worked from the 1870s back to the early 1700s. I’m getting a snapshot of spelling conventions and how things change over time.
It’s interesting to me to see how widely used the letters x, y, and z were in Portuguese names (and presumably Portuguese words) in the period before 1820. I have read that there were different efforts to standardize spelling in the 1800s and early 1900s, which can be seen in the records.
What’s interesting is that in some cases, I see the modern spelling, then the older spelling with x,y, or z, and then later it goes back to the modern spelling. I am assuming this is because their was no standardization.
In early records the x represented the “ch” sound. You would see it in names like Paxeco (Pacheco), Maxado (Machado), and Teixeira (Teichera). Though, I find it interesting to note that the spelling Teixeira seems more common than Teicheira which starts appearing in the mid-1800s.
The y was used instead of i in the middle of names. Some examples: Medeyros (Medeiros), Sylva (Silva), Carreyro (Carreiro), Francysco (Francisco), and so forth. The replacement of y for i doesn’t seem to be a steadfast rule. In the 1760s, I saw Antonio, Maria, Antonia, and others with the i not the y. I have yet to see Pymentel, but it might be there. I am not sure why the rule applied to some and not others, unless it was the placement of the i at the end of the name.
The z is a little more tricky. It was used in place of the letter s. When I first began researching, someone told me that the s spelling in names was the “true” Portuguese form and the z spelling was a modern, Americanized version. My research on Sao Miguel Island shows this to be completely untrue. In the mid-1800s, you see Sousa, Resendes, Munis, etc. But, as you get to the 1700s, the z becomes more predominant. Sousa becomes Souza, Resendes becomes Rezendes (and earlier Rezende, dropping the final s), and Munis becomes Muniz. It’s interesting because in all these cases when the family came to Hawaii or the US, the spelling with letter z became more acceptable. I suspect this has to do with the way the names sounded than any effort to change spelling habits in America.
One variation that surprised me was for Jose. In the 1850s or so, you see Jose with the “s”. Earlier it becomes Joze. But, around 1730, Jozeph was in use. I had no idea that the Portuguese/Azoreans used the form Jozeph. I wonder if this could be a Priest with outside influence. I’m going to keep an eye on this when I check my other villages to see if Jozeph was the standard form before the 1750s or so.
Something else that caught my eye was a record where it seemed the recorder decided to keep conventions as they were in each generation. The daughter was listed as Pacheco, but the mother as Paxeco. I don’t think these people were literate. Most were peasants. I’m not sure they would have been able to correct the writer to the way they wanted their name spelled because they may not have known how to spell it.
The alternate spellings can be confusing for a genealogist especially when trying to input people into a database. I go back to what I was taught in the genealogy class I took in the early 1990s. You record the name as it was seen on the earliest record. So, if the birth/baptismal is the earliest record I have, that is how I record the name for my records. If it’s the marriage, I go with how the name was record on that record. I add an alternate name field for the variations. I don’t like Anglicizing or modernizing names that weren’t written that way to begin with. It doesn’t seem authentic to me. By using the names as they were written, I get a better sense of the times my people lived in.
The records for Achada go back into the 1600s. I wonder what I might find when I reach that era? I’m sure that it will be interesting. | <urn:uuid:6591a17e-b64f-4729-9c08-357c455faa3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.researchjournal.yourislandroutes.com/2013/01/the-demotion-of-x-y-and-z-in-portuguese-names/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825700.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023054654-20171023074654-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.975922 | 988 | 3.15625 | 3 |
In this resource, students learn how information can be converted into code, such as binary (using 1s and 0s), or how using colours instead of just ‘on’ and ‘off’ can allow you to encode more information with fewer ‘bits’.
Oxford Sparks is a portal for engaging with a wealth of exciting science taking place across Oxford University. Get more great resources from the Oxford Sparks here and on its website at oxfordsparks.ox.ac.uk. You can also follow on Twitter at @OxfordSparks.
Sign up here for your free Brilliant Teacher Box Set
Get 8 KS3/4 maths lessons with expert teaching techniques | <urn:uuid:0de23fda-c1b5-47c1-b4c9-e1ef3f646ac2> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.teachwire.net/teaching-resources/ks4-science-lesson-colour-coded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541294513.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214202754-20191214230754-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.902474 | 143 | 3.3125 | 3 |
- Order: Galbuliformes
- Family: Galbulidae
União de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 18 April 2013 © Bruno Rennó
Brown Jacamar is a small dark jacamar in the genus Brachygalba widely distributed from the Orinoco River drainage in central Venezuela south through much of northern Amazonia from eastern Ecuador and southern Colombia south through central Brazil to northern Bolivia. The Brown Jacamar is very different from jacamars in the genus Galbula by being much smaller and mostly brown, with glossy purple wings, as opposed to bright iridescent green. It is often seen in pairs or small groups of up to 6-7 individuals, perhaps representing family groups. Most frequently seen perched on dead branches in the canopy or mid-story along the edge of rivers, or at the edge of clearings. It often favors Cecropia trees where they sit out in the open, and sally out for flying insects. Not known to overlap with any other Brachygalba jacamar. It is replaced by the Pale-headed Jacama (Brachygalba goeringi), in the Llanos of central Venezuela and by White-throated Jacamar (Brachygalba albogularis) in southeastern Peru.
. 2010. Brown Jacamar (Brachygalba lugubris), Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; retrieved from Neotropical Birds Online: http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=293976
This map is based on the maps available from the NatureServe InfoNatura website. The data for these maps are provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy - Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International - CABS, World Wildlife Fund - US, and Environment Canada - WILDSPACE.
- Migration/Movement:Resident (nonmigratory)
- Primary Habitat:Tropical lowland evergreen forest edge
- Foraging Strata:
- Foraging Behavior:
- Mating System:
- Nest Form:
- Clutch: -
- IUCN Status: | <urn:uuid:540848a3-68d3-437a-8942-988dbe74a397> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=293976 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542112.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00389-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868649 | 490 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The book is designed to serve advanced high school students and those taking third- and fourth-year Spanish at the university level. It’s the first such textbook to use food as the starting point from which to help students learn the language and acquire cultural literacy.
Gómez-Bravo, who has taught Spanish for years and has led study-abroad student tours to Spain, said the book’s inspiration flowed from both of those experiences.
“Teaching culture through the lens of food enables the discussion of many different topics in the classroom,” she said, “from literature and social and cultural issues to the environment, religion and politics.
“Food is a common interest that all students share and understand is an important part of any culture. The book allows them to learn more about all of these important topics while discovering the world around them in ways that they find surprising and engaging.”
Each chapter has a reading on a key topic — Aztec food practices, for instance — followed by shorter sections covering “concepts or artifacts” related to the main topic. All chapters include color photographs, literary texts and suggestions of video, audio and web links where students can learn more.
The chapter titles show a wide diversity of topics: “Dietary Laws and Religious persecution,” “Movie Food: Cultural Identities,” “Chocolate and the Aztec World,” “Central America and the Mayan Contributions,” “Cooking and Intercultural Relationships,” “Carnivores and Vegetarians,” “Gastronomic Maps: Spain” and more.
This is the third book by Gómez-Bravo; her first two were about another specialty of hers — the study of 15th century poetry.
An accomplished cook in her own right, Gómez-Bravo said in a 2012 departmental faculty profile that she owns hundreds of cookbooks. She said when she moved to the UW from Purdue University in 2012 she got rid of many books, “but all the cookbooks came with me. You never get rid of a cookbook.”
By: Peter Kelley, UW News
NB: SPS shared this article on our Facebook page and it was the most popular article in 2017. Comida y cultura en el mundo hispánico was published in October by Equinox Publishing. Read the original UW News article for more. | <urn:uuid:72de91c6-44fc-4352-9817-9501c61b1942> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://spanport.washington.edu/news/2017/12/01/new-textbook-teaches-spanish-language-culture-through-talk-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945484.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422002521-20180422022521-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.961996 | 519 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Congenital neutropenia: diagnosis, molecular bases and patient management
© Donadieu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 29 September 2010
Accepted: 19 May 2011
Published: 19 May 2011
The term congenital neutropenia encompasses a family of neutropenic disorders, both permanent and intermittent, severe (<0.5 G/l) or mild (between 0.5-1.5 G/l), which may also affect other organ systems such as the pancreas, central nervous system, heart, muscle and skin. Neutropenia can lead to life-threatening pyogenic infections, acute gingivostomatitis and chronic parodontal disease, and each successive infection may leave permanent sequelae. The risk of infection is roughly inversely proportional to the circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophil count and is particularly high at counts below 0.2 G/l.
When neutropenia is detected, an attempt should be made to establish the etiology, distinguishing between acquired forms (the most frequent, including post viral neutropenia and auto immune neutropenia) and congenital forms that may either be isolated or part of a complex genetic disease.
Except for ethnic neutropenia, which is a frequent but mild congenital form, probably with polygenic inheritance, all other forms of congenital neutropenia are extremely rare and have monogenic inheritance, which may be X-linked or autosomal, recessive or dominant.
About half the forms of congenital neutropenia with no extra-hematopoetic manifestations and normal adaptive immunity are due to neutrophil elastase (ELANE) mutations. Some patients have severe permanent neutropenia and frequent infections early in life, while others have mild intermittent neutropenia.
Congenital neutropenia may also be associated with a wide range of organ dysfunctions, as for example in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (associated with pancreatic insufficiency) and glycogen storage disease type Ib (associated with a glycogen storage syndrome). So far, the molecular bases of 12 neutropenic disorders have been identified.
Treatment of severe chronic neutropenia should focus on prevention of infections. It includes antimicrobial prophylaxis, generally with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and also granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). G-CSF has considerably improved these patients' outlook. It is usually well tolerated, but potential adverse effects include thrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis and osteoporosis. Long-term treatment with G-CSF, especially at high doses, augments the spontaneous risk of leukemia in patients with congenital neutropenia.
KeywordsNeutropenia Childhood G-CSF Severe congenital neutropenia Adverse effects ELANE G6PC3 Shwachman Diamond Syndrome Review
Congenital neutropenia is characterized by chronic neutropenia due to a constitutional genetic defect. Since the early 1990s, and particularly during the last decade, the molecular bases of several entities have been discovered, leading to changes in the disease classification. Kostmann's syndrome is often considered as the paradigm of congenital neutropenia. This disorder, first described in a Swedish publication in 1950 , and subsequently in English in 1956 , has three main characteristics: profound neutropenia (<0.2 G/l) occurring during the first weeks of life, maturation arrest of granulopoiesis at the promyelocyte stage, and death due to bacterial infections (11 of the 14 initially reported patients died in their first year of life from bacterial infections). Nearly 50 years later, these patients' life expectancy routinely exceeds 20 years and the molecular basis of this entity has been identified . It is now agreed that Kostmann's syndrome is accompanied, at least in forms due to mutations of one the two isoforms of HAX1 protein, those observed in the 'kostmann's pedigree', by neurological involvement (mental retardation and epilepsy) . Thus, the "paradigm" of congenital neutropenia is a condition with early hematologic expression and later neurological involvement.
Knowledge of the molecular bases of other forms of congenital neutropenia has also modified the disease classification. Until the late 1990s, the literature distinguished cyclic neutropenia, associated with a regular pattern of change in the neutrophil count, typically every 21 days and showing autosomal dominant transmission , from permanent neutropenia (severe congenital neutropenia or Kostmann's syndrome). This distinction was made in publications based on the international registry of chronic neutropenia in the late 1990s [6, 7], in which cyclic neutropenia was not included among the congenital neutropenias. In 1999, M. Horwitz, analyzing 13 pedigrees of patients with cyclic neutropenia, identified mutations in the neutrophil elastase (ELANE) gene . Shortly afterwards the same team found that many patients with severe congenital neutropenia also had mutations of the ELANE gene This pointed to a continuum between severe congenital neutropenia and cyclic neutropenia, and showed that both could be considered "congenital".
Another example of nosologic reclassification concerns the gluco-6-phosphatase molecular complex, which is defective in glycogen storage disease Ib and also in an entity associated with cutaneous involvement, cardiac arrhythmias and malformative uropathy but not with metabolic disorders
Definition: neutropenia and congenital neutropenia
Neutropenia is defined as a reduction in the absolute number of neutrophils in the blood circulation. The standard hematologic examination is microscopic cell counting, which is necessary to confirm disorders identified by automated cell counters and especially to examine the cell morphology. Neutropenia is defined by a neutrophil count below 1.5 G/l in children over 1 year, and below 2 G/l in children aged between 2 and 12 months [11–13].
The number of neutrophils is elevated during the first two months of life. The count increases during the first 72 hours, followed by a gradual decrease until the age of two months. In term neonates the neutrophil count is reported to range from 12 G/l to 15 G/l, depending on the study. Labor lasting more than 12 hours is associated with higher counts, while prematurity (<32 weeks) is associated with lower counts. Neutropenia in newborns is therefore defined by a threshold higher as in adult at least 2.5 G/l neutrophils.
Neutropenia is said to be severe when below 0.5 G/l and chronic if it lasts more than 3 months, whether it is intermittent or permanent.
It is important to stress that the neutrophil count shows physiological fluctuations , in a chaotic and non random manner . There are also nycthemeral and seasonal variations [16–18], which persist in pathologic situations. Thus, neutropenia should ideally be confirmed on three samples per week over a 6-week period.
Neutropenia is said to be permanent when present in all samples, intermittent if there are periods of spontaneous normalization, and cyclic if episodes occur about every 21 days (perfectly sinusoidal neutropenia with a 21-day cycle is almost never seen in practice).
Only one study has focused on the periodicity in patients with a diagnosis of "cyclic" neutropenia, based on serial counts . Among 10 such patients, regular periods, of 18, 20 and 30 days, were found in only three cases. The same study also showed regular variations in patients with permanent neutropenia (severe congenital and idiopathic neutropenia). Thus, it is better to use the terms "permanent neutropenia" and "intermittent neutropenia", while bearing in mind that there is a continuum between the two extremes, as the pathological processes that lead to neutropenia affect both the period of variation and the depth of the nadir.
Monocytosis, hypereosinophilia and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia are associated with neutropenia and are inversely proportional to its severity. A compensatory role of monocytes may explain the good clinical tolerance of some forms of profound constitutional neutropenia
Congenital neutropenia: an evolving definition
Close examination of the literature shows that the term "congenital neutropenia" is not used homogeneously [6, 21–23]. One very restrictive definition reserves the term "congenital neutropenia" for severe forms not associated with immunological or extra-hematopoeitic abnormalities, while a broader definition includes all situations that comprise chronic neutropenia, with or without immunological or extra-hematopoeitic abnormalities. Thus, some authors but not others include glycogen storage disease Ib, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, the WHIM syndrome, and Barth's disease in the definition of congenital neutropenia.
In this review, the term "congenital neutropenia" is not restricted to disorders in which neutropenia is the only phenotypic manifestation, but encompasses all 'congenital' disorders comprising neutropenia. We also consider "neutropenia" as a continuum, ranging from intermittent forms with various periods to permanent circulating neutrophil deficiency.
The data are currently limited, owing to confusion and overlapping case definitions. Exhaustive studies are rare, and few patient registries are available. General epidemiological surveys of primary immune deficiencies do not take congenital neutropenia into account [25–27], with the exception of the Iranian study and a recent French study . In the Iranian study, 53 cases were recorded, for a prevalence of 0.77/106. In the French registry-based study of a population of comparable size, 374 cases had been recorded in December 2006, giving a prevalence nearly 10 times higher ≈ 6.2/106. Neither study included patients with idiopathic neutropenia.
In 2003, the International Neutropenia Registry reported 731 cases, of which 238 were idiopathic, recruited in a far larger geographic area than in previous studies, including the USA, Canada, Australia and Europe (excluding France), for a population close to 700 million. The prevalence was 0.7 per million inhabitants or 1 per million inhabitants when idiopathic neutropenia was included.
There are probably no major differences across countries, and the minimal prevalence of congenital neutropenia appears to be 6 cases per million inhabitants, if we take into consideration the results from the French survey - the highest rate so far described. In the French registry, 30% of patients had ELANE neutropenia (20% severe congenital neutropenia and 10% cyclic neutropenia), 30% had Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, 5% had glycogen storage disease Ib, and 35% had other disorders (1 or 2% each). However, the distribution of the different forms was influenced by the patients' geographic origin (e.g. immigrants to western countries). Some mutations are also linked to the geographic origin (HAX1 in Kurdistan and Sweden, G6PC3 in Arameans, AP14 in Mennonites), while ELANE, SBDS, SLC37A4 ( previously named G6PT1) and CXCR4 mutations appear to be universally distributed.
The consequences of neutropenia: infections
In vitro, the antibacterial activity of neutrophils can be represented by a simple dilution curve . The risk of bacterial infection is more difficult to appreciate in vivo. Central neutropenia carries a far higher risk of bacterial and fungal infections than peripheral neutropenia. In central neutropenia the risk is low at counts above 1 G/l, increases moderately between 1 and 0.2 G/l and is very high below 0.2 G/l. The risk of infection also depends on the duration of neutropenia, with the risk of fungal infections increasing after several weeks. These data were obtained some 30 years ago in leukemic patients and more recently in bone marrow graft recipients . They correspond to the natural history of some constitutional forms of central neutropenia, especially that described by Kostmann [2, 33], although this has not been confirmed by other authors . The preferential sites of infection are highly variable. The most frequent are the skin and mucosae, the ENT region, and the lungs. Stomatologic disorders are almost always present after age two years in patients with profound central neutropenia, and are characterized by erosive, hemorrhagic and painful gingivitis associated with papules (aphthae-like oral furuncles) of the tongue and the cheek mucosa (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plates #1 and #2) . Diffuse gastrointestinal lesions are sometimes present, leading to abdominal pain and diarrhea, and sometimes mimicking Crohn's disease on radiological studies . These lesions may also be related to bacterial enteritis. It should be remembered that the symptoms of such infections may be atypical in patients with profound neutropenia, with local inflammation, the absence of pus and a necrotic tendency. One particular aspect is ecthyma gangrenosum (infectious perianal ulceration). Bacterial infections are most frequent, and generally involve Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis, streptococci, enterococci, pneumococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-negative bacilli. Most fungal infections involve Candida or Aspergillus species.
Monogenic congenital neutropenia: Review of the known genes (2010)
Sub group of neutropenia
Main hematological features
Normal function of the gene
Congenital Neutropenia without extra hematopoeitic manifestations
Severe and permanent
Intermittent/cyclic with variable bone marrow features
Antagonism with alpha 1 antitrypsin
Severe congenital neutropenia Somatic mutation of CSF3R
Unresponsive to GCSF
No genetic inheritence
transmembrane GCSF receptor/intracellular signalling
Congenital Neutropenia with innate or adaptive deficiency but no extrahematopoietic features
Severe congenital neutropenia
Permanent/severe or mild
Sometimes maturation arrest
Internal ear (in mouse model) Lymphopenia
Regulation of oncoprotein
No maturation arrest
Chemokine receptor (CXCL12)
Congenital neutropenia with extra hematopoietic manifestations
Central nervous system: mental retardation/seizures
Anti-apoptotic protein located in mitochondria and in the cytosol
Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond disease
Dysgranulopeosis mild dysmegacacyopoeisis
Exocrine Pancreas deficiency
Bone: metaphyseal dysplasia
Central nervous system: mental retardation Heart: cardiomyopathy
Ribosomal protein Regulation of RNA expression
Severe congenital neutropenia
Skin -prominent superficial venous network
Heart: atrial defect
Glucose 6 -phosphatase complex: Catalytic unit
Barth disease
No maturation arrest
Tafazzin: Phospholipid membrane homeostasis
Hermansky- Pudlak syndrome type 2
No maturation arrest
Cargo protein/ER traficking with ELANE interaction
Neutropenia with AP14 mutation
No maturation arrest
No maturation arrest
Minor dysgranulopoetic features
Glycogen storage type Ib
No maturation arrest
hypoglycemia, fasting hyperlactacidemia, and glycogen overload of the liver
Glucose 6 -phosphatase complex: Trans ER Transporter
No maturation arrest
psychomotor retardation, clumsiness, microcephaly, characteristic facial features, hypotonia and joint laxity, progressive retinochoroidal dystrophy, myopia
Sorting and transporting proteins in the ER
Diseases not usually assimilated to congenital neutropenia but including chronic neutropenia
IRAK 4 deficiency
Permanent mild but severe infection
No maturation arrest
Mediators of Toll-like receptor signal transduction
No maturation arrest
Axonal neuropathy type Charcot Marie Tooth
Eyes: congenital cataract
GTPases Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia
No maturation arrest
Dwarfism metaphyseal dysplasia
Lymphopenia aganglionic megacolon
Main features and genetic subtypes of congenital neutropenia
Hematological or associated features
Blood/bone marrow maturation
Extra cellular domain of CSF3R
No maturation arrest
Shwachman Diamond disease
Hermansky Pudlak type 2
External pancreatic insufficiency
Shwachman Diamond disease
Charcot Marie Tooth
Shwachman Diamond disease
Various cardiac abnormalities
Shwachman Diamond disease WHIM Neutropenia G6PC3
Skin xerosis eczema
Shwachman Diamond disease
Skin: prominent superficial veins
SCN with poiikiloderma Type cleruzio
Skin: Partial or complete albinism
Hermansky Pudlak type 2
Chediak Higashi disease
Hair: fine, sparse and light-colored
Cartilage Hair hypoplasia
Shwachman Diamond disease
Central nervous system
Shwachman Diamond disease
Axonal Charcot Marie Tooth disease
Fasting intolerance and glycogenosis
Glycogen storage disease type Ib
Inner ear defect
GFI 1/severe chronic neutropenia
Physiology of myeloid differentiation
Granulopoiesis is the physiological process by which circulating neutrophils are produced and regulated. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils or granulocytes (referred to below simply as 'neutrophils') are responsible, along with monocytic cells, for innate (naïve) immunity to bacteria and fungi, based on phagocytosis and the release of proteases, antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species . Neutrophils also play a role in inflammation and healing. This cellular system cannot be "educated", contrary to the lymphocytic system, and emerged early in phylogenesis, being identified in mollusks, for example, as early as 1891.
In vitro, antibacterial activity is tightly linked to the number of neutrophils, and is absent below a critical threshold .
The overall dynamics of the neutrophil system and tissular neutrophil distribution were investigated with radiolabeling methods in the 1960-1970s. These studies show that granulopoiesis takes between 7 and 13 days, and that neutrophils have a half-life, measured after 32P labeling, of about 5.4 to 6.7 hours in peripheral blood [40, 41]. Circulating neutrophils represent only 3% to 5% of all neutrophils cells, and their total number is about 35 × 107 per kilogram. It is important to stress the highly dynamic nature of this system. In basal conditions, about 6 × 107/neutrophils/kg are replaced every hour. Thus, circulating neutrophil analyses provide only a simple "snapshot" of the situation at a given moment. The soluble mediators (cytokines) that control this process started to be identified in the 1980s and late 1990s, along with their mechanisms of action and their interactions. These discoveries led to therapeutic development of G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor) , which has vastly improved the management of patients with malignancies and hematologic disorders, including congenital neutropenia.
Congenital neutropenia - classification and etiology
There is no simple consensus classification of congenital neutropenia. The genotype is the most important information for distinguishing one form of neutropenia from another, but it is not available during the initial work-up. The phenotype represents a continuum, with overlapping clinical manifestations: some important forms of organ involvement may not be present on initial examination. Table 1 shows associated disorders and likely diagnoses, while Table 2 lists the main diagnoses and affected organ systems.
Neutropenia with no extra-hematopoietic manifestations and with normal adaptive immunity
ELANE (ELA2): Permanent and cyclic neutropenia
ELANE (neutrophil Elastase) mutations are the most frequent known cause of congenital neutropenia and are observed in two subtypes: congenital or permanent severe neutropenia, and cyclic neutropenia. They are found in about 40% to 55% of patients with congenital neutropenia [43, 44].
Permanent neutropenia, usually called severe congenital neutropenia, is associated with deep-seated bacterial and fungal infections, stomatologic disorders, neutropenia usually below 0.2 G/l, monocytosis, hypereosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia, and sometimes with inflammatory anemia and maturation arrest of granulocytic cells at the promyelocyte stage (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #3). These patients require large doses of G-CSF, both for the management of active infections and as long-term therapy. There is a high risk of leukemic transformation in this setting. Severe congenital neutropenia is usually diagnosed before age 6 months.
Cyclic neutropenia is less severe. The diagnosis is generally raised during the second year of life, or later, and the main clinical manifestation is recurrent acute stomatologic disorders (especially aphthae). The bone marrow aspect is variable over time (especially the granulocytic cell maturation pyramid), and is sometimes strictly normal.
Cyclic neutropenia nevertheless carries a risk of serious infections: the cumulative risk of experiencing at least one serious (potentially life-threatening) infection by age 20 years is similar in patients with permanent and cyclic neutropenia, although the former patients tend to have earlier manifestations.
No recurrent extra-hematopoietic disorders have been described in ELANE neutropenia.
By comparison with other forms of congenital neutropenia, neutropenia due to ELANE mutations is associated with the most severe infectious complications .
As the same mutations can be responsible for both types , and taking into account serial blood cell counts in patients with apparently cyclic or permanent neutropenia, the two subtypes can be considered as part of a continuum of the same disease. In addition, a given family may include members with very severe permanent neutropenia or more cyclic forms.
ELANE mutations were identified in 1999 by linkage analysis and positional cloning in 13 families with a long history of cyclic neutropenia with autosomal dominant transmission . ELANE is a serine protease that cleaves elastin, among other proteins and its physiological inhibitor is α1-antitrypsin. ELANE is homologous to two other proteases produced by polymorphonuclear cells: proteinase 3 (the target of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies present in Wegener's disease) and azurocidin . These three proteins, whose genes lie next to one another in chromosome region 19p13.3, are jointly regulated. ELANE is selectively stored in neutrophil azurophil granules, starting at the promyelocyte stage, but may also be found at the cell surface or within the cytoplasm.
Soon after the discovery of their involvement in cyclic neutropenia, ELANE mutations (about 50 listed to date) were also identified in patients with severe congenital neutropenia .
Some mutations creating a premature stop codon and leading to the synthesis of a truncated protein (lacking the last exon) are observed only in severe permanent congenital neutropenia. The G185R mutation is responsible for very severe phenotypes [43, 46].
The effects of these mutations on the protein are poorly documented. Mice with no ELANE gene expression or carrying mutations associated with severe congenital neutropenia in humans are not neutropenic . Similarly, no correlation has been found between specific mutations and the protein's enzyme activity. In contrast, abnormal protein folding and cytoplasmic protein accumulation have been described [47–51]. Our understanding of the impact of ELANE mutations on intracellular protein trafficking, and particularly on granule packaging, has benefited from investigations of a genetic disease with very similar features and involving the gene coding for AP3 protein. This "cargo" protein is responsible for intraluminal trafficking of proteins from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes, including neutrophil granules. Mutations of the AP3 tetramer subunit in humans are responsible for the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2, associated with partial albinism, and for cyclic neutropenia in Grey Collie dogs, considered the best animal model of cyclic neutropenia. ELANE mutations inhibit AP3 protein binding, thereby hindering its packaging . This phenomenon contributes to endoplasmic reticulum stress through the unfolded protein response [48, 51]
Extracellular G-CSF receptor defects
No more than 5 cases have been reported to date. Here the clinical picture is very similar to that of severe congenital neutropenia due to ELANE mutations, but this disorder is entirely unresponsive to G-CSF, even at doses up to 100 μg/kg per day. No constitutional anomaly common to all cells has so far been identified and this entity can be considered as a somatic mutant.
Congenital neutropenia with extra-hematopoietic manifestations
Kostmann's syndrome and HAX1 mutations
The disorder, described by Rolf Kostmann in 1950 and 1956 [1, 2], remains a paradigm in the field of congenital neutropenia. The term Kostmann's syndrome is sometimes used, inappropriately, for neutropenia with ELANE mutations.
The exact frequency of this entity is not precisely known but appears to be far lower than ELANE neutropenia, except in some geographic areas such as Sweden and Kurdistan.
The main clinical features are severe neutropenia with monocytosis and reactive eosinophilia and strong susceptibility to bacterial infections (11 deaths occurred before age 1 year among the 14 patients initially described). The pedigree lived in an isolated geographic area (northern Sweden) and involved consanguineous families, pointing to monogenic autosomal recessive transmission. A later publication by Kostmann, in 1975 , focusing on the same pedigree, showed improved survival thanks to the use of antibiotics, but also the onset of neurological disorders in the second decade, with both mental retardation and seizures. This syndrome is better described in a more recent study of the same pedigree, in which 5 of the 6 patients had neurological disorders . Neurological involvement may depend on the mutation .
The molecular bases of this entity were discovered by classical genetic linkage analysis of three Kurdish families (two of which were consanguineous), followed by fine mapping of the region of interest on chromosome arm 1q, leading to the identification of HAX1 (HS1-associated protein X1) as the gene responsible for the disease. The mutations were different in the Kurdish families and the patients from the family described by R. Kostmann in 1956. HAX1 (35 kDa) is a ubiquitous mitochondrial protein with multiple partners. It has anti-apoptotic properties, due to mitochondrial membrane potential stabilization. These patients' neutrophils, and also their fibroblasts, are very sensitive to apoptotic stimuli, and this anomaly can be corrected in vitro by restoring a normal HAX1 protein level in CD34+ bone marrow myeloid progenitors, and in vivo through the anti-apoptotic function of G-CSF.
This is quite a frequent form of congenital neutropenia, representing one-quarter of all cases of congenital neutropenia recorded in the French Congenital Neutropenia Registry.
First described by Nezelof in 1961 and then by Shwachman and Diamond in 1964 , Shwachman-Diamond syndrome associates hematologic disorders with a malformative syndrome, the most consistent feature of which is external pancreatic insufficiency due to fatty involution, yielding a characteristic pancreatic aspect on magnetic resonance imaging , as well as chronic diarrhea with fat stools and low fecal elastase. Other features include cutaneous involvement (usually eczema, but sometimes icthyosis), bone involvement with metaphyseal dysplasia and narrow thorax , and psychomotor retardation . Neutropenia is usually intermittent and moderate, with a decline in chemotactism associated with mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, moderate anemia, and a rise in fetal hemoglobin. The hematologic disorders can be complicated by bone marrow aplasia or leukemic transformation, mainly consisting of acute myeloid leukemia (FAB type 5 or 6), or a myelodysplastic syndrome with cytologic abnormalities (usually clonal), frequently affecting chromosome 7 (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plates #4, #5, #6) [21, 60].
The predominant clinical manifestations are highly variable. Neonatal forms have been described, with respiratory distress, narrow thorax, pancytopenia [61, 62], and especially neurological involvement (mental retardation) , predominant gastrointestinal disorders (gluten intolerance), growth retardation in the second year of life, and predominant bone involvement suggestive of a constitutional bone disorder . Depending on the presenting manifestations, differential diagnoses include Cystic fibrosis, Pearson's syndrome (characterized by cytologic abnormalities and especially mitochondrial respiratory chain defects), Fanconi anemia (distinguished by the constitutional karyotype) and gluten intolerance.
The genetic defect underlying the Shwachman Diamond syndrome has now been identified . It involves the SDBS gene located on chromosome 7. This ubiquitously expressed gene encodes a ribosomal protein involved in the traduction process . Nearly 98% of patients with this syndrome have mutations of the SBDS gene. Despite marked clinical polymorphism, the mutations are limited in number (practically always double heterozygous mutations) and the p.Lys62X/p.Cys84fs mutation is present in two-thirds of patients.
Glucose-6-phosphatase complex disorders: glycogen storage disease type Ib and G6PC3
Genetic studies show that the two entities are closely related, despite very different clinical phenotypes. Both feature neutropenia. Glycogen is stored in the liver and, after glycogenolysis, can yield glucose-6-phosphate, which can be used directly for energy production (glycolysis) or be dephosphorylated (by glucose 6 phosphatase) to yield glucose, which can be transported throughout the body to meet cellular energy needs.
Glucose 6 phosphatase is a complex of three proteins bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Two of these three proteins are involved in congenital neutropenia: the translocase (SLC37A4), previously named G6PT1, transports glucose 6 phosphate between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, while G6PC3 is a catalytic protein.
The most remarkable feature of the association between these molecular abnormalities and neutropenia is the fact that the glycogenolysis pathway and, more generally, the glucose 6 phosphatase metabolic pathway, is not the usual energy source in neutrophils, which mainly use the pentose pathway.
Neutropenia associated with glycogen storage disease Ib
Glycogen storage disease type Ib is characterized by metabolic disorders common to all forms of glycogen storage disease type I (hepatic glycogen accumulation, intolerance of fasting, hypoglycemic events, and hyperlactacidemia), as well as susceptibility to infections , and colitis resembling Crohn's disease both clinically and radiologically .
This susceptibility to infections is due to neutropenia and, sometimes, to neutrophil dysfunction (mainly defective chemotactism). Bone marrow smears show hyperplasia of the granulocytic lineage, without maturation arrest (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #7). The origin of the neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction is not known. It is not related to nutritional status and is not corrected by liver transplantation . This, and the lack of any known role of the Gluco 6 Phosphate translocase (gene SLC37A4, previously named G6PT1), in neutrophil energy metabolism, raises the possibility that this protein has another function in neutrophils. Gene therapy in a mouse model has corrected both the metabolic and myeloid disorders .
Neutropenia associated with G6PC3 mutations
This entity associates severe permanent neutropenia with granulocyte maturation arrest, susceptibility to infections, and several other clinical manifestations, including thin skin with a highly visible veins, urogenital malformations, and cardiac disorders (especially arrhythmia due to defective atrioseptal conduction); some patients have a myopathic syndrome (despite a normal histologic and microscopic aspect of muscle) or perception deafness. Mutations of the G6PC3 gene are generally homozygous, but a double heterozygote has been described and corresponds to an animal model . Homozygous mutations have been shown to affect the endoplasmic reticulum .
A very rare form of congenital neutropenia, this autosomal recessive syndrome associates mental retardation with a dysmorphic syndrome that includes microcephaly, facial abnormalities (moon face), myopia, pigmentary retinitis, trunk obesity, and ligament hyperlaxity . Neutropenia is present in over 90% of cases and is responsible for chronic infections with gingivostomatitis. The marrow is rich, with no maturation arrest . Cohen's syndrome has been linked to mutations of the VPS13B gene, located on chromosome 8 and coding for an endoplasmic reticulum protein .
Neutropenia associated with poikilodermia, Clericuzio type
The poikilodermia includes skin atrophy and a papular erythematous rash. Several subtypes of this genodermatosis have been described.
The Clericuzio type was first described in Navajo Indians. Onset occurs in the first year of life. The rash gradually propagates centripetally from the limbs and comprises a papular rash, followed by plaques of hypo- and hyperpigmentation and telangiectasies. The nails are affected too (pachyonychia), but no hair loss or leukoplasia is observed. Recurrent infections occur, and especially pneumonia.
The neutropenia is often severe. Granulocyte maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage is rarely observed, but dysgranulopoiesis with late arrest is often seen . An Italian linkage study revealed composite mutations of the C16ORF57 gene, whose function is unknown.
This X-linked syndrome combines dilated cardiomyopathy with endomyocardial fibrosis (sometimes leading to early death), myopathy and moderate or profound neutropenia, sometimes responsible for severe infections. There is also an acidopathy involving several organic acids, including 3-methylglutaconic acid. This condition is due to mutations in the G4-5 gene, which encodes tafazzin, a protein involved in phospholipid membrane homeostasis .
Neutropenia and albinism: AP14 deficiency
Several children of a consanguineous Mennomite family presented with partial albinism, severe neutropenia and susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. Bone marrow studies showed no maturation arrest and there were no shared morphological features with Griscelli or Chediak Higashi disease. This syndrome, which has so far been detected in only one family, is due to deficiency of a protein (AP14) involved in intracellular endosome trafficking .
Neutropenia and albinism: Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2
Hermansky Pudlak syndrome was first described in 1959, in patients with partial albinism, hemorrhagic complications and platelet granulations. In 1994, a similar syndrome associated with neutropenia was described . This entity, known as Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2, is due to mutations in the AP3 cargo protein . It is the canine equivalent of Grey Collie cyclic neutropenia . To understand the packaging function of AP3, it was first necessary to elucidate the effects of neutrophil elastase mutations, as the two proteins interact during granule packaging [49, 82].
Miscellaneous malformative syndromes
Several distinct phenotypic entities combine neutropenia and a variety of other conditions, including trichothiodystrophy , cuti laxa, uropathy, cardiopathy , and Klippel Trenaumay syndrome . No noteworthy genetic mutations have been found in these isolated cases.
Chronic neutropenia with defective naive/adaptive immunity, considered as congenital neutropenia
Multiple interactions take place between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Toll receptors are shared by the two systems, while some proteins expressed by the phagocyte lineage are involved in the lymphocyte lineage . Some metabolic pathways and multiple effectors (e.g. interleukins) are also shared. This explains why many "lymphocyte disorders" can also be associated with neutropenia. Indeed, these associations are so frequent that both adaptive immunity and other functions of the innate immune system must be investigated when chronic neutropenia is diagnosed. These morbid associations, often attributed to viral infections or autoimmunity, also involve common pathophysiologic mechanisms, as shown by studies of some extremely rare disorders like Bruton's disease .
Neutropenia associated with GFI1 mutations
This is an extremely rare cause of congenital neutropenia, so far described in only four patients [44, 88]. The clinical phenotype does not seem to be very homogeneous, as one patient was diagnosed with severe neutropenia at 4 months of age, together with marked monocytosis, while the father, who had the same mutation, had moderate, asymptomatic neutropenia, and the second patient, diagnosed at age 56 years with idiopathic neutropenia, had no clear susceptibility to infections. These patients all have moderate lymphopenia (CD3 cells between 1 and 1.4 G/l) with normal memory cells and humoral immunity.
GFI1, a nuclear protein, is a transcriptional repressive factor involved in T lymphomatogenesis and in the development of T cell progenitors. Its involvement in granulopoiesis and in macrophage activity has been demonstrated in knock-out mice, which also exhibit an inner-ear defect. Heterozygous GFI1 mutations, which are dominant mutations, lead to an increase in ELANE expression, in the same way as ELANE mutations.
Permanent congenital neutropenia due to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene mutation
This is also a very rare entity observed to date in 5 families. Its hematologic and infectious features resemble those of ELANE neutropenia, but with no monocytosis despite profound neutropenia [89–93]. Some cases are only diagnosed in adulthood, implying that some patients have limited infectious complications. This is an X-linked disorder. A genetic linkage study of a pedigree with suspected sex-linked genetic transmission revealed mutations in the WAS gene (encoding Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) in a family with severe congenital neutropenia , and more recently in four other families [44, 89–91, 94].
These patients' phenotype is completely distinct from that of patients with the classical form of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, which comprises eczema, thrombocytopenia with small platelets, and immune deficiency.
This phenotypic difference, despite the shared involvement of the WAS gene, is due to functional differences in the respective mutations (WAS protein activation in congenital neutropenia and defective WAS protein activity in the classical syndrome).
As WAS protein is involved in intracytoplasmic actin polymerization, mutations observed in patients with neutropenia lead to an increase in actin polymerization, accompanied by an increase in the podosome level and in apoptosis.
Neutropenia associated with IRAK 4 mutations
A deficiency in interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 leads to a functional defect of innate immunity . It includes marked susceptibility to pyogenic infections (especially staphylococci and pneumococci), but no other extra-hematologic or infectious manifestations. These patients have only moderate neutropenia, which tends to normalize during infections. However, functional tests, and especially the monocyte response to various stimuli, such as LPS, show defective neutrophil and monocyte mobilization , whereas standard immunological findings can be normal.
NK cell deficiency and neutropenia
NK cell deficiency and dysfunction have been described in four patients with chronic neutropenia and maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage in the only relevant study. These findings were made before the main molecular abnormalities were identified . It is impossible to know whether this feature is common to several forms of congenital neutropenia or whether it represents an original entity.
Wart hypogammaglobulinemia immunodeficiency myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome
This form of constitutional neutropenia is characterized by morphological abnormalities of the rare circulating neutrophils, which are hypersegmented and contain cytoplasmic vacuoles; bone marrow cells show similar anomalies (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #8). This unusual morphological aspect (kathexia meaning neutrophil retention in the bone marrow) justified the use of the initial term . Later, immunological abnormalities were also reported, including lymphopenia and moderate hypogammaglobulinemia . Severe papillomavirus warts are almost always present, leading to the adoption of the term "wart hypogammaglobulinemia immunodeficiency myelokathexis". Subsequent identification of the role of a chemokine receptor gene (CXCR4) led to a better understanding of this disease and showed that this syndrome corresponds to the same entity, although warts may not initially be present. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor known for its role as an HIV coreceptor . This receptor and its ligand SDF1 (CXCL12) are involved in organogenesis, B lymphocyte ontogenesis, and myelopoiesis, and are required for CD34+ cell migration from bone marrow. Mutations of the CXCR4 chemokine are dominant mutations, leading to receptor hyperactivity and defective mobilization of bone marrow neutrophils (myelokathexis) and lymphocytes.
Neutropenia associated with miscellaneous constitutional disorders NOT considered as congenital neutropenia
Neutropenia is not a major clinical or biological feature of these disorders. They are not usually considered to be forms of congenital neutropenia, because the neutropenia is transient (for example in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia), or tends to occur late, or is only moderate and does not require any particular management (for example Charcot and Tooth disease with dynamin 2 mutation).
Chronic neutropenia, with defective innate/adaptive immunity NOT considered as congenital neutropenia
Humoral immune deficiencies
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (~30% of cases), CD40 ligand deficiency (immune deficiency with IgM hypergammaglobulinemia, 50% of cases), variable hypogammaglobulinemia and unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia can be accompanied by neuropenia [86, 97, 102–105]. The neutropenia is usually detected before immunoglobulin replacement therapy and responds to immunoglobulin therapy . In Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, due to BTK gene mutations, the neutropenia can be very profound at onset, with maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage. Humoral immunity should be thoroughly investigated in patients with neutropenia.
Severe combined immune deficiency and immune deficiency syndromes
Severe combined immune deficiencies (like those associated with IL-2 receptor gamma mutation) can also include neutropenia. The lymphocyte deficit, mainly affecting T cells , frequently includes neutropenia, which can be severe. Other immune deficiencies that are not as severe at onset, such as defective HLA class II expression and ataxia-telangiectasia, can also include neutropenia. In Wiskott-Aldrich disease, neutropenia usually accompanies the frequent autoimmune disorders , through a mechanism different from that underlying X-linked neutropenia and activating WASP mutations.
Reticular dysgenesis and AK2 gene mutation
Reticular dysgenesis is an autosomal recessive form of the severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (SCID) affecting hematopoietic lineages of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. At birth, this condition is characterized by a total absence of neutrophils, T cells and NK cells, sometimes associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia and low B cell counts, while monocyte counts remain normal. This disorder also affects the inner ear, leading to profound perception deafness. Recently, the gene responsible for this form of SCID was identified by two independent teams [109, 110]. It codes for adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), a ubiquitous enzyme involved in energy metabolism and whose known function is reverse transphosphorylation of AMP and ATP into ADP.
This is a complex malformative syndrome due to interstitial deletion of chromosome 22 at the q11 locus. Few children present all the characteristic features of this syndrome simultaneously. ENT disorders comprise velar insufficiency, facial malformation (especially of the lower face), sometimes accompanied by marked retrognatism. Other disorders include parathyroid deficiency with hypocalcemia, cardiac abnormalities (especially tetralogy of Fallot) and immunologic abnormalities, including, in the most severe cases, Di George syndrome with thymic agenesis, and T lymphocyte deficiency. Platelet disorders have been described [111, 112] and also neutropenia, sometimes of an autoimmune nature .
Neutropenia is found in several cellular exocytosis disorders , leading to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) but also sometimes inaugural neutropenia, as in AP14 mutation disorders and Hermansky Pudllak disease type 2. Most genetic defects associated with these disorders have now been identified, and we will only recall the main phenotypes, of which the principal extra-hematopoeitic manifestation is complete or partial albinism [115–117].
Chediak Higashi syndrome (CHS)
CHS is characterized by partial oculo-cutaneous albinism, abnormal melanosome hair repartition, giant granules in all neutrophils and in bone marrow granulocytic precursors (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #9), bright red inclusions in some lymphocytes, defective bactericidal activity, and NK dysfunction. Neutropenia due to bone marrow destruction occurs early in this disorder, prior to HLH.
Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS2)
The clinical manifestations of this disorder share many features of Chediak-Higashi syndrome, especially albinism and immune deficiency, and sometimes HLH in GS2, and not in GS1 and GS3 (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #10). It differs by the absence of giant granulations in blood cells, and the microscopic aspect of the hair. Neutropenia can be present, either in isolation or during the course of a macrophage activation syndrome.
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH)
These inherited immune dysregulation syndromes are related to mutations in perforin, Munc13.4, Munc18.2 or Syntaxin11 encoding genes and are defined by early onset of severe HLH. Neutropenia is one of the diagnostic criteria of HLH, though not a major feature. Morphological anomalies are rare.
Other syndromes associated with neutropenia
Several years after onset, neutropenia can occur in patients with Blackfan-Diamond anemia.
Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita
Neutropenia is an integral feature of these constitutional forms of bone marrow aplasia, which are associated with complex malformations. Anemia and thrombocytopenia, but rarely neutropenia, are present at diagnosis.
Constitutional monosomy 7
Neutropenia is a secondary feature of several aminoacidopathies, including hyperglycinemia, and isovaleric, propionic and methylmalonic acidemia . Chronic fluctuating neutropenia is a feature of dibasic protein intolerance (also called lysinuric protein intolerance) and there is a typical cytologic aspect (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #11). Other features of the macrophage activation syndrome are also present .
Pearson's syndrome associates external pancreatic insufficiency with pancytopenia. Neutropenia can be present, together with anemia and thrombocytopenia. This syndrome is due to a mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder and to mitochondrial DNA deletion . The neutropenia is usually less severe than the anemia. The diagnosis is raised by sideroblastic anemia, with evocative cytologic abnormalities (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #11) and unexplained acidosis.
This syndrome combines dwarfism, metaphysal chondrodysplasia, sparse hair, and sometimes an immune deficiency, with lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and neutropenia . This autosomal recessive disease, mainly affecting the Amish (USA) and Finnish populations, is due to mutations of the RMRP gene, coding for a ribonuclease .
Chronic neutropenia, recurrent fever, Behçet's disease and amyloidosis
Recurrent fevers are a set of disorders comprising recurrent fever, various inflammatory manifestations (serous and articular) and sometimes recurrent aphthosis.
Amyloidosis is a common complication of these disorders, and especially of familial mediterranean fever (FMF) . Hyperleukocytososis is usually present , but an authentic case of FMF with neutropenia has been described .
Congenital neutropenia is often associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and a chronic inflammatory syndrome, but secondary amylosis (AA type) is very rare [129–131]. The particularities of these patients suggest that this is an independent entity.
Behçet's disease is distinct from recurrent fever, but the two disorders share the same geographic predominance (Mediterranean basin) and certain traits such as recurrent aphthae, as in neutropenic disorders. Polynucleosis is common, but cases with associated neutropenia have been reported .
Finnish nephrotic syndrome
The "Finnish" nephrotic syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder defined by structural modification of nephrin, leading to massive renal protein leakage. An extremely severe nephrotic syndrome (albuminemia < 10 g/l) and massive proteinuria are present from birth.
Neutropenia can also occur in this setting [133, 134]. It is due to leakage of proteins, and especially ceruloplasmin (the protein responsible for copper transport), leading to very low circulating copper levels.
As shown in an animal model , copper deficiency can lead to severe neutropenia, with maturation arrest of granulopoeisis at the promyelocyte stage, as in typical congenital neutropenia. Copper administration suffices to correct the deficiency and to restore a normal neutrophil count .
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and dynamin 2 mutations
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease comprises a variety of neurological disorders with hereditary sensory-motor neuropathy. Life expectancy is unaffected and there is no mental retardation.
Schematically, CMT is due to damage to the peripheral nerves connecting the spinal cord to the muscles, affecting nerve conduction. This leads to gait disorders, cramps and frequent foot deformation. CMT can occur during childhood but sometimes also in adulthood. In general, CMT deteriorates slowly, but it can also progress by exacerbations. There are several types, currently classified according to the affected part of the nerve (myelin or axon) and the mode of transmission (dominant or recessive). Type II is characterized by axonal involvement. In this form, with dominant transmission related to the mutation in the dynamin 2 gene, neurological signs are sometimes discreet and are accompanied by congenital cataract and fluctuating neutropenia; the neutropenia is usually mildly symptomatic but it may be severe and is sometimes the initial manifestation [137, 138].
Diagnosis of congenital neutropenia
Neutropenia is a relatively frequent finding, while congenital neutropenia is quite rare. Neutropenia is often well tolerated and normalizes rapidly, in which case specialized investigations are not necessary. Neutropenia is sometimes a secondary finding in a patient with far more significant disorders, who may thus be at risk of infectious complications. More rarely, neutropenia persists and/or emerges as the sole cause of a child's symptoms, in which case thorough investigations are necessary.
The interview and physical examination may reveal a particular etiology, such as a viral infection or malignant hemopathy, an iatrogenic cause, or an immune deficiency, warranting further specific investigations.
In non urgent settings, the permanent, intermittent or regressive nature of the neutropenia should be established during an observation period of a few weeks, in which the number of infections and any changes in buccal disorders (ulceration, gingivitis, etc.) should be noted, as they can help guide patient management.
Bone marrow examination is often necessary to rule out malignant hemopathies, determine cellularity, assess myeloid maturation, and detect signs of a precise etiology. Figure 1 shows a) the normal pyramid of granulocyte precursor maturation and b) early arrest at the promyelocytic stage (in a patient with ELANE mutation). Maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage is often associated with bone marrow hypereosinophilia and monocytosis. Morphologically, few aspects are truly typical of a particular etiology. Specific hemophagocytosis of neutrophils is a sign of autoimmune neutropenia in young children (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #13)[139–141], while cytoplasmic granulations are suggestive of Chediak Higashi disease (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #9), hemophagocytosis points to dibasic protein intolerance(Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #11) and myelokathexis, defined by an increase in the granulocyte pool with hypermature and dystrophic features (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #8) point to WHIM syndrome. Finally, precursor vacuolization is a sign of Pearson's syndrome (Additional file 1, Figure S1 Plate #12). The marrow smear may reveal non specific dysgranulopoeisis or be totally normal, but this does not rule out a diagnosis of congenital neutropenia. Cytogenetic bone marrow studies are now crucial when investigating isolated neutropenia that is suspected of being congenital.
Several other investigations are of interest, especially antineutrophil antibody assay, immunoglobulin assay (Ig GAM), lymphocyte immunophenotyping, pancreatic markers (serum trypsinogen and fecal elastase) and liposoluble vitamin levels (vitamins A, E and D).
The glucagon challenge test and studies of neutrophil demargination are rarely used now, as they are complex and provide little information of practical use.
Acquired neutropenia - main causes and method of the diagnosis
How to made the diagnosis
Causes in detail (not exhaustive...)
Drug related neutropenia
Cytostatic drugs - almost all except asparaginase
Anti-infectives penicillins cephalopsorins sulfamids zidovudine acyclovir lévamisole pyrimethamine tranquilisants chlorpromazine phenothiazines anti seizure phenytoin arbamazepine antithyroid drugs propylthiouracil Cardio vascular drug procainamide quinidine
Anti rheumatic drugs Gold salts Non steroid ant inflammatory drug colchicine aminopyrine D penicillamine
Benzene Ionizing radiation
Germ isolation or serology or any other probes
Typhoid Brucellae gram negative septicemia
HIV EBV CMV Parvovirus varicela/Zoster A
B C hepatitis,. almost all virus
Acquired malignant or benign hemopathy
Bone marrow smear
Bone marrow trephine
Bone marrow cytogenetic
Bone marrow metastases
Aplastic idiopathic anemia
Macrophage activation syndrome/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Auto Antibodies/Bone marrow smear - almost normal but sometimes Neutrophil Hemophagocytosis
Primitive or secondary to rhumatoid disease like in Felty syndrome
Large granular lymphocytosis
Blood cytology (> 0.4 G/l LGL) Immunophenotype Lymphoid clonality
Large Lymphocyte Hyperlymphocytosis
Body mass index
Vitamin and oligo element dosage
Anorexia nervosia, Marasmus, Copper insufisiency..
No others cause
Differential diagnosis and some frequent causes of chronic neutropenia
This form of neutropenia is present from birth and can be considered congenital.
It may be suspected following a maternofetal infection or a routine blood cell count. Initially severe (<0.1 G/l), it usually normalizes after 3-6 months. Available bone marrow studies show no maturation arrest. Neonatal allo-immune neutropenia is due to fetomaternal incompatibility for a paternally derived neutrophil antigen. By crossing the placental, these fetal neutrophils can elicit IgG antibodies in the mother, which then enter the fetal circulation. Based on fine characterization of neutrophil antigens, a new nomenclature (HNA, Human Neutrophil Antigens) has been proposed, with 5 systems. The first system, HNA1, codes for RFcγIIIb (CD16), a low-affinity IgG receptor, is polymorphous and includes three antigens: HNA1a, 1b and 1c. The genetic CD16 deficit on neutrophils and in its soluble form can lead to iso-immunization of the mother and neutropenia in the newborn. The second system, HNA-2, includes only one serologically defined antigen, HNA-2A, present on neutrophil subpopulations. The alloantibodies most frequently responsible for neonatal neutropenia are directed against the antigens of the HNA-1 system and, to a lesser extent, HNA-2. In rare cases, neonatal immune neutropenia can be due to a maternal IgG autoantibody. Diagnosis is based on the identification of a maternal antibody reacting selectively with neutrophils belonging to the panel expressing the antigen and\or with paternal neutrophils.
Autoimmune primitive neutropenia
This is the most frequent cause of chronic neutropenia in children, and is better known under the term "benign chronic neutropenia" [142–144]. This form of isolated neutropenia is usually discovered after a moderately severe infectious episode in a small child (median age 8 months). Monocytosis, eosinophilia and/or moderate splenomegaly can be found. This neutropenia is permanent, at least for several months, ordinarily very profound, but it is usually well tolerated. The marrow smear shows hyperplasia of the granulocyte lineage, sometimes with late arrest. Macrophagia of intramedullary polymorphonuclear cells is a diagnostic sign [139–141]. The detection of anti-polymorphonuclear cell antibodies necessitates repeated examinations (only about 75% of cases are positive on the first examination). Several techniques can be used (detection of circulating antibodies or antibodies adherent to polymorphonuclear cells). The autoimmune process targets the same membrane glycoproteins on polymorphonuclear cells as those involved in autoimmune neutropenia. The most frequently involved is the receptor for the gammaglobulin invariable fragment (FcRgIIIb) or CD16, that is encoded by two co-dominant alleles (HNA-1A and HNA-1B, formerly NA 1 and NA 2). The infectious consequences are limited, probably because bone marrow reserves are unaffected by the autoimmune process. The neutropenia resolves spontaneously after 12 to 24 months (36 months in a few cases). It is rarely associated with another autoimmune disease or with an immune deficiency. It can be secondary to a viral infection. The adult form differs from the childhood form by its greater severity. Cytologic studies sometimes show early maturation arrest of the granulocyte lineage. In particular, the frontiers between autoimmune neutropenia, idiopathic neutropenia, and neutropenia associated with proliferation of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) are still rather vague in adults [145–147].
Secondary autoimmune neutropenia
This form is rare in children, contrary to adults. The causes are numerous, but immune deficiencies are at the forefront. Neutropenia is generally a secondary feature, as for example in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis (especially Felty syndrome) [146, 147]. Finally, autoimmune neutropenia associated with autoimmune involvement of another blood lineage corresponds to the definition of Evans syndrome .
This diagnosis is generally made in adulthood . Etiologic investigations are negative. The presence of anti-polymorphonuclear cell autoantibodies must be eliminated by repeated testing at intervals of several weeks, along with rare causes such as the association with a thymoma . It seems that some of these neutropenias are associated restriction of T lymphocyte clonality, thus resembling hyperlymphocytosis with large granular lymphocytes . Several pediatric cases of large granular lymphocytes associated neutropenia have been described, including a familial form .
Ethnic neutropenia is the most frequent form of chronic neutropenia. It is generally isolated and moderate, and has no direct health repercussions. The mode of genetic transmission is not yet known and may be multifactorial. First described in 1941 , it appears to be particularly frequent in black-skinned individuals. Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of neutropenia (<1.5 G/l) is about 4.5% in black people and 0.8% in Causasians . Few data are available on other populations, but a high frequency has been noted in the Arabian peninsula , and the frequent mild neutropenia reported in Crete likely corresponds to the same entity .
Ethnic neutropenia is not associated with increased susceptibility to infections, and no symptoms have ever been reported.
Four simple but poorly specific features are classically present: moderate neutropenia (0.5 to 1.5 G/l), no infections attributable to neutropenia, no identifiable cause, and African ethnicity.
The few available studies of ethnic neutropenia have yielded strictly normal findings. In particular, the bone marrow is qualitatively and quantitatively normal. No difference in neutrophil mobilization after brief or more strenuous exercise (such as marathon running) has been observed, and this form of neutropenia does not appear to be due to excessive neutrophil margination . A particular polymorphism of the Duffy antigen receptor for cytokines (DARC) is associated with ethnic neutropenia in black people.
Monogenic congenital neutropenias are severe diseases with a sometimes major impact on the patient's daily life; antenatal diagnosis is therefore warranted, taking into account the mode of transmission .
Antenatal diagnosis has already been performed for the following disorders: severe congenital neutropenia with pathogenic ELANE mutations, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, WHIM syndrome and glycogen storage disease type Ib and may be offered for many other entities, such as HAX1 and G6PC3.
Antenatal diagnosis must be preceded by a familial survey. Neutropenia due to mutation of the ELANE gene, which shows autosomal dominant transmission, can exist in the mosaic state in one of the parents, with a unusually high frequency compared with other genetic abnormalities .
The decision to implement antenatal diagnosis and, possibly, pregnancy termination, must be taken within a precise ethical framework, after providing the family with thorough information and obtaining medical expert opinion in each individual case.
Treatment and Patient Management
Until the 1960s, children with severe congenital neutropenia had a grim prognosis [2, 30]. Survival started to improve markedly in the 1970s, thanks to progress in curative parenteral antimicrobial chemotherapy and to more general use of antibiotic prophylaxis. However, quality of life remained mediocre because of recurrent infections and permanent stomatitis.
With the exception of bone marrow transplantation, no other treatment (steroids, levamisole, lithium, etc.) was able to correct the neutropenia. Hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) started to be used in 1988 , and immediately proved capable of correcting both the neutropenia and susceptibility to infections. The arrival of these drugs also kindled interest in these disorders, leading to the creation of registries in several western countries.
Management of acute infectious episodes
It is important to assess the potential gravity of each infectious episode by means of a thorough physical examination. Precious information on the risk associated with bacterial infections can be gleaned from experience in cancer chemotherapy, which shows the importance of body temperature (>39°C) and the decline in the monocyte count (<0.1 G/l) as gravity factors [162, 163].
In moderate neutropenia complicated by superficial or ENT infections, oral antibiotic therapy is adequate, with close ambulatory monitoring, if inflammatory markers are absent (e.g. CRP < 15 mg/L).
In contrast, patients with severe neutropenia and sepsis require immediate hospitalization . After bacteriological examinations (blood culture, urinalysis, local samples, etc.) and chest radiography, parenteral antibiotic therapy should be started rapidly, with a combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and an aminoside by IV route. The place of glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) in first-line therapy is controversial. In fever persists beyond 48 hours, antifungal treatment should be added.
If the child's condition is worrisome from the outset, G-CSF administration should be started, either at a dose to which the patient is known to respond, or at the standard dose of 5 μg/kg/d. The dose should be increased if no improvement is observed. This is justified even when the precise etiology of the neutropenia is not known. There is no reason to suspect that temporary G-CSF administration would hinder subsequent investigations.
The utility of leukocyte concentrates should be underlined, even if their use is now generally limited to cellulitis and documented bacterial or fungal infections showing no clinical response to appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Prevention of infections
It is crucial to prevent recurrent infections. The use of antimicrobial prophylaxis depends on the individual risk, history, and severity of neutropenia.
The principal measure is antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. The ideal antimicrobial chemotherapy regimen will be effective against the pathogens most frequently encountered in this setting, well tolerated, and not select resistant strains. On this basis the best antibiotic is the oral sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim combination (Bactrim®), at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg per day. Its value in constitutional neutropenia has not been studied, but it is reasonable to extrapolate data from patients with leukemia and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) . The use of this drug in chronic neutropenia sometimes appears paradoxical, because it can occasionally cause neutropenia . However, the risk-benefit ratio remains favorable. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim only partially prevents these patients' gingivostomatitis, and concurrent therapy with an agent active on the oral saprophytic flora, and especially anaerobes (metronidazole), is therefore warranted.
Use of cytokines in constitutional neutropenia
The second possibility is to correct the neutropenia by using hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) produced by genetic engineering.
In practice, only G-CSF is used in this indication . Indeed, GM-CSF has several disadvantages, with lesser efficacy in these indications and poorer immediate tolerability ('flu-like syndrome, marked eosinophilia) [168–170]. G-CSF is currently available in two forms: filgrastim (Neupogen, in vials containing 480 μg or 330 μg) and lenograstim (Granocyte, in vials containing 340 μg or 130 μg). These two molecules are nearly identical, lenograstim being the glycosylated form of G-CSF. Their biological effects are also practically the same, but one study suggests that filgrastim yields a slightly larger increase in the neutrophil count compared with the same dose of lenograstim . It is important to underline that the pegylated form of G-CSF (PegFilgrastim Neulasta®) is not registered for patients with congenital neutropenia. Pegfilgrastim -- a combination of filgrastim and polyethylene glycol -- has a half-life of 15 to 80 hours, reducing the required number of injections . However, pending specific pharmacokinetic data in congenital neutropenia, its use carries a risk of overdose and potentially severe adverse effects , or, on the contrary, a lack of efficacy .
In severe congenital neutropenia, the time and the dose required to increase the neutrophil count cannot be predicted. In other indications the schedule is generally simpler. Long-term treatment takes place in two phases : an induction phase and a maintenance phase. The aim of the induction phase is to characterize the individual response to G-CSF. The response is evaluated in terms of the increase in the neutrophil count (> 1.5 G/l) and the clinical improvement, after 10 to 15 days. Serial blood cell counts are useful for following changes in the neutrophil count during this period.
The recommended initial daily dose is 5 μg/kg subcutaneously, with no particular constraints regarding the timing of injections during the day. If no response is seen after 15 days, the daily dose is increased in steps of 5 μg/kg. On the contrary, if the response is rapid or even excessive (PN > 5 G/l), the dose should be halved. Short-term tolerability is also assessed during the induction phase, including dose-dependent adverse effects that will have to be taken into account during long-term treatment. Once the minimal daily dose has been determined, the maintenance phase can begin, which aims to determine the minimal dose and rhythm of injection to sustain a clinical response. In the maintenance phase it is of course possible to modulate the dose and sometimes to attempt a dose reduction or a longer dosing interval. But it may be necessary to increase the daily dose, especially for a growing child. Unnecessary blood counts should be avoided during this period: unless clinical problems arise, a monitoring interval of 4 to 6 months is acceptable.
Severe congenital neutropenia
Between 1988 and 2010, the international and French registries collated data on G-CSF therapy in no more than 500 patients with severe congenital neutropenia [6, 21]. Long-term follow-up confirms the results of short phase I/II trials in small groups of patients [175, 176]. The efficacy of G-CSF is based first on the neutrophil count. It is now clear that the response does not wane with time. However, the most important criterion for efficacy is the reduction in infectious complications, including stomatologic status, although there are no well-established criteria for this endpoint. During G-CSF development only one randomized study, involving 36 patients, focused on infections . In this study, some patients received G-CSF routinely and others only after a 4-month observation period. This study demonstrated a benefit in terms of both infections and quality of life. No long-term randomized trials have been published. The dose required to obtain a response varies widely from one patient to another. Almost two-thirds of patients respond to a daily dose of between 2 and 10 μg/kg, while nearly 20% respond to 10-20 μg/kg. A small number of patients require even higher doses of up to 100 μg/kg. Only 13 cases of complete G-CSF treatment failure have been reported [6, 21]
The neutrophil count increment is dose-dependent beyond a minimum threshold, but it fluctuates over time on a stable dose, with no identifiable pattern.
There are no clinical or biological features predictive of the dose to which a given patient will respond.
G-CSF is always effective in this setting, avoiding the neutrophil nadir. In contrast, it does not abolish the cyclic nature of granulopoeisis, and the oscillations tend to be more unstable, with peak counts sometimes exceed 30 G/l. Despite several attempts, no cyclic schedule of G-CSF administration, such as once every third week, has proven effective. In contrast, the dose required to correct the nadir is generally below 5 μg/kg/d and the injections can be given intermittently, for example once every three days.
Tolerability of G-CSF
Short-term adverse effects
G-CSF has been used briefly (<15 days), at a dose of 1 to 5 μg/kg/d, in more than a million cancer patients (children and adults) receiving chemotherapy. Tolerability during such short-term use is good or excellent. Both intravenous and subcutaneous injections provoke only occasional immediate (<1 per 100) and local reactions. 'Flu-like reactions, as observed with other cytokines, are also infrequent.
Bone pain is more frequent, affecting 2 to 5% of subjects. It rapidly subsides on treatment cessation (within less than 24 hours) and generally does not recur when a lower dose is adopted.
Few situations necessitate long-term G-CSF therapy. In addition to chronic neutropenia, G-CSF is sometimes administered in the long term for aplastic anemia. Published reports of long-term G-CSF safety concern fewer than 1500 patients, with variable levels of drug exposure [6, 21, 177]. Although the action of G-CSF is, in principle, limited to the granulocyte lineage, various hematologic abnormalities can be present or occur transiently during treatment. Monocytosis beyond 1.5 G/l is frequent. Eosinophilia, frequent at diagnosis, can be amplified by G-CSF. Lymphocytosis is unaffected, as is the hemoglobin level in most patients. However, reticulocytosis occasionally increases, along with the hemoglobin level, especially if inflammatory anemia is present at the outset of treatment. Thrombocytopenia seems to be the most common hematologic adverse effect. However, it is generally moderate and regresses when the G-CSF dose is reduced. Thrombocytopenia can also be due to hypersplenism . The spleen almost always enlarges (on imaging studies) at the outset of treatment. Clinical confirmation of this splenomegaly is rarely obtained, except in glycogen storage disease Ib, in which this complication is very frequent. Spleen rupture necessitating splenectomy can occasionally occur . The uricemia rises during long-term treatment but this has no clinical consequences. Exacerbation of long-standing gout has been observed during short-course therapy . The first cases of leukocytoclasic vascularitis, corresponding to Sweet's syndrome, were observed after short-term treatment (<1 month). The G-CSF-induced increase in neutrophil adhesion molecule expression seems to be responsible. These cutaneous manifestations always regress after a dose reduction or treatment cessation. Two cases of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis have been reported during long-term treatment, both resolving after a dose reduction or treatment cessation. Osteoporosis occurs in nearly one-quarter of patients with severe congenital neutropenia who receive chronic G-CSF therapy . Two cases of pathological fracture have been reported. But, severe congenital neutropenia itself seems to be associated with osteopenia, which is often present before treatment begins. Somatic development is unaffected by G-CSF and so is puberty.
Multidisciplinary management of multisystem disorders
Glycogen storage disease Ib
Glycogen storage disease Ib patients must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including experienced specialists in pediatric nutrition and hematology. The carbohydrate balance is very fragile in these patients, who must be fed day and night. Severe carbohydrate instability may necessitate liver transplantation . Low doses of G-CSF (< 5 μg/kg/d) are usually necessary both to correct the neutropenia and to obtain a clinical improvement [21, 181]. The response is obtained within 48 hours, which is compatible with neutrophil release from the bone marrow compartment and with the absence of maturation arrest in these patients. Tolerability is generally good, although G-CSF-induced thrombocytopenia and splenomegalia are relatively frequent.
These patients too must be managed by a multidisciplinary team. Their external pancreatic insufficiency leads to nutritional deficiency, which may be severe or simply consist of liposoluble vitamin deficiencies, requiring supplementation. Attention must be paid to the accompanying bone disorders, and counseling is needed because of these patients' frequently abnormal mental development. The use of G-CSF is far less frequent in patients with permanent ELANE neutropenia.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
HSCT can permanently correct the neutropenia in these patients, and is the only option for patients who continue to experience severe infections despite G-CSF therapy.
Patients with malignant transformation (with the exception of frank leukemia) should not receive chemotherapy before the bone marrow graft.
In patients with neutropenia dependent on chronically high doses of G-CSF (at least 20 μg/kg per injection at least three months a year), given the high risk of leukemic transformation, bone marrow grafting should be considered on a case by case basis, taking into account the possibility of finding a related donor.
Standard HSCT procedures can be used, with myeloablative conditioning. Even in patients with malignant transformation survival now exceeds 70%, with the exception of patients with Schwachman's syndrome.
The second disease in which HSCT may be indicated is Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Schematically, there are two distinct indications for HSCT in this setting: pancytopenia with no detectable malignant clone, and myelodysplasia/leukemic transformation . The results are very different in the two indications but tend to be good (favorable outcome in >80% of cases) in the absence of a malignant clone, while they are very mediocre in case of leukemic transformation (<35% survival). In the absence of clonal progression, the so-called 'reduced intensity' conditioning regimen (especially fludarabine and Campath) appears promising [186, 187].
It should be remembered that intramuscular injections and rectal temperature measurement may be harmful. Most vaccines can be administered, including live viral vaccines. However, BCG vaccine should be avoided. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination is recommended. No dietary restrictions are necessary in neutropenic children. They are not unusually susceptible to viral epidemics and there is therefore no reason to deprive them of opportunities for social interaction.
Prognosis and Outcome
Several complications can occur in patients with congenital neutropenia, including infectious complications, complications related to extra-hematological involvement, and the risk of leukemia related both to the disease and its treatment.
Outcome - the infectious risk
Bacterial infections represent the main risk. Infections can be life-threatening or otherwise impair quality of life. This is particularly the case of chronic oral infections, leading to recurrent aphthosis, paradontopathy and tooth loss.
The natural risk of life-threatening invasive infections is very high. In the 1950s, almost all patients with the most severe form of the disease, with permanent and profound neutropenia, died in the first 2 years of life from sepsis, cellulitis or pneumonia; this was the case of 11 of the 14 patients in Kostmann's pedigree . Two deaths from pneumonia were reported among 16 patients with cyclic neutropenia , while no deaths were reported among patients with chronic benign neutropenia [34, 142].
In the sixties and seventies, with more extensive used of antibiotic therapy, lethal sepsis became less frequent even in the most severe forms of congenital neutropenia. The report of Kostmann's pedigree in 1975 showed long-term survival and prior the G-CSF period (since the ninety's) death from infections is already exceptional in such category of patients but occasionally is described even cyclic neutropenia .
Chronic infections remain very frequent, and especially stomatologic infections with painful gingivitis associated with papules (aphthae-like oral furuncles) of the tongue, and parodontopathies . Diffuse gastrointestinal lesions are sometimes present, leading to abdominal pain and diarrhea, and sometimes mimicking Crohn's disease on radiological studies . This complication is frequent in glycogen storage disease type Ib.
The availability of G-CSF since 1988 dramatically changed these patients' medical management, but lethal bacterial infections are still reported [21, 189], especially in patients with a poor response to G-CSF, or with poor compliance. However, chronic stomatologic infection remains very difficult to manage, even with G-CSF and neutrophil recovery, leading to tooth loss . Finally, the infections risk may not be related only to the neutropenia: the best example is the WHIM syndrome, which combines lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and very high susceptibility to human papillovirus infections .
Outcome: morbidity related to extra-hematopoietic involvement
Extra-hematopoetic involvement may have a very strong impact on these patients' lives, such as the neurodevelopmental disorders observed in Kostmann's disease, Shwachman Diamond syndrome, and Cohen's disease. Cardiac dysfunction may be very severe in Shwachman Diamond syndrome and is almost always observed in Barth's syndrome.
Malignant transformation: Risk factors and possible role of G-CSF
First introduced in the late 1980s , growth factors have vastly improved the management of chronic neutropenia. Once their efficacy on the neutropenia associated with cancer chemotherapy had been demonstrated and the need for long-term administration in some cases had emerged , questions of safety were raised, especially regarding the risk of malignant transformation.
Although congenital neutropenias are preleukemic states, the risk of malignant transformation is difficult to evaluate in isolation, as the spontaneous risk and the potential role of G-CSF must both be taken into account.
The main question is the risk-benefit ratio, as mentioned in the very first article reporting the effect of G-CSF in this setting , particularly as leukemias had been observed in the rare patients with congenital neutropenia who survived beyond their first decade of life [192–194].
In 1993 international teams opted to create a patient registry to examine this issue. The data confirmed the marked increase in the risk of leukemia in these patients. The cumulative incidence of leukemia among patients with severe congenital neutropenia is about 15% at age 20 years .
These leukemias have a number of particularities. They usually involve proliferation of poorly differentiated cells, and the most consistent cytogenetic anomaly is monosomy 7. They are often preceded by the emergence of an acquired somatic anomaly of the intracytoplasmic part of the G-CSF receptor CSF3R . These mutations are not found in de novo acute myeloblastic or lymphoblastic leukemia and have never been found in Shwachman Diamond disease, even though this entity is associated with a high risk of leukemic transformation.
Studies of patients with ELANE mutations show that the main risk factor for leukemic onset is the severity of neutropenia and not the nature of the ELANE mutation. Thus, the leukemic risk is very low or inexistent in cyclic neutropenia, while it is maximal in patients with permanent neutropenia below 0.1 G/l. However, several other factors are associated with severe neutropenia, such as infections and the use of G-CSF, especially at high doses (> 15 μg/kg/day) and for long periods.
The link between intracytoplasmic G-CSF receptor defects, often observed in these patients before and during malignant transformation[202, 203], and monosomy 7 is not known. In contrast, blast cell lineages harboring monosomy 7 are particularly sensitive to G-CSF, which selects cells carrying this anomaly . The absence of any direct oncogenic effect of ELANE mutations and the impact of both the severity of neutropenia (that strongly modifies bone marrow homeostasis and leads to compensatory hyperstimulation of the monocyte lineage) and high doses of G-CSF suggests that long-term bone marrow stimulation can be responsible for leukemic transformation. The leukemic risk in patients receiving the highest doses of G-CSF may warrant HSCT [21, 182, 189].
Evaluation of the risk factors of secondary leukemia with patient registries
The number of reported cases of leukemia and myelodysplasia in patients with severe congenital neutropenia has increased markedly in recent years, since the advent of G-CSF [6, 7, 205–210] relative to the pre-G-CSF era [192–194]. Numerous cases have been described in patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, both before the advent of G-CSF and also in patients not receiving this drug [60, 211–213], whereas few have been reported in patients receiving G-CSF. However, this syndrome is rarely treated with G-CSF.
Reviews of the literature provide less reliable information on this adverse effect than patient registries, which can be used to calculate and to compare the risk.
The risk of leukemia and myelodysplasia has been studied in the French registry . Factors favoring malignant transformation included disease-related factors and G-CSF exposure. Disease-related factors comprise the type of neutropenia as myelodysplasia and leukemia are observed only in patients with severe congenital neutropenia or Shwachman Diamond syndrome, the severity of neutropenia (i.e. the number and severity of infections), the degree of neutropenia, and the level of bone marrow myeloid arrest. Two characteristics of G-CSF exposure are significantly linked to the risk of leukemic transformation: the cumulative dose and the mean dose per injection. The cumulative duration of G-CSF exposure and the length of post-treatment follow-up are not associated with an increased risk. No threshold of exposure below which G-CSF does not increase the leukemic risk has been identified. In addition, the small size of this sample rules out firm conclusions, but patients requiring more than 10 μg/kg per injection and who receive a cumulative dose of more than 10 000 μg/kg, clearly have an increased risk of malignant transformation.
Initial publications from the international registry did not examine the link between the intensity of G-CSF exposure and the leukemic risk [6, 7], but more recent analyses have shown an increase in the risk of leukemia among patients receiving the highest doses [189, 214].
A relation between G-CSF exposure and secondary myelodysplasia and leukemia have been obtained in cohort studies of patients with bone marrow aplasia [215, 216] and breast cancer [217–219], showing that G-CSF has a leukemogenic effect in situations clearly distinct from congenital neutropenia.
Monitoring of the leukemic risk
This leukemic risk warrants close patient monitoring, especially when high doses of G-CSF are used. Repeated blood cell counts are required to detect anemia or thrombocytopenia, which may necessitate bone marrow sampling.
The place of routine bone marrow sampling is more controversial. Intracytoplasmic G-CSF- receptor mutations correlate with the appearance of leukemic clones, which can also be detected by cytogenetic examination with the FISH technique.
Conclusion on the leukemic risk of G-CSF therapy
Although the data are somewhat fragmentary and heterogeneous, several clinical studies suggest that G-CSF exposure beyond a certain threshold can be leukemogenic in patents with disorders known to favor leukemic transformation. The precise threshold dose at which this effect emerges cannot be determined, as it is not mentioned in most studies.
Lessons from congenital neutropenia and perspectives
Knowledge of the molecular bases of congenital neutropenia provides important information on two aspects of myeloid differentiation.
How congenital neutropenia contribute to understand dynamics of granulopoeisis?
The link between permanent neutropenia and defective neutrophil production or excessive apoptosis of neutrophil precursors is clear: a decrease in the production of cells or shorter half-life results in a lower number in the periphery. The cyclic aspect of the peripheral neutrophil count is more difficult to analyze and suggests the existence of a cryptic biological clock that regulates granulopoiesis. This putative clock might be revealed by particular mutations. To unify cyclic and permanent neutropenia, older notions on the dynamics of granulopoiesis can be helpful. First, the neutrophil count in healthy subjects varies markedly (between 1.8 and 4.5 G/l), in an unpredictable and chaotic manner . In addition, 'extrinsic' factors that affect the neutrophil count also modify the cyclic variations in circulating neutrophil numbers relative to healthy subjects. Thus, G-CSF not only increases the number of circulating neutrophils but also leads to pseudo-cyclic irregularities . In contrast, a cytostatic drug such as cyclophosphamide, administered at low doses, transforms chaotic variations in the neutrophil count into pseudo-cyclic changes, while high doses cause profound permanent neutropenia. These phenomena correspond to a non linear mathematical model . Such models can describe temporal variations in the size of a population as a chaotic variation, with no precise cycle but between permanent extremes, up to total abolition of the population, via quasi-sinusoidal variations, from variations in a single coefficient corresponding to the reproductive rate of the population, i.e. the relationship between the production and death of individuals composing the population. In the case of the neutrophil population, excessive apoptosis, that cannot be precisely quantified and that can be influenced by precise mutations and the epigenetic context , contributes to excessive cell death . This model remains theoretical but can be used to integrate physiological and pathological situations affecting granulopoiesis and is the only way to unify the different situations observed in congenital neutropenia.
The fate of stem cells from immature myeloid cells to mature polymorphonuclear neutrophils. lessons from congenital neutropenia
Congenital neutropenia represents a physiological model for studying granulopoeisis. In the past 10 years, 12 genes responsible for congenital neutropenia have been identified. Each mutation is responsible for a very peculiar molecular defect. Surprisingly, most known molecular abnormalities responsible for neutropenia do not involve genes with a transcriptional role in granulopoeisis, but rather genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum functions, like granule stability or intracytoplasmic granule trafficking or protein packaging.
Defective packaging of cellular enzymes in granules (due to ELANE mutations) or cytoskeleton changes (WASP and dynamin 2 mutations) modify intracytoplasmic trafficking and result in neutropenia, possibly through an excess of apoptosis or defective maturation. This is similar to the situation in several clinical disorders comprising albinism and neutropenia and characteristic of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (AP3 defect), AP14 deficiency (AP14 is a protein with similar functions to AP3), Chediak-Higashi syndrome and Griscelli's syndrome (the latter two entities also involve a macrophage activation syndrome in addition to neutropenia) . A transmembrane protein of the Golgi apparatus is also involved in other disorders comprising neutropenia, such as glycogen storage disease Ib (SLC37A4), G6PC3 and Cohen's disease, but whose phenotypic expression also involves other systems.
The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins or ER packaging processes in these forms of neutropenia shows the importance of ER stress. Increased ER stress elicits a cellular response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER. In this scenario, the UPR has two primary aims: to restore normal cell function by halting protein translation and to activate the signaling pathways that lead to increased production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. If these objectives are not achieved within a certain time lapse or if the disruption is prolonged, the UPR initiates programmed cell death (apoptosis). Three ER-localized protein sensors are known: IRE1alpha (inositol-requiring 1alpha), PERK (Protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). In cases of ER stress, these sensors are activated and trigger a complex series of events designed to maintain ER homeostasis and to promote protein folding, maturation, secretion, and ER-associated protein degradation. Changes in the shape of the protein, or a change in its function - such as a gain of function - may be one trigger of ER stress as shown for ELANE mutations [48, 51]. No comprehensive mechanism has been proposed for the impact of several different mutations, such as SBDS. Indeed, mutation of the only transcription factor (GFI1) known to be involved in congenital neutropenia may not directly affect the transcription process but interfere with interaction with ELANE protein [88, 226].
Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1) is a 48-kD nuclear protein expressed in pre-B and T cells and in myeloid cells. A low level of this factor has been observed in the myeloid cells of patients with congenital neutropenia with maturation arrest at the promyelocyte level . The decrease in transcription factor expression is difficult to interpret both because LEF1 gene is normal and because LEF1 expression is depending of type of congenital neutropenia. This suggests that the decreased expression of LEF1 is more a proteic consequence to some mutations causing congenital neutropenia. Indeed Horwicz's team, who initially showed the involvement of LEF1 in this pathway, have shown that LEF-1 cooperates with Core-binding Factor α to activate ELANE in vivo . They also raised the possibility that up regulating promoter mutations may contribute to SCN.
Pro LL37 is a antibacterial peptide usually packaged in neutrophil granules and its level is low, whatever the genetic backgrounds of the congenital neutropenia . Low pro LL37 level may be responsible for the persistence of parondothopathy in patients with CN treated with G-CSF. Interestingly, vitamin D is able to correct the pro LL37 level .
Vitamin B3 (nicotamide) participates in a regulatory loop controlling the transcriptional expression of G-CSF. Vitamin B3 induces a peripheral increase in neutrophils .
We are indebted to David Young for his editorial assistance. Our work was supported by a grant from Inserm Invs (registre des neutropénies) and by the e Rare funds (NEUTRO NET) Agence Nationale de la Recherche 09-RARE-010-02
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:f6ea2b8d-a7bf-4d82-993c-6e899be961a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-6-26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.823648 | 40,839 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Where the story of a town unfolds
The small town of Dorchester has left a sizeable footprint on our nation’s history. Events of national and international importance have taken place here over the centuries, such as the notorious Judge Jeffrey’s ‘Bloody Assizes’.
As we travel deeper into time, we see that the town had its beginnings as an Iron Age settlement, and became Durnovaria after the Roman invasion of AD43.
The gallery tracks the history of the town’s development through Medieval times (there is a fine collection of medieval pottery) into
a lively market town in the 1800s.
Later in the 1900s, it was Thomas Hardy’s novels that put Dorchester on the map, enticing an increasing number of tourists to visit the town he called Casterbridge. | <urn:uuid:b8e72be6-0157-478a-90ed-f04cf4b326f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.dorsetcountymuseum.org/dcm/discover/dorchester-gallery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018180631-20171018200631-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.958991 | 172 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dear Mr. Jones,
I am the seventh grader, Ime Essien, that came to your lecture at Coppin State University. Thank you for speaking with me about African American soldiers in the Civil War and for the Delany Group Reading List. Your lecture was amazingly helpful for my project. You also have a great knowledge and background about the Civil War. You gave me a lot of important information that I did not already know. I am working on the History Day Project about the success of using African American soldiers in the Civil War. Here are the interview questions I mentioned to you in the attached document. Some of the questions you have already answered in your lecture but I need to quote you in my research paper. I hope you have the time to read and respond to the questions. Thank you again.
History Day Interview Questions1. Why was the petition that Fredrick Douglass had for black [African descent] soldiers in the Union with black [African descent] officers was important for creating more African descent units?
By “black” I understand that you are speaking of Americans of African descent. As a political scientist, I do not accept “black” as a scientifically and culturally accurate description of person of African descent. Therefore, I deleted the word “black” in your questions for the sake of cultural accuracy and good science. The difference in the terms is not simply semantics. It is a question of scientific approach and cultural accuracy.
Frederick Douglass’ petition was important in that it supported the requests of military commanders. Based on prudent military decisions, “necessary war measures”, Abraham Lincoln worked to get the legislative authority to raise African descent units because he
was made aware of their fighting abilities, and these highly motivated freedom fighters were needed to save the Union. Douglass helped in the legislative campaign or rather lobbying campaign. (See his editorial “The War and Slavery” which appeared in the Douglass’ Monthly of August 1861.) Frederick Douglass was important as the editor of a widely read journal. However, as a consequence of the physical and mental abilities of African descent soldiers, General U. S. Grant contributed far more significantly than any other lobbying campaign including Douglass’s. The 4Ls, Lincoln Legal Loyal League, provided very capable soldiers, guides, scouts and spies to Grant’s army during his Vicksburg Campaign. Many of these men were like their progeny today highly intelligent and elite athletes. William Howard Day, Martin Delany and Moses Dickson are the African Americans you should research in order to understand how these highly capable soldiers were recruited and trained. Delany opened a recruiting office in Chicago in 1863. He and John Mercer Langston were the most prolific recruiters of these elite soldiers/athletes. The African descent soldiers who fought with Grant in his Vicksburg Campaign provided the most important reason for more African descent units to be created.
There were less than 200 African descent commissioned officers during the Civil War. Soon after the organization of the first African descent regiments, there were African descent officers and noncommissioned officers who commanded troops in combat. According to the commanding officer of the 33rd USCI, initially organized as the 1st South Carolina, Colonel T. W. Higginson, Sergeant Prince Rivers was far more competent as a commander of patrols and raids than any of Higginson’s officers. (See Higginson’s book Army Life in a Black Regiment). Hundreds of African descent
noncommissioned officers were in de facto command of their troops on the company level. James Bronson, Powhatan Beaty, Milton Holland and William Pinn were noncommissioned officers who earned the Medal of Honor while commanding their companies at the Battle of New Market Heights on September 29, 1864. Two African descent regiments had African descent officers in command (Major Martin Delany 104th USCI and Lieutenant Colonel William Reed 35th USCI), but only one of those officers led his regiment into battle. Lt. Colonel Reed was the executive officer of the 35th USCI and was the acting-commanding officer of the regiment during the Battle of Olustee in February 1864. Reed was killed in action (KIA) on that Florida battlefield.
Major Martin R. Delany, commanding officer of the
104th US Colored Troops, was one of 149
African American officers during the Civil War.
104th US Colored Troops, was one of 149
African American officers during the Civil War.
2. What was the difference between the African descent units fighting for the Union and the Confederacy?
Your question assumes that there were African descent units fighting for the Confederacy. There is no official Confederate record that supports this assumption. There is some evidence that there were a small number of men of African descent who fought with the Confederacy, but the only unit of African descent in a Confederate state militia was the Louisiana Native Guards, led by Major F. E. Dumas and Captain A. Cailloux, both became Union officers. The Louisiana Native Guards witnessed acts of sabotage that degraded the defenses of New Orleans while on guard duty for the Confederacy. This regiment subsequently fought for the Union and liberty, like scores of other African descent regiments. The biggest difference, therefore, is that there is no Union unit of African descent that fought for the Confederacy, but there is a Confederate state unit of African descent that fought for the Union.
3. How was the Emancipation Proclamation an important influence for the Union?
General Grant observed that it added a “power ally” to the Union war effort. George Albright said that he was a runner for the 4Ls with the responsibility of taking the word to “secret gathering” that it was the day of the Jubilee and now time to aid the Union. Like the members of the 4Ls, the Emancipation Proclamation “added a powerful ally,” men who were eminently qualified to be soldiers, to the Union cause. African descent soldiers thus armed were made legal liberators by the Emancipation Proclamation. That would be like adding the top athletes in the NBA or NFL to your roster.
4. Why were African descent units created for the Union?
The rebellion of the Confederate States was militarily promising in July 1862. After the “greatest disasters of the war,” African descent units were organized “as a fit and necessary war measure to suppress said rebellion.” Abraham Lincoln states this in the Emancipation Proclamation. Therefore, African descent units were created to preserve the Union, the paramount objective of the federal government during the Civil War.
5. James H. Harris, an African American soldier, received the Medal of Honor for actions at the Battle of New Market Heights during the Civil War. Were there any other African American soldiers in the Civil War to win an award?
The Medal of Honor is earned. It is not “won.” There were 18 African American soldiers and 7 sailors who earned and received the Medal of Honor for acts of gallantry during the Civil War. The first African American to receive the Medal of Honor was the sailor Robert Blake on April 16, 1864.
6. Why was President Lincoln against African descent soldiers in the beginning of the Civil War?
From the primary source evidence, it is clear that President Lincoln supported the legislation authorizing the use of African descent troops. After Congress passed the required legislation, Lincoln’s War Department immediately moved to organize African descent soldiers and deployed them in combat. The reason why many scholars claim that he was against raising African descent regiments is because they are critical of him for not subverting the Constitution by ordering their recruitment at the beginning of the war and such scholars focus on almost humorous Lincoln statements to support their opinion, which is not supported by the records of Lincoln’s actions. Frederick Douglass admonished us to evaluate Lincoln’s commitment to the effort of emancipation by comparing what Lincoln says to what he does. Lincoln does support the legislation to arm men of African descent; Lincoln does deploy African descent soldiers in combat; and Lincoln does give them credit for helping to suppress the rebellion, saving the Union and winning the war. The evidence from official records is clear that Lincoln was not against arming men of African descent.
7. What was the effect of African descent units winning battles for the Union?
General John Alexander Logan wrote that the battle cry of African descent soldiers, “’Remember Fort Pillow!’ – inspired them to deeds of valor, and struck with fear the hearts of the Enemy.” (See The Great Conspiracy by John A. Logan.) Confederate soldiers near the end of the war who were defeated on many battlefields by African descent soldiers grew more reluctant to fight. They deserted at a very high rate.
8. What was the first African American unit in the Civil War?
The first African American regiment officially mustered into the Union Army was the 1st Louisiana Native Guard. However, the smallest “unit” in the Civil War army was a company. Therefore, Company A of the 1st South Carolina led by Sergeant Prince Rivers was the first African American “unit” in the Civil War. | <urn:uuid:ac120057-398c-4768-ae9f-a0d43c4e0f58> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://afroamcivilwar.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861752.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619021643-20180619041643-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.976681 | 1,908 | 2.78125 | 3 |
More about this book:
The Donner Party is one of the most famous emigrant adventures in American history. Eliza Donner Houghton compassionately and accurately recounts this well-known journey and its aftermath. Her narrative is compelling both as story and as history. She combines her childhood recollections of life on the ill-fated wagon train with other survivors' accounts and historical sources. First published in 1911, her work remains one of the premier histories of the Donner Party.Thirty-two members of the Donner Party left Springfield, Illinois, in April 1846, unknowledgeable and unprepared in for the obstacles they would face. En route to California the group increased to 81. After numerous delays, often due to supposed shortcuts, the party unsuccessfully attempted to cross the Sierra Nevada late in the fall of 1846. Winter storms trapped the already weary travelers in the mountains for four months. Forty-two people succumbed to cold and starvation before relief from California reached the stranded emigrants.Numerous historians have retold the misfortunes of the Donner Party. This book is a basic source of information about those events because of Eliza Donner Houghton's personal experience. Mrs. Houghton does not spare the reader from the horrors and sufferings of the party. But unlike other records of the events, her account also shares the joys and romance of the overland journey, as well as describing her life in California after the tragedy. Her parents perished in the mountains, but she and her sisters were adopted by Mary and Christian Brunner. She reminds us that the survivors of the Donner Party were not doomed for the remainder of their lives. Once rescued, these people thrived in California, the land they endured so much to reach.This new printing includes a foreword by William N. Lindemann, Curator of the Donner Memorial State Park, in the Sierra District of the California Department of Parks and Recreation. | <urn:uuid:36edbd12-c8e7-4413-a475-e43d57fda46f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://free-books.online/ebook/the-expedition-of-the-donner-party-and-its-tragic-fate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.962242 | 396 | 2.875 | 3 |
What is wrong with government? Essentially the problem is that all the power to spend taxes rests in too few hands.
In Article 1, Section 2 of the US Constitution, it states that there should be no more than 30,000 “Free Persons” per representative.
For the year 1800, then, with a total US population of 5.3 million, one Representative per 30,000 citizens equals about 177 Representatives.
As the population grew, Congress decided that it needed to limit the size of the House of Representatives. In 1910 they decided to set the limit at 435 members. Since the population of the US at that time was about 92.2 million, that meant each member of the House represented approximately 212,000 citizens. By 2010, with the population just below 309 million, each member represented about 710,000 citizens. If Congress had kept the initial 1/30000 ratio, the current number of Representatives would be just over 10,000, which would make taking a roll call vote a bit unwieldy and time-consuming.
But we begin to see the problem: Representatives become more and more powerful, and less and less accountable. Each individual citizen becomes less important to his or her Representative.
As the number of citizens represented grew, the amount of money that Representatives control grew exponentially. For much of the early history of the US, there were no corporate or personal income taxes. The federal government sustained its meager programs on tariffs, that is, taxes on imports. In 1913, though previously an occasional and temporary measure to pay war debts (and as a way to stick it to the rich), the income tax became permanent thru the 16th Amendment. In 1943, over the objections of businessmen everywhere, withholding began. This allowed the federal government to bypass the states and go directly to the citizens for funding, turning things upside down, so that states must get much funding from the federal government. It also meant that the amount of money the federal government could rake in was ENORMOUS compared to what they acquired thru tariffs alone.
With the boom in income came the boom in lobbyists, rushing to Washington to get their piece of the action. And with such a nice small number of Representatives to deal with, having a Congressman or two in your pocket was fairly easy to accomplish.
With all the pressures in place to grow government, it grew! And it did not stop growing when the government outspent revenues. It continued to grow on the borrowing and printing of fresh dollars, so that now our debt is as big as our annual Gross Domestic Product. And except for those darn Tea Party folks, and a few rating agencies, there seems to be little pressure to reverse the trend.
So, what can we do to put pressure on government to shrink back to something more manageable? How can we “right-size” government?
We create cantons that give taxpayers the power to decide how taxes are spent. With canton management entirely dependent on satisfying their taxpaying members, the counter-forces of special interests will finally lose their power to grow government in all the wrong ways. | <urn:uuid:0069bdd8-feb0-4cb1-bb2a-401ddb73cf2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://governmentbycontract.wordpress.com/2011/08/25/power-in-too-few-hands-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608107.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525155936-20170525175936-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.96936 | 631 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Education as a meaningful experience requires an endless search for new and better knowledge. It has no boundaries other than the human beings' capacity to be creatively and persistently curious. Human rights education is one such field that requires the same element of endless curiosity in understanding human rights both as an indispensable element in people's lives and as a tool for social change. Hopefully such curiosity will translate into courage to take a step towards realizing human rights in the very concrete realities we are all in.
Initiatives on the teaching of human rights in schools in Asia show such a search for ways and means to make education meaningful not just to people's individual interest but to society as well. They invariably try to link human rights to the actual lives of the students.
In this light, a needed task is the gathering of experiences in the teaching of human rights to students at an early age. Various perspectives on the role of education in societal welfare are applicable to human rights education in schools. New methodologies are being introduced to ensure that the understanding of human rights will affect the students' behavior within and outside the school. Nevertheless, while people involved in this field have somewhat varied practical experiences, they speak of the same basic educational principles and at the same time define common grounds.
HURIGHTS OSAKA has been attempting to capture the rich experiences so far obtained in implementing human rights education programs in schools in Asia. The workshops it had organized during 1998 have resulted in a better understanding of the existing experiences. Many issues affecting human rights education in Asian schools have been identified. Many ideas in support of the development and spread of human rights education in schools have also been discussed. Enough space has been delineated for information, material and expertise exchange among institutions within and among countries.
The idea of having a series of workshops on human rights education was mooted (and adopted) at the September 1997 regional meeting on human rights education held in Bangkok, Thailand. The Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (HURIGHTS OSAKA) organized it in collaboration with the Child Rights Asianet and the Asian Regional Resource Center for Human Rights Education.
It was agreed that the workshops would be important means of promoting human rights teaching in schools in Asia. They would also facilitate the gathering of various organizations in the region that are involved in the teaching of human rights in schools, and in exchanging information and experiences between them. The objectives of these workshops were identified to be as follows:
Hoping that a greater understanding of these experiences will create more interest and support for human rights education in schools, the results of the workshops held in Surabaya (Indonesia), Seoul (South Korea), New Delhi (India) and Osaka (Japan) are documented in this publication. Much of the debates and the agreements during the workshops have been included to provide a faithful record of the diversities and commonalities among the views expressed. The idea is not to paint a rosy consensus on every issue but to show that we are still, and should still be, developing the programs for human rights education in schools. The last word on the subject is still far into the future.
Time and again, the idea of supporting the growth of human rights education programs in schools is questioned. The objection is largely based on two considerations:
a. non-formal education on human rights is the most needed form of human rights education because it responds to pressing issues in society. It directly serves the interest of members of society who are disadvantaged or oppressed;
b. schools do not cover many children in countries where poverty is at a significant level. The needs of children who are not in school cannot be served by focusing efforts on schools.
There is no doubt that the objection is valid. Support for non-formal human rights education program has to be sustained, even increased especially in countries that are becoming more open to the discussion of human rights. Non-governmental organizations that are at the forefront in this field need adequate assistance not only on financial terms but in terms of legal and governmental policy and program support.
The focus on schools however does not play down or take away attention from the non-formal human rights education initiatives. Aside from recognizing the already existing programs among schools in several Asian countries, it clarifies the relationship between the formal and non-formal education systems, and how they can interact toward a common goal.
What is significant in human rights education in schools is in the area of school-community dynamics. Human rights education programs in schools are increasingly looking at how classroom knowledge is practiced not only within the limited confines of the school premises but in the community where the school is. Formal education in this sense is not a separate world from that of the community.
Additionally, students who graduate from schools invariably occupy influential positions in government, business and other institutions in society. The level of their human rights consciousness directly affects human rights realization like well as suppression. They therefore need to be given attention just like the human rights education programs directed to the communities of the poor and the disadvantaged who are most vulnerable to human rights violations.
Seen in this light, human rights education in school is not irrelevant to the basic program of non-formal human rights education. Properly linked, it is an important resource that can add support to the efforts to resolve issues in the community.
As will be shown in the discussions below, human rights education in schools is human rights education in and about the community. In the context of human rights education in the formal education system, the school is, or should be, relevant to the community.
Nevertheless, the schools have their limitations. They are not easily adjustable to the changing needs of the community because of the system of administration under which they operate. Governmental educational systems are not in many cases susceptible to influences from the community. They in fact constitute the most common obstacle to having any form of education on human rights in the classroom. Also, in many countries, there are not enough schools to cover many communities.
Schools also represent in many instances resistance to ideas such as human rights. Teachers as well as parents view education as a tool to prepare the children's future role in the political and economic organs of society which hardly concern the betterment of the disadvantaged sectors of society nor the basic human rights problems of children.
But because the schools will always remain an important institution in molding minds and behavior of young people, they cannot be ignored. Their support for community concerns should instead be enhanced. Human rights education in schools is one way to achieve this end.
HURIGHTS OSAKA's program on human rights education in schools is not therefore limited to the development of resources for the schools. It is aimed at creating a greater role for human rights education in schools in the life of its immediate community and of the country as well.
The least that HURIGHTS OSAKA can do is provide an opportunity for various institutions (non-governmental and governmental) to meet and explore ways of mutually supporting their work.</>
The existence in several Asian countries of a number of activities on human rights education in schools justifies the effort to create a forum for understanding and exchange of ideas and experiences in this area. The people involved find such a forum useful in reaffirming the validity of their decision to influence the schools in teaching human rights. They likewise discover that they basically face the same problems in introducing the teaching of human rights to students in a classroom setting.
In many societies in Asia, education is a primary tool toward a better life. And in the context of modern societies, education is a key to survive in the complex world of politics and economics. Such environment creates an elitist oriented education system. Only those who have received diplomas from well-reputed schools are given the chance to get the best positions in government and private enterprises. The costs of such quality and elite education are thus high. Students should be the brightest in the class or the richest to become eligible for better higher education.
Competitive education is thus the rule. Consequently, those who cannot compete are treated badly. They are second-class students whose future may not be so bright. In many cases, they are discriminated against. Students who are poor and sometimes belonging to certain ethnic groups comprise the majority of the students who cannot compete.
The competitive nature of education is largely created by the emphasis on certain areas of education, such as science and economics. Other areas are deemed not so useful in equipping students with the technical knowledge needed to compete in school and later on in society. Social science seems to be a neglected area of study.
Another important aspect of school life is the authoritarian attitude among teachers and school administrators, which is reflective of the traditional mode of education. Discipline is a very important component of traditional education systems. And it is largely taught by strictly enforcing rules, allowing harsh punishment for misbehaving students, or discouraging students from expressing their opinions on school matters. Such an environment goes against the very values that human rights embody.
Under this condition, can human rights education find a place? Will it be given due importance?
This is a real challenge for human rights educators. The first task is to find the relevance of human rights education in the total education of students. This can only be achieved, however, by promoting an education that goes against the very elements of competitive education such as the need for students to develop their sense of self-worth as human beings just like anyone else. Their development as human beings therefore is not simply determined by their ability to get the highest grade in science and mathematics or to be able to memorize facts and figures, but by their critical thinking, their ability to relate to the community, and their holistic personality and broadmindedness, among other traits.
Human rights education faces an uphill climb in the education system. But current societal conditions especially in light of the Asian economic crisis show that mere technical abilities are not enough to secure the future. And human rights values certainly provide an alternative to the present trend toward egocentrism and consumerism. No one is secured in a system that thrives on competition and greed.
Human rights education grew as a response to problems faced by groups in society who are disadvantaged or discriminated. Human rights education in schools can be traced to the time when schools began to teach the ideas of democracy, social justice, national independence and the right of people to their own (human) dignity and well-being.
But subsequent human rights education programs in schools have to deal with more concrete issues such as the discrimination against the Buraku people in Japan, or the abuses that children suffer in the hands of parents, relatives, family friends, teachers, school heads and strangers. Human rights education eventually has to deal with real issues that students face in school, family and society.
There is a general assumption, however, that the idea of rights is taken up in relation to the usual school subject on national constitutions and laws. This is true in most Asian countries. The Vietnam example of school subjects on citizens' rights and obligations is illustrative of a school curriculum that may include the study of human rights. The appreciation, however, of the subjects on national constitutions as versions of human rights subjects does not appear clear in most cases. There seems to be a lack of conscious linking of these constitution-derived rights to the international concepts of human rights. Human rights education, therefore, as discussed in the workshops presented in this publication refers to the explicit development of subjects in the curricula with the aim of promoting human rights concepts. They may be using various terminologies but they generally aim at developing consciousness among the students on the value of human rights.
Human rights education in schools has steadily grown in the 1990s as both non-governmental organizations and government educational institutions develop more programs. But the number of countries where these initiatives exist are less than half the total number of countries and territories in the Asia-Pacific region. And the number of programs in each of these countries varies from a program in one school as in Pakistan to a widespread program in various schools as in Japan. One has existed since 1965 while many others started only a few years ago.
The area for development of human rights education in Asian schools therefore remains wide. The experiences so far obtained are valuable bases for review and change. Due to this situation, the workshops held by HURIGHTS OSAKA provided an avenue for discussing the further development of these programs.
From the varied experiences in the region, certain commonalities are found to exist. They provide a basis for greater regional collaboration in terms of exchange of information on related experiences as well as proof that human rights education in schools develop in parallel ways despite differences in situations of schools and society in general. Some of these commonalities can be stated as follows:
a. Approaches to the teaching of human rights - Existing experiences seem to point out the approach of using values or morals as starting points for discussing principles similar to human rights. The Indian National Council for Education, Research and Training's national values and human rights program, and Indonesia's Pancasila Moral Education and Civics are examples of these programs. In a more general sense, the values education program adopted in several countries with the support of UNESCO is likewise of the same mould. There are however new initiatives which try to integrate human rights in more subjects in the existing curriculum as shown by the program of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports of the Philippines with its teaching exemplars for several year levels and various subjects.
b. Integration and Separation approaches. There is no consensus on what constitutes a better approach to including human rights in the school curriculum. Government institutions are more likely to adopt the integration approach by developing teaching modules and materials. This can be seen in the cases of India, Philippines and Indonesia. But many programs being implemented by non-governmental organizations tend to advocate either a separate subject on human rights or as an extracurricular subject. In either case, the main consideration is the feasibility of introducing the subject without causing additional burden on the teachers. Most non-governmental organizations do not generally have influence in the schools as much as government education agencies do. They can generally only persuade schools to agree on having either a separate human rights subject or as extracurricular activities.
c. Materials developed. Materials such as sample lesson plans, teaching guides, reference materials, textbooks, audio-visuals, training modules and other school-related materials have been produced in various ways by most groups involved in human rights education in schools. The dissemination of these materials however is not always widespread. Government education agencies have existing distribution channels such as the teacher training institutes and the regular school communication systems. Non-governmental organizations however have normally limited resources and facilities for printing and distributing materials. And only with the support of the national education agencies can they truly disseminate materials to schools widely.
d. Cooperation between government education agencies and NGOs. Many of the programs have the joint participation of government education agencies, schools and non-governmental organizations. This collaboration points to a recognition among these important institutions about the need for their respective inputs in developing human rights education programs. In the past, these institutions have not been working with each other especially in areas relating to human rights. The experience in some countries on these collaborative efforts indicate a common aim at making human rights education a regular part of the school curriculum.
e. Governmental mandate. Many countries have official, governmental authorization for the teaching of human rights (or equivalent programs) in schools. The national human rights institutions in Indonesia, Philippines and India have a clear mandate to promote human rights and they have been actively involved in the programs on human rights education in schools. In other countries, the teaching of morals and civics provide the official, governmental authorization for the teaching of human rights (or related principles).
f. Teacher training program. One of the key elements identified as indispensable for an effective implementation of human rights education program in schools is the training of teachers on the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant to the teaching of human rights. Both government education agencies and non-governmental organizations implement teacher training programs on human rights. Cambodia, Philippines and India have programs that try to reach as many teachers as possible. Pilot training programs can be found in Indonesia and Thailand.
g. Human rights issues. A more common human rights topic is the rights of the child. There is likewise a stress on the basic characteristics of human rights such as universality and indivisibility; and its nature. In several programs, issues relating to plurality and diversity in terms of ethnicity, religion/faith, and language are discussed.
The problems encountered by most institutions involved can be categorized into three areas - government, schools, society. Following are the problems presented according to each category:
a. In relation to the government
b. In relation to the schools
c. In relation to the society in general
In view of the problems, limitations and other difficulties faced as well as the potential growth of the programs on human rights education in schools, a number of areas have been identified which require further development. They are classified under the following headings:
a. In relation to the government
b. In relation to schools
c. In relation to negative environment in society
The discussions in the workshops identified important components that ideally should constitute a national program on teaching human rights in schools. These ideas combine both the experiences so far obtained and the plans that the institutions involved have been trying to adopt. A full human rights education program in school should have the following components:
Human rights education is a joyous experience of understanding societal issues. It is not a neutral education process but based on social analysis. It springs from a perspective of hope with a focus on the testimonies of fellow young people (children and youth) who did something good about local situations. It is built upon the day-to-day experiences of hope.
The learning process therefore is experiential covering the situations of both the personal and societal. It employs process-oriented methods (and thus avoids lectures and emphasizes interaction among the students).
It aims to develop critical thinking, self-criticism, and the skill of problem-solving based on real situations.
The teachers of human rights are also learners. They do not provide pat answers. They are role models.
A basic goal to achieve is the promotion of human rights education at all levels and forms of education aiming at providing knowledge about human rights. This includes fostering attitudes of tolerance, respect, solidarity and responsibility. And developing awareness of the ways and means by which human rights can be translated into social and political reality at both national and international levels.
A human rights education program in schools should contain the following:
The introduction of each topic will be adjusted to the level of the students as well as the subject in the curriculum in which human rights is being taken up. These topics are therefore to be covered during a students whole school life.
The methodology should start with the real experiences of the children in the classroom, at home, in the neighborhood, and in the community. Such experiences should be facilitated to emerge.
Process-oriented approach is the most appropriate methodology for effective human rights education. This approach is described as having the following characteristics:
The methodology may comprise of the following:
e. Teacher training
Teacher training has been identified as a prerequisite to any effective implementation of a human rights education program in schools. Not all teachers can be assumed to be prepared to handle human rights education in view of the desired knowledge, attitudes and skills required. Training on human rights education for teachers should include the following components:
Teachers can also be taught about support mechanisms, such as:
- Networking/experience exchange among teachers, non-governmental organizations, and government institutions;
- Use of media facilities (for communication and popularization of human rights using multi-media, theater and arts);
- Collaboration with other social institutions (religious or traditional institutions);
- Cooperation with parents and the community which can include funding support, and involvement of young people in their capacity as real parents; and
- Award/merit system to improve the political climate supportive of human rights education in schools.
Human rights education program in schools should not exist in isolation from the very institutions that promote it and provide support for its continuation and development. Judging from the experiences in several countries in Asia, there is a need for support structures which should be composed as much as possible by school administrators, school related organizations (such as Parents-Teachers Associations) government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other institutions in society. These support structures can provide a range of measures regarding the adoption and implementation of human rights education programs in schools.
Governments should have the determination to support human rights education by:
a. Making human rights education a priority of government leaders;
b. Providing for appropriate policy, personnel, budgetary and administrative support;
c. Creating governmental inter-agency system which includes national human rights institutions if there are any;
d. Providing legal mandates that require the teaching of human rights in schools.
Continuing pressure on the government to pursue human rights education is needed. Help from the non-governmental organization sector is necessary in this regard. Broad networking between government and non-governmental institutions can facilitate support for human rights education in schools. It can also bring together supporters of human rights education in schools from within the government.
To create a better political climate, the following are suggested:
Support from schools may consist of the following:
Support from the non-governmental organizations can be the following:
Support can also be sought from other organizations such as:
In each of the sub-regional workshops, participants expressed the need for more exchange of information, materials and ideas. The workshops provided the opportunity for many of the representatives of institutions involved in human rights education in schools to meet and gather information on similar programs within their own country or outside.
Equally distinctive is the almost similar proposition of developing sub-regional activities such as research and training that can help existing programs. Thus the call for an ASEAN information exchange system and for a Network of South Asian Educators in Schools concretely represent this yearning for more collaboration in the future.
These networking plans, if fully implemented, will help existing programs develop in line with the ideas expressed on what constitute a human rights education program in schools. At the moment, linking up with all institutions in the region doing related activities is a big step.
On another plane, the need to debate and further study the effect of existing cultural values on the understanding of human rights is clear. There are many who agree on facing the issue squarely since it impinges on the rights of children, especially girls. There is a view that reinterpreting established traditions and philosophies in the region is necessary due to the changed context of society. Confucianism, for example, has to be reexamined in consideration of the modern societies in Northeast Asia. Hinduism, Buddhism and other traditional beliefs in South Asia have to be reviewed since the issue of Hinduism's role in Indian society is being debated. This process of re-examining and reinterpreting existing cultural values in Asian societies will positively contribute to a proper appreciation of human rights.
The foregoing presentation on the main highlights of the series of workshops on human rights education in Asian schools clearly explain the complexity of institutionalized programming of teaching human rights in schools. But these ideas are not meant to be adopted within a short period of time knowing the difficulties faced by institutions already involved in this field. They are goals to be worked on over time. But as emphasized in the workshops, human rights education in schools will not succeed unless various elements of the support structure in a specific area take part in the program in one way or the other.
In short, the burden of human rights education should not be left to the teachers or schools alone. There are many stakeholders in the society who should be involved.
It may be good to set as an ideal the development of students as human rights advocates who will be able to act within their own world (family, school and community). Human rights education must therefore project the idea that human rights is as normal as any human attribute is. But human rights needs explicit expressions of support in view of the many obstacles it faces in translating it into reality.
For the institutions involved in human rights education in schools, one other goal is to spread these experiences to other Asian schools. National and regional level activities will play a big role in this regard. In another way of applying bibingka* approach, national level activities will complement regional activities in a mutually reinforcing manner.
At the end of the day, the question foremost in the minds of those who are involved in this field is: Are all these efforts worthwhile? Let it be repeated that education, especially on human rights, may have its most significant impact on students long after they have left the school when they are very much immersed in the daily grind of life. Human rights education, just like any educational endeavor, is partly a matter of faith. It requires a certain level of trust on the students and the teachers that their human rights education experience (intellectual and practical) will guide their lives afterward. A planted seed bears fruit after it has grown. But the nourishing of a seed for it to grow healthy is in itself an experience that benefits the surrounding environment and the planter. | <urn:uuid:46b66b78-cf40-4c1f-9c68-d29478e0377b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_publications/human-rights-education-in-asian-schools-achievements-problems-and-prospects.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.962552 | 5,172 | 3.421875 | 3 |
It seems impossible to imagine, but where the Sahara is dominated today by a landscape of sand dunes, just a few thousand years ago, it was a vast grassland dotted with lakes.
An archaeologist has now suggested that we humans played a pivotal role in bringing on the rapid changes in ecology that caused a drop in rainfall, which could provide us with insights into how we'll cope with large scale climate change in the future.
The roughly 10,000-year stretch of what's called the African Humid Period is largely considered to have been caused by an episode of monsoons that washed over the continent - just one of a cycle of such wet periods dating back 9 million years that current hypotheses claim ended with changes in Earth's orbit.
"In East Asia there are long established theories of how Neolithic populations changed the landscape so profoundly that monsoons stopped penetrating so far inland," he says.
The Sahara is currently the world's largest desert, taking in 10 African countries and stretching over 9 million square kilometres (3.5 million square miles).
Its average rainfall varies, with most of the desert receiving less than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) each year.
Wind the clock back about 11,000 years, however, and the weather was vastly different.
"It was 10 times as wet as today," says Jessica Tierney of the University of Arizona, a paleoclimatologist who measured the rainfall over the last of the 'Green Sahara' periods by analysing marine sediments taken off the coast of West Africa.
That time period happens to coincide with a human migration into the area, bringing agriculture with them.
But then 8,000 years ago, over the course of just 1,000 years, the monsoons started to weaken.
"It looks like this 1,000-year dry period caused people to leave," says Tierney.
"What's interesting is the people who came back after the dry period were different - most raised cattle. That dry period separates two different cultures. Our record provides a climate context for this change in occupation and lifestyle in the western Sahara."
It was the impact of the crop-growers who ultimately tipped the climate from damp to dry, according to Wright.
His research involved analysing archaeological evidence of the first signs of pastoralism in the Saharan region and matching it with the coverage of ancient scrub vegetation.
The story that emerged suggests that as communities of people spread, they changed the landscape to accommodate crops and livestock, causing an exchange in plant species that covered the ground for specimens that exposed the soil.
As sunlight bounced from the brighter soil, it warmed the air, building a feedback loop that shifted the atmospheric conditions enough to reduce the frequent monsoon rains and benefit scrub vegetation over grasslands until rainfall virtually vanished, leaving only a scattering of hardy desert plants.
It's an interesting idea - and one that isn't necessarily mutually exclusive with the 'wobble' hypothesis, which Wright suggests had a small impact about 8,200 years ago but wasn't permanent.
But Wright will need to build a stronger case to convince other researchers to rewrite the textbooks just yet - he's now planning to hunt down more evidence to support his ideas.
"There were lakes everywhere in the Sahara at this time, and they will have the records of the changing vegetation. We need to drill down into these former lake beds to get the vegetation records, look at the archaeology, and see what people were doing there," he says.
Since approximately one-sixth of the world's population lives in a desert, research that describes our relationship with our wet and dry ecosystems is important.
Who knows, maybe one day we'll even find a way to make the Sahara bloom again. | <urn:uuid:a2abbd05-2504-4e0b-ba96-1ad7becbaa2c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.sciencealert.com/new-research-suggests-ancient-humans-created-the-world-s-largest-desert | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526940.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721082354-20190721104354-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.968478 | 768 | 4.125 | 4 |
Holistic medicine is health care that comprises all the aspects of one’ s personality to obtain the optimum state of wellness. It encompasses the process of looking into the wholeness of the person including nutritional, physical, environmental, spiritual, lifestyle and social values. Holistic medicine includes virtually all treatments and diagnosis known to achieve balance in personality. It upholds the responsibility of educating one’s self to attain the ideal over-all health and well being.
Holistic medicine and Alternative Medicine
Alternative medicine is commonly associated with holistic medicine. By definition, alternative medicine is the medical techniques that are usually not accepted or practiced by conventional medical practitioners. Most alternative medicines are founded to have rooted on unscientific, untested and untraditional principles. Often, these forms of medicine are closely associated with metaphysical components and anti-scientific stands.
Many of these techniques don’t normally have pharmaceutical values like the acupuncture, herbalism, Reiki, homeopathy and the likes. Yet the alternative medicine may also be used in experimental non-drug and drug techniques that are not yet accepted in the medical circles. The future of alternative medicine holds on the potentiality of transforming the “alternative medicine” into conventional medicine since it is now becoming widely appreciated and practiced by medical doctors. In fact, complementary medicine is the term used for alternative medicine practiced in combination with conventional medicine.
Due to these changes in view of the alternative medicine, holistic medicine has become a more preferable option among those who are quite doubtful of the alternative medicine.
Alternative medicine may appeal to metaphysical beliefs and so does the holistic medicine but on milder and more scientifically based approach. Yet the knowledge applied in holistic medicine still cannot hide the fact that it tends to cling to non-scientific knowledge.
Simply put holistic medicine claims to cure and treat the whole person. Holistic medicine stresses out the unification of the mind and the physical body. Holistic medicine practitioners give credence to the belief the man is not a pure physical body with systems and parts that encompass it. Man is also a spiritual being that requires spiritual healing. Holistic medicine concerns itself to the belief of the connection between the spirit and emotions and mind.
The gap between holistic medicine and alternative medicine is closed by the common practice of not using drug treatments and surgeries. They usually employ meditation, herbs, prayers, vitamins and minerals, as well as exotic diets in treating certain ailments.
Holistic Medicine and Conventional Medicine
Allopathy or conventional medicine defines individual health as the non-occurrence of diseases, which appeals to be a negative approach in defining the condition. Holistic medicine on the other hand concerns itself on a person’s absolute state of physical, social, mental and spiritual well-being.
As based on the definition given (that is commonly used among medical practitioners), orthodox medicine remains to deal with one’s susceptibility to diseases instead of the wellness as opposed by holistic medicine. Based on common observations, conventional medicine typically doesn’t apply to healthy individuals. While holistic medicine focuses on the quality of living practiced by people. Sick people normally don’t seek medical attention not until the symptoms of the disease/s are obvious. Thus, there is too little preventive treatment against sickness.
There are great differences between holistic medicine and the conventional type both in the diagnosis and treatments. Most of which are scientifically based. In oppose to this stand, diagnosis in holistic treatment are conceived through the manifestations of body imbalance. These are determined through certain procedures distinctive only to holistic medicine and other related medicinal practices.
People who have already undergone any of these procedures claim that is not bad trying on or all of these practices. Yet individual preferences still have the hand on what will be accepted as the ideal procedure. | <urn:uuid:bb6b52fd-e335-4881-a618-0cee88e95865> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://iocario.info/archives/21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.946183 | 760 | 3.234375 | 3 |
In the Garden:
Western Mountains and High Plains
Purple loosestrife is an import from Europe that's invading wild areas all across the U.S.
I was a child growing up on a small ranch in Western Colorado when I first learned about noxious weeds. Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) is a relative of the common garden plant, bachelor's buttons, but it's an escapee in our region, and it invaded our alfalfa fields. The plants grew in patches, producing thousands of seeds to be dispersed by the wind. Pulling it wasn't an effective control, so the infested areas had to sprayed with an herbicide that rendered the soil sterile for a year or more.
Now, as a horticulturist, I'm faced with how to handle the invasive characteristics of introduced plants. These are plants that did not originate here, and they often lack natural enemies -- except browsing goats. Once happily established in the landscape, they soon become so aggressive that they crowd out other desirable plants or can even destroy a natural ecosystem.
Certain weedy types spread either by seed or by root structures such as stolons and rhizomes. They are able to take over certain areas and continue to move on. Humans and animals contribute to the problem by inadvertently spreading the seeds. Weed experts are supplying evidence that the impact invasive plants have on native ecosystems is of great concern. These noxious weeds are now considered a threat to the environment, and they also affect the economic value of our lands.
To many people, the solution is to plant only natives, since they are indigenous to a region. New plants can pose an ecological threat to farmland, national forests, natural drainage areas, and areas of our wilderness. While I can become excited about some of the new plant introductions that adapt well in the region, I'm inclined to follow the wisdom of nature and be protective of our ecosystem and native plants that live there.
There is a growing list of noxious weeds or invasive plants, but there's only space here to feature a few of great concern. Check with your local weed district or land grant university to find out more about the specific problem plants in your area.
Perhaps the most recognized and invasive ornamental native to Europe is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). It's a rugged survivor, with upright stalks 2 to 5 feet tall. The flowers are attractive, purplish rose spikes. The mature plants can produce millions of seeds, and the plant can even grow from broken segments. It prefers moist environments and has become a big problem in riparian ecosystems. In poses a threat to wildlife habitat, restricts the flow of irrigation water, and clogs natural drainage basins.
Control of loosestrife is difficult since it grows in waterways, making herbicide applications more threatening to wildlife. Plants can be dug or pulled out by hand, but good luck. If you see purple loosestrife, report it to your weed district.
Another intruder to riparian areas and along rivers, streams, and ditches is Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). Once a widely used tree for windbreaks, it has engaged us in a subtle takeover. Seedlings should be dug as soon as they sprout, and mature trees removed.
Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethopsis) is a native of the Mediterranean and North Africa. A member of the mint family, it's a biennial that grows 2 to 3 feet tall. The first season it grows a rosette with large, grayish, aromatic, woolly leaves. In the second year it sends up flowering stalks with showy white blooms that eventually produce thousands of seeds. Cutting it out in the first season is a good cultural management control method, or you can spot-treat with an appropriate herbicide.
These are but a few of the invasive or noxious plants that we need to be on the lookout for. Once thought of as ornamental garden plants, they have the potential to invade, rather than complement, the landscape.
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips! | <urn:uuid:3879283e-947a-4bd2-85fb-267ce4c8b922> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.garden.org/regional/report/arch/inmygarden/1695 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00214-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941858 | 878 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Photo by Joshua Coleman
Great female artists have hardly been known in society because women in art have not been sufficiently researched, appreciated, or recognized by society despite their talent.
There are certain exceptions that women have been valued for their talent and their name has endured through history, such as Frida Kahlo.
Frida was a Mexican painter who was highly recognized for her art and expressionism, where she mirrored the dramatic events of her life that she remembered with great sensitivity. One of these events was an accident at the age of 18 that kept her at rest for a long time, the period during which she started to paint and express her thoughts and feeling through art.
Even though society has not previously valued the talent of other women unless they belonged to influential social classes, as is the case with Natalia Goncharova or Berthe Morisot, Frida Kahlo was recognized without belonging to an influential class, but for being a woman with revolutionary political ideas for the time. She was a popular activist and even participated in politics in the Communist Party, a great defender of feminism and the indigenous population.
Although her works were groundbreaking in expressing an image of a liberated, strong, and revolutionary woman, it can also appreciate a clear theme of sadness and pain.
A relevant fact was that in her first exhibition, she was ill, and the doctors advised her not to attend, but despite this, she installed a bed in the middle of the exhibition, where she rested, sang, and encouraged the exhibition.
Frida has been mentioned in musical works, paintings, and films such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ Scar Tissue, a song dedicated to Frida. Moreover, there is a museum dedicated to her, that is called Casa Azul Museo Frida Kahlo, exclusively with her paints.
In conclusion, Frida Kahlo has been one of the few women that society that has been recognized for her talent thanks to 47 years of life full of struggle and defense of ideas without fear of consequences or repression.
Despite the worldwide pandemic, The Global FemART partnership continues to work hard to keep the Global FemART project going! Our project partners in the UK, Spain, Italy, Poland and Belgium are working extremely hard to keep conducting training sessions and developing the Global FemART Academy.
Changes due to Covid-19
Whilst the Global FemART project continues to help female artists and creatives, there have been a few changes to the way the project is running. Given that social distancing is in place and all the partners are working from home, the partnership has had to make a few alterations to our original plan! Don’t worry though, you can still benefit from the training and academy, just not in a face-to-face way for a while!
Artist CirclesTM delivery: In many of the partner countries, trainers have started to deliver the second round of Artist Circle sessions online, rather than face-to-face. Given the current situation, group meetings are not possible; however, with all the amazing technology available to us, we are able to conduct these sessions online, via platforms such as Zoom or GoToMeeting. Inova Consultancy, developers of the Circles methodology, have had previous experience of conducting Circles sessions online, with each session being just as successful, beneficial and rewarding as those conducting in a face-to-face setting.
The Italian partner, Materahub, has already finished their online training sessions and have praised the success of the training and its value for participants: check out the Materahub article for more details!
Transnational Partner Meetings: Given the current situation, the partnership has not been able to travel to have face-to-face partner meetings to discuss all aspects of the Global FemART project and the next steps to take! However, through the use of online platforms, the partners have been able to stay connected and ensure the project is managed effectively in each of the countries involved, and will continue to do so until it is safe to once again travel.
The second online pilot of the Global FemArt Artists Circles from the 6th to the 17th of April 2020 was a new and highly stimulating challenge that resulted in a successful and fulfilling experience for the participants and the facilitator, exactly as the first face-to-face pilot. Due to the Covid 19 pandemic circumstances, Materahub decided to carry out the 3 sessions as online mentoring sessions with 6 enthusiastic female “artpreneurs” willing to internationalise their creative businesses.
These experimental online Circles sessions were unexpectedly engaging and productive for everyone lasting even more than 3 hours. As one of the participants’ stated, “The organisation and realisation of these online Circles sessions guaranteed the opportunity for each single participant to learn, improve, listen to their peers, compare their own entrepreneurial approach to those of other “artpreneurs”, exchange opinions, experiences and advice made the difference for the real success of the sessions.
The opportunity for the participants to share, discuss and revise their opinions, experiences, views and suggestions was the most highly productive outcome of the Circles as a whole and they were grateful for their peers’ inputs that contributed to implement their work.
The whole process worked very well in Italy, the online experimentation was very successful and the period of total standstill due to the pandemics created some favourable factors for the circles such as the greater predisposition of the participants to self-analysis and willing to improve, as well as the great desire for confrontation and dialogue. | <urn:uuid:fbe98df0-cc37-4784-a744-a93634621d48> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.globalfemart.eu/blog/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077810.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414095300-20210414125300-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.973348 | 1,144 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The main concern with any eye injury is whether the person’s vision has been permanently, or even temporarily, damaged.
Note: This information does not replace an eye exam from a doctor. For any eye injury, we recommend contacting the nearest eye doctor or ER department.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology reports that over 2.5 million eye injuries occur every year, globally. Of these eye injuries, 90% could have been prevented with protective eyewear.
Eye injuries can occur from a wide range of activities, including playing with your pet, cleaning the house or just on the sports field, and lead to many different types of emergencies.
The only way to identify any vision loss or eye damage from an eye injury is through an eye examination.
Eye injuries can’t always be prevented, but wearing eye protection while engaging in certain activities, such as mowing the lawn, cutting wood and playing sports can help to protect the eyes from damage.
Below are the 6 most frequent causes of eye injuries:
1. Cut or scratch on the eyelid
If you have children or own a pet, you may be familiar with the grabbing or clawing they are capable of!
Babies and toddlers are constantly seeking to touch, grab, and explore the faces of the people they love most. Pets are also capable of scratching their beloved owners when they are held and cuddled close to the face. In these situations, our reflexes cause us to shut our eyes quickly to protect ourselves from injury.
While this important reflex protects our sensitive eyes, it also puts our eyelids at risk and can result in a cut or scratch on the eyelid.
Small cuts can heal with topical medication, but deep cuts or ones that go through the edge of the eyelid require immediate medical attention.
2. Bruise of the eyelids
A bruise on the eyelid is most often called a “black eye”.
This can result from blunt force trauma to the eye, like getting punched in the eye or hit by a ball during a sports activity.
The swelling and dark bruising from a black eye usually gets worse before it gets better.
After a few days, the black color will slowly turn purple and green until it loses its color altogether, this generally takes around 2 to 3 weeks.
3. Subconjunctival hemorrhage
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a flame-shaped bleeding of the white part (sclera) of the eyeball. It is most often caused by a scratch to the sclera and gives the eye a bright red appearance.
The sclera usually heals on its own within 2 to 3 weeks.
If you have sustained an eye injury, head to the nearest emergency room for initial emergency treatment.
In the event you cannot reach an emergency room, contact an eye doctor near you.
SEE RELATED: First Aid for Eye Injuries
Find an eye doctor near you
4. Corneal abrasion
A corneal abrasion is the medical name for a corneal scratch.
Corneal abrasions are often caused by a poke in the eye by a child or pet, a branch of a tree or bush or even by a fingernail while removing a contact lens.
A corneal abrasion can also result when a foreign object, such as a grain of sand, gets stuck under the upper eyelid.
Corneal abrasions cause severe eye pain, excessive tearing and constant blinking. Sometimes the pain is so intense that the person can’t even manage to open their eye.
An eye exam is crucial in order to determine the extent of the abrasion.
The deeper the scratch, the higher the risk of eye infection.
Minor abrasions typically heal within 2 days, usually with the help of lubricating eye drops. More severe abrasions require immediate medical attention.
5. Acute hyphema
An acute hyphema develops from internal eye bleeding.
When this occurs, blood can be seen pooling in the space between the cornea and the iris (the colored part of the eye).
This condition is most often caused by blunt trauma to the eye, such as a punch to the eye or getting hit by an object flying at high speed, such as a baseball or hockey puck.
6. Punctured eyeball
This is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY.
A punctured eyeball is an eye that has been penetrated by a sharp object, such as a stick thrown up by a lawnmower or piece of metal by a lathe.
Common causes of eye trauma
The most common causes of eye traumas include:
- Direct impact: Getting hit in the eye with an object coming toward you at full force such as a ball or nerf gun bullet.
- Blunt force trauma: This occurs when a blunt object impacts the eye, most commonly as a result of a large ball, car accident or a punch to the eye
- Poke in the eye: This most often occurs during play, with objects such as toy swords or even an errant finger, and can damage the cornea or ocular surface and threaten vision loss.
Car accidents, sports injury or getting punched in the eye can lead to a fracture of the fragile bones that surround the eye, known as a blowout fracture.
Blowout fractures require immediate medical treatment, to prevent the muscle tissues from getting caught in the bone fragments— which can lead to infections, facial deformities and permanent double vision if not treated urgently.
In all eye injuries, it is always important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.
While you head to the nearest eye doctor or emergency room, avoid touching or putting pressure on the eye and surrounding tissues. If the eye has become exposed, tape a foam drinking cup to the bony part surrounding the eye to protect the eye until it can be examined.
When to call an ambulance
For logistical reasons, as well as safety and speed, it is generally recommended to call an ambulance instead of driving to the hospital yourself.
The following emergencies require IMMEDIATE medical care:
- Sudden eye pain or vision loss
- A cut on the eyelid
- Reduced movement in one eye
- A difference in pupil size between both eyes
- Inability to contract or dilate pupils
- Irregularly shaped pupil
- Blood in or around the eye
- Foreign body embedded in the eye or under the eyelid
LEARN MORE: Guide to Eye Exams
Schedule an appointment with an eye doctor near you if you or your child suffer any type of eye injury.
The main concern with any eye injury is whether it has caused any degree of vision loss.
The only way to be sure if an eye injury has caused any eye damage or vision loss is with a comprehensive eye exam.
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In 1549 a Venetian printmaker, Matteo Pagano, published a large woodblock print of an aerial view of the city of Cairo; it was accompanied by a Latin text ('Descriptio Alcahirae') attributed to the orientalist scholar, Guillaume Postel. The depiction of the city is sufficiently accurate to permit a detailed interpretation of the city to be made, and it remained the standard western representation of this fabled eastern city for the next 250 years. Nicholas Warner provides a context for Pagano's view of Cairo, a translation of Postel's text, and a commentary on the contents of the print itself in addition to the accompanying narrative. An index of subsequent revisions, and a superbly produced enhanced facsimile of the view itself is included. Volume 1 (208 pages) includes 36 large colour plates, 5 black-and-white plates, and a modern facsimile of the original Latin text 'Descriptio Alchiriae' Volume 2 (208 pages) includes a modern facsimile of the original Latin text 'Descripto Alcahirae', and 68 black-and-white images, all details of the view Volume 3 - the view of Cairo - is a 'modern facsimile' of the original view i.e. with blemishes etc removed, packed in a slip case. It is the same size as the original, and folds out in a similar manner to an ordnance survey map. Printed in two colours to match the original.
This is in "As New" condition. | <urn:uuid:d4123f67-9325-44e2-ac6f-7abb3f990ee8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/books/history/the-true-description-of-cairo-volume-1-3-hd_100855145 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592972.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217035328-20171217061328-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.908211 | 319 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The coins issued in commemoration of the Bicentennial of the May Revolution comprise five (5) versions evoking different geographic regions of Argentina as a way of showcasing a federal spirit.
This series consists of $1 bi-metallic coins featuring the same characteristics of the $1 coin currently in circulation, on the one hand, and silver proof quality, on the other.
These numismatic pieces were designed by the Treasury Strategic Planning Management Office—Numismatic Issuance Deputy Management Office of the BCRA.
Out of the total circulation pieces minted, 75,000 units were enclosed in 15,000 cases that contained five coins each and featured the landscapes of “Pucara de Tilcara”, “El Palmar”, “Aconcagua”, “Mar del Plata”, and “Glaciar Perito Moreno”, which represent Argentina’s northwest, northeast, Cuyo, Pampeana, and Patagonica regions.
Core: These coins feature landscapes with their names—“PUCARA DE TILCARA”, “EL PALMAR”, “ACONCAGUA”, “MAR DEL PLATA”, and “GLACIAR PERITO MORENO”.
Ring: The upper arch reads “REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA” (“ARGENTINE REPUBLIC”) and the lower arch reads “BICENTENARIO” (“BICENTENNIAL”).
Core: An image of the rising sun stands for Argentina’s ongoing growth. The “1810-2010” inscription evokes the 200th anniversary of the May Revolution. The upper part shows the face value, “1 PESO”.
Ring: The lower arch reads “EN UNIÓN Y LIBERTAD” (“IN UNION AND LIBERTY”) and the upper arch shows the mint year, “2010”.
|COMPOSITION||Silver ring (Cu 75 / Ni 25) / Gold core (Cu 92 / Al 6 / Ni 2|
|DIAMETER||23 mm (núcleo 17 mm)|
|AMOUNT||300.000.000 (15.000 units in a cardboard case)|
|MINT||Sociedad de Estado Casa de Moneda (Argentina’s Mint)| | <urn:uuid:7f358b45-62ec-4292-a480-6fa1d6415d54> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.bcra.gob.ar/MediosPago/Moneda_1_peso_bicentenario_revolucion_mayo_i.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704821381.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127090152-20210127120152-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.774366 | 533 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Temples, monasteries and caves of historical and religious interest located in the prefecture of Herakleion attract the interest of foreign and Greek visitors for their rich history.
The writer and historic researcher George Panayiotakis in his book “CRETE-WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW” mentions the most significant landmarks of the prefecture and unfolds their rich history in course of time. Our magazine thanks him for his courtesy. More particularly:
– ST. TITUS CHURCH IN HERAKLEION
According to the book, the church of St. Titus is located in center of the city of Herakleion, on a square named after his name on the 25th August street that leads from the port to the city. It was probably built during the second Byzantine period when the capital of Crete was transferred from Gortyna to Chandax (Candia), after Crete was conquered by the Saracens and Gortyna was destroyed.
In the new temple sacred vessels of Divine Worship, religious relics as well as the Holy skull of St. Titus were gathered. During the Venetian domination, the temple housed the headquarters of the Latin Archbishop. Later, the Turks turned it into a mosque known as Vezir mosque.
The above alterations have left architectural elements which shape the face of the temple, where the Art of the East as well as the Art of the West coexist.
‘St. Titus Church among others was one of the victims of the disastrous earthquake in Herakleion in 1856. It was rebuilt in 1872 and later after some changes it operated as an Orthodox church.
When the domination of Crete by the Turks began, the Venetians brought to Venice various religious relics, icons as well as the holy skull of St. Titus, which they placed in San Marco Cathedral. Finally, in May 1962, St. Titus’ holly skull was replaced in the church filling, therefore, an absence from 1669.
– THE BASILICA OF ST. MARCUS
The Basilica of St. Marcus is located on the same street as St. Titus Church, on Elefterios Venizelos square (at the fountain of Lions). It was built by the Venetians in 1239 dedicated to the name of the patron of Venice. The Turks turned it to a mosque. The minaret was placed where the bell tower was located, the foundations of which are preserved till today.
The mosque was known as the Deftedar mosque.
In 1956, the Society of Cretan Historical Studies restored it to its original form. This is the place where the great exhibition dedicated to the works of El Greco was housed. The works of art were gathered in 1990 from various countries, after the completion of 450 years from his birth. Today, it operates as an art gallery that hosts the works of art of famous contemporary Cretan artists.
– ST. PETER’S CHURCH
St. Peter’s Church is located on the eastern side of the Historical Museum of Crete, surrounded by Byzantine ruins. It was built during the Venetian rule and belonged to the Order of Dominicans. The church was converted into a mosque by the Turks. Due to the restoration works in the temple, the city of Herakleion is proud to have such a significant and elegant monument. This monument with its rich interior can cover historical needs or facilitate other spiritual or cultural events.
In Herakleion, there are other remarkable temples like the small church of St. Minas, Notre Crusaders, St. Catherine’s Church as well as others with a notable presence during the city’s historic timeline.
MONASTERIES IN THE PREFECT OF HERAKLEION
It is unknown when exactly the first monasteries were built in Crete. It is believed that they were established during the early Byzantine times. The early christianization of Crete and the relatively short distance from Egypt, a place where the Holly Fathers of the desert founded monasticism, contributed to Crete receiving early these messages. Thus, the first notions regarding monasticism received acceptance, there.
The southern beaches of Crete that offer shelter, mild temperatures and isolationism became places that attracted the first monks. These places facilitate spiritual elevation, temperance, exercise and prayer. Slowly, due to the spread of monasticism and the creation of monastic centers spiritual bastions are shaped, which reinforce religious consciousness, preserve Christian tradition and assist national affairs.
Thus, the monks become defenders and guardians of Orthodoxy and their role is obvious during the eventful history of Crete. In the Byzantine era a lot of monasteries operated in Crete.
Within the first years of Venetian rule, the new occupants saw that the clergy strengthened and instigated local riots and took severe measures.
However, the Venetians’ policy has changed in the last 100 years on the grounds that there is a need of co-existence regarding the Christian element.
This shift was realized due to the perceived Turkish threat and the need to jointly deal with it.
However, this situation has favored the spread of monasticism.
Thousands had embraced monasticism and lots of monasteries were founded or renovated, many times with the Venetians’ financial aid.
Greek letters were taught in those monasteries, libraries operated and manuscripts were copied.
Renowned scholars emerged from the ranks of the monks such as Iosif Filagris, Nilos Damilas, Maximos Margounios etc.
Also, many monasteries highlighted bishops that brightened patriarchal thrones, such as the Patriarch of Constantinople Cyril Loukaris, the Patriarch of Alexandria Meletios Pegas, the Patriarch of Jerusalem Nektarios, Neofytos Patelaros etc.
Moreover, many other scholars were revealed whose role was not only restricted to divine worship and religious affairs in general but were crucial in the national-political sector. During the Cretan War 1645- 1669, the monasteries had suffered great damage.
A great deal of them were completely destroyed and exist today only as names. This phenomenon was more intense in the cases where the monasteries had played a partisan role against the conqueror. Icons painted by Cretan artists, utensils of divine worship, manuscripts, vestments, books and other religious items, were taken, wiped or destroyed.
After the prevalence of the Ottomans in Crete, the monasteries are found in a more difficult situation. Those which were located in the cities were converted into mosques. The poorer ones were abandoned and only some big monasteries survived that could afford the heavy taxation imposed by the Turks.
The Muslims’ sacred law faced the monasteries and the churches with hostility, prohibited the establishment of new as well as the renovation of old ones. At this period of time, the monasteries had become the headquarters and the operational bases of the rebels. Rebels and monks acted in common in order to punish the conqueror and liberate the island.
Inside or around them, bloody clashes were realized and the monks are recorded as heroes in the Cretan history.
Ioannis Markakis or Xopateras constitutes a typical case of a man who was fortified in the tower of Odigitria monastery and fought all by himself the furious Turkish crowd.
The monastery of Arkadi became the heroic tomb for many warriors, women and children providing a brilliant example of self-sacrifice and heroism.
Finally, their role was substantial also during the recent period of German Occupation, when many monks were killed or tortured because of their participation in the struggle against the Germans.
Briefly, a description of the most important monasteries that still exist today follows:
It is a parish convent that belongs to the prefecture of Chersonissos. It is 23 kilometers from Herakleion on the road of Herakleion-Episkopi-Sgourokefali-Agarathos. It is an old, historic monastery with an old reputation. One aisle of the church is dedicated to Virgin Mary’s Assumption while the other is dedicated to St. Minas. The time when the monastery was founded remains unknown, however, its existence is known since 1504. It belongs to one of the oldest monasteries in Crete named after agarathou plant which is endemic there.
The monastery is considered «first in rank» among the monasteries in the Archdiocese of Crete. Its presence in the spiritual and historic life of Crete is intense. Since the Venetian rule, it has been a top quality school and a great deal of its monks fulfilled Patriarchal and Episcopal thrones, such as Meletios Pegas, Cyril Loukaris, Sylvester as well as Gerasimos Paleokapas who became professor in the University of Padova.
During the Venetian rule, the monastery was flourishing. This peak was halted for 200 years, in the Ottoman period because Christopher, the abbot of St. Athanasios monastery with a group of monks, who were in the besieged Candia, fought the prospective occupier with uncommon bravery.
According to Bounialis, the abbot erected an arch which was comprised of the heads of the beheaded Turks so as the Venetian General Dolfin could pass under it. This event shaped the Turks’ later attitude towards the monastery, in the sense that they strictly prohibited even one stone to be placed upon another for this historic period in focus.
And if the Archbishop of Crete Neofytos Patelaros who was posted in this monastery did not mediate, it is certain that that it would be completely ruined.
During the Ottoman era, it was among the smallest monasteries in Crete. However, in the revolution of 1821, due to the fact that Bishop Joachim and his monks were considered to be involved in the preparation of the revolution, the Ottomans slaughtered the Bishop in front of the entrance of the small church of St. Minas in Herakleion, massacred the monks they found and set the monastery along with its buildings on fire.
Laborious efforts were made for the reconstruction of the monastery and its deliverance to divine worship.
During the Ottoman era, Agarathos was the chair of the Bishop of Chersonissos. In the revolution of 1866, the monastery played a charity role preserving the old Cretan tradition of hospitality. In the monastery, there was a crock with water, another crock full of wine as well as a basket with cheese, olives and bread available. Furthermore, the bakery of the monastery was always in full operation in order to feed the rebels along with the weary residents of the neighboring villages. The monastery also lends money helping, thus, in many ways the area and its inhabitants.
In the area of the monastery a special school operated with students helping one another. During the German Occupation those monks who did not participate in the Resistance offered their services to wanted partisans.
The building complex resembled a fort with main and one secondary entrance. The present church of the monastery is relatively newly-built. It was built from scratch and the inauguration took place in 1894.
– ST. IOANNIS THE THEOLOGIST
The monastery of St. Ioannis the Theologist is located southeast and very close to the village of Anopolis that is 15 kilometers far from Herakleion, in a wooded valley. According to the tradition it belonged to the monastery of St. George Aposelemis which was situated near its mouth.
The role of the monastery was crucial not only in the national but also in the educational sector. Its position occasionally facilitated militants that founded safety and hospitality on the premises. The monks also participated in the struggles against the conqueror. The Ottomans were aware of these events and their hatred turned towards the monastery. During the evolution in 1821, the monks were cruelly killed and the sacred vessels, apart the icons which were never found, were taken or destroyed. During the revolution of 1866-69 the monks abandoned the monastery and resorted to the mountains with other warriors.
After the revolution, the monks returned and saw a looted and deserted monastery, which with great difficulties and enormous efforts delivered again to divine worship.
During the events of 1896, the monastery had its share again regarding massacres and disaster. Among the 40 residents of the nearby villages that the Turks slaughtered, four monks were also included that belonged to this monastery which was looted for one more time.
The monastery hosted a school which functioned from 1840 till 1908, with intervals only during irregular periods of time.
The monastery has been rebuilt today and constitutes a real retreat.
– EPANOSIFI MONASTERY
It is dedicated to St. George. The north aisle of the church is dedicated to the Transfiguration of Christ the Savior. It is situated near Metaxohori village and it is about 32 kilometers from Herakleion. It is considered one of the most significant and richest monasteries in Crete.
It was founded by a monk called Paisios, however, the exact date of the establishment cannot be accurately defined. It is estimated that it was established around 1600.
The monastery was named after a shepherd who was in service of lord Lagouvardos.
The monastery acquired great real estate and during the period of Turkish rule it became a significant spiritual center. Scholar monks, brothers of the monastery such as the teacher of religious material and hynmographer Synesios, as well as the artist bibliographer George Gounales made a prominent spiritual presence in this field. However, the misfortune of the monastery lies in the fact that it is surrounded by many Turkish villages accumulating, therefore a great deal of suffering. In the revolution of 1821, the Turks that inhabited Kako Chorio (the present Metaxohori) killed 18 monks. Those that survived resorted to Sfakia where they transferred as many religious items as they were able to rescue, without finally having them rescued.
With the intervention of Commissioner Tombazis, the relics of other monasteries in Hydra Island were sold and weapons were bought for the Revolution.
The fact that the monasteries of Crete today are poor in manuscripts, books and relics is because some were used as fillings for weapons and others to buy arms.
In other words, they devoted their lives as well, to the freedom of Cretan people.
After the slaughter of 1821, the monastery was left to desertification. Neofytos, a monk in Aidini in Asia Minor which belonged to Epanosifi, came with two other monks and rebuilt the monastery which quickly evolves again as an important spiritual center.
The great earthquake in 1856 demolished the temple which was rebuilt with the Sultan’s firman in 1862 and the mediation of the Patriarchate. In the revolution of 1866, the monastery was again a victim of the Turkish raids. The newly-built monastery received the fury of the Turks who demolished it and removed whatever they could get. The relics and the holy vessels were saved because they had been transferred in time to the Apezanon monastery.
The majority of the young monks were recruited in the revolutionary bodies and fought against the invader.
During the German Occupation the abbey was converted into a hospital and many urban families threatened by hunger went to the monastery. The Germans ripped the monastery off which was automatically found poor in wheat, olive oil, cheese and other products that were previously available in abundance.
The assistance that the monastery offered to the Resistance was significant.
– APEZANON MONASTERY
It is located within a distance of 63 kilometers from the city of Herakleion and belongs to the municipality of Gortyna. There are three versions regarding its establishment. More particularly, the first refers that it was located in Agiofarago, a place where the Byzantine Church of St. Antonios exists. The second version mentions that it was established about 1600 by Papadopoulos brothers from Candia and according to the third version it was founded in 1458.
The building had cannon in the yard and the Turks called it “Tomblou Monastery”.
It is said that the monastery held a special letter of agreement for its protection against the Turks. This document was respected by the Turks until 1827. However, in the end, it did not become an obstacle for the Ottomans to put the temple on fire, which was totally destroyed.
The monastery is dedicated to St. Antonios and was restored by the monks again.
The revolution of 1866-69 completed the previous disaster. The Turks burnt it for a second time along with its belongings in Peri and Tripita in the province of Kenourgio. The relics of the saints that the monastery owned were rescued from the catastrophe of 1827.
– ODIGITRIAS MONASTERY
It is situated 65 kilometers from the city of Herakleion close to the village of Sivas.
The monastery showed strong resistance against the Turks. During the prerevolutionary period, a lot of Hainides that fought for freedom found refuge in the monastery. They were a kind of guerrillas called kleftes as they were known in the rest of Greece. The well-known hero Xopateras or Xopapas belonged to this category and he was also a brother in the monastery. His secular name was Ioannis Markakis.
As a monk called Ioasaf, he killed a janissary who insulted the honor of his family and the result was that he was made to abandon monasticism without denying, however, the monastery of his repentance. On the onset of the revolution in1821, he went to the mainland with his friend Dimitris Kormoulis from Kouse and they fought together to throw off the Turks.
Upon his return to Crete and having the Odigitria monastery as a base, he became the terrible persecutor of the janissaries of Messara. The Turks called him “Deli Papa” (Crazy Priest).
Since the Asterousia Mountains were full of rebels, the Turks decided to clear the situation. A force of 800 Ottomans led by the bloodthirsty Meremet Ali besieged the monastery in February 1828. Xopateras was shut in the tall tower of the monastery which is named after him since then and fought with two more warriors against the Turkish mob. 30 Turks got killed and other 15 got injured. The siege lasted 3 days. When his two comrades got killed and ran out of bullets, he jumped off the burning tower but just before he got caught he managed to kill three more Turks although he had a broken leg. However, inside the Turkish crowd it was impossible to be saved. They cut his head off, they put it on the flagpole and took it to Tymbaki or according to another witness it was transferred to Moustafa Pasha who besieged Fragokastelo near Sfakia. A few months later in August 1828, his friends took revenge for his death and killed the fearsome Janissary Agriolidis. This act was the cause of a new Turkish atrocity that took the life of 800 Christians in Herakleion alone. The monastery was under constant persecution.
KARDIOTISSA NUNNERY «KERA»
It is located 50 kilometers from the city of Herakleion on the way to Lassithi plateau.
The nunnery exists since the 9th century and the church is dedicated to the Birth of Virgin Mary.
The nunnery and the surrounding villages Kera, Krasi and Gonies constituted a feud that belonged to the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople.
The members of Magganaris family that came as refuges from Monemvasia settled it down in Lassithi plateau and gave their entire fortune to the nunnery. They renovated it and for many years the abbots came from this family.
Since 1720, the nunnery follows Stavropegic monastery, depends on and is given direct protection by the Patriarchate. In 1822, in 1841, and in 1846 the nunnery receives Turkish attacks. In 1866-69, the first revolutionary assembly was called in the nunnery that declared Antonios Zofrafos or Xanthoudidis as a deputy. The following year on May 1867, the rebels with their leader Michael Korakas used the nunnery as headquarters in order to prevent the seizure and the destruction of Lassithi, which eventually occurred by the numerous troops of Omer Pasha.
– PALIANI NUNNERY
It is located near Venerato village and it is 23 kilometers from Herakleion. According to the disclosed findings, it dates from 668 and it is dedicated to the Assumption of Virgin Mary, St. Panteleimon as well as to the three Hierarchs. It was an imperial abbey that belonged to the Patriarchate since it followed Stavropigi’s order. In the revolution of 1821, the nunnery paid a heavy price. Apart from three nuns, all the others that are estimated in a few dozens were slaughtered and the temple got burnt. The nunnery was reconstructed by nun Parthenia but it was burnt in 1866.
Michael Korakas the famous killer of the Turks resorted to the nunnery when he killed the Turk Alikos and this is the time when the struggle against the Turks really began from a man that became their relentless persecutor. It has to be noted that outside the sanctuary of the church, « St. Myrtle» exists which is worshipped as a tree with miraculous properties. Worshipping the trees is a devotional habit dating back the Minoan era.
– SAVVATIANON NUNNERY
It is located northwest Rogdia and 22 kilometers from the city of Herakleion. The two-aisled church is devoted to St. Antonios and St.Savas. It is an old nunnery and the abbot was Maximos Margounios in 1585. During the siege of Candia by the Turks, all the monks that participated in the war against the new conqueror, were captured and transferred to Constantinople where they stayed throughout the siege period. Upon their return, they realized that the Turks were now the new owners and those who were not captured were slaughtered. A monk that survived took over the reconstruction and the repair of the damage. In the revolution of 1866-69, a scholar monk called Eugene Vourexakis took his arms and with a group of rebels fought as if he were Athanasios Diakos himself around Gazanos River.
Due to the intense sword fighting, his scimitar broke and 40 Turks surrounded him, cut his head off and carried it through the neighborhoods of the city of Herakleion, and eventually threw it into the garbage following, thus, a brutal custom. When the head was found, it was delivered to the nunnery by some Christians and it is kept there till today. His grave is there, too. Another simple tomb hosts the bones of a young then, however, brave and bold warrior called Hercules Kokkinides who got killed in Dazi fighting against the conqueror. In the same place, his father the chieftain Nikolaos Kokkinides is buried, as well. Other significant nunneries in the perfect are: Gorgolaini, Vrodisi, Koudoumas, St. Panteleimon in Fodele of Kallergis, St. Irene Kalyvianis, Spiliotissa etc.
– SARHOS CAVE
It is located west the village Sarhos which is 22 kilometers from the city of Herakleion. Its length is estimated about 420 meters. It is the river bed of an old underground river, which in the period of major waterfalls is activated again and runs rapidly from the mouth of the cave.
It is referred that during the revolutions from 1794 until 1896, the cave was used as a safe shelter for the Christians of the area. The cave was more useful during the revolution of 1866-69. Many women, children and wounded people took refuge in the cave in order to save themselves. Zacharias Filipakis from Sarhos was responsible for the guard with 50 gunmen. The siege of the cave lasted for a few days but without result. The Turks put flammable material on the mouth of the cave and set fire. However, the wind that was moving in an outward direction drove away the smoke and fire. The fire spread to the neighboring forest and forced the Turks to retreat. The cave prevented a new tragedy as the one realized in Milati and Melidoni.
After consultation Filipakis and Rezit Pasha met and a protocol was signed that honored the defenders, then the Turkish army left. This event became widely-known and had a great impact on the Cretan struggle for freedom.
– MARMAROSPILIOS OR HAINOSPILIOS
It is situated near the village Kamaraki in Malevizi that is 24 kilometers far from Herakleion.
The large stalagmites and the cave’s massive columns which in many places in Crete are called marbles, gave their name to the cave. Its other name has to do with the Hainides (the guerrillas of the Greek mainland) that lived and fought on the mountains.
The cave was considered a refuge for the Hainides and captain Palmetis had his headquarters in there. His real name was Giannis Panteris and he was born in Kamaraki in 1790. He was a punisher of the Turks and during the revolution of 1821 his role was crucial. When the revolution finished, he fought in the mainland and on his way back to Crete although he was holding a Greek passport from the free part of Greece, the Turks captured him in Herakleion, killed him and threw his body in the sea. Other important caves that have an archaeological, historical and spiritual interest are the following: the cave of Ilithyia, the cave of St. Paraskevi, the cave of Arkalochori, the cave of Kamilari, the cave of Chosto nero, the cave of Kamares, the cave of Trapeza, the cave of Faneromeni, the cave of St. Photini, the cave of Doxa, the cave of Arkalospilios etc.
Source of publication 18th issue In-On | <urn:uuid:efbb19b8-3b1f-484f-bca2-a9c60fc7506c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.e-inon.gr/magazine/2017/07/14/manuscripts-books-used-as-fillings-for-weapons-during-the-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516123.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023090235-20181023111735-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.981803 | 5,539 | 2.875 | 3 |
If you have recently excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and go to the bathroom more often than usual, you may suffer from high blood sugar. Even if that’s the case, there is no need to panic — there are methods (aside from taking insulin, if advised by your doctor) that can bring it down over the long term. With steady work, it can be managed. How can you lower your blood sugar? Read on to find out how you can lower your blood sugar — and to ensure your health and the health of others, do not miss these Sure Signs You’ve Already Had COVID.
High blood sugar, also known as hyperglycemia, is a result of too much sugar in the blood due to a lack of insulin in the body. Often linked to diabetes, if left untreated it can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, vision issues, kidney disease, nerve problems, and more. Here is how you can bring down blood sugar with these science-backed tips.
Exercise: Physical activity is helpful for managing high blood sugar. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) advises that moving every 30 minutes can aid in blood glucose management.
Sleep: Sufficient, good quality sleep will help you keep your blood sugar at healthy levels. Seven to eight hours is usually sufficient for most adults. Tips for improved sleep include having a relaxed routine to help you wind-down prior to bed, and avoiding caffeine in the afternoon or evening.
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If you are prediabetic, you can reverse high blood glucose using regular, moderate-to-intense exercise, weight loss, and a balanced, low-sugar diet. If you have already been diagnosed with diabetes, starting a healthy eating plan is one of the best things you can do to keep yourself healthy in the long term. Current guidelines recommend eating a diverse meal plan incorporating foods from all the main food groups and sticking to the portion-sizes recommended.
- Limit refined or processed carbohydrates, like baked goods or pasta, as these can quickly spike your blood sugar.
- Choose whole grains instead of the more refined versions eg whole grain bread, brown rice, whole oats, etc.
- Limit high sugar fruits, such as watermelon or mango, and eat moderate amounts of low-glycemic fruits including oranges, berries, and apples.
- Eat some protein with each meal. Low-fat and lean proteins such as eggs, lean beef or pork, fish, skinless chicken, or turkey, help build muscle mass without pushing up fat and glucose levels.
- Avoid fried foods, excessively salty foods (eg potato chips), sugary foods (eg candy, ice cream, and cakes), and drinks that contain added sugar, like soda and energy drinks.
- Drink water instead of sweetened beverages. Do not add sugar to your coffee or tea and, if you must have something sweet, use a natural sweetener like stevia, instead.
- Women should drink no more than one alcoholic beverage on any day, and men should limit alcohol intake to a maximum of two drinks. If you take insulin, be very careful around alcohol as this can cause blood glucose levels to drop too low and increase your risk for developing hypoglycemia. Always eat food when consuming alcohol to reduce your risk.
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While supplements should not be used to replace standard medical treatments for diabetes, there is growing evidence that some supplements can help diabetics control their blood sugar. Always talk to your doctor if you are planning on using any supplements as some may interfere with other treatments and medications.
- Chromium: Chromium deficiency impairs glucose metabolism. Evidence supports chromium as an aid in lowering blood sugar and A1c levels. This supplement is not suitable if you have kidney disease.
- Magnesium: Low levels of magnesium in type 2 diabetics is associated with worse blood sugar control and may contribute to some diabetes complications. To increase your magnesium intake, you could take a magnesium supplement or get more magnesium in your diet by eating whole grains, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.
- Zinc: Many diabetics are zinc deficient. Studies have shown that zinc supplementation can reduce blood sugar and A1C.
- Berberine: Found in plants such as goldenseal, barberry, oregon grape root, and coptis. Current evidence supports its use for decreasing blood sugar and Hba1c. Berberine must not be taken while pregnant.
- Gymnema: This botanical, used for centuries in India, has been shown to benefit glucose metabolism and insulin levels. It can be very effective in lowering blood glucose levels when used in conjunction with pharmaceutical medications, but you must monitor your blood sugar closely to avoid hypoglycemia.
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As with supplements, certain foods are helpful to diabetics trying to achieve good blood glucose control. These have also been shown to help:
- Apple Cider Vinegar: Apple cider vinegar can assist in effective diabetes management. A common protocol is to take 2 tablespoons of ACV before bedtime to reduce morning fasting sugar levels. Taking 1-2 tablespoons with meals can also help decrease the glycemic load of a carbohydrate-rich meal.
- Fiber and Barley: Fiber can help decrease blood sugar, with the ideal daily intake being 25 to 30 grams per day. Barley, which is high in protein and fiber, can improve cholesterol, insulin levels, and blood sugar.
- Cinnamon: Anecdotal evidence suggests that cinnamon can help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels although scientific evidence for this is not conclusive.
- Fenugreek: This seed, commonly used as a food spice, also has medical benefits and is thought to lower fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c | <urn:uuid:b4b5bfaf-9596-4d48-9f8d-d93cd8545fb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://awsforwp.com/2022/03/13/im-a-doctor-and-heres-how-to-lower-your-blood-sugar-eat-this-not-that/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104506762.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704232527-20220705022527-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.914719 | 1,223 | 2.75 | 3 |
On May 15, 1945, onlookers tried to glimpse the first of four Nazi U-boats towed up the Piscataqua River to surrender at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The news media then went into a feeding frenzy.
Germany had surrendered to the Allies on May 7, 1945, bringing World War II closer to an end.
The excitement over the tangible evidence of U.S. victory increased as three more Nazi U-boats followed over the next five days. The shipyard then studied the technologically advanced Nazi subs and their cargo.
The Nazi U-boats
The U-boats, sophisticated and much-feared maritime predators, traveled together in wolf packs to sink their targets. They attacked commercial shipping in order to starve the Allies of supplies. At first they had remarkable success, sinking about 3,000 vessels, mostly merchant ships. They also killed more than 5,000 seamen and passengers.
More people died in attacks by Nazi U-boats than at Pearl Harbor.
“The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril,” wrote British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Eventually the U-boat menace subsided by 1942 when the U.S. entered the war and developed effective anti-submarine measures. But their fearful reputation persisted, contributing to the drama on the Piscataqua River in May 1945.
Fangs Yanked Out
The 245-foot U-805 was the first to arrive. She had surrendered in the North Atlantic and was towed into Portsmouth Harbor. Green dye marked the spot for the rendezvous with a tugboat carrying Navy officials and news reporters.
Three ‘surly, expressionless’ German officers appeared on board. They officially surrendered at 4:25 p.m. at the mouth of the harbor. The submarine was then taken to the shipyard for publicity photos. One caption read, “Its fangs yanked out, this prize U-boat will prey no more upon Allied shipping in the Atlantic.”
A bus took the prisoners to Portsmouth Naval Prison, commonly known as The Castle, where Office of Naval Intelligence interpreters interrogated them. They wanted technical details about jet aircraft, ballistic missile, guided bomb and nuclear weapons technology.
WHEB-AM reporter Charlie Gray scored an interview with a captain of one of the U-boats. He described Lt. Albert Finster as a ‘typical dyed-in-the-wool Nazi.’ Finster’s interview caused a stir because he blamed England for the war. He also said Allied bombing ruined his native town of Hamburg.
Two more Nazi U-boats arrived the next day: At 2 pm, U-873 was towed into the harbor, followed by U-1228. That night, a wire service report added to the excitement. The USS Sutton captured a U-boat near Newfoundland with three high-ranking German officials and two dead Japanese scientists aboard.
The Biggest Prize
On Friday, May 18, the public eagerly awaited the arrival of the fourth and last of the Nazi U-boats. Rumors circulated about its cargo. The submarine was headed to Japan, which was still in the war. Supposedly it carried personnel and materiel to help the Japanese war effort.
U-234 arrived in Portsmouth at 7:30 am on Saturday, May 19, greeted by swarms of journalists. The biggest prize of all the Nazi U-boats, the high-ranking officers aboard made it a major news story.
The submarine carried a disassembled Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter, prototypes, technical descriptions of new weapons and several senior weapons technicians. The two Japanese scientists were not on board. They had committed suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills, and the Germans buried them at sea.
The U.S. government kept the secret about part of U-234’s cargo: 1,232 lbs. of uranium oxide. Scientists later used it in the Manhattan Project for the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
German General Ulrich Kessler, assigned as the Luftwaffe liaison in Tokyo, made an impression as the stereotypical Nazi general. Tall and formal, he wore white gloves, a long leather greatcoat, polished leather boots and an Iron Cross around his neck. He seemed to enjoy the publicity, noted WHEB’s Gray.
Kessler spoke in fluent English with a British accent. When asked how he felt about surrendering, he said, “I was in the last World War. I’ve been through it before. I’ll probably go through it again.”
The Dark Side of the Story
The Germans complained of their treatment. A subsequent investigation by the U.S. Navy confirmed their abuse. Navy prize crews seized the possessions of the Nazi U-boat crews and saved them as souvenirs. They also distributed them to local boys in small boats as the Nazi U-boats made their way up the Piscataqua. Or they stockpiled them at the prison, where corrections officers looted and sold them.
Among those items taken: pep pills, revolvers, canned goods, parts of German uniforms and decorations. Under the Geneva Convention, the U.S. should have returned the prisoners’ property.
After the crewmen of U-873 were interrogated in Portsmouth, they were then taken to the Charles Street Jail in Boston. There, they awaited transfer to a prisoner-of-war camp in Mississippi. As military officers marched them through the streets in handcuffs, crowds pelted them with garbage and insults.
Their commanding officer, Friedrich Steinhoff, returned to his cell with his face bloody and swollen. An ONI interrogator had ordered a big, strong Marine to beat him. Steinhoff bled to death in his cell, possibly from slashing his wrists with his broken glasses.
Ironically, he had a brother, Ernst Steinhoff, a rocket scientist. Ernst Steinhoff also surrendered and helped the United States with its rocketry program.
Fate of the Nazi U-boats
The U.S. Navy then took U-805 on several ‘Victory Visits’ to ports on the U.S. East Coast before sinking her.
U-1228 was then sunk in 1946, and U-234 was torpedoed off the Cape Cod coast in 1947.
Finally, in 1948, U-873 was scrapped.
With thanks to SeacoastNH.com. This story about the surrender of Nazi U-boats was updated in 2023. | <urn:uuid:9cfb3631-14f5-40eb-b7c4-047c93784923> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/tag/prisons/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.971803 | 1,344 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Engaging Minds topic for the month of July was Logical and Reasoning games. It was arranged for the children of Playschool, Prep I and Prep II at AVM BW Santacruz Premises.
Mind games help stimulate the brain and make children think in unconventional ways to solve a problem. Just like the physical exercises, the brain needs its own form of stimulation to improve upon areas like analytical thinking, creativity and problem solving.
The session started by sharing the importance of Engaging Minds with the children followed by a Brain Gym exercise (Hook-Ups) with children.
Six corners were arranged for the Engaging Minds activity – Magic Key (match the correct key to its outline), Fun with shapes (Tangram Puzzle), Match my pattern (Sequencing), Memory game, Things that go together and Spot the difference.
Overall it was an enriching and fun filled Engaging minds session. | <urn:uuid:f1d82687-e776-44cd-a1be-48b8f82852c4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://avmschools.ac.in/engaging-minds-logical-and-reasoning-games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027312025.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817203056-20190817225056-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.956129 | 189 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Kiokee Church, the first Baptist Church to be constituted in Georgia, was organized in the Spring of 1772, by the Rev. Daniel Marshall, one of the founders of the Baptist denomination in Georgia. A meeting house was built, and the Rev. Daniel Marshall became the first pastor, ministering from his headquarters at Kiokee to an ever increasing number of Baptists in the area.
In October, 1784, the preliminary meeting for the organization of a Georgia Baptist Association was held at Kiokee Church. The Rev. Daniel Marshall died November 2, 1784, and some time later the church was moved to Appling and a new brick edifice erected.
Kiokee Baptist Church was incorporated December 23, 1789, as "The Anabaptist Church on Kiokee", with Abram Marshall, William Willingham, Edmund Cartledge, John Landers, James Simms, Joseph Ray and Lewis Gardner as Trustees. | <urn:uuid:ca1fe96e-3487-4f36-a98c-9f7eedfc074d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HMHZF_first-baptist-church-in-georgia_Appling-GA.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202588.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321234128-20190322020128-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.979384 | 193 | 2.625 | 3 |
The children who comprise Generation E are America’s most scarce and precious resource. This Essential group of Americans must be the best educated generation in American history. Even if our friends in India and China educate only ten percent of their population, they will not be giving us leeway to sort out and discard any member of our Generation E. The need to guide each Generation E boy and girl to his or her highest potential is not just about ensuring American prosperity. The potential for creating a better world exists in each one of these children. None of them are expendable. Clearly, American educators must prepare all sixty million members of Generation E for the essential role they will play in keeping our nation and the world strong.
Thankfully, America’s teachers are uniquely well suited for this task. We are a part of the American value system which is replete with stories of individual acts of courage. Our collective history is reflected in stories of rugged pioneers risking all to move their families across a continent to a better life, immigrant families abandoning hopeless futures by crossing oceans to realize their dreams in a new world, poverty stricken, jobless men of the Great Depression era being fed and cared for by the families of strangers who were barely able to feed themselves, the sacrifices of courageous soldiers who gave their lives to save others, and civil rights protestors who withstood much more than police dogs and fire hoses to ensure the promises of liberty would be granted to all our citizens. The stories of American heroism in the face of difficult odds are countless and true.
And now, American educators can add their names to the list of citizens who have stretched beyond old limitations to create new and better worlds; worlds that have benefited not only Americans, but countless citizens of our planet. Educators are as essential as the children of Generation E in guaranteeing a promising future for America. In the Sarasota County, Florida school district, teachers who are working to acquire the special set of skills needed to guide Generation E students are called Next Generation teachers. Perhaps we should call these teachers Now Generation, because our children need them right now.
The leading edge of Generation E will enter high school this fall. What is in store for them in high schools across America? Have secondary educators made the reforms Bill Gates so passionately outlined in his 2005 address to U.S. Governors? We are nearing the end of the first decade of the 21st Century. The alarm bells are ringing now. The time to act is now. | <urn:uuid:22afc28f-c790-4a54-a997-1eeb6d9941e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://debbieshultsblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/generation-e.html?showComment=1219316520000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820556.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017013608-20171017033608-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.961162 | 498 | 2.890625 | 3 |
UNITED NATIONS, United States – The world must focus more on helping the poorest children to build on progress achieved in health and education over the past 25 years, UNICEF said today.
In its annual "State of the World’s Children" report, the UN children’s agency took stock of important gains such as a 53 per cent drop in infant mortality since 1990 and a dramatic reduction in extreme poverty.
But without a sharper focus on the most vulnerable, it warned, 69 million children under five will die from preventable causes and 167 million will suffer poverty over the next 15 years.
Without a shift, some 750 million women and girls will have been married as children by 2030, the deadline set by the United Nations to achieve its new global goals for sustainable development.
Progress so far "has mainly been made by focusing a lot on children that are more easy to reach, or on interventions on health and nutrition with a high impact," said Justin Forsyth, UNICEF’s deputy executive director.
"What we are finding now is that if we do not focus on the most disadvantaged we won’t accelerate this progress," he added.
"We have made tremendous progress," said Ted Chaiban, director of programmes at UNICEF. "But that progress has not been fair."
The world’s poorest children are twice as likely to die before they turn five and to be chronically malnourished than the richest, according to UNICEF.
Across much of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, children born to mothers with no education are almost three times more likely to die before they are 5 than those born to mothers with a secondary education.
Girls from the poorest households are twice as likely to marry as children than those from the wealthiest households.
The number of children out of school, on the rise since 2011, presents another worrying trend.
With around 124 million children today who do not attend primary or middle school, education is key to reaching the most vulnerable, Chaiban argued.
"Where there has been a strong investment in basic education around the world, there has been a tremendous return on investment," he said.
Each year of education completed increases adult earnings by 10 per cent.
With no action to address inequality, societies worldwide will feel "a dramatic impact and it will fuel instability," Forsyth said. — AFP | <urn:uuid:4f9050c9-cd8b-4766-a6d0-a556f1690e1e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://vietnamnews.vn/world/298745/world-must-focus-on-poorest-children-unicef.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987824701.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022205851-20191022233351-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.970743 | 487 | 2.953125 | 3 |
“Americans take it for granted that the water flowing from their drinking water taps…is clean and safe,” Erik Olson, director of the NRDC’s health program, said during a telephone press conference. “But what we found is that all too often that assumption is wrong.”
While no amount of lead is considered safe, 10% of homes that were tested had lead levels above 15 parts per billion, which is where the EPA calls for immediate action due to health threats.
“These violations are part of a huge number of systems that are out of compliance with the law that regulates lead in drinking water. Between 6 and 10 million lead service lines are in use throughout the country, serving somewhere between 15 and 22 million people,” Think Progress reported.
“The EPA’s Lead and Copper Rule requires water systems that serve more than 50,000 people to either treat their water with corrosion control chemicals that keep the lead from leaching from pipes into drinking water or to show that they don’t need to use those chemicals because their water isn’t corroding pipes and isn’t contaminated. It also requires regular testing, and if more than 10 percent of tested taps have lead levels above the 15 parts per billion mark, a system has to take measures to reduce it such as better corrosion control or removing lead service lines.”
“A water system can avoid detecting lead in their water if they’re savvy and understand how the rules work,” Olson said. “The water crisis is likely to be a lot wider than what we’re representing, but we can’t get an accurate picture.”
The report points out that if Flint managed to avoid inclusion in the data, how many other cities could have gone unreported?
“If Flint’s extraordinary lead contamination problems are not included in the EPA’s official compliance data, how many other municipalities’ serious lead problems are being swept under the rug by officials responsible for protecting public health?” | <urn:uuid:a8f66f1a-768e-4f81-bc84-467650d5930d> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://sputniknews.com/us/201606291042118216-lead-contaminated-water-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659654.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118005216-20190118031216-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.97092 | 424 | 3.03125 | 3 |
There seems to be a disconnect in the restaurant industry between respecting food and realizing its contribution to the country’s serious food waste issues, reports NPR. Not long ago, reports emerged showing that we waste 40% of the country’s food supply.
According to Environmental Protection Agency analyst Jean Schwab, food waste is the most common source of trash filling up incinerators and landfills. Food rot produces the greenhouse gas methane, which is 20x more potent than carbon dioxide. And the restaurant industry regularly contributes about 15 percent of the food turning up in landfills.
Priorities in the industry are partly to blame, since chefs tend to focus on the quality of the dishes they put forth, not the waste that remained. They are, therefore, accustomed to the waste getting thrown out. Jonathan Bloom says diners should take just as much responsibility for the food that gets thrown out as they do for what they enjoy at the table.
A possible solution is to take away trash cans, says the National Restaurant Association’s environmental advisor Chris Moyer, as it makes people think twice about the food they are about to throw away.
Still, the issue is more deep-seeded, as “getting the whole industry to take on food waste is going to take a lot of training and education.” In an effort to provide such resources, Moyer currently runs the ConServe program for the association. | <urn:uuid:b813b687-5494-426e-b9af-b947896c2579> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://firstwefeast.com/eat/2012/11/facing-the-realitys-of-food-waste-in-the-restaurant-business | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039388763.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420091336-20210420121336-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.960069 | 291 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Subject: Archaeology | Development
Dates: 2002 | 2006 | 2010
Related ACE Cultural Tours: Egypt
To preserve, conserve and share ancient Near Eastern artefacts on paper and related material and disseminate information relating thereto.
The Levantine Foundation was founded in 2002 and is dedicated to preserving historic manuscripts dating all the way back to the 5th century. The ancient monastery of Deir Al Surian, in the Egyptian desert, contains a collection of Christian manuscripts of world importance. Many of these priceless works are in a parlous condition. The Levantine Foundation has been working with the monastery to build a modern library and to conserve and record the collection to preserve it for future generations. The collection is of historic significance to the worlds of scholarship, the Christian Church and the heritage of Egypt.
Part of the Foundation’s work brings top paper conservators such as David Jacobs – senior conservator at the British Library – to Egypt to help train local conservationists including the bishop and monks of the monastery. The collection is also being catalogued and digitised. It is a long and slow process and there is still a real danger that some manuscripts may be damaged beyond preservation potential by the time the team are able to get to them.
The foundation was established after Elizabeth Sobczynski, conservator of works of art on paper and now director of the Levantine Foundation, visited the site to examine the entire library. She was disturbed at what she found, as exposure to moisture had resulted in corrosion and serious perforations, and insect infestation was also apparent. It was agreed that urgent action was needed to introduce modern conservation techniques and improve environmental conditions.
Work is currently being undertaken with the aim of developing suitable thermal and humidity control for the library. The Architectural Association Graduate School in London is helping with technical advice and equipment, and is developing a passive cooling system for climate control.
Project & ACE
ACE was approached in 2002 by the Foundation requesting sponsorship for a project involving the conservation, digitizing and binding of the 10th-century Syriac manuscript “The Homilies of Jacob of Sarug”.
The Homilies are part of an astounding cache of manuscripts up to 1,500 years old, all found at the Deir al-Surian monastery in the western desert of Egypt. This Coptic Monastery, established in the 6th century and later occupied by monks from Syria and Mesopotamia, is currently home to 200 Egyptian Copts and has one of the richest ancient libraries in Christendom.
The find occurred when reconstruction work was undertaken on the ancient tower where the library had originally been established and comprised one complete manuscript and hundreds of fragments and single pages. It appears the first floor collapsed around 500 years ago and a new wooden floor was simply inserted above. The rubble of the earlier floor has now been removed and the curator, Father Bigoul, found a complete manuscript embedded in a section of disused water pipe. This parchment text has now been identified as a 9th-century “Book of the Holy Hierothos”.
During the 17th and 20th centuries the great monastic libraries of the Levantine were plundered by the European powers. At Deir al-Surian almost half of the collection was lost. Now, the Homilies of Jacob of Sarug, one of the great poets of the Syrian-Orthodox tradition, are safe in their rightful home. The book, dating from AD 956/7, is written in Syriac, a dialect of the Aramaic language, which dominated throughout the Levant during early Christianity. Once the conservation work is complete the book will, of course, primarily be for the use of the monks themselves. However, the digitized versions will make these rare documents available for scholars all over the world.
ACE continues to support the project donating funds towards the Foundation’s new proposal to build a purpose built library in which to keep the carefully preserved artefacts in a sustainable and safe environment where they are also accessible to the public. | <urn:uuid:acf1b2c9-0fff-420b-971c-e438be24632d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://acefoundation.org.uk/home/projects/project-example/the-levantine-foundation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.960382 | 820 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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