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El Paso Museum of Art presents Melting Ice - TX, an artwork by artist Jyoti Duwadi, a site-specific art installation and education events to coincide with the exhibition Vanishing Ice: Alpine and Polar Landscapes in Art 1775-2012. Melting Ice encourages deeper understanding of natural resources by encouraging viewers to contemplate the cause and effect of human interventions on landscapes and the larger issue of global warming. EPMA would like to discuss regional challenges that relate to the issues addressed in Vanishing Ice, including the examination of El Paso as part of the northern Chihuahuan Desert. To illustrate the issue of vanishing natural resources, this outdoor installation, this frozen water; a resource not readily available in our arid climate in either liquid or solid form, Mr. Duwadi uses to create artworks that reflect cultural concepts and environmental issues. For the EPMA, Mr. Duwadi uses 60 blocks of ice ( 40 x 20 x 10 inches ) & LED strips to create the artwork, whose significance is about preserving nature and culture at this critical juncture in time. Melting Ice-TX will be featured as part of a family day scheduled for the opening weekend on June 7. Due to the nature of this a temporary outdoor installation, EPMA Education staff has a rare opportunity to engage with visitors outside of the museum walls in a topic requiring action in the El Paso region, which is water conservation. The length of time that Melting Ice-TXwill last in El Paso’s climate is expected to be a few days. Determining the actual melting time will be a made into a guessing game for visitors. Visitors will also be encouraged to submit photos and comments about Melting Ice-TX to the EPMA Facebook accounts. Artist Jyoti Duwadi addresses climate change through mixed media, site-specific installations. His installations on the topic have shown in New York City, Hong Kong and Katmandu. Through Melting Ice-TXat the EPMA, Mr. Duwadi will explore the “beauty of ice and the dramatic loss of glaciers around the world.” The installation was created with the help from El Paso Museum of Art Installation Support Staff: Mundo Bueno, Luis Elorduy Ricardo Gonzalez Enrique Montes Chris Tapia. | <urn:uuid:24e92c2b-2ce5-4ed5-aa0e-6e5f71dff8ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://akash-himal.com/meltingice/elpasomuseum2014.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686465.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920052220-20170920072220-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.908219 | 465 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) has published new school food allergy guidelines that provide practical information and strategies for schools while reinforcing federal laws and regulations. The “Voluntary Guidelines for Managing Food Allergies in Schools and Early Care and Education Programs” are intended to support the implementation of school food allergy management policies in schools and early childhood programs, as well as guide improvements to existing practices.
Among the Guidelines recommendations are the following...
• avoiding the use of identified food allergens in class projects, parties, holidays and celebrations, arts, crafts, science experiments, cooking, snacks or rewards;
• training transportation staff on how to respond to food allergy emergencies;
• having rapid access to epinephrine auto-injectors in case of anaphylaxis, and training staff on how to use an epinephrine auto-injector;
• ensuring that children with food allergies are not excluded from field trips, events or extracurricular activities, as well as physical education or recess activities;
• using nonfood incentives for prizes, gifts and awards; and
• designating allergen-safe zones, such as an individual classroom or eating area in the cafeteria, or designating food-free zones, such as a library, classroom, or buses
“These guidelines assist schools and early care centers in shifting their policies and practices from response to prevention and preparedness, making these settings safer for children with food allergies,” says CDC Division of Population Health Director Wayne Giles, MD, MS. “CDC greatly appreciates the collaborative process that engaged multiple federal agencies and national non-government organizations in the development of these guidelines.”
There are nearly 6 million children in the U.S. with food allergies and more than 15 percent of them have had a reaction at school, while about a quarter of epinephrine administrations in the school setting involved an individual whose allergy was previously undiagnosed.
The guidelines were created as the result of the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Management Act (included under the FDA’s Food Safety Modernization Act), which was signed into law on Jan. 4, 2011. It requires the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop and make available to schools a voluntary policy to manage the risk of food allergy and anaphylaxis in schools. | <urn:uuid:8a14059e-b7e2-4802-afca-2e5f57707432> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.food-management.com/news-amp-trends/cdc-issues-food-allergy-guidelines-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.949554 | 483 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Was Donald Trump elected because of racism or economic anxiety? Few questions about the 2016 election have generated more analysis. As we’ve previously written, it is clear racism propelled Trump to the Republican nomination. But how did the racial resentment that powered Trump’s ascent differ from the support for Republican candidates in prior elections? And what was the relative importance of economic peril to voting in 2016 compared to several different types of racism and racial animus exhibited by voters?
The answers can be found in the comprehensive American National Election Studies pre- and post-election survey of over 4,000 respondents, which we analyzed to explore the impact of racism and economic peril on 2016 voting behavior. The results are clear, and move a long way towards settling this debate.
Our analysis shows Trump accelerated a realignment in the electorate around racism, across several different measures of racial animus—and that it helped him win. By contrast, we found little evidence to suggest individual economic distress benefited Trump. The American political system is sorting so that racial progressivism and economic progressivism are aligned in the Democratic Party and racial conservatism and economic conservatism are aligned in the Republican Party.
How We Performed The Analysis
In order to get at how various dimensions and aspects of racial animus and xenophobia impacted voting in 2016, we created three different indexes using questions from the newly released ANES 2016 Time Series Survey. First, we created a racial resentment scale, based on a series of four questions developed by Lynn Sanders and Donald Kinder. Racial resentment measures dog-whistle or color-blind forms of racism, such as the belief that black people need to simply “try harder” to be successful in America, or that generations of discrimination do not hold back black Americans. However, some have criticized the concept of racial resentment and the various questions designed to measure it as essentially equating conservative beliefs and “race-neutral” principles with racism and racial animus. We believe that such concerns are exaggerated and that racial resentment captures an important dimension of racial animus in American politics.
Nonetheless, in order to speak to such concerns, we created a second measure we call “black influence animosity” derived from questions that more directly examine voters’ views about whether the US government favors black people over white people and how much influence black people have in US politics.
Third, we created a scale based on views about immigration—such as whether one believes immigrants are more likely to commit crimes and take away jobs. We created a stereotyping scale which measures views like believing people of color are more violent or lazier than whites, but it was not included in our final models because it did not predict voting behavior.
In addition to our racial attitude measures, we created a scale to measure perceptions of personal economic peril or anxiety, which includes respondents’ answers about their ability to make house payments and pay for medicines and other important costs, and worries about job security and personal finances.
These specific queries are more useful than broader questions like someone’s views on the economy, which tends to be tainted by partisanship. On the economic peril scale, there were no differences across party controlling for age, income, education, race and gender. In contrast, views on whether the economy had gotten worse in the past year were strongly influenced by partisanship, controlling for other factors.
The charts below show average values for our variables by race and party. Although the plight of economically insecure white people has been placed at the center of much of the analysis of the election, our analysis indicates that black and Latino respondents tend to express significantly higher levels of economic peril compared to whites or Asians, who as a group, express below average levels of economic peril.
There is very little difference between Democratic and Republican partisans on this scale. Independents, however, express significantly higher levels of economic insecurity. Although Republicans and Democrats do not, on average, express different levels of economic anxiety, there are clear differences between Republicans and Democrats on the measures of racial attitudes towards African-Americans and the measure of pro-immigration attitudes. Democrats express dramatically lower anti-black attitudes on both scales compared to Republicans or Independents. On the black influence animosity scale the divide between Democrats and Republicans is even greater than on the racial resentment scale. The average score of Obama to Trump voters on the black influence animosity scale (.43) was far more similar to Trump voters (.48) than Clinton voters (.21). Obama to Trump voters also had an average score the immigration scale (.44) closer to Trump voters (.43) than Clinton voters (.69). Unsurprisingly, Republicans express significantly lower pro-immigration attitudes compared to Democratic partisans.
For the purposes of testing the relative impact of individual economic anxiety and racial animus, the ANES survey is ideal. We modelled a few different outcomes: what predicts votes for Trump and what predicted an Obama to Trump flip. The sample of Obama to non-voters or third-party voters was too small to study. All of our models also control for income, age, gender, religiosity, education, ideology and party identification.
What We Found: It’s Racial Animus, Not Economic Anxiety
In our models, racial attitudes towards blacks and immigration are the key factors associated with support for Trump. The way that these variables impact Trump support can be seen in the charts below. Both racial resentment and black influence animosity are significant predictors of Trump support among white respondents, independent of partisanship, ideology, education levels, and the other factors included in the model. The results indicate a probability of Trump support higher than 60 percent for an otherwise typical white voter who scores at the highest levels on either anti-black racial resentment or anti-black influence animosity. This compares to less than 30 percent chance for a typical white voter with below average scores on either of the two measures anti-black attitudes. There is approximately a 10 percent probability of a Trump vote for an otherwise typical white voter at the lowest levels of racial resentment.
The effect of immigration attitudes for white people is even stronger than anti-black attitudes. The results predict an approximately 80 percent probability of voting for Trump for an otherwise average white person with the most anti-immigrant attitudes, compared to less than 20 percent for a white person with the most pro-immigrant attitudes. To put these results in context, the magnitude of the effects of each of the three variables—racial resentment, black influence animosity, and immigration attitudes—is comparable to the effect of partisan identification. The change in probability of a Trump vote for a white person with the highest to the lowest levels of racial animus is similar to changing their party identification from Republican to Democratic.
Our results also indicate that economic peril was not a significant predictor of voting for Trump once either racial attitudes or immigration attitudes are included in the models. As shown in the chart below, Trump vote probability for an average white person does not change regardless of whether they express high or low levels of economic insecurity.
This result is markedly different in comparison to the 2012 election, when higher levels of economic anxiety was associated with lower levels of support for Mitt Romney among the average white person. In addition to the lack of any economic anxiety effect among white people, our model indicates that the only detectable economic anxiety effect is among black respondents, who were even less likely to vote for Trump as their level of economic peril increased. In fact, for the average black person, economic peril was the predictor variable that had the strongest negative impact on likelihood of supporting Donald Trump.
Our final set of results put an even finer point on the dubious nature of 2016 analyses that emphasize white economic anxiety. For one, as shown above, Latinos and African-Americans scored higher on our economic peril scale than did whites. Any analysis of the role of economic anxiety during the 2016 election that fails to consider the experience of Latinos and black people can only be called misleading.
When we model the factors that predict whether someone expresses economic anxiety, we find that Republicans have significantly lower levels of economic anxiety compared to Democrats and Independents, and that there is no significant difference in economic peril between Clinton and Trump voters. Most importantly, as shown in the chart below, the two strongest predictors of white economic anxiety are attitudes towards immigration and black-influence animosity. Among a typical white person, anti-black and anti-immigrant attitudes feed negative perceptions of personal economic hardship. Not only is there no effect of income or economic anxiety for white people on Trump support once racial attitudes are taken into account, there is strong evidence that these racial attitudes cause economic anxiety rather than the other way around. A result that is consistent with earlier research by Michael Tesler, the influential scholar of race and politics.
This is not to say that fundamental economic conditions played no role in the election. Research suggests that the housing crisis may have affected voting patterns. Other research has linked poor health outcomes and trade to Trump voting. Other work has found that financial crises increase the electoral success of far-right parties. People do not experience politics as atomic units, but as part of communities. However, it is very difficult to see in the survey data any evidence that individual personal hardship among whites played a powerful role in the election.
The Politics of the Future is the Politics of Race
So what’s going on? Well, it seems Trump is both the product, and a further catalyst of, the increasing sorting of parties along racial attitudes.
What does sorting mean? One example from history is abortion: for a long time there were pro-life Democrats and pro-choice Republicans, but parties have sorted so that party identification strongly predicts views on abortion. Similarly, there used to be racially liberal Republicans (think of George Romney) and racially conservative Democrats (think Robert Byrd). As recently as 2000, George Bush discussed micro-agressions at the Republican National Convention and pushed for immigration reform, though his presidency was defined by anti-Muslim fearmongering and callousness towards the victims of Katrina.
Still, as other research has shown, many low-interest voters still had trouble distinguishing parties in terms of attitudes about aid to black Americans as late as 2008. Obama’s election and the subsequent backlash ensured that very few racial progressives would vote for Republicans and very few racially resentful individuals would vote for Democrats. As the chart above shows, individuals are now well-sorted into parties and Republicans score nearly twice as high on our explicit racial resentment scale.
The one-two punch of Obama’s presidency and Trump’s candidacy sent a clear signal to voters what the parties stood for: diversity on one side, resentment on the other. Trump built upon a decades-long campaign to erase support for the safety net by racializing government programs but extended it further by openly demonizing people of color. Graphs from political scientist Thomas Wood show this relationship clearly: voters are increasingly sorted along the lines of racial resentment. At the same time, the role of income has been twisted: “While the wealthy are usually most likely to vote for the Republican, they didn’t this time; and while the poor are usually less likely to vote for the Republican, they were unusually supportive of Trump.”
It’s likely that political elites (party leaders, activists, media organizations) will continue on the current path and the issue of identity will fully map onto the current political divides. Economic conservatism and white nationalism will become more fully intertwined for Republicans, as will racial and economic equity for Democrats. Republicans have shown little interest in attempting to hold back Trump’s openly racist rhetoric. On the other side, few Democrats have proposed abandoning civil rights (and those who have met intense backlash). Democrats may press forward with an economic, racial and gender progressive agenda, while Republicans continue to tie economic conservatism to white identity politics.
Another possible outcome would be for economic issues to simply further fall off the political map, with identity becoming the central battleground in American politics. This would involve Democrats reducing their commitments to economic equality, while Republicans embrace a sort of ethnonationalism. For instance, Trump could try to follow the pathway of Viktor Orban in Hungary, nationalizing industries to lower consumer prices while also spouting xenophobic rhetoric. Another model would be the Law and Justice party in Poland, which has melded anti-Semitism and a populist agenda including child tax benefits. Trump has made signals in this direction—for instance his push for a big infrastructure bill.
However, so far, nothing like this has materialized, and powerful interests within the Republican Party would strongly oppose any action in this direction. For this reason, we think this realignment is unlikely with the current status quo—Trump has expressed no interest in attempting to make it happen, nor has any Republican statewide elected officials.
Though such a realignment is unlikely, progressives should be concerned about such an outcome for two reasons: First, the confluence of racial and economic inequality in the United States means that there are more poor whites than rich non-whites available to migrate between party coalitions—a fact that may have been overlooked by the Clinton campaign. Second, without economic redistribution, progressive goals on LGBT rights, racial justice, and gender equity are unattainable. Civil rights without economic redistribution will leave many behind, from transgender homeless kids to home healthcare workers.
The right, however, has powerful incentives to continue increasing the salience of identity, which will mask their regressive politics. | <urn:uuid:c0db73ad-4b9a-464f-a908-6a0b182523e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.thenation.com/article/economic-anxiety-didnt-make-people-vote-trump-racism-did/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573284.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918110932-20190918132932-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.956244 | 2,724 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) constitute a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the skin. CTCL has an annual age-adjusted incidence of approximately 6 cases per million people. In the United States, approximately 1,000 new cases of skin lymphoma are diagnosed each year. CTCL affects males twice as females. Moreover, CTCL is more likely to affect people between the ages of 40 and 60. However, less likely, but 5% of all cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cases occur in children, as per National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Also, It has been observed that African-Americans are more prone to catching the disease than any other geography.
As per the DelveInsight assessment, amongst the seven major geographies, the total incident population of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market was approximately 7.4K cases in 2021. In the United States, the CTCL population was projected to be more than 3K cases, accounting for the largest proportion in the seven major geographies in 2021.
The most prominent type of CTCL is mycosis fungoides, accounting for the maximum number of CTCL cases in the United States and other countries. Several factors determine a patient’s CTCL treatment plan. The type and extent of skin lesions present (patches, plaques, or tumors), the number of Sézary cells in the blood, and transformation to large cell type or folliculotropic cancer (involving the hair follicles) all influence cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment options.
Current Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Treatment Landscape
The approaches for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment (Mycosis fungoides and Sezary Syndrome) depends upon the disease stage. There are four major stages of disease progression, and different stages have different severity.
The early stages require topical treatment due to less severity. The therapies majorly include corticosteroids, retinoids, imiquimod (Aldara), Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet-An Irradiation (PUVA), and total skin electron beam therapy.
In later stages, systemic therapies are preferred as the disease is widespread and resistant to topical treatment. Systemic therapies are majorly introduced inside the body via IV, transplants, and chemotherapy. The drugs used for cutaneous T- cell lymphoma treatment include interferon-alpha injections, stem cell transplants, alemtuzumab (MabCampath), and other chemotherapy regimens.
The duration of action of most of the therapies does not persist for a longer period, and therefore most of the drugs for CTCL treatment possess a shorter half-life.
Presently, the FDA-approved drugs for CTCL treatment include Istodax (romidepsin), Valchlor (mechlorethamine), Uvadex (methoxsalen), Targretin (bexarotene), Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin), Poteligo (mogamulizumab) and Zolinza (vorinostat).
Moreover, several leading pharmaceutical giants, including Soligenix, Philogen, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, 4SC AG, Medivir, Innate Pharma, BeiGene, Galderma R&D, Angimmun, Codiak BioSciences, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Equilliumand, and others are also involved in developing novel therapies for CTCL treatment.
FDA-approved Therapies Available in the Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Market
Uvadex (Methoxsalen): Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals
Methoxsalen is a naturally occurring photoactive substance found in the seeds of the Ammi majus (Umbelliferae) plant. It belongs to a group of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins. In February 1999, FDA approved Uvadex for the palliative treatment of the skin manifestations of CTCL that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment. In December 2021, Mallinckrodt announced the results of a retrospective, observational medical chart review study assessing real-world treatment outcomes among CTCL patients who initiated therapy with extracorporeal photopheresis.
Targretin (Bexarotene): Valeant Pharmaceuticals/ Bausch Health
Targretin (bexarotene) is a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activate retinoid X receptors (RXRs). In December 1999, FDA granted marketing approval for Targretin (bexarotene) capsules for treating cutaneous manifestations of CTCL in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. In March 2001, Targretin received a marketing authorization valid throughout the EU. In January 2016, Minophagen Pharmaceutical announced that Targretin Capsules (bexarotene) 75 mg had been approved in Japan by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the CTCL treatment.
Potelegio (Mogamulizumab-kpkc): Kyowa Hakko Kirin
Poteligeo is used to treat adult patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides (MF) or sezary syndrome (SS) after at least one prior systemic therapy. It is marketed in Japan for relapsed or refractory CTCL treatment. Mogamulizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody composed of complementarity-determining regions derived from mouse anti-human CC chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody and framework regions and constant regions derived from human IgG1. In August 2018, the FDA approved mogamulizumab-kpkc (Poteligeo) for treating patients with CTCL who have received at least 1 prior systemic therapy. The approval is specifically for patients with mycosis fungoides or sezary syndrome, two subtypes of CTCL. The FDA based its decision on results from the Phase III MAVORIC study. In November 2018, the European Commission decided to grant marketing authorization to Poteligo.
Valchlor/Ledaga (Mechlorethamine): Helsinn Therapeutics
Valchlor is an alkylating drug indicated for the topical treatment of Stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides‐type CTCL in patients who have received prior skin‐directed therapy. Mechlorethamine HCl is a white to off-white solid that is very soluble in water and methanol, partially soluble in acetone, and generally not soluble in organic solvents. Mechlorethamine, also known as nitrogen mustard, is an alkylating agent which inhibits rapidly proliferating cells. In August 2013, the FDA approved Valchlor to treat stage IA/IB mycosis fungoides-type CTCL. In March 2017, the European Commission granted marketing authorization to use the drug under the brand name Ledaga (chlormethine gel) for mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment.
Adcetris (Brentuximab Vedotin): Seagen
Adcetris (Brentuximab vedotin) targets CD30 using our proprietary antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. CD30 is found on the surface of most classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells and in several types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma but is not commonly found in healthy cells. In November 2017, FDA approved Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) to treat adult patients with pcALCL and CD30-expressing MF who have received prior systemic therapy. In January 2018, Takeda Pharmaceutical announced that the European Commission extended the current conditional marketing authorization of Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) and approved Adcetris for treating adult patients with CD30-positive CTCL after at least one prior systemic therapy.
Expected Roadblocks in the Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Market
The disease is progressive and leads to life-threatening complications despite genetic advancements. Therefore it is quite difficult to understand the root causes and produce treatment pipelines. As CTCL comes under rare diseases, it becomes difficult for a company to conduct appropriate tests and trials.
Despite limited clinical trials and understanding of the CTCL population, many competitors in the drug development space are working on different classes of therapeutics. Therefore, therapy should stand out regarding cost, efficacy, and other relevant parameters to impact the skin neoplasms market.
What Lies Ahead in the CTCL Treatment Market?
Several pharmaceutical companies are working to develop an effective and affordable therapy for CTCL treatment. The anticipated launch of these therapies will boost the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market. In addition, the lack of curative treatment also presents an excellent opportunity for companies to develop CTCL therapies that will drive the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market.
According to the latest published report by DelveInsight, the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market size in the seven major markets [US, EU5 (France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and UK), and Japan] was estimated to be USD 399 million in 2021, which is further anticipated to increase by 2032. Moreover, the expected growth in the United States is stagnant and can grow at a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period (2022–2032).
Furthermore, compared to other indications, CTCL has a favorable prognosis, which aids in preventing treatment-related complications. The disease tends to develop resistance to medications, necessitating the development of a more efficacious drug that will significantly boost the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market in the coming years.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare type of blood cancer. It begins in a type of white blood cell called the T-lymphocyte (T-cell). T-cells help prevent infections and other diseases.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma symptoms include the formation of patches and lumps on the skin, enlarged lymph nodes, hair loss, thickening of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and rash-like skin redness over the entire body that is intensely itchy.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treatment options include topical chemotherapy, radiation therapy, photo-chemotherapy, vitamin A derivatives (retinoids), and chemotherapy. These treatments may be used alone or in varied combinations.
In the seven major geographies, the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market size is estimated to be approximately USD 399 million in 2021.
Currently, the FDA-approved drugs available in the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma market include SGX301 (Soligenix), WP1220 (Moleculin Biotech), and Lacutamab (Innate Pharma). | <urn:uuid:f0d7096e-0017-4358-b5b9-f8498b761758> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-treatment-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00829.warc.gz | en | 0.914264 | 2,324 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Looking at all the tall and new buildings in Bonifacio Global City, you may be mistaken into thinking that this is just a new cosmopolitan city that was built on an empty lot. If you dig deeper, however, you will discover a past that has all the ingredients of an epic movie.
According to the Bases Conversion and Development Authority, a tunnel, called the Bonifacio War Tunnel, was constructed by the Americans in the eastern portion of BGC on 15 October 1941 in preparation for the anticipated attacks of Japanese forces against the Philippines. BGC used to be part of Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort McKinley.
“The tunnel was further expanded by the Japenese during their occupation of the Philippines and was later used as a bomb shelter against American air raids from October 1944 to March 1945. Fort McKinley was later transferred to the Philippine Government after the Philippines gained its independence from the Americans in 1949. The fort was renamed Fort Bonifacio and became the headquarters of the Philippine Army. Of the original full 2.2 kilometers length of the tunnel, an estimated 730 meters remain unaffected by the development of Fort Bonifacio as of 2013.”
On the other hand, reports about the rehabilitation of the tunnel that came out in 2012 have apparently piqued the interest of many would-be adventurers. For example, a blogger has posted a very detailed report on the tunnel, as well as his own attempt to find the tunnel, here.
Hiring some local guides, the blogger managed to get close to several of the entrances of the tunnel. Thanks to him, we can see a map in which the conditions of the entrances as in early 2014 are details. Source: link.
BCDA announced on October 22, 2013 that it had entered into an agreement to develop the tunnel into a historical museum and tourist site with Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA), National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and the National Museum. There is no update since then, so we do not know when this project will complete, but if the project does materialize, it would be a great attraction not only for BGC but for Metro Manila. Meanwhile, we can only satisfy our craving for adventure with walking tours of BGC. | <urn:uuid:2a4d3e8f-43db-4317-8f6d-66a0ea3b76dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.thefortcity.com/article/recommended/fort-bonifacio-war-tunnel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.973891 | 464 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Unhealthy bitter truths about honey in India!
Honey is beneficial for health. But the honey that you consume, thinking it to be pure and healthy, may harm your body.
An environmental action group has found several commonly available brands of honey to contain high levels of antibiotics.
Several leading brands of honey - Dabur, Baidyanath, Patanjali Ayurveda, Khadi Gramodyog, and Himalaya - had high levels of two to four antibiotics, according an investigation done by the Centre for Science and Environment.
Antibiotics have been found in brands from Australia and Switzerland, too. These include Capilano Pure, Natural Honey and Nectaflor Natural Blossom Honey, which contain the maximum number of antibiotics.
Other lesser known Indian brands - Mehsons Pure Honey, Himflora Gold, Gold Honey and Umang Honey - also contain antibiotics. Just one brand - Hitkari - was free of antibiotics.
All the samples were collected from markets in Delhi and tested for the presence of six antibiotics - Oxytetracycline, Chloramphenicol ( which is banned in most countries for use in animals), Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin.
"The beekeeping industry uses antibiotics to control and prevent diseases. These drugs find their way to the bees. Drugs are also used as growth promoters to increase production of honey. Use of antibiotics has increased in beekeeping after the Indian bee, which is more adapted to the environment, has been replaced by the European bee," CSE director Sunita Narain said.
Patanjali and Gold Honey were found to have four kinds of antibiotics each; Dabur, Himalaya, Khadi and Capilano from Australia had three antibiotics each; Mehsons Pure Honey, Himflora Gold, Baidyanath Wild Flower Honey and Umang Honey had two kinds of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are used to treat various diseases caused by bacteria in humans. Long-term use of small doses is known to make bugs resistant to antibiotics. Recently, India was blamed for creating a superbug that is resistant to most antibiotics. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has been blamed for the superbug. In addition, some antibiotics cause cancer, damage organs and harm genes.
Antibiotics are not allowed in honey in the US and EU. Australia has set standards only for Oxytetracycline in honey while other antibiotics are banned.
"What is worse is the brands imported from Australia and Switzerland had high levels of antibiotics. The same products wouldn't have been allowed in those countries," Narain said.
There are no standards for antibiotics in honey in India. Honey is regulated under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955, the voluntary Bureau of Indian Standards for ISI mark, and Honey Grading and Marking Rules, 2008, under the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937, also known as AGMARK. All three define honey as a natural product and lay down standards for its composition and quality. "Foreign companies take advantage of the lack of regulations in India," she said.
Indian honey, on the other hand, has been banned several times by the UK and the US. Since May 2010, there has been a ban on import of Indian honey in the EU countries because of the presence of antibiotics. Following export rejection, the government tried to ensure demands of foreign countries are met. The Export Inspection Council under the commerce ministry has set standards called level of action for antibiotics in honey for the purpose of export. But honey sold within India does not follow standards. | <urn:uuid:cfe88269-0b6f-4bf9-acc4-9737020fbb23> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/unhealthy-bitter-truths-about-honey-in-india!/3/86477.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958212 | 755 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Summer Games are finally coming to Tokyo in 2021 after a year-long delay due to COVID-19. Get your students excited about this global event with these fun Olympics activities for your classroom. Whether you’re throwing an Olympics themed party, looking for activities for your classroom, or just want to get your students involved by following the medal results, you’ll find something useful! Just want your free Japan Bingo Game? That’s fine too! But feel free to poke around and see if there is anything else that catches your eye. Oh and I’ll definitely be sharing a couple more freebies!
Why You Should Teach About the Olympics in Your Classroom
Let’s start with the obvious. Many students LOVE the Olympics! It’s fun for kids to see all of the different sports that are played around the world. They can cheer on their favorite athletes like Simone Biles and Katie Ledecky, and it’s also a great opportunity to learn about new cultures, traditions, and countries across the globe. Students can learn about the host country, Japan, and its cultural symbols by playing the free Japan Bingo game.
Students can also get involved by watching the Opening Ceremony and playing an accompanying bingo game as they watch the parade of nations. You can get the whole class involved by letting students track medals for chosen countries. I’ve created a free medal chart and list of participating countries for students to choose from. Another simple free activity is this Olympics maze. It’s quick and easy, but students will love it.
Fun Olympics Activities for Secondary Classrooms
(Just keep scrolling if you’re looking for the Elementary Resources!)
The following products are available in my TpT store. I plan to update them for future summer Olympics, so anyone who buys them now will get free updates every four years!
This Olympics PowerPoint presentation is my absolute favorite way to get students excited about the Summer Olympics. Students love seeing all of the videos are images that are embedded, and the PowerPoint contains a ton of interesting information about the Games. Not only does it cover information about all 50 disciplines across 33 sports featured in the Summer Olympics, but it also highlights other topics such as the COVID-19 delay, Tokyo geography, pros and cons of hosting the Olympics, competition venues, mascots, posters, what makes the Tokyo 2020 Games unique, new Olympic sports, medals, and the torch relay!
If you’re looking for something quick for early finishers or maybe a centers activity, check out this crossword puzzle. It includes clues about the history of the ancient and modern Olympics as well as all of the different symbols associated with the summer games. An optional word bank for differentiation and an answer key is included.
This Summer Games Bingo makes a great whole-class option or you can make it available for small groups of students. It features all of the sports that will take place in this year’s Olympics! Don’t forget you can also download the free Japan Bingo or this Opening Ceremony bingo game too!
If you’re looking for something a little more involved or you want to incorporate literacy into your Olympics unit, consider these Olympians graphic organizers. They come in both print and digital and allow students to learn about some of their favorite Olympic athletes. 25 summer and winter Olympians are included from both historic games and the 2020 Summer Olympics. Students will research information related to basic facts, childhood, major life events, country they represent, medals won, other awards & achievements, how they trained and prepared, challenges they faced, a quote, fun facts, and resources where you can find more information.
Another Olympics activity involving graphic organizers are these summer games sports graphic organizers. They allow students to research a chosen summer Olympics sport such as badminton, BMX racing, artistic swimming, rhythmic gymnastics, and more! There is a graphic organizer for all 50 disciplines across the 33 sports that will be featured at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Students will research information related to the invention of the sport, playing surface, when it debuted at the Olympics, history, equipment, players and positions, uniform, qualities of successful athletes, where the sport is popular, medal winners, famous athletes who played the sport, and more!
A unique activity that your students might not have ever tried before is this cardinal directions word puzzle. Students practice using their directions to reveal a hidden message about the Olympics. It’s a great way to learn about the 2020 Tokyo games and practice geography and spatial skills at the same time! An answer key is included.
And last, but definitely not least, we have these Olympics themed latitude and longitude practice puzzles. I promise your students will LOVE these puzzles and will beg to do more. Students plot the given latitude and longitude coordinates, connect their dots, and discover a hidden picture. You can tell students what they’re making or just let them be surprised. It’s a great way to practice latitude and longitude skills, and the collection includes a torch, medal, rings, and USA in text.
Fun Olympics Activities for Elementary Classrooms
I didn’t want elementary teachers to feel left out, so I’ve created several resources for you as well! Once again, these are all available in my TpT store, and I plan on updating the products for future Summer Olympics. Anyone who buys them now will get free access to any updates!
It should be pretty obvious now that I love Bingo games, and here is another Olympics bingo game for elementary classrooms! This one includes all of the 33 sports that will be featured in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Students will love the cute clip art for each sport, and there are 30 unique cards and call sheet included. Don’t forget you can also sign up for the Free Japan Bingo game too!
If you’re looking for quick activities just to get your students in the spirit of the Games, consider this word search or summer games hat. Both are fun for kids and will hopefully get them excited about watching the Olympics at home with their families.
Are your students obsessed with athletes like Simone Biles and Michael Phelps? They’ll love these Olympians Graphic Organizers! They come in both print and digital options, and allow students to keep information organized as they research famous Olympic athletes. 30 athletes from both winter and summer Olympics and the past and present are included. Students will research information related to each athlete’s birthdate, age, hometown, sport(s), Olympic history & medals, quote, and fun facts.
Another fun Olympics activity are these Summer Games Sports Graphic Organizers. They allow students to research any of the 33 sports that will be featured in Tokyo 2020. The graphic organizers allow space for students to research information related to a basic description of the sport, equipment used, history of when & where it was invented, when it was first added to the Olympics, countries with the most medals, and famous athletes who play(ed) the sport.
That’s it! These are some of my favorite fun Olympics activities that you can use in your classroom. Please don’t forget to download your free Japan bingo game and let me know if you have any questions about anything! | <urn:uuid:6673fc13-fed9-48d9-bcf2-0224b7d1f734> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://drloftinslearningemporium.com/summer-olympics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320299894.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129002459-20220129032459-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.941691 | 1,503 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Home > Battery Protection Begins In The Summer
Battery Protection Begins In The Summer
The cold of winter gets a bad rap, but did you know that the summer heat can wreak the most havoc on your fleet’s batteries?
It’s true. Much of the damage to batteries is done during June, July and August – although you may not notice it until the battery has to work harder in the cold temperatures during December, January and February.
Although engines tend to start easier in the summer, they also deteriorate quicker in the heat. How? Temperature speeds up the degradation process of lead-acid batteries’ current collectors, which corrode during the units’ charging process. This corrosion is amplified in hot weather, which results in a weaker battery over time.
Battery life is also shortened in the heat due to the quicker rate of sulfation, which is a growth of crystals made up of lead sulfate. This substance forms on a battery’s electrodes as the unit discharges, which isn’t a problem if a recharge occurs quickly. When lead sulfate is not immediately recharged, it grows into crystals, which are tougher to recharge.
Sulfation is further sped up by parasitic loads, which are small currents a battery must deliver to various electronic systems of the vehicle. Although these currents are just a few milliamps, they will combine with heat to shorten a battery’s life.
There are a number of steps you can take to minimize the wear that summer takes on your fleet’s batteries:
- Stay out of the sun: When not in use, park the equipment in the shade or in a covered storage area or garage. Keeping it out of the direct sunlight will extend the life of your battery.
- Check your batteries: Studies show that barely half of operators check battery health as part of regular maintenance. Properly charging them prior to a busy, hot summer will help them perform at a higher level all summer – and the following fall and winter. A battery charger may be necessary – relying on an alternator to charge it can lead to alternator stress and early failure. Inspect the battery for clean connections and ensure hardware holding the battery is tight.
- Use AGM batteries: Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries are low-maintenance units that are less likely to be affected by sulfation and parasitic loads and can sit in storage much longer than lead-acid batteries. These sealed batteries are leak-proof and are solid choices for machines that use a lot of power for components such as air conditioning, heated seats and mirrors.
- Move it along: The longer an engine remains inactive, the more the parasitic loads will drain the battery. Avoid letting the equipment sit unused for long stretches of time if possible.
- Remember to shut off electronics: Electronic systems are the largest source of parasitic loads, so turn off all of the systems before leaving the machine. Inactive engines will slowly discharge a good battery.
Ensure your fleet has the power to last throughout the year by shopping Carter Machinery’s selection of batteries today. | <urn:uuid:a2b4ff3a-8b26-4e73-850a-14d81aceec9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://cartermachinery.com/battery-protection-begins-in-the-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.948831 | 635 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Does Melbourne's CBD
need density controls?
Planners and urban designers have mostly sought to increase densities in Australia’s cities. Society’s low-density love affair has brought us unending sprawl, with all its social, environmental and economic ills. Attempts to rein in our metropolises’ spreading girth and create more sustainable, liveable and economically-efficient cities have focused on strategic increases in density to support public transport use and reach viability thresholds for local amenities within walking distance.
Now, courtesy of Leanne Hodyl’s elegantly presented Churchill Fellowship report, we are being asked to consider whether densities have got too high in central Melbourne. After the raging success of the Postcode 3000 program in attracting people to live in the city centre, are we witnessing the creation of an unliveable CBD?
The problems identified in the report include poor internal amenity, poor public realm amenity, unfair constraints on the future development of neighbouring properties (‘inequitable development’) and a lack of commensurate open space and community infrastructure provision. There is no doubt that there are examples of all of these undesirable outcomes (and, of course, many examples of tall buildings that don’t cause them). The question is whether this warrants density controls.
In one of Melbourne’s many efforts to distinguish itself from Sydney, we don’t (in the main) seek to control development density, instead focusing on its form. This is because it is the siting, scale and shape of a building that most influences its amenity and that of the surroundings, rather than the floor area or the number of dwellings or people it accommodates. Insufficient internal and external daylight and sunlight, disrespect of heritage and character, visual bulk and wind are all a result of form, not density.
It is true that designing a building to avoid adverse impacts (typically through boundary setbacks) reduces its density compared with a vertical extrusion of the site to the same height. But the reverse is not necessarily true: reducing density does not automatically reduce the adverse impacts of a building. And the density of an acceptable building on one site may be quite different to the density of an acceptable building on the next, due to differing interfaces. In other words, density controls are a very blunt tool for managing the ill effects of tall buildings.
Density does have impacts independent of form — notably, demands on infrastructure and congestion of transport networks. However, this is largely a question of funding. At face value, there is merit in the notion of a density-based infrastructure contribution scheme. You want more floorspace? You provide or pay for infrastructure upgrades.
To a point, street congestion is merely an influence on character. Busy streets offer a different experience to quiet streets. Not better or worse, just different.
Ultimately, however, we need to ensure people can get around safely and efficiently. We have accepted the principle that roads will be congested at times in big cities, and the only way to provide for growth is to get more people onto alternative modes of transport (including cycling and walking). We are now beginning to see trams and cycle lanes reach critical levels of congestion too. But, like community and utility services infrastructure, this is just a funding problem. Density-based contributions can fund upgrades in public transport and cycle infrastructure.
Of course, there is an absolute limit on the space available within the street network for moving people about. And increased provision for public transport and cyclists may require more space. But we are far from wringing the last unit of movement capacity out of our wide streets. The trend of reallocating space from private cars to tram stops and cycle lanes has a long way to go before we reach their absolute limit.
So, density controls aren’t the answer. How, then, should we control tall buildings to avoid the kinds of problems beginning to afflict the CBD?
Setting the question of infrastructure aside, a leading cause of the other problems is insufficient building separation. Until now, most taller development has occurred on larger lots, separated from other taller buildings by narrower lots or through the ability to provide generous setbacks. However, changes in technology and market preference are now allowing tall buildings on small sites. The potential for such buildings to be constructed ‘cheek by jowl’ with other taller buildings and the inability of small sites to accommodate generous setbacks has been the cause of many of the issues raised in Ms Hodyl’s report.
Since most of the larger sites in the CBD have been developed, and further growth relies on the development of smaller properties, how can the ill-effects of taller buildings be avoided?
The answer is that a more sophisticated but enforceable building separation control is needed. The 24m separation sought by Clause 22.01 quite simply rules out the development of any property less than about 40m wide. This has led to it being ignored (even in situations where the neighbouring property could, in future, be developed, in which case the ‘first come first served’ principle has been adopted) because to do otherwise would stymie growth in the CBD.
A new building separation control should take into account that:
Towers on narrow sites may be able to obtain their amenity primarily or wholly from the front and rear, avoiding the need for side setbacks for internal amenity or equitable development reasons.
Towers on narrow sites have less impact on the public realm due to their narrower profile. Indeed, many of the larger towers in the CBD are the equivalent of three or more narrow towers in footprint.
The external impacts of a building relate at least partly to its height, so the scale of setback requirements should be linked to height.
Where neighbouring properties are unlikely to be redeveloped for towers (due, for example, to significant heritage values or strata titling), they can provide the necessary tower separation avoiding the need for a setback from that boundary
We need to address the problems being caused by some taller buildings in the CBD. But, attractive as it might sound for reasons of administrative simplicity, density controls are not the answer. Instead, it lies in more nuanced and, therefore, implementable side and rear setback controls.
By Mark Sheppard, Principal (David Lock Associates )and author of ‘Essentials of Urban Design.’ | <urn:uuid:8596bc23-4f4f-49c4-9051-2d7abd023b34> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.dlaaust.com/media/does-melbournes-cbd-need-density-controls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578721468.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425134058-20190425155226-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.94172 | 1,300 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Are Molds on Foods Dangerous?
Do you notice mold growing on some of the products in the back of your refrigerator? If yes, it’s probably time to clean out the refrigerator!
Molds are tiny fungi that live on plants or animals and can be carried by air, water or insects. Moldy foods may also have other invisible bacteria growing along with the mold.
Molds grow best in warm, humid conditions, but can also grow at refrigerator temperatures. Molds tolerate salt and sugar and can survive on high-acid foods like jams, pickles, fruit, tomatoes and cured salty meats such as bacon, ham and bologna.
Some molds are dangerous because they cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems in susceptible people. Some molds also produce mycotoxins that are poisonous substances that can make people sick. When a food looks moldy, the mold spores have already invaded deeply into the product. Mycotoxins are most often contained in and around these spores but may also spread throughout the food.
Control mold by keeping everything clean. Mold spores from moldy foods can build up in the refrigerator, dishcloth and other cleaning utensils. Follow these tips to control or reduce mold:
- Clean the inside of the refrigerator every few months with 1 tablespoon baking soda in one quart of water. Rinse with clean water and dry. Scrub visible mold (usually black in color) on rubber casings using 3 teaspoons of bleach in a quart of water.
- Keep dishcloths, towels, sponges, and mops clean and fresh. If they smell musty, they are spreading mold! Throw out anything you can’t keep clean.
- Keep your home’s humidity level below 40%.
- Check out items (e.g. bread and fresh produce) before you purchase items in the grocery store.
- Check out cured meats and poultry. NOTE: Some salamis have a thin, white mold coating which is safe to eat. Dry-cured country hams normally have surface mold that must be scrubbed off before cooking.
If you see moldy food, do not smell or sniff it. Throw out the food by putting it into a small paper bag or wrapping it in plastic and throwing it in a covered trash can away from children or animals. Clean the refrigerator or pantry, especially in the area where the food was stored and check nearby items that the moldy food might have touched. Mold spreads quickly in fruits and vegetables.
In general, it’s best to throw out any food that has become moldy, with the exception of hard cheese, hard salami, dry cured ham and firm produce like carrots and bell pepper. Because it’s difficult for molds to deeply penetrate these products, they can be saved if they are not heavily affected by mold. To save the product, cut off at least 1 inch around and below the mold spot, keeping the knife out of the mold to prevent cross contaminating other parts. After trimming off the mold, re-cover in fresh wrap.
Photo courtesy of National Center for Home Food Preservation | <urn:uuid:5aa89842-c3b4-4f1c-95e0-b1023cf02ae6> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.extension.umn.edu/food/food-safety/preserving/safe-meals/are-molds-on-foods-dangerous/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988317.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00139-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937619 | 642 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Remote procedure call (RPC) is a technology that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer would write essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. When the software in question is written using object-oriented principles, RPC may be referred to as remote invocation or remote method invocation. All communications is transparent for developer. You need write code like for local object. You don't see differences between local and remote objects.
What's new in this version:
Version 3.0 has added new domo-applications with callbacks demonstration. | <urn:uuid:86423224-dfe3-4a0a-88fb-39714c9bbdec> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://download.cnet.com/Routix-RPC/3000-18508_4-193881.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121833101.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175033-00102-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897858 | 158 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Richard Jackson Occupancy
Jackson House, the oldest timber-framed dwelling in New Hampshire, was constructed with sawn lumber in the mid-seventeenth century. Richard Jackson, a cooper among other things, situated his house above the North Mill Pond which, when it was built, was “on the other side of Strawbery Banke Creek.” Richard owned twenty-five acres, which he merged with the adjoining twenty-five acres owned by his father-in-law. The house was built with vertical planks that run from the sill to the plate. There are no studs supporting the walls, only the window openings. The roof pairs rafters with the major posts, collar beams, and purlins to support vertical roof boards. The first-floor ceiling and second floors and ceiling are supported with impressive summer beams, complete with chamfered edges with lamb’s tongue stops.
Richard Jackson outlived his two sons, dying in 1718. In 1727 the house and land were divided between his daughter-in-law and her children. A tax bill from that same year shows that there were twelve “polls,” or men above the age of sixteen, living in the house. This number does not include women or children, which would bring the number of people living in Jackson House to a much higher number.
Five Generations of Nathaniel Jackson Ownership
Five generations of men named Nathaniel Jackson owned and occupied the house from 1727 to 1897. Nathaniel Jackson II was deeded half the house and his brother John, deemed to be “delirious above one year,” was deeded the other. Nathaniel Jackson III was also deeded only part of the house; his mother retained rights to one third of the house during her lifetime. Prior to 1769, during Nathaniel III’s occupancy, an addition was added to the east side of the house. By 1810, this addition was referred to as the “shop.” Another addition was added to the western side of the house in the very early nineteenth century.
Nathaniel IV inherited from both his father and his grandmother and finally Nathaniel V inherited the house in 1829, on his twenty-first birthday. Benjamin Jackson, brother of Nathaniel IV, was granted life rights to the western half of the house in 1824, but he sadly died just five years later.
Mary Jackson Brown and the Tilley Family
Nathaniel V’s daughter, Mary E. Jackson Brown, inherited the house in 1897 along with her son, another Nathaniel. The house was rented at this time to Clarence and Isabelle “Belle” Tilley, who were African-American. It is said that Belle came to New Hampshire via the Underground Railroad. Although Mary and Nathaniel sold the house to William Sumner Appleton and Historic New England in 1923, Belle retained life residency rights to the property until 1947.
Becoming a Museum
William Sumner Appleton, Historic New England’s founder, first visited Jackson House as a college freshman in 1893. In a letter dated April 4, 1923, he stated that “at the time I knew nothing about old houses but remember liking the place very much in a perfectly ignorant way.” He also visited the house in 1913, when Mary Jackson Brown was living there, but he did not gain access to the interior. He mentioned that the house seemed to be in good condition with fresh roof shingles and sills “not too badly out of plumb.” He also states that “altogether the house is one of the most interesting looking exteriors I know of.” It was so interesting to him that Appleton approached the Jackson family about purchasing the house in 1924.
Appleton’s thoughtful restoration of the Jackson House became the basis for Historic New England’s preservation philosophy of keeping generations of changes intact. In response to the urging of contemporaries to restore the house to its seventeenth-century appearance, he stated in a 1932 letter that “I would have to destroy much interesting old work…Even were this new wall built of old stock, it would still remain mine, and I much prefer the interesting alteration made by some long dead generation of Jacksons.” | <urn:uuid:711dfc90-afc4-4d77-842b-899f1f1147c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.historicnewengland.org/property/jackson-house/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188213.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00305-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981895 | 876 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Don't do drugs, or drink from beer mugs, or yo momma wont give you no bear hugs.
About 570,000 people die annually due to drug use. That breaks down to about 440,000 from disease related to tobacco, 85,000 due to alcohol, 20,000 due to illicit (illegal) drugs, and 20,000 due to prescription drug abuse.
Living a drug-free lifestyle provides more freedom than the artificial feeling of freedom you get from any high. Sacramento drug users may try to escape through addiction. They may come home from a stressful day and use their drug of choice to relax.
Addiction does not provide healing or a solution, however.Injecting is particularly risky because it is difficult to know how much is being taken. Injection also carries the risk of infection by blood borne diseases if any injecting equipment is shared. Highest profile recently has been given to HIV, the virus that leads to AIDS, but there are also risks from Hepatitis B and C, another very serious blood borne disease.
Eating or drinking a drug can be risky if people take a lot in one go. The effects tend to be slow but once they come on it is too late to do anything about it. Examples are drinking too much alcohol in a short space of time or eating a lump of cannabis. In such cases people can suddenly feel very drunk or stoned and become very disorientated.
Snorting drugs like amphetamine or cocaine powder up the nose on a regular basis can lead to damage to the nasal membranes although this risk has sometimes been exaggerated.There are more or less dangerous ways of inhaling solvents such as glues, gases and aerosols.
Squirting solvents into a large plastic bag and then placing the bag over the head has lead to death by suffocation. Squirting aerosols or butane straight down the throat has lead to deaths through freezing of the airways. Squirting onto a rag or small bag then inhaling is not as dangerous.
Smoking a drug is a relatively less dangerous method of use although regular smoking can damage the respiratory system especially if the drug is smoked with tobacco, as is often the case with cannabis. | <urn:uuid:5b3ad056-99c9-4a0d-b95a-765b18ed8b5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://tackk.com/x6mfb5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00122-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964695 | 450 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Usually foraging on the ground or in low bushes, the black scrub-robin often probes seemingly bare sand or soil under bushes for food. Little information is available on the diet of this species (2), but like other members of the Muscicapidae family it probably feeds on insects, and perhaps also some fruit (4).
The breeding season of the black scrub-robin varies with location, ranging from February to July in Senegal, from May to August in Ethiopia, and from March to July in the Arabian Peninsula (2). The nest is built around one to two metres above the ground, in a small palm, bush or tree, or in a crevice in a tree trunk or a building. Constructed from dry grass, palm fibres, twigs and small roots, it is a flat, ragged cup shape, lined with hair, wool and fine grass. Between two and four eggs are laid, and are pale greenish to greenish-grey in colour, with grey, olive or reddish-brown speckles. Little else is known about the breeding biology of this species (2). | <urn:uuid:fca6ca0a-f1c6-4b72-a16c-dcf57d068721> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.arkive.org/black-scrub-robin/cercotrichas-podobe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.977304 | 228 | 3.5 | 4 |
Custer State Park is, from a wildlife standpoint, sort of a junior Yellowstone. While much of the fauna is similar, it covers a much smaller area, making wildlife viewing here just as rewarding an experience. Home to many species, Custer is most famous for three of its residents: its private herd of just over a thousand Buffalo, its flamboyant herd of Begging Burro, and its sprawling colonies of adorable Prairie Dog.
Located in the Black Hills, Custer is part of land long disputed between native tribes and the United States government, the former of which were driven out by the latter in the late 19th century. Fortunately the South Dakota government had some sense to preserve the rich wildlife of the area and established a state park in the area in 1912. Located close to Mount Rushmore and other popular sites, Custer is by far one of the most popular wildlife reserves in the American Great Plains region.
Although threatened in the 19th and early 20th century, Custer’s wildlife has made a remarkable recovery in the last hundred years or so. The area is roamed by Deer, Elk, Mountain Goat and Bighorn Sheep. A herd of 1,500 Buffalo are carefully tended here, and many people come to see the annual roundup of these animals in late Summer. About fifty donkeys, known as the begging burros, stake out their territory on the parks roads, pressing up against cars and trolling for food handouts. Prairie Dog towns can be seen all over the park, with dozens of the creatures poking their heads up at any given time to check things out.
Custer State Park is relatively small, covering just under 300 square km, though the wildlife territory extends to the adjacent Wind Cave National Park, bringing the total up to 500 square km. It is located towards the southern end of the Black Hills, approximately forty miles from Rapid City. It is open year round. The cost of admission is $15.00 per car. Web: http://gfp.sd.gov/state-parks/directory/custer (official website). | <urn:uuid:3e1cad3c-aa11-40fc-82ab-3859a3f8a280> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://thecompletepilgrim.com/custer-state-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805242.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119004302-20171119024302-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.964479 | 426 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Academic Latin Pronunciation: Bone-a Fee-deys
Legal Latin Pronunciation: Bone-a Fi-d
The New College Latin and English Dictionary says….
* Bon-us, -a, -um; adi good (morality); sound, valid, well-founded (arguments)
* Fid-es, -ei; f Trust, reliance, confidence; trustworthiness, conscientiousness, honest; assurance; word, word of honor; protection, guarantee; false conduct; confirmation, proof (in this case: ablative case)
* Bona fidei: In good faith
* Bona fides (or ex bona fides): In good faith; really, genuinely
Bona Fides: “In” (ablative) “sound / valid” “trust / word of honor / guarantee”
Used in Latin… the term has many categories. The New College Dictionary has a plethora of phrases with “fidem” and a complimentary verb that mean arguably the same thing, in many situations. However, just like any language that has many, many translations for one simple word, the significance of the world changes with the nuance. With “bona”, the term is related to “good” in a moral or trustworthy sense.
For legal latin… “bona fides” it refers to legal instruments or promises that have been made “without fraud or deceit” (Black’s Law Dictionary). In this way, the legal community is defining something in the inverse; a “bona fide” document is not “an agreement made in good faith”, but “an agreement that was not made through fraudulent actions or deception”. It may seem like splitting hairs, but for a linguist, there is meaning to the definition.
Alternatively, Black’s Law Dictionary defines the english term “good faith” (used as a noun) as: “A state of mind consisting in (1) honesty in belief or purpose, (2) faithfulness to one’s duty or obligation, (3) observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in a given trade or business, or (4) absence of intent to defraud or to seek unconscionable advantage.” So the definition is given depth and meaning based on the circumstance. (Very much like the latin usage!) This opens the door to relevant “Good Faith” doctrines, including such examples as “Good Faith Bargaining” for Labor Law, “Good Faith Exception” for Criminal Law, “Good Faith Improver” for property law, and even “Good Faith Effort” for government compliance with equal opportunity employment acts.
So what does this all mean?
For most people, “bonafide” is a term that we use in common discourse to mean something is “the real thing” as opposed to a fake. In the latin, it remains a vastly open ended notation of intent by the actor or the trustworthiness of a thing. With modern legal practice, the term of art we know as “bona fides” is many things, depending on the situation: a standard for review, a provable mental state for litigation, a defense to negligence, or an indicator for intent – largely based on an intangible sense of “good”, honesty, and morality. It has taken an intangible notion similar to a “faith in the goodness of humanity” and created a legal doctrine whereby it can be used to describe the trustworthiness of a document or person’s statement or actions.
As a side note, it also seems to be something that would have been key for a community of people who distrusted written contracts as opposed to oral ones. In an oral culture, you shook on an agreement and felt you could trust a person to carry out their end of the bargain. When those terms got put to paper, the humanity was arguably taken out of the equation; “either you perform as we have in the written negotiation, or I’ll sue you for damages and reparation”. Having a “Good Faith” doctrine, then, seems to be our greatest attempt at bringing back in, or at least formally acknowledging, the trust that is implicit in modern legal practice.
Because to be honest, very few people are able to blindly trust another person, especially someone with dissimilar interests. Doing business through lawyers doesn’t help, either. A lawyer is there to tell you your rights and to advocate for your position, some times to the de-valuation of your opponents. However, when there remains a factor of trust and honesty in the process, at least you know you aren’t getting screwed. Well, at least not intentionally.
And I suppose that’s all that really matters.
Vestra Magistra, Esq. | <urn:uuid:4e14b074-8929-4029-bd15-021f4054ad9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://entertaineratlaw.com/2010/12/11/latin-bona-fides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.937795 | 1,054 | 2.984375 | 3 |
“Let food be thy medicine” is a well-known quote. But is this possible? According to research, it is! We give you list of 5 top cancer preventing foods and ideas on how to prepare them.
Cancer is one of the most horrible and deadly diseases in the world. Of course, it can come on unpredictably, but there are foods that you can start eating in abundance right now that are known to help prevent this horrific disease later on. Enjoy these healthy, disease preventing foods, and live a long and healthy life.
Who doesn’t love berries? I know I absolutely love eating berries. My two favorite kinds are strawberries and blackberries, but the good news is that ALL berries are known of top cancer preventing foods. Berries have agents that can slow down the formation of tumors and cancer cells. Of course, berries can be eaten in many ways.
I love putting them in smoothies, homemade sorbet and on top of yogurt and granola. Berries can also be used in savory dishes like salads. Of course, you can also snack on berries raw! You can’t deny how delicious they are. Berries are nature’s candy, and they help to prevent cancers and keep your body very healthy. Fill up on your berries!
Tomatoes have also been shown to stop cancer cell growth. This is great news because tomatoes are savory and healthy, and can be used in so many different dishes. It may sound unappetizing to some, but try tomato juice. It actually tastes really good.
Tomatoes can also be used in omelets or on toast for breakfast, in salads (not just greens- maybe a quinoa or couscous salad) and sandwiches for lunch and cooked in pasta dishes for dinner. I keep a garden during the summer and grow grape tomatoes. They taste amazing right off the vine. Keep eating those tomatoes—they will help to prevent cancer.
Not just oranges, but any food with a lot of Vitamin C is great to eat if trying to prevent cancer. Vitamin C helps to prevent cancer-causing compounds. Broccoli and grapefruit also have high levels of Vitamin C. I find that starting the day with a citrus fruit like an orange or grapefruit really helps to wake up the body and digestive system.
Of course, you can also drink orange and grapefruit juice. Oranges can also make a great snack while satisfying your sweet tooth. Just add a square or two of dark chocolate to an orange slice. The combination is unbeatable!
Nope, you’re not nuts to think that eating all different kinds of nuts can prevent cancer. Nuts contain Vitamin E, which help to prevent cancer, and peanuts and almonds contain particularly high quantities of this vitamin.
Of course, nuts can also be used in different dishes at any time of the day. You can add them to your oatmeal for breakfast, salad at lunch (try making a quinoa salad with dried apricots and almonds) and your pesto at dinner. Or, simply eat them as is as a snack!
If you don’t want to eat whole nuts, use nut butters and drink nut milks. There are so many kinds. I love almond and cashew milk. The possibilities are endless with this versatile food, so get nuts into your diet!
Sweet potatoes are one of my favorite foods. The fact that this superfood can also prevent cancer is a major bonus. Sweet potatoes contain beta-carotene and Vitamin C, which both help to prevent cancer.
One of my favorite ways to make sweet potatoes is to chop them up into small pieces and roast them with a little bit of brown sugar and cinnamon. Delicious. Sweet potatoes are also great savory, for example, cut up into fries with some salt and pepper and eaten with ketchup. You can add sweet potato to anything really, and it will make the dish more delicious and healthy. Load up on sweet potatoes—they’re as healthy as they are delicious!
This one is a little bit less obvious, because flaxseed isn’t a whole food you can consume like berries or sweet potatoes. You can buy ground up flaxseed at most grocery stores, and one bag will last you a very long time. You can add flaxseed to anything: smoothies, oatmeal, yogurt, cereal, salads, soups, etc.
For my fellow vegans, a great egg substitute is the “flax egg”, which is made with two tablespoons of water and one tablespoon of flaxseed. Wait a few minutes until it becomes an egg-like consistency to bind foods.
Flaxseed has no taste, but it has numerous benefits and is filled with omega-3 fatty acids, which help to prevent cancers. Sneak flaxseed into your diet wherever you can!
Scientists and researchers believe that tea, especially green tea, contains many cancer-preventing agents. There is nothing harmful at all about drinking tea. It is amazing for the body and very soothing and calming for the system.
Try a fruity tea if you want something sweet, or a stronger tea like Earl Grey or Chai if you’re really looking for a flavor punch. If you’re not feeling so great, drink Chamomile tea while mint teas help with stomachaches and digestion. In the morning, green and English breakfast tea is delicious with any fruit. Any time is tea time!
As you can see, eating a plant-based and healthy diet is really the foundation for eating the foods that will prevent cancers. Do you have any recipes containing these foods that are healthy and delicious? Comment below! Stay healthy.
Lindsay is a nursing student (aka a walking zombie from no sleep) that has always had a knack for writing, and she also loves high fashion and beauty. She also has a big passion for cooking and loves coming up with a bunch of healthy recipes to share.
There’s a difference between someone being imperfect and being very disrespectful. Here’re some relationship red flags to watch out for when dating someone.
Getting ready for a date can be quite nerve-wracking, which is why we decided to reveal you secret tips that will help you achieve the perfect date makeup.
Social media is here to stay but are your habits jeopardizing your relationship? It can be quite difficult to spot the signs. Read on to find out more.
You don’t become a clingy girlfriend overnight and you definitely won’t become less clingy in an instant. Learn how to be less clingy by reading our 9 tips.
Every woman wants to look and feel her best, but it takes time and practice to learn what works. We’ll teach you how to prepare for a date from head to toe.
Every woman likes to feel beautiful and there’s no better way to do it than to invest in the appearance of your skin. We’ll teach you how to get soft skin.
Discover the reasons why men like older women and why they find them sexier than the younger ones. Here are the top 10. Use them to your advantage!
If you’re single, you’re probably thinking of finding a date online. You might worry what people would say, but you shouldn't be ashamed of dating online. | <urn:uuid:1fb20980-a099-4db9-98a2-57f674173a06> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://youqueen.com/life/health/top-cancer-preventing-foods-and-how-to-prepare-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690211.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924205308-20170924225308-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.955099 | 1,521 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Next week, when the two most important international financial institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), meet in Singapore, they will have to face two key questions. The IMF must ask what it can do to make itself relevant in a crisis-free world. The World Bank must ask how it can deliver foreign aid more effectively.
Can the IMF Reform?
During the past couple of years, critics and supporters alike have questioned IMF’s relevance in today’s world. The IMF was last involved in a major, high-profile crisis scenario in December 2001, after Argentina defaulted on $81 billion of sovereign debt. Today, the unusual abundance of liquidity throughout the world has afforded emerging economies easier access to private capital. As a result, there is far less need for IMF funds. In fact, some major IMF debtors, such as Argentina and Brazil, have paid off their debt.
Despite questions regarding the Fund’s relevance, its supporters are working hard to come up with new ideas. The most popular idea is that the IMF should focus on “surveillance” and anticipate when countries are about to hit a financial crisis. This surveillance would be conducted mostly through the IMF article IV consultations, the annual review done by IMF economists that assesses the country’s exchange rate, monetary and fiscal policies; financial sector issues; risks and vulnerabilities; and institutional and structural issues. Accordingly, the IMF supposedly would be able to detect potential risks that could lead to a crisis and help countries modify their policies to avoid a crisis. The surveillance policy assumes, however, that the IMF would have leverage in forcing countries to adopt the right policies. The IMF’s history of working with countries suggests that such leverage is improbable. Moreover, countries now have easier access to more significant funds in the private sector.
Economists Charles Calomiris and Alan Meltzer of Columbia University and Carnegie Mellon University, respectively, have proposed an IMF reform plan based on Meltzer’s commission report in 2000. In their view, the IMF would act as a quasi-lender of last resort, lending only to countries that qualify according to a set of pre-conditions. These pre-conditions include a sound fiscal policy; freedom of entry and operation for foreign financial institutions; and adequately capitalized commercial banks. Additionally, a recipient must regularly publish the maturity structure of its outstanding sovereign and guaranteed debt and off-balance liabilities.
The Bush Administration should work with the U.S. representatives to the IMF board to propose a reform of the IMF lending practice so that it can effectively act as a lender of last resort. By lending to countries that pre-qualify, there will be no need to attach conditions, which are rarely met, to the loans, and lending to countries that pre-qualify will remove incentives for irresponsible behavior on the part of the borrowing governments.
Unfortunately, the debate over the IMF lending practice seems to take place mostly in academic and think tank circuits. Fund members are more concerned with their share of power within the organization, most generally in the number of votes they can cast. Under the leadership of Rodrigo de Rato, the IMF’s managing director, the Fund is now proposing a reform in the voting system over the next two years. The reform entails increasing quotas for members that look underrepresented—most immediately for China, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey. It also will look at broadening the allocation of votes and designing a new formula to calculate voting rights.
Giving greater voting power to members who have a strong role in the world economy and politics makes sense, and the Bush Administration should support that reform. However, it is important that the United States, since it has the biggest financial stake in the organization, retain its veto power to changes to the Articles of Agreements.
The World Bank’s Dilemma
The World Bank faces the question of how to make aid more effective. The most difficult challenge for the Bank is the issue of corruption, the main reason that aid money never reaches the poor.
Corruption is sometimes a moral problem, but more often, particularly when it takes the form of bribery, it is the response to high taxes, cumbersome regulations, unpredictable changes in business rules, and lack of rule of law. Corruption is especially prevalent in poor countries, where most people cannot afford to abide by the rules and the political leadership squanders funds regularly without punishment.
Foreign assistance has the potential to help poor countries achieve specific goals, but it cannot replace the political will to implement policy change. Developing countries must make their own internal reforms. However, the World Bank can place incentives for the governments of poor countries to adopt policies that promote economic freedom and strengthen the rule of law. It could emulate the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), a new U.S. government approach that makes assistance available only to countries that govern justly, invest in their people, and encourage economic freedom. In other words, only countries with relatively good policies receive aid.
The Bush Administration should work with the U.S. representatives to the World Bank to propose a reform of its programs so that aid is delivered to countries with sound policies in place and a record of good governance. | <urn:uuid:b92bcfc2-c05f-4464-9eac-a8b818f32ef2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://humanevents.com/2006/09/15/needed-reforms-for-world-bank-and-imf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.953826 | 1,062 | 2.75 | 3 |
The ancient philosopher Plato once said that “Human behaviour flows from three main sources; desire, emotion, and knowledge”. As it turns out, studies show what Plato theorised in 400 B.C.E. may prove to be true today. In this article, we look at wealth building behaviour and the habits that generate both success and failure.
A recent study by Baker and Ricciardi published in the Journal of Financial Planning (2015) found that when it comes to investing, we do little to get out of our own way and can be our worst enemy when it comes to managing personal finances.
Investing involves human behaviour including emotional processes, mental mistakes, and individual personality traits that serve to cloud our decision-making process. At SALA Financial services, we thought that it may be interesting to look at a few of the way in which we can all “get out of our own way” to become better investors.
Before you start, find your focus!
If you don’t know which way you are going, you can’t know where you are going to end up. One of the common traps that people find themselves in when it comes to investing is that they don’t have a focus or a goal in mind when they begin their journey. Goals should incorporate your values, needs, and wants.
Once you have a clear focus, it’s time to choose your path. Baker and Ricciardi establish that an investor can take one of two major paths to achieve their goals;
- Acquire the knowledge needed to do one’s financial planning and investing.
Benjamin Franklin was once quoted as saying, “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest”. We couldn’t agree more with this statement. Even people who choose to partner with a financial adviser owe it to themselves to ensure that their financial literacy is up to scratch so that they can take an active role in achieving their goals. Otherwise, the outcome that you receive when investing could be regrettable.
- Employ the Services of a financial planner or adviser.
Financial advisers already have the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to carry out important tasks on your behalf. Remember though, there’s a difference between knowing the path, and walking the path. Each journey involves trade-offs, but each offers the potential for long-term success. What is most important is that you make choices that are right for you.
Successful financial planning and investments are far more than number crunching, trading stocks, following the latest news and understanding the most recent market trends. Baker states that as much as people need to know about financial markets and investments, they also need to know about themselves. It is important that investors understand the psychology of financial planning and investing, to avoid being sucked in by the behaviour that often defies logic and reason.
Avoid the mental traps
Heuristics or rules of thumb – simple rules of thumb that involve a high degree of risk-taking behaviour and uncertainty. Heuristics are cognitive instruments that reducing time and effort in decision-making. Anyone who has ever been on a long road trip will know that sometimes what appears to be a short-cut can end up being the long way around.
Mental Accounting – a cognitive process in which individuals separate financial assets and liabilities into different groupings or mental accounts. For example, if an investment has a negative total return for the year, he or she may be tempted to use their cognitive decision-making process that focuses on the optimistic aspects of the investment, like the fact that the investment historically pays a healthy Mental accounting can be useful, but only when applied correctly and with rational to groups of assets.
Overconfidence versus status quo bias – overconfidence in one’s ability as a trader can result in high transaction costs and mediocre investment outcomes. On the other hand, some people may under manage their accounts, holding onto investments long after they should have been solved. One way to avoid these biases is to construct a well-diversified portfolio of managed investments, with a focus on reviewing your asset allocations annually.
Self–control bias– people often prefer to spend money today rather than saving for tomorrow. The high levels of consumer debt in Australia are one example of this. It is important to reset this thinking and look at investing as a future spending activity, rather than a chore that’s depriving you of enjoyment today.
A classic exercise that reveals the effects of Anchoring is the diamond ring anchor. Conventional wisdom dictates that an engagement ring should cost two months’ salary. This standard serves as one of the most illogical examples of anchoring, as the reference point (two months salary as a cost base for love) is a completely irrelevant standard created by the diamond and jewellery industry to maximise profits, and is not a real valuation of love. Many men cannot afford this standard and even go into debt to fund the purchase of a ring. Because jewellery purchases are a novel experience for most men, they are more likely to purchase a ring valued at an average price, rather than a fair price.
Given the natural human tendencies to fall into some of these traps, it is important to set up clear boundaries and policies about how you invest to keep yourself committed to a consistent and disciplined course of action. The purpose of this is to ensure that we avoid our own personal biases, and continue to follow a clear plan or course of action. Ignoring or failing to grasp this concept can be detrimental to your investment performance, and indeed may impact other areas of your life.
Final thought: Investing isn’t about beating others at their game. It’s about controlling yourself at your own game.
Jason Zweig (Journalist, The Wall Street Journal; Intelligent Investor Column)
Baker, H. K., & Ricciardi, V., A.P.C. (2015). Understanding: Behavioural aspects of financial planning and investing. Journal of Financial Planning, 28(3), 22-26. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/QGvVdD | <urn:uuid:1bce9fea-cd6f-485f-9a9a-e3412c96355a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.salafs.com.au/your-wealth-building-behaviour-success-or-failure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.949804 | 1,254 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cashew nuts are harvested in India around the time of may and june. The “Kashu” tree derives from the same family of trees as mango- and pistachio-trees. They carry their first fruits approximately after three years - the tree’s maximum carrying capacity is reached after seven years. The cashew tree’s fruit consists of two parts: the cashew “apple” and the actual cashew “nut”, which grows right under the apple part. Cashew nuts are eaten raw in asian regions, but in the rest of the world there are known as a deliciously roasted nut-snack. The cashew apple itself also has a tasty purpose: in the indian market, juices and wine made out of the fruit are very common and popular.
India is the major exporting country – especially the national regions of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andrdhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Goa. Other countries of origins are Brazil, Mozambique, Kenya, Tansania, Vietnam and Sri Lanka – from America and Africa just over to Asia. | <urn:uuid:82479a2b-6be4-4645-827c-ffb3ce64d3cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.howa.de/en/nuts/cashew | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742779.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115141220-20181115163220-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.949118 | 234 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Dr. Laurie: So when we think of grooming we think of bringing our pet, like our dog to the groomer, where they get washed and brushed and combed. It's not quite like that for birds, but birds need regular grooming every few weeks to few months, as well. They need to have their nails trimmed, and typically we do recommend wing trimming as well, and these things often that pet bird owners cannot do at home.
It takes two people. One person to hold the bird and the other one to trim. Little bird's nails can be trimmed with a little baby nail trimmer. Apparently she doesn't like to have her nails trimmed, so she's voicing an opinion there and wings can be trimmed with a scissors. We do that very safely at the animal hospital.
You want to make sure that you don't use the same nail trimmer or wing trimmer scissors on multiple birds. You want to sterilize them, just as you would get a manicure and clean in between people using them. We would want to clean our instruments between birds. Do you want to mention something about beak cleaning?
Sarah: Absolutely, a common misconception is that people often believe that their bird's beak needs to be trimmed regularly. On the bright side, it does not. It is supposed to be sharp. If your bird's beak has something wrong with it where it's deformed and it needs to be trimmed often. It means that there's another medical issue going on and that needs to be checked out by your veterinarian, immediately anyway.
A: Yeah, parrots are hook-billed species. Meaning they have a hard, hook-like shaped beak, and that's what they need to eat, and that's normal for them. So while it may be unpleasant to be bitten by a bird who has a point at the end of their beak, that's normal. So better to work on training the bird or giving the bird appropriate things to chew on, then to try to change it's normal anatomy by trimming it's beak back.
We will trim when they develop conditions like scissor beak, where the top and bottom beak kind of cross like that. Sometimes even an upper beak that's very long can be indicative of a problem, like liver disease. So rather than just rushing out to the pet store and saying, "Please, please trim my bird's beak." If it looks abnormal, better yet go to the vet. Have it checked out and make sure there's no underlying problem. | <urn:uuid:15de1dd9-d924-4792-a242-8ef9dc35536a> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.howcast.com/videos/509290-how-to-groom-a-bird-pet-bird | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256958.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522203319-20190522225319-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.980053 | 525 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A History and Philosophy of Monsters: Part of the History and Philosophy of Science in 20 Objects Lecture Series, University of Leeds
By Matthew Holmes
On the 16th February, the ‘History and Philosophy of Science in 20 Objects’ lecture series held its second event, featuring monsters.
PhD student Laura Sellers introduced a large audience to a member of the Museum of HPS’s wet specimen collection: a two-headed shark (spiny dogfish, or Squalus acanthias). The spiny dogfish is an intriguing animal in its own right. Possessing two spines, when attacked the dogfish is able to flex its back to allow one to protrude as a venomous spike. Yet it was the two heads of this specimen (the result of gene overexpression) under examination.
Emeritus fellow Dr. Jon Hodge began his lecture with an important caveat. Historians of science have long sought to overcome a temptation to tell history as a story of the triumph of modernity over traditional ways of thinking. Yet a tension runs throughout the Western history of monsters, namely between nature as studied by science and nature as interpreted as the art of god by religious traditions.
So how has the emergence of monsters been explained throughout history? Aristotle (384-322BC) viewed all natural objects as a synthesis of form and matter. Form usually imposed itself upon matter, for example turning an acorn into an oak rather than a beech tree. Monsters occurred when matter deviated from form.
Nearly two millennia later, René Descartes (1596-1650) applied his mechanical view of nature – consisting of matter plus laws of motion – to life. Rare movements accounted for the development of monsters. Yet only a generation later, the mechanical view of nature was considered inadequate to explain life: contemporaries instead turned to the divine. A popular idea was the so-called “box-within-a-box” theory; the idea that god had created all forms of life at the first moment of creation, with later forms hidden within the first plants and animals.
In the early nineteenth century this theory was confronted by French morphologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844). Geoffrey experimented with animal embryos – shaking, heating or prodding them – and observed the emergence of monstrous characteristics. External influences could apparently change animals from one generation to the next.
Subsequent years saw monsters fall in and out of scientific fashion. Charles Darwin did not discuss monsters as a means of variability (1809-1882). But from the 1880s-1920s biology took a laboratory turn and adopted saltationism. Richard Goldschmidt (1878-1958) devised the theory of “hopeful monsters”: or viable deviations with an evolutionary future. Yet Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), one of the founders of the modern synthesis, thought Goldschmidt harkened back to traditional, discredited views from Plato and Aristotle. Taking a difference stance (1941-2002) was Stephen Jay Gould, who championed Geoffroy. Monsters have lived on into what we think as of modern science.
Simply put, all this reveals that straightforward, traditional to modern narratives don’t hold up. History is complex and scepticism of simple stories is part and parcel of the historians’ trade.
A video of the full lecture can be accessed at https://arts.leeds.ac.uk/museum-of-hstm/20objects/object-2-two-headed-fish/
This and other posts by students reviewing the lecture can be found at: https://museumofhstm.wordpress.com/
Matthew Holmes is a member of SHNH Council. For more information, see Matthew’s blog at https://holmesmatthew.wordpress.com/ | <urn:uuid:6107a661-1b1c-4c95-ac95-1cd4bcc87de3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://shnh.org.uk/a-history-and-philosophy-of-monsters-part-of-the-history-and-philosophy-of-science-in-20-objects-lecture-series-university-of-leeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.941989 | 793 | 3.375 | 3 |
I gave this presentation at the ALT Conference 2012 in Manchester.
The title of this presentation is a composite of the many responses we receive when we deliver training on accessible documents to teachers as part of the Load2Learn project, an online collection of downloadable curriculum resources in accessible formats. Teachers are chagrined that none of their learning technology support or training staff ever made them aware of these accessibility tips. They also worry that their digitally native students don’t know them. Much to many teachers’ surprise, more accessible documents can even lead to reduced costs or more efficiently deployed resources.
This presentation will focus on five essential technologies that are easily within reach of anyone. They are 1. structured documents (and the keyboard shortcuts to make them a reality), 2. text modification (including PDFs), 3. narrated audio (and how to make it easy to navigate), 4. text to speech (much more useful than people think), and 5. synchronised text and audio (e-books’ potential fulfilled through DAISY and ePub3). Free or inexpensive tools exist to make all of these a reality in all educational contexts. This is particularly important in the school sector. The FE/HE sector may be more familiar with some of these techniques but our experience indicates that even there, they are not in wide use. Availability of these tools will mean that even those students whose struggle with reading may not be severe enough to warrant individual support can benefit from the unexploited potential of computers to make the world of the written word more accessible to them.
The word “accessibility” is enough to raise a feeling of dread in any technologist, bringing to mind images of limiting design possibilities, creating alternative versions and other chores. And, indeed, there are extreme cases where accessibility is hard work. But most of the time inaccessible digital files are simply badly constructed files the shortcomings of which are covered up by inconsistent hacks. Their inaccessibility is caused not by failing to follow some special hard-to-learn “rules”, but by neglect of basic good practices. The issue is further compounded by out-dated assumptions about the needs of those who find it hard to access print.
But there is not that much to know. And what there is to know is of immense benefit for everyone’s everyday computing not just when supporting somebody with a print disability. Accessible computing is not a chore we have to learn to satisfy equality regulations or feelings of political correctness. Accessible computing is productive and clean computing. | <urn:uuid:78e875f6-c11e-4f99-ae03-fa20f1455edf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://techczech.net/2012/09/14/why-didnt-anyone-tell-me-about-this-what-every-learning-technologist-should-know-about-accessible-documents-altc2012/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720945.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00371-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947923 | 514 | 3.125 | 3 |
Much attention has been paid to the idea that evangelical Christians are, politically, in motion. Only 29 percent of "born-again" Christians now say they support Republicans, compared to 62 percent in 2004, according to Barna Research. Among those who participated in the Republican primaries, many went for John McCain, who once called certain Christian leaders "agents of intolerance." Many younger evangelicals are stressing issues like the environment and poverty, and, as Christianity Today readers know better than most, a new generation of evangelical leaders has emphasized different styles and modes of worship.
But while many Christians re-assess current alliances, practices, and beliefs, one characteristic relatively unchanged: their sense of history. A recent Beliefnet survey found that more than 70 percent of conservative evangelicals believe the Constitution created a Christian state. Whether it's prayer in schools or the Ten Commandments in courthouses, many evangelicals still believe that being a good Christian means advocating for a stronger government role in promoting religion.
I'd like to respectfully suggest that the important dialogue within the evangelical community would be enriched if it were to more boldly re-examine its historical roots. What it would find is that evangelicals of the founding era had very different attitudes about the separation of church and state than many of their modern counterparts. In fact, we would not have religious freedom or the separation of church and state without a key alliance between heroic evangelicals and James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.
In 1784, Virginia's leading politician, Patrick Henry, proposed taxing citizens to sustain and support churches. This was a liberal ... | <urn:uuid:7a08a5fc-8367-46c4-952d-e80355052946> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/marchweb-only/113-22.0.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00073-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969585 | 314 | 2.65625 | 3 |
+44 1803 865913
By: JRE Lutjeharms
400 pages, 135 figs
The Agulhas Current is one of the major currents of the world ocean. In the network of currents that connect the major ocean basins, it forms a key link. This linkage may be of critical importance in the way the ocean affects the earth's climate and climate change. Lutjeharms describes the origin of the Agulhas Current, its behaviour, its influence on the adjacent continental shelf, its effect on local weather as well as its role in linking the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
From the reviews: "Lutjeharms does a remarkable job of presenting the Agulhas to the wider community. His encyclopedic knowledge nicely draws together the many research studies devoted to the Agulhas Current system to produce an excellent, objective, and well-written analysis. ! Professor Johann R.E. Lutjeharms has produced a truly scholarly work, drawing from a multitude of research papers, many from his own pen, and presenting to us with clarity the complex oceanography of the Agulhas Current system ! . Johann: On target and well done!" (Arnold L. Gordon, Oceanography, Vol. 20 (1), 2007) "A comprehensive and passionate survey of the collected general knowledge of the greater Agulhas Current system ! . I highly recommend this book to all students and researchers of the greater Agulhas system. The author has succeeded in writing a book that will be considered a standard work for years to come. The book is very well written, nicely bound, and looks extremely attractive inside and out. ! This book is a must for everyone working in or on the greater Agulhas Current system." (Will P. M. de Ruijter, Eos, Vol. 89 (10), 2008)
Introduction.- Large-scale circulation of the South West Indian Ocean.- Sources of the Agulhas Current.- The northern Agulhas Current.- The southern Agulhas Current.- The Agulhas Current retroflection.- The Agulhas return flow.- The greater Agulhas Current: some reflections.- References.- Bibliography.- Name index.- Subject index.
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:5165260c-97d6-4383-a4c2-b1271f7101ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.nhbs.com/the-agulhas-current-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948531226.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213221219-20171214001219-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.870222 | 529 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Edgar Allan Poe and Race: Analyzing the "Absent Negro" Trope in Gothic Literature
Edgar Allan Poe is known for writing about a wide variety of controversial topics, such as death, murder, and addiction. However, one topic that his work tends to avoid is race and/or racism. Instead, he often chooses to include marginalized groups of people in tertiary roles, intentionally or unintentionally utilizing stereotypes associated with each marginalized subject to enhance or reveal insights on many of the more overt themes included in his literature. This paper will analyze Pompey, a side character in Poe’s “How to Write a Blackwood Article” in order to assess how his, as Toni Morrison would posit, “Africanist presence” adds meaning to Poe’s “Blackwood Article,” and how the depictions of Pompey reveal the fears of white beneficiaries of the hegemonic social and political class systems of the west during the 1800s. Moreover, this paper will analyze how, even in tertiary roles or in texts where the marginalized characters are excluded altogether, there is always evidence of the Africanist Presence, as American Literature, especially the American Gothic, is unable to escape the reality that is the racist, sexist, homophobic hegemonic socio-political system created to keep marginalized people in second-class or tertiary roles in real life.
Edgar Allan Poe, one of the most studied nineteenth-century writers, was never afraid to tackle controversial or lofty topics, often discussing themes of grief, insanity, monomania, death, revenge, and incest. One topic that Poe’s stories never clearly address, however, is race. Though he did write about people of color, mostly in smaller, tertiary roles, none of their character arcs or roles seem meaningful enough to reveal any of his actual beliefs on the topic of race. Moreover, if other races happen to be included, specifically members of the Black community, his representations tend to be oversimplified or even stereotypical, often casting black people as simple slaves with little to no agency. This “absence” of race in Poe’s writing, along with many works of the nineteenth-century, results in the trope of the “absent negro,” the one whom, after a fatal or violent act upon a white counterpart, departs from the scene, never to be seen again, or one who never appears at all, save for a small “guest appearance” that is not significant enough to color (literally and figuratively) the text in a new light. Understanding Thing Theory may account for this absence. By identifying and analyzing the relationships between objects and people in Poe’s stories, some of these insights or opinions may become more apparent, potentially altering, reinforcing, or simply revealing many of the colonial-world anxieties hidden in Poe’s writing. This paper will analyze the “absent negro” trope in Poe’s writing, pushing race out of the margins in order to reveal Poe’s possible beliefs on the racial issues in antebellum America.I would first like to start by defining what I mean by “absent.” I do not mean to say that the presence of race or of the African-American is simply not there, physically, socially, or otherwise. What I am referring to, however, is the inconspicuous way in which race is handled in Poe’s writing—how it is only displayed through small, tertiary roles and how it is often abandoned altogether in the end. By presenting race in this way, Poe is able to underscore rather than diminish the importance of race in America, as “invisible things are not necessarily “not-there”; that a void may be empty, but is not a vacuum. In addition, certain absences are so stressed, so ornate, so planned, they call attention to themselves; arrest us with intentionality and purpose, like neighborhoods that are defined by the population held away from them” (Morrison 11).
In Romancing the Shadow: Poe and Race, editor J. Gerald Kennedy states after discussing the unknown nature of Poe’s true beliefs as they relate to race: “The resilience of the misattribution [of Poe’s work] raises a number of important issues not only about Poe's racism but also about the peculiar function that the concept of racism plays in critical discourse today,” (11). Because of this, this paper will not focus on whether or not Poe was “racist”—besides, as Kennedy posits, there are multiple “racisms”—but on what his depictions of people of color, namely slaves or other representations of Black Americans, reveal. The best and clearest example of such a representation can be found in Poe’s story “How to Write a Blackwood Article,” which details a young female writer’s experience working for the sensationalist Blackwood Magazine and which features the “absent negro” trope that is commonly found in Poe’s writing. As expected, the “absent negro” trope doesn’t appear until the very end of the tale, after Zenobia has received instructions on how to mimic the Blackwood style, and, more importantly, after having been encouraged to “get into some immediate difficulty” (Poe 287) in order to inspire said article. In doing so, she brings along her “negro-servant Pompey” and her lap-dog, Diana. Interestingly enough, Poe—consciously or not—situates both Diana and Pompey in the place of a thing, stating just before Pompey and Diana’s descriptions:
This “prologue” literally causes the coming descriptions of Pompey and Diana to coincide with Farnell’s definition of the “thing” (which is different than the “Thing” with a capital T). It also situates Pompey in the “unnameable void at the centre of the Real” that “both resists and provokes symbolization” (Farnell 113). Farnell continues to write:
This “unnameability” of the Thing, as Farnell posits, often results in—or perhaps is caused by—the misrepresentation of the Thing. When dealing with race, this otherness is often misrepresented via stereotypes, as seen in the character of Pompey, Zenobia’s slave:
It is important to take note of the fact that Pompey, while maintaining many of the stereotypical representations of Black Americans (big lips, large ears, etc.), he is also described as a short, ugly little creature, almost resembling an elf or goblin, further distancing him from humanity and further likening him to the traditional idea of what, according to Brown, constitutes a “thing”:
Pompey’s description as a short, elflike creature resembles the description of a broken drill, of an object that cannot efficiently serve its purpose (especially considering that in the antebellum period, taller, stronger slaves were more “valuable”). Thus, Pompey is two-layers detached from humanity: firstly, because of his race, and secondly because of his usefulness, or lack thereof. He is the “othered other” a twice-removed symbol of all that is abject or meant to be discarded. His only usefulness as a character is completely based on his relationship to Psyche Zenobia, who literally uses him as his stepping stool by standing on his shoulders in order to pass her head through the aperture leading into the clock (Poe 292). Pompey’s entire existence, then, is entirely based on the subject/object dialectic identified by Brown’s “Thing Theory.” This is problematic in a number of ways, the most obvious being that a possible message being sent is that Pompey, the sole representation of the Black community in this story, is only of use to support his master, to propel her forward and upwards, and to be literally stepped on, thus further “thingifying” Pompey by reducing his entire existence to his usefulness, or lack thereof. Incidentally, as Kennedy posits, this, along with other descriptions of other races in Poe’s writing, has caused much debate and speculation surrounding Poe’s racial beliefs. However, when looking more deeply into the overarching situation Pompey faces in this story, readers can find that the answers to the questions surrounding Poe’s politics are not so simple.
Another problem that arises in this story is Pompey’s clear hesitation to help Miss Zenobia at the risk of his own personal expense. One of the most obvious examples of Pompey’s quest for humanization occurs when, “after some minutes, [Zenobia] was aroused by the voice of Pompey, who declared he could stand it no longer, and requested that [she] would be so kind as to come down.” Zenobia responds by denying this request, citing it as “unreasonable,” and proceeds to tell him so “in a speech of some length” (Poe 293). Again and again, Pompey’s needs are denied and cited as “foolish” or “unreasonable,” (Poe 293) while Zenobia’s desires get satiated, despite how foolish or unreasonable they are. However, none of these instances are quite as heartbreaking as the moment when Miss Zenobia describes the following altercation with Pompey:
This interaction is especially problematic and serves the purpose of further distancing Pompey from his humanity due to the fact that this overcoat was his only protective—and “civilized”—layer of clothing:
Readers should also take note of the fact that Pompey is suggested to have stolen this overcoat, criminalizing him and pushing him either farther into the margins so that, at the end of the story, Pompey no longer represents a human being, but rather exemplifies what it means to be a “thing.” What this interaction also demonstrates, however, is the fragility of the “thing”—or the fragility of upholding this label. As previously stated, something is typically thingified when the subject/object relationship is altered, destroyed, or broken. Therefore, Pompey struggling to reclaim his identity, to hold onto his overcoat, and to resist Zenobia’s unjust demands are snippets of him fighting to reclaim his identity as a person, to distance himself from the label of “thing” and to somehow sever the subject/object relationship confining him to his ontological position as a “thing.” Pompey’s attempts to re-humanize himself is in its own right riddled with Western anxieties, since Pompey’s low status in life is the only thread keeping the hegemonic social system in place—a system that can only guarantee the social positioning of one group of people by excluding or oppressing the status of another. To devalue someone, they must be made into a “thing,” but if the thing resists such a classification, the entire ecosystem is certain to collapse.
Incidentally, his “otherness” is misrepresented in a plethora of ways, from his physical appearance to his actions, but another aspect of Pompey’s personality to recognize is his name. Pompey’s alterity is reinforced through his name, which not only distances him from the white, Eurocentric standards of the west, but with other members of the Black community. It is no surprise that Poe is extremely intentional when naming his characters, often using names that either describe the character entirely (for example, Prince Prospero in “The Masque of the Red Death) or that function ironically (like Fortunado from “The Cask of Amontillado). In this case, the name Pompey contains a double entendre: Pompey, also known as Pompey the Great, was the leading Roman general who played a significant role in Rome’s transformation from a republic to an empire and who was a political ally and later an enemy of Julius Caesar; and Pompeii, a volcano that, once erupted, was buried under tons of volcanic ash—and, consequently, has been used as an insult or slur against Black Americans who were considered “dirty” or “ashy.” This name situates Pompey as an enemy and as a member of the lowest class—as a thread to this extremely delicate ecosystem—which distances him from not just his white counterparts, but from his black counterparts as well.
The duality of Pompey’s name, then, reinforces the “absent negro” stereotype in the sense that it achieves what it suggests: the downfall of the current state of affairs. When re-examining the meaning of the name “Pompey” via a historical framework, what first comes to mind is obviously the fact that Pompey played a major role in Rome’s transformation from a Republic to an Empire: from a political structure where citizens vote for an individual to represent them in governmental processes, rather than attending and voting themselves, to a monarchy, where the “Emperor” rules over very large territories with total control. When examining these political structures through the lens of race, the colonial fears of the “overthrown oppressor” via the exacted revenge of the “other” becomes extremely apparent. In this case, the imperialist regime is structural racism, which can only function by enacting total dominance over a group of people. Edward Said describes this process in Culture and Imperialism, when he states:
Moreover, it is important to note that, within the “absent negro” trope, the black subject is often the sole survivor of his or her master or oppressor’s—self-inflicted or otherwise—act of violence. In this case, Pompey, the sole survivor of Zenobia’s Blackwood article quest, gains a newfound freedom after the downfall of his oppressor. When describing the inner-workings of an Imperialist society in Culture and Imperialism, Said posits that the “circularity, the perfect closure of the whole thing is not only aesthetically but also mentally unassailable” (Said 24). Said also states that “[a marginalized subject’s] self-consciousness as an outsider can allow [them] actively to comprehend how the machine works, given that you and it are fundamentally not in perfect synchrony or correspondence” (Said 25).
This scenario also opens up the possibility of retaliation—the drill attacking the worker, the oppressed overtaking the oppressor. Said posits that there is “no way out of the sovereign historical force of imperialism, and that it has the power of a system representing as well as speaking for everything within its dominion” (Said 24), thereby leaving us with the assumption that, if escape is impossible, only subversion is viable. Moreover, when returning to the “absent negro” scene, the first question that comes to mind is “Where did [Pompey] go?” and if not that, this unfortunate scene leaves us to ask: “what will he do?”
Pompey’s untold post-“Predicament” story, then, unveils a plethora of Western anxieties pertaining specifically to the state of race relations in the United States. Whether Poe meant to reveal these anxieties or not, whether these are a reflection of his own beliefs, or whether he was simply mimicking the trope commonly used before him, this fear remains at the heart of Pompey’s journey. It also remains at the heart of America’s journey, detailing the postcolonial fear of being overturned or insurrected by those meant to be marginalized. Said’s Culture and Imperialism raises an excellent point: that there is, in fact, no way out of the force of imperialism, and that in order for this system to remain balanced and maintain its power, it necessitates the absolute subordination of everything within its domain. In this case, a white, consumerist, Eurocentric, male-centered America can only remain in tact if every race, gender, and class below the designated rulers of the imperialist regime remain subordinated, taking the place of the “thing.” Morrison discusses this system in Romancing the Shadow when she states:
The “absent negro” trope commonly found in Romantic and Gothic literature, then, serves—depending on which lenses are used to observe such a phenomenon—as both a warning and a ray of hope: for those on the top of the imperialist regime, it may serve as a warning to keep everyone else in their subordinated place, as many of those in power firmly believe (albeit falsely) that there is no room at the top of the totem pole, and that granting others—namely members of the black community—access to equal resources will somehow deny them of theirs (a viewpoint that continues to be held today). However, for those at the bottom of the totem pole, for those constantly being governed over by an oppressive or unfair regime, it shines a light of hope that there is a chance of escape, and that one day, the very forces working against them will collapse internally, resulting in a newfound freedom and a brand new identity that is not dependent on one’s usefulness or interconnectivity to a massively flawed system.
By observing the “absent negro” trope in literature, then, specifically as it is used in Poe’s writing, many of these western fears come into fruition, highlighting the social issues pertaining to marginalization and human rights that some writers may have attempted to ignore. By analyzing this trope, this “Africanist presence” as Morrison posits, “informs in compelling and inescapable ways the texture of American literature. It is a dark and abiding presence, there for literary imagination as both a visible and an invisible mediating force” (Morrison, “Romancing the Shadow” 46). Pompey’s departure at the end of “How to Write a Blackwood Article,” is not there to suggest that America is “raceless” or that American literature could ever escape the Black ghost haunting the text, but to suggest that, even in “race-free” literature, Pompey’s overcoat remains.
Arvatov, Boris, and Christina Kiaer. “Everyday Life and the Culture of the Thing (Toward the Formulation of the Question).” October, vol. 81, 1997, p. 119., doi:10.2307/779022.
Brown, Bill. “Thing Theory.” Critical Inquiry, The University of Chicago Press, www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449030.
Farnell, Gary. “The Gothic and the Thing.” University of Winchester, www.winchester.ac.uk/about-us/leadership-and-governance/staff-directory/staff-profiles/farnell.php.
“How to Write a Blackwood Article.” Edgar Allan Poe Poetry, Tales, and Selected Essays, by Edgar Allan. Poe, The Library of America College Editions, 1984, pp. 278–297.
Kennedy, J.Gerald, and Liliane Weissberg. Romancing the Shadow : Poe and Race. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Morrison, Toni, et al. Unspeakable Things Unspoken: the Afro-American Presence in American Literature. University of Michigan, 1989.
Morrison, Toni. “Two: Romancing the Shadow.” Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, by Toni Morrison, Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc, 2019, pp. 29–59.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage Digital, 2014. | <urn:uuid:f99cbeaf-9a0c-4e48-9fec-68a3544b1ec5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1867/edgar-allan-poe-and-race-analyzing-the-absent-negro-trope-in-gothic-literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.957395 | 4,226 | 3.125 | 3 |
Elevated calcium in mitochondria linked to cell death in Alzheimer's
There are many unknowns when it comes to the complex mechanisms underpinning Alzheimer's disease, but research is continuing to shine a light on some of the key suspects. A new mouse study from Massachusetts General Hospital has for the first time established a connection between elevated levels of calcium in mitochondria and neuron death associated with the disease, offering a potential new target for efforts to slow its progression.
The new research builds on studies that had pointed to a relationship between calcium levels in mitochondria and neuronal death, as observed in cell culture. This ties in with one of the prevailing hypotheses on the causes of Alzheimer's, namely, the aggregation of amyloid beta plaques in the brain, which are toxic clumps of proteins thought to systematically destroy neurons.
While the jury is still out on the amyloid beta hypothesis, with many drugs targeting the mechanism failing in major clinical trials, it remains an area of focus for many researchers in the field. The scientists behind the new study set out to explore how calcium levels might be a thread that connects amyloid beta with neuronal death, with the plaques known to cause high levels of calcium ions in brain cells in culture.
Cell culture studies had also uncovered evidence that exposure to amyloid beta plaques can drive up calcium ion levels in mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, and cause neurons to die off. This occurs through what is known as the “mitochondrial calcium uniporter,” which drives uptake of calcium ions into the mitochondria, though until now scientists haven't had technologies sophisticated enough to study this mechanism in living mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
To do so, the scientists turned to an advanced imaging technique called multiphoton-micropscopy, and combined it with special fluorescent dyes that target the mitochondria. This revealed a clear link between elevated levels of calcium ions in the mitochondria, plaque aggregation and neuronal death in the living brain.
While there is a long way to go before these results could be translated from mice to people, and then even longer before a safe and effective therapy is developed that targets this mechanism in human patients, the team is optimistic about the possibilities.
Post-mortem analysis of Alzheimer's patient's brains has shown an association between gene expression and regulation of calcium ions in the mitochondria, seemingly as a way to keep levels balanced. The team also conducted experiments where a form of amyloid-beta was administered to healthy mouse brains, and was found to drive up concentrations of calcium ions in the mitochondria. The researchers believe it could be possible to intervene in this process with drugs that block the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.
“High calcium levels in the mitochondria cause oxidative stress, and the death of neurons via apoptosis,” says lead author of the paper, Maria Calvo-Rodriguez. “We propose that by blocking the neuronal mitochondrial calcium uniporter we can prevent cell death and impact disease progression.”
The research was published in the journal Nature Communications.
Source: Massachusetts General Hospital
Please keep comments to less than 150 words. No abusive material or spam will be published. | <urn:uuid:4d903ff8-3ec5-4619-888b-7cb747151d38> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://newatlas.com/medical/elevated-calcium-mitochondria-cell-death-alzheimers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.943151 | 652 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Potassium is a mineral that is needed to help the heart, kidneys, and other organs function. Hypokalemia is lower than normal levels of potassium in your blood.
All cells within the body need potassium. It works to regulate water and mineral balance throughout the body. Low levels can cause muscle and nerve problems throughout the body. It can also cause an irregular heart rate.
Potassium enters the body through food and digestion. It passes out of the blood through the kidneys. Hypokalemia occurs when there is not enough potassium being absorbed into the body, too much potassium is removed by the kidneys, or potassium moves from the blood into the cells.
Factors that may increase with potassium excretion through the kidneys include:
- Certain medications such as diuretics or beta-2-adrenergic agonists, such as albuterol
- Kidney disease or failure—too much potassium excreted
- Significant elevation of glucose from poorly controlled diabetes
Factors that may shift potassium into cells:
- Treatment of elevated glucose and ketoacidosis from poorly controlled diabetes
- Rapid refeeding after starvation
- Delirium tremens from severe alcohol withdrawal
- Excess loss of potassium from diarrhea or sweating
Factors that may decrease your intake or absorption of potassium include:
- Poor diet
- Eating disorders
- Excess alcohol intake
- Vomiting or diarrhea
Early hypokalemia may not have any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Muscle weakness
- Difficulty breathing
- Tingling or numbness
- Irregular heartbeat
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Potassium levels in your body fluids will be tested with:
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
An electrocardiogram (EKG) may be done to see if the potassium is affecting your heart.
The main goal of treatment is to increase the level of potassium in your body. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Options include:
IV fluids may be given. You may also be given the following to raise the amount of potassium in your blood if it is very low:
- Magnesium—if it is also low
Your current medications may be changed if they are the cause of your hypokalemia.
Any underlying condition will be treated.
You may be advised to increase the amount of potassium in your diet. You may be referred to a dietitian to help you balance the potassium in your diet.
To help reduce your chance of hypokalemia:
- Eat a diet that contains enough potassium.
- Manage conditions, such as diabetes.
- Keep your doctor informed of the medications you are taking and any problems you have taking them correctly.
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Karli-Rae Kerrschneider, RN
- Review Date: 03/2017 -
- Update Date: 02/12/2014 - | <urn:uuid:ef596b13-3ab6-47e8-80b1-00e1dc387036> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://kendallmed.com/hl/?/885070/Hypokalemia&com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323604.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628101910-20170628121910-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.896161 | 624 | 3.9375 | 4 |
"What would be the good of gold," he was saying, "if it did not glitter? Why should we care for a black sovereign any more than for a black sun at noon? A black button would do just as well. Don't you see that everything in this garden looks like a jewel? And will you kindly tell me what the deuce is the good of a jewel except that it looks like a jewel? Leave off buying and selling, and start looking! Open your eyes, and you'll wake up in the New Jerusalem.[G. K. Chesterton, Manalive, Chapter 3.]
"All is gold that glitters--
Tree and tower of brass;
Rolls the golden evening air
Down the golden grass.
Kick the cry to Jericho,
How yellow mud is sold,
All is gold that glitters,
For the glitter is the gold."
"And who wrote that?" asked Rosamund, amused.
"No one will ever write it," answered Smith, and cleared the rockery with a flying leap.
The last line of the poem happens to be quoted in passing, without attribution, by Lord Peter in Have His Carcase. In the first and second to last line, Chesterton is, of course, turning a common saying upside down, one which is found in various forms elsewhere, including Dryden (The Hind and the Panther), Shakespeare (Merchant of Venice Act 2, Scene 7), Chaucer (House of Fame Book I), Spenser (The Faerie Queene, Book II, Canto VIII), and Alanus de Insulis (Parabolae). Dryden seems to be usually credited with the common form in English, "All that glitters is not gold." | <urn:uuid:ded12082-c684-4285-9ebc-55de53d37216> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://branemrys.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-glitter-is-gold.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122533.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00106-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956174 | 358 | 2.71875 | 3 |
December 3, 2015
By Thane Kreiner, Originally posted on Devex.com
As the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris convenes, it’s impossible to underestimate the importance of government policy-level agreements on climate change. The world’s poor communities — whose lives and livelihoods are tied most directly to local natural resources — are already feeling the impact of climate change. They are suffering now from diminished access to energy and clean water, food deprivation, deforestation and other habitat loss, the spread of tropical diseases, and other threats to their health and livelihoods.
Promoting climate resilience by social enterprise blends the sensibilities and goals of social action with the rigor and financing structures of business.
Climate resilience means the ability for a community or region to keep functioning in the face of the negative impacts of climate change, and to adapt to future impacts of climate change by creating more sustainable social, ecological, and economic systems. Climate resilience encompasses areas such as off-grid clean energy, safe drinking water, and sustainable agriculture and forestry.
And here’s a crucial point: Promoting climate resilience among the global poor is not simply some do-good exercise to help us more fortunate world citizens to feel better. We in the developed world are far more sheltered than the poor from the direct impacts of climate change, at least for the time being. Look no further than the current Middle East refugee crisis to get a glimpse of how quickly things can change.
If people are driven from their homes because their crops are flooded or fail from drought — because water sources become too polluted or scarce to drink, or because it’s no longer possible to find enough fuel for cooking, heating, and lighting — what choice do they have than to flee their unlivable homes? And where will they seek food and shelter? Most likely, in areas of the developed world that are habitable and hospitable.
Even without the specter of millions of climate refugees flooding across borders, we of the global north have a moral responsibility to take action on behalf of the poor. As Pope Francis noted in his Laudato Si encyclical, those of us who are responsible for the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions that are driving climate change have accrued an “ecological debt” to the global south, where those least responsible for climate change are suffering the majority of its ill effects.
Social entrepreneurship works
Social entrepreneurship holds special promise for helping to repay our ecological debt. It also provides pathways to address the newly adopted U.N. Sustainable Development Goals, which include taking urgent action to combat climate impacts; protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; sustainably managing forests; combating desertification; halting and reversing land degradation; and halting biodiversity loss.
Companies of particular note include:
1. Solar Sister — Networks of women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa distribute solar lamps using an Avon-style, direct-sale approach. Both the entrepreneurs and their customers are the women who are the primary users and consumers of household energy.
2. Sistema Biobolsa (sustainable rural development) — Sales of a prefabricated biodigester system to small and medium-scale farmers in Mexico are transforming ubiquitous piles of livestock manure into a renewable, methane-rich biogas for use in cookstoves, as well as into a potent natural fertilizer.
3. PRODECOOP (water) — Innovative water recycling systems are allowing coffee producers in Nicaragua to share water and improve their food security. Before using this system, women and children walked, sometimes for miles, with buckets of water drawn from polluted community wells.
4. Komaza (sustainable rural development) — African dryland farmers, the poorest people on earth, are working out of extreme poverty through innovative forestry: Families plant trees for a dollar that are later sold for $30.
5. Nazava Water Filters (water) — Selling a highly effective low-cost household water filter allows households in 50 areas of Indonesia to filter their own tap, well river, or rain water — to enjoy clean, bacteria-free water using no electricity, and replacing the need to boil or treat water.
6. Empower Generation (energy) — Women entrepreneurs in Nepal are empowered to sell solar technology solutions. This approach builds a clean energy market for Asia’s energy poor, uses market-based approaches to enable the widespread adoption of clean energy solutions in remote areas, and offers sustainable employment to women otherwise vulnerable to slavery.
These real-world examples of social enterprises promise unquestionable progress in generating climate resilience among the world’s poor. As they demonstrate, social entrepreneurship offers creative, life-enhancing, fiscally sound, and environmentally healthy approaches to achieving true climate resilience among the world’s poorest people.
Planet Worth is a global conversation in partnership with Abt Associates, Chemonics, HELVETAS, Tetra Tech, the U.N. Development Program and Zurich, exploring leading solutions in the fight against climate change, while highlighting the champions of climate adaptation amid emerging global challenges. Visit the campaign site and join the conversation using #PlanetWorth. | <urn:uuid:f3ef676d-8fa2-4773-906c-4ba78121768a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.scu-social-entrepreneurship.org/press-room-1/2017/1/24/how-social-entrepreneurs-can-bolster-climate-resilience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824537.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021005202-20171021025202-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.922244 | 1,056 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Kids Games is a memory game for children , is simple and fun, perfect for your children solve problems that will exercise your brain, imagination and creativity while they entertain and learn to read.
★★★★★ The school on your mobile! ★★★★★
Multilingual application, toddlers will learn the following languages:
English, Spanish, Portuguese German, Arabic and Russian.
Xylophone is a fun musical toy for kids.
Use this instrument as an educational tool to learn or teach the basics of music. It's the musical instrument anyone can play!
It includes an electronic blackboard so that their children can draw and paint with paintbrush.
- Paint with different colors.
- Emboss drawing .
It is an educational children app with 3 mini-games!
Association games: in which images are to be associated with the following topics:
- Letters of the alphabet (abc) with words.
- Animals with its natural environment .The zoo at home.
- Colors and paints with different objects.
- Numbers (123 )with fruit . Learn mathematics.
- Professions with tools.
Children must guess all pairs and beat your best score!
Sports , Food, Fruit and Fantasy!
Listen … What sounds?
Transport , animals and musical instruments!
Choose correct drawing.
And so up to 200 grand children's drawings that will delight children.
These games for children helps children to develop skills and abilities of children and babies, such as motor skills, dexterity, creativity, spatial skills, language and self-esteem, among others.
Stay tuned for updates in a few days introduce new features (sound and voice, slate coloring, drawing and painting., Memory games, levels of difficulty) and thematic (forms, human body, musical instruments, appliances, ...).
For children daycare , preschool, kindergarten and primary.
One of the best educational apps for children.
It works perfectly in both tablet and mobile.
Thanks and enjoy! | <urn:uuid:c1fec538-64e1-4c0e-8482-e748884ca9cf> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.appbrain.com/app/kids-games-learn-more-children/com.learnmore.kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771716.117/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00143-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904961 | 405 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Family Meals Focus
The Ellyn Satter Institute Newsletter
Family meals are essential
by Ellyn Satter, Registered Dietitian and Family Therapist
Are you looking for the magic bullet to address child overweight and underweight, picky eating, special needs. Do you need tools to cope with medical conditions such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, allergies, and heart disease? Consider the family meal!
Read the table of contents of any major journal and you will find over-simplified explanations for child overweight: high frequency of fast food consumption, too much milk, too little milk, not enough sleep, too-big portion sizes, too much ”junk” food, too many soft drinks. On the other hand, considering child overweight in all its complexity leads to the inevitable conclusion that the problem is not one or the other isolated factor, but problems with parenting. Today’s parents have trouble knowing how important they are. Parents, and the rest of us who help them parent, have difficulty taking leadership: with meals, with managing access to foods and beverages, with guiding them in their use of free time, and with getting children to bed on time.
Children who have family meals do better nutritionally
Leadership with feeding is, of course, of concern to the clinician concerned about child nutrition and overweight. But family meals have far more to offer that simply addressing today’s weight hysteria. Teens who ate dinner with parents ate more fruits, vegetables and dairy foods. Dinner-eating predicted breakfast-eating.1 Children and teens who participated in family dinner consumed less fat, soda, and fried foods and more fruits and vegetables as well as more individual nutrients.2 Despite these clear nutritional advantages, a recent study duplicated research from earlier studies by finding that a full third of 11- to 18-year-olds ate one or two meals a week at most with their families. Only one fourth ate seven or more family meals per week.3
Children who have family meals do better in all ways
Teens who have regular meals with a parent are better adjusted emotionally and socially, have better grades and go further in school.
Important as family meals are for child nutrition, benefits to children go far beyond. Time spent with families at meals is more related to the psychological and academic success of adolescents than time spent in school, studying, church, playing sports, or doing art activities. Teens who had regular meals with a parent were better adjusted emotionally and socially, had better grades and went further in school. They had lower rates of alcohol use, drug use, early sexual behavior and suicide risk.3, 4, 5
Failing to have family meals distorts feeding
Lacking the family meal as a focal point, child-feeding at all ages and stages has become distorted. The norm has become casual, on-demand feeding on the one hand and, on the other, food restriction and avoidance in the name of health and weight control. Health professionals can take strong leadership with parents and still stay within their own areas of expertise by emphasizing structure: sit-down family meals at regular times, sit-down snacks between meals and limiting random access to food and beverages.
3. Eisenberg ME, Olson RE, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Bearinger LH. Correlations Between Family Meals and Psychosocial Well-being Among Adolescents. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2004;158:792-6.
4. Hofferth SL. How American children spend their time. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 2001;63(295-308). 5. Council of Economic Advisers to the President (CEAC) . Teens and Their Parents in the 21st Century: an Examination of Trends in Teen Behavior and the Role of Parental Involvement. 2000.
For more about the critical importance of family meals, see chapter 3, ”Make family meals a priority,” in Ellyn Satter’s Your Child’s Weight: Helping Without Harming. | <urn:uuid:986f2361-f082-4bcb-b0c5-fa065099930b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ellynsatterinstitute.org/family-meals-focus/4-family-meals-are-essential/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401643509.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929123413-20200929153413-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.961553 | 836 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The FTC released its long-awaited principles for food marketing to children today. These are proposed principles, scheduled to apply to marketing to children age 2 to 17, to go into effect by 2016. The principles are now open for comment.
• whole grain
• fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk products
• extra lean meat or poultry
• nuts and seeds
• Saturated Fat: 1 g or less per serving and 15% or less of calories
• Trans Fat: 0 g per serving
• Added Sugars: No more than 13 g of added sugars per serving
• Sodium: No more than 210 mg per serving
Recall the history: In 2009, Congress specified that an interagency group was to set up standards for identifying foods that should not be marketed to children and to publish them by July 15, 2010. That group came up with a set of recommendations similar to these but more complicated.
What are we to make of this? In the light of this history, the FTC must be congratulated for its courage in overcoming food industry opposition. The principles are supposed to apply to all forms of media, print and electronic. If so, the food industry will have a much harder time marketing foods to kids. That’s great news.
- The principles are voluntary. Nobody has to follow them.
- Who is going to hold food companies accountable for following the guidelines?
- Why do food companies get until 2016 to implement them? Five years?
If companies were to comply with these proposals, the restrictions are sufficiently onerous that they would basically block a substantial amount of advertising. | <urn:uuid:32aec8c9-980b-49f1-9f65-c03a11163e94> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.foodpolitics.com/2011/04/at-last-ftc-releases-principles-of-food-marketing-to-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148428.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00015-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959878 | 330 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The History and Basic Facts of Polygraph
The history of civilization is filled with attempts to detect lies and to verify the truth. During the 18th century some methods of detection included the Ordeal of Boiling Water. In this test the subject would stick his hand in a pot of boiling water and if his hand did not suffer a burn, he was believed to be telling the truth. Not too many people passed that test! There was another very similar test called the Ordeal of the Red-Hot Stones. Like the first ordeal this was a lie test to see if God was on your side and without His divine help you would have never passed this test. You would walk across red-hot stones and if your feet did not burn, you were believed to be telling the truth. No one really passed these tests because they rarely gave them to innocent people. As time marched on and man made improvements in his lie detection, he based the lie test on pure chance. For instance, truth or lack of truth might be determined by a throw of a knife, or the pattern of a handful of tossed stones. As most of you might have guessed these methods were neither reliable nor scientific but at least they were a little more humane.
An Italian criminologist, Cesare Lombroso, developed the earliest scientific approach. In 1895 he conducted experiments in the detection of deception by attempting to record changes in the subject’s blood pressure with a device called “Lombroso’s Glove.” Unfortunately, his main interest was in criminal identification through physical characteristics and he never had the time to continue with his experiments in lie detection. Later another Italian named Mosso conducted further investigations of blood-volume changes during deception tests by using a crude device known as “Mosso’s Cradle”.
Around the beginning of the First World War another Italian, Vittorio Benumbs, conducted experiments in lie detection with a device that measured and recorded the rate and depth of the subject’s respiration. These experiments convinced him that changes take place in the respiratory pattern when a person attempted to lie or deceive. These same beliefs hold true even today with modern polygraph examiners.
In 1932 a Russian, A. R. Luria, made an important contribution. He wrote that a criminal trying to conceal his guiltiness grows more and more tense and thus finds it harder and harder to remain passive under questioning.
Also during World War I the United States Government commissioned a psychologist, Dr. William M. Marston, to devise a method for the questioning of prisoners of war. Using a sphygmomanometer, a device physicians use to take a patient’s blood pressure, he conducted experiments by taking intermittent readings of the blood pressure during questioning.
In 1921 the Berkeley, California Police Department encouraged Dr. John A. Larson, a psychiatrist, to develop what became the forerunner of the modern-day polygraph. The instrument made the first permanent record of blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. This original polygraph was used for many years by the Berkeley Police Department and enabled Dr. Larson to identify correctly many hundreds of criminals, as well as thousands of innocent persons who would have been suspected of crimes.
Leonard Keeler, a psychologist, became interested in the technique and developed his own instrument which had the added feature of measuring changes in the skin’s resistance to electricity, commonly known as “galvanic skin response.”
Keeler is generally recognized as the father of the modern-day polygraph. He combined three important components that are still used today even though through modern electronics these components are now greatly enhanced. These three things are the pneumograph, cardiograph and the galvanic skin response. Some of the more modern machines have added other electronic devices but Keeler’s three main components are contained in the present-day polygraph instrument.
The first major case dealing with the use of polygraph in criminal cases was tried in 1923. This case set a precedent in polygraph. In Frye vs. United States the court ruled that polygraph was inadmissible based on the general acceptance rule of scientific reliability. The Frye case involved a man accused of murder. Even though Frye claimed that he was innocent, a jury found him guilty. Before his trial Frye was given a polygraph. A researcher by the name of Marston gave the opinion that Frye was telling the truth. Marston used blood pressure changes as indicators for truthful or deceptive responses. After serving about three years of his prison sentence another man confessed to the murder and Frye was released.
July 1981 brought a legal change involving polygraph. Prior to July 1981, stipulation between prosecution and defense was a vehicle for the admittance of Polygraph. However, the July 1981 ruling disallowed that stipulation. At present, only a statement (confession) is admissible at trial level. Law enforcement agencies today utilize polygraph as an investigative tool.
WHO IS USING THE POLYGRAPH?
Today, every major law enforcement agency, every state police organization, and every large and middle size city police department has a polygraph operation. While many small cities and rural sheriff’s offices also have examiners, others depend on state assistance. Public defenders’ offices are often staffed with examiners, as are states attorney’s offices and other agencies in the criminal justice system.
In the Federal Government, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and the United States Secret Service, Customs, and similar agencies regularly use the polygraph. The divisions involved in criminal investigations and intelligence of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps use the polygraph, as do the major intelligence agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency. The polygraph is not confined to the United States. It is regularly used by law enforcement agencies in Canada, Japan and Israel, and to a lesser extent by law enforcement agencies in more than twenty other nations.
In addition to its role in law enforcement and intelligence, the polygraph plays a significant role in the security of industry. Over 26% of the major companies in the United States now use polygraph. However they must not comply with the American Polygraph Protection Act and now restrictions do apply. The pre-screening of applicants and the use of polygraph for discovering the source of specific thefts are common, particularly among those industries that are particularly susceptible to thefts by employees. Drug manufacturers, distributors, and handlers annually suffer huge losses to organized crime. The trucking and warehousing industries also pass on to the consumers the excessive losses from theft and pilfering. Polygraph screening is also employed to protect the public from unfit airline pilots and others whose skill and well-being involves public safety. Examiners who are employees of the company or agency or by companies and individuals who specialize in polygraph service may conduct polygraph examinations in industry and public service. Polygraph is now being use in the treatment of sexual offenders to help keep us safe from sexual criminals.
Theory of Polygraph
- Psychological Theory of a lie: Emotional changes occur in a person causing physiological changes that can be recognized and diagnosed.
- Psychological Set . . . A person’s fears, anxieties and apprehensions are focused (directed) to the areas that hold (Poses)the greatest threat to his well being or self.
- Psychology of Test Questions The test is structured so as to pose a threat to the security of both the innocent and guilty subject and force him/her to focus (direct) his/her attention to that specific area of the test.
**Fear is the greatest psychological factor – Fear of being detected of an untruth.
The administration of the polygraph examination requires the monitoring of the physiological changes that occur during the process of the examination. Three specific physical factors are measured:
- Respiration System
Components called pneumographs, rubber convoluted tubes, record respiration. They are attached around the examinee’s waist and chest. As the person breathes, these tubes stretch and contract, causing pressure changes within the tubes.
- Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
GSR is electrical in nature. Metal contacts are attached to two of the examinee’s fingers. They record apparent changes in skin resistance to electricity. Emotional sweat glands, faradic skin, become active as a result of arousal/stress (skin acts as resistance factor).
- Cardiovascular System
The cardio activity is monitored by the use of a blood pressure cuff similar to the type used in the medical profession. It is generally fastened to the upper arm to monitor changes in relative blood pressure and pulse rate.
There are three phases to a polygraph examination: Pretest, Chart Collection, and Post-test.
The pre-test examination is probably the single most important part of any polygraph test. The person to be tested in most cases is apprehensive or fearful. He may be upset at being suspected of wrong doing, nervous, angry and suspicious. Thoughts of inaccuracy of the instrument or whether or not the examiner will be fair are not the exception.
During the pre-test, the examiner attempts to build a rapport with the examinee. It is an information gathering session. The information is of a personal and factual nature and reflects the examinee’s entire past and present. It is essential for the examiner to feel like he “knows” the person he is to examine and for the examinee to feel that he is to be tested fairly. Additionally, no examination will be given unless it is voluntary. Forms relating to the voluntary, waiver (civil litigation) and Miranda are signed before the per-test begins.
It is necessary for the individual to understand the concept of polygraph and what he/she is about to experience. The more thorough the examiner explains the theory of polygraph and convinces the individual of the procedure and effectiveness, the better the test. He/she must be convinced that “the polygraph works”. If he is innocent, he will be found innocent if he is guilty, he will be found guilty.
It is necessary to explain to the examinee how physiological responses give an indication of truthfulness or deception. To the examinee: ”let’s imagine that you are in a hallway having idle conversation and someone steps around the corner and fires a gun. You are immediately threatened. Certain things happen to you physically. Your heart may feel like it’s in your throat, or it’s going to pound out of your chest, you can hardly breathe, you feel warm all over. What is happening to you is physiology that you can’t control. All these things occur in an involuntary manner. You are in fear for your well-being and are prepared to either fight or take flight. That same situation happens in a polygraph setting. The threat is not the gun but the threat of being detected of intentionally lying. There is a gun inside of you, cocked and loaded, that goes off and simultaneously causes the same physiological changes to occur that occurred in the hall. You can’t prevent them from happening now anymore than you could before. The polygraph will record those changes. The examiner will know when those changes occur.”
It is also necessary for the examiner to know the case facts. Prior to actual introduction of the person to be examined, he has gone over the case in great detail with the investigator the examiner lets the individual tell his side of the story or reason for taking the polygraph. Points of clarification are made so that there is a mutual understanding of what the examinee is trying to convey to the examiner. The examiner must always remember that this is an interview process and NOT AN INTERROGATION.
At this point, the examiner chooses which type of test is best suited for that individual and circumstances of the Case.
TYPES OF TESTS
There are only two types of tests, Comparison and Non comparison tests and there are several variations to both types.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Test questions are formulated by the examiner and completely reviewed with the examinee. The examinee must know and completely understand each question. He/she is also advised that these questions and only these questions will be asked during the course of the examination.
Basically, there are three types of questions. There are those questions (irrelevant) designed to establish a normal tracing average of responses during the test. They have little or no intensity to them. There are questions relevant to the issue or incident for which the polygraph test is being administered. There are control questions. Control questions are designed to be somewhat vague or ambiguous and create doubt in the examinee’s mind as to the truthfulness of his answers.
Instructions are given to the examinee as to how the actual examination will proceed.
Chart collection is the actual polygraph examination. The formulated and reviewed questions are asked a minimum of two (2) complete times. Normally, three (3) complete charts are obtained. A “Stimulation test” may also be given to monitor subject’s response capabilities.
During Post-test, the examiner makes an analysis, most the time after the examinee leaves or if time permits while the examinee waits, of physiological responses and determines whether the responses indicate truthfulness or deception. Each question and response activity to that question is evaluated. A comparison is made to other questions and that response activity, i.e., Relevant vs. Irrelevant, Relevant vs. Control. A computer algorithm and a numerical scoring system are often applied for evaluation purposes. The examiner then renders an opinion. That opinion either is truthful, deceptive or inconclusive. An inconclusive opinion is given when the examiner cannot determine from the responses whether the person is truthful or deceptive. Responses are either distorted, non-responsive, or over-responsive to all quest ions – in these cases a reexamination is normally suggested.
Post-test also includes an interrogation period should the examinee indicate deception (If requested by the client). Should a statement (confession) be obtained, that statement could be used against the examinee in a criminal or administrative proceeding.
The results of the examination are then given in oral and report form to the requester of the polygraph examination.
Abrams, S. and Ansley, N. The Polygraph Profession,
1980.Potvin, Robert. Unpublished paper on Introduction to Polygraph 1983. | <urn:uuid:cc4a26bc-ed32-480a-9d04-942582d2a956> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.polygraphexaminer.com/polygraph-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00263-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959467 | 2,980 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A study conducted by ICREA researcher Cayetano González, at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), and published in Nature Protocols describes a forgotten technique used in the fly Drosophila melanogaster dating back 80 years. This method allows the transplantation of tissue from larvae to adult flies, thus allowing research into tumour growth and other biological processes of biomedical interest, such as tissue regeneration.
In 2002, Cayetano González, head of the Cell Division lab at IRB Barcelona, faced a major technical problem with respect to research into tumour growth in Drosophila, namely the limitless growth of malignant tumours, which kill the fly. The solution seemed straightforward—tumour transplants, a common technique used in cancer research in mammals, including humans, which involves the transplantation of the tumour mass to mice. With over a century of research into the fly, it was hoped that the many tools available for this model would include one for tissue transplants. “And this was indeed the case, but the articles devoted to methodologies were few and incomplete and therefore reproducing the technique in the lab was very complicated,” explains Professor González.
Developed in 1935, the technique was used extensively in the following decades and then fell into disuse and practically disappeared towards the end of the last century. “In 2002, only a small number of researchers worldwide were aware of the existence of the technique,” he says. Professor János Szabad, from the University of Szeged, in Hungary, was one of the few who continued to use the method and he invited González to visit his lab to learn about it. Since then, González has used this approach in his research into cancer models in flies, and his lab has trained scientists from centres in Europe, the US, India and Australia about its implementation.
The technique consists of dissecting a tissue of interest and loading it into a fine, purpose-built glass needle for later injection into an adult fly. “It is in fact simple. But there are many small details, from the building of the needle to the care of the implanted flies, that seem easy when learnt from an expert but in practice are very difficult to reproduce without previous training,” state Professor González.
The article, written by Fabrizio Rossi, postdoctoral fellow at IRB Barcelona, and Cayetano González, describes the materials, equipment, and methods required to implement the procedure rapidly and efficiently and provides links to videos that show each step of the process. “Now any Drosophila lab anywhere in the world can use this powerful method,” says González.
Studying tumour growth in Drosophila using the tissue allograft method
Rossi F, Gonzalez C.
Nature Protocols 10,1525–1534 (2015) doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.096
Institute for Research in Biomedicine
Parc Científic de Barcelona
C/ Baldiri Reixac 10
08028 Barcelona – Spain | <urn:uuid:d5d14c15-7ef8-4e11-adfc-a1d473782b69> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.healthcanal.com/cancers/66993-a-technique-dating-back-to-1935-is-recovered-for-cancer-research-in-flies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892892.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124010853-20180124030853-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.949943 | 654 | 3.625 | 4 |
After quinoa, coconut water and kale, the new superfood craze is baobab, packed with vitamin C, calcium and antioxidants. But as the West falls for Africa’s “tree of life,” is it being overexploited?On the African continent, baobab, known as the “tree of life,” has been used in food, drinks and medicine for generations.
All parts of the oval fruit are used. It’s usually split, the pulp removed and left to dry, then pounded into a fine powder that’s easy to mix in food.
Also called “monkey bread” or “bouie,” it makes a popular juice, while leaves and seeds are also used in cosmetics and in food.
And it’s packed with vitamin C, fiber, calcium and antioxidants – which is why it’s caught on in the West.
Baobab fruit has around 300 milligrams of vitamin C per 100 grams, five times more than oranges.
In Africa, it is revered for its nourishing and curative qualities.
Fatou, a Senegalese mother of three, grew up eating and drinking monkey bread fruit.
“When the children have diarrhea, you give them bouie juice, because it’s like an antibiotic – that’s what I was taught. When I have a stomach ache I take some bouie juice,” she said.
“When I was young, if my mother didn’t have any milk in her breast, she would make a diluted bouie juice for the children,” she added.
Now, Europeans are catching on the idea it has healing powers.
“It’s high in antioxidants – that’s why Europeans worship bouie, because there are anti-aging priorities that are attributed to it,” said Nafissatou Diop Ndiaye, a researcher at the Institute of Food Technology in Dakar.
But the West’s new enthusiasm for monkey bread isn’t all good news.
Traditionally, baobab is a wild fruit, harvested by hand.
“We go into the trees and search for it,” Fatou said. “Sometimes you find the bouie that fell on the ground; sometimes the children climb the baobab and collect the fruits.”
But now, Diop Ndiaye, who develops ways to process and conserve fruit and vegetables so they can be commercialized, fears the fruit might become scarce.
“It is a forest fruit that today is overexploited because of its virtues,” she said.
In 2008, the European Union allowed imports of baobab for the first time. Since then, demand has been growing.
“Our main fear is that we have this fruit that’s not cultivated, so overexploitation can have negative consequences on the environment,” she said.
Boosting local communities
But if more baobab trees are planted, Diop Ndiaye believes they could provide a sustainable livelihood for African communities.
Senegal’s National Agriculture research center has managed to reduce the fruiting cycle so bouie fruit can be harvested after five years instead of eight.
“Why not have baobab orchards the way we have mango orchards so that it’s no longer [just] a forest product,” Diop Ndiaye said.
That could be good news for baobab fans in Africa and Europe alike. | <urn:uuid:eca5da12-2fef-4f74-aec0-ebe62af18a52> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://cdn1.dailynewsegypt.com/2017/06/16/is-european-demand-putting-africas-wild-superfood-at-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575751.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922221623-20190923003623-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.944817 | 758 | 2.703125 | 3 |
An animal behaviorist is a professional that studies animal behavior, including the causes, influential factors and purpose of the behavior. Some animal behaviorists also promote changes in animal behavior through training and behavior analysis. Animal behaviorists can work in colleges and universities researching behavior, in zoos and companies that design and produce products for pets, and in private practices. Becoming an animal behaviorist can be a challenging, yet rewarding decision. The following describes the process for becoming a specialist in animal behavior.
According to the Animal Behavior Society, most specialists in the field have an education in ethology, behavioral ecology, anthropology or comparative psychology. The first two specializations are typically related to the biological, zoological, ecological and evolutionary aspects of behavior, while the latter two specializations often focus on the psychological and sociological aspects of behavior.
The type of degree required is dependent on the individual’s career aspirations. Some career choices, such as being an animal trainer for pets, can require only a bachelor’s degree in psychology or animal sciences. This can typically be accomplished in four years. Careers in academia, research or the zoological field typically require a minimum of a master’s degree, with many requiring a Ph.D. or a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. This may take four to eight years, or longer, and require the student to successfully complete supervised internships or clinical rotations, as well as an independent research project.
According to the Animal Behavior Society, anyone who works with animals or consults with the public or professionals about animal behavior problems should be certified to do so. There are two levels of certification: Associate Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (ACAAB) and a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (CAAB). In order to earn an ACAAB certification, one must have a master’s degree in a biological or behavioral science from an accredited college or university. At least 30 semester credits of behavior science, including ethnology, animal behavior, animal learning and psychology should be completed. Applicants should also have at least two years of professional experience in applied animal behavior, as well as have significant supervised and independent practice in the field.
To become a CAAB, the applicant must have earned a doctoral degree in a biological or behavioral science and have five years of professional experience or have a doctorate in veterinary medicine, two years of supervised residency practice and three years of professional experience. In addition, the applicant must have presented or contributed to a talk or poster presentation at the ABS annual meeting. This certification is primarily for individuals who would like to pursue advanced careers as a researcher or expert in the field of behaviorism.
Individuals wishing to work in the field of animal behaviorism should expect to earn at least a bachelor’s degree, with many positions requiring a doctorate or veterinary medical degree. In addition, certification or state licensure may be required, depending on the career field. Once these requirements have been met, individuals can then begin the rewarding and unique career path as an animal behaviorist. | <urn:uuid:f5154073-0262-4ee4-abd8-873fae9e5702> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bestpsychologydegrees.com/faq/how-can-i-become-an-animal-behaviorist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.939914 | 624 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Trouble-Shooting DNS Client Issues
A User calls you on the phone and tells you that she cannot get to the internet.
As you know part of a sys. admin job is helping out your users when they can’t get to the internet. For many employees, a lot of their work is done from the internet, so chances are she needs her connection up and running as soon as possible.
The question that should come to your mind, is. Does this mean that there is a problem with our network or is this a problem with the user’s machine?
- You go to the user’s computer, open a command prompt and try to recreate the problem by typing ping google.com. You cannot ping google.com. So, does that mean the whole internet or network is down? Or is there something wrong at the local ISP?
You ask the other users and they can all get to the internet.
So, the problem is probably not the network or the internet.
- If you have been listening to the lectures by now you know that DNS allows you to get to a target destination by using a name. Because that is what Domain Name Service does it translates that name to an IP address.
- So now if I type ping 220.127.116.11, which is googles public DNS server.
- But before I press return, let’s think about this, if I cannot ping google.com by name but I can ping google.com by IP address, what would the problem be? I think we could say that it starting to look more like a DNS name resolution issue. So, now we have effectively narrowed down our list of potential causes of this problem to a possible name resolution issue.
- And I see that I can ping 18.104.22.168
- So, I am failing to reach google by its name but successfully reaching google by its IP address. Again, more evidence of a name resolution issue.
- How can we check this? From the command prompt type ipconfig /all
- The question is what is this machine using for DNS name resolution?
We can see that the DNS server is set to loopback, which is 127.0.0.1.
This effectively means that name resolution has failed because the computer is looping back to itself, and cannot get to the proper DNS server to resolve the name google.com.
- How can we fix this?
Right click on our network icon, click Open Network and Sharing Center, click Ethernet, click properties, then click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCPIP/IPv4), then click properties.
Here is the problem, the loopback address is configured for our Preferred DNS server.
Click in the box and type the correct IP address of our Domain Controller/DNS server
ITFDC01, which is 192.168.0.10
- Now let’s open a command prompt and type ping 22.214.171.124. We see that works now type google.com and we are getting name resolution. Now bring up Internet explorer and we see that is working as well.
- Trouble shooting is a skill that you will develop with time. Always when you first start with any trouble shooting issue it may seem difficult at first to solve the problem. A good troubleshooter is someone that is skilled at narrowing down the possibilities until you find one solution that fixes the problem.
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You must either log in or sign up to access this lesson. | <urn:uuid:5102a244-bb4a-4d59-bfa4-c07984fe3967> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.serveracademy.com/courses/installing-and-configuring-domain-name-system-dns/trouble-shooting-dns-client-issues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.934374 | 760 | 2.75 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Are corn snakes constrictors?
Are corn snakes constrictors you ask. They are indeed. Being a non venomous species, corn snakes method for killing their prey is indeed constriction. First of all, they bite their prey to get a firm grip. Corn snakes teeth are angled backwards, (like a wood saw) so when they bite their prey, it’s almost impossible for it to wriggle free.
Once the prey is firmly in the corn snakes grip, it will quickly begin to wrap itself around the prey with their muscular body. The corn snake will coil itself around the prey, tightening its muscles, squeezing its prey. This will cause the prey to suffocate and die.
Now the hard bit is over, the corn snake will unwrap itself from the prey. Eying up its size, the snake will begin their feast. Slowing their prey whole.
(Please scroll down to the bottom of the page to find ‘Other related articles you might like’, once you are done reading).
Is it likely for a corn snake too constrict a human?
If you are wondering if there is any chance a corn snake can constrict a human, then the answer is no. Snakes will only attempt to eat prey that is smaller than them. Humans are far too big for a corn snake to digest, therefore they wont even attempt to constrict a human. Even a 6 ft corn snake would attempt this. Even if they did, it still isn’t strong enough to constrict a human with its slender body. You could quite easily unwrap yourself from its grip.
Unlike a bulky 16 ft python, weighing 150 pound. You may struggle to get out of that one.
The relaxed nature of a corn snake makes its one for he most common snakes to be kept as pets. It rarely even bites. Hence being given the title of “beginner snake”. Corn snake rarely bite humans, let alone, constrict and kill them. So you will be completely fine with a corn snake as a pet.
A corn snake constricting yourself, a friend or a family member is absolutely nothing to worry about.
Most Recommended For Corn Snakes
Bathing Water Bowl – Click Here
Heat Lamp and Guard – Click Here
Reliable Thermometer – Click Here
Vivarium/Enclosure – Click Here
Climbing Branches – Click Here
Hydrometer – Click Here | <urn:uuid:9381770e-31bf-486c-a128-3f9e948c450b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thereptileguide.com/are-corn-snakes-constrictors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.951567 | 506 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Why Study Gravity to Learn About Water?
The force of gravity not only keeps us from floating away, it lets NASA study Earth’s water & ice from space. Using a pair of twin satellites named GRACE, we can monitor where our planet’s water is going, even when it is underground. Gravity is an attraction between two objects—such as a human and the Earth—and its strength varies depending on how much mass those objects have and how far apart they are. For example, the tug of gravity is weaker for a person on the Moon than on the Earth because Earth is more massive, bigger and more dense.
The Earth’s surface always changes, but for the most part, the variations occur over long periods of time. A mountain tends to stay where it is, and the mass of the mountain itself remains largely unchanged. This means that the gravity influence of larger features is relatively constant and is known as the mean (or long-term average) gravity field. However, water on Earth’s surface is almost always in motion. Though it is distributed over and below the landscape as well as in the oceans, water has mass; the greater the mass, the greater the gravitational attraction. Its mass variations occur on smaller time scales from days to months and multiple years, mostly due to water being cycled between the atmosphere, oceans, continents, glaciers and polar ice caps. These shorter-term mass fluctuations contribute to what is known as the time variable gravity field.
NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission measures variations in gravity over Earth's surface, producing a new map of the gravity field every 30 days. The twin satellites of GRACE (launched in March 2002) show how the planet's gravity differs not only from one location to another, but also from one period of time to another. “Time-variable gravity is the thing you want to measure,” Science Team Lead Mike Watkins said. That's because gravitational differences over time are due largely to movement of Earth's water, both in liquid and ice forms. “The changes that we want to observe in the Earth system, like sea-level rise, polar ice-cap mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica, or large-scale water storage,” he said, “are actually quite different from year to year and we want to keep tracking that.”
How it Works
GRACE, GRACE-Follow-on and the lunar GRAIL mission all use the same method to map gravitational fields. Each mission consists of two nearly identical satellites. One follows the other along the same orbit as both continually measure the distance changes between them using microwave ranging instruments. GRACE doesn’t carry a suite of scientific instruments; the twin satellites are the instrument.
As the leading satellite approaches a region of greater gravity (for example, a mountain or--in the case of Earth--a large mass of ice or aquifer water underground), it is pulled a little bit farther ahead of the trailing satellite, slightly increasing the distance between them. Then, as the lead satellite flies past the high-gravity area, it gets pulled slightly back while the trailing satellite--which is now approaching the gravitational mass--is pulled slightly ahead, narrowing the gap. Scientists are able to interpret the changes in satellite separation distance to map the gravity field. Though the two GRACE satellites are about 137 miles (220 km) apart, they are able to measure their separation distance to within one micron, about the diameter of a blood cell, enabling them to sense very subtle differences in Earth's gravity field. Flying at an altitude of about 300 miles (500 km), they are able to detect gravitational differences on the planet's surface equivalent to that of a 300-km disk of water only 1 centimeter thick.
When a mountain is covered in snow, it has more mass. GRACE detects that change when the pull on the leading satellite is slightly stronger than normal, changing the distance between the two satellites. GRACE detects loss of mass, too. When groundwater supplies vanished in the Southwest drought, GRACE was able to track the loss of mass.
The unique comprehensive measurements from GRACE have allowed the GRACE Science Team to track changes in the mass of the Colorado River Basin related to changes in water amount on and below the surface. Monthly measurements of the change in water mass from December 2004 to November 2013 revealed the basin lost nearly 53 million acre feet (65 cubic kilometers) of freshwater, almost double the volume of the nation's largest reservoir, Nevada's Lake Mead. More than three-quarters of the total - about 41 million acre feet (50 cubic kilometers) - was from groundwater. “There's only one way to put together a very large-area study like this, and that is with satellites,” said senior author Jay Famiglietti, senior water cycle scientist at JPL. The Colorado River is the only major river in the southwestern United States. Its basin supplies water to about 40 million people in seven states, as well as irrigating 4 million acres of farmland.
Mind the Gap
GRACE-Follow-on is scheduled for launch in 2017. How long the original GRACE spacecraft pair will remain operational is unknown, but it is hoped that they will continue to function at least through 2015. “We are doing the best we can to extend the life of GRACE and get GRACE Follow-on up," said Watkins, who was Project Scientist for both missions and now leads the GRACE-FO Science Team. If GRACE does not last until its follow-on mission takes over, he said, "I think it's safe to say that it will certainly leave a gap in our ability to track large-scale changes in polar ice mass and water storage.”
The two GRACE-FO satellites will use the same kind of microwave ranging system as GRACE, and are expected to achieve a similar level of precision. They will also test an experimental instrument using lasers instead of microwaves, which promises to make the measurement of their separation distance at least 20 times more precise.
GRACE-FO, like the original GRACE, is a partnership between NASA and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ).
- The Gravity of Water
- National Climate Assessment: Water Supply
- Parched West is Using Up Underground Water
- NASA Satellite Data Give Early Clues to Flood Danger
- NASA Helps Pinpoint Glaciers' Role in Sea Level Rise
- Fact Sheet: GRACE | <urn:uuid:009ad4a4-dafe-4d4f-b1b3-bc4dcfa942a2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/gravity-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.945366 | 1,330 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Prior to the beginning of the story, the unnamed narrator received a letter from his childhood friend, Roderick Usher, in which Roderick spoke of some illness and expressed his desire to see the narrator.
As the story begins, the narrator arrives at Roderick's home. He is affected by the gloom and melancholy nature of the edifice and its environs. Roderick greets him warmly, and the narrator notes how much Roderick has been altered by his illness; he looks like a cadaver now. Roderick explains the "constitutional and [...] family evil" that affects him so, and he explains that his twin sister, Madeline, suffers from disease as well. The narrator sees Madeline once, from across the room. The old friends pass many days together.
One night, Roderick tells the narrator that Madeline has died and that he would temporarily inter her for two weeks to be sure she is gone. The narrator helps Roderick to entomb her. Within a few days, Roderick's character seems to change; he grows worse and begins to seem hysterical.
About a week after entombing Madeline, the narrator begins to feel quite nervous, and a terrible storm rages outside. He reads to Roderick in the hope of calming him down, but he begins to hear scraping and wailing sounds. Roderick says that he has been hearing it, with his acute senses, for days, and he declares that they have buried his sister alive! Madeline, bloody and reeling, falls upon her brother, and they both perish. The narrator flees and watches as the house splits along a fissure and collapses into the tarn.
1. The narrator approaches the House of Usher and delivers a detailed description of the decaying, melancholy House of Usher, which has “vacant, eye-like windows.” It is in this opening description that the narrator imbues the house with human qualities, and the house starts to become a character itself in the story.
2. Roderick Usher greets the narrator, an acquaintance from his childhood, and the narrator is shocked to discover the sickly state of Roderick, who is emotionally disturbed and complains of a terrible acuteness of his senses. He has called on the narrator for companionship during this dark time. He is deeply depressed and informs the narrator that he and his sister are the last of the Usher kin alive. Many of their ancestors have succumbed (and in this home) to diseases of the mind and body.
3. Roderick explains to the narrator that his sister, Madeline, is sick as well and bed-ridden most of the time. Her ailment is similar to Roderick’s, though she sometimes has cataleptic episodes where she appears to be dead but is really in a temporary coma-like state. The narrator sees her only once (living) as she drifts—mute, unresponsive, ghost-like—through the dark House.
4. Both Madeline and Roderick’s conditions deteriorate, and Madeline succumbs to her illness. The narrator and Roderick put her in a vault in a lower level of the house; Roderick will not contact doctors or undertakers to handle the body, for he fears the scientific establishment will want to pick apart Madeline’s body for research. Before Roderick and the narrator seal Madeline’s coffin, the narrator notes that, because Madeline is so freshly deceased, there is still a bright flush on her cheeks.
5. Roderick’s condition worsens, and the narrator, too, finds himself with heightened senses, especially as a treacherous storm approaches. Roderick asks the narrator to read him the tale of a knight, and as the plot of the story intensifies, the narrator hears terrific noises in the house. As the noises reach a fever pitch, Roderick, in a maniacal state, admits that he has buried his sister alive (thus explaining the flush on her cheeks) and has heard her rustling around in her coffin, scratching to get herself out, for days. The door of the chamber flies open, and Madeline appears, corpse-like and covered in blood. She falls forward onto Roderick, and “[bears] him to the ground a corpse.” They die simultaneously.
6. As the narrator flees the house, the house itself begins to crumble violently and is swallowed up by the “black, lurid” tarn below it. Now that the Usher race has reached its end, the house that seemingly drove many of the Ushers to madness and death, ends with them.
Here is a brief but concise chronology of the story mentioned above:
1. Narrator gets invited to house of Roderick Usher.
2. Narrator arrives, learns about the sickly state of the house and its occupants -- Madeline in particular.
3. Roderick entertains narrator, explains family situation, etc.
4. Madeline goes into cataleptic state, gets entombed alive, returns with bloody clothes.
5. House splits down the center, symbolizing the splitting of the family itself.
As I said, while this is a brief overview of the story's chronology, it in no way intended to be comprehensive. For a more complete chronology, I suggest you visit the summary page for this story in enotes. | <urn:uuid:ae974613-856c-4aae-ae7b-4308f2bb7124> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-events-fall-house-usher-edgar-allan-poe-41173 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.970924 | 1,116 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Upcoming Invasive Species to watch for!
IOWA INVASIVE SPECIES BROCHURES (Legal size and available in our office)
Amur Cork N Schofield MGV FINAL Powerpoint Click Above
Amur Cork Tree found in our area!
MAP OF THE ESTABLISHED POPULATION OF AMUR CORK TREE IN DUNN COUNTY
Last fall LCIP members have found and identified female and male Amur Cork Trees in Dunn County. So far we have found 15 locations with probably many more to be found. If you do see this plant send us some photos of the inner neon yellow bark and whole tree to verify its location. We will then do a follow up visit to confirm and survey the population size. Check out the photos below to see what this WDNR prohibited tree looks like!
Invasive species in West Central Wisconsin
So far we have found 39 invasive species in our region. There are probably more that we haven’t found yet, but we will keep looking and reporting back to you! Thanks.
NR 40 Revision Information
The Department of Natural Resources revised Wisconsin’s Invasive Species Rule (ch. NR 40, Wis. Adm. Code). The changes include delisting 2 species, changing the regulated status of 4 species, listing 51 new prohibited species, listing 32 new restricted species, and listing 2 species as split-listed (prohibited/restricted). . Here is the printable 2015 NR
CLICK THE LINK BELOW FOR THE NEW PLANT LIST
This curve shows how as time increases, the amount of area that is infested and the cost to control the invasive species increases exponentially.
Photo credit: http://freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com/2010/05/20/terraforming-and-superweeds/
General Information About Invasive Plants
“Invasive plants are plants which grow quickly and aggressively, spreading and displacing other plants. Invasive plants are usually introduced by people either accidentally or on purpose, into a region far from their native habitat. Invasive plants are often referred to as “exotic,” “alien,” introduced” or “non-native” species. In their natural range, these species are limited by environmental, pest or disease conditions, keeping these species in balance within their ecosystem. When introduced into an area where these limitations are absent, some species have the ability to become invasive. These are the species we are concerned about in conservation.
Recognition of the problem of invasive plants is growing, at the same time as damage to native ecosystems is mounting. Identifying invasive plants and understanding the potential damage they can cause is essential to stopping their spread and protecting native vegetation.” -PA DNR
- Produce large numbers of new plants each season.
- Tolerate many soil types and weather conditions.
- Spread easily and efficiently, usually by wind, water, or animals.
- Grow rapidly, allowing them to displace slower growing plants.
- Spread rampantly when they are free of the natural checks and balances found in their native range. | <urn:uuid:556c5325-c77f-47ce-948c-a8c70a4e63d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://lcinvasives.org/invasives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585265.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019105138-20211019135138-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.914116 | 644 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Cutaneous malignant neoplasms encompass a large spectrum of tumors that may arise from any of the component cells in skin or its underlying structures. This chapter separates pediatric tumors from those that predominantly affect adults; it further separates nonmelanoma skin cancer from melanoma.
Many lesions are present at birth or shortly thereafter. Some have the potential for malignant transformation later in life; other lesions may be mistaken for a malignant growth.
Dermoid cysts may be seen at birth as smooth, cystic tumors that may have both solid and cystic components. The cysts are usually attached to periosteum, are lined with keratinizing epidermis, and may contain hair and fat in addition to keratinous debris. Clinical examination most often shows tumors located in the lateral periocular or nasal areas. Because of tumor fixation to the underlying periosteum, the tumor may feel immobile when palpated. Treatment is simple excision, which may be delayed until later in childhood.
Pilomatrixoma is usually a benign subcutaneous tumor that originates from the hair matrix and may show calcification. Clinical examination usually shows the tumors as stony-hard, slow-growing, deep subcutaneous masses that develop in early childhood. Rarely, invasive malignant variants with metastases have been reported. Treatment is simple excision.
Sebaceous nevi are noted at birth as linear, raised, and tan- to yellow-colored patches on the scalp, face, or neck. The nevi may be several centimeters in size or much larger. Regression of the nevi is common until puberty, when growth of the nevi accelerates and lesions become multinodular and darker. Benign syringocystadenoma papilliferum, as well as various types of malignant neoplasms including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adnexal tumors, may arise in adulthood. To provide optimum cosmesis and to minimize the risk of these malignant growths, patients should be treated in preadolescence with simple excision of the nevi.
Neurofibroma may appear singly or may be multiple in von Recklinghausen disease or NF-1 (ie, neurofibromatosis with von Recklinghausen disease) and present as soft, skin-colored nodules composed of nerve cells, mast cells, and oval- to spindle-shaped nuclei in a wavy collagen matrix. The neurofibromatous nodules are usually unencapsulated and may infiltrate fat. Café au lait spots are associated with multiple neurofibromatous lesions and are usually excised for cosmetic or functional reasons. Neurofibrosarcoma may rarely develop in syndromic patients.
In infantile myofibromatosis, single or multiple fibrous, firm nodules composed of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are present at birth or in early childhood. The nodules are palpable, firm, and either cutaneous or subcutaneous. Lytic lesions of the cranium may occur in as many as one-third of children, and visceral nodules are associated with the multicentric form. Visceral nodules may be confused with a malignant ... | <urn:uuid:5bf35c61-5eb7-4005-8c61-6c13b7be29f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=386§ionid=39944041 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811243.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218003946-20180218023946-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.926145 | 679 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Although largely preventable, foodborne illness remains a serious problem in the U.S. Microbial pathogens in food cause between 6.5 million and 33 million cases of human illness and up to 9,000 deaths a year.
More than 40 different foodborne pathogens--micro-organisms that cause disease--are believed to cause human illness. But the annual cost of human illness caused by just seven foodborne pathogens for which there are estimates range between $5.6 billion and $9.4 billion.
Meat and poultry are the primary sources.
These Agriculture Department statistics are cited in a new report by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) which advocates expanded use of radiation pasteurization to control foodborne pathogens. The report says such treatment can protect consumers from potentially devastating diseases such as salmonellosis, hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by E. coli, and certain types of gastroenteritis.
CAST is a consortium of 30 scientific and professional societies. Its report was written and reviewed by more than a dozen scientists from public and private agencies, academia, and industry.
"The safety and effectiveness of irradiation pasteurization is attested to by a broad spectrum of authorities," said report co-chair Dr. Donald Thayer of the food safety research unit of the Agriculture Department's Eastern Regional Research Center.
He said that in addition to the USDA, the Food and Drug Administration, the World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the American Dietetic Association, the Institute of Food Technologists, and the health authorities of 40 countries endorse the practice.
"What consumers may not understand is that while food is being irradiated, it's never in contact with radioactive material," says report co-chair Dr. Edward Josephson of the Food Science and Nutrition Research Center at the University of Rhode Island, West Kingston. "And, contrary to what some may have been told, the gamma rays, X-rays or electrons used to treat it can`t make it radioactive."
It is the rapidly growing cells of insects or spoilage and pathogenic bacteria that are killed when food is irradiated, the report points out. There is little effect on the food itself because its cells are not multiplying.
Long-term animal studies have demonstrated that irradiated foods are completely safe and that their nutritional value remains essentially unaltered, the report says.
While the potential for consumer infection by pathogens is decreased greatly and shelf life extended by radiation pasteurization of meat and poultry, this benefit can be achieved only in products that are packaged and of the highest quality before being irradiated, the report adds.
The report also points out that radiation pasteurized products are neither sterile nor shelf stable and must be properly refrigerated, cooked and served. | <urn:uuid:75326f11-92cc-435b-b0ab-5c3af21e6da8> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-20/news/9605200046_1_foodborne-pathogens-irradiated-pasteurization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945624.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422154522-20180422174522-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.950991 | 557 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Even before man first exited from the safety of cave dwellings, plants and trees already abound in the earth. As man evolved and learned to make tools from this, it became an integral part of existence. Man eventually made fire out of it. Weapons and other implements were fashioned to serve mans needs. Abodes made of it soon sprang as man became more skill in using tools. Empire rose and fell with the use of this as beams and planks. End products from this resource have been a part of civilization from past to present. One of the most used types is the Eastern red cedar lumber.
Timber cut from different varieties have different qualities. Some are soft and some are hard. Some last for a long time while others rot in a short time. All bear seeds and produce carbon dioxide. They grow through a process known as photosynthesis. Pines are known as coniferous. They produce seeds in cones while seeds coming from trees that bear fruit are known to be deciduous.
Several types of logs and prefabricated items are available in the market today. Some customers though favor natural beams over that which is processed. This brings with it a different look to any house constructed. Homeowners who are artistic often do this.
Timber has been a big business even in ancient times. Different methods of harvesting were applied to make usable. In olden times these were cut using axes and hauled by hand where it is hewn into the desired form for which it will be utilized. Traditional methods have freshly cut trunks are laid down under the heat of the sun to dry. There are some types that don’t to be dried and can be used readily.
Harvesting timber is very efficient today by employing advanced equipment. No longer is there a need to chop them down. Power chainsaws and buzz saws come in handy during harvesting especially in cutting off branches away from the main trunk. The hewn trunks are then moved from the harvesting area to where it will be measured and cut further.
Standards and measurements are posted in hardware stores and other outlet. Distributors have the standards also visibly posted. More information can be gleaned from websites of companies selling and distributing the products. Knowing what type of wood is needed is for the project is good. Make a match of the requirement and prices and services a company offers and make compare it with others. Select that which fits the requirement and whose location is nearest to where needed.
The converted product is used in a wide array for buildings. It can be used as the main building material for a house. It does well as a fence. Many firms use it as temporary supports. Many examples of items made from this material can be seen in any home in the form of furniture, cabinets, ceilings, moldings. Furniture shops also use large quantities of these to produce quality furniture.
Several high impact programs are now being undertaken by governments all over the world. Foremost among this is reforestation. Establishments are encouraged to plant and replenish deforested areas. Parks are also being established as well as reservations. The presence of foliage prevents flash floods. Worth noting is that the oxygen we breathe is given out by it.
Plant life on earth has existed since the beginning of time. Ancients learned how to make use of it. This commodity was valued then as now. Wooden ships plied the waters of this world, from small canoes, flat-bottomed boats to triremes and giant warships all made from this resource. Environmental awareness has caused man to be more conscious in the use of this. Conservation efforts are being made to save forests and jungles.
If you are searching for information about Eastern Red Cedar lumber, visit our web pages today. More details are available at http://www.cedarspecialties.com/store/eastern_red_cedar.html now. | <urn:uuid:e79b0c94-3be5-4b47-9cf9-87fd5da0137e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.chillicious.com/business/the-king-of-hardwood-eastern-red-cedar-lumber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159938.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923232129-20180924012529-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.97734 | 792 | 3 | 3 |
The passing this week of Dr Benoit B. Mandelbrot, the creator of fractal geometry, reminds us of his important contribution to graphical representations, data visualization
and collaboration in the process of data analysis
and interpretation. Not to mention the pure beauty of his work.
Mandelbrot created a new group of geometric visualizations – fractal geometry – capable of representing, mimicking and measuring irregular and naturally occurring shapes.
His groundbreaking 1982 book – The Fractal Geometry of Nature – argued and demonstrated that the circumference of complex naturally occurring features and geographic masses, such as coastlines, could be accurately measured in a “vigorous quantitative fashion.”
What appeals to me about this work, is that if you wish measure the length of coastline, then typically those measurements tend to be simplistic and understate the true length of that coastline.
Mandelbrot’s work showed that the closer you looked the more complex the coastline was - from relatively smooth on a map to the roughness of grains of sand. Hence, the longer the distance of the coastline. It was this insight that has stuck with me for years as a wonderful example of the detail that sits behind many of our world views and basic assumptions.
Mandelbrot contributed to research within the fields of engineering, geology, medicine and cosmology, using his theory of fractal geometry to describe such phenomena as galaxy clusters and fluctuation in wheat prices.
In a career spanning almost seven decades, he was a founding force behind the introduction and use of computer graphics to study and solve mathematical and data-based problems.
Yellowfin acknowledges Dr Mandelbrot’s pioneering work and influence on the modern data industry.
See Mandelbrot on TED here | <urn:uuid:e0cf5344-b4c3-49f0-b665-b43cbbbb0057> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.yellowfinbi.com/YFCommunityNews.i4?newsId=99957 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111838.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943066 | 361 | 3.421875 | 3 |
"In order to achieve the desired characteristics, the edge of the implant was first coated with various, special polymers."
Donor corneas are a rarity: In Germany alone, each year roughly 7,000 patients wait for that miniscule piece of tissue. An implant made of plastic may soon offer patients - especially those facing their last resort - with the chance to see again.
For many patients who become blind after an accident or illness, a corneal transplantation could restore the ability to see. Each year, 40,000 people in Europe - in Germany, about 7,000 - await the opportunity to be able to see again, thanks to cornea donors. But donor corneas are not common. Dr. Joachim Storsberg of the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP in Potsdam-Golm developed material and production process for a corneal prosthesis made of plastic. These can help patients who are unable to tolerate donor corneas due to the special circumstances of their disease, or whose donor corneas were likewise destroyed. In recognition of this accomplishment, Dr. Storsberg is being awarded the 2010 Joseph von Fraunhofer Prize.
The miniscale artificial cornea has to meet almost contradictory specifications: On the one hand, the material should grow firmly together with the cells of the surrounding tissue; on the other hand, no cells should settle in the optical region of the artificial cornea - i.e., the middle - since this would again severely impair the ability to see. And: The outer side of the implant must be able to moisten with tear fluids, otherwise the implant will cloud up on the anterior side. This would consequently require the patient to get a new prosthesis after a relatively brief period of time. And: The outer side of the implant must be able to moisten with tear fluid, so that the eyelid can slide across it without friction. Dr. Storsberg found the solution with a hydrophobic polymer material. This material has been in use for a long time in ophthalmology, such as for intraocular lenses. In order for it to satisfy the various characteristics required, complex development steps were necessary. The material was thoroughly modified on a polymer-chemical basis, and subsequently re-tested for public approval.
In order to achieve the desired characteristics, the edge of the implant was first coated with various, special polymers. Then, a special protein was added that contains the specific sequence of a growth factor. The surrounding natural cells detect this growth factor, are stimulated to propagate and populate the surface of the corneal margin. Thus, the cells of the surrounding tissue grow with the implant, and the artificial cornea attains stability. The eye prosthesis evolved jointly with physicians and manufacturers in the EU project, "Artificial Cornea." The interdisciplinary research team needed three years to develop the artificial cornea. In a first step, they sent the chemical-biomimetic coated implant to Dr. Karin Kobuch of the Poliklinik fur Augenheilkunde at the Regensburg University Medical Center and to the medical center at the Technical University of Munich, on the right banks of the Isar river. The physician examined the artificial corneas in dissected pigs eyes and specialized cell cultures. Eventually, the team under Dr. Gernot Duncker and Dr. Saadettin Sel of the University Center for Ophthalmology in Halle (Saale) tested the more complex models in rabbits. There, the design was further refined: the optics were made smaller, and the implant haptic enlarged in order to maintain a more stable construction. Miro GmbH manufactured the implant, robin GmbH handled the distribution and sales and supported the specially adapted implantation centers in Europe. By 2009, a prosthesis was already successfully in use; further implantations are anticipated during the first six months of 2010. | <urn:uuid:f129f7eb-89f9-4726-b585-2a27e71d6ac0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.disabled-world.com/assistivedevices/prostheses/eye-prosthesis.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00435-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937502 | 809 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Rain is important for how carbon dioxide affects grasslands
Vegetation biomass on grasslands increases in response to elevated carbon dioxide levels, but less than expected. Vegetation on grasslands with a wet spring season has the greatest increase. This has been demonstrated in a new study published in the scientific journal Nature Plants.
An important, but uncertain, factor in climate research is the extent to which all ecosystems can accumulate carbon from the increasing atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. Areas covered by grass and similar vegetation play a significant role in this context. Worldwide these areas cover 29 per cent of Earth's ice-free land surface.
"These grasslands have great importance for carbon storage," says Louise C. Andresen, a researcher at the University of Gothenburg and one of the researchers behind the new research study.
In the study the researchers examined how 19 different land areas that were exposed to varying amounts of precipitation – in Australia, Germany, New Zealand, Switzerland, the United States, China and elsewhere – reacted in field-experiments with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations.
"In general the response was an increase in plant growth of less than 10 per cent, but there were large variations."
Spring rain affects plant growth
The results showed that it was easiest to predict how vegetation reacted to carbon dioxide during rainy periods. As the researchers expected, spring rain had a significant impact on the grasslands.
"Vegetation on grasslands with a very wet spring season increased most with elevated carbon dioxide concentration," Andresen says.
In addition, biomass on land with a very dry low season increased more than on land with a wet low season.
More information: Mark J. Hovenden et al. Globally consistent influences of seasonal precipitation limit grassland biomass response to elevated CO2, Nature Plants (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0356-x
Journal information: Nature Plants
Provided by University of Gothenburg | <urn:uuid:0d817ce8-b837-4fcd-9fb4-812ff9959423> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://phys.org/news/2019-03-important-carbon-dioxide-affects-grasslands.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.935971 | 401 | 3.625 | 4 |
Predicted deforestation in Brazil could lead to local temperature increase up to 1.45°C
New model quantifies how forest change impacts on sunlight-reflection, evapotranspiration, leading to surface temperature shifts
Credit: Prevedello et al, 2019
A new model quantifies how forest change affects local surface temperatures by altering sunlight-reflection and evapotranspiration properties, and predicts that Brazilian deforestation could result in a 1.45°C increase by 2050, in a study published March 20, 2019 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Jayme A. Prevedello from the Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil, and colleagues.
Forests are known to reflect less sunlight and have higher evapotranspiration than open vegetation, meaning that deforestation and forestation could affect local land surface temperature. However, until recently there were limited high-resolution global data. The authors of the present study used a global dataset from 2000-2010 to quantify impacts of forest change on local temperatures. They used newly-released data on forest cover, evapotranspiration rates, sunlight-reflection and land surface temperature and built a model to quantify the relationship between these variables for tropical, temperate, and boreal regions.
The authors found that deforestation and forestation generally appeared to have opposite effects of similar magnitude on local temperature. However, the nature of the effect and the magnitude of the temperature change depended on latitude: in tropical and temperate regions, deforestation led to warming, while forestation had cooling effects. In boreal regions, deforestation led to slight cooling, though the magnitude of the effect was smaller. The magnitude of the forest change effects was greatest in tropical regions, with, for example, deforestation of approximately 50 percent leading to local warming of over 1°C.
The authors used their model to predict local temperature change in Brazil between 2010 and 2050. Assuming the current rate of illegal deforestation is maintained, this predicted an annual land surface temperature rise of up to 1.45°C in some areas by 2050. However, if no further illegal deforestation occurred, the temperature rise could be far more limited.
This new model quantifies the effect of forest change on local surface temperatures, through changes in sunlight-reflection and evapotranspiration. The authors note that their Brazil case study “illustrates that current land use policies can impact future local climate.”
The authors add: “Forestation has the potential to reverse deforestation impacts on local climate, especially in tropical and temperate regions.”
Peer-reviewed; Modelling study; People, Environment
Citation: Prevedello JA, Winck GR, Weber MM, Nichols E, Sinervo B (2019) Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0213368. https:/
Funding: JAP was supported by grants from Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (processes n. E-26/010.002334/2016 and E-26/010.000398/2016) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; process n. 424061/2016-3); GRW received a post-doctoral fellowship and a technical grant (INCT/DTI-B) from CNPq (processes n. 151984/2016-6, 381247/2017-1), and currently receives a post-doctoral fellowship grant from CNPq (process n. 206876/2017-3); MMW received a post-doctoral fellowship grant from Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD/CAPES, process number 1594913). BS was supported by an Emerging Frontiers grant from NSF (EF-1241848) and a Pesquisador Visitante Especial (PVE) scholarship from CNPq. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS ONE: http://journals.
Related Journal Article | <urn:uuid:75eeead9-977f-4b53-9348-fc9c245aa15b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://scienmag.com/predicted-deforestation-in-brazil-could-lead-to-local-temperature-increase-up-to-1-45c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256778.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522083227-20190522105227-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.875293 | 934 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A History of the Comic Book
At its simplest, a comic book is a series of words and pictures that are presented in a sequential manner to form a narrative that may or may not be humorous (McCloud 1993). Originating in the United States in the late 1800s, the comic book contains everyday language, slang, and idiom, as well as color and a sophisticated interplay between text and image—all serving a therapeutic, explanatory, and commercial purpose in American culture. Traditionally occupying the fringes of pop culture, the comic book is actually a valuable historical text that comments on how young people and adults alike identify with cultural and political issues. As such, a comic book is much more than just a series of words and pictures with marginal cultural importance. Indeed, given its complex cultural and commercial role, a definition of “comic book” raises an amalgam of theoretical debates about sequence, narrative, image, text, genre, and art as well as its relation to other genres, such as children’s literature (Meskin 2007). At the very least, comic books can be seen as a result of pressures by artists and consumers as well as by the historical forces acting on both groups. Much more than just a form of entertainment for kids, comic books are a serious and sophisticated art form that both feeds off of and creates cultural formulas and historical constructs.
Since the 1960s the comic book industry has been dominated by the two major publishers of superhero books—Marvel and Detective Comics (DC). DC’s official name for almost 50 years was National Periodical Publication; Marvel was known as Timely Comics from 1939 to about 1950, and then as Atlas Comics for much of the 1950s. Many comic book fans often use the concept of “ages” to distinguish periods of comic book history that share concerns, storytelling techniques, marketing strategies, styles of art and writing, and approach to genre conventions (Coogan 2006). These ages can roughly be distinguished as the Golden (1938-1956), Silver (1956-1971), Bronze (1971-1980), Iron (1980-1987), and Modern (1987-present).
Comic Book Precursors
The thematic elements of the genre can arguably be traced back to ancient Greek mythological gods and superheroes. For example, the modern comic book hero Flash explicitly draws on the iconography of the Greek god Hermes with his winged helmet and boots. Samson’s weakness in the Old Testament, a haircut, echoes the vulnerabilities that afflict modern heroes, such as Superman’s kryptonite. Other ancient heroes such as Zeus, Gilgamesh, Thor, Beowulf, and Jason and the Argonauts all contain conventions that are seen in modern-day comic book heroes, such as the sidekick (sometimes homoerotically charged), sexual temptation, and teaming up with others, as in the Justice League. More modern archetypes include Friedrich Nietzsche’s Übermensch and Tarzan, the pulp übermensch (Coogan 2006).
The format of the modern day comic book perhaps can be traced to ancient narrative sequences of cave paintings, but more likely to the medieval broadsheet, which was a narrative strip carved into woodcuttings (Hayman and Pratt 2005). Broadsheet authors would often create cartoonish narratives of public executions and caricatures of public figures. As the printing press allowed mass circulation of the broadsheets, they were often gathered into collections, or what could be considered a prototype of the modern magazine or newspaper and, by extension, the comic book. Some scholars have even gone so far as to claim that the Bayeux Tapestry, which traces in a graphic pictorial narrative the events leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, is an early form of the comic strip (Meskin 2007).
The first “real” comic strip is usually acknowledge to be Richard Felton Outcault’s The Yellow Kid, which debuted in 1895 in Joseph Pulitzer’s The New York World and served as a marketing tool to boost sales of the newspaper. Yellow Kid was also notable in that his was the first comic strip to use balloons as a place for the character’s dialog. When publishers realized that comic strips, such as Outcault’s, could be used to broaden the appeal of their newspapers, comic features such as Buster Brown, Foxy Grandpa, Krazy Kat, Katzenjammer Kids, Popeye, and Mutt and Jeff became standard. Most all of the strips in the first decades of the twentieth century were purposefully humorous and became known as “the comics” or “the funnies.” The first comic books furthered this trend with titles like Famous Funnies, Funnies on Parade, and The Funnies. The first comic books were actually packaged reprints of popular newspaper comic strips. But as the comic book industry expanded throughout the 1930s, it developed a cultural and economic identity very different from newspaper syndicates (Eisner 1985).
In terms of distribution, audience, narrative style, and thematic content, comic books were more the direct descendants of the pulp magazine. Dubbed “pulp magazine” because they were printed on the cheapest possible paper for inexpensive mass distribution, these publications had a commercial history as old as newspaper comic strips—older if you consider pulp magazines can be traced to their Civil War-era antecedents, the dime novels. Unlike the comics, pulp magazines catered to the tastes outside the mainstream and featured action, adventure, fantasy, and suspense. In 1933, Harry Wildenberg and Max C. Gaines (future creator of MAD magazine) folded a traditional tabloid-size comic, Funnies on Parade, in half to create the first four-color, saddle-stitched newsprint comic that would become the format of modern comic books. Working with Eastern Color and Dell Publishing, Wildenberg and Gaines successfully sold this new format at newsstands, leading to the creation of the newsstand as the main distributor of comic books until the 1990s.
1930-1950: Golden Age
Comic books blossomed into a distinct entertainment industry after 1938 when Jerome Siegal and Joseph Shuster created Superman, the initiator of the superhero genre that would remain the cornerstone of the comic book industry. When DC comics introduced Batman in 1939, it eventually pushed out the “crime” and “detective” stories from DC’s title. The popularity of the superhero in the 1930s led to the creation of other characters such as Wonder Woman, Captain America, The Flash, and the Green Lantern. Marvel comics introduced enduring characters such as the Human Torch and Captain America (Coogan 2006). In terms of style and technique, Will Eisner’s work on his masked detective series The Spirit adapted many film techniques to comic books and developed much of the storytelling grammar still used in comic books today. For example, unlike the short daily strips and fixed perspective of juvenile comics, Eisner’s “cinematic” storytelling unfolded stories over several pages, using a montage of light and sound, dynamic framing, and vibrant colors.
World War II was a boon for the comic book, perhaps because it promoted two prevailing ideological visions of the time: New Deal-style social reform and WWII patriotism. The DC superhero comics tacitly stressed a common interest in public welfare and strong federal government. Marvel comics took up the cause of WWII patriotism in its creation of Captain America, showing Captain America punching Hitler in the face. In fact, the primary narrative convention of the Golden Age is the defense of the normal. But after WWII, the impetus driving the Golden Age fizzled, and the cancellation of Captain Marvel and Plastic Man (with the similar lighthearted approach to super heroics) effectively ended the Golden Age (Coogan 2006).
1956-1971: The Silver Age
After WWII, comic books lost readers and publishers alike due to lack of purpose, competition from television, as well as Senate investigations into the cultural influence of the comic book industry, particularly the influence of popular “horror” comic books. Perhaps most damaging to the comic book industry was Dr. Fredric Wertham’s book The Seduction of the Innocent which accused some comic books of corrupting the youth and inciting them to violence. In response to Wertham’s attacks, comic book companies created the Comics Code Authority as a way to self-police the industry and win back readers (McCloud 1993).
By the start of the 1960s, the industry showed further signs of recovery. Like the Golden Age, the Silver Age began with superhero comic books acting to convey the prevailing social ideology. But when that no longer appealed to audiences, the Silver Age comic book moved away from explicitly ideological texts. The superhero genre which had been used to build consensus and morale during WWII was now questioning America’s role as the world’s superpower, due largely in part to the public’s perception of the Vietnam War. Marvel comics further revolutionized the superhero by creating characters who had some kind of weakness or defect, such as the Hulk and Spiderman. They were persecuted and misunderstood outsiders and spoke directly to public disorientation. In response to DC’s Justice League of America, Marvel created the Fantastic Four. While these narratives still featured contests between good evil, those concepts are slightly complicated with the introduction of virtuous villains and reluctant, selfish, or bickering heroes. The end of the Silver Age can be marked by Steve Rogers’ abandonment of the Captain America identity as a reaction to the “Secret Empire,” a story line that was a fictionalized depiction of Watergate (Coogan 2006).
1971-1980: The Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is characterized by a shift from social issues to an emphasis on form and stylistic details. Comic books no longer looked through form to the ideals, values, and conflicts of society but began to look at the form itself. Motivated by persistent criticism that comic book art was not “great” art, comic book artists began to experiment with color and page display. While the new emphasis on art won critical acclaim, the industry experienced a marked decline in sales. This was due in large part to archaic distribution practices. Comic books were still largely carried by traditional newsstands, but these traditional comic book venues were rapidly being replaced by chain stores. In an attempt to revise its marketing structure, the comic book industry formed the Academy of Comic-Book Arts (ACBA) and later the Comic Guild in hopes of achieving, as Stan Lee (the creator of Spiderman) states, “for comic books what Academy Awards do for motion picture” (Coogan 2006). These associations also hoped to gain the respect from the American public that comic books industries had in France and Japan while at the same time providing comic book writers with more benefits and job security.
While comic book sales continued to decline, DC and Marvel turned to licensing out their characters to television for revenue. DC enjoyed profits from Saturday cartoons such as Superfriends and Batman as well as the Wonder Woman series. The Superman movie starring Christopher Reeve also provided DC with revenue. Marvel licensed the Incredible Hulk series starring Bill Bixby and authorized the animated Fantastic Four series. Marvel also bought the rights to print Star Wars comic books (Coogan 2006).
1980-1987: The Iron Age
The Iron Age extends the Bronze Age’s emphasis on form and embellishes it to the point where form itself becomes the “substance” or “content” of the work. Indeed, in a sophisticated interplay of postmodern intertextuality and self-reflexiveness, many comic book heroes, such as Frank Miller’s Daredevil, began to question their own heroism and often seemed to have a tenuous grasp on their own sanity. In fact, heroes seemed to be the subject of comic book stories rather than the means to tell a story. Soon the Iron Age hero began focused on his own mortality. In fact, the Iron Age witnessed the death of numerous superheroes, including Captain Marvel, Batman (at least figuratively), and Watchmen’s anti-hero Rorschach. Superman himself died in Louis Lane’s arms in 1992. And in a move that completely wiped out all stories pre-1986, DC rewrote the history of its universe in Crisis on Infinite Earths (Hayman and Pratt 2005). Perhaps most emblematic of the death of the superhero is the Iron Age’s self-proclaimed greatest success: Spawn, a corpse. During the Iron Age, the comic book genre turned on itself and nearly dismantled its own genre conventions.
While comic book heroes may have been experiencing their own existential crises, comic book publishers earned greater profits than ever before by raising the cost of comic books, distributing them to specialized comic book retail outlets rather than newsstands on nonreturnable basis, and targeting the loyal fan base over causal mainstream readers. The increased influence of this specialized market on the production and distribution of comic books indicated the extent to which comic books had become, in large part, the niche of a slightly estranged subculture (Coogan 2006).
1987-Present: Modern Age
By the end of the 1980s, the comic book industry seemed interested in reconstructing the genre that nearly deconstructed itself by emphasizing continuity from the Golden and Silver ages and reconstructing the mission convention that broke down in the Iron Age. Perhaps most importantly, the comic book industry began marketing new issues of comic books, such as Spiderman and X-Men, as future collector items. In fact, during the 1990s comics became top collector items, only less popular than stamps and coins. Even though comic books in 1990s had a smaller audience than in previous eras, this audience was willing to buy more and pay more.
In a major symbolic event for the American Comic Book Industry, Marvel became the first comic book publisher to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991. Within just six months, an issue of Marvel’s X-Men sold a record 8.2 million copies. Marvel had grown into a multimedia entertainment company, and currently the superhero is the golden boy of Hollywood. X-Men (2000) earned $150 million at the box office, and Spiderman, Daredevil, The Hulk and The Incredibles also pulled in hefty revenues (Coogan 2006). Advanced computer-generated imagery make superhero fights and powers look as fantastic and seamless as they do on the comic page. Clearly, comic books have once again emerged as a major force in a corporate-driven commercial culture.
-- Posted March 18, 2008
Coogan, Peter. 2006. Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre. Austin, TX: MonkeyBrain Books.
Hayman, Greg and Henry John Pratt. 2005. “What Are Comics?” A Reader in Philosophy of the Arts. Ed. David Goldblatt and Lee Brown. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. 410-424.
McCloud, Scott. 1993. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. Northampton, MA: Kitchen Sink Press.Meskin, Aaron. 2007. “Defining Comics?” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 65:4, 369-376. | <urn:uuid:cc706a25-2537-4d84-8040-f8e7446541f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/033comic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542668.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00233-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957235 | 3,150 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Visionary science for the intestine. (Radiology).
Scientists recently devised a disposable flash camera only slightly larger than a vitamin pill. In a procedure called capsule endoscopy, the patient swallows the minicam, which then takes pictures inside the small intestine. On its journey through the digestive tract, the tiny tumbling camera transmits images that are stored in a recorder that the person wears around the waist. After 8 hours, the camera's battery runs out, and the capsule is eliminated in the feces. Scientists then download the recorder's images into a computer.
To test the value of capsule endoscopy, researchers recruited 42 people who had had either an X ray after drinking a barium solution or a computerized-tomography (CT) scan to image the condition of the small intestine. Each person then underwent capsule endoscopy.
The minicam missed a few abnormalities but detected nine intestinal ulcers, compared with only three found by the CT scan and one by the X ray, says Amy K. Hara of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz. The capsule camera also revealed 11 cases of an intestinal condition, called arterial-venous malformation, in which blood vessels in the intestines leak. Neither the X ray nor the CT detected any.
"Compared with these other techniques, the capsule is a major step forward," Hara says. "It's noninvasive, doesn't require any medications or radiation, and, we now know from our study, it results in better and more complete evaluations of the small intestine."
Capsule endoscopy is, however, more expensive than the other procedures. Nevertheless, combined with CT scans and X rays, capsule endoscopy could vastly improve diagnosis of small intestinal ailments such as Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and arterial-venous malformation, Hara says.
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Tips on Writing a Dissertation
Make clear in both the empirical and conceptual sense what dependent variable(s) your research is based on
Set out your argument(s) early in your dissertation, even in the first or second paragraph. This helps the reader know where the rest of your paper is going. A dissertation is not a detective-type story that only unveils the answer in the last chapter!
During the process, the writer uses the literature review section to establish their own place in literature rather than to demonstrate they have read all available material. This section should be detailed and critical in the way it shows how previous works have overlooked or misrepresented some important aspect(s). It should be noted, however, that the most essential oversights to draw attention to are those you yourself address in your dissertation. A project like this is not a mechanism for you to show you are capable of critiquing other academic works. Instead, it is your chance to contribute in a valuable way. Critiques are a way of showing how your work adds value.
Although it is important the argument you choose is interesting, it can help to begin your dissertation with a puzzle or eye-catching example i.e. something that makes readers wonder why a particular situation is as you say. While much depends on your chosen topic, it can still be quite difficult to write a catchy opening paragraph. Be serious about your own theories. Give detailed consideration to any concepts you use and how you argue the way(s) they are related. Use this careful thinking for the empirical aspects of your paper when you are figuring out how things should be measured. The arguments you choose may only differ in subtle ways from those used by others, but they can still have significant bearing on what is suitable for measuring a concept or theory.
It can be good to use graphics
The use of graphics often makes a text easier to read and they are good for illustrating various types of data and results. Graphical information is often better than using tables only. While tables are good for providing clear detail, graphics are almost always more effective at showing how variables are related.
Do not exceed the word limit. If you have a limit of 10,000 words, stick to it!
A word limit should not be treated as a “must reach” target. If your word limit is, say, 10,000 words, and you believe you have included all necessary material, do not be tempted to add “padding” to reach the upper limit.
In most cases, 10,000 words are sufficient. Should you feel there is good reason to surpass this word limit, it is probably because you have not done sufficient editing. Including redundant and/or repetitive text, or anything that is not related to your arguments, can lead to you having marks deducted. Make sure you edit your paper, numerous times if necessary, before you hand it in.
A written piece can be structured in different ways, and the structure you use will probably depend on your topic and the methodologies you choose. While the following structure is not the definitive one, you may find it useful for reference purposes. It may seem sensible to you to add, remove, or alter some of the sections described below according to your own judgement.
- An introductory section: Say what you are writing about and your reasons for doing so. Briefly outline your argument(s), dependent variable(s), examples, questions, etc.
- A literature review chapter: Please refer to the section above for more information on this.
- A section outlining your argument or theory: Once you have identified any gaps in existing knowledge and/or literature, fill these in and develop your hypotheses.
- A section setting out any empirical-type evidence: You can use combinations of these e.g. an evaluation of any dependent and any independent variables, a selection of samples or case studies, your findings and/or the results of any tests on your hypotheses.
- A discussion chapter: This is where you discuss the results e.g. how they do or do not support your hypotheses and to what extent. Mention any possible limitations or shortcomings and/or use case study samples by way of illustration.
- A concluding section: This sums-up the main points from a dissertation and what has been learnt. It is also used to make suggestions or recommendations for future research.
You may find these useful:
Dissertation Discussion Help Introduction Chapter for Dissertation Writing of Abstract for Dissertation Results Chapter for Dissertation Dissertation Conclusion Writing Example of Dissertation Hypothesis | <urn:uuid:9ffde7a4-03d0-4107-90e1-d6046085e0b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://primeessay.org/tips-on-writing-a-dissertation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573735.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919204548-20190919230548-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.918315 | 931 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Harriet Taylor Mill born in 1807, south of London was a British philosopher. Her works on equality between genders, women’s rights, for which she also advocated, made her known. The Complete Works of Harriet Taylor Mill consists of her collection of writing. She married John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).
Early Life of Harriet Taylor Mill
Harriet was born on 8th October 1807 in Walworth, London. Her parents were Thomas Hardy and Harriet. Her father was a surgeon. She taught herself and got some help from her parents. She developed an interest at a very young age in poetry writing.
In 1826, Harriet married John Taylor and had three children Algernon, Herbert, and Helen. In 1831, Unitarian’s leader set the meeting between Harriet and John Stuart Mill. Harriet’s husband invited John Mill for a dinner at his home, as he shared similar interests with her wife Harriet, on women’s rights.
When did Harriet start writing?
Harriet didn’t just write poetry, but she also had interests in the social reforming of society. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK), who used to publish information for people who didn’t get a formal education or who preferred self-education, published Harriet’s Life of William Caxton.
John Stuart Mill and his effect on Harriet’s Life
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), the second husband of Harriet Taylor Mill was a British philosopher, civil servant, and political economist. He was known to be a pre-eminent and influential thinker of that era.
After Harriet met Mill, She started writing articles and essays, unpublished and some unfinished pieces on women’s rights, marriage, and ethics. Mill and Harriet started sharing thoughts and essays on these topics. Soon, Harriet was attracted to John Mill, as Mill saw her as an equal intellectual person.
This bond continued between them for around 18 months after which, Harriet decided to break off the friendship with Mill. Mill wrote a love letter to her, which was in French and was very passionate. In the letter, he didn’t give up on her and wrote: “her paths and mine are separated, she says; but they can, they must, meet again”. He didn’t accept her ‘eternal adieu’, a forever goodbye. Although he said ‘her wish his command’. This letter is the only proof that exists, showing the relationship between them while she was married.
Harriet read this letter and agreed that this wasn’t the end and after this, they were close to each other more than ever. In 1837, they shared a couple of essays on On Marriage. She criticizes the fact “women are educated for one single object, to gain their living by marrying”.
What was the reason for the separation of Harriet with John Taylor?
This bond between Harriet and Mill, became the reason for the separation between her and her husband. In 1833, they started living in separate homes and Helen was living with Harriet and the other two with their father. Harriet and John Stuart spent most of their life apart from each other.
But then John got cancer and asked Harriet to come to take care of him. She refused because Mill had an injury and he needed someone to take care of him. Soon Mill recovered from the injury. John’s health became worse. Then Harriet went to take care of him until he died of rectal cancer in 1849.
The second marriage of Harriet Taylor Mill
Two years after the death of John, Harriet married Mill in 1851. The Mills then spent most of their life working on articles and essays together in their Black Heath Park Home. She had tuberculosis, according to arguments, she got this from John Taylor. Due to this, they were in the pursuit of quality of life and traveled to a healthier climate.
Works by Harriet Taylor Mill
The Complete Works of Harriet Taylor Mill contains finished and unfinished pieces of essays and articles on ethics and social philosophy, also include criticisms of religions, defense of women’s rights.
Some works of Mill, The Subjection of Women and The Utility of Religion show some amount of resemblance from Harriet’s unpublished articles and essays. She also contributed to Principles of Political Economy.
Harriet also produced a variety of articles on Monthly Repository, a Unitarian magazine of that era. Harriet first started publishing when she was pregnant with her third child. She is considered to be a co-author of numerous articles on domestic violence that were published in Daily News, Sunday Times, and Morning Chronicle during the period of 40s.
Autobiography by Mill, he claimed that Harriet co-authored a significant amount of work published under his name. In 1854, a letter written by Mill, includes him saying that the upcoming book should have 2 authors as a significant amount of work was by Harriet.
Mill described Harriet as a valuable contributor on “On Liberty“. He also dedicated this book to her, in 1859, a year after she died. As Mill considered Harriet a valuable contributor, opinions by his friend very different. Jane described her as “a peculiarly affected and empty body” and Thomas Carlyle, Mill’s friend, described Harriet as “full of unwise intellect”.
Westminster Review published Harriet’s Enfranchisement of Women in 1861. Work was significantly philosophical. Harriet did this work solely. This work was mainly about equality in rights for women in every field, social, political and civil.
Later, in the year 1858, they went to Montepellier. Harriet’s life gave out in Hotel d’Europe, Avignon, France on 3 November, due to respiratory failure. Mill bought a small house near the cemetery of Harriet’s place of burial. He spent a considerable amount of his life there. In 1873, he died and buried in Avignon, France. | <urn:uuid:89e051c7-7ebd-4ba5-862d-fd49ef96caaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://victorian-era.org/victorian-authors/harriet-taylor-mill-biography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.982916 | 1,251 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Peepal tree is denoted as a God in the Rig Veda, is considered necessary in every yagya according to the Yajur Veda and it has been described as the abode of all the Gods in the Atharva Veda.
When the excavations of the Harappan Valley were done, traces of worshiping the peepal tree were found there too. Also, the images of deities were seen surrounded by peepal tree leaves.
Peepal tree is the most rewarding tree because of both material and its spiritual benefits. This is one of the trees which gives out oxygen 24 hours. Hinduism gives immense importance to nature. That is why, worshiping the plants and trees is one of the most common traditions prevalent among the Hindus. Here, let us explore why Peepal tree is considered so sacred.
Lord Vishnu Stays In The Peepal Tree
In Mahabharata, Lord Krishna has himself said that he is the Peepal tree. The roots of the tree are Vishnu. Its stems are Keshav. The branches are Narayan and the leaves are Hari himself. This is why the tradition of worshiping a peepal tree is followed from the ancient times. It is believed that both Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi are present there in the Peepal tree on a Somavati Amavasya.
Signifies The Cycle Of Birth And Death
A Peepal tree never sheds off all of its leaves at one time. They keep falling and more leaves keep coming and taking new birth. This signifies the cycle of birth and death. It therefore relates to the spiritual reality. That the tree is the macrocosm, and the life and death are the part of the cycle, through which the nature runs it.
The Permanent Spirituality
Peepal tree never dies, it stays forever. Its permanent nature also relates it with the permanent soul, which is immortal and never dies. Human body perishes but the soul never does. Hence, this is another reason to worship the Peepal tree.
Story Of Savitri And Satyavan
Mahabharata mentions the story of Savitri and Satyavaan. Savitri's husband Satyavaan died under a Peepal tree. Savitri was so badly hurt that she started worshiping Lord of death, Yamraj and tied a sacred thread around a Peepal tree, praying that her husband be brought to life again. Compelled by her, Lord Yamraja had to return the man back to life. Since then, married Hindu women follow the custom of Peepal Puja on the day of Vat Savitri Vrat.
Lord Buddha's Enlightenment
Many sages have practiced asceticism and attained enlightenment under a Peepal tree. Lord Buddha is the biggest example among them. Lord Buddha sat under a Peepal tree near a river in Gaya, Bihar. He practiced meditation and soon at the evening of the fourteenth day, he attained enlightenment. This tree came to be known as the Mahabodhi Tree and the place known as Bodh Gaya. Any tree that is grown from the branch of this tree is also known as the Bodi Tree now. Therefore, all the Bodhi Trees trace their origin from the same Peepal tree, which Lord Buddha sat under.
Ancestors Worshiped Through The Peepal Tree
It is believed that the spirits of the ancestors live on the Peepal tree. There is a tradition of worshiping the ancestors in all the religions, especially in Hinduism. Ancestors are worshiped on the day of Amavasya. Therefore, worshiping the Peepal tree is considered as an offering for our prayers to the ancestors.
Peepal tree is also linked to Lord Brahma, the deity who is unborn and never takes birth and in whom the spirits finally get assimilated to. This is also a reason why performing the last rites under a Peepal tree is what people prefer more.
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- The Story Of Sadhna, The Butcher Who Got The Black Stone | <urn:uuid:7f8ca8a7-23ea-4086-ad1b-5cb3072bb3a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/faith-mysticism/2018/spiritual-importance-of-the-peepal-tree-122034.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591596.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720115631-20180720135631-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.962484 | 936 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Health in Vietnam
However, malnutrition is still common in the provinces, and the life expectancy and infant mortality rates are stagnating. In 2001 government spending on health care corresponded to just 0.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Government subsidies covered only about 20 percent of health care expenses, with the remaining 80 percent coming out of individuals’ own pockets.
Beginning in the late 1980s, the quality of health care began to decline as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the provinces, and the introduction of charges. Inadequate funding has led to delays in planned upgrades to water supply and sewage systems. As a result, almost half the population has no access to clean water, a deficiency that promotes such infectious diseases as malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, and cholera. Inadequate funding also has contributed to a shortage of nurses, midwives, and hospital beds. In 2000 Vietnam had only 250,000 hospital beds, or 14.8 beds per 10,000 people, a very low ratio among Asian nations, according to the World Bank. Government expenditure on health has declined and the health system is largely financed through user-fees which has direct implications for the rural poor, deterring them from accessing health care.
Vietnam has made progress in combating malaria, for which the mortality rate declined sharply, to about 5 percent of the rate in the early 1990s, after the country introduced antimalarial drugs and treatment. However, tuberculosis (TB) cases are on the rise, with 57 deaths per day reported in May 2004. With an intensified vaccination program, better hygiene, and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and annual new TB infections.
HIV and AIDS
As of January 2005, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 9,554 died. But the actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. An average of 40–50 new infections are reported every day in Vietnam. Vietnam hopes to contain the HIV infection rate at the current official rate of 0.35 percent, which is about average worldwide, by limiting the disease as much as possible to sex workers and intravenous drug users. However, if the current trend continues, the number of infected persons could reach 1 million by 2010. One of the impediments to containing HIV/AIDS is that the victims face discrimination and stigmatization that are more severe than almost anywhere else in the world, according to a United Nations official. However non-governmental organizations, like the Supporting Community Development Initiatives (SCDI) for example, are devoted to improve the situation and quality of life of HIV/AIDS affected people. In June 2004, the Bush Administration announced that Vietnam would be one of 15 nations to receive funding as part of a US$15 billion global AIDS plan.
Maternal and Child Healthcare
In June 2011, the United Nations Population Fund released a report on The State of the World's Midwifery. It contained new data on the midwifery workforce and policies relating to newborn and maternal mortality for 58 countries. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Vietnam is 56. This is compared with 64.3 in 2008 and 157.9 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, is 24, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-5's mortality is 52. The aim of this report is to highlight ways in which the Millennium Development Goals can be achieved, particularly Goal 4 – Reduce child mortality and Goal 5 – improve maternal death. In Vietnam the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is unavailable and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 850.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Health in Vietnam.|
- Vietnam country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Huong, D; Et al (2007). "Ensuring health care for the rural poor: Social aims and commercial means in Vietnam and China". Int J of Health Services 37 (3): 555–572. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved August 2011.
- The State of the World's Midwifery - Vietnam Country Profile
- Supporting Community Development Initiatives - Homepage | <urn:uuid:ae5c0886-e6bd-4205-910d-99aa8c981110> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776436274.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234036-00040-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936083 | 926 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There is a group of scientists discussing a concept. One of the scientists has a new idea. What do you think he or she does to explain it to the others?
Most likely, she grabs a pencil and paper and makes a drawing to illustrate the concept. And what happens? The process of drawing clarifies various issues in her mind. Discussing the drawing with the other scientists allows them to question her assumptions and address any misunderstandings.
Imagine if we used this technique to teach science in schools. Imagine that students drew their understandings of complex concepts to explain their insights to each other and to their teachers.
This whole notion of visually representing an idea, in order to communicate or teach, makes the students clarify in their own mind the essential pieces of the idea, creating a visual metaphor.
Making a drawing in order to explain is a means of clarifying in your own mind what you want to say, it forces the students to think deeper. In the process, students reveal any misconceptions in scientific understanding, even with very smart students. This is non-threating and double feedback for the teacher: it shows her what the students are misunderstanding, and if the same misunderstandings continually crop up, it shows the teacher that she needs to adjust her teaching.
Kids are unbelievably visual; it’s the world they are growing up in today. This technique not only matches how scientists themselves communicate, it syncs with how students think. Visual thinking is how we understand science, it’s how Einstein was able to first grasp the concept of relativity.
Through NSF grants, Frankel has introduced this technique in universities, high schools, and middle schools. In one example, a college student received an A in chemistry, and was able to answer a question about which liquid would boil at a lower temperature because she had memorized the formulas and knew when to apply them. When asked to draw the process, she (and others in the class) completely missed the actual reason some liquids boil at different temperatures, the effect of molecular bonding. The teachers were astounded that their students could parrot back the right answers on tests, yet have such large gaps in their conceptual understanding.
At a Middle School in Harlem, Frankel conducted a summer boot camp for teachers. The teachers worked in groups to create pictures explaining the water cycle, which is often taught in 7th and 8th grade science. This not only provided a non-threatening way for the teachers to address their own knowledge gaps, it also inspired them to use Picturing to Learn with their own students, and Frankel said the teachers have responded that their students have made unbelievable strides in their comprehension and interest. The teachers reported that over ¾ of their students’ drawings show problematic explanations, many of which would never have been caught with standard textbook problem sets or tests.
Ms Frankel is currently developing rubrics to make it easier for teachers to adopt Picturing to Learn in their classrooms, and can work with school, districts, or content providers that want to incorporate these techniques in their science curriculum, and can be reached through her website: http://www.picturingtolearn.org/ | <urn:uuid:ab245051-4518-4000-9748-87b33461e8bc> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://academicbiz.typepad.com/piloted/2011/12/picturing-to-learn-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164023039/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133343-00067-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972003 | 640 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Definition - What does Air Layering mean?
Air layering is a propagation method that is best suited for plants that do not do well with conventional layering. It allows the grower to clone a plant with little more than a wrapping of damp moss.
Air layering is a variation of regular or simple layering. In simply layering, a portion of the plant to be cloned is bent at the stem and buried underground where is is left to grow new roots. In air layering, the branch or stem stays where it is, and rather than being buried in the ground, is wrapped in a selected grow medium, where it will grow new shoots.
MaximumYield explains Air Layering
Many plants are difficult to propagate – they do not grow well from seeds, they cannot be grown easily from cuttings, and they lack low-growing stems for conventional layering. Air layering can be used in these instances to allow the grower to clone a particular plant relatively easily.
Air layering refers to the combination of height and conventional layering, although the process differs significantly from regular layering. The grower will select a stem or shoot growing off the plant’s main body high above the soil. Once identified, the grower will then take a plastic bag and fill it with moss. Some growers prefer a sterile growing medium, rather than a natural medium like moss.
The medium, whether moss or something else, will then be moistened. The shoot is placed into the growing medium within the plastic bag, and then the bag is wrapped around the shoot. Over time, the shoot will develop roots, and can then be removed from the mature plant and placed in its own growing area.
Note that air layering is best performed in either the autumn or spring. Spring is the best time for evergreen plants, but autumn is preferred for deciduous plants. Many different species can be propagated in this way, including ficus, rhododendron, azalea, lilacs, camellia, and many more. | <urn:uuid:d54acc3c-e514-4b30-a3cb-c3f1262db783> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/7/air-layering | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.933155 | 422 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Jul 11, 2011
Superstrong carbon nanotubes are an effective storage medium for mechanical energy
(Nanowerk Spotlight) Running a society on renewable energy is not a viable option unless energy generated by windmills, solar cells, hydropower plants and the like can be stored on a large scale and made available during times when energy demand exceeds energy production (for instance at night or during windless intervals). Apart from batteries and fuel cells there are mechanical energy storage options that could play a role: pumped storage hydroelectricity (example: Bath County pumped storage station), compressed underground air storage (example: Huntorf plant), even flywheels (example: Stephentown flywheel energy storage plant).
Energy generation and storage is an equally important issue at the nanoscale. For tiny devices such as nano- and micro-electromechanical systems – NEMS and MEMS – autonomous power sources are crucial for practical applications. Progress is being made in designing and fabricating nanoscale power generators (see for instance: "Nanotechnology converts heartbeat and breathing into electricity". But, as with the large, macroscale systems of future smart grids, there might be times when powered nanodevices need to bridge a slump in power generation/harvesting or they might be designed to run on stored energy altogether for a limited period of time.
Researchers in China are now proposing that the high energy density and power density of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) makes them promising materials for the storage of mechanical energy. Reporting their work in the June 14, 2011 online issue of Advanced Materials ("Superstrong Ultralong Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical Energy Storage"), a team led by Fei Wei, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing, provides a structural model towards mechanical energy storage for nanodevices and also demonstrates a method to characterize and manipulate ultralong CNTs.
"As we know, carbon nanotubes are the strongest materials ever discovered and have huge theoretical strength, Young's modulus, as well as tensile strain," Wei tells Nanowerk. "It's obvious that such a strong material should have great potential for mechanical energy storage – either by their deformation in composite materials or by their elastic deformation produced by stretching or compressing the pristine tubes. However, carbon nanotubes' theoretically high strength and tensile strain as well as Young's modulus have never before been reported for ultralong, i.e. macroscale, nanotubes. The reason lies mainly in the existence of defects in the fabricated CNTs."
Illustration of the gas-flow-blowing system used for testing the mechanical strength of CNT/TiO2 string. The suspended CNT/TiO2 chain was observed using an optical microscope. The elongation of the string was recorded by a digital camera when gas flow was introduced onto the suspended tube section. U in the inset is the gas velocity. b) Elongation of the CNT/TiO2 string with the increasing gas velocity. U 1 , U 2 , U 3 and U 4 represent different gas velocities. The two ends of the suspended CNTs remained fixed during the process. c) Force analysis illustration for a stretched CNT. T is the pull exerted along the axis of the CNT, T0 is the pull exerted at the middle point of the suspended CNT, and F is the drag force exerted on the TiO2 particles. (Reprinted with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag)
In their new work, the Chinese team has synthesized ultralong CNTs with length over 10 cm with perfect structures and no detectable defects. These CNTs exhibit remarkable properties: a breaking strain of up to 17.5%; tensile strength up to 200 GPa; and Young's modulus up to 1.34 TPa. They could endure a continuously repeated mechanical strain-release test for over 180 million times and remained unbroken.
"The extraordinary mechanical performance qualifies these CNTs with high capacity for the storage of mechanical energy" says Wei. "They can store mechanical energy with a density as high as 1125 Wh per kg and a power density as high as 144 MW per kg."
The manipulation of individual ultralong CNTs is not an easy task due to their nanoscale diameters while macroscale lengths – which is far beyond the characterization scale of the normally used instruments, such as SEM, AFM, or TEM – and their huge van der Waals forces with the substrate, which hampered measurement of their mechanical performance.
To avoid the constraint of normally used instruments, and to get rid of the interference of the substrate, the researchers constructed a special device with individual ultralong CNT as a demonstration platform for mechanical energy storage. They made millimeter-wide slots on a silicon substrate and let ultralong CNTs grow over them so that they lie suspended across the slots and thus are free from interference. Then, in order to make the CNTs visible under an optical microscope, they deposited large amounts of titanium dioxide particles onto them. The result is a bead-like chain formed across the slots on the silicon substrate.
Optical microscopy images of CNT/TiO2 strings. Under an optical microscope, titanium dioxide particles are easily observed. (Reprinted with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag)
"After the titanium dioxide particle were deposited on the CNTs and they became visible under an optical microscope, it became very convenient to manipulate individual CNTs directly and measure their mechanical properties," says Wei. "We could then perform mechanical performance measurements of the CNTs by introducing a steady nitrogen flow to blow the suspended CNTs."
Testing the CNTs this way, the team found that the ultralong nanotubes exhibited excellent strain-relaxation reversibility and high fatigue resistance capability.
"From our vibration tests we can conclude that the working mode of the individual CNTs, which were sensitive to ambient tiny vibrations, is promising for the fabrication of self-powered NEMS/MEMS, flexible devices, sensors, actuators, and antennas" says Wei. "In addition, the CNTs offer a cleaner and safer energy storage
manner compared to batteries and super-capacitors. The further scale-up of the CNT system can have astonishing applications due to their ultrahigh strength."
"But" he cautions,"for the ultralong CNTs to be used in daily life in the future, we must make their mass production with perfect structures reliable – which is a big challenge at present." | <urn:uuid:a3cca840-ef7d-4ae4-8409-866a8515e3f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=22055.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.930913 | 1,389 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When you write a paper or essay, you must have a thesis statement. What is it? It's a statement of your position or point of view. You'll use much of your essay backing this position up with supporting information, looking at counter-arguments, and generally explaining why you took this point of view. Remember, no thesis statement can be wrong as long as you have the evidence to back it up. How to Write a Thesis Statement: Writing Guides: Writing ... A strong thesis statement is specific. A thesis statement should show exactly what your paper will be about, and will help you keep your paper to a manageable topic. For example, if you're writing a seven-to-ten page paper on hunger, you might say: World hunger has many causes and effects. How to Write a Good Thesis Statement - thoughtco.com
15 Thesis Statement Examples to Inspire Your Next ...
How to write a comparative thesis statement - YouTube This video builds off of my previous video on writing a single-text-analysis thesis. You can find that previous video here: https…Thesis statement writing help | PHD thesis writers onlinehttps://goodwriting2u.com/thesis-writingAnd to help you in getting rid of all the complications, we are your best assistant for writing your paper or a good thesis statement. How to Write a Thesis Statement When you want to restate thesis, utilize thesaurus to find some synonym for words used in your thesis statement. Paraphrased thesis statements are nearly the same length as the original thesis. How To Write A Thesis | Thesis | Hypothesis How To Write A Thesis - Download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online. methods
Thesis Synonyms, Thesis Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
Teaching thesis statements involves teaching what a thesis statement is and then conducting reinforcement activities. Try the following. For an excellent description of thesis statements with examples you could use to teach your class, just click on the link. A quick review of how to write a thesis statement may help.
How To Rephrase A Thesis Statement |…
A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or two sentences. It should present the topic of your paper and also make a comment about your position in relation to the topic. Your thesis statement should tell your reader what the paper is about and also help guide your writing and keep your argument focused. How to Write a Good Thesis Statement - thoughtco.com The thesis statement serves as the organizing principle of the text and appears in the introductory paragraph. It is not a mere statement of fact. Rather, it is an idea, a claim, or an interpretation, one that others may dispute. Thesis Statements - The Writing Center This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft. Introduction Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying.
How to Make a Strong Thesis Statement | Examples
PDF How to Write a Thesis Statement - blinn.edu How to Write a Thesis Statement Blinn College - Bryan Writing Center Fall 2018 How to Write a Thesis Statement The word thesis is not one that is commonly used in our everyday speech; in fact, you probably do not hear the term outside of school. However, if you look closely, you will find that nearly every written and
Good Thesis Statement Examples: A Few Tips A thesis statement is the essence of any essay or any other academic paper. It is impossible to come up with an essay worth reading without a strong and comprehensive thesis statement. The problem of most students is that teachers often deem it self-explanatory and don't task students with formulating a thesis statement explicitly - but the ... Purdue OWL // Purdue Writing Lab The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. How to Write an Abortion Thesis Statement with Examples | <urn:uuid:aeb8b6ad-4bf9-4992-aaf0-1aed4f591731> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://myblog2020kabx.web.app/safran82382ga/how-to-word-a-thesis-statement-caq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364027.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302160319-20210302190319-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.933334 | 850 | 3.21875 | 3 |
¨ virus means poison; someone once called them "a piece of bad news wrapped in a protein;"
¨ obligate intracellular parasites (can reproduce/replicate only inside a host cell)
¨ not cells; debate over whether or not they are considered alive (see below)
¨ consist of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat, called a capsid (no cell membrane)
¨ they insert themselves into a host cell & direct the host cell's metabolic machinery to make more virus; the virus supplies information (the plan) in the form of its nucleic acid - raw materials and driving force (ATP & reducing power) are supplied by the host cell.
¨ all cellular organisms can be attacked by viruses; however, viruses are very specific for the organisms & cells they infect.
Are Viruses Alive?
¨ Characteristics of living things: reproduction, metabolism, organized as cells, contain all organic molecules (lipids, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbs), evolution & adaptation to changing environments.
¨ Viruses have some of these char's: they can evolve, they contain some macromolecules, they direct their own reproduction; However, they are not cells - they do not have cytoplasm, a cell membrane, organelles, ribosomes, or a nucleus. They have DNA or RNA, unlike prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which have both. In addition, they lack a metabolism of their own (they cannot produce ATP, etc.) - raw materials and driving force (ATP & reducing power) are supplied by the host cell.
I. HOW ARE THEY CLASSIFIED? (4 ways: size, structure, host range, life cycles)
A. Size - range from about 1/10th to 1/3rd the size of a small bacterial cell.
B. Structure - basic structure of a virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid; a membrane envelope may also be present outside of the capsid, but this is acquired from host cell. A complete viral particle (= capsid + nucleic acid + envelope if it is present) is called a virion.
1. Nucleic Acid - Viruses can store their genetic info. in different types of nucleic acid (each virus has only type). Viruses can have DNA or RNA. Their nucleic acid can be double stranded (ds) or single stranded (ss); they can even have double stranded RNA! RNA viruses can have a (-) sense strand or a (+) sense strand of RNA.
(+) sense RNA acts like mRNA and can be translated into proteins by the host cells ribosomes. (-) sense RNA does not make sense to the host cells ribosomes. After the virus containing this type of RNA enters the host cell, a complementary (+) sense strand is made from its (-) sense strand. Only (+) sense strand RNA can be read by the host cells ribosomes!
2. Capsids - protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid; the constituent protein molecules making up the capsids are called capsomeres; there are 3 basic shapes based on how the capsomeres are arranged. See diagrams of these shapes!!
a. helical - proteins fit together as a spiral to form a rod-shaped structure.
b. polyhedral - proteins are arranged in equilateral triangles that fit together to form a geodesic dome-shaped structure; some appear almost spherical; you may have seen architectural structures that have this shape.
c. complex - combination viruses with a helical portion (tail) attached to a polyhedral portion (head); ex. many bacteriophages; may also have a tail sheath (participates in injecting the viral nucleic acid into the host cell), plate, pins, & tail fibers (help virus attach to host cell).
3. Viral Envelopes - pieces of the host cell's cell membrane that the virus acquires as it emerges from its host cell; the virus pushes out of the cell membrane, forming a bud that encloses the virus - then the bud pinches off behind, resealing the cell - as a result the host cell is not lysed. Glycoprotein spikes from the host cells glycocalyx may stick out of the envelope. Viruses that lack envelopes are called naked viruses. Because envelopes are acquired from hosts cell membranes, viruses may be hidden from attach by the hosts immune system. Envelopes also help viruses infect new cells by fusion of the envelope with the hosts cell membrane. On the other hand, enveloped viruses are damaged easily by physical and chemical antimicrobial agents.
C. Host Range - defined as the spectrum of organisms a virus attacks; viruses exhibit considerable specificity for hosts and even cells within that host; viral specificity is determined by whether or not a virus can attach to a cell. Attachment depends on the presence specific receptor sites on the surface of host cell and on specific attachment structures on the viral capsid or envelope. Examples of receptor sites are proteins, LPSs, glycolipids, or glycoproteins.
D. Life Cycles of Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria means bacteria eating)
1. Replication [= Lytic Cycle] See diagram Events:
a. Adsorption - the virion attaches itself to a specific receptor site on the surface of the host cell.
b. Penetration - the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host cell
c. Uncoating - removing the capsid & envelope; basically 2 ways it can happen:
1.) during penetration, the virion disassembles so that only the viral nucleic acid enters host cell
2.) the entire virion enters the host cell & uncoating occurs later
d. Viral Synthesis (Latent Period) (also called biosynthesis) - more viral components
(nucleic acids & proteins for capsids) are synthesized by the host cell.
d. Maturation (Assembly) - components are assembled into new viruses
f. Release (Burst Period) - hundreds of intact virions exit host cell; 2 ways:
1.) If the virus is of the naked type, an encoded protein, lysozyme, dissolves the cell membrane &/or cell wall of the host cell, causing the cell to lyse & releasing the hundreds of viruses inside it.
2.) If the virus is to be an enveloped virus, it pushes out the cell membrane, forming a bud that encloses the virus - then the bud pinches off behind, resealing the host cell; as a result the host cell is not lysed.
2. Lysogenic Cycle (Lysogeny or Temperance) - Temperence involves the capacity of certain viruses to set up long-term relationships with their host cells - the virus remains latent for many cellular generations by becoming integrated into a host cell's chromosome (the integrated viral DNA is called a prophage). In this case no new viral components are synthesized & the host cell is not harmed. The virus may remain latent for long periods of time before initiating a lytic cycle. The problem with this type of cycle is that the viral nucleic acid that becomes integrated into the host cell's chromosome gets replicated along with the host cell's chromosome and is passed to daughter cells during cell division. In the prophage state, some viral genes are expressed, which may slightly change the host cell's phenotype (ex. only lysogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause the disease diphtheria because the disease-causing toxin is encoded in the prophage of the infecting virus). Something (ex. temperature change) may trigger prophages to go into the lytic cycle. Released virions cannot infect cells that are carrying the same prophage - it makes the cell immune to attack by a virion of the same phage.
¨ Family names all end in viridae ; family names are often converted into English (ex. Retroviridae are called retroviruses). Genus names end in virus - species names are English words.
Ex. Retroviridae, Lentivirus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
¨ Groupings reflect only common characteristics and are not intended to represent evolutionary relationships.
A. Cultivating Animal Viruses & Diagnosing Viral Illnesses
¨ At one time animal viruses had to be cultivated & counted by infecting animals.
¨ In the 1930's it was discovered that embryonated chicken eggs could be used to culture animal viruses; embryonated eggs are inoculated with dilutions of a virus sample to determine the highest dilution that kills the embryo; this procedure was more economical & efficient than using adult animals.
¨ In the 1950's cell culture & tissue culture methods were developed. This solved the problem of viral specificity. Ex. Before cell cultures it was impossible to culture viruses in mice or chicken eggs that only infected humans (ex. HIV); continuous cell lines are usually derived from cancerous tissue & grow indefinitely in culture; regular cell lines grow increasingly slowly after 20-30 subcultures & eventually lose their ability to support viral replication; the most famous c.c.l. is the HeLa cell line (named after Helen Lack, the donor - from cervical cancer).
¨ Important Note: Physicians rely on symptoms to diagnose most viral illnesses. Culturing viruses takes too long & antibodies in the blood can usually be detected only after patient has recovered.
¨ Viral infections sometimes affect human cells in ways that can be seen under the microscope. For ex. the measles virus causes the membranes of neighboring cells to fuse, creating giant, multinucleated cells. Some virus-infected cells can be id. because they contain inclusion bodies, collections of viral components such as capsids and nucleic acid, waiting to be assembled into new viral particles. For example, the rabies virus produces inclusion bodies called negribodies in infected nerve cells (this is what we look for in suspected cases of rabid animals - have to look for negribodies in brain - animals have to be euthanized).
B. Replication of Animal Viruses (Lytic cycle) - proceeds through similar stages as bacteriophage replication.
1. Adsorption - Proteins in cell membrane act as receptor sites for a virus; remember, no cell walls in animal cells; adsorption is largely responsible for tissue specificity of animal viruses - only cells with a complementary receptor are attacked by a particular virus.
2. Penetration can occur in 3 ways:
a. viral envelope fuses with cell membrane, emptying the rest of the virion inside the cell.
b. other enveloped viruses enter by being phagocytized by a host cell
c. most naked animal viruses enter as most bacteriophages do - the capsid adsorbs to cell surface & only the viral nucleic acid enters cell.
3. Uncoating - Envelopes/capsids are often removed in the penetration process; viruses that enter the cell partially or completely intact are uncoated inside the cell by the host cell's own hydrolytic enzymes, sometimes those in its lysosomes.
4. Viral Synthesis - The specifics of this process depend on which of the 5 types of nucleic acids is present in the virus.
5. Maturation - Assembly not really understood
6. Release - Enzymes cause lysis of the host cell or viruses "bud." Viruses that kill the host cell by causing lysis are called cytocidal. Viruses that damage the host cell but do not kill it are called cytopathic. Persistent viral infections can last for years, producing new virus particles by budding without killing the infected cell.
C. Latency (similar to temperance or lysogeny) - Sometimes the viral nucleic acid is integrated in the host cell's DNA (called a provirus), allowing the infected animal cells to function normally for years (just as a lysogenic bacteriophage or prophage does).
Ex. Typical of DNA viruses belonging to Herpesvirus family - herpes simplex 1 (causes fever
blisters) causes a symptomless latent infection of nerve cells of mouth & lips - infection can be reactivated by a fever, a cold, too much sun, or stress.
Ex. Varicella Zoster (another Herpsevirus) causes chickenpox as the primary infection &
shingles as the reactivation.
Ex. HIV (Human Immunodefiency Virus) belongs to the Retrovirus family; causes AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
D. Some Animal RNA Viruses
¨ large group of RNA viruses; includes HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) which causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome); infects T cells (type of white blood cell).
¨ capsid contains 2 copies of the same (+) sense RNA molecule (called a diploid virus); capsid also contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
¨ Retro means "backward." This virus uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA from its RNA. This DNA can be integrated into the host cell's chromosome. The proviral DNA can now be transcribed into mRNA and translated into viral proteins to assemble new viruses for release; As with prophages, the provirus can stay in a latent stage in which it is replicated along with host cell DNA, causing the host cell no damage.
¨ AZT (azidothymidine), which is used against HIV, helps stop reverse transcription by targeting the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
¨ enveloped; polyhedral capsid; (+) sense RNA
¨ includes Yellow Fever (hemorrhagic fever)
¨ enveloped; polyhedral capsid; (+) sense RNA
¨ includes Rubella virus (Rubella or German measles)
¨ naked; polyhedral capsid
¨ includes Enterovirus (causes polio); Rhinovirus (common cold); Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A)
Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza Viruses
¨ Flu viruses; 3 types (A, B, C); A is the most common, infecting many species of animals, including humans; A is responsible for many pandemics (worldwide epidemics); B & C only infect humans & do not cause pandemics; Outbreaks of B occur every 2-3 years; C causes mild cold-like illnesses.
¨ enveloped RNA viruses; protein spikes in envelope; its (-) sense RNA is divided into 8 separate pieces, each one packaged in a helical capsid
¨ This virus exhibits antigenic shift- sudden changes in properties that id. the virus as a foreign invader to the defenses of the human immune system; occurs from genetic changes that can occur when 2 different flu viruses infect the same cell; when this happens it is likely that the RNA molecules of the 2 infecting virions recombine in various ways among the new virions, producing a virus that is significantly different from either of the original infecting strains. This is why you can get the flu over and over again!
¨ enveloped; helical capsid; (-) sense RNA
¨ includes Rabies virus
¨ enveloped; helical capsid; (-) sense RNA
¨ includes viruses that cause Mumps, Measles, Viral pneumonia, Bronchitis
¨ enveloped; segmented RNA; (-) sense RNA
¨ includes Hantavirus (4 corners disease)
¨ enveloped; filamentous capsid; (-) sense RNA
¨ includes Ebola virus
¨ naked; polyhedral capsid; ds RNA
¨ includes Rotavirus (most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children under the age of 2)
E. Some Animal DNA Viruses
¨ naked; polyhedral capsid; ds DNA
¨ mainly responsible for human respiratory diseases; also causes diarrhea in babies and young children
Herpesviridae - enveloped; polyhedral capsid; dsDNA
¨ Simplex virus Herpes simplex 1 (oral) and 2 (genital & neonatal)
¨ Varicellovirus Varicella zoster chicken pox and shingles
¨ Roseolovirus Roseola infantum roseola in infants (rash and fever)
¨ Lymphocryptovirus Epstein Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitts lymphoma; also linked to Hodgkins disease.
¨ enveloped; brick shaped capsid; ds DNA; largest of all viruses
¨ includes Orthopoxvirus small pox & cow pox
¨ naked; polyhedral capsid; ds DNA; replicate in nuclei of hosts cells.
¨ Includes Papillomavirus warts (some associated with cervical cancer)
¨ enveloped; mostly ds DNA; hepa = liver
¨ Hepatitis B virus
¨ naked; ssDNA; uses a helper virus to supply necessary component to produce more viruses.
¨ Includes Canine parvovirus causes severe and sometimes fatal gastroenteritis in dogs.
¨ Also includes Erythrovirus (B19) causes 5th disease (erythema infectiosum) deep red rash on childrens cheeks and ears and both a rash and arthritis in adults; can cross placenta and damage fetus.
1. Tumors - uncontrolled growth of tissue (cells are dividing out of control); most are benign (non-life threatening); some are malignant (they spread or metastasize to surrounding tissues).
2. Cancer malignant tumors that metastasize to surrounding tissues.
3. Cause Most human cancers arise form genetic mutations or cellular damage caused by environmental factors (chemicals - nicotine, pesticides; radiation - UV, X-rays, etc.; diet). About 15% are attributed to viral infections.
a. Human T-cell leukemia (blood cancer),
b. Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma
c. Hepatitis B virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
d. human papillomavirus causes skin & cervical cancers.
e. Kaposis sarcoma thought to be associated with Herpesvirus
5. How? Some tumor viruses are retroviruses; they convert a normal cell to a tumor cell by introducing an oncogene into it (oncogenic provirus). Some researchers believe even normal retroviruses might cause tumors - merely inserting a normal provirus into the host chromosome near a normal gene might alter its expression and convert it to an oncogene.
G. Viruses and Teratogenesis
Teratogenesis the induction of defects during embryonic development. A teratogen is a drug or other agent that induces such defects. Viruses are teratogens that can be transmitted across the placenta and infect the fetus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes Simplex virus (HSV), and Rubella account for a large number of teratogenic effects. TORCH series is a series of blood tests used to detect antibodies to these viruses.
¨ Defined - a circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid; dont produce proteins
¨ Cause several economically important plant diseases; none known to infect animals
¨ 1/10 the size of the smallest plant virus
¨ How it causes disease is a mystery; one theory is that it interacts in some way with the host genome, changing the expression of the host genes to cause disease.
¨ Defined: infectious agent composed only of protein
¨ Affect the central nervous system.
¨ Ex. scrapie of sheep, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans, mad cow disease.
¨ Not known exactly how it causes disease. | <urn:uuid:7211b3ed-fcf9-4af1-8833-ad1a55179959> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.austincc.edu/rohde/CHP6a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00185-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905197 | 4,116 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Watch a group of musicians perform — whether a chamber quartet or stadium rockers — and you can see a key part of playing together successfully is the subtle interaction and communication involved.
For Dr Grace Thompson, a music therapist, lecturer and researcher at the University of Melbourne’s Conservatorium of Music, it is these interactions that drive her work with children newly diagnosed with autism who find it difficult to connect.
“The child might happily play for hours in their own kind of play but if someone tries to join them they are not so interested in that,” Dr Thompson says.
“This is where, for me, music becomes a really powerful tool, because the children are actually motivated by the music and, almost before they realise it, they are interacting with someone at the same time.”
Dr Thompson, a multi-instrumentalist who has been active musically since childhood, first heard about music therapy after getting into the Melbourne Conservatorium as a singer.
She is now the president of the Australian Music Therapy Association and has spent two decades working in the field in special education and early intervention — usually with children aged between three and four.
The weekly sessions typically involve making music in collaboration with the child and their family in whatever style, and using whatever instruments — from guitar to percussion — they respond to best.
“It’s a really tough time for families and for children,” she says.
“Their children are often quite challenging to engage at that early time after diagnosis so the music is important on a whole range of levels.
“Some parents will say that music is the only thing that calms their child down
“Some will say their child interacts more, and some will say that it’s the only thing they can do together with their child and enjoy it and so it’s valuable on that level.
“We know a lot of our earliest interactions as human beings are musical — we don’t come into the world talking, but yet we seek to have connections with people. The ways we do that are often through these non-verbal musical interactions.”
Dr Thompson says the way music works to foster these connections is not fully understood but some of the theories being explored are based on early non-verbal musical communication, where “to be musical is deeply human”.
Others revolve around neuroscience, with music working as a particularly active stimulus to our brains, as shown through MRI experiments.
The types of music we enjoy may also be ones we are exposed to early on — even inside the womb. We also associate different pieces with emotional memories, such as a wedding song that a dementia patient may recognise and respond to at a time when they may not even know their spouse anymore.
Dr Thompson says she returned to research at the University of Melbourne because she found herself committed to providing evidence for what music therapists do. She is currently the Australian site manager for the largest psychosocial trial for autism intervention of any kind.
The global trial involves making music with more than 300 children with autism and their families in nine countries across US, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
“It’s a truly multicultural perspective we are getting in this study and we are super-excited to see what the results show,” she says. “What we hope to find is what we feel as music therapists — that there is an impact on the social interaction with the children afterwards.
“We don’t expect to cure autism, that’s not our intention, but we are wanting to make a difference in their skills and their development so they can participate in their communities better.
“If they don’t want to interact with you then it is incredibly difficult to do anything else in terms of development and teaching.”
Furthering this “collision of ideas” from the arts and sciences is something Dr Thompson is deeply committed to in her practice.
She has just had a proposal collaborating with the Melbourne Neuroscience Institute’s researchers approved which aims to look into ways to improve a child’s visual attention using music over other kinds of play.
“We have the ‘Music, Minds and Wellbeing’ initiative which is a partnership between the Conservatorium and Neuroscience,” she says. “That connection between art and science is something that is trying to be fostered.
“That’s the agenda — to keep working collaboratively.”
As an artist and a therapist I have a certain perspective and I need my colleagues in science to be able to pull those theories together.
“For me, the early childhood time is where I focus my research. I want to have the opportunity to make a difference in the trajectory of development. That’s what really inspires me in my work — the potential for that to have a long-ranging impact on the person.”
Banner Image: Dr Grace Thompson. Picture: Paul Burston/University of Melbourne | <urn:uuid:68dfcf79-0839-496b-ac13-060fda0bd8a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/amazing-grace-how-sweet-the-sound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827252.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216025802-20181216051802-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.965343 | 1,039 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The HTML working group have decided not to include the
headers attribute in the HTML 5.0 working draft, as they believe the
scope attribute is sufficient for associating header cells with data cells. With simple and most complex tables, this is a reasonable assertion, but doesn't work with overlaid and irregular tables, where the associated headers aren't in the same column or row.
Author: Gez Lemon
There has been a lot of debate on the HTML mailing list and in the blogging community about the lack of the
headers attribute in the current HTML 5.0 working draft for the
th element and the
td element with data tables. HTML 4.01 includes a
headers attribute for
td elements that allows a space separated list of cells to be specified as headers for the cell containing the
headers attribute. The
headers attribute is vital for associating headers in irregular tables, or even quite simple tables with data that is overlaid.
The main reason
headers=""isn't currently in the HTML5 specification is not that there are no people talking about
headers="", it's that there is little to no use of
headers="", and that the little use there is is either incorrect or simple enough that
scope=""handles the cases fine anyway.
An Overlaid Table Example
It's not difficult to come up with an example where the scope attribute alone is not sufficient to describe the headers for a particular data cell. Consider the overlaid table below. The table has a conceptual divide that runs from the top-left corner to the bottom right, creating two triangles. There are four rows of headers along the top, right, bottom and left. Data cells on the shared hypotenuse have the same row and column headers. Data cells that belong to the lower-left triangle are headed by the left and bottom header cells, and the data cells that belong to the upper-right triangle are headed by the top and right header cells.
To help aid understanding the table, cells on the hypotenuse are white on a black background; cells in the lower-left triangle have a light green background; cells in the upper-right triangle have a transparent background. For example, cell 14 in the upper-right triangle has headers of D and 8; cell 19 is on the hypotenuse, so has headers of I, 4, 9, and D; cell 24 in the lower-left triangle has headers of I and 5.
|1||Cell 1||cell 2||Cell 3||Cell 4||Cell 5||6|
|2||Cell 6||Cell 7||Cell 8||Cell 9||Cell 10||7|
|3||Cell 11||Cell 12||Cell 13||Cell 14||Cell 15||8|
|4||Cell 16||Cell 17||Cell 18||Cell 19||Cell 20||9|
|5||Cell 21||Cell 22||Cell 23||Cell 24||Cell 25||10|
If the column and row headers were marked up with
scope, the relationship wouldn't be correct, as each row would be headed by the header cells on both sides of the row, and each column would be headed by the header cells at the top and bottom of the column.
Overlaid and other types of irregular tables are very rare on the web, but we still require a mechanism to mark them up correctly. Ideally, we could do with something more generic, like the
labelledby attribute from WAI-ARIA's state and properties Module, as this could be used to describe the associated headers for each cell, label for a form control, and so on. There is no mention of a generic attribute for labelling objects in the HTML 5 global attributes. Also, backwards compatibility is a concern for the HTML 5 working group, as they include a
font element for backwards compatibility with older WYSIWYG editors.
font element is purely presentational - if it wasn't supported, the worst thing that would happen in a user agent is that the text would be displayed without the presentational information. It doesn't create an accessibility barrier in the same way that removing something as vital for comprehension as the
headers attribute would.
There is no doubt that we require something that allows irregular data tables to be marked up so that they are understandable by assistive technology, and this is something that the
headers attribute does adequately right now. I would love to see something more generic introduced that would also work in other areas or rich internet applications, like WAI-ARIA's
labelledby attribute, but at the same time, we need to ensure whatever is proposed doesn't break the web. W3C technologies should be built considering accessibility from the ground up. I do hope that the HTML Working Group participants change their stance on this issue and consider keeping the
headers attribute, as we definitely need it to support accessibility. | <urn:uuid:09562a3e-99e0-4d9d-ad1d-c7bcfc0d02a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://juicystudio.com/article/html-scope-headers-debate.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578616424.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423234808-20190424020808-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.90991 | 1,001 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Most of the debate on opinion polling in the United States is over whether the polls accurately measure public opinion and whether they reliably represent those measurements to the public. These are legitimate concerns, and there is good reason to suspect that many polls use flawed methods or selective data to arrive at their results. But to attack political polling by disputing the accuracy of its findings is to implicitly concede the legitimacy of the current role that polling plays in our democracy.
Fixating on the accuracy of the polls skips over the question of whether empirical polling is a good thing for our democracy. And it isn’t.
Even more problematic than the polls’ reliability is the fact that they are a means by which media entities and advocacy groups influence public policy. As such, we must question whether polls should play any meaningful part in democratic governance at all. Fixating on the accuracy of the polls skips over the question of whether empirical polling is a good thing for our democracy. And it isn’t.
The sort of polling that is common in America today is a relatively new phenomenon. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of polling: predictive polling (sometimes called “horse-race polling”) and what I refer to as prescriptive polling. The predictive polling surveys the public in an effort to predict which candidate will win an upcoming election. Historian and former Librarian of Congress, Daniel Boorstin, identifies the early 19th century as the time when the first American straw poll (ad hoc ballot polling) was conducted, but he notes that these polls were usually unscientific and unreliable. Modern forms of predictive polling can be traced back to when Alf Landon was widely favored to defeat Franklin Delano Roosevelt for the presidency back in 1936. The Literary Digest’s straw poll, based on ten million questionnaires mailed to its readers, was taken as a strong sign of an impending victory for Landon. This poll, and most others, were wrong. George Gallup, a professor of journalism and a newcomer to the polling game at that time, was not only one of the few pollsters who predicted a Roosevelt win, he also correctly predicted the degree of error in the models that anticipated a Landon victory.
While predictive polling remains common in election season, it is daily overshadowed by the second kind of polling: prescriptive polling, which purports to represent the range of opinion on a particular political issue and show how widely held each perspective is in the larger population. This type of polling was the sort that Gallup saw as having the most utility in a democracy. In the years after the FDR win, he refined his methods, increased his accuracy, and became the most familiar name in American polling.
But skepticism about the purposes of both forms of polling is warranted: why are predictions about who will win an election important? Why can’t we simply wait and see? Polling on the issues is often justified by the argument that we must know where the public stands so that the government can implement its policy preferences. Gallup viewed the frequent sampling and measuring of public opinion on the matters of the day as the only way elected officials could reliably know the will of the people they represent. Without scientific polling, he says with his co-author Saul Forbes Rae, there is no way to be sure that “the people have really spoken; the dictator […] can never be certain whether he is hearing the people’s voice or the echo of his own.”
The problem is that this presupposes that our leaders should always defer to the majority opinion; as I will show, American history reflects a deep ambivalence regarding whether and when the government should capitulate to the public will.
[caption id="attachment_189091" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Gallup poll.[/caption]
CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY AND THE SILENT CONSENSUS OF OPINION
Pollsters like Gallup modified democracy in the modern era, reinventing what public opinion means, how it is expressed, and what role it plays in the process of governance. Sophisticated, scientific methods of polling the public gave rise to an administrative vision of democracy: one that reduced the role of the common people to the expression of preferences (in elections and polls) and empowered government officials to put those preferences into practice. Although this new model was advanced on the grounds that it increased the political power of the average citizen, it has actually expanded the power of people in positions of institutional and governmental authority, over and against the power of the demos—the mass of common people referenced in the term democracy.
On issues where people had assumed widespread public agreement, polling sometimes reveals that the consensus was an illusion, a revelation that frequently encourages divisions along party and class lines.
The importance that Gallup and Rae attached to the “voice” of the people and their ability to “speak” is relatively new. Polling represents one method for allowing the will of the people to be spoken, but this method would have been strange to the citizens of earlier democratic societies. The ancient Greek democracy, for instance, had a much different concept of public opinion, which they called doxa, or endoxa (roughly translated: “common belief”). Aristotle, perhaps the most prominent Greek theorist of doxa, defined it as the things that are evident to everyone. In The Topics, he explains that because the ideas that fall into the category of doxa are widely held to be true, they represent a kind of knowledge that lies silently below public debate on policy concerns: he claims that a view that is “generally accepted” requires no debate, but instead is readily recognized as the accepted opinion.
Because beliefs that qualify as doxa are almost universally accepted, they do not need to be spoken. By the Aristotelian definition, then, a claim that would fall into the category of doxa in today’s America might be something like “individual rights are important.” We argue about what those rights should be, what limitations ought to be imposed on those rights, and how to adjudicate competing rights-based claims, but never about whether or not rights should exist. Given that virtually everyone agrees that individual rights are important, no one really needs to say so. In other words, doxa is that which goes without saying.
Modern theorists of doxa often echo Aristotle’s perspective. Ruth Amossy, a scholar of rhetoric, has demonstrated that there are various accounts of doxa today: some that view doxa as an aid to public deliberation, and others that claim that doxa is a threat because it can be used by authorities to manipulate the people. But one important similarity among these modern accounts must be emphasized: most contemporary thinkers agree with Aristotle that, for better or worse, doxa plays a silent, unspoken role in democratic deliberation. Social critic Michael McGee, for example, cautions that “doxa is silent, and it should be kept silent.”
But everyday Americans tend to disagree with the scholarly opinion that doxa should remain silent; they tend to favor Gallup’s view and often argue not only that public opinion must be spoken, but that it must be heeded by elected officials. In many ways, the popularization of Gallup and Rae’s vision for the role of public opinion has increased tensions between the American masses and the elite. On issues where people had assumed widespread public agreement, polling sometimes reveals that the consensus was an illusion, a revelation that frequently encourages divisions along party and class lines. Thus, previously “settled” ideas become new sites of contestation: it was only twenty years ago that a bipartisan majority favored the construction of a border wall, a measure that is now routinely lambasted as pointless (at best) or racist (at worst). In another example, the previously accepted legal accommodations for those whose religious beliefs conflicted with certain laws have now come under attack, with people calling for an end to the tax-exempt status of churches that refuse to wed gay couples.
Increasingly, though, both the polling itself and the circulation of the resulting data reflects an effort to influence public opinion rather than just measuring it.
Despite the ways that polling can actually inflame policy disagreements, by the mid-20th century, most Americans agreed that polling was an important way to make explicit the voice of the public—a voice that, according to polling enthusiasts like Gallup, could not be heard otherwise. Gallup and Rae cautioned that “unless the ordinary citizen can find channels of self-expression, the common man can become the forgotten man. When such a situation develops, when public opinion cannot get itself expressed, democracy lays itself open to its hostile critics. For public opinion can be a satisfactory guide only if we can hear it and, what is equally important, when it can hear itself” (emphasis added). Walter Lippmann, well-known political commentator and author of the seminal Public Opinion (1922), similarly wrote that “representative government [requires] an independent, expert organization for making the unseen facts intelligible to those who have to make the decisions” (emphasis added).
In statements like these, we see how modern democratic practice rejects the older assumption that doxa should remain unspoken. Gallup, Lippmann, and others propagated a new model that insisted upon an explication and quantification of public opinion. Those measurements, approximated through polling, came to embody the “voice” of the people, which was then packaged and distributed through mass media channels. Initially, the publication of polling data was justified on the grounds that it served to inform our representatives what our preferences were. Increasingly, though, both the polling itself and the circulation of the resulting data reflects an effort to influence public opinion rather than just measuring it.
[caption id="attachment_189092" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Polls.[/caption]
OPINION UNMUTED: MODERN TECHNIQUES OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEMOCRACY
Some might assume that Gallup believed that polling would empower the common people, but he actually had a fairly low opinion of the average citizen. In an essay called “The Absorption Rate of Ideas” (1955), Gallup complains that the public makes “an almost studied attempt […] to avoid anything informative,” before lamenting that, “The sad part of it is that many persons who attended high school and college are as ignorant about the happenings of the world as those who never went beyond grade school.”
[T]he same experts in journalism circulate these measurements to the public and government, clarifying that the “people” have “spoken.”
Gallup’s patronizing elitism remains the dominant mindset among the powerful in America today. From the (usually unstated) perspective of the elite, our democracy should work as follows: events happen, and then experts in journalistic and academic fields explain these happenings to the public, leading them to the “correct” understanding of these events. After a sustained information campaign aimed at manufacturing doxa (or public opinion) that mirrors that of the experts, pollsters sample and survey the public to learn what “their” opinion is. When democracy is functioning properly (in the view of the elite), the polling process will reveal that a majority has accepted the “proper” preference on a given issue. Then, the same experts in journalism circulate these measurements to the public and government, clarifying that the “people” have “spoken.” Finally, elected officials have no choice but to enact policy that fulfills the “will of the people,” which invariably and neatly conforms to the will of the expert class.
Notice how the media’s dissemination and interpretation of polling data is generally accompanied by commentary that clarifies how the data should be received by the public; oddly, this is the same public whose opinions the polls claim to represent. Consider, for example, the regular features online that explain to the public how to “correctly” read the data that purports to reflect their opinions.
This ever-present instruction in how citizens should understand their own opinions shows the experts believe that “interpreting” public opinion itself demands expertise (and thus implies that the public ought not concern itself too much with what its opinions are). That common people don’t get too wrapped up in polling data is important because the administrative class that is responsible for implementing the public preference are often unconvinced by a statistical majority. Rather, when a majority rejects or deviates from the elite agenda for the nation, those measurements are interpreted as evidence that the public lacks the intelligence or compassion to determine a proper course for society. This situation calls for more “education” of the public—more effort to move their views in the “correct” direction.
Some examples are in order. Most readers will remember the role that polling data played in the lead-up to the Obergefell decision (2015) by the Supreme Court, which legalized gay marriage nationwide. In story after story, outlets reported that public opinion on the right to marry someone of the same sex had become increasingly favorable. It is true there was a dramatic shift in opinion on this topic over the last 20 years, but when discussing this shift, most commentators pretend that this was an organic development that occurred without interference. In other words, they usually don’t acknowledge that this change in public opinion was largely the result of determined advocacy efforts in American media and culture.
For some reason, findings of this sort are rarely publicized in our debate about gun control, a debate that mainstream media outlets are clearly eager to have...
Polling data itself was one tool that was used in this campaign to change public opinion in anticipation of a case like Obergefell. People prefer to see their views affirmed by others: when polling consistently shows that one’s own belief is shared by only a small minority, this creates an incentive for that person to change that belief (or at least to stop attesting to it in public contexts). By the time the Supreme Court heard a case on the topic of gay marriage, it was generally thought that the court was obligated to recognize the right to same-sex marriage at the national level—any other decision would have meant that our democracy was unresponsive to public dictates on policy.
But there are also instances where majority opinion does not seem to demand the same unconditional deference from our government. For example, few would know that Gallup finds that support for a handgun ban was near an all-time low in 2020: only 25% say such a ban should be enacted. For some reason, findings of this sort are rarely publicized in our debate about gun control, a debate that mainstream media outlets are clearly eager to have (provided the terms of the debate lead to an affirmation of their preferred policies, of course).
Consider another example: asked who they sympathize with in the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians, the American majority consistently and significantly favors the Israelis, a trend that continues to hold in polling from this spring. Further, 75% of Americans view Israel favorably, compared to only 30% favorability toward the Palestinian Authority. Despite this overwhelming disparity, Gallup’s own headline manages to convey subtle regret for these facts, even finding a silver lining for the Palestinian cause: “Americans Still Favor Israel While Warming to Palestine.” And yet, these polling results failed to elicit media criticism of the Biden Administration’s policy in the region, which rejects Trump’s pro-Israel policy and makes concessions to the Palestinian Authority.
What we find, then, is that polling doesn’t simply serve to make public opinion known so that elected officials can implement the “will of the people.” Rather, polling serves to provide justification for the sociopolitical objectives of the left—objectives that are shared by most in the academic world (who conduct polls) and media (who disseminate polling data). When a majority of the public supports the desired policy of the institutional elites, that data will be widely shared and framed as evidence of an obligation to enact the public preference. But when a majority of the public rejects the desired policy of the cultural elite, the data will have limited distribution. If the information is publicly available, it will be ignored in the policy debates staged by the media. And if elites must acknowledge the findings, the numbers will be held up as evidence of the stupidity of the public—stupidity that justifies and necessitates an elite class who can make well-informed decisions in the “public interest.”
[caption id="attachment_189093" align="aligncenter" width="1920"] Polling.[/caption]
A VOICE UNHEEDED: DEMOCRACY WITHOUT A DEMOS
Issue-based polling in 2021 plays almost no role in empowering people in the way that advocates like Gallup claimed it would. An empirical, administrative democracy of the sort he helped bring into being instead deprives the masses of any meaningful political power. Rather than honoring the participatory role of the people in our democracy, their opinions are manipulated, conditioned, repackaged, and expressed in ways that ensure they advance the policy preferences of our oligarchs.
The basic function of polling is not informative (as pollsters insist) but is persuasive: the circulation of polling data is a way to modify the public opinion that it purports to measure. The findings then serve as evidence that the people have “had their say,” allowing the ruling class to decide how to leverage the people’s voice in a way that advances their own objectives. Although the polls might serve to amplify the people’s voice, the polling industry ultimately dissolves the potency of public opinion. The result is a democracy without a demos—a people with far less power than the term democracy implies. | <urn:uuid:922d98ab-2009-4c7f-9e11-2b6fe83b71bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://humanevents.com/2021/05/21/oligarchy-and-the-polls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.958681 | 3,697 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Scientists say millions of people face starvation following an outbreak of a deadly new strain of crop disease which is spreading across the wheat fields of Africa and Asia.
The disease, known as black stem rust, has already destroyed harvests in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. Now researchers report that stem rust spores have blown across the Red Sea into the Arabian peninsula and infected wheat fields in Yemen. Spores have also blown northwards into Sudan.
Experts believe the disease - Puccinia graminis - will spread to Egypt, Turkey, the Middle East and finally India and Pakistan, which would lead to the destruction of the principal source of food for more than a billion people. Some observers warn that the disease could reach Egypt, which is heavily dependent on wheat, before the end of this year.
'This thing has immense potential for social and human destruction,' the international agriculture expert and Nobel prize-winner Norman Borlaug warned this month.
Black stem rust has blighted wheat production in many parts of the world for thousands of years. So pernicious were its effects that the Romans prayed to a stem rust god called Robigus.
'The Bible talks about plagues afflicting crops and these are almost certainly references to stem rust,' said Rick Ward, of the Global Rust Initiative, which has been set up to counter the new threat. When an outbreak occurred, a field of ripening wheat would be transformed into a mass of blackened vegetation.
Every few years one of these outbreaks would lay waste to entire harvests, sometimes sweeping across continents in only a few months.
But in the 1960s scientists and agriculture experts began to develop ways to counter the menace. Disease-resistant varieties of wheat were produced and planted in the West and in developing countries. As a result, it disappeared from most farms.
'Stem rust was something we felt we had solved,' Mariam Kinyua, a plant breeder at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute in Njoro, told the journal Science this month.
However, a new strain of the fungus - known as Ug99 - was found in breeding nurseries in Uganda several years ago. The discovery caused alarm because virtually every variety of wheat tested with the strain was severely affected.
'Varieties that had been resistant for many years were no longer resistant,' said Wafa Khoury, a plant pathologist at the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation in Rome.
Within a year Ug99 was found in fields in Kenya and Uganda. The damage inflicted was severe but did not cause huge social problems because wheat is not a staple crop in either country. Nevertheless a field centre for Ug99 was established in Njoro and samples of wheat from around the world, including Argentina, Canada and Australia, were sent for testing. Virtually every single sample was found to be susceptible. 'That's what really caused the panic,' said Khoury.
This point was backed by Ward. 'The world had been safe for 50 years, but now the biblical plague that used to afflict our crops has returned. This is a very serious situation.'
The chilling feature about the new stem rust strain is the manner of its attack: Ug99 specifically targets resistance genes in wheat. As a result, it is now believed that 80 per cent of wheat varieties grown in the developing world are likely to be susceptible to the fungus. 'It's heaven for the [Ug99] pathogens,' said Khoury.
The spread of Ug99 to Yemen, where wheat is a staple, was confirmed in February by a team that included Khoury.
Now studies of wind patterns suggest Ug99 will soon spread to Saudi Arabia and the Near East. Eventually Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Europe could be affected.
'We have to breed new wheat strains that are resistant to Ug99,' said Ward. 'If we do not, then we face the prospect of countries like Egypt and Pakistan suffering calamitous losses of wheat production. That would trigger all sorts of destabilising effects, ones that could have profound implications for the West. We have to move quickly. There is no time to lose.' | <urn:uuid:37cfd1c0-c935-4a91-809b-32afc7304d23> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/apr/22/food.foodanddrink | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011240269/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092040-00081-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969997 | 843 | 3.015625 | 3 |
These are the things you should do once you become aware that you need to protect yourself from a toxic gas chemical attack:
- If you're in a building and the attack occurs inside the building then head for the nearest exit.
- If you're in a building and the attack occurs outdoors, don't attempt to exit - just follow the rules below.
- If you’re outside and the attack is outside, immediately enter a house or building and follow the rules below.
- If there's no safe building nearby, try to determine the direction of the wind and move cross-wind. If you move down-wind you risk remaining exposed to the gas for a longer time. If you move up-wind you risk entering a more dense cloud of the gas. By moving cross-wind you have the greatest chance of getting out of the cloud quickly because the gas will move with the wind along a relatively narrow line.
- If you’re in your car stay inside and attempt to drive away from the cloud (again cross-wind if possible). Finally, avoid moving to low areas as the gas may become trapped there.
- If you're indoors, move to a room that’s as far away from the source of the gas emission as possible. Upstairs is better than downstairs because these gases tend to be heavier than air so they remain close to the ground.
- Shut and lock all doors and windows. Turn off air-conditioners, heaters, ventilation systems, all electrical appliances, and close all water and gas taps. Seal ventilators with tape, and preferably do the same around the doors and windows. If possible, place damp towels at the bottom of doors.
- Tune in to a local radio station that is broadcasting official emergency information.
- Cooperate with official instructions and stay put until you’re given the all clear by an official authority (don't rely solely on media reports, unless they are delivered by appropriate authorities). Be prepared to evacuate if given the official order to do so.
The points above apply mainly to the event of a gas attack or an attack involving the rapid spread of a non-contagious biological agent like anthrax. In most circumstances, as we've already seen, the consequences of a biological attack will only begin to show up days or weeks after the attack itself. | <urn:uuid:54cc8f9a-635d-48b5-8a83-d9ac8a7a3da7> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.quakekare.com/emergency-preparedness/terrorism-preparedness-chemical.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299121.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00079-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935379 | 479 | 3.09375 | 3 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Media Relations Office
January 14, 2014
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) marine chemist Ken Buesseler began sampling and analyzing seawater surrounding the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant three months after the 2011 disaster. Today, he launched a crowd sourcing campaign and citizen science website to collect and analyze seawater along the West Coast of North America as the radioactive plume travels 5,000 miles across the Pacific Ocean.
“Whether you agree with predictions that levels of radiation along the Pacific Coast of North America will be too low to be of human health concern or to impact fisheries and marine life, we can all agree that radiation should be monitored, and we are asking for your help to make that happen,” says Ken Buesseler, WHOI senior scientist and director of the Center for Marine and Environmental Radioactivity (CMER).
Through the website “How Radioactive is Our Ocean?” the public can support the monitoring of radiation in the ocean with tax-deductible donations to fund the analysis of existing samples or by proposing new locations and funding the samples and analysis of those sites.
“We already have dozens of seawater samples from the coast of Japan out to the middle of the Pacific, but now we need new samples—from up and down the West Coast of North America and across the Pacific. The trouble is, these samples are expensive to collect and analyze,” Buesseler says.
To propose a new location for seawater sampling, individuals and communities will be asked to donate a minimum of $100 for seed funding. Not every proposed site can be accepted due to limits on sample throughput, but if selected, WHOI will setup a fundraising webpage to help a group reach their fundraising goal. The collection and analysis of a seawater sample costs between $550 and $600, depending upon location. Once the full amount is raised, the individual will receive a sampling kit to collect 20 liters (about five gallons) of seawater to be shipped back to the CMER lab for analysis.
The results from those analyses will be posted on an evolving map online, where you can see cesium concentrations and sponsors’ names with links to information about radioactivity in the ocean and what the levels tell us.
Since Japan's triple disaster
Nearly three years after the tsunami that resulted in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, questions remain about how much radioactive material has been released and how widely and quickly it is dispersing in the Pacific Ocean. Marine chemist Ken Buesseler at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has been gathering samples -- some from as close as half a mile from the damaged reactors -- and has been analyzing this seawater for Fukushima contaminants since 2011.
No U.S. government or international agency is monitoring the spread of low levels of radiation from Fukushima along the West Coast of North America and around the Hawaiian Islands. The Center for Marine and Environmental Radioactivity (CMER) at WHOI, a private non-profit marine research and education organization, is launching a project to involve the public in gathering seawater samples and raising funds for analyses that will provide the latest information about radiation levels in the ocean. The data will be published on a website, “How Radioactive is Our Ocean?”
The world’s oceans contain many naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, as well as the remnants of nuclear weapons testing from the 1960s. Starting in 2011, fallout, runoff, and continued leaks from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in Japan added to this baseline and sparked fears of wide-ranging impacts to the marine ecosystem and human health.
Although Buesseler does not expect levels to be dangerously high in the ocean or in seafood as the plume spreads 5,000 miles across the Pacific, he believes this is an evolving situation that demands careful, consistent monitoring to make sure predictions are true.
“I’m particularly excited about finding support for sampling key locations along the West Coast multiple times throughout the coming two years, because radioactivity levels are expected to be increasing,” he says.
How radioactivity is measured
Measuring radionuclides in the ocean requires a specialized gamma-detecting instrument that costs about $75,000, skilled lab personnel to operate the equipment, and a scientist to analyze the data. Fukushima contamination can be “fingerprinted” from precise measurements of the relative amounts of a long lived cesium-137 isotope with a 30 year half life, that has been in the ocean from 1960s weapons testing, to its ratio to cesium-134, which decays with a 2 year half life, and is only around from the more recent 2011 Fukushima source.
Radiation levels are measured by Bequerels (Bq), the number of radioactive decay events per second. They are reported per cubic meter of seawater (m3), which is equivalent to 1,000 liters (264 gallons). A typical seawater sample will contain just a few Bq/m3 of the cesium isotopes and much higher levels of naturally occurring radionuclides. By comparison, the limit for cesium in drinking water in the U.S. is 7,400 Bq/m3.
Latest cesium levels will be updated and reported on the website beginning January 14, 2014.
Support for this project thus far, has been provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Deerbrook Charitable Trust, Onset, the Pacific Blue Foundation, and the Center for Marine and Environmental Radioactivity (CMER) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Originally published: January 14, 2014 | <urn:uuid:ab23b5da-1224-4071-9d6a-43ef5e2b80fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=119916&tid=3622&cid=184949&c=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827791.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00058-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92539 | 1,172 | 2.78125 | 3 |
History of LyceumThe Lyceum was a part of the ancient city of Athens and the site of a philosophical school founded by Aristotle, where Greek scholars and philosophers would meet with public audiences to exchange the latest frontiers of knowledge. The Lyceum was perhaps the first attempt by a society to bring education and enlightenment to the common person outside the formal university setting. Over the next 2,500 years the concept would alternately flourish and wither in a dozen or more major cultures, but it would never entirely disappear.
The Lyceum philosophy reached its zenith at about the turn of the Twentieth Century. An enormous network known as the "Circuit Chautauqua" was founded in New York State, and by its heyday would bring cultural and intellectual stimulation to much of rural and small-town North America. In the mid 1920s, Chautauqua performers and lecturers appeared in more than 10,000 communities in 45 states before audiences totaling 45 million people.
The historian Jeffrey Scott Maxwell described the Chautauqua, the strongest offshoot of Lyceum, as "the largest and most successful adult-education program in the history of the world." Maxwell estimated that as many as 28 million adults bettered themselves through the moral, intellectual, and cultural programs. Theodore Roosevelt called it "the most American thing in America," while Woodrow Wilson described it during WWI as "an integral part of the national defense." William Jennings Bryan deemed it "a potential human factor in molding the mind of the nation."
Through a dozen reincarnations, probably the most recent of which are the nationwide "community concert associations," Lyceum has maintained a grasp on thousands of communities as the most important forum for the examination of political, social, cultural, and even moral issues of the day. | <urn:uuid:1f457a66-762f-4d65-8905-ee0c7fe352d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.centralia.edu/news/lyceum-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065375.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00057-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967614 | 370 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Background Hepatitis B trojan (HBV) infection remains to be a severe community health problem. applied in 2011, we anticipate that by 2020, the HBsAg carrier rate will be 5.27% which for folks aged 34 years will reach the 2% upper limit of low prevalence based on the WHO requirements, using a standardized price of just one 1.86%. Conclusions The nationwide HBV vaccination plan for infants applied in 1992 provides greatly decreased the prevalence of HBV infections. The 2011 plan will 54952-43-1 manufacture probably reduce HBV infections in Zhejiang Province to a minimal moderate prevalence, and perinatal transmitting is likely to end up being managed by 2020. Launch Hepatitis B trojan (HBV) infection is certainly a serious issue world-wide, . 2 billion contaminated folks are alive Around, of whom 350 million possess chronic infections, 75% have a home in the Asia Pacific area, and about 1 million each year expire, , , .In China, the HBV surface area antigen (HBsAg) carrier price was 8.75% in 1979, 9.75% in 1992, and 7.18% in 2006. Because it is the most effective prevention strategy, , an HBV vaccination program for infants was implemented in China in1992 (1992 Program) and caused a significant decline in HBV prevalence. However, its benefit: cost ratio and the current HBV prevalence are unknown. Moreover, it has been more than 5 years since the last national seroepidemiologic survey of hepatitis B in China. During this period, significant changes in the economy, population density, and health conditions have occurred, 54952-43-1 manufacture especially in Zhejiang Province around the southeast coast, which is highly developed economically and has a dense population with many migrant workers and a higher than average HBsAg carrier rate (7.7% vs. 7.18% for the country). Thus, we carried out a community-based epidemiologic investigation of hepatitis B among 761,544 people from Zhejiang Province with the following objectives: 1) to determine the current HBV prevalence rate and predisposing factors for contamination; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the national 1992 HBV vaccination program; and 3) to predict the trend in HBV prevalence with an all-ages vaccination program implemented in 2011. Finally, we conducted a benefit: cost analysis around the 2011 HBV vaccination program in comparison with the one implemented in Mouse monoclonal to pan-Cytokeratin 1992. 54952-43-1 manufacture Methods Study Population and Data Collection The health exam plan was first implemented by Zhejiang Province in 2005 and has been provided to all residents of the province every two years since then for free of charge. The plan includes physical examination (e.g., 54952-43-1 manufacture interrogation, auscultation, measuring blood pressure, etc) and routine laboratory testing (such as levels of blood glucose and blood lipids etc). With the support of the Mega-Project for National Science and Technology Development for the 11th Five-Year Plan of China and the Department of Health of Zhejiang Province, HBsAg test and alanine aminotransferase [ALT] assays were added to the plan in 12 counties of the province, in 2010 2010. Twelve counties, home to about 10% of the provincial population, were chosen by considering geographic location, population density, and economic development throughout the province. After receiving appropriate training by leading researchers for this study, the physicians of each participating hospital began to conduct medical examinations, interviews, and laboratory tests on subjects who volunteered for the free medical and health examinations. Together, approximately 3,700 physicians from 168 hospitals in the twelve counties were invited by the Department of Health of Zhejiang Province to engage in the recruitment of participants, interviewing, and/or medical examinations. All local residents and migrant workers who had lived in the area for >3 months (i.e., moved to the area before September 1, 2009) were qualified for inclusion; the final average participation rate was about 60% among all the participating sites. The information collected consisted of demographics (sex, age, occupation, nationality, and marital. | <urn:uuid:29fc5e69-97ac-4b36-a965-04724dec1a63> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://gw5074.com/background-hepatitis-b-trojan-hbv-infection-remains-to-be-a-severe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.938975 | 893 | 2.625 | 3 |
The concepts of Premack Principle can be used to add another layer of reliable responses to your commands when there is something more interesting to the dog other than what you have to offer to the dog as a reward.
Generally speaking, Premack Principle will be when we teach the dog that doing lesser desired behaviors or activities will lead to the more desired activity.
Although it is very similar to the training we have done up to this point, the biggest difference is that instead of simply giving the dog a reward such as food or petting, we must recognize what the dog wants to do most at that moment and use that activity as the reward for obeying our command.
When applied to the “sit” command some examples will be:
- Having the obey a sit command at our desired duration before opening a door to go for a walk.
- Making sure the dog is sitting for a set duration before we unhook him off the leash at a dog park.
- Training a dog to sit for a duration before we open the kennel door for him.
- Making sure a dog sits for a set amount of time before we allow him to engage with a visitor.
In all of these situations and many more, the dog may ignore our normal primary rewards if his mind is focused on the satisfaction he will obtain from the desired activity.
When a dog understands that his compliance to our requests will result in the freedom to engage in his desired activity, the result of obedience can be easier to achieve, less stressful, and faster than even using discipline.
To clearly teach this concept to the dog in the purest form you must have the ability, in every situation, to prevent the dog from engaging in the desired activity, without force, until the dog complies with your request. This can involve keeping a door closed, not unhooking a leash, not allowing a guest to approach the leashed dog, and using other types of gentle restraint or barriers until the dog obeys. Once the dog complies with your request, you will communicate as usual with praise, and then release the dog with a “free” to engage with the activity or in some cases bring the “activity” to the dog.
When Premack Principle is applied as much as possible to all the desired activities in the dogs life, the dog will learn that you have his best interest in mind and will give him an extra reason to associate that obedience to you will bring good things to his life.
When you are using a variable reward schedule along with exercising Premack Principal you will maximize what is possible to achieve without using any forms of physical correction in training.
At this point, the only challenges to obedience will be situations where the dog recognizes that compliance to your requests may not result in access to his most desired activity of the moment.
In these cases a dog will simply disobey and engage in the activity despite your requests or “act up” in one way or another if frustrated due to restraint from the activity.
Moving forward to phase 2 training will involve the scientific concepts of fair and predictable consequences for true disobedience. If all of the concepts of phase 1 are still followed, the dog will clearly understand that obedience, around desired distractions, is still rewarding and becomes more desired than the competing activity that becomes associated with aversive consequences for attempts to engage in.
In this way, we can train the dog to want to make the choice to obey even around competing situations that at first seemed more desirable to the dog. | <urn:uuid:d243aa57-9c20-4df0-a52c-4e3d3f360df6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://dogtraining.world/phase-1-sit-premack-principle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.957333 | 718 | 2.609375 | 3 |
AURORA, the first international molecular screening programme for metastatic breast cancer, presented at IMPAKT Breast Cancer Conference
While research has made great strides in recent decades to improve and significantly extend the lives of patients with early breast cancer, the needs of patients with advanced or metastatic disease have largely been ignored.
Moreover, despite the fact that the overall breast cancer death rate has dropped steadily over the last decade and significant improvements in survival have been made, metastatic breast cancer represents the leading cause of death among patients with the disease.
In this context the Breast International Group (BIG) recently launched AURORA, which will use molecular screening to improve our understanding of metastatic breast cancer and its response or lack of response to available drug therapies. In total 1300 women and men from about 60 hospitals in 15 European countries are expected to take part in the programme. Over time, BIG hopes to expand the programme well beyond Europe to involve several 1000 more patients.
Dr Martine Piccart-Gebhart, Chair of BIG and Director of the Medicine Department of the Institut Jules Bordet, strongly believes in this research programme and says: "It is almost unethical that we continue to treat women with metastatic breast cancer when we have so little knowledge of their disease. We now have powerful technologies for investigating the molecular landscape of tumours, and we have an obligation to women to establish AURORA as a large translational research effort that can hopefully lead to more effective treatments in the future".
Within AURORA, metastatic and primary breast cancer tissue specimens will be collected and screened with a panel of more than 400 cancer-related genes for the first time on a large scale. Plasma and blood samples will also be collected, and any samples not analysed immediately will be stored in an independent bio-repository to enable future research. An innovative bioinformatics platform has been developed to support the collection of AURORA data. These data are being collected in a way that will allow sharing and collaborating in the context of other initiatives started by researchers in North America.
AURORA will enable scientists to understand both why breast cancer metastasises and why some patients respond poorly to standard treatment, while others respond very well. Whenever possible, patients participating in AURORA will be offered to participate in a clinical trial testing new and promising drugs that target the specific genetic characteristics of their tumours. The ultimate hope is that AURORA will benefit patients by leading us to both better treatments and to finding cures for the women and men affected by this disease.
AURORA is made possible in part by generous grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), the Fondation Cancer (Luxembourg), the National Lottery (Belgium), NIF Trust, and individual donors.
-- About Breast International Group (BIG) --
The Breast International Group (BIG) is a non-profit organisation for academic breast cancer research groups from around the world, with its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. Founded by leading European opinion leaders in 1999, BIG now constitutes a network of 49 collaborative groups based in Europe, Canada, Latin America, Asia and Australasia. These entities are tied to several thousand specialised hospitals and research centres worldwide. About 30 clinical trials are run or are under development under the BIG umbrella at any one time. BIG also works closely with the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the North American Breast Cancer Group (NABCG), so that together they act as a strong integrating force in the breast cancer research arena.
BIG facilitates and accelerates international breast cancer research by stimulating cooperation between its members and other academic networks, and collaborating with, but working independently from, the pharmaceutical industry. Large-scale cooperation is crucial to make significant advances in breast cancer research, reduce unnecessary duplication of effort, and optimally serve those affected by the disease. http://www.BIGagainstbreastcancer.org
-- About Martine Piccart-Gebhart --
Martine Piccart-Gebhart, MD, PhD is Professor of Oncology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and Director of the Medicine Department at the Institut Jules Bordet, Belgium. She is also co-founder and chair of the Breast International Group.
Dr Piccart-Gebhart is a member of numerous professional organisations, currently serving as President of the European CanCer Organisation (ECCO). She is immediate Past-President of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO). From 2006 to 2009 she served as President of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) board.
She has served as first author or co-author of about 400 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has received numerous awards in recognition of her achievements in the clinical research field, including the Jill Rose Award (New York), the William L. McGuire Award (San Antonio), the Umberto Veronesi Award for the Future Fight against Cancer (Cancun) and, recently, ASCO's David A. Karnofsky Memorial Award (Chicago).
-- About IMPAKT Breast Cancer Conference --
Jointly organised by BIG and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the sixth edition of the IMPAKT Breast Cancer Conference will figure out how to best develop and better individualise new strategies to fight against breast cancer, putting current and future issues into perspective. In recent years, translational research in breast cancer has evolved at such a fast pace that it has made all believe that our dream of truly personalised medicine in breast cancer might soon become a reality. However, despite some advances, there are still many research goals to be achieved.
Having laboratory discoveries translated into clinical practice is what patients need, but it is equally important that data collected in the clinic get back to researchers to allow them to dig more deeply into the biological behaviour of the disease. Around 450 attendees are expected from throughout Europe and the rest of the world. http://www.impakt.org
-- IMPAKT Media registration --
BIG and ESMO welcome media interested in obtaining information and reporting on cancer issues. Registration is free to bona fide journalists on presentation of a letter of assignment and a valid press card. To register for the event, please complete Media Registration Form at http://www.impakt.org (Press & Media section).
-- Media contacts --
For questions about AURORA and BIG
Communications Manager, Breast International Group (BIG)
Mobile phone: +41 79 478 02 38
For questions about IMPAKT and ESMO
Press Officer, European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)
Mobile phone: +41 79 935 60 73
Cecilia Waldvogel | Eurek Alert!
Researchers find trigger that turns strep infections into flesh-eating disease
19.02.2019 | Houston Methodist
Loss of identity in immune cells explained
18.02.2019 | Technische Universität München
Up to now, OLEDs have been used exclusively as a novel lighting technology for use in luminaires and lamps. However, flexible organic technology can offer much more: as an active lighting surface, it can be combined with a wide variety of materials, not just to modify but to revolutionize the functionality and design of countless existing products. To exemplify this, the Fraunhofer FEP together with the company EMDE development of light GmbH will be presenting hybrid flexible OLEDs integrated into textile designs within the EU-funded project PI-SCALE for the first time at LOPEC (March 19-21, 2019 in Munich, Germany) as examples of some of the many possible applications.
The Fraunhofer FEP, a provider of research and development services in the field of organic electronics, has long been involved in the development of...
For the first time, an international team of scientists based in Regensburg, Germany, has recorded the orbitals of single molecules in different charge states in a novel type of microscopy. The research findings are published under the title “Mapping orbital changes upon electron transfer with tunneling microscopy on insulators” in the prestigious journal “Nature”.
The building blocks of matter surrounding us are atoms and molecules. The properties of that matter, however, are often not set by these building blocks...
Scientists at the University of Konstanz identify fierce competition between the human immune system and bacterial pathogens
Cell biologists from the University of Konstanz shed light on a recent evolutionary process in the human immune system and publish their findings in the...
Laser physicists have taken snapshots of carbon molecules C₆₀ showing how they transform in intense infrared light
When carbon molecules C₆₀ are exposed to an intense infrared light, they change their ball-like structure to a more elongated version. This has now been...
The so-called Abelian sandpile model has been studied by scientists for more than 30 years to better understand a physical phenomenon called self-organized...
11.02.2019 | Event News
30.01.2019 | Event News
16.01.2019 | Event News
21.02.2019 | Life Sciences
21.02.2019 | Studies and Analyses
21.02.2019 | Life Sciences | <urn:uuid:08984c6f-1bb2-4227-bedd-6a7db32807a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/medicine-health/international-molecular-screening-program-for-metastatic-breast-cancer-aurora-at-impakt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504790.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221132217-20190221154217-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.925176 | 1,953 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Medieval History Database (MHDB) reproduces historical sites such as
cathedrals, towns, chateaux, and other locations, rendering them in realistic 3D (see screenshots
to the left and right). Clicking on buildings or other structures activates a window displaying
historical source documents related to that location, such as military records, financial
records, and eyewitness accounts. The database thereby links together two types of historical
evidence : the written sources and 3D reconstructions of what these locations may have looked
like at the time.
The screenshot at left shows a wooden statue of the Virgin Mary on top of the central
turret of the massive, ornate organ at Rheims cathedral in 1429, when Charles VII was crowned
there with Joan of Arc by his side.
The screenshot at right shows an inn at Orleans, France, with a gilded deer above its door.
As an example of how the two parts of the database are integrated: clicking on the street at Orleans called
the "Rue des Hostelleries" brings up an account of an English artillery attack on 14 February 1429 which
damaged an inn called the "Hostel de la Teste Noire" and killed three civilians in the street outside
(see screenshot at right of the text window overlaid on the Rue des Hostelleries).
The database also contains military unit records - troop inspection documents, unit payment
records, and the like. The screenshot at right shows
a percentage of the French Royal units which fought at Orleans during the siege, listing the
commander and number of men-at-arms and projectile troops (mostly crossbowmen).
In many cases, the surviving records are complete enough to allow us to track every
small unit as it was deployed from one place to the next or split into sub-units.
For example, Henry de Lisle's unit at Orleans consisted of 42 men-at-arms and 129 mounted archers when the unit's contract
was renegotiated after his brother and co-commander Lancelot de Lisle was killed on 29 January 1429. The unit was subsequently divided into
two sub-units a bit later in the siege after taking further casualties. One sub-unit consisted of Henry himself plus nineteen men-at-arms and
62 archers, stationed as part of the English garrison of Les
Tourelles at the southern end of Orleans' bridge. The other sub-unit consisted of twenty men-at-arms and 64 archers and was
deployed in other fortresses encircling Orleans.
The unit inspection documents often list the names of each soldier, at least for the men-at-arms
and projectile troops. This often brings the subject to life in a way that the vague battle
summaries in chronicle sources rarely do.
This project also attempts to render the 3D models
with as much detail
as possible in order to create a more realistic appearance. Most 3D software allows the video
card to blur out surface textures as the viewer gets closer, since that's what video cards
are programmed to do; but this project's software adds tiny
details such as wood grain, miniscule bumps,
dents, scratches, and the like, thereby increasing the detail as the viewer gets closer
rather than the reverse (see the sequence of screenshots at right, which show a sculpture
of a lion's head with individual bumps and nicks becoming visible as the software zooms in
The software was recently modified to have the capability of replacing the usual flat "textures"
(2D images that are overlaid on the surface of 3D geometry), instead using
fully volumetric patterns that can be generated on-the-fly and treated as if they
extend through an entire object's volume. This is especially useful for wood,
marble, and other materials that have volumetric patterns in real life. For example, below
is a screenshot of a wooden relief carving using this graphics technique:
The following are a selection of screenshots
from various 3D models, including Orleans and the cathedral at Rheims as it may have looked
in 1429. The latter show an early model of the cathedral's organ, which was substantially
different than the one there today. In 1429 the organ had three "turrets" separated by
flat panels which were apparently subdivided into two sections at slightly different angles.
The current organ model contains about 5.2 million polygons, but usually
renders at an acceptable framerate even on older computers,
although the framerate slows dramatically when the entire organ is in view.
Here are some screenshots:
The organ in the cathedral at Rheims: | <urn:uuid:10a15157-7f8b-434f-9dbb-c716f4356995> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://medieval-history.org/index.php?MHDB-Main | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805417.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119061756-20171119081756-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.940748 | 981 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Imagine sitting on a chair, you are taking a notes on a piece of paper or in a book with a pen or a pencil and suddenly your pen slipped from your hand and dropped on the floor a few feet away from you and you have picked it up without leaving your chair.
Do you think it is possible to pick it up, if the pen is dropped in such a position that you have to leave your chair in order to pick it? For most of us, it is impossible. But, many people claim that they can do this by just using their mind, what they call “Telekinesis”.
What is Telekinesis ?
The answer to whether telekinesis is possible or not is a mixture of both yes and no. Many psychic persons proved this ability in many experiments conducted by research institutes, but the results proved to be positive only in certain conditions which made skeptics to have disbelief in this ability.
But, the research on telekinesis is still going on as well as on other parapsychology subjects. I believe that telekinesis exist, everybody have that ability and can develop those powers with profound telekinesis training. But due to our living standards, we limited ourselves and cease to develop telekinesis.
How to do telekinesis ?
To develop telekinetic abilities, you need to have a good training backing up with undivided attention and concentration. The only thing stops us to learn telekinesis is our limiting beliefs. Belief and the ability to focus without getting distracted is the main concern in developing telekinesis.
For any abilities to learn in psychokinesis, the main criteria required is the ability to focus. So, before learning to develop other psychokinetic abilities, it is better to start with telekinesis which is simple when compared to others. I recommend to read my another article on how to telekinesis before proceeding further.
Tips for Practicing Telekinesis:
To learn how to concentrate, start staring at any object on the wall for as long as you can without distracting your mind or letting your eyes to look away from the object. Do this until you are able to concentrate for at least 10 minutes.
You must practice this very often to get used to it but not daily. It is better to give rest in between days otherwise it will strain you much.
Learning telekinesis like any other activity cannot be achieved within few practices. It may take anything from few hours to many years. Most people spend a lot of time in practicing and when they are unsuccessful, they either claim it to be fake or impossible. You must have patience and dedication to successfully achieve moving objects with your mind.
Certain binaural beats really help you in triggering particular Theta Brainwave activity that correspond to particular consciousness state in which telekinetic and other psychic abilities occur. I recommend you using this technology which set right brainwaves and helps you to learn telekinesis effectively.
The last and most important step is to believe in the possibility and belief in yourself. If you cannot believe that you can do or if you think it is impossible, then you cannot achieve the results. Know that telekinesis is real and you are born with those abilities.
Now we move to the actual training of telekinesis and how we can do it. Follow the steps below on daily basis and continue until you see the results.
Take an Object
Now you have to get some object which is very light, such as a piece of paper or feather or match sticks. The most common way to start for beginners is with a paper, making a psi wheel. Psi wheel can be made by cutting a square-shaped piece of paper, folding it vertically, horizontally and diagonally. Now, place this paper on a needle attached to any stand as shown below.
Now meditate for a few minutes to relax your mind and body. Any type of meditation goes well but your mind must be completely calm and peace. Mindful meditation is also a very good to consider. It would be more helpful if you can learn to open your hand chakras.
Investigate on Object
Now take your object you want to work with and observe each and every details of it. Look at the object as you have never seen it before. Read the details of the object, how it looks, how it feels, how it smells and even how it tastes. Get the strong connection between you and the object. Without a connection, it is impossible to move it how hard you may try. Also, move the object with your hands to and fro for some time so that it imprints on to your subconscious mind.
Establish a Connection
Now focus on the connection you have just made with the object and visualize in your mind. Remember and visualize how the object felt and how it moves keeping focus on it by gazing. Try to establish a connection that the object is within you. Visualize until you feel the object as one of your arms. This sounds impractical, but with training you can feel this connection.
Move the Object
Once connection is made, now you can move the object in the same way you move your arms. This connection can also be used to bend objects. For bending an object, it would be easy if you have your object in your hands and making a connection. Once you are familiar with bending objects in your hands, then you can try to bend an object which is kept at a distance from you.
You can also use an objects like pens or pencils which can roll easily. Another exercise you can use is bending a flame of a candle. As it is very light, it will be easy for you to manipulate fire before bending heavy objects.
Do’s and Dont’s of Telekinesis
The beginners make many mistakes while training telekinesis and so I have mentioned below some Do’s and Don’ts
- Do enjoy the training process
- Do feel optimistic
- Do accept the information that comes through your senses
- Do suspend your rational and analyzing part of mind
- Do accept changes in your awareness or perception of something
- Do TK when you are feeling energized and having positive emotions
- Don’t try to force the process
- Don’t try to connect with the object you dislike
- Don’t take drugs or alcohol for getting in to the trance state
- Don’t try to do TK when you are tired
- Don’t worry about the result
- Don’t get frustrated if you do not see results soon
|You can also get your Diploma course in psychic development to enhance your skills. For more details, check here. | <urn:uuid:cdd5a068-61c9-48eb-873e-1949b2365ac3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.psychokinesispowers.com/telekinesis-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.952278 | 1,398 | 2.828125 | 3 |
99 percent of homeowners and property managers do not know about this invisible yet extremely hazardous thing.
At issue are two-circuit three-wire-cables like 14/3, 12/3 ... 6/3 ... that share a neutral. Hot conductors of such cables must be on different legs (different phases) of the service so that the max current on the neutral is less than or equal to that of any of the two hot conductors.
If configured correctly, the hot conductor currents tend to cancel out one another in a balanced load, summing to zero neutral current.
If misconfigured, the neutral current doubles up instead.
Or, in other words, if both hots are coming from two breakers on the same buss, phase or same leg in the panel, the neutral carries the sum of both hot currents. When this happens at full load, the neutral can carry up to twice as much current as it is rated for.
This creates one of the most dangerous conditions because neutrals are not protected from overcurrent.
On top of that, this potentially deadly trouble is neither visible, nor obvious. Especially in old panels overcrowded with wires. And a sharp eye of an experienced electrician is required, as well as time to discover such danger.
Shared neutral overload is very similar to overfusing, when a 30 Amp fuse or breaker is used on a 15 Amp line. Too much current (or twice as many Amps) flowing through would burn insulation, ignite an extremely dry dust around it, and cause a major fire along its entire length.
About 10% of panels in homes and buildings have this extremely dangerous fault right now. While nothing bad has happened and may never happen, there remains a possibility of a fire.
Hire an experienced electrician to check your system ASAP to prevent burning or fire.
call 7 am to 7 pm seven days a week
NO calls after 7 pm please
DIY tips to testing a modern three-wire cable that has a hot black, a hot red, a white neutral, and a bare ground.
Turn breakers on. The correct voltage tester reading between hot black and hot red should be from 208V to 240V. And from 0 V to 1 V testing ground to white.
And you should get 110V to 120V readings:
black to white
red to white
black to bare ground
red to ground
If hots of the same 15 Amp two-circuit tree-wire-cable are connected to two different screws of a double breaker consisting of two full size 15 Amp breakers, it is right and correct but only if there is a 208V to 240V reading between them after such two pole breaker was turned on.
If red and black conductors of a 20 Amp 12/3 line are connected to two different screws of two different 20 Amp twin breakers or tandem circuit breakers, it is right and correct but only if two side by side devices give 208V to 240V.
If two hots belonging to one cable:
a) both go under the same screw of the same breaker, it is wrong
b) connected to two different terminals of the same twin or tandem circuit breaker, with a zero voltage reading between the red and black, it is wrong and dangerous
c) terminated to any energized breakers and give a zero voltage reading between them, it is bad and dangerous
Similarly, the incorrect use of three phase lines with neutral would create an even greater danger, tripling current in the unprotected neutral - an outright deadly situation
For more mistakes and dangers keep reading here: overfusing could burn you alive
Call electrician in Mississauga to detect and fix any electrical conditions or mistakes | <urn:uuid:c55596ad-bd52-416b-8c4f-5fc6136feb79> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://electricianinmississaugaelectrician.blogspot.com/2014/09/dangerous-electrical-mistake.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147647.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228200903-20200228230903-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.939993 | 763 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Epidemiology: Beond the Basics, by Szklo, Moyses
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781449604691 | 1449604692
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 11/1/2012
Written for those who are familiar with the basic strategies of analytic epidemiology, Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics takes readers through a more rigorous discussion of key epidemiologic concepts and methods such as study design, measures of association, research assessment, and more. With real-life examples throughout, the book avoids complex statistical formulations and is an invaluable resource for intermediate students and practicing epidemiologists who wish to expand their knowledge of epidemiology and its role in the medical and public health sciences. | <urn:uuid:1eda8262-25d9-4132-a886-6f36833f6c42> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.biggerbooks.com/epidemiology-beond-basics-3rd-szklo/bk/9781449604691 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525102240-20170525122240-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.865941 | 159 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Not only does the sea promote good physical health, it can drastically improve your mental well being too. Certainly, the waves and smell of the salt air are great for relaxation. But the beach itself provides some subtle health benefits. So, what are they?
Soaking in Sea Minerals
Swimming in the sea gives you a full body workout, improves circulation, and increases your immune system function. Studies have shown that the vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in seawater are detoxifying and help to pull impurities from the body and skin. Salt water can also inhibit bacterial growth and skin infections.
Did you know Magnesium is the eighth most abundant mineral on earth, and the third most abundant in sea water? More importantly, it is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body and it is necessary in over 300 reactions within the body.
Every single cell in the human body demands adequate magnesium to function, or it will perish. Strong bones and teeth, balanced hormones, a healthy nervous and cardiovascular system, well functioning detoxification pathways and much more depend upon cellular magnesium sufficiency. Soft tissue containing the highest concentrations of magnesium in the body include the brain and the heart—two organs that produce a large amount of electrical activity, and which can be especially vulnerable to magnesium insufficiency.”
Filling our lungs with Sea Air
Ocean air has health benefits too. The negative ions in sea air accelerate your ability to absorb oxygen, and balance your seratonin levels, a body chemical linked with mood and stress. Which is why you feel more alert, relaxed and energised after a beach holiday.
Other studies have shown that inhaling salty air improved lung function in people with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Hay fever sufferers may benefit from a few hearty gusts of sea air, too. Onshore breezes can blow away pollen-laden air.
Vitamin D Vitality
That warm feeling of sun soaked skin is akin to holidays spent in exotic places. Many people might believe it’s bad but let’s look at some alternative thinking.
There are many health benefits of vitamin D including maintaining healthy bones and teeth and the immune system. It can also greatly improve your mental well being as a lack of it can increase chances of depression. To produce enough vitamin D for the day, your skin would need to be exposed, without sunscreen for around 20 minutes.
In many cases we (sometimes literally) cut off our noses to spite our face when it comes to the sun. One study at the Oslo University Hospital in Norway found that the benefits of sun exposure far surpassed any risk:
“It can be estimated that increased sun exposure to the Norwegian population might at worst result in 200-300 more CMM deaths per year. But it would elevate the vitamin D status by about 25 nmol/l (nanomoles per liter). This might result in 4,000 fewer internal cancers and about 3,000 fewer cancer deaths overall.” This alone, weighs out the pros vs cons quite considerably don’t you think?
Other studies have found links between low-vitamin D levels and Parkinson’s Disease, bone disease, blood clots, diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. A recent study even found that regular sun exposure helped women to live longer. Yet another study found that regular sun exposure could cut breast cancer risk in half!
Have you heard of Earthing?
The sand between your toes can be a great feeling. Not only this but there’s a theory that our bodies are meant to come into contact with the Earth regularly. Direct contact with the earth can even out this positive charge and return the body to a neutral state.
Our bodies and cells have electrical energy. With the high prevalence of Electromagnetic waves, Wi-Fi and mobile phones, many of us have high amounts of positive electrons built up in our bodies.
Throughout history, humans have spent time outdoors much more than we do in modern times. From walking on the ground barefoot, to gardening or tilling the soil, humans have always touched the earth… until recently.
You may find you sleep better on a beach vacation after walking in the sand or being in the ocean. The sand and salt water are both naturally conductive materials and help ground the body and remove excess positive electrons. For the same basic reason that we ground electrical outlets to avoid the build up of excess positive charge, our bodies need the same ground effect.”
Here’s a report that goes into more scientific detail about grounding/earthing.
We may not all be able to spend all year round at the beach but day trips and holidays can be just enough to revitalise and rejuvenate. So, when are you next going to the beach? | <urn:uuid:6a408d96-5765-4264-8328-41b48b014999> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://atmosphereresorts.com/beach-life-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998580.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617203228-20190617225228-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.93082 | 975 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Mechanical Computing: Thinking with Balls
The K'NEX Calculator is now located in the Olin College library. If you are interested in a demo, feel free to visit!
Great to hear!
I discovered the phenomenon of mechanical logic gates a few years ago and have been looking for anyone who has done anything with it. This and two others are the only ones I found that implement at least a 4-bit adder; this does the most by far though.I have been toying with this idea myself, and I have worked out some designs as best I could using moving rods to represent bits. I have thought about it a lot and I think I have a good design, or that I am at least getting somewhere with it. This is the first place that I see a possibility for my effort to be worth anything, so I would love to show you what I have thought up.If you could PLEASE email me at DanCook1021@aol.com then I could send a picture that I sketched out in paint and do my best to explain it. DanCook1021 is also my AIM account, so I can recieve IM's as well.A little more info, if it makes any sense by itself:Most of this is based off of the fact that an "OR" can be simulated by a set of rods pushing up against a common plate which pushes out another rod, and that a "NOT" can be simulated using a cog or lever. The issue this initially presents is that it relies on a constant force (gravity, or a rubber-band if you want to use different orientations) to keep an "OR" at zero/false when no force is present. When adding "NOTS" and chaining gates together, you end up with a bunch of resisting forces, and you need more & more counter force. HOWEVER, I have designed a "buffer" where an output is affected by an input, but the input is not affected by the output. This involves a couple of cogs, one which must be continuosly turning; the input moves a third cog into place to connect the 2 cogs, and in turn, move the output rod up until it loses contact with the cog and just "floats" at the top. When the input is released, the output falls back into place because the cog holding it up becomes free again. To make sure that a momentary input ("edge") creates at least a momentary output, a device holds the connecting piece in place until the output is fully extended. This buffer will not need to be used in every single connection, just where it is necessary. This buffer ALSO allow for feedback, as the output is slightly delayed from the input. Buffers placed side-by-side will allow a single axle to power them all. Combing nots and ors provide the other gates, though I do have a design for an XOR gate which is difficult to describe without a picture. All of these seem suitable for lego-technic, though K'NEX is also feesible.
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:1c60285b-369b-406c-8252-5fea94ee917c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://knexcomputer.blogspot.com/2007/09/still-here.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00032-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967487 | 636 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Judicial Branch of the Federal Government
Purpose, Process, and PeopleeBook - 2010
The system of courts in the United States serves to enforce the laws of the nation as well as act as a check to make sure the other branches of government obey the powers set forth by the Constitution. Through a series of landmark court cases, chronicled in this book with an explanation of their lasting impact, the judiciary has shaped the laws of the nation. In addition to the powers of the judiciary and information on important Supreme Court Justices, landmark cases such as Marbury v. Madison and Brown v. The Board of Education are covered.
Publisher: [United States] : Britannica Digital Learning : Made available through hoopla, 2010.
Branch Call Number: eBook hoopla
Characteristics: 1 online resource | <urn:uuid:87f7a050-2cef-46e7-a8bf-c063620a9e87> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://austin.bibliocommons.com/item/show/1619015067 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513686.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021031444-20181021052944-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.911072 | 165 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Generic Name: sacrosidase (sak ROE si dase)
Brand Name: Sucraid
What is Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
Sacrosidase is a yeast-based enzyme that replaces an enzyme called sucrase which is normally produced in the body. Sucrase helps the body breakdown and process certain sugars during digestion. In people who lack the sucrase enzyme, sugar can pass into the intestines where it can interact with bacteria. This can cause bloating, gas, stomach pain, and watery diarrhea.
Sacrosidase is used to treat sucrase deficiency that occurs in people with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID). CSID is a genetic enzyme deficiency and sacrosidase will not cure this condition.
Do not use sacrosidase to treat any medical condition that has not been checked by your doctor. This medicine is not for use in treating general indigestion or stomach disorders caused by other conditions.
Sacrosidase may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
What is the most important information I should know about Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
This medicine sometimes causes a severe allergic reaction. Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
What should I discuss with my health care provider before taking Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to yeast, yeast products, glycerin (glycerol), or papain (Accuzyme, Ethezyme, Gladase, Kovia, and others).
To make sure sacrosidase is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have diabetes. Sacrosidase changes the way your body absorbs sugar and your glucose levels may change. Your doctor will tell you if any of your medication doses need to be changed.
FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether sacrosidase will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medicine.
Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby while taking sacrosidase.
How should I take Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Sacrosidase sometimes causes a severe allergic reaction. Before you start the medicine, your doctor may recommend a skin test to make sure you are not allergic to sacrosidase.
Your doctor may want to give your first dose of this medicine in a hospital or clinic setting to quickly treat any serious side effects that occur. A severe allergic reaction could occur which may require immediate care.
Sacrosidase is usually taken with each meal or snack. It is best to take one half of the dose when you start eating and take the other half during your meal or snack.
This medicine comes with patient instructions for safe and effective use. Follow these directions carefully. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.
Measure your dose using the scoop provided with sacrosidase. Rinse and dry the scoop after each use.
Sacrosidase liquid should be mixed with 2 to 4 ounces of water, milk, or baby formula that is no hotter than room temperature. Do not mix with warm or hot liquids or the medicine will not be as effective.
Do not mix sacrosidase with fruit juice or drink fruit juice when taking the medicine.
Sacrosidase may be only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes a special diet. Follow the diet plan created for you by your doctor or nutrition counselor. Get familiar with the list of foods you must avoid to help control your condition.
Store this medicine in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Protect from light. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use.
When you first open a bottle of sacrosidase, write the date on the label. Throw away any unused sacrosidase 4 weeks after first opening the bottle.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
An overdose of sacrosidase is not likely to produce any symptoms.
What should I avoid while taking Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
You may need to avoid eating a lot of starch (found mainly in rice, potatoes, corn, pasta, and bread). Follow your doctor's instructions about any special diet while you are taking sacrosidase.
Follow your doctor's instructions about any other restrictions on food or beverages while you are using sacrosidase.
Sucraid (sacrosidase) side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have:
worsening stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; or
feeling very thirsty or hot, being unable to urinate, heavy sweating, or hot and dry skin.
Some of these side effects may be symptoms of your CSID condition and not actual side effects of sacrosidase.
Common side effects may include:
stomach pain, mild nausea;
mild diarrhea, constipation;
sleep problems (insomnia);
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: Side effects (in more detail)
What other drugs will affect Sucraid (sacrosidase)?
Other drugs may interact with sacrosidase, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.
Where can I get more information?
- Your pharmacist can provide more information about sacrosidase.
- Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.
- Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
Copyright 1996-2012 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 2.02. Revision Date: 2014-10-06, 1:04:40 PM. | <urn:uuid:9965ea97-272f-4952-b7fa-2c5fdb9e8168> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.drugs.com/mtm/sucraid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272349.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00154-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904476 | 1,642 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A collection of Proverbs that are helpful for sales.
A soft word…
- He who covers a transgression seeks love.
- The poor man uses entreaties.
- A man who has friends must himself be friendly.
- Pleasant words are like honeycomb, sweetness to the soul and health to the bones.
- A gentle tongue breaks the bone.
- He who gives a right answer kisses the lips.
- The sweetness of the lips increase learning.
- A soft answer turns away wrath.
- A word spoken in due season, how good it is.
- He who repeats a matter separates the best of friend.
- The rich man answers roughly.
- A harsh word stirs up anger.
- It is honorable for a man to stop striving.
- Whoever guards his mouth and tongue keeps his soul from troubles.
- A brother offended is harder to win than a strong city, and contentions are like the bars of a castle.
- The beginning of strife is like releasing water, therefore stop contentions before a quarrel starts.
- (The fool’s) mouth calls for blows.
- Any fool can start a quarrel.
- He who is slow to wrath has great understanding.
- He who is slow to anger is better than the mighty and he who rules his spirit than he who takes a city.
- A man of understanding is of a calm spirit.
- He who is slow to anger allays contention. | <urn:uuid:269b7d78-3a59-453e-9e3b-0e58573dd176> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://salesforjesus.wordpress.com/2014/03/23/a-soft-word/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998291.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616182800-20190616204800-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.912848 | 309 | 2.625 | 3 |
Tuesday, September 24, 2013
“I can’t,” was the correct answer in a recent arts infused lesson at Windsor Hills Arts Infused Elementary School.
Each student was given a different material and asked to independently build a bridge that spanned a foot and could carry the weight of a toy car. After a brief examination of their one material, students quickly started expressing the impossibility of the task.
Students were then led in a discussion comparing the process of building a physical bridge structure to building bridges between people. Students reflected on the need for collaboration and different means of communication.
Following this dialogue, students joined forces bringing to each team their different building material and ideas. In contrast to the bewilderment exhibited in the first independent challenge, students approached the group project with eagerness and excitement.
After the bridges were successfully tested, students reflected on the attributes that assisted their team in not only building the bridge but also in building bridges between themselves and other people.
The Journal Scene is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. We expect our readers to engage in lively, yet civil discourse. We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. Responsibility for the statements posted lies with the person submitting the comment, not The Journal Scene. | <urn:uuid:a7ddaa84-b8c8-4cdc-8a0d-2e01a403ac9d> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.journalscene.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130924/SJ01/130929893 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00287-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960601 | 274 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Next tip for raising healthy eaters: Be very patient when you are trying to introduce new foods. It can take up to 15 offerings before a child will taste a new food! And then it may take several tastes before it becomes familiar and accepted. Don’t give up too quickly! Spread the offerings out over time, though – don’t peddle the broccoli breakfast, lunch and dinner for 5 days a row or you will likely have a mutiny on your hands!
Remember: you are in charge of what you offer your child, but they are in charge of what they choose to eat – that will help them cultivate a healthy relationship with food.
Offer a variety of flavors from a young age so they get used to tastes other than sweet and salty such as sour, pungent, astringent and bitter. Offer veggies early and frequently, and use small amounts of gentle herbs and spices (not salt or peppers with babies). For first tastes, offer the food plain, but once they are eating it, adding some herbs will help them develop a broader palate for their whole life.
One thing we know for sure is that our kids aren’t eating enough veggies in this country. According to a large scale study on infant and toddler feeding, the most consumed vegetable by kids is French fries! Yikes! Not only that, but 1 in 10 babies eat French fries and drink either sweetened fruit drinks or soda before their first birthdays. 25% of children under 2 don’t eat a single fruit on many days and 33% don’t eat a single veggie! That means 1 in 3 toddlers aren’t eating a single veggie on any given day.
As fruits and vegetables are the primary source of many of the most important vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients for health and development, that’s simply got to change. Vegetables are a key component in a healthy diet for all growing kids. Veggies are nutrient powerhouses: they pack a big dose of nutrition in a small number of calories. In addition to being the primary source of many micronutrients crucial for healthy growth, development and energy, they also provide a great source of both soluble and insoluble fiber, with a lot less sugar than most fruit (another excellent, real food source of micronutrients and fiber).
Part of the problem is our poor modeling. Our children do as we do, not as we say. A 2009 study from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 73.7 percent of U.S. adults ate vegetables fewer than three times per day, the minimum recommended number.
We need to work harder as families to increase our overall consumption of vegetables. The nutrients and fiber from a broad range of vegetables can help both children and adults to feel full, and may stave off cravings for sweeter, lower-quality carbohydrate sources like crackers, cookies, soda and candy –two key strategies for reducing or preventing weight gain.
See tomorrow’s blog for getting your kids to nosh the rainbow! | <urn:uuid:dd750ff7-e434-4144-87ce-565c236370f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.drgreene.com/perspectives/key-component-in-a-healthy-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00288-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953312 | 633 | 3.34375 | 3 |
drone, French bourdon, in music, a sustained tone, usually rather low in pitch, providing a sonorous foundation for a melody or melodies sounding at a higher pitch level.
What is drone music called?
Drone Music, Briefly — All You Need To Know About Drones
How do you use a drone in music?
DRONES IN MUSIC – How to Use a Drone in Song Writing
What is a droning sound?
A low tone with a buzzing or humming sound. A person is speaking in a boring tone.
What is the drone in medieval music?
In music, a drone is a continuous unchanging note played above or below the melody, the drone and melody together called biphony. Drones were a significant part of medieval instrumentation.
What are drone instruments?
In the world of music, a drone is a sustained chord or cluster of notes that linger uninterrupted for many measures or even many minutes. A wide array of instruments can produce ambient drone sounds, from Scottish bagpipes to Indian tambura to Australian didgeridoo to analog and digital synthesizers.
What is a drone Indian?
In a performance of Indian classical music, the drone is usually the first and last sound to be heard. It is created by the tanpura, a long necked, fretless lute whose open strings are plucked in a continuous loop throughout both performance and practice.
What parts do you need for a drone?
What will you need to make a drone?
- Electronic speed control.
- Flight controller.
- The drone frame.
- Camera (if you want to build your own camera drone)
Can drones make sounds?
Drones can be loud because propellers travel quickly through the air and displace large amounts of air rapidly. This creates pressure spikes as the propeller spins, causing a distinctive buzzing noise. A lot of noise is also created by the propeller blades’ rapid motion and the effort of electrical motors.
What are drone chords?
A “drone” in music is a constant note, sustained or repeated as other notes change against it. This is a technique that works very naturally on the guitar, because we can move along the neck on one or more strings and also strike an open string at the same time.
Can drones play music?
The team at KMel Robotics has assembled a band of hexrotor drones that “have taken up new instruments to play some fresh songs.” That “fresh” description isn’t exactly serious, as each of the three pieces performed date back either multiple decades or hundreds of years.
How would you describe a drone?
Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, that work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS).
What mufflers have no drone?
Paradox Performance Mufflers dynamically react to your engine, and literally tune sound through active noise canceling. This results in deep sound, high flow, and virtually no exhaust drone.
Which animal makes a drone sound?
Being Doing Feeling > Sounds > Animal
|arf||a barking sound.|
|birdsong||the song of birds.|
|blat||to cry like a sheep.|
|bleat||to utter the cry of a sheep.|
|bombilate||to buzz, drone.|
What is the difference between a drone and a pedal?
A drone is a held or repeated chord, usually a bare fifth, throughout a passage of music. A pedal is a single note that is held on or repeated in, the bass. An inverted pedal note is a sustained or repeated note in a high register.
What is a musical drone quizlet?
What is a musical drone? Sustained sounding of one or several pitches for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk music.
What is the drone called in Indian music?
The tanpura is a drone instrument of Indian music prevalent in both the Hindustani and the Carnatic systems. It plays an important role in a concert of classical music by providing the base note (adharaswara) and by creating an aesthetic ambience on the stage.
What is Tala in India?
tala , (Sanskrit: “clap”) in the music of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, a metric cycle with a specific number of beats—from 3 to 128—that recur in the same pattern throughout a musical performance.
What type of instrument is Kudyapi?
The kutiyapi, or kudyapi, is a Philippine two-stringed, fretted boat-lute. It is four to six feet long with nine frets made of hardened beeswax. The instrument is carved out of solid soft wood such as that from the jackfruit tree.
How musical instruments are helpful for music?
Whilst just listening to music helps, research has shown that learning to play an instrument brings with it comfort and daily repetition which helps keep the stress away. Music can help reduce stress by helping people connect with others, this is theorised by psychologist Michael Jolkovski who states, “…
How does a drone work?
Drones use their rotors—which consist of a propeller attached to a motor—to hover, meaning the downward thrust of the drone is equal to the gravitational pull working against it; climb, when pilots increase the speed until the rotors produce an upward force greater than gravity; and descend, when pilots perform the …
What is the most important part of a drone?
The battery acts as the power source to the drone. It supplies energy in all the electronics in the framework through the power distribution cables. Nickel Metal Hybrid or Nickel Cadmium based batteries were first used; however, their use has diminished while the use of lithium batteries has increased.
Which motor is used in drone?
There are two types of brushless motors suitable for use on drones: DC brushless motors (BLDC) and AC brushless motors (BLAC), also known as permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM).
Are drones silent?
Can drones be silent? There are no truly silent consumer drones, although some of the models mentioned in the list above get pretty close. Sounds are a product of vibration, and for fairly obvious reasons vibration is a necessary part of the rotating motors and spinning propellers that keep a quadcopter in flight.
How far can a drone be heard?
While sight is a great measure to know if a drone can capture footage of you, sound is just as good of an indicator that the drone is close or far enough to see you. You can clearly hear any multi-copter drone if it gets closer than 100 ft (30m) to you, and some louder ones can be heard clearly even 330 ft (100m) away.
Does a drone sound like a plane?
Although small drones (up to 20kg) are about 40 decibels quieter than conventional civil aircraft, they produce a high pitched noise – which people tend to find very annoying. One Nasa study found that drone sounds were more annoying than those made by road vehicles. | <urn:uuid:20df5dcd-acbd-4884-a0b7-92cf95b022ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://finddiffer.com/what-does-the-drone-mean-in-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.934625 | 1,537 | 3.328125 | 3 |
TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING
Divisionof Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education
SATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
oyd T. Christian, Superintendent
T h03 5 ^
-- I-- C
GENERAL ADULT EDUCATION
TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING REMEDIAL CASES
Edwin H. Smith
Director of the Reading Clinic
Fundamental Education Center
Florida State University
Wanda D. Cook
Supervisor of Fundamental Education Center
Weldon G. Bradtmueller
State Consultant in Adult Basic Education
Adult Education Section
The Florida State Department of Education
Division of Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education
Walter R. Williams, Jr., Director
Adult and Veteran Education Section
James H. Fling, Assistant Director
3J57 ~ oo'?757~
TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING REMEDIAL CASES
IDENTIFYING THE REMEDIAL CASE . . .
METHODS . . . . . . . .
Fernald . . . . . . . .
Modified VAKT . . . . . . .
Cooper . . . . . . . .
Association . . . . . . .
Hegge-Kirk-Kirk . . . . . .
Heller . . . . . . . .
Modified Montessori . . . . .
i/t/a . . . . . . . . .
Bloomfield-Barnhart . . . . .
Gillingham-Stillman . . . . .
Sullivan Associates Programmed Reading
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . .
PART I IDENTIFYING THE REMEDIAL CASE
Because of the millions of functionally illiterate adults in the
United States, adult basic education has become an area of increasing
concern to educators. Fundamental education exists for the purpose of
providing a basic education for those who have had little or no formal
educational background. Basic education provides the minimal skills
necessary for normal adjustment and function in society.
The adjustment to be made is becoming more difficult for those
with limited educational training. The technical changes in the past
few years, accompanied by the necessary increase in reading standards,
have made it virtually impossible for the literate or semi-literate to
qualify for most jobs. The consequence of this situation is commonly
known as the poverty chain. With the continuous elimination of lower
level jobs without accompanying literacy training, the illiterate or
semi-illiterate is forced to sink lower on the economic ladder. Pre-
viously adult programs have not been greatly or effectively concerned
with this individual and as a result have done little to weaken the
Since reading is a most important aspect of education in our
culture, it is the skill with which the teacher will be deeply involved.
The adult educator usually finds that many of his students are disabled
readers in some respect, and a few are handicapped to the extent that
they cannot learn to read with only normal classroom instruction.
Such students are seriously handicapped and need individual instruc-
tion. It is the teacher's responsibility to locate these severely disabled
readers, diagnose their difficulties and provide remedial treatment. The
educator must identify and treat reading disability cases. If he does not,
When does this job begin? It begins at the first class meeting.
The teacher observes the act of reading for initial evidence of reading
disability. Through these observations he tries to identify the symptoms
characteristic of reading disability. The next step is to substantiate
and confirm these findings.
Reading disability has been defined differently by various reading
authorities. Therefore, a clear definition of what constitutes a reading
disability case is deemed necessary. There is no one set of terms
employed by all and often the terms used are vague and contradictory.
This bulletin will attempt to define terminology for consistency of ideas
and relative meanings.
As a starting point, a disabled reader is defined as a person who
shows a serious deficit in reading ability. This is a broad definition
and the adult educator will find that most students can be tentatively
placed in this category. Therefore, a more stringent classification is
necessary if the teacher is to effectively identify the disabled reader.
There are two types of disabled readers: (1) corrective cases and
(2) remedial cases. It is the cause of disability, not the amount of
disability, that places a student in either of these classifications.
Corrective Case: In this instance the capacity to learn is intact,
but other factors have inhibited progress in reading. At times, a single
factor may cause the disability, but usually a combination of the follow-
ing is involved:
1. Little or no educational background.
2. Inferior economic or social background.
3. Emotional problems.
4. Physical factors such as poor hearing, speech or vision.
5. Weakness in specific reading skills.
The improvement, correction or removal of the inhibiting factor or
factors is often enough to insure normal progress if the teaching meets
the "needs" of the student.
Consider the following example. Mr. Brown is a twenty-nine year
old student in an adult literacy class. The Informal Inventory and
additional diagnosis disclosed that he is reading at the Introductory
Stage (beginning level through the grade three level of reading),
specifically level two. The teacher discovers that Mr. Brown has com-
pleted the fifth grade and has average intelligence. He finds that
Brown is from the lower economic bracket. An appraisal of his physical
condition discloses that Mr. Brown has a fairly severe vision problem.
In assessing this information, one can see two main factors
affecting his reading ability. First, Mr. Brown could have achieved at
least a fifth grade reading level while in school. However, a primary
difficulty was his need for glasses. He couldn't see well enough to
learn to read. This vision problem was probably so much a part of his
physical makeup he was hardly aware of it! Many people go through life
seeing a "fuzzy" world. They think they see like everyone else!
The removal of the primary problem (the need for glasses) may
make normal progress in reading a possibility for Mr. Brown. As a child,
Mr. Brown's status as a member of the lower socio-economic bracket may
have hindered his taking advantage of the opportunity to learn; but he
has had years of experience to compensate for this. Therefore, Mr. Brown
would be classified as a corrective case. He should be able to function
within the framework of an adult classroom.
Remedial Case: This term is used to identify the students whose
reading disability has a more serious cause or base. They have about
normal or above normal intelligence. However, the cause of the disability
cannot be removed. One must work around it! Special and intensive help
Remedial cases may be further broken down into two groups. The
first group includes those students known to have neurological damage
which affects the communication centers of the brain. They display many
symptoms of severe reading disability (see page 6). While these symptoms
are easily recognizable by the adult teacher, only a neurological exam-
ination should be used to classify a person as neurologically damaged.
Such a person is often said to be an alexic. No teacher should diagnose
an individual as alexicl
The second group includes students displaying symptoms similar to
those with neurological damage. However, with these cases, there is no
firm basis available for saying the cause is neurological. The term SLD
or Specific Learning Disability is used to describe these cases.
Both SLD and alexic cases are remedial cases. They require pro-
cedures quite different from those used with most corrective cases.
Since the cause of the problem cannot be removed, we must work around
it. Special methods must be used. These special methods may violate
some of the best practices for teaching developmental or corrective
reading. But those "best practices" have not worked with the special
cases, so other approaches must be used.
This time consider Mr. Green in a theoretical situation and note
the information from his records. He is twenty-nine years old and has
completed the fifth grade. He is of average intelligence and is reading
at readability level two. His physical examination reveals no problems.
However, included in his folder are these notations from his previous
teachers and instructors: (1) Mr. Green has an extremely short
attention span. (2) He is easily distracted. (3) He tends to confuse
words that are similar. (4) He sometimes reverses words and word order
while reading and writing. (5) His auditory perception is poor.
After a full diagnosis, Mr. Green may be classified as a remedial
case. Since he is a remedial case with a problem in auditory discrimina-
tion, special work in this area may not help the student. The teacher
must work around his problem and seek a teaching method which involves
the best multi-sensory techniques for that student.
Mr. Green will need intensive special training in order to develop
his reading ability. This student should receive individualized instruc-
tion and cannot be expected to function with normal classroom group
How can one identify SLD cases, some of whom are probably alexic?
The following symptoms are common to both types of cases. This is one
check to be used in diagnosing the remedial case.
1. Difficulty with spelling. The oral spelling tends to
be better than the written.
2. Difficulties with orientation. Confusions between left
and right, east and west, etc.
3. Difficulties with time sequence. Trouble getting things
in chronological order.
4. Difficulty with arithmetic problems particularly when they
cannot be written down.
5. Trouble with figure background relationships.
6. Reversal of the sequence of words at times -- (There once
was for "Once there was").
7. Father had difficulty learning to read.
8. Over-dependence on context clues.
9. Capital "I" for small "I," "m" for "n," "doy" for "dog."
10. Confusion of words that look alike.
11. Reversals of form and/or order.
12. Reading and writing reflects speech errors.
13. Repetition of the same response even when not appropriate.
15. Difficulty with rhythm.
16. Short attention span.
17. Short anticipation span.
18. Poor concentration.
19. Auditory perception defective.
20. Language mazes.
21. Faulty association of letters, words and objects.
22. Inability to stand stress.
23. Short memory for printed words.
24. Loses place often.
25. Early fatigue in reading lessons.
26. Omission of letters and words.
27. Difficulty with closure (visual).
28. Syntactical difficulties.
29. Repetition of the same mistakes.
30. Handwriting erratic, indicating confusion.
Remedial cases, run the continuum from severe to mild. The
symptoms that they reveal are also exhibited in a matter of degree.
Different cases exhibit different constellations of symptoms. A
student need not demonstrate all these symptoms to be considered a
On the basis of observation, discussions and informal test-
ing (See Florida State Education Bulletin on Informal Diagnosis),
a case can be classified as remedial. Knowing that regular teaching
procedures will not work with this type of student, one asks what
methods will satisfy the needs of these students? Some possibilities
are suggested in Part II of this bulletin.
PART II METHODS
Since the more common methods of teaching do not meet the needs
of the remedial case, it is necessary to apply a type of methodology
that will facilitate his learning to read.
One method devised by Grace Fernald is known as VAKT. It
involves the use of the visual (V), auditory (A), kinesthetic (K) and
tactile (T) senses simultaneously. Since the student has difficulty
in learning to read through the ordinary senses involved in reading
(the visual and the auditory), it is necessary to stimulate other senses
to aid the reading process.
Most remedial methods used today emphasize the rationale that
several senses should be utilized in helping the truly remedial case.
The methods described in Part II involve some combination of these
It is through the effective use of these specialized methods that
the remedial reader makes the fastest progress in improving his reading
skills. The great majority of remedial cases can learn to read if the
proper methods are employed.
On the following pages you will find several remedial methods.
Try some with your students. Change them if you need tol However, keep
in mind that these methods, as a whole, are sometimes tedious. Progress
is often slow and difficult to detect. Be sure to allow ample time for
the student to make progress before trying another method.
Before beginning the teaching process, try to remove or lessen
distracting forces such as noise, movement, and visual stimuli (wall
charts, pictures). Remedial cases are highly distractable and a bright,
cheery, interesting room is not for them.
The methods presented in this booklet are not discussed in full.
The object is to give the reader an idea of the various approaches
available to him. For detailed information, the teacher should refer
to the books listed in the bibliography.
METHOD: MODIFIED FERNALD (VAKT, Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Tactile)
4" x 11" paper
file for word cards
1. Have the student select a word he wants to
learn. Ask him to use it in a sentence or
give its meaning.
2. Ask the student how many parts (syllables)
he hears. Help him to verify his answer by
using the dictionary with you.
3. Print the word on the 4" x 11" paper using
the following procedure:
a. Say the word.
b. Say each syllable clearly as it is
printed. Pronunciation should begin
with the initial stroke. Do not
distort the word.
c. Dot i's and cross t's going from left
d. Underline each syllable while pronouncing
e. Say the word.
4. The teacher now demonstrates the tracing technique
using the index and second finger. The word is
traced in the same way it was printed.
5. Have the student trace the word.
a. When he hesitates or makes an error, stop him
and have him begin again.
b. Keep a record of the number of tracings.
c. Be sure to praise success -- do not stress errors.
6. When a student feels he knows a word, he may print it
on 4" x 11" paper.
a. Compare it with the original.
b. When he has two successive printings correct, he
dates the word and files it.
c. If he is unsuccessful, he retraces the original
7. Retention checks should be made the next day.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. This is a very time consuming method.
2. Learning occurs in four stages:
a. The student learns through tracing.
b. Tracing is eliminated.
c. Student learns from books.
d. He generalizes.
METHOD: MODIFIED VAKT (Crayon Scraping Method)
4" x 11" paper
1. The student selects the word to be learned.
2. The teacher prints the word in crayon and pro-
nounces it as it is printed.
3. The student traces the word with the tips of his
first and second fingers.
4. He is instructed to take the word home and trace
it with a pencil pronouncing the word as he does
5. The student takes the card home and continues the
process until no red crayon is seen.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. It takes 60-80 repetitions to cover the crayon.
2. Little supervision is needed.
3. The student must be thoroughly motivated to read
before this method can be used effectively.
4. This is particularly effective in teaching words
that the student consistently confuses or forgets
(where, when, etc.)
METHOD: COOPER (Sandtray Method)
large tray with sand
3" x 5" cards
1. The student selects a word from a controlled list.
2. As the student watches, print the word on a 3" x
5" card. Pronounce each syllable as it is printed,
but do not distort the word.
3. Ask the student to look at the word and pronounce it,
enunciating each syllable clearly.
4. Ask him to close his eyes and try to "see" the word as
he says it syllable by syllable.
5. Remove the card and have the student print the word in
the sand using the tips of his first and second fingers.
The student says the word slowly as he prints it.
6. Compare the sand word with that on the card, Repeat
7. Use the word in a sentence on the back of the card and
then file the card,
C, Pertinent Points:
1. It is inexpensive.
2. Do not use a book with student until the vocabulary of
three pre-primers is introduced.
3. Ease off the technique as the student learns more easily.
4, This method may be employed with those students whose
problem is not severe.
5. This method is particularly helpful with words the
student can't remember from day to day. It may be used
to supplement other methods.
METHOD: ASSOCIATION METHOD
picture or object of word to be learned
Northampton Yale Charts
B. Procedure;: (elementary)
1. The student produces the sounds composing a word.
i.e. b a t
2. Next, the word is matched with the picture or object.
3. The student copies the word sounding each letter as
he prints it.
4. The teacher says the words as the student watches
the lip movement.
5. The student says the word and identifies the picture
that goes with it.
6. The student next prints the word from memory.
7. When the word is spoken into his ear, the student
matches the picture.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. The student should build a vocabulary of 50 words
in this way before reading a book.
2. It is important to be precise in the articulation.
3. This is one of those "last resort" methods!
METHOD: HEGGE KIRK KIRK (Grapho-vocal Method)
Text: Remedial Reading Drills
This is basically a letter phonics and family phonics
approach. A small test provides information for the
teacher and lessons for the student. The basic process
involved is outlined below.
1. Before beginning drills, teach the sounds of letters
s, short a, c, t, and p. Have the student give a
word with each of these sounds in it.
2. Have the student say the sound and print the letter
representing the sound from memory.
3. Then print words such as CAT, PAT (with letters
separated) and have the student blend the sound into
4. When he is able to blend three sounds into a word,
begin using the Remedial Reading Drills.
5. Use the grapho-vocal method to build up vocabulary.
6. Build sentences and stories of words learned in the
drills and introduce words such as the and was as
7. When most of the drills are completed, move into
suitable texts. Continue the drills utilizing the
larger visual units such as ang and ound.
8. When the drills are completed, utilize regular methods
C. Pertinent Points:
1. Do not use this method with students who have severe
difficulty in distinguishing between sounds.
2. Be sure the sounds are pronounced properly.
3. Use this approach with severe reading disabilities.
4. All auditory and visual defects should be corrected
before embarking on this method.
A card with the word to be learned on it.
1. Select any word such as "work."
2. The teacher carefully pronounces the word several times.
3. This is followed by spelling out the word slowly and
i.e. W O R K
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as often as necessary to be
sure the student is familiar with the sound and letters
of the word. In this way an auditory experience is
5. The student is now asked to join in saying and spelling
the word. The number of repetitions varies.
6. The student continues on his own in the same rhythm.
7. The student is now shown the word and should be able
to read it.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. This is a cumbersome and time consuming method and
should be used when all other methods fail.
2. Words are more easily forgotten.
3. It is less efficient than other methods, but it works
with some remedial cases.
METHOD: MODIFIED MONTESSORI
pipe cleaner letters
1. Have the student handle the letters made from sandpaper
or pipe cleaners.
2. Have him match letters that are alike.
3. After handling, looking and feeling the letter, the
student learns the name of each and the sounds)
4. Arrange letters so that they make words.
5. Have the student trace over the words and say them as
C. Pertinent Points:
1. This approach may be modified in many ways. Cards with
pictures and letters or pictures and words have proven
helpful. The sandpaper or pipe cleaner letters are glued
to the cards.
2. It is slower than some other methods. It does combine
well with the Hegge-Kirk.
3. One sense is developed at a time as the student
progresses from the concrete experiences (touching
the letters) to the abstract (reading the words).
i/t/a Handbook for Writing and Spelling
1. Each sound is represented by its own symbol. A
total of 44 symbols is used.
2. The student learns to associate the sound and symbol.
He later learns to write and combine them in various
3. Each lesson contains four parts:
a. Readiness activities: new words are introduced.
b. Guided reading.
c. Extension of skills.
d. Supplementary activities.
4. Contents of program:
a. Books 1-3, symbols are taught.
b. Book 4, stresses structural analysis.
c. Books 5-6, at the end of Book 6 transition to
d. Book 7, completes transition.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. This method has not been used extensively with remedial
cases. It does, however, provide a new area for
2. The alphabet is not used to supplant the traditional
3. Writing is encouraged at early stages.
METHOD: BLOOMFIELD-BARNHART (Linguistic Method)
Text: Let's Read by Bloomfield & Barnhart
1. The student first learns all the letters of the alphabet,
both capital and small.
2. Letters are arranged to form words and the student is
asked to spell out the word. There is no attempt at
this time to convey the meaning of the word. Be sure
the student uses a left to right progression in naming
3. Introduce the first reading materials (lesson 1-36).
At this time the student learns to "read" the word as
well as spell it. Introduce only a limited number of
words at each lesson.
4. The first reading materials introduce words whose
vowels and consonants maintain the same sound.
5. Lessons 46-71. Introduction of the speech form written
with the letter s. During this time, regular values
are assigned to 2 and 3 letter combinations.
6. Lessons 72-97. Pairs of:vowels are assigned sounds
of regular value.
7. Lessons 98-151. Irregular words are taught.
8. Lessons 152-199. Irregular spellings of vowel sounds.
9. Lessons 200-245. Irregular spellings of consonant
C. Pertinent Points:
1. A very severe amount of intellectual effort is necessary.
2. Reading lessons should be short.
Text: Remedial Training for Children With
Specific Disability in Reading,
Writing, and Penmanship.
1. This method places emphasis on "linkages" or the
process by which letter combinations are taught.
2. Three linkages are stressed:
translation of the seen symbol into a sound.
translation of the sound into a name.
translation of the sound into a written
3. These linkages stress the uses of visual, auditory,
C. Pertinent Points:
1. A text is needed for full details concerning this
2. A basic requirement is that the student needs to
know the name of each letter.
3. It is an extremely cumbersome method.
METHOD: SULLIVAN ASSOCIATES PROGRAMMED READING
Select the following at the appropriate level:
diagnostic placement test
sound-symbol cards (Prereading, Series I)
filmstrips (Series I)
test booklet (Series I, II)
alphabet cards (Prereading, Series I)
1. Teach the letters of the alphabet.
2. Develop a sound-symbol relationship.
3. Have the student use the Primer programmed text.
4. Administer the Reading Readiness test after the
first three parts of the Primer have been
5. Continue to the end of the Primer.
Series I (Level 1)
1. Administer the diagnostic test.
2. Show filmstrip 1 which will introduce the words and
concepts to be presented in Programmed Text 1.
3. Have the student use Programmed Text 1.
4. Have the student read Storybook 1.
5. Administer Test 1 in the test booklet.
6. Proceed in the same way until all seven books have
7. At the end of Series I, 400 words will have been
introduced as well as several forms of punctuation.
Series II (Level 2)
1. This series follows the same procedure except that
there are no filmstrips.
2. The content in this series has been expanded to
include poems and selections in science and
3. At the end of Series II, 979 words have been added
to the student's vocabulary.
C. Pertinent Points:
1. This method is based on a sound-symbol relationship.
2. No special instructions are needed after initial
3. Manuals are complete, helpful and necessary.
PART III BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bloomfield, L. and Barnhart C. Let's Read, Wayne State University Press,
Buchanan, Cynthia D., Programmed Reading Series, Webster Division,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1964.
Cooper, L. J. "A Procedure for Teaching Non-Readers," Education,
(May, 1947), v. 67.
Fernald, G. Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 1943.
Gillingham, A. & Stillman, Remedial Training for Children with Specific
Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship, Educators Public
Hegge, T., Kirk, S., and Kirk, W. Remedial Reading Drills, George Wahr
Publishing Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1963.
Heller, T. M., "Word Blindness," Pediatrics, Vol. 31, #4, April, 1963,
Kolson, C. and Kaluger, G. Clinical Aspects of Remedial Reading,
Charles C. Thomas Co., Springfield, Illinois, 1963.
Mazurkiewicz, A. and Tanyzer, H. The i/t/a Handbook for Writing and
Spelling, 1/t/a Publications, Inc., New York, 1964.
McGinnis, M., Kleffner, F. and Goldstein, R., "Teaching Aphasic
Children," Volta Review, (1957), v. 58.
Stevens, E. Y. A Guide to the Montessori Method, Frederick A. Stokes
Co., New York, 1913.
Stuart, M. F. Neurological Insight into Teaching, Pacific Books, Inc.,
Palo Alto, California, 1963. | <urn:uuid:0abb2c0e-560a-4386-9dab-8bf6c3a8bcf5> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00080749/00001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663135.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00148-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903395 | 6,238 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Once we start letting ourselves become distracted whilst studying, then it becomes an option that we allow ourselves to take.
It’s important we have techniques that allow us to stay focused and stop us from postponing our studying.
Have a to-do list
Set up a daily to-do list the night before.
In order to maximise productivity, it’s important to plan everything you want to achieve for the next day.
Creating a list that you can tick off will help manage your workload and will also motivate you to complete the list. Ticking off the items will make you feel super-proud of your productivity.
Allow time for fun
When setting up your daily to-do list, allow yourself time for things you enjoy.
Working for 6 hours straight can be very hard for some people, especially with distractions around. Splitting up the day with half an hour slots of exercise, fresh air, phone call with a friend, or anything you enjoy, between your studying tasks can help re-focus your mind and stop you from becoming fatigued.
Remind yourself of the bigger picture
It’s easy to procrastinate because studying is boring and you’d much rather watch TV, play a game, or literally anything else! But that’s just focusing on the present, it’s important to visualise the future and think of the bigger picture.
Think about the reasons WHY you need to study. It could be that these exams are integral to your future success.
Think about where and who you want to be in the future – do your daily activities help you achieve that or hinder your chances of success?
Make sure you visualise that future and understand what action is needed to be taken to accomplish that. And if the thought of success isn’t enough to motivate you, think about the feeling of dispair and regret you may have if you fail to achieve these goals in the future.
You’ll be wanting to go back in time and tell that younger self to stop procrastinating and study!
Start off small and build it up slowly
If you’re planning to start studying don’t expect too much of yourself at the beginning. This is a sure-fire way to demotivate yourself.
Start off with a light-load of tasks with plenty of free time, then as the days go by slowly increase the work-load so that you’re not trying to do too much at the beginning.
It may be that you work best on certain days of the week, or working every day doesn’t maximise efficiency. Find a schedule that works best for you, only working 5 days a week may be better for you than trying to work every day.
All that’s left to say is good luck, and you can do it! | <urn:uuid:ccfd88a0-ab24-426c-8e52-b5e6e4b2a9a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://thriveglobal.com/stories/4-key-techniques-to-stop-putting-off-productivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565541.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125092143-20210125122143-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.94611 | 590 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In period, scribes were the people who could write. Often, they were monks or nuns who worked in a scriptorium to produce beautiful illuminated books and manuscripts. Later in period, scribes became more secularized, and scriptoria became more like the artist workshops that also cropped up in the Renaissance.
Scribes in the SCA
In the SCA, scribes are the volunteers who produce the beautiful award scrolls that are handed out during courts. The calligraphy and illumination on the scrolls is often on par with a medieval book of hours or grant of arms.
Origins of Error
- Scribes and Scribal Tools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
- Atlantian A&S Links: Scribal Arts
- The Digital Scriptorium is a growing image database of medieval and renaissance manuscripts that unites scattered resources from many institutions into an international tool for teaching and scholarly research. It bridges the gap between a diverse user community and the limited resources of libraries by means of sample imaging and extensive rather than intensive cataloguing. | <urn:uuid:76744e70-3260-47fc-9377-2eb6a9b7b31f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php/Scribe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572436.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915215643-20190916001643-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.963557 | 212 | 4.1875 | 4 |
AI no new kid on block : Artificial intelligence (AI) seems to be the new kid on the block. Everybody is talking about it, and there is a flood of IT products that feature some variety of AI, from machine learning (ML) algorithms to neural networks and deep learning. In this situation, it is tempting to think of AI as just more hype, a fad that will go away in a few months. For various reasons, though, AI is here to stay.
First of all, it’s important to remember that AI isn’t actually new, the technology dates back to the 1950s when a computer learned to develop its own board game strategy. The 1980s saw a wave of expert systems designed to support human professionals in various fields, while in the 1990s and 2000s, AI-based systems were utilised for business-related data mining and medical research, among other things.
The current peak of interest in AI is caused by two recent developments. First, compute power and storage capacities have become incredibly inexpensive. In the 1950s, for example, storage hardware that could hold 3.75 MBytes of data – enough storage space for just one present-day low-resolution photograph – was so big it had to be moved by forklift truck. Today, one can buy a USB stick that can store thousands of high-resolution pictures – and you can easily move it in your pocket, no need for a forklift. At the same time, cloud service providers, especially the hyperscalers, have made seemingly limitless compute power and storage capacities available for always-on private and commercial use.
The second important trend is IoT. A huge variety of devices – from mobile gadgets to factories and facilities – are now equipped with sensor technology, often even with multiple sensors. These sensors generate a steadily increasing flood of data that needs to be processed, analyzed, and acted upon.
The interplay of these data feeds has become so complex that the consequences tend to escape the human eye. For example, analysis of sporadic variations in a machine’s behavior might indicate that maintenance will soon be required, a monitoring approach named ‘predictive maintenance’. Today, these kinds of ‘needle in a haystack’ data discoveries can be performed much faster and more accurately with modern AI-based technology than by humans.
Compute power and storage will continue to become cheaper and more powerful. At the same time, the need for analysis of complex data relations will escalate. This is why AI will become increasingly entrenched in IT and IoT management.
In this context, AI isn’t just for academic research or business trend analysis anymore. For example, it can be used for managing and securing digital workspaces, as it can detect suspicious deviations from users’ normal behavior. Specialised, AI-driven software will alert security teams as soon as, for example, users suddenly start to download files from a server they had never accessed before, and for which they have no access rights. This kind of behavior, potentially a sign of a compromised end user account, can be incredibly hard to detect by manual log file screening – yet it is a routine task for AI-based security analytics software.
In a similar way, AI will soon assist in improving the digital workspace user experience by correlating performance indicators across the chain of apps, services, and network connections that end users need for their daily work. Just like the predictive maintenance scenario in a factory, AI will soon correlate and analyze all components of a digital workspace, informing IT staff about looming quality-of-service degradation.
New software solutions and cloud services will soon make AI a commodity – something that is integrated into all kinds of products and services, in the consumer market as well as in the enterprise. Yet for the foreseeable future, AI will not be able to replace humans in IT management and security, as it lacks human intuition. When a mother scolds a child saying, “If all your friends jumped off a cliff, would you jump, too?”, the child knows the answer is supposed to be: “No”. An artificial intelligence would answer: “Yes!” – for if everybody does it, it must be alright. However, AI is very good at finding the proverbial ‘needle in the haystack’, at repetitive, extensive data analysis – tasks which are very hard for humans. So, in spite of its limitations, AI-based IT management tools provide a big leap forward in making digital workspaces and cloud environments more secure, efficient, and reliable for end users – while saving the IT team time and money.
Read More : Apps can exploit your data | <urn:uuid:99231474-0576-42dd-98ca-85b812f206cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.mgeeko.com/ai-no-new-kid-on-block/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.956255 | 956 | 2.765625 | 3 |
If you have a young child who is advanced in academics, is an early reader, or seems ready for formal schooling at an early age, you may believe that Waldorf Education isn’t the right choice for you. You may worry that your bright child will be bored in a Waldorf classroom.
However, in this article, Dr. Richard House, a senior lecturer at Roehampton University’s Research Centre for Therapeutic Education, recommends delaying formal schooling for bright children. He says, “…gifted pupils from relatively affluent backgrounds suffered the most from being pushed ‘too far, too fast.’” He quoted a major U.S. study, carried out over eight decades, that demonstrated how “children’s ‘run-away intellect’ actually benefited from being slowed down in the early years, allowing them to develop naturally.”
The absence of worksheets and standardized testing in the early grades does not mean that Spring Garden does not introduce these young pupils to advanced concepts. Students in Grades One and Two are actively taught mathematical concepts along with reading and writing, nature and science, music, art and foreign language — all in a multi-sensory and engaged manner.
Joanna Caley, mother of a Spring Garden student, talks about the benefits her gifted daughter experienced when given a more balanced Waldorf education at Spring Garden.
Click to learn more about Waldorf Education: | <urn:uuid:3b485402-7653-42f8-ae26-f73b823affc8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://blog.sgws.org/waldorf-education-for-gifted-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00039-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952011 | 297 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Two Page Planning Calendar (Printable)
Need extra room to plan out your month?
Have everything that you need at your fingertips, with this two-page planning calendar. You will be able to add lesson plan ideas, teacher meetings, assessments, to do list, IEP meetings, and anything and everything that is due.
Use your planning calendar as a reminder of what needs to be included in your lesson plans every month. Not only that, use it to map out your school year for simple planning.
A planning calendar is a simple method of keeping track of when everything is due so that you can plan out your time wisely. Your calendar should be able to show you at a glance everything that needs to be planned out.
This product includes 12 printable one-page calendar labeled for each month of the year.
You can choice to print one of two versions.
· January to December
· August to July
Please note that this product is sold as a digital download. You will be able to download it instantly and print it at home after purchasing. You will receive access to the PDF file as soon as you check out via your order confirmation email.
You will receive access to the PDF file as soon as you check out via your order confirmation email. | <urn:uuid:62413f58-db39-4cba-a750-85cc4f77ce60> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.myprektoolkit.com/store/p25/Two_Page_Planning_Calendar_%28Printable%29_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304961.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126192506-20220126222506-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.955078 | 259 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Scientists claim to have shed light on the neural basis of creativity by scanning the brains of accomplished pianists while they improvised on a keyboard.
Images of the pianists' brains highlighted areas that seemed to underpin their musical creativity, alongside regions that were strongly connected in pianists with the most improvisation experience.
The scans point to a network of brain regions that are involved in creative playing, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which has previously been linked to the suppression of stereotypical responses and the selection of improvised actions.
To do the experiment, the researchers had a keyboard custom made to work inside a brain scanner. The high magnetic fields generated in a functional magnetic resonance scanner meant none of the normal metal components could be used. Instead of steel strings, fibre optics were fitted to sound out the notes.
Ana Pinho, at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, scanned the brains of 39 professional musicians and students, most of whom came from the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. The musicians had different levels of training in classical and jazz piano.
Laid down inside the scanner, the pianists were invited to play whatever they liked, though the scientists prompted them from time to time, suggesting they use a certain scale, or play a piece that expressed fear or happiness.
The scans showed that areas of the brain involved in improvisation were less active in the more experienced pianists, perhaps because their brains were working more efficiently. Regions thought to be important for improvisation had greater connectivity in the pianists who had more experience of improvising, Pinho said.
"More improvisation training led to more automation and higher functional connectivity between regions that are important for creative playing. This greater connectivity improved the efficiency and communication between those brain regions," Pinho said at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego.
The study adds to a stock of work on the brain processes involved in forms of creativity. In 2008, Charles Limb at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland scanned the brains of jazz musicians while they improvised pieces with and without a jazz quartet. The scans revealed a distinct pattern of changes in part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex that seemed to underlie spontaneous musical composition.
Gottfried Schlaug, director of the music and neuroimaging lab at Beth Israel Deaconess and Harvard Medical School in Boston, said that while some people may be born with brains that are well suited to learning music, learning to play instruments leads to changes in the brain too.
"Improvisation is one way into understanding creativity. These tools allow us to understand what brain regions are involved in creative thought and in coming up with new ideas," he said. "Once we know what those brain regions are it might be possible to influence them. And from a societal perspective it's always important to strengthen creativity, because it is the seed for new developments and new ideas." | <urn:uuid:ec7f5263-faa3-4b41-92c5-47f6c1fd7f0c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/12/scientists-creativity-pianists-brain-activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776429991.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234029-00087-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966256 | 582 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Why does the Earth have seasons? This, along with other phenomena associated with Earth’s movement in space, is regularly taught throughout primary school and high school. In New South Wales, Australia, students learn the seasons from Year 3/4 through to Year 7/8. By the time students reach high school (Year 7/8), they know that it is the Earth’s tilt and its revolution around the Sun are associated with the seasons. However, many students don’t know why or they hold the misconception that the Earth’s tilt causes the Southern Hemisphere to be a little bit closer to the Sun during some times of the year and this little bit of extra closeness to the Sun causes it to be warmer, so hence summer, and vice versa for winter. In reality, the Earth being tilted while it is revolving around the Sun results in variations of solar intensity due to varying angles of incidence. This is a very difficult concept for students to grasp. I have found the following collection of activities useful in guiding Year 7/8 students to understand the real reasons for the seasons.
Identify the misconceptions
Ask students to explain why the Earth has seasons. The majority of students will be able to say something about the Earth’s tilt and its revolution around the Sun. Many will stop there. Some will go on with the misconception about the slight changes in the distance between the hemispheres and the Sun causing the seasons.
Investigation – Angle of insolation and heat distribution
Students to work in groups in an investigation like this one to explore how the angle of insolation affects heat distribution, which in turn results in variations of temperatures and daylight hours as the Earth revolves around the Sun. I find that many students experience difficulty with this activity. Not only is the concept of seasons caused by angle of insolation challenging enough, but the activity itself is challenging as it uses challenging numeracy concepts.
I find this video from Crash Course kids effective in reinforcing the concepts discovered in the investigation.
How do you teach reasons for the seasons? Do you also find that students in Year 7/8 have difficulty understanding it conceptually? What hands-on activities do you do with your students? | <urn:uuid:c1cdc97d-dfe2-494c-ab3f-59f6e4f8889f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://aliceleung.net/2016/05/15/how-to-teach-the-reasons-for-the-seasons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154085.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731074335-20210731104335-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.957773 | 448 | 3.4375 | 3 |
To find the minimum numerical value in range while ignoring the 0 value, we can use the Small function along with Countif function in Microsoft Excel.
COUNTIF: This function is used to count the number of cells within a range which meet a specified condition.
For Example:- We have data in range A2:A11 in which we need to count how many times the states are repeating in Column A.
In this article,lets use the Small function to find out the smallest value in the range and the CountIf function will help us toignore the 0 value while choosing the smallest number from the range.
Let’s take an example to understand how we can find the minimum numerical value in a range while ignoring the 0 value.
We have data for items in range A1:C11. Column A contains Zone, column B contains Agent name and column C contains sold unit.
If you want to find the minimum number of sold quantity to ignore the 0, follow the below given steps:-
This is the way we can find out the minimum number in a range while ignoring 0 value by using the Small function along with the COUNTIF function in Microsoft Excel.
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We would love to hear from you, do let us know how we can improve, complement or innovate our work and make it better for you. Write us at email@example.com
The applications/code on this site are distributed as is and without warranties or liability. In no event shall the owner of the copyrights, or the authors of the applications/code be liable for any loss of profit, any problems or any damage resulting from the use or evaluation of the applications/code. | <urn:uuid:1a0dbfcf-7db9-4cb5-9ab9-247bf662c6a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.exceltip.com/other-qa-formulas/how-to-find-the-minimum-value-in-range-while-ignoring-0-value-in-microsoft-excel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.86818 | 370 | 3 | 3 |
Is A Major Solar Flare In Our Immediate Future?
Scientists have been telling us for years that a large solar flare could decimate our electrical grid and send us back to the 1800′s in terms of technology. How likely are we to get ‘The Big One’ in the next few days?
Spaceweather.com reported that a sunspot located just behind the sun’s northeastern limb exploded yesterday, producing “a significant solar flare,” according to NOAA analysts. NASA’s STEREO-B spacecraft, stationed over the farside of the sun, recorded the extreme ultraviolet flash:
When flares occur on the Earthside of the sun, we classify them according to their X-ray intensity: C (weak), M (medium), or X (strong). Farside explosions, however, cannot be precisely classified because none of the spacecraft stationed over the farside of the sun are equipped with X-ray sensors. Based on the appearance of the flare at UV wavelengths, plus other factors such as the CME and radiation storm, we would guess that this was a strong-M or X-class event. – Spaceweather.com
A major X-class solar flare could cripple our electrical grid to an extent that it would take years to repair. Despite all those ‘shovel-ready’ jobs we threw money at a few years ago, almost nothing has been done to protect our electrical grid from such an event.
The good news is the flare was on the far side of the sun and the blast directed away from us. The bad news: Earth-directed solar activity could be just a few days away.
This might be a good time to back up your data and buy some SPF 5000. | <urn:uuid:184aa43f-ed9c-424e-86d3-b240fc498476> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://kodm.com/is-a-major-solar-flare-in-our-immediate-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770432.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00023-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961209 | 367 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A lottery is a form of gambling in which people pay a small amount to have a chance of winning a large sum of money. Often the funds raised by a lottery are used for good causes in the public sector. However, the game has been criticized as an addictive form of gambling. There are also concerns about its regressive impact on low-income families. Some states have banned the game entirely, while others endorse it and regulate its operations.
The word lottery is derived from the Latin Lottera, meaning “drawing of lots.” Drawing lots is a method of determining fate or decision-making that has a long record in history. It is also sometimes referred to as divination.
While some states have abolished the lottery, most continue to endorse it and run it as a revenue-generating activity. The lottery is a type of game where numbered tickets are sold and winners are selected at random. Some examples include the lottery for units in a subsidized housing block and kindergarten placements at reputable public schools.
Lotteries have become a popular way to raise funds for public goods and services. In addition, many people consider them a fun and exciting pastime. The popularity of the lottery is related to a number of factors, including the fact that it is an affordable, accessible form of entertainment and the promise of a big payout. However, the lottery has been criticized for its addictive nature and regressive effect on poorer households.
Although it is unlikely that anyone will win the jackpot, you can improve your chances of winning by choosing numbers that are not close together. It is also a good idea to choose numbers that are not associated with any sentimental value, such as your birthday. You can also try to increase your odds by purchasing more tickets.
Aside from being an expensive addiction, playing the lottery can also be a morally problematic practice. It promotes the false notion that wealth is easily obtained through luck, which contradicts biblical teachings on work and material gain. Instead, Christians should focus on earning their wealth through diligence and hard work. “Lazy hands make for poverty, but diligent hands bring wealth,” Proverbs 23:5 advises.
In addition, the success of a lottery is often determined by its size, with larger jackpots driving ticket sales and attracting attention on newscasts. However, large jackpots also increase the risk of a carryover to the next drawing, which can dilute the prize amount. This can reduce the attractiveness of a lottery for some players, as it makes the game more difficult to win. | <urn:uuid:47e4d546-6e1d-49b0-a12e-ab9b9aab4ff8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://igrejaanglicana.net/what-is-a-lottery-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.980473 | 516 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- Dr. Morris Fishbein (1889-1976) originally
studied to be a clown. Realizing he could make more money as a doctor,
he entered medical school (where he failed anatomy), then barely graduated.
He never treated a patient in his life.
- Why is he so important? Because he became
head of the AMA, a position that he used to enrich himself and crush legitimate
therapies out of existence. He appeared to be motivated solely by money
- As head of the AMA (and editor of the
Journal of the American Medical Association from 1924-1949), he decided
which drugs could be sold to the public based only how much advertising
money he could extort from drug manufacturers, whom he required to place
expensive ads in the JAMA. There were no drug-testing agencies, only Fishbein.
It was irrelevant if the drugs worked.
- Fishbein was a shakedown artist. Yet,
today, there is a Morris Fishbein Center for the History of Science and
Medicine at the University of Chicago.
- The AMA, a State-backed guild which today
has a near-stranglehold on the medical profession, was founded in 1847
merely as a social and scientific organization. Its original purpose was
totally appropriate. It was in their private (and the public's) interest
for practitioners to get together to trade knowledge, and, for all the
outward seriousness of the organization, to have some fun. The original
purpose always seems to get lost, though. Some members always want to use
the State to reduce the supply of practitioners (which increases income)
and eliminate competition (which also increases income, and, much more
seriously, reduces innovation). This happened with he AMA, which is why
it is now a danger to the health of the American people.
- In 1900, while attending the annual AMA
convention in St. Paul, Minnesota, three doctors came up with the always-destructive
but all-too-human idea of using the AMA as a front, in order to form a
closed corporation for their financial benefit. A constitution, bylaws
and a charter were created which appeared to give the members of the AMA
a say in the activities of the corporation, whereas in reality the three
directors had complete control. These three formed smaller political machines
in every state, which they controlled through the main corporation.
- In 1924, not surprisingly (perhaps inevitably)
one of the directors became involved in a scandal and had to resign. He
appointed Fishbein to take his place. Fishbein ultimately took control
of the AMA, and by 1934 owned all of the stock. In his new position he
was able to assume dictatorial control of the state licensing boards and
made it as difficult as he could for any doctor who did not join. He, and
the three doctors who formed the corporation, were little more than extortionists,
ones who made millions by using the power of the State.
- The AMA, which started out as a legitimate
organization, rapidly became crooked. And Fishbein was the main cause.
- The worst of Fishbein's sins was his
destruction of Royal Rife. Royal Raymond Rife
- I don't know if Royal Raymond Rife was
legitimate or not. I believe the evidence leans towards his being a once-in-a-century
- He was born in 1888 in Elkhorn, Nebraska,
and died in 1971, at age 83. He grew up with a passion for microscopes,
microbiology, and electronics.
- He was brilliant. There can be no doubt
about that. He invented technology still used today in optics, electronics,
radiochemistry, biochemistry, ballistics, and aviation. Some of his many
inventions included a heterodyning ultraviolet microscope, a microdissector,
and a micromanipulator. He studied at John Hopkins, received 14 major awards,
and was honored with an honorary doctorate from the University of Heidelberg.
He worked for Zeiss Optics, the US government, and several private employers,
the most notable of them being Henry Timkin, who made millions manufacturing
- Most people have never heard of Rife.
- By 1920, Rife had built the world's first
microscope that was strong enough for the him to see a virus (he sometimes
had to painfully adjust his microscope for up to 24 hours to get the specimen
into focus). By 1932, after 12 years and five microscopes, he perfected
his technology and had constructed the largest and most powerful of them,
which he called his "Universal Microscope." It had almost 6,000
different parts and could magnify objects 61,000 times their normal size.
With this two-foot-tall, 200-pound microscope, Rife became the first to
see a live virus, and until recently, his microscope was the only one which
could do this.
- Modern electron microscopes, although
more powerful than Rife's invention, instantly kill the viruses they are
focused upon. Rife's microscope left the viruses alive, so they could be
- Rife's genius was first introduced to
the public in the San Diego Union newspaper in 1929, and was followed by
an article in Popular Science in 1931. Articles describing his great scientific
breakthroughs appeared in the established scientific press in for the first
time in late 1931 in Science magazine, as well as California and Western
- In 1944, the Smithsonian Institute in
Washington, DC, published a detailed article about Rife in their national
journal, with his microscope the focus of it. But what was revealed to
their readers was not only Rife's microscope, but how he was able to destroy
- As far back as 1920, Rife had identified
a virus that he believed caused cancer. He called it the "BX virus."
He made over 20,000 unsuccessful attempts to transform normal cells into
tumor cells. He failed until he irradiated the virus, caught it in a porcelain
filter, and injected in into lab animals. Using this technique, he created
400 tumors in a row.
- He began subjecting this virus to different
radio frequencies to see if it was affected by them. He discovered what
he called the "Mortal Oscillatory Rate" (MOR) of the virus. He
successfully cured cancer in his 400 experimental animals before he decided
to run tests on humans.
- What Rife was doing was using resonance
to kill the virus. Everything vibrates at different frequencies. If the
resonance is correct, it can be used to shatter, just as a singer can use
it to break a wineglass. By finding the proper resonance, Rife was able
to shatter the virus. This is why he called it the Mortal Oscillatory Rate.
- Rife claims he also discovered the frequencies
which destroyed herpes, polio, spinal meningitis, tetanus, influenza, and
many other dangerous, disease-causing organisms. All told, there were over
50 infectious diseases that he apparently discovered cures for.
- How did Rife do this? He painstakingly
obtained the MORS by tuning the dial of the frequency generator while observing
the sample pathogen under his microscope. When a frequency was discovered
that destroyed a particular microorganism, its dial position was marked.
The actual frequencies were determined later after his experiments. What
he did, he apparently did intuitively and unwittingly, and it is doubtful
he completely understood the theoretical method he utilized. For one thing,
there was at that time no theory to explain what he was doing. (In doing
research for this article, I have come to the conclusion that Rife was
so far advanced over currently available theories that he could not explain
what he was doing.)
- In the summer of 1934, one of Rife's
close friends, Dr. Milbank Johnson, along with the University of Southern
California, appointed a Special Medical Research Committee to bring 16
terminally cancer patients from Pasadena County Hospital to Rife's San
Diego Laboratory and clinic for treatment. The team included doctors and
pathologists assigned to examine the patients - if they were still alive
- after 90 days.
- Some of the other scientists and doctors
Rife worked with were: E.C. Rosenow, Sr. (longtime Chief of Bacteriology,
Mayo Clinic); Arthur Kendall (Director, Northwestern Medical School); Dr.
George Dock; Alvin Foord (pathologist); Rufus Klein-Schmidt (President
of USC); R.T. Hamer (Superintendent, Paradise Valley Sanitarium); Whalen
Morrison (Chief Surgeon, Santa Fe Railway); George Fischer (Childrens Hospital,
N.Y.); Edward Kopps (Metabolic Clinic, La Jolla); Karl Meyer (Hooper Foundation,
S.F.); and M. Zite (Chicago University).
- At first, the patients were given three
minutes of the appropriate frequency every day. The treatment consisted
of the patients standing next to one of Rife's generators, which irradiated
them. It was much the same as standing in front of a large fluorescent
light. The researchers soon learned this was too much of the treatment.
Suspecting the human body needed more time to dispose of the dead toxins,
they reduced the time to three minutes every third day.
- After the 90 days of treatment, the committee
concluded that 14 of the patients had been completely cured. After the
treatment was adjusted, the remaining two of the patients responded within
the next four weeks. The total recovery rate using Rife's technology was
100%. The treatment was painless, and the side effects, minimal, if any.
Except for building the generators, the total cost was a little electricity
(today, the cost of treating a cancer patient averages $300,000 were person.
That's a lot of money, and the cancer industry is big business.)
- Rife wrote in 1953, "Sixteen cases
were treated at the clinic for many types of malignancy. After three months,
14 of these so-called hopeless cases were signed off as clinically cured
by the staff of five medical doctors and Dr. Alvin G. Foord, M.D., pathologist
for the group."
- In 1937 Rife and some colleagues established
a company called Beam Ray. They manufactured fourteen of Rife's "frequency
instruments." Dr. James Couche, who was present at the clinic, used
one of Rife's machines with great success for 22 years, long after the
AMA had banned it.
- Then, to Rife's, and the nation's great
misfortune, Fishbein heard about Rife's frequency machine.
- Fishbein sent an attorney to make a token
attempt to buy out Rife. Rife refused. Although no one knows the exact
terms of the offer, it was probably similar to the one Fishbein made to
Harry Hoxsey for his herbal cancer remedy (which Fishbein, in court, had
to admit worked on skin cancer):
- Fishbein and his associates would receive
all profits for nine years and Hoxey would receive nothing. Then, if they
were satisfied that it worked, Hoxsey would begin to receive 10% of the
profits. When Hoxsey refused, Fishbein used his political connections to
have Hoxsey arrested 125 times in a period of 16 months. The charges (based
on practicing without a license) were always thrown out of court, but Fishbein
harassed Hoxsey for 25 years. The only good thing that came out of it is
that the scandal forced Fishbein to resign.
- Fishbein then offered Phil Hoyland, an
investor in Beam Ray and an electrical engineer who had helped build the
frequency instruments, legal assistance in an attempt to steal the company
from Rife and the other investors. A lawsuit ensued.
- The trial of 1939 put an end to the proper
scientific investigation of Rife's frequency machine. Rife, who was not
as resilient as Hoxsey, became unglued. Unable to cope with the savage
and unfair attacks in court, he crumbled, turned to alcohol, and became
an alcoholic. This, even though he won the case. Unfortunately, the legal
bills bankrupted Beam Ray, and it closed down. Fishbein used his power
within the AMA to halt any further investigation of Rife's work.
- In 1950 Rife joined up with John Crane,
who was an electrical engineer. They worked together for ten years, building
more advanced frequency machines. But in 1960 the AMA closed them down.
Crane was imprisoned for three years and one month, even though fourteen
patients testified as to the effectiveness of the machine (the forewoman
of the jury was an AMA doctor). Rife died in 1971, from a combination of
alcohol and Valium. He had spend the last one-third of his life as an alcoholic.
- What happened to all of those who had
supported Rife? By 1939 most of them were denying they ever knew him, even
though 44 of them had honored Rife on November 20, 1931 with a banquet
billed as "The End to All Diseases" at Dr. Milbank's Pasadena
- Arthur Kendall, who worked with Rife
on the cancer virus, accepted almost a quarter of a million dollars to
suddenly "retire" in Mexico. This was a huge amount of money
during the Depression. Dr. George Dock was silenced with an enormous grant,
along with the highest honors the AMA could bestow. Everyone except Dr.
Couche and Dr. Milbank Johnson gave up Rife's work and went back to prescribing
drugs. Johnson died in 1944.
- The medical journals, supported almost
entirely by drug company advertising revenues and controlled by the AMA,
refused to publish any paper by anyone on Rife's therapy. Generations of
medical students graduated without hearing of Rife's breakthroughs in medicine.
- And what happened to Rife's decades of
meticulous evidence of his work, including film and stop-motion photographs?
Parts of his instruments, photographs, film, and written records were stolen
from his lab. No one knows who was behind it. No one was never caught.
- Rife's documentation for the cancer clinic
was lost when he lent them to Dr. Arthur Yale a few years later. Barry
Lynes, who reintroduced Rife's work to the public in 1986, in his book
The Cancer Cure that Worked, wrote, "Documents show the clinic existed
and succeeded in curing cancer. And doctors who continued treating seriously
ill people with success because of what the frequency instrument accomplished
in 1934 tell the real story, as do signed reports from cured cancer patients
in later years."
- While Rife attempted to reproduce his
missing data, his virus microscopes were vandalized. Pieces of his Universal
Microscope were stolen. Earlier, arson had destroyed the multi-million
dollar Burnett Lab in New Jersey, just as the scientists there were preparing
to announce confirmation of Rife's work. But the last blow came later,
when police illegally confiscated the remainder of Rife's 50 years of research.
- Fortunately, his death was not the end
of his electronic therapy. A few humanitarian doctors and engineers attempted
to reconstruct his frequency machines and keep his work alive.
- But do these modern machines work? I
don't know. Modern reseachers are trying to replicate the life's work of
what may been one of the greatest geniuses in history.
- If you'll look at the reviews of Lynes'
book at Amazon.com., there are people who swear by Rife's machines. A doctor
I know (who lives outside the US and wishes to remain anonymous) told me,
"I have a feeling the Rife machines that are now available to us do
not have the correct frequencies...the machines I've experienced have limited
settings and transmit a general range of frequencies." But she uses
something similar, specifically the LISTEN and the much more advanced BEST
machines, invented by James Clark.
- She told me several of her case histories,
one of which I will reproduce here: "[I was treating] a nine-weeks-old
baby that was blue and dying...doctors couldn't find anything wrong with
her. I found Ross River fever (mosquito transmitted) and the baby began
to respond within two hours of giving her the frequencies, and went on
to make a full recovery, just after one treatment. The parents did demand
a blood test for the baby to confirm the Ross River virus - which it was!
There was nothing the doctors could have done about it. I used to think
that somehow the electromagnetic frequency gave the body the right information
to deal with the virus. We now know how this works - due to Sharry Edwards,
(another practitioner in the States I've studied with, who uses low-frequency
sound for healing). She has access to great lab equipment, and last year
applied the frequencies representing various parasite, bacteria and viruses
to blood containing these pathogens. Under a special high-powered microscope,
she observed that the frequency shattered the "mask" - the protein
DNA that the pathogen would cloak itself with - and expose the invader
to the immune system, would would immediately attack and destroy."
- This is essentially what Rife discovered
over 80 years ago. We are 80 years behind where we should be, because of
one despicable man, Morris Fishbein, who used the State to halt the advance
of medicine, and to line his own pockets.
- The LISTEN and BEST machines are legal
in the US...but not totally. Said this doctor:
- "Practitioners in the States do
not use the 'imprinting' facility of the machines - that is, broadcasting
the frequency. Since this broadcasting is not permitted by your laws, the
device is added to the machine when we buy them."
- In other words, it is illegal in the
US to use the machines to attempt to cure disease. The proper parts aren't
even on the machine. It's illegal for a doctor to even suggest such a cure
- There are other instruments (and other
inventors) who, past and present, have discovered the same thing Rife did.
Gaston Naessons, Hulda Clark and Antoine Priore have invented similar instruments.
All suffered persecution at the hands of the State. Are they legitimate?
All I can say is that they had an enormous amount of support from their
- What would have happened if Rife had
suceeded, and Fishbein had failed? If what Rife was doing actually worked,
there would be a lot of people who would have not died of cancer. A lot
of the medical profession would have ceased to exist. It certainly didn't
take a doctor to operate Rife's machines.
- Scientists and researches could have
devoted more time and money to things we are far behind on, like growing
organs and limbs. The hundreds of billions of dollars that has flowed to
the unholy alliance of the AMA, FDA, drug industry and the State, would
have never been.
- The cure for these problems? Remove the
State backing from the AMA and FDA, and unleash the power and creatively
of the free market. Many people have been brainwashed into thinking the
State protects them. The truth is the exact opposite.
- Copyright © 2002 LewRockwell.com | <urn:uuid:90894812-1dad-477e-bf43-19936d3e38b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://rense.com/general19/enemy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522242.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121035242-20210121065242-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.973008 | 4,189 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Guidelines on Strengthening and Raising Concrete Gravity Dams (1992)
In Australia we have a very diverse portfolio of dams, some regarded as being designed and constructed before there was a good understanding of the loading conditions that could apply. Sometimes there is limited knowledge of the actual details of construction and always there is a desire to ensure that the community’s resources are properly applied. The difficulty facing those who allocate funds for the benefit of the community measure the cost against the benefit achieved and to compare that with opportunities available.
Risk Assessment gives us the tools to estimate the likelihood of a circumstance occurring and of its consequences. It also gives us the tools to estimate what these will be after any improvement. These tools are diverse and can be imprecise. As time goes on our methods will improve but chance and circumstance will always be with us. But, if we use consistent methods, we will generally be able to rank the possible outcomes and compare them, in scale, with others.
ANCOLD is aware of the diversity of dams and the circumstance associated with them and offers this document merely as an indicator of the approach that may be taken. Nevertheless we hope that its adoption will lead to greater comparability between individual workers.Learn more
The application of risk assessment involves a major philosophical addition to, and enhancement of the deterministic standards developed over many years for appropriate safety of dams. These guidelines are issued to provide more appropriate and consistent guidance within a risk process, for dam safety evaluation under floods. In applying them, it must be remembered that they are guidelines only to what is considered current acceptable practice and allow owners and practitioners flexibility to exercise professional judgment in all aspects. Indeed, without the application of such judgment, the procedures themselves could lead to results that have serious shortcomings.
This is a rapidly developing area with ongoing research in many related aspects. In view of this ANCOLD will review the guidelines periodically and, to that end, seek comments from users at every opportunity.Learn more
ANCOLD published its first Guidelines for Design of Dams for Earthquake in 1998. The Guidelines were prepared to bring together knowledge about earthquakes in Australia following the devastating
Newcastle (1989 magnitude Mw 5.4) and the Tennant Creek (1988 magnitude Mw 6.6) earthquakes, and improved analytical methods to predict the behaviour of dams subject to earthquake.
When the 1998 Guidelines were issued, it was recognised that over time there would be improved data and tools to help the designer. This has indeed been the case and ANCOLD decided that it would be timely to update its Guidelines to incorporate the significant advances made in the understanding of earthquakes, seismic hazard assessments, analysis and design.
The Working Group convened to produce these updated Guidelines, replacing the 1998 Guidelines, was composed of representatives from dam owners, State dam safety regulatory agencies and private consulting practices. The draft Guidelines were made available for comment by ANCOLD members and international review of the Guidelines was undertaken by eminent practitioners in the subject matter from the United States, New Zealand and Switzerland.
Because of the seismic hazard uncertainty and the associated structural response, these Guidelines
encourage the use of risk-based methods for assessing existing dams and for the design of new dams. However, the deterministic approach is also covered for those owners who prefer to use it.
This guideline is the culmination of a great deal of voluntary work by convenor, Mr Steve O’Brien and his working group. It is a significant development for dam engineering in Australia and will be a valuable resource.
As with all ANCOLD Guidelines, this guideline is not a design code or standard and has been produced for the guidance of experienced practitioners who are required to apply their own professional skill and judgement in its application. Users must keep abreast of developments in the design of dams and appurtenant structures for earthquake and take those developments into account when using these Guidelines.
The Guidelines will again be reviewed when knowledge and practice have developed to a point when an update is required. Accordingly, ANCOLD welcomes comments from users and other interested parties.
Shane McGrathLearn more
Chairman of ANCOLD Inc.
Since 2012, there have been a number of tragic tailings dam failures which have attracted world-wide attention. This revision is ANCOLD’s initial response to these events and other relevant matters.
Some of the important matters covered in this revision include reinforcement of the need for robust management practices, updates on earthquake considerations to align with the ANCOLD Guidelines for Design of Dams and Appurtenant Structures for Earthquake (2019) and additional information on static liquefaction.
In regard to management practices, the need for users of the Tailings Guidelines to also take account relevant aspects of the ANCOLD Guidelines on Dam Safety Management (2003) must be emphasised. ANCOLD considers it essential that these two guidelines be used together by practitioners seeking to manage tailings dam safety.
ANCOLD is pleased to continue its contributions to the promotion of tailings dam safety. The work has been prepared through a great deal of voluntary work by the Tailings Dam Sub-Committee of ANCOLD, led by Mr David Brett.
As with all ANCOLD guidelines, this guideline is not a design code or standard and has been produced for the guidance of experienced practitioners who are required to apply their own professional skill and judgement in its application. Users must keep abreast of developments in the management and design of tailings dams and take those developments into account when using these guidelines.
The guidelines will again be reviewed when knowledge and practice have developed to a point when an update is required. Accordingly, ANCOLD welcomes comments from users and other interested parties.Learn more | <urn:uuid:65ff18e3-4c6a-4f4c-ac38-8d7e2c54c637> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ancold.org.au/?product=guidelines-on-strengthening-and-raising-concrete-gravity-dams-1992 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505826.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401161832-20200401191832-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.953241 | 1,151 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Is Reading on the Computer Bad for Your Child?
- Is Your Kid Reading Too Much?
- Preschool Reading: Comprehension and Sequencing
- 8 Ways to Establish an Everyday Reading Routine
- Tests and Reading: A Narrower View
- Computer Classes for Kids: Why Programming Is (and should be) Taught Earlier
- Gifted Readers and Reading Instruction
Most people will agree that technology has presented our children with an array of new ways to read and seek knowledge, but it also has created new questions about the most effective methods of learning. Should we be encouraging our kids to “get with the times” and turn to the computer as their main source of reading material, or is there something still to be said for the “old-fashioned” advice to pick up a book?
According to Katherine Wiesendanger, Ph.D., a professor in the Graduate Literacy and Culture Program at Longwood University in Farmville, VA, there are huge advantages to reading hard copy materials, especially for younger children. "It is important for beginning and early readers to have experiences with actual books so they learn how to turn the pages, hold a book for proper orientation, and read from left page to right page." she says. "Learning to manipulate on screen will not give children the tools they need to use when manipulating a book.”
However, even when older children start turning more and more to the computer, it's important to go over the mechanics of reading online. Adaptations can be made to computer text, such as increasing font size or separating the line your child is reading from the remainder of the text. David Reinking, the Eugene T. Moore Professor of Teacher Education at Clemson University in Clemson, S.C, says the mutlimedia and hypertext function of online reading should be seen as friend, not foe, to children. “Printed texts are static. They just sit there challenging a reader to make sense of them and a reader has no choice but to stay within the boundaries of the text,” he says. “Digital texts, on the other hand, can provide a range of immediate assistance. For example, a reader can click on a word to hear it pronounced, immediately access its definition, and perhaps see a video that contextualizes its meaning.”
Beyond the potential ability to make information clearer, Reinking also notes that digital texts may stimulate a reader’s creativity and interest. “Digital texts, most prominently on the Internet, provide incredible freedom to move between texts and information. That freedom makes them inherently more engaging.” This can be great news for parents who would love for their children to discover the joy of learning and pursue subjects beyond the minimal level necessary to just complete an assignment.
But some researchers, such as Anne Mangen at the Center for Reading Research at the University of Stavanger in Norway, have their qualms. In a recent ScienceDaily article, she talks about her research on reading fiction on screen and worries that all the hypertext and multimedia features may not only be distracting readers from the actual story itself but also may take away the valuable experience of creating one’s own mental images.
Perhaps when thinking about the issue of reading on paper versus on a computer, it pays to remember a simple lesson educators have known for decades: The more you read, the better you tend to become at it.
“When reading shorter amounts of material, reading comprehension is not affected when comparing the two forms,” states Wiesendanger. But there is something else to consider.
“We also know that most students do not read novels on line, and to significantly improve comprehension, one needs to read longer text,” says Wiesendanger. “Reading a longer book is more cognitively demanding than reading short digital bites, and research supports the notion that reading more books improves reading comprehension and grades in school.”
So go ahead and relish the fact that technology has given your children many additional reading opportunities – including computerized library catalogs that make it easy to find some great books! | <urn:uuid:ff1ac536-6897-44f5-af64-477cd257dac0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.education.com/magazine/article/Reading_Computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447548530.114/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185908-00049-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945358 | 848 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Did you know that sleep affects boys’ learning? It does. Big time. Sleep has such an impact on learning that if your boy isn’t doing well in school or you feel there are learning issues, you really need to take a look at the information here and see if lack of sleep might be one of the culprits.
Read on for important information on how sleep affects boys’ learning and how you can help your boy develop good sleep habits and protect his learning life.
When I read that boys as young as 9 were walking into class with Monster, Red Bull and Starbucks drinks because they were trying to stay awake I was saddened. Why is this happening? Is it a fad or are boys really that tired? After looking into it a bit I can say that many boys are that tired and it isn’t only boys who go to school. Lack of sleep is having a direct impact on the learning abilities of boys.
Learning is directly affected by many factors. Stress, nutrition, surroundings, and proper rest all come to mind. Sleep is one thing that this busy society tends to discount. Some boys are so busy that it would be impossible for them to get enough sleep on a regular basis because they are simply not home long enough to do so. They are involved in so many activities and take so many lessons, that between those things and the loads of homework they have there are not enough hours in the day for them to get it all in. Parents are also sleep deprived—no surprise there, but what are parents teaching boys by walking around half-asleep and reaching for a Starbucks to wake up?
How Boys Benefit from Sleep:
- Increased concentration
- Physical healing
- Reduced stress
- Improved memory
- Emotional balance
- Increased creative ability
- Improved response times
As you can see the benefits are great. Sleep plays such a big role in our health and our well-being that making it a priority is very important. I really think the emotional balance one especially comes into play for boys. When boys I know don’t get enough sleep they have a difficult time controlling their behavior in a way that they (or others) feel comfortable with. If they are tired–it shows up in many ways. After reading a lot of articles on the subject, I can say that sleep definitely plays a role in learning.
Lack of Sleep Leads to Learning Loss:
- Attention loss
- Memory disruption
- Disrupted problem-solving abilities
- Decreased learning capacity
- Low academic performance
- Language skill disruption
- Poor declarative and procedural learning
- Creativity loss
- Lower skills in abstract thinking
- Impaired overall cognitive function
- Issues with behavioral performance
The effects of lack of sleep can have a “dangerous cumulative effect” which is a big problem as children need more time to get back to their normal “neurocognitive functioning” than adults do. A learning deficit can happen when children are young and this can have an effect on their ability to learn throughout the years.
Think about how sleep affects boys’ learning and then think about why this lack of sleep is occurring. Life is busy. Asking yourself a few questions about your family’s sleep habits is worth the effort. Are you home long enough for your boy to get a good nights sleep? Are you always rushing, eating late, staying up late and having difficulty getting up in the morning? Are the kids crabby and tired? Make any changes you feel would help the situation.
I had to make a change for myself. I was on screens too late and wasn’t feeling rested in the morning even though I slept the same number of hours. It seems that artificial light from screens or the new energy efficient bulbs also play a part in sleep loss (watch for an article on this soon.) We also make changes in my family to make for more relaxed evenings. Find your family’s best sleep patterns (each person’s needs will likely be different) and move toward what works best of your family.
Sleep Needs by Age:
How much sleep do we need? I looked at over a dozen sleep charts and they all gave slightly different sleep recommendations for each age. They also listed the ages in the charts differently—what is a mom to do? Well, I decided this didn’t have to be so hard and you should not have to dig through that many charts! Much of this is basic information; that the “experts” disagree doesn’t really surprise me.
In the end the chart that made the most sense to me was from WebMD. They listed ages in a way that made sense. While some charts list infant through 2-3 months and give the same amount of sleep for those ages, moms know that there is a big difference in sleep patterns between a one-week-old and a 2 month old. The only thing I didn’t agree with on their chart was the amount of sleep that teens need. There are several opinions on this. I went with the numbers that show a greater range of sleep is needed.
Teens need quite a bit of sleep. I think their sleep needs tend toward the 9/10 hour range. It is not that they don’t want to get out of bed in the morning they just need more rest. Teen bodies are changing and their brains are changing. They need a lot more sleep than most of them get.
There are big changes happening in the bodies and minds of boys at all stages of life. That makes getting enough sleep all the more important. Learners need sleep and we are all learners. You can help boys realize the importance of sleep by pointing out that while all people are different and have different sleep needs there are some guidelines that help our brains and bodies to be at their best.
What You Can Do to Help Your Boy:
- Old fashioned naps may help some boys but most do not want to miss out on anything and resist napping from an early age.
- Make your boys sleep environment pleasant and relaxing.:
- Dim the lights in the house and his room 90 minutes before bed.
- Have darkening shades or window coverings.
- Use comfortable pillows
- Warm blankets in winter and light coverings in summer
- Find a good temperature for sleeping and cool or warm the air
- Turn digital clocks or move them away from the bed or get a non-digital clock
- Help him to find his natural sleep rhythm and how much sleep he needs.
- Avoid using caffeinated drinks to wake up or before bedtime
- Turn off screens one+ hours before bedtime.
- Talk about the importance of sleep and how it affects learning.
Make bedtime a pleasant time. Enjoy spending a bit of time together in the evening at bedtime. Read or tell stories, listen to relaxing music, talk about the day, enjoy sharing things that are important to you and your boy. Do this as your boy grows up as well. Make it a habit to always spend at least a few minutes together as you end your day.
Reading in Bed:
Many sleep experts recommend you do not allow reading in bed to train your body that beds are for sleeping. I will have to respectfully disagree with that as reading in bed is one of our favorite ways to wind down before sleeping. Reading is one of our main ways of learning. I see no issue with reading before going to sleep, especially if it is helping us to learn more about what we are interested in. Other than having to read “one more chapter” it has not had any negative effects on our sleep patterns.
Natural Sleep Patterns:
If possible, let your boy go to bed when he is tired and get up when he is rested. I know this is not something that every family can do but letting a child follow his body’s lead is something that will benefit him when he doesn’t have you there telling him when to sleep and when to get up. It is also helps him to develop a healthy relationship with sleep that will benefit him throughout his life.
The Time Change:
Every year when the time change happens and we “spring forward” or “fall back” my son and I are out of it for a couple of weeks. The time change doesn’t affect my husband at all but for us it is not pleasant. We adjust our schedules and make the best of it but because our sleep patterns are disturbed we can really tell that we are not as clear-headed during these times. This makes me more certain than ever that sleep really does have an impact on learning and that natural sleep patterns work best.
Final Words on Sleep and Boys’ Learning:
We took a look at how sleep affects boys’ learning. Are you going to make any changes based on this information? As I said, I did and am happy with the results.
Natural sleep patterns are often interrupted by busy lives. Trying to slow down a bit and not have so many places to be. This might help your boys get enough sleep. Even having some down time before bed will allow them to slip into sleep in a more natural way.
Like learning, sleep is personal. Some people need more sleep than other and some need much less. The information provided here is not meant as a mandate—boys age 6 must get X amount of sleep—but is presented as food for thought. Sleep is important but it doesn’t matter what time a child goes to bed as long as he doesn’t have to get up before he is rested. If that happens once in a while, no big deal but a big sleep deficit on a regular basis could cause health, learning and various other problems.
Sleep and learning go hand-in-hand. You simply cannot learn something and remember it when you are exhausted. We are also more open to learning new things when we are not tired. Even though studies show that effects from screen time and lack of sleep are real and are cumulative, the good news is researchers think the effects can be reverted simply be getting enough sleep on a regular basis. Easy fix.
If you are up most of the night and need Mr. Starbucks to get you through the day because you have to get up early, keep in mind that your boys are watching. Helping your boys (and your whole family) develop a good feeling about sleep now will benefit their learning throughout their lives.
Do you have a sleep and learning story to share? I would love to hear it. Please leave a comment below or contact me here. | <urn:uuid:008aee46-77c1-462a-bfcd-d52f6484a7a8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brainpowerboy.com/how-sleep-affects-boys-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.974476 | 2,188 | 3.453125 | 3 |
We have been using the MakeyMakey boards at the Children's Museum of Houston to teach kids the basic concepts behind circuits and micro-controllers. If you browse the MakeyMakey website, you will see how it can be used to easily convert any slightly conductive material into a keyboard button. This makes it great for physically interacting with computer programs. But what if you want to use the MakeyMakey interact with something more physical like a robot? This instructable will show you how.
Step 1: Materials
Step 2: Build Your Controller
Click here for some detailed instructions on how to build a controller using the MakeyMakey. I have posted pictures that you can use for inspiration.
Step 3: Wire Your Motors
Now you will use the Adafruit motor shield to easily control your motors. The shield can run up to four DC motors or two stepper motors. Although the shield can also be used control servomotors, I haven't created code to support that capability yet.
To connect a DC motor, simply solder two wires to the terminals and then connect them to either the M1, M2, M3, or M4 ports. Stepper motors a little more involved so check out this guide to learn how to wire them.
Step 4: Code
I have created two different version of the code on Github. One version assumes that you have four DC motors hooked up to the motor shield, while the other assumes that you have two steppers hooked up. It should be pretty easy to combine the codes if you are trying to implement both DC and stepper motor control.
Download the code, open it in the arduino IDE, and upload it to your UNO board. If you are not familiar with Arduino, I recommend that you check out this guide.Then, open the processing code and run it in the processing environment. | <urn:uuid:6636715e-33b7-489b-9745-3a8430faddd0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://makezilla.com/2016/02/12/motor-control-with-diy-tangible-interfaces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105976.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820053541-20170820073541-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.882989 | 385 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Greek Names in the Book of Mormon
Since the Book of Mormon is said to have been written by people who fled ancient Israel, why does it contain such Greek names as Timothy (3 Nephi 19:4, known from the New Testament), Lachoneus (3 Nephi 1:1 etc.), Antipas (Alma 47:7-10, known from Revelation 2:13), and Pachus (Alma 62:6-9)?
Prof. Cyrus Gordon demonstrated that there were contacts between the Greeks and peoples of the ancient Near East as early as the second millennium BC.[i] As a result of this contact, a Greek (Ionian) name, Nikomed, shows up as that of a 13th-century BC king of the ancient Syrian town of Ugarit, where a language closely related to Hebrew was spoken and written.
South of Ugarit is the region of Lebanon, home to the people called Phoenicians by the Greeks and Canaanites by others. These were the great seafarers of Bible times and they had close contacts with the Greeks, who were also involved in sea trading. Indeed, the Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the Phoenicians. Some Latter-day Saint scholars have suggested that the party that accompanied Mulek to the New World came aboard Phoenician vessels. This could explain how Greek names came to be found in Nephite society after the Nephites and Mulekites merged.
As for Pachus, it is more likely that it is an Egyptian name, Pa-cush (sometimes Pa-chus in ancient texts), “the Cushite,” a name known from ancient Egyptian texts and from seals from Lehi’s time found in Israel. Jeremiah, a Judean contemporary of Lehi, wrote of one “Ebedmelech the Ethiopian,” where the Hebrew term behind “Ethiopian” is Cushi, “Cushite.”[ii]
[i] Cyrus H. Gordon, The Common Background of Greek and Hebrew Civilization (New York: Norton, 1965).
[ii] The land of Cush is frequently mentioned in Egyptian and other ancient texts; it was located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan, south of Egypt. | <urn:uuid:6d82553a-c595-49a9-8bf0-39ebc857a280> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://bookofmormonresearch.org/greek-names-in-the-book-of-mormon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257481.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524004222-20190524030222-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.975982 | 469 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Hepatitis B is a small, encapsulated virus within the Hepadnaviridae family. The virus was discovered in 1970. It has a genome consisting of a circular, partially double-stranded DNA. Hepatitis B is one of the most commonly occurring contagious diseases worldwide. Two billion people have already been infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and 240 million people suffer from chronic HBV infection. While hepatitis B occurs worldwide, its prevalence is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. In these regions, five to ten percent of adults are chronically infected with HBV. Although an effective vaccine has been available since the early 1980s, a great number of people become infected with hepatitis B every year. However, the trend is declining. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 780,000 deaths per year caused by HBV infection.
There are many different ways of transmitting the hepatitis B virus. It can be passed on through blood as well as through body fluids such as saliva, tear fluid, sperm and vaginal fluid. Unprotected sexual intercourse poses a particularly high risk of infection. Similarly, the risk is very high for people who inject drugs and share syringes and cannulas with HBV patients. In addition, an unhygienic blood glucose check, tattooing and piercing, as well as other small injuries that involve body fluid transfers with infected persons increase the risk of transferring the virus. A mother can also transmit the virus to the infant during birth – resulting in a lifelong, chronic HBV infection of the child.
An infection with the virus can manifest itself in many different ways. Depending on the patient’s immune system, the severity of the symptoms can vary. In about 30 per cent of affected adults, HBV infection leads to icteric hepatitis, in other words, hepatitis with jaundice. However, in another 30 per cent of cases, patients do not develop jaundice. In other cases, the infection progresses with no symptoms at all. In 0.5-1 per cent of cases, severe hepatitis with acute liver failure may occur.
When hepatitis occurs with symptoms, the early phase (prodromal stage) begins with symptoms including loss of appetite, joint pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting and fever. If icteric hepatitis occurs, it usually starts three to ten days after the first symptoms have set in. The icteric phase reaches its peak after one to two weeks. This phase is characterized by jaundice and dark-coloured urine. Symptoms will fade after two to four weeks. In children, reddish papules may appear, mainly on the face. In 90 per cent of hepatitis B cases, the disease heals completely. Most infected patients are immune for life. However, in ten per cent of patients, a chronic infection may occur. This is the case when a surface protein in the viral envelope of the HBV can be detected in the patient’s blood serum for more than six months. Often, the acute disease had not been previously diagnosed in such patients. The probability of developing chronic hepatitis B also increases in infants who were infected at birth (90 per cent), in children under the age of three or in people with a weakened immune system (30-90 per cent). If chronic hepatitis B occurs, liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma may develop over time. Anyone who already has liver cirrhosis also has a significantly increased risk of developing liver cell carcinoma (two to seven per cent).
Basic hygiene measures must be adhered to in hospitals and outpatient departments. All activities involving contact with body fluids also require wearing of protective gloves. If there is a risk of droplet transmission, protective gowns, mouth and nose protection and safety glasses must be worn as well. In Germany, Switzerland and Austria, when hepatitis B is detected, it has to be reported.
At least one week.
The required spectrum of activity against the hepatitis B virus is: limited virucidal. | <urn:uuid:2daad289-8298-4598-bf8c-67b159317abd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.hygiene-in-practice.com/pathogen/hepatitis-b-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.950288 | 819 | 3.984375 | 4 |
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