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In his column, “Capitalism vs. capitalists,” Jonah Goldberg suggested that “the trouble of socialism is socialism. The trouble of capitalism is capitalists.” Actually, the trouble of both is government.
Capitalism — an economic system in which private
individuals own and control the means of producing goods and services —
did not cause the Great Depression, the 1980s savings and loan debacle, or
our present economic meltdown. Bad government regulatory, fiscal and
monetary policies created those events. In the same way, capitalism didn't
create the greatest economy and the most powerful country the world has
ever known. Good government policies did.
A Yiddish proverb: a
half-truth is a whole lie. The statement that capitalism and its free
markets gave the U.S. the greatest economy the world has ever known is a
lie. It's a classic example of a definition fallacy (overly broad). It's a
lie because it suggests that government had nothing to do with our
economy's success. As a matter of historical fact, government had
everything to do with our economy's success.
The complete truth is that
capitalism and its free markets — as defined, monitored and protected by
government — made the U.S. economy a success. Of course, even that
statement isn't complete. You also would have to include our democratic
system of government, an effective and comprehensive public school system,
a reasonably educated electorate, and a free and investigative news media
that exposed the skullduggery in both government and private
Underlying all that is the American public's respect for the
classic ethical standards of rights, justice and utility. Rights relate to
the individual: the right to the opportunity to make a decent living, for
example. Or to have full, accurate information about important social
Justice goes further and relates to relationships between
individuals, such as equal wages to every person in a work group doing the
same kind and quality of job. Or, in a negative sense, equal punishment
for equivalent crimes against society.
Utility goes still further, and involves the greatest good for the greatest number. The city council shouldn't pave a road from the center of town to the mayor's house in the country when poor neighborhoods still have unimproved roads.
all these factors to give the U.S. its great economy: underlying values, a
democracy, an educated public, an investigative press and sensibly
regulated markets. Those who claim that “government is the problem” and
that we owe our success to unrestricted markets are simply wrong.
cure for bad government isn't no-government or smaller government. The
only cure for bad government is to replace it with good government. Those
who claim otherwise are either profiting from bad government, or from
government's absence or inaction. (Actually, government failure to take
necessary actions is a sign of bad government.)
There are two basic
philosophical views about how government should manage an economy. The
first view is that a good economy is one in which individuals can rise
from any level of society and achieve unlimited wealth. Since even
individuals born into poverty can achieve unlimited wealth through hard
work, intelligence, or even luck, a government need not concern itself
with how well entire classes of citizens are faring.
subscribe to this view are those who already have a head start in the race
to the top: inheritors of great wealth, those with excellent educations,
fortunate persons with powerful mentors, people with connections and so
on. You could even include those in the dominant race, religion or
national origin in a given society, even though they don't have an
abundance of those qualities.
The second view holds that a good economy
is one in which individuals can increase their wealth through hard work
and creativity, but not so much that there isn't enough wealth left to be
shared by others who work hard and make solid contributions to society,
but are not as successful in accumulating money.
Subscribers to this
view believe that government should concern itself, not only with an
individual's right to improve his station in life, but also with the
welfare of entire classes of its citizens: investors, workers, retirees,
religious or ethnic minorities, the uneducated and unsophisticated, the
victims of capricious fate (natural disasters and accidents) and so
This second view is not only a superior moral philosophical stand, it's a prescription for the long-term health and survival of a nation.
Chuck Kelly is a retired management consultant living in Burnsville and is author of “The Destructive Achiever: Power and Ethics in the American Corporation” and “Farewell Fantasyland: Time for Political and Economic Reality.” He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:4a657a69-c996-4b71-b0f0-f0b8953ff2e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://kellysite.net/dontconfuse.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659417.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117224929-20190118010929-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.950827 | 1,027 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We inhabit these bodies of ours for seven or more decades. We drag them around – or they drag us around. We take care of them, or not. We think we know them; and even if we don’t, we think others – like doctors and scientists – know them. But the truth is that the human body, like outerspace, is mostly still a mystery.
This fact was highlighted recently when scientists at the New York University School of Medicine discovered a potential new ‘organ’ – possibly the largest in the body and one whose influence we can only guess at.
What was once thought simply to be a web of dense, collagen and elastin connective tissue, has been shown to be a series of connected fluid-filled compartments which researchers have termed the “interstitium”.
The spaces in-between
These in-between spaces which serve as a “highway of moving fluid” are found all over the body, in under and around the skin, the digestive and urinary tracts, the lungs, blood vessels and muscles.
The analysis published in the journal Scientific Reports is the first to identify this network of in-between spaces, to propose a name for it – the interstitium – and to propose that it functions in much the same way as an organ , and indeed may actually be an organ.
How did we miss this? The presence of interstitial fluid-filled spaces has long been known, though not well understood. According to the researchers, traditional methods for examining body tissues use a “fixing” method for assembling medical microscope slides that involves draining away fluid, basically destroying its structure.
This meant that the nature of interstitium, as a possible body-wide and connected ‘organ’, has been overlooked.
There are, of course, dissenting voices who believe that the interstitium is not an organ. Even so I find discussions like this both fascinating and moving.
So much to learn
We have an understanding of the mechanics of the body, how the kidney serves as a filter, how the heart serves as a pump, what lungs do and how they do it. But even now we can’t say for sure why we have an appendix, or fingerprints or different blood types. We have only scratched the surface of the ecosystem of the microbiome, and really still have no deep insight into how the brain operates as an information processing organ.
For me the prospect of an interstitium has echoes of dark matter, also found in the space between things.
Dark matter makes up around 80% of the universe and its discovery helped us fill in the gaps between what we thought we understood about gravity and all the phenomena we’ve observed that don’t quite fit in with our understanding. We can’t see it, we can’t hold it and yet scientists believe it has strongly influenced the structure and evolution of the universe.
Back at body level, the scientists say that, in addition to the interstitium’s ability to cushion a healthy body’s organs and protect them from harm, it is possible that this fluid could be used to diagnose certain illnesses and that cancer cells may use this liquid ‘highway’ to travel throughout the body.
It’s interesting that the first thought of science is to discover how this new organ feeds disease. That, of course, is where the research money is. But let’s also take a moment to be humbled by how little we still know about ourselves; and, in our ignorance, at how much of what we call healthcare is often guesswork.
It’s also worth taking a moment to ponder yet another potential ‘communications network’ inside of us.
The human body is 60% water and if, in some quantum way, water can hold memory what role might the interstitium play in physiological or neurological memory?
Certainly the interstitial tissues are a source of lymph, a fluid that moves through the body’s lymphatic system and supports immune function. Likewise, discussion is ongoing in neuroscience about interstitial fluid and its link to memory. Its contribution may simply be chemical – but could it be something more?
It will be fascinating to see research in this field diversify and progresses. But while they work it out, take a moment to appreciate – and celebrate – just how amazing our bodies are and how much we have yet to learn.
Pat Thomas, Editor
Please subscribe me to your newsletter mailing list. I have read the | <urn:uuid:8a560187-5f5f-42e4-9b3c-3fd301f02ac3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.naturalhealthnews.uk/newsletter/a-new-human-organ-hidden-in-plain-sight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.951387 | 943 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Rating: 1-5 (5 is an excellent or a Starred review) 5
Format: Hardcover picture book
What did you like about the book? A touching and proud tribute to the Black National Anthem. The book opens with an illuminated little girl, practicing a song taught to her by her principal, James Weldon Johnson. Together with his brother, John Rosamond Johnson, they wrote the hymn for a celebration of Abraham Lincoln’s birthday in 1900. As the timeline of the song stretches through the twentieth century, each character in the book takes responsibility for teaching the song to his or her own children. We see Lift being sung on a train heading north during the Great Migration, by soldiers of color returning home after WWII, at Martin Luther King’s funeral, at family reunions and finally at the opening of the National Museum of African American History and Culture. The digital illustrations are very literal, which will help children grab hold of the history. The look is hand-drawn, almost like pastels on textured paper; each page glows with warm color. The combination of the art and text manages to give a great sense of time and place, without disturbing the lyrical flow of the narrative. The endpapers feature the lyrics to the song. The book closes with a note from the author about her own connection to the song and about important performances over the years.
Anything you didn’t like about it? A timeline showing the actual date of the song’s creation and other points in time along the song’s history would have been helpful.
To whom would you recommend this book? This reminded me of one of my favorite picture books This Is the Rope: A Story from the Great Migration (2017) by Jacqueline Woodson with illustrations by James Ransome. I can see this book being a great activator for music teachers who are planning to use the song in the classroom — I’m passing it on to one of mine!
Who should buy this book? Elementary schools and public libraries
Where would you shelve it? In a school library, I would put it in the nonfiction area, 780s. But it could also happily live in the picture book section.
Should we (librarians/readers) put this on the top of our “to read” piles? Yes
Reviewer: Susan Harari, Keefe Library, Boston Latin School, Boston, MA
Date of review: August 13, 2019 | <urn:uuid:b20631f7-f55f-419c-ab8d-1dcb02cd4ce0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://ysbookreviews.wordpress.com/2019/08/17/sing-a-song-how-lift-every-voice-and-sing-inspired-generations-by-kelly-starling-lyons-illustrated-by-keith-mallett/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.954534 | 511 | 2.671875 | 3 |
By Dr. Mercola
With flu season just around the corner, health agencies are telling Americans to just "get your flu shot," assuring everyone that it's safe and effective. Many, like MedicineNet.com,1 chalk up any and all safety concerns as "myths."
"It's the time of year when you should be thinking about flu vaccinations for yourself and your family," they write. "Some people, however, decide not to get the flu vaccine and put themselves and others at risk of getting sick just because they believe long-held myths about the vaccine."
Myths? I think not.
Vaccine Claims are Not Based on Science-Backed Medicine
The only myth here is the unscientific claim that the flu vaccine is safe and effective and "the best way" to protect yourself against the flu. Nothing could be further from the truth. Numerous studies have shown that the flu vaccine is NOT an effective way to prevent influenza and the real-life experiences of vaccine victims offer a window into the indisputable reality that flu vaccines are NOT without serious risks.
Most recently, a University Of Minnesota study2 published in January found that flu vaccines may not offer as much protection as previously thought. The elderly, in particular, do not appear to receive measureable value from the flu shot, which is the same conclusion reached by several previous studies. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines also didn't offer much protection to children over the age of seven.
The study differs from other meta-analyses in that it assessed efficacy and effectiveness of licensed influenza vaccines in the US by including only those studies that used sensitive and highly specific diagnostic tests to confirm cases of influenza. Eligible articles were published between Jan 1, 1967, and Feb 15, 2011, and used RT-PCR or culture for confirmation of influenza. According to the authors:
"Influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza, but such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons. Evidence for protection in adults aged 65 years or older is lacking."
In essence, if you're a senior, you're taking a health risk for a theoretical health benefit that can't be confirmed and, if you're a healthy adult, it's a shot in the dark. According to this analysis, at best you'll have up to 59 percent protection IF the selected type A and B influenza strains included in the vaccine are exactly those you happen to be exposed to. If not, you'll have no protection at all. So, again, you're taking a health risk for little or no benefit. Lead researcher Osterholm told WFMY News 2:3
"We found that current influenza vaccine protection is substantially lower than for most routine recommended vaccines and is suboptimal."
Even the director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Michael T. Osterholm, is questioning the effectiveness of the vaccine. "We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine, it does not protect as promoted. It's all a sales job: it's all public relations" said Osterholm.
Powerful Profile of a Vaccine Victim
While the efficacy of flu vaccines may be "suboptimal" or missing altogether, the same cannot be said about the potential health risks, so a calm, level-headed risk versus benefit analysis is crucial before you decide to get vaccinated.
I urge you to watch the profile of a flu vaccine victim below, and weigh the potential of such an outcome against the potential of having to spend a week in bed with the flu... Remember most deaths attributed to the flu are actually due to bacterial pneumonia. But these days, bacterial pneumonia can be effectively treated with advanced medical care and therapies, like ICUs, respirators and parenteral antibiotics.
While infants and young children are at greatest risk, NO ONE is exempt from the potential serious complications of vaccination, one of which is Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). In the video above, Barbara Loe Fisher, co-founder and president of the non-profit National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), interviews a Connecticut artist and her mother, a former professor of nursing, who developed GBS after getting a seasonal flu shot in 2008 and today is permanently disabled with total body paralysis.
This family has chosen to share their heartbreaking story to help those who have had the same experience feel less alone, and to educate others about what it means to be vaccine injured. What happened to this family is a potent reminder of just how important it is to make well-informed decisions about vaccinations.
The inactivated influenza vaccine has been associated with development of GBS since 1976, when an inactivated "swine flu" shot given to millions of healthy Americans caused GBS in several hundred previously healthy Americans and there were 30 deaths.4
Early symptoms of GBS include sudden muscle weakness, fatigue and tingling sensations in the legs that can take days or weeks to spread to the arms and upper body and can become painful, eventually ending with either partial or total paralysis. When there is total paralysis, GBS becomes life-threatening because it can impair breathing and interfere with the heart rate and cause high or low blood pressure that can lead to serious complications, such as heart attack and stroke. It is important to recognize the early symptoms of GBS, whether you have been vaccinated or not, and seek immediate medical care.
All Vaccines Cause Inflammation, Can Alter Immune Response
You also need to understand that vaccines can be immune suppressive – that is, they can suppress your immune system, which may not return to normal for weeks to months. Here are just some of the other ways vaccines can impair and alter your immune response:
- Some components in vaccines are neurotoxic and may cause brain and immune dysfunction, including heavy metals such as mercury preservatives and aluminum adjuvants.
- The lab altered bacteria and viruses in vaccines may also affect your immune response in a negative way.
- Vaccines may alter your t-cell function and lead to chronic illness.
- Vaccines can trigger allergies, autoimmune or neurological disorders, particularly in individuals genetically predisposed to being unable to resolve inflammation. Vaccines introduce large foreign protein molecules into your body and induce an inflammatory response to stimulate antibodies. However, if your body responds to these foreign particles in a way that causes a type of inflammatory response that does not resolve, you can develop severe allergies, autoimmunity or brain dysfunction. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine acknowledged there is individual susceptibility to adverse responses to vaccination involving unidentified genetic, biological and environmental factors. So check your family history for evidence of allergy, autoimmunity and neurological disorders and carefully evaluate the potential individual risks of vaccination for you and your family.
The flu vaccine may also pose an immediate risk to your cardiovascular system due to the fact that vaccination elicits an inflammatory response. One 2007 study published in the Annals of Medicine5 concluded that:
"Abnormalities in arterial function and LDL oxidation may persist for at least two weeks after a slight inflammatory reaction induced by influenza vaccination. These could explain in part the earlier reported increase in cardiovascular risk during the first weeks after an acute inflammatory disorder."
Novartis Flu Vaccine Now Banned in Several Countries Following Particle Contamination
It all began on October 17, when vaccine maker Crucell, a unit of U.S. drugmaker Johnson & Johnson, suspended delivery of 2.36 million doses of their seasonal flu vaccine, Inflexal V, destined for Italy and other European countries, after discovering "problems" with two of the 32 lots.6
A week later, on October 24, Italy banned the sale and use of four flu vaccines manufactured by Novartis.7 The Italian Health Ministry issued an advisory stating that use of Agrippal, Fluad, Influpozzi and adjuvanted Influpozzi was suspended until further notice, following the discovery of white particles in the vaccines. The following day, the ban on Novartis' flu vaccines spread to a number of other countries:
On October 27, Canada also suspended sale and use of Novartis' flu vaccines sold under the names of Fluad and Agriflu, both of which are manufactured in Italy.11
According to a report by the Wall Street Journal:12
"Problems with its flu vaccines represent a new blow for the Swiss drug maker [Novartis], which has struggled with a series of manufacturing problems recently. The Basel-based company is still trying to resume production at its troubled facility in Lincoln, Nebraska, which was shut down in December because of manufacturing flaws, and recently had to recall a birth-control pill because of a packaging error.
Novartis Chief Executive Joe Jimenez in a call with journalists sought to reassure that its flu shots are safe, adding that the company is cooperating with health authorities. 'We are confident that the safety of the vaccines is assured. The lot in question had a deviation, it has been identified and put on hold and has not been released to the market,' he said. 'The manufacturing of vaccines is a complex procedure. Italian authorities are free to continue investigating,' but there is evidence that such deviations wouldn't affect safety or efficacy, Mr. Jimenez said."
Flu Vaccine for Pregnant Women Called into Question
In the U.S., trivalent influenza vaccination is universally recommended for all pregnant women, but a study13 published last year calls this practice into question. If you're pregnant, you'd be wise to consider the potential risks involved and resist being bullied into taking the flu vaccine unless you really feel it's worth the gamble.
The study examined "the magnitude, time course, and variance in inflammatory responses following seasonal influenza virus vaccination among pregnant women." The women were assessed prior to, and at one day, two days, and one week following vaccination. The analysis showed significant increases in C-reactive protein (CRP) and other markers of inflammation following the vaccinations. According to the authors:
"Trivalent influenza virus vaccination elicits a measurable inflammatory response among pregnant women... There was considerable variability in magnitude of response; coefficients of variation for change at two days post-vaccination ranged from 122 percent to 728 percent, with the greatest variability in IL-6 [cytokine interleukin-6] responses at this timepoint.
...As adverse perinatal health outcomes including preeclampsia and preterm birth have an inflammatory component, a tendency toward greater inflammatory responding to immune triggers may predict risk of adverse outcomes, providing insight into biological mechanisms underlying risk... further research is needed to confirm that the mild inflammatory response elicited by vaccination is benign in pregnancy."
There are serious questions about the safety of giving flu shots to pregnant women because stimulating a woman's immune system during midterm and later term pregnancy may significantly increase the risk that her baby will develop autism during childhood and schizophrenia sometime during the teenage years and afterward.14 This risk is not minor. According to Dr. Blaylock, it's a well-accepted fact within neuroscience that eliciting an immune response during pregnancy increases the risk of autism and schizophrenia in her offspring seven- to 14-fold!
As stated by the authors of one 2007 study in the Journal of Neuroscience:15
"Schizophrenia and autism are thought to result from the interaction between a susceptibility genotype and environmental risk factors. The offspring of women who experience infection while pregnant have an increased risk for these disorders. Maternal immune activation (MIA) in pregnant rodents produces offspring with abnormalities in behavior, histology, and gene expression that are reminiscent of schizophrenia and autism, making MIA a useful model of the disorders.
...Here we show that the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical for mediating the behavioral and transcriptional changes in the offspring. A single maternal injection of IL-6 on day 12.5 of mouse pregnancy causes prepulse inhibition (PPI) and latent inhibition (LI) deficits in the adult offspring."
More Craziness, ACIP Recommends Tdap Vaccine During Each Pregnancy
In light of the uncertainty around the safety of vaccines during pregnancy, the recent decision by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to recommend that a tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster vaccine be given to pregnant women during each pregnancy is truly mindboggling. The previous recommendation was that pregnant women only receive the Tdap vaccine if they had never previously received it.
Not only do we lack safety information about the use of vaccinations in general during pregnancy, we also do not have any information about the safety of multiple or consecutive Tdap vaccinations. Infectious Diseases in Children reported on October 24:16
"A lack of safety data about multiple Tdap vaccinations caused some hesitancy among the committee, especially when considering women who have short intervals between pregnancies. There are no data available that address this specific issue, but available data suggest that there is no excess risk of adverse events, Liang said, adding that the CDC working group supports the need for a prospective study to determine the adverse event risk in women with multiple pregnancies.
She said data indicate that the average woman has two children, and most have an interval of at least 13 months between pregnancies, meaning that most women would not receive more than two doses of the vaccine."
This is ludicrous. Since when is it wise to make widespread recommendations without ANY scientific evidence that it is safe to do so? Yet this is exactly what is happening with vaccine recommendations. We've seen this blasé attitude against safety again and again. The HPV vaccine is another excellent example of what can happen when you jump the gun and start mandating a vaccine for everyone without proper long-term safety and efficacy studies to back up your recommendation.
How to Protect Yourself During the Flu Season
Fortunately, avoiding a serious case of the flu doesn't require a flu vaccination. By following these simple guidelines, you can help keep your immune system in optimal working order so that you're far less likely to acquire the infection to begin with or, if you do get sick with the flu, you are better prepared to move through it without complications and soon return to good health.
- Optimize your vitamin D levels. As I've previously reported, optimizing your vitamin D levels is one of the absolute best strategies for avoiding infections of ALL kinds, and vitamin D deficiency may actually be the true culprit behind the seasonality of the flu – not the flu virus itself. This is probably the single most important and least expensive action you can take. Regularly monitor your vitamin D levels to confirm your levels are within the therapeutic range of 50-70 ng/ml.
Ideally, you'll want to get all your vitamin D from sun exposure or a safe tanning bed, but as a last resort you can take an oral vitamin D3 supplement. According to the latest review by Carole Baggerly (Grassrootshealth.org), adults need about 8,000 IU's a day.
- Avoid Sugar and Processed Foods. Sugar impairs the function of your immune system almost immediately, and as you likely know, a healthy immune system is one of the most important keys to fighting off viruses and other illness. Be aware that sugar (typically in the form of high fructose corn syrup) is present in foods you may not suspect, like ketchup and fruit juice.
- Optimize Your Gut Flora. The best way to do this is avoid apply the step above by avoiding sugars, processed foods and most grains, and replacing them with healthy fats and taking regular amounts of fermented foods which can radically improve the function of your immune system
- Get Enough Rest. Just like it becomes harder for you to get your daily tasks done if you're tired, if your body is overly fatigued it will be harder for it to fight the flu. Be sure to check out my article Guide to a Good Night's Sleep for some great tips to help you get quality rest.
- Have Effective Tools to Address Stress. We all face some stress every day, but if stress becomes overwhelming then your body will be less able to fight off the flu and other illness. If you feel that stress is taking a toll on your health, consider using an energy psychology tool such as the Emotional Freedom Technique, which is remarkably effective in relieving stress associated with all kinds of events, from work to family to trauma.
- Get Regular Exercise. When you exercise, you increase your circulation and your blood flow throughout your body. The components of your immune system are also better circulated, which means your immune system has a better chance of finding an illness before it spreads. Be sure to stay hydrated – drink plenty of fluids, especially water.
- Take a Good Source of Animal-Based Omega-3 Fats. Increase your intake of healthy and essential fats like the omega-3 found in krill oil, which is crucial for maintaining health. It is also vitally important to avoid damaged omega-6 oils that are trans fats and in processed foods as it will seriously damage your immune response.
- Wash Your Hands. Washing your hands will decrease your likelihood of spreading a virus to your nose, mouth or other people. Be sure you don't use antibacterial soap for this – antibacterial soaps are completely unnecessary, and they cause far more harm than good. Instead, identify a simple non-toxic soap that you can switch your family to.
- Tried and True Hygiene Measures. In addition to washing your hands regularly, cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. If possible, avoid close contact with those, who are sick and, if you are sick, avoid close contact with those who are well.
- Use Natural Antibiotics. Examples include oil of oregano and garlic. These work like broad-spectrum antibiotics against bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in your body. And unlike pharmaceutical antibiotics, they do not appear to lead to resistance.
- Avoid Hospitals. I'd recommend you stay away from hospitals unless you're having an emergency and need expert medical care, as hospitals are prime breeding grounds for infections of all kinds. The best place to get plenty of rest and recover from illness that is not life-threatening is usually in the comfort of your own home.
Protect Your Right to Informed Consent and Vaccine Exemptions
With all the uncertainty surrounding the safety and efficacy of vaccines, it's critical to protect your right to informed consent to vaccination and fight to protect and expand vaccine exemptions in state public health laws. The best way to do this is to get personally involved with your state legislators and the leaders in your community.
THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY.
Mass vaccination policies are made at the federal level but vaccine laws are made at the state level. It is at the state level where your action to protect your vaccine choice rights can have the greatest impact. It is critical for EVERYONE to get involved now in standing up for the legal right to make vaccine choices in America because those choices are being threatened by lobbyists representing drug companies, medical trade associations and public health officials, who are trying to persuade legislators to strip all vaccine exemptions from public health laws.
Signing up for NVIC's free Advocacy Portal at www.NVICAdvocacy.org gives you immediate, easy access to your own state legislators on your Smart Phone or computer so you can make your voice heard. You will be kept up-to-date on the latest state bills threatening your vaccine choices and get practical, useful information to help you become an effective vaccine choice advocate in your own community. Also, when national vaccine issues come up, you will have the up-to-date information and call to action items you need at your fingertips..
So please, as your first step, sign up for the NVIC Advocacy Portal.
Share Your Story with the Media and People You Know
If you or a family member has suffered a serious vaccine reaction, injury or death, please talk about it. If we don't share information and experiences with each other, everybody feels alone and afraid to speak up. Write a letter to the editor if you have a different perspective on a vaccine story that appears in your local newspaper. Make a call in to a radio talk show that is only presenting one side of the vaccine story.
I must be frank with you; you have to be brave because you might be strongly criticized for daring to talk about the "other side" of the vaccine story. Be prepared for it and have the courage to not back down. Only by sharing our perspective and what we know to be true about vaccination will the public conversation about vaccination open up so people are not afraid to talk about it.
We cannot allow the drug companies and medical trade associations funded by drug companies or public health officials promoting forced use of a growing list of vaccines to dominate the conversation about vaccination. The vaccine injured cannot be swept under the carpet and treated like nothing more than "statistically acceptable collateral damage" of national one-size-fits-all mandatory vaccination policies that put way too many people at risk for injury and death. We shouldn't be treating people like guinea pigs instead of human beings.
Internet Resources Where You Can Learn More
I encourage you to visit the following web pages on the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) website at www.NVIC.org:
- NVIC Memorial for Vaccine Victims: View descriptions and photos of children and adults, who have suffered vaccine reactions, injuries and deaths. If you or your child experiences an adverse vaccine event, please consider posting and sharing your story here.
- If You Vaccinate, Ask 8 Questions: Learn how to recognize vaccine reaction symptoms and prevent vaccine injuries.
- Vaccine Freedom Wall: View or post descriptions of harassment and sanctions by doctors, employers, school and health officials for making independent vaccine choices.
Connect with Your Doctor or Find a New One that Will Listen and Care
If your pediatrician or doctor refuses to provide medical care to you or your child unless you agree to get vaccines you don't want, I strongly encourage you to have the courage to find another doctor. Harassment, intimidation, and refusal of medical care is becoming the modus operandi of the medical establishment in an effort to stop the change in attitude of many parents about vaccinations after they become truly educated about health and vaccination.
However, there is hope.
At least 15 percent of young doctors recently polled admit that they're starting to adopt a more individualized approach to vaccinations in direct response to the vaccine safety concerns of parents. It is good news that there is a growing number of smart young doctors, who prefer to work as partners with parents in making personalized vaccine decisions for children, including delaying vaccinations or giving children fewer vaccines on the same day or continuing to provide medical care for those families, who decline use of one or more vaccines.
So take the time to locate a doctor, who treats you with compassion and respect and is willing to work with you to do what is right for your child. | <urn:uuid:240e9955-e600-4b3c-a05f-fec92148d19f> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/11/06/flu-vaccine-efficacy.aspx?e_cid=20121106_DNL_art_17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276780.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00020-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950169 | 4,736 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Mustang engineering team was lead by North American Aviation engineers Raymond Rice and Edgar Schmued.
- The P-51 Mustang was built by North American Aviation (NAA) and produced in their factories in Inglewood California and Dallas, Texas.
- The engineering prototype was designed and built in 102 days.
- The Mustang incorporated the new NACA designed laminar flow wing.
- The Mustang’s new radiator design utilized the heated air exiting the radiator as a form of jet propulsion called the “Meredith Effect”.
- The NAA prototype, NA-73X, was first flown on October 26, 1940.
- The first Mustangs, P-51A, were powered by the Allison V-1710 single stage V-12 engine.
- The Merlin powered XP-51B fighter was test flown November 30, 1942, adding speed and ceiling in excess of 40,000 ft to the Mustang’s performance. Flight tests confirmed the potential of the Merlin-powered aircraft.
- There were 16,776 P-51 Mustangs produced in various models.
- The P-51D model with the “bubble” canopy and Rolls Royce Merlin engine was the most widely produced variant of the Mustang.
- The P-51D was armed with six 50 cal. Browning machine guns with a total of 1880, 400 rounds each inboard and 270 rounds each outboard.
- P-51D with Rolls Royce 1650-7 V-12
– Horsepower – 1490 at take-off
– Maximum speed at level flight – 438 mph
– Gross weight – 10,800 lbs
– Range – 500 to 1000 miles with drop tanks
– Fuel – 92 gal. each wing tank
– Fuel Burn – 60 gal. per hour average
- The P-51 cost approximately $50,000.00 to produce in 1944.
- The Mustang was the first single-engine fighter based in Britain with the range to escort and protect the bombers all the way to Nazi, Germany and home again. The bomber crews called them their “Little Friends.”
- Crazy Horse and Crazy Horse 2 wear the authentic colors of the 487th Fighter Squadron, 352nd Fighter Group, 8th Air Force at Asche, Belgium, 1945.
- The 352nd Fighter Squadron was known as the “Blue Nose Bastards of Bodney.” Major George Preddy Jr. was the highest scoring P-51 Mustang Ace with 27.5 aerial victories.
- P-51 Mustangs flew in both the Pacific and European theaters. After WWII the P-51 served in the air forces of more than 55 nations.
- The last Mustang retired from US service in 1978. The last Mustang retired from foreign service was in 1984 by the Dominican Republic Air Force.
- P-51 accounted for almost half of the enemy aircraft destroyed in Europe during WWII.
- P-51 was re-designated as the F-51 during the Korean War. The F-51 was retained by reserve units until 1957.
* Reference Source:
Mustang Designer; Edgar Schmued and the Development of the P-51
by Ray Wagner
Mustang; The Story of the P-51 Fighter
by Robert W. Gruenhagen | <urn:uuid:b4e4c690-ed7d-4d4c-af54-cd6791ab18d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.stallion51.com/mustang-flight-ops/mustang-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.952207 | 683 | 3.078125 | 3 |
“Evolution is the need of every traditional trend.” Words, so true!
What said above, applies to traditional trends of parenting as well. Over a period of time, old conventional methods of parenting have witnessed a drastic change. A “Desired” change indeed. Unlike the previous trend filled with “restrictions and limits”, this new change emphasizes more on communication rather than imposing the decisions made by parents. This evolved form of parenting tries to initiate an understanding between “parents and children” making things better and easier.
Around a decade ago, parenting was almost completely different from what we see today. These primitive ways of parenting had several loopholes which needed to be resolved. One such flaw being, the “communication gap” between the parents and their children. Children then, hesitated to share their problems with their parents and keep them all confined to their own selves leading to complications like stress and depression. Due to this arose another problem, being “lack of understanding between the two”.
Being influenced by western culture, new forms of parenting evolved. One, which aims to create a common understanding between the parents and their children by the means of communication. A bond, which tear aparts all unwanted restrictions imposed in a relationship of child and parent. Relationship where decisions are made on the basis of mutual consent, rather than being forced to give obedience out of some formality. Parenting today, emphasize on a “friend like bond“ between parent and a child so as to make things more direct and informal, away from the fear of being dejected by our parents.
To carry forward this evolution, parents need to be more active in the direction of growing up their child. They need to spare some time out of their busy schedules(these days). As opinion of both parties matter in every relationship ,parents should look upon the constructive ideas suggested by their children. Evolution of parenting that we see today, is just a start which needs many reforms to bridge out every single gap between the parent and a child.
Also Read “14 Things About Childhood“ | <urn:uuid:f10fa47f-d9f5-40e2-a550-1d0e019f3879> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://sharejunk.com/evolution-of-parenting-over-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.970163 | 432 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Online Judge||Problem Set||Authors||Online Contests||User|
The Department of National Defence (DND) wishes to connect several northern outposts by a wireless network. Two different communication technologies are to be used in establishing the network: every outpost will have a radio transceiver and some outposts will in addition have a satellite channel.
Any two outposts with a satellite channel can communicate via the satellite, regardless of their location. Otherwise, two outposts can communicate by radio only if the distance between them does not exceed D, which depends of the power of the transceivers. Higher power yields higher D but costs more. Due to purchasing and maintenance considerations, the transceivers at the outposts must be identical; that is, the value of D is the same for every pair of outposts.
Your job is to determine the minimum D required for the transceivers. There must be at least one communication path (direct or indirect) between every pair of outposts.
The first line of input contains N, the number of test cases. The first line of each test case contains 1 <= S <= 100, the number of satellite channels, and S < P <= 500, the number of outposts. P lines follow, giving the (x,y) coordinates of each outpost in km (coordinates are integers between 0 and 10,000).
For each case, output should consist of a single line giving the minimum D required to connect the network. Output should be specified to 2 decimal points.
1 2 4 0 100 0 300 0 600 150 750
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Any problem, Please Contact Administrator | <urn:uuid:91469c15-06a5-43e3-ae08-00e6e6e0cc99> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://poj.org/problem?id=2349 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.865098 | 372 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Red-footed tortoises are often household pets. If you own one, you may have to share your tablet computer or smartphone with it from now on. With the right training, they can operate touch-screen interfaces. Researchers led by Dr. Anna Wilkinson of the University of Lincoln (UK) created a touch-screen activity that red-footed tortoises were able to understand. Laura Geggel writes:
The tortoises, which are native to Central and South America, don't have a hippocampus, an area of the brain associated with learning, memory and spatial navigation, Wilkinson said. Instead, red-footed tortoises may rely on an area of the brain called the medial cortex, an area associated with complex cognitive behavior and decision making in people. To understand how tortoises learn, the researchers tested how the reptiles relied on cues to get around.
Wilkinson's colleagues at the University of Vienna gave the tortoises treats when the reptiles looked at, approached and then pecked on the screen.
The four red-footed tortoises in the study learned how to use touch screens fairly quickly, Wilkinson said.
"It's comparable to the speed with which the pigeons and rats do it," Wilkinson told Live Science. "I've trained dogs to use a touch screen and I'd say the tortoises are faster." | <urn:uuid:9bce9ae8-fdf2-474b-b3eb-4290ba4c91b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.neatorama.com/2014/08/05/Tortoise-Learns-How-to-Use-a-Touch-Screen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00253-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960732 | 277 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Students float their best ideas
Drafting students at Port Hardy Secondary School got their feet wet in the world of computer-aided design over the last few weeks as the students were tasked with creating a cardboard boat for their final class project.
Then they got the rest of themselves wet when they took their creations to the nearby Quatse River to test them out.
The students used the program Rhino to design their vessels before using cardboard and duct tape to bring the designs to life.
Luckily for most, the students’ grade on the project wasn’t dependent on the seaworthiness of their craft as the first intrepid captains, in traditional mariner fashion, quickly went down with their creations.
A few, however, were surprisingly successful, the makeshift dinghies ferrying their cargo the length of the 100-yard stretch of water despite the design restrictions forbidding waxed cardboard, layering the hull or excessive taping.
Teacher Kevin McGhee explained that the outing was just a fun way to round out the year’s lessons, though he betrayed his views on the students’ chances by making lifejackets mandatory before launch.
Once everyone had a chance to navigate the stretch, the successful few converged on the centre of the strait in a bid to oust the others from their craft and guarantee that no one boarded the bus back without getting wet.
Due to several considerations, the drafting class will not be offered in the upcoming school year, although it is hoped that the course can be offered on alternate years to allow all students the opportunity to participate.
Outgoing Principal Steven Gray said he considered drafting “an important class,” and one that he would like to see return.
If the would-be captains and their experience were any measure, the school will have no need to pressgang recruits when the popular course returns. | <urn:uuid:28fd72f5-f24e-4e7d-8af2-76f0ff7822a8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.northislandmidweek.com/news/213553541.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00056-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973491 | 383 | 2.796875 | 3 |
IMPORTANT CHANGE IN GIFTED TESTING
In spring 2011 LAUSD will begin testing all second graders for giftedness in the High Achievement category using the Otis Lennon School Ability Test, 8th edition (OLSAT 8).
If students pass with a score of 95%+ they will be identified as gifted High Achievement. Those with scores 90-94% and with CST test scores will also be identified. If identified, your child can enroll in LAUSD gifted programs, including gifted magnet schools.
Please note that the OLSAT does NOT qualify children as Highly Gifted; only an Intellectual test administered by an LAUSD psychologist can qualify your child as HG, allowing them to apply for the HG magnet schools. If your child does well on the OLSAT and you are interested in HG magnets, you should request Intellectual testing to qualify.
More information on the District’s OLSAT testing can be found here: http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/GATE/Parent%20Newsletter_Winter.pdf
http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/GATE/index.html This is the link for the LAUSD GATE Office.
Generally “gifted” designations seem more important for elementary and middle schoolers. Gifted students are essentially slotted into honors course and SAS (schools for advanced studies) programs. There are gifted magnets at the elementary and middle school level. Generally, high schools all offer honors and AP course work so the designation is less important. However, as a few gifted high school magnets have rolled out at Taft and Kennedy, this may change. | <urn:uuid:0f5c443a-17e4-4211-a98d-ba59b3332933> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://askamagnetyenta.wordpress.com/gifted/?replytocom=34710 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737289.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808051116-20200808081116-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.912083 | 345 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Country Houses, New and Improved
While urban and suburban areas were becoming more and more built up, the face of rural Britain was changing as well. The Enclosure Acts of the mid-eighteenth century onwards had made the landed gentry more "landed" than ever. Now, many of them were thriving on the profits "from mines, mills and factories (often built on their country estates); from railways, canals, docks and shipping; or from investments in stocks and shares and rent from urban developments" (Yorke 72). They were restoring, extending or even completely rebuilding their country estates, giving them fashionable historical or continental features. Meanwhile, those whose fortunes were newly flourishing in business and industry were also setting themselves up in the countryside to consolidate or enhance their status. "So much new money in both new and old families tended to make the country-house world competitive," writes Mark Girouard (Life in the English Country House 268). The competition was partly about size; but style was just as important. Whether spending old money or new, the proud possessors of these estates wanted to show off their own taste in architecture. Most employed top-level architects, but, despite the increasing professionalism of the craft, a few decided to design their own homes. The results could sometimes leave their visitors not so much impressed as positively speechless. Those estates that remain, mostly as National Trust attractions, conference centres, educational establishments and so on, can still take us by surprise today, as can the smaller structures dotted round these estates — curious outbuildings generally in the same style as the main houses. Not all of them are considered important by architectural historians, but taken together they add immeasurably to the interest and charm of our countryside.
Updating a Family Seat
Charles Scarisbrick is a prime example of a landowner who benefited from the use of his land for mining and property development. A descendant of generations of Catholics, he was also a patron of the arts (particularly of the apocalyptic painter John Martin) with a particular taste for Rembrandt etchings and antique woodcarvings. To remodel his house, Scarisbrick Hall, he selected an up-and-coming Catholic with a passionate and passionately voiced belief in the Gothic: A. W. N. Pugin. The young Pugin worked on the house for about eight years from 1837 onwards, improving on its already Gothic features, and adding a wonderful medieval "Great Hall" complete with minstrels' gallery, entrance porch and later a delicate lantern. When this and the already elaborately ornamented reception rooms adjacent to it (the Oak Room, the Kings Room and the prominent Red Drawing Room) were hung with paintings and etchings, and fitted with Scarisbrick's huge collection of imported church altarpieces, carved canopies and so forth, the atmosphere must have been extraordinary. This wing of the building was balanced in a picturesque rather than formal sense by a "Business Room" and an attractive clock tower to the east (a forerunner of the one that houses Big Ben at Westminster). These however were demolished by Charles's sister Anne after his death in 1860, and the tower replaced by a much heavier and taller one designed by Pugin's son Edward. This had the effect of turning the elder Pugin's more quietly romantic creation into a Gothic extravaganza. The house as it stands now, with its ornately carved bay windows, parapets, rooftop sculptures, turrets, dainty pinnacles and the great beacon of a tower at its far end, has been aptly described as "a curious chronicle of nineteenth-century taste" (Hill 183), charting specifically "the move from early Victorian richness to mid-Victorian fantasy" (Girouard, The Victorian House, 118).
Around the time Scarisbrick Hall was being altered again, another old family seat was being remodelled by one of Pugin's pupils. The Welsh diocesan architect John Prichard, who had recently overseen the restoration of Llandaff Cathedral, was at work on Ettington (previously "Eatington") Park near Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire. As so often, the house had undergone various changes through the centuries, probably having been rebuilt completely in 1641, and certainly having been altered since then. Now, in 1858-62, Prichard took off the outside walls and built them up again around the interior, raising the height of the building, adding turrets, tall chimneys, a chapel and so on, but managing to do so without making it look pretentious or extravagant. As a result, Ettington Park has one of the pleasantest of all High Victorian country house exteriors. It combines satisfying lines with attractively modulated polychromy created from several different colours and textures of stone, and has rich carvings and sculptural adornments by the master stone-carver Thomas Earp. This was the same craftsman who worked for G. E. Street at St James the Less in London, and was responsible for the elaborate replacement Eleanor Cross outside Charing Cross on the Strand. Clearly, no expense was spared at Ettington. All the craftsmanship was of the highest order. The house turned out to be more continental in flavour than Scarisbrick Hall, a lovely example "of the French and Italian Gothic style of architecture promoted by John Ruskin" ("The History of Ettington Park and the Shirley Family.")
Wotton House in Surrey was refaced at a slightly later date and shows a different approach again. This was the seat of the Evelyn family: the seventeenth-century diarist John Evelyn was born there and had loved the old, gently rambling manor house. Following the trend of the time, his descendant William Evelyn decided to remodel it in the 1860s. With an example of Pugin's work just down the road at Albury Park, he chose as his architect the Surrey-based Henry Woodyer, who had probably had some experience of working with Pugin. Woodyer was well known by now for his own churches and country house restorations. He stayed close to the original plan of the house, rebuilding the east wing and refacing the front of the house in a "hard Tudor style" (Nairn and Pevsner 542-43). The main addition, presumably the east wing, was completed in 1864 (Girouard, The Victorian House, 442), but work continued long after that: a stone plaque commemorates its completion in 1877. This house reflects a different development of the Gothic — towards a later Tudor version of it rather than earlier or continental varieties. Only a few glimpses of the original manor house remain now, and those mostly inside and at the rear. Nevertheless, apart from the extension of the orangerie, the end result from the same vantage point over the grotto looks surprisingly similar to the house drawn by John Evelyn in 1653.
Buying and Doing up an Old Country Estate
Those who could newly afford to buy up old estates also set out to improve them. An excellent example here is William Gibbs, whose vast fortune was built on guano and nitrate for fertilisers. He may not have been a member of the aristocracy, but he did come from a good solid background of "small squires, country bankers, merchants and professional men" (Girouard, The Victorian Country House, 243). Inevitably, therefore, he wanted to own a substantial country property.
He bought Tyntes Place near Bristol in 1843, and employed first John Norton and then Woodyer to remodel it into Tyntesfield, a full-blown Gothic stately home complete with a chapel by the even more distinguished architect Arthur Blomfield. Most of the work on the main house was done in the 1860s by Norton, who had been a pupil of Benjamin Ferrey and, like Woodyer, was responsible for a number of other country houses. With William Cubitt as the builder, he extended the house both outwards and upwards with a picturesque mix of towers, turrets, spires and spirelets. Woodyer's turn came a good bit later, in the 1880s, and consisted of alterations rather than additions, perhaps the most important of which was to open up more space for a large and airy dining room. Now a Grade 1 listed building, Tyntesfield is one of the handful of Victorian country houses recognised as truly important. Girouard discusses it as some length in the revised edition of The Victorian Country House, giving special praise to its beautiful interior woodwork (for a virtual tour, see the note below).
The interior seems to have been the main focus of the wealthy banker and lawyer Lachlan Mackintosh Rate, who bought Milton Court in Dorking, Surrey, in 1863. Not far from Wotton, this estate had been granted to George Evelyn by Queen Elizabeth, and had belonged to the Evelyn family until about 1830. Some restoration work had already been carried out, and it is not known for sure when the picturesque rounded gables were added. What is certain is that Rate's architect William Burges not only made some additions in the 1870s, but also transformed it inside, adding almost twenty new rooms and turning the whole place into a work of art.
Others bought quite small but nicely situated places in rural areas and added wings and fashionable Victorian features to them, so that their purchases evolved into country houses as against simply houses in the countryside. The Colquhoun family, for instance, bought up an eighty-acre farming estate in Kent in 1848 and extended the main house on it, adding fashionable embellishments such as bay and oriel windows and mock-Tudor chimneys, along with over-sized baronial stepped gables. The latter may be explained by the family's Scottish landowning background. The end result must have been impressive enough, because the house was later bought by Winston Churchill. In fact, this was Chartwell (shown above), of which the Churchills were extremely fond. They soon had some of the more extravagant features toned down or removed, along with a great deal of ivy; but the house still flaunts its Victorian gables, making it look somewhat "galleon-like" (Buczaki 125).
Sometimes, of course, aspirational new owners took on more than they could really manage. A certain Henry Hurrell Esq., probably from a local farming and corn-dealing family, bought Madingley Hall in Cambridgeshire in 1871. Three years later he demolished the east end of the north wing, but he only put in a one-storey replacement — a drawing room. In 1905 the next owner found the building in a state of disrepair, and had to embark on a massive rebuilding project of his own.
Building a New Country Estate
Then there were those who built impressive country residences entirely from scratch. Orchardleigh Park in Somersetshire, once the family seat of the Chamneys (or Champneys) family, the rich conveyancer William Duckworth built a prestigious new country house in the mid-1850s to designs by Thomas Henry Wyatt. The younger brother of Matthew Digby Wyatt, who worked on the India Office with Sir George Gilbert Scott, T. H. Wyatt himself "had one of the largest country house practices of the period," and was second only to Scott in the number of buildings he produced. He designed Orchardleigh in the style then in favour, a "combination of Elizabethan and French styles often described [aptly enough] as 'nouveau-riche'" (Holder 45-46). Another brand new country house, Cloverley Hall in Ightfield, Shropshire, was designed a little later by W. E. Nesfield in what has been called a "new maturer phase in the [Gothic] Revival" (Newman and Pevsner 219). Built in 1864-70 for the wealthy Liverpudlian banker John Pemberton Heywood, it showed a greater degree of sophistication, though it seems unfair to describe it as "one of the first Victorian houses to incorporate a great hall" ("Cloverley Hall") — Pugin had built the hall at Scarisbrick a good twenty years before. This house was rebuilt in 1926, but the service range, culminating in a tower inspired by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, as well as some of the estate buildings (including a boathouse and a village hall), still survive.
In some instances, a new country house evolved more gradually. In the north of England, the inventor and armaments magnate Lord Armstrong had a big house Cragside built on the spot where he originally had a small hunting lodge; then he enlarged this too. The fact that this house developed on its craggy hillside rather than just sprang up seems especially appropriate because the architect for the final phase was Richard Norman Shaw. Shaw felt that houses should grow organically: he had already built the influential Leys Wood in Groomsbridge, Sussex, for his well-to-do cousin in the shipping line, and the result here in Northumberland was another "early masterpiece" (Durant 174), in a style variously described as Old English, Domestic Revival or Arts and Crafts.
The Amateur Architect
As for those who opted to update their country houses themselves, none was more imaginative both in design and execution than the Earl of Lovelace. Lovelace was the son of Baron King of Ockham, in the heart of rural Surrey. He held many estates in the county, and in about 1846 decided to adopt nearby East Horsley Place as his main seat. This house had been completed by Sir Charles Barry in an unexceptional mock-Elizabethan style in 1834. Being "an amateur and, as far as can be ascertained, self-taught engineer" (Tudsberry-Turner 8), the Earl set to work to improve it himself. In 1847 he added a tall stuccoed tower and a big banqueting room. For the latter he used a process of steam heat to bend the roof trusses — a method which he explained in a paper given in 1849 to the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he had become an Associate. The method was praised by none other than Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Now the Earl really began to spread his wings, adding another tower of flint and polychromatic brick in 1858, and soon afterwards elaborate cloisters leading to a ribbed and vaulted chapel positively brimming with polychromy. Guests were bowled over by the house, now grandly renamed Horsley Towers: Matthew Arnold called it "fantastic" (308). Superlatives still seem to be in order here. Girouard comments on the house's "extraordinary embellishments" (The Victorian Country House, 410), while even Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner admit that "the entry up the main drive must be one of the most sensational in England" (204); they use the same adjective as Arnold — "fantastic" — about its details, such as the use of drainpipes as shafts in the cloisters (205). Nor do surprises end with the house itself. The Earl was fascinated by building materials, and had won a medal for brickmaking at the Great Exhibition. Once the house was completed, he set about transforming the whole village of East Horsley. Much of it, including the local butcher's shop and pub, was built or rebuilt in the 1860s in his own distinctive style, with flint facings and polychromatic brick bandings. No landowner could have made it clearer that this was his personal domain.
More daring still, and more engagingly documented, was Charles Buxton, who decided to build his own country house from scratch. He bought a piece of land close to Cobham in the north of Surrey, and built the Foxwarren estate on it. From the beginning, he entered into the spirit of the thing enthusiastically, learning all he could about architecture, and even submitting a design for new government offices; he managed to win sixth prize in the competition. Much encouraged, and much taken with the Gothic, "he caught at every opportunity of designing a lodge or a farmhouse or any other building" and eagerly embarked on his Surrey project: "I think our house will be singularly pretty and original," he enthused, on one occasion writing in his journal, "Enjoying my thoughts, chiefly on architecture. That is what I turn to for enjoyment — planning picturesqueness" (qtd. in Nairn and Pevsner 597-98). Like the architect at Chartwell, he had a penchant for stepped gables; he also decorated the brickwork copiously with polychrome diapering. On the rest of his land he built two dinky matching lodges, a model farm, and a watch tower. The result has been harshly criticised. Girouard finds the red brick and terracotta of the main building, unrelieved by stone dressings, "unpleasantly hot," and he echoes Nairn and Pevsner's description of the heavily gabled farm as "nightmarish" (The Victorian House, 406-07), without adding more encouragingly, as they do, that it is "possibly the extreme example in the country, and well worth seeing" (246).
Many other owners of country estates sprinkled picturesque outhouses in their grounds. For example, one of the ways in which Sir Walter Farquhar, the new owner of Polesden Lacey, made his mark on his own Surrey estate in the 1850s was to have a picture-perfect Garden Cottage built in the grounds for his head gardener. Complete with crooked, fairy-tale chimney, it was totally out of keeping with the splendidly neo-classical main house which Thomas Cubitt had built for the previous owner. But no doubt that was the point — to create something different. Fashions had changed. Besides, the rustic style was surely more suitable for a gardener's cottage.
The Fate of the Victorian Country House
Suitability, or "fitness for purpose" in the modern idiom, would gradually become more of an issue. Victorian country houses were both large and complicated. This was partly because the household itself was large: Cloverley Hall, for example, accommodated a fleet of twenty-five servants, and this would have been quite a modest staff. What was more, the members of the household all had their own roles and functions, and required their own space. Privacy was a priority: Kerr says, "whatever may be their mutual regard and confidence as dwellers under the same roof, each class is entitled to shut its door upon the other and be alone" (68). Then there were the male/female boundaries: one thinks of Mrs Rate's ultra-feminine Flower Room at Milton Court, or the heavily trophy-hung billiard room at Tyntesfield. Girouard suggests that the new "mechanical services" that were being invented also contributed to the size of the houses (see The Victorian Country House 27-8). Cragside again comes to mind here, with its banks of heating pipes, and its pioneering hydraulic lift. Houses planned with such considerations in mind have been dismissed rather unkindly as "obsolete brick and stone monsters" (Gash 690). The truth is that they soon did become "obsolete," at least as far as their original purpose was concerned. Families were shrinking, less people were going into service, and the houses themselves were proving impractical and costly to maintain. Then in 1894 the forerunner of inheritance tax, death duty, was imposed. This was a major blow to the landed gentry. Many houses were sold and demolished, their memories lingering on only in the names of later housing developments on their land. Others were converted for some kind of multiple occupancy, which of course affected their interiors, even if some important features were preserved. Of the houses mentioned above, Cloverley, Ettington Park, Horsley Towers, Orchardleigh and Wotton House are now hotels and/or conference centres; Albury provides retirement accommodation; Milton Court is used by an insurance company, its beautiful Burges ceilings looking down on board-meetings; and Madingley Hall and Scarisbrick Hall are both used for educational purposes. The remainder — Chartwell, Cragside, Polesden Lacey, and Tyntesfield — are luckier, because they have passed into the hands of the National Trust, and their interiors as well as exteriors have been preserved and restored.
People enjoy visiting these houses, and even the ones now in use as hotels, schools and so on often open their doors or gardens (or both) to visitors on special days, or upon request. Their immense historical and architectural value is now much more fully recognised, thanks to a number of high-profile campaigns to save individual houses for posterity: Tyntesfield was acquired for the nation by the National Trust as recently as 2002. Probably their main attraction, though, is their human interest. For only in their homes can we get a real sense of how the wealthiest of our ancestors lived their daily lives. A really well-preserved estate like Tyntesfield is, as James Miller says, "a private kingdom" which sheds light on every aspect of their original owners' activities, from their domestic arrangements to their intellectual and cultural tastes, and even their business and religious practices — as well as being "a reflection of English life, generation by generation" (177). The English countryside would be so much the poorer without these very special houses.
Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner find it sad that "such an inventive engineering talent" as the Earl of Lovelace's should have "thought of architecture in the typical C 19 way as something to be added on to structure, not to grow inevitably out of it" (205). To what extent is this a fair comment on Victorian architecture in general?
As for country houses, how far was the Earl of Lovelace's approach "typical" of its period? It might be helpful here to contrast his additions to Horsley Towers with the roughly contemporary enclosure of the inner courtyard of the Trevelyan's family seat, Wallington, by the architect John Dobson in 1852-53. What were the different purposes of these two architects?
Henry Hetherington Emmerson (1831-1895), who had been taught by the northern Pre-Raphaelite William Bell Scott, painted a finely detailed portrait of Lord Armstrong of Cragside sitting in his inglenook fireplace. Wearing a comfortable suit, he is reading a newspaper, with two dogs at his slippered feet. Beside him are two panels of stained glass by William Morris, and over the fireplace are inscribed the words, "EAST OR WEST HAME'S [home's] BEST." Everything in the picture, from Lord Armstrong's wooden inglenook seat to the fireplace surround and the coal scuttle, is beautifully worked. What does a picture like this tell us about the values attached to the Victorian country house?
Last modified 2 March 2017 | <urn:uuid:d6f56b52-1980-4213-8b34-2924bde7046b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://victorianweb.org/art/architecture/homes/housing3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.978665 | 4,854 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Connections between different types of argumentation and students' understanding of mathematical explanations
For students that try to understand mathematics, it is important to get good explanations of how different parts of the subject are connected. How different arguments are presented could affect their understanding of such explanations.
Argumentation and logic are central aspects of mathematics and this is visible both in Swedish national curriculum documents and in international frameworks. The goal of the project is to enhance the understanding of how explicit arguments can be formulated, but also of how they can support students understanding of a presentation, especially if you consider that students’ previous knowledge vary. By identifying how and when explicit arguments can support students’ understanding, the project can contribute to enhance teachers’ instruction, but may also support textbook authors’ work with improving the written material.
Mathematical reasoning and logical argumentation are central aspects of mathematics, as evidenced for example by the Swedish curricula, for both primary and secondary schools, and by international frameworks for knowledge in school mathematics. Despite this, research shows that students are given little opportunity to be active with argumentation both at school and at university. A research review also shows that there is very little research about how students understand different types of arguments in mathematics teaching. An overarching purpose of this project is to increase the understanding of how different variants of argumentation in mathematics teaching are related to students' understanding of the presented content.
The overarching purpose includes several different aspects, for example: - To characterize the variation of argumentation in mathematics education from multiple perspectives, focusing on both written and oral communication. - To characterize argumentation in mathematics education in comparison with argumentation in other subject areas. - To experimentally examine the relationship between students’ understanding of the presented mathematical content and types of argumentation in the presentation.
Properties of this project meet several needs in mathematics education research. First, there is a need for more research with a broader approach to characterizing mathematical argumentation, that is, which is not limited to a certain type of argumentation. Second, more research is needed to clarify the methodology of how to decide what in an instance of communication determines whether it can be classified as argumentation. Third, there is a need for more research that examines the relationship between different linguistic forms of argumentation in mathematics and students' understanding of what is presented, where also variation in students’ prior knowledge is taken into account.
Within the project there are plans for many different types of studies using different methods and different types of data in order to gradually provide a deeper understanding of the connections between different types of argumentation and students' understanding of mathematical explanations. | <urn:uuid:88f8ba7d-51d2-4912-9d57-1bfa3fee8b22> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.umu.se/en/research/projects/connections-between-different-types-of-argumentation-and-students-understanding-of-mathematical-explanations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.934223 | 536 | 3.8125 | 4 |
By David P. Chandler, Robert Cribb and Li Narangoa, NIAS Press, Copenhagen, Denmark (2016)
Reviewed by Charles H Bogart
The hundred days that this book is concerned with are the days between 5 August and 12 November 1945. The book begins on 5 August 1945, as this is the day the U.S. dropped the A-bomb on Hiroshima. This bombing put into motion a chain of events that changed the political and economic face of the countries bordering the Asian Pacific Rim.
This book is a publication of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) based at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. The governments of Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Finland, and Sweden fund NIAS.
The book starts with an introductory chapter that provides an overview of World War II along the Asian Pacific Rim. The next section gives a quick summary of the 1945 political and military situation within the following twelve countries: Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Indochina, Thailand, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines. These first two chapters set the stage for the heart of the book, a day-by-day accounting of events taking place within this region. While most Westerners consider 2nd of September, 1945, as the day World War II ended in the Pacific; the reality is that fighting did not stop on that date within the above twelve countries. Japan had, during its occupation of these countries, set up puppet governments filled by indigenous people who, having tasted power, were not about to quietly turn administration of their country back to a pre-war colonial government after Japan’s surrender. Fighting thus broke out between the indigenous peoples and their former colonial masters, groups of various political ideologies seeking control of their country, and between groups with ethnic and religious diversity. In many cases, the fighting experienced in these twelve countries following the surrender of Japan is more intense than the fight that took place when the Japanese conquered them.
For each of the days between 5th of August and 12th November, 1945, the editors have entered one or more facts about political and military events taking place within one of the twelve countries. Most dates also have a one or two-column entry that explores in greater detail a person or event listed under that date. The text is supported by photographs and illustrations that are unfamiliar to most Americans. The book closes with an overview chapter reporting on the happenings in these twelve Asian Pacific Rim countries during the period 1946-1950.
This book is a great introductory look at the forces that over the past 70 years have shaped the current political, economic, and social outlook of the countries of the Asian Pacific Rim. Anyone who is interested in the Asian Pacific Rim countries should read this book.
Charles Bogart is a frequent contributor to NHBR. | <urn:uuid:e53a7d67-6528-47d0-b869-79d4884ea26c> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.navyhistory.org/2016/09/book-review-end-of-empire-100-days-in-1945-that-changed-asia-and-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865023.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523004548-20180523024548-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.950947 | 574 | 3.0625 | 3 |
An assignment to help develop a reconfigurable robotics kit for Mindsets, a local company who specialise in science and technology products for educational and hobby purposes.
The devised kit consists mainly of parts already sold by the company, which are arranged in pre-assembled modules including:
- Motor / wheel module
- Power module (battery)
- Sensor module (microswitch)
- ‘Brain’ module
The ‘brain’ is based around a PICAXE 18X microcontroller. Pre-written PBASIC code and instructions to build several different example configurations are provided, allowing the user to put together robotic systems with very little knowledge of programming or robotics.
The kit is designed to be an open system, an intermediate step between lego mindstorms-style kits and home-brewed robotics. Nothing is hidden from the user, so they are able to learn about everything going on in their creations. As the user becomes more familiar with building and programming the robots, they can begin to add their own custom parts, sensors and code, eventually making their robot their own. | <urn:uuid:38241ca5-7746-45cf-8c1f-f480c4a598be> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://chrisbarlow.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/beginners-reconfigurable-robotics-kit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187144.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00510-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949023 | 225 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Put down your coffee for a moment. Now, without thinking about it too much, use your hands to count to 10.
How did you do it? Did you start with the left hand, or the right? Did you begin counting on a thumb, or with a pinkie? Maybe you started on an index finger? And did you begin with a closed fist, or an open hand?
If you’re European, there’s a good chance you started with closed fists, and began counting on the thumb of the left hand. If you’re from the Middle East, you probably also started with a closed fist, but began counting with the little finger of the right hand.
Most Chinese people, and many North Americans, also use the closed-fist system, but begin counting on an index finger, rather than the thumb. The Japanese typically start from an open-hand position, counting by closing first the little finger, and then the remaining digits.
In India, it’s common to make use of finger segments to get as many as 20 counts from each hand. It’s even been reported that the Amazonian Pirah people don’t use their fingers to count at all.
Finger counting feels as natural as breathing – but it’s not innate, or even, apparently, universal. There are actually many different techniques, and they are culturally transmitted.
In the latest issue of Cognition, German researchers Andrea Bender and Sieghard Beller argue that the extent of cultural diversity in finger-counting has been hugely underestimated. They also say that by studying finger counting techniques, we could better understand how culture influences cognitive processes – particularly mental arithmetic.
There is a mental link between hands and numbers, but that link doesn’t come from humans learning to use their hands as a counting aid. It goes back much further in our evolution. Marcie Penner-Wilger and Michael L. Anderson propose that the part of our brain that originally evolved to represent our fingers has been recruited to represent our concept of number, and that these days it performs both functions.
fMRI scans show that brain regions associated with finger sense are activated when we perform numerical tasks, even if we don’t use our fingers to help us complete those tasks. And studies show that young children with good finger awareness are better at performing quantitative tasks than those with less finger sense.
Even as adults, the way we mentally picture numbers in space – the SNARC effect – is related to the hand on which we begin finger counting.
We also know, from studies of German sign language, that the type of finger counting system that we use affects how we mentally represent and process numbers. That may be because finger counting has one unique property that sets it apart from written or verbal counting systems: it is a sensory-motor experience, with a direct link between bodily movement and brain activity.
So, knowing that there is a link between hands and numbers, and that how we process numbers mentally is influenced by how we finger-count, what are the implications of the vast cultural diversity in techniques? Does it mean that we think about numbers differently, depending on our cultural background?
It’s possible. Take the Eurasian systems. They’re quite literal: one finger equals one count, and the brain immediately perceives this concept. But Chinese finger counting uses symbolic gestures to represent any number higher than five, and people from Papua New Guinea utilise much of the upper body to represent number. Such symbolic gestures need to be learned, and then retrieved as needed from our working memory. That requires more cognitive effort, but symbolic systems do allow for more sophisticated arithmetic.
These questions of diversity lead us into the peculiar world of embodied cognition – the somewhat controversial theory that body parts other than the brain can play a role in cognition. Proponents of embodied cognition argue that we reduce the cognitive load on the brain by outsourcing tasks to other parts of our body, and in the related case of distributed cognition, even to external objects.
The cultural diversity of finger counting may lead to new insights into embodied cognition. Does the neurological feedback from these different types of body-based counting influence how we think about numbers? This is fascinating, but those of us who are not naturally good at maths might reasonably ask a more simple question.
Could it be that some people are always going to be better at maths than others, just because of where they grew up?
That’s unlikely, says Dr Bender, who points out that some aspects of finger counting are widespread across the world, while others vary even within a given culture. She does, though, believe that by practising different techniques of finger counting we could all improve our mental arithmetic. That hasn’t been empirically tested yet, but it might be worth a try.
[Fingers counting via Bangkokhappiness / Shutterstock] | <urn:uuid:c02c1022-9804-4e35-b708-4bbd9efaf4b6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/06/26/study-the-way-you-count-on-your-fingers-may-influence-how-your-brain-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703830643/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113030-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952652 | 1,003 | 3.296875 | 3 |
This page provides basic access to information and people who made up the legal community in Albany. Our approach is biographical in nature. A few practicioners were well educated and well-trained in the law. However, most would-be Albany lawyers took a more practical approach to litigation and legal matters.
Beginning during the earliest days of the settlement, prominent community members represented themselves and their less articulate neighbors and kin before local courts.
Notaries and justices such as the tragic Adrian Janse Van Ilpendam were parts of the Albany legal community.
Reputedly trained in England, former garrison officer John Collins was Albany's first professional attorney.
Colonial legal profession. William Corry left an extensive practice (caseload) when he died suddenly in 1763. Peter Silvester followed him in Albany until relocating to Kinderhook during the War for Independence.
Abraham Yates, Jr. had a number of proteges.
Native son and Yale graduate William Livingston was trained in New York and represented Albany before the provincial government on many occasions during the 1750s and 60s.
New Yorker Stephen Lush.
Albany mainstay Robert Yates was a reknowned surveyor, lawyer, and jurist.
Abraham Van Vechten - jurist.
A number of online resources further describe the law and legal profession in early America!
Sources: The best single source on colonial lawyering is Paul M. Hamlin, Legal Education in Colonial New York published as New York University Law Quarterly Review (1939). Available (but not directly) online.
first posted: 3/20/07; revised 6/11/11 | <urn:uuid:5eebad19-195e-44f4-b713-eea4cb44bb2a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/trades/law.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163053174/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131733-00054-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963158 | 340 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Rudyard Kipling wrote the original Jungle Book stories in the 1890s while living in Vermont, but the root of the stories lies in colonial India, where he spent time as a child and young adult. There, stories abound of children snatched from villages by wolves, a very few of whom returned as children crawling on all fours, fearful of humans and unable to speak. Kipling's fables are in many ways typical Victorian moral tales, but overlaid with the rigid class-and-caste structure of the Raj and a liberal dose of English boarding school bullying – factors which live on in today's polarized society.
The stories in The Jungle Book have been widely retold in film (a new version hits the big screen in April) and theater, and it is this most widely performed adaptation, Jungalbook, that Humboldt State University students have brought to the stage of the Van Duzer Theatre. Written in 1984 by Edward Mast, Jungalbook takes the central tenets of the original stories and transports them to an urban playground where fourth- and fifth-graders are challenged to explore the laws of the jungle and reflect on the nature of their own interpersonal relationships, just as Kipling asked Victorian-era children to do.
The core story arc will be familiar to anyone who's read the books or seen the Disney movie: Wolf discovers human baby and accepts bear's challenge to adopt rather than eat it; man-cub makes journey of self-discovery, guided publicly by the wolf and secretly by the panther; wolf dies; man-cub seeks out humans, finds and frees captive elephant; tiger attempts to kill man-cub; man-cub outwits tiger using human tools as well as jungle smarts and must now leave the jungle.
The HSU production, directed by Theatre, Film & Dance Professor Troy Lescher, departs from Mast's original script by switching the gender of two central characters. Camille Borrowdale believably portrays Mowgli the man-cub as a high-energy, acrobatic girl searching for her true identity in a compelling and engaging performance. The main protagonist, Sherekhan the Bengal Tiger, for whom "all ground is hunting ground" is also cast as female, but rather less successfully; while it's clear that Jenna Donahue is channeling the schoolyard bully-bitch, she seems to be wearing the role more than fully inhabiting it.
Standouts among the rest of the cast are Bryan Kashon as a deliciously campy Bagheera the panther, Josh Banuelos as a hysterically funny Dracula-esque Chil the kite, Rilo DeAnn as the menacing yet ultimately helpful Kaa the snake, Isabella Ceja as the giggling, toadying hyena, and Ashlyn Mather as the playful monkey Perchy. Solid performances from Hanah Toyoda as Akela, Ivan Gamboa and Roman Sanchez as her cubs, and Elio Robles as Hathi the elephant engage the audience and keep the story moving forward.
But what about Baloo the bear? In Lescher's production, his character (Matthew Hern) starts out as the teacher on duty during recess (the "urban playground" of Mast's original script), where he's surrounded by students intent on their mobile devices. As recess ends, he snatches the devices away from the students who, seconds later, have miraculously stopped whining about their absent devices and are all sitting in a circle clapping. The teacher tosses them a box of scrap clothes from which they begin to fashion makeshift costumes while being informed of the laws of the jungle, all for reasons that are entirely unclear to the audience. At which point the teacher morphs into Baloo the bear and we return, thankfully, to the original Mast script.
While the idea behind this additional framing exercise is a good one, the execution does not do it justice. Once Hern moves into his Baloo character, his performance is much more assured, but the disruptions continue as he is required, again for reasons unknown, to cover scene changes by engaging the audience in rhythmic clapping exercises.
The scenic design by Derek Lane is minimalist but delivers a powerful atmospheric punch, particularly when fast-flowing water effects are required. Designer Alexander Stearns keeps the costumes simple with just enough detail to enable the actors to build an animal (or human) but not so much as to become cartoonish. The actors inhabit and use their costumes effectively, and the voice and sound techniques designed by Lane and Cory Stewart help to bring both the human and animal sides of the characters to life.
Imperfect framing and uneven introduction aside, the parallels between the schoolyard and the jungle life are nicely drawn. The suck-up hyena, the preening, shallow tiger, the bratty wolf-cubs growing into self-conscious, overconfident adolescents are familiar characters in schoolyards everywhere, and Friday night's audience clearly appreciated the humor behind the lessons, with much laughter to be heard in the almost-full auditorium.
Jungalbook plays at the Van Duzer Theatre from Thursday, March 3 through Saturday, March 5 at 7:30 p.m., and on Sunday, March 6 at 2 p.m. Call 826-3928 or visit www.hsustage.blogspot.com.
Outside Mullingar, an emotional and comic tale of late love in rural Ireland, begins with a preview performance at Redwood Curtain Theatre on Feb. 25 and runs through March 19 with 8 p.m. performances Fridays and Saturdays and a 2 p.m. show on Sunday, March 13. Call 443-7688 or visit www.redwoodcurtain.com.
Dell'Arte's Carlo Theatre heats up with Keep the Fires Burning: A Dell'Arte Cabaret on Friday, March 4 and Saturday, March 5 at 8 p.m. Expect musical numbers, acrobatics and maybe some bawdy humor, as this one is for grown-ups. Call 668-5663 or visit www.dellarte.com.
Dell'Arte MFA students, performers from Trajectory and Synapsis take over Redwood Raks on March 6 at 7 p.m. with The Body Discourse Project, which touches on the nature of bodies and minds, abilities and disabilities. Call 616-6876 or go to www.redwoodraks.com. For the performance at the Carlo Theatre on Tuesday, March 8 at 7 p.m., call 668-5663 or visit www.dellarte.com.
Howl at the moon with Big Bad Wolf from Windmill Theatre from Australia, which opens the Arcata Playhouse's 10th annual family series on Friday, March 11 at 8 p.m. and on Saturday, March 12 at 2 and 7 p.m. Call 822-1575 or visit www.arcataplayhouse.org. | <urn:uuid:8cbdb98a-ade3-4c71-856a-9b17bbf33ed1> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://m.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/the-laws-of-the-schoolyard-jungle/Content?oid=3607876 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587711.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025123123-20211025153123-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.955076 | 1,445 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Somalia: let’s talk about women.
by Farhia Ali Abdi
Monday, October 08, 2012
“Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance”. Kofi Annan
Every culture encompasses a broad spectrum of norms, myths and perceptions that people adopt as individuals living within a local region. These practices, stories and points of view are later accepted as social expectation, or social fact within the larger society. These constructions of social and cultural expression vary from one culture to another. In this context, Somali society for example, is structured on clan-based social organs, with male clan leaders wielding greater traditional authority than that of the national government. As a consequence, men have gained almost unlimited control over socio-economic, political and cultural powers within the Somalia state of affairs, and rendering Somali women at a significant disadvantage.
Many Somali men still consider themselves as the head of the family, with the concurrent belief that members of the family, including spouses are nothing but possessions. And although Somali women tend to have an education and more independence than women in other parts of the Muslim world and gender rights have yet to materialize in Somali society. Within this complicated paradox, Somali women do continue to contribute socially, politically and economically to their communities, regions and the country at large. Most of these efforts, however, are done in silence and behind closed doors due to the historically imposed cultural limitations. Their contributions have not yet enhanced the status of women, nor earned them respect in the Somali society. Women are still expected to look after family members while men decide the future of social-economic and political development of the country without women’s input or consensus.
The general discourse in women narrative often assumes that they (women) are one of the most vulnerable, victimized and impacted groups in a society, and this undermines the crucial role of women as actors and equal partner in the decision-making process. In this regard, Somali culture, in particular, has downplayed women’s roles in socio-political and economic development, which has subsequently resulted in gender disparity and systematic discrimination against women. A good example is the current selection process on parliamentarians of where Somali women have once again been undermined by the lack of respecting for the stipulated 30% quota.
Exclusion of women from the current political process in Somalia, clearly illustrates disrespect and discrimination against women, and undermines the agreed upon the constitutional principle. It is through such practices that Somali women’s talents, skills and experience continue to go unrecognized, under-valued and under-utilized. Somali society must therefore find alternative polices that will address gender equity issues and increase participation and representation of women at all levels of the decision-making process. Somali leaders and the international community should not ignore the concepts of gender biases and the influence of dominant cultural practices that renders women at a disadvantage and disables their talents, creativity and their visions for an inclusive, democratic and prosperous society. The already huge and growing number of well-educated and talented women should not be denied equal participation in nation building of their beloved country simply because of their gender. The time is here and now to acknowledge and recognize the talents of Somali women and to genuinely respect their desire to be an equal partner in all walks of life within their particular communities and within leadership roles at all levels of Somali governance.
Women in Somalia have participated in and contributed extensively to the history of the country. Women were instrumental in the struggle for the country’s freedom and independence. As active participants in the Somali Youth League (SYL) movement throughout the 1940s and 1950s, women organized and recruited new members, promoted and raised patriotic awareness, collected funds and membership fees, secured housing and concealed nationalists from authorities. Many were imprisoned, tortured and killed, as they fought for the Somali flag. These remarkable contributions and struggles of Somali's women freedom fighters were notably cited by the death of Hawa Osman Taako, who was killed 1948 in a Somali Youth League headquarters. Notwithstanding such outstanding sacrifices at the forefront during the fight for liberty and freedom of Somalia, women were and continue to be excluded from any meaningful contributions within the political leadership roles.
Thus, there is genuine discontent, among Somali women today; that they are suffering from this problem of exclusion, a problem not of their own making, but that they are forced to endure. Even so, Somali women are and have been the backbone of Somali’s economy and remain as caretakers of family, children, and extended families since the start of the civil war in 1991. Women continue to contribute tirelessly to maintain a sustainable and a viable state in Somalia, including the remittance by Diaspora's women to alleviate family's suffering and to the NGOs that are helping refugees inside and outside the country. Somalia without Somali women, therefore, cannot be considered a sustainable society that can strive for socio-cultural and political change. One can argue that, if Somali women knew what worked in wartime, they should know what can work in peace time, and if this is the case, they should be at the forefront in rebuilding their country as advisors, policy makers and peace builders. Indeed, Somali women are not interested in war, but in the peace and security of their families, regions and the country at large. Somali women believe in dialogue as the only method to achieve lasting peace.
The question of gender equality:
Societies, where people feel free to seek and hold their dreams, regardless of their gender, prosper democratically with greater social equality. This does not imply that Somalia in the future with greater gender diversity will be perfect, utopian. However, it might well become an ideal for the region, or at least represent a better option than that of the present and the past eras. As a country, we are in dire need to talk about the elimination of social injustices, including unequal gender participation and discrimination. We need to talk about Somali women and their place in Somali society.
The recent draft constitution recognizes Somali women’s rights and grants more equal participation in future Somali governments by designating a 30% quota. The inclusion of women in the constitution is a welcome sign that has ignited excitement and hope among Somali women who are geared to take part in the decision-making process of their country’s affairs. At the sometime, the inclusion of gender in the constitution has brought to the surface the views of some Somali men who resist the progress of women and who hide behind religion and attitudes from a pre-dated cultural era. Consequently, women’s movement among Somali women has begun today, both inside and outside of the country, as more Somali women are speaking out and taking center stage in the affairs of their country. The issues and concerns over the gender divide, and biases have also came to the surface in every region in Somalia, as witnessed by the recent demonstrations all over the country and the public outcry in which women demand their rights be respected, and that they be allowed to take their rightful place in the socio-political and economic development of the country. It appears that society’s cultural consciousness is awakening and that this emerging social awareness, may lead, hopefully, to a host of other social movements as was the case with the women’s movement during the sixties in the United States and elsewhere in the world.
The way forward:
“Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts, as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, to absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to play on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.” Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre
Compared to the recent past, Somali women today are well-educated and constitute an ever burgeoning portion of the talent pool available within the country. To not fully utilize Somali women’s talents will hinder the country’s future competitiveness. Regardless of cultural views, gender equality should be every country's priority. Somalia is no different than any other country on this planet in this respect and must provide the same rights, responsibilities and opportunities to all its citizens. Somalia as a nation, therefore, has a number of cultural attitudes and political perceptions to adapt and adjust for the benefit of all.
The following points are keys to making progress in this regard:
i. Recognize the effective contributions of Somali women in the country’s leaderships within both public and political organizations.
ii. Approve the right of Somali women to partake in the current and the future Somali government (s) with a guaranteed 30 % quota and consideration given to increasing the quota to narrow the historical gender divide in the country.
iii. Accept Somali women’s involvement in all leadership roles within the Somali government without reference to cultural or gender biases that render ineffective their contributions to the country’s affairs.
iv. Utilize Somali women’s talents more broadly in public office and private- enterprise.
v. Engage in social political and cultural awareness campaigns to promote the effective and potential contributions of Somali women in all aspects of political, social and cultural development of their country.
vi. Treat women’s rights as a shared responsibility of rightful citizens of the land.
vii. Support Somali women in the workplace as equal partners building a safe and vibrant society.
viii. Reconcile religious and cultural attitudes and points of view that limit women’s rights and abilities to effectively contribute in Somali community.
ix. And finally, consider women issues in Somalia as a core human rights concern supported by the government and by international community partners.
Somali women have committed themselves to the nationalist cause both in the past and in the present by raising political consciousness, yet they continue to find themselves outside of the very political institutions they are fighting for and outside the history upon which the country was built. Women have struggled for recognition and equality in all aspects of their lives. Today, Somali women continue to struggle for the basic rights and recognition they deserve.
Today Somalia is, at a critical juncture in terms of achieving recognition for women. Accepting the women’s quota and taking action to increase future participation in government to an even greater extent is a crucial plank in achieving equality for women in the political arena and in other influential leadership positions. My hope is that we all join as strong advocates for the creation of an inclusive government and a country that is free of all discrimination against women.
Farhia Ali Abdiguure@rogers.com | <urn:uuid:bb794dda-d6af-40b7-8db0-c027f1c6ed8a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2012/oct/26286/somalia_let_s_talk_about_women.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00008-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960597 | 2,238 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How to explain phenomena (y) around our human lives?
In science, it is comparatively easy to draw an explaining variable (x) and the relationship between y and x (i.e. equations) because we can experimentally prove a treatment effect of x on y.
In social science, whether in economics or business it is hard to find an experiment-like data. Rather, economists draws the mathematical equations from their own logical reasonings/thoughts such as 'optimized decisions made by utility maximizing agents' the equations arise from decision makings. Thereby they build an economic model to answer the what-if questions (i.e. policy implications). It is fairly obvious they are having hard time to narrow the gap between internal (i.e. theoretical) and external (i.e. empirical) consistency.
In data science, supervised learning developers do put an emphasis neither on a causality nor on what-if questions. Their primary concern is prediction no matter how strange the included explaining variables are.
So, what is your approach?
NYU economist Xavier Gabaix on an alternative to the the rational-actor model: The most central open question in economic theory, as I see it, is how to model realistic economic agents. Traditionally, economists have relied on the rational-actor model, but it is clear that it is just a rough caricature. It has been greatly enriched by behavioral economics in the past 30 years. Still, we are far from a unified, versatile, believable alternative to the rational-actor model. I am hopeful, though, that this might be overcome—in part because of progress in the sister disciplines (psychology and neuroscience) and basic modeling, and also because empirical anomalies are forcing the economic profession to be more open-minded. Contributions by computer scientists and physicists will help inject new perspectives into economics.
First, we will restrict the phenomena (y) to be explained. | <urn:uuid:8e060fed-ac4e-4315-91b8-2705117f2ab3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.youngeconomics.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00150-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935207 | 392 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At 01:08:38 UT on this night an unknown satellite trails through the field of view. It's pretty faint.
At the mid-point of the 50-second exposure (arrow), the satellite's position is RA= 09:09:04.07 and
Dec= +09:36:17.2, and it's in the sky at alt= 57.092 degrees and az= 148.934
degrees. It's moving west to east (right to left) at a rate of 9.89 arcsec per sec. The brightest flashes
compare with the 15.1 magnitude star, ZN075:0900 (circled). The 4-flash cycle in the satellite's image
trail shows that, in the space of 50 seconds, the satellite has tumbled about 5½ times.
Can we learn anything more about this object? There would be several questions we'd need to answer first:
How high is the Earth's shadow? (the satellite is in the sun, after all)
How high is the satellite (it has to be above the Earth's shadow)?
How fast is a satellite at that altitude actually moving? (in meters per second)
Is that in agreement with the angular rate of motion we see here? (9.89 arcsec per second)
If we get all this, can we make an estimate of its size based on it's apparent magnitude? | <urn:uuid:f8609d54-5b83-4153-b8db-c5e51d6d2c30> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://brightskies.us/satellite.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.933932 | 296 | 3.125 | 3 |
Six ESL Writing Activities
Looking for fresh ideas for the writing class (and conversation class)?
Here are six lesson ideas that help students learn English and build writing skills.
Two activities that improve accuracy are here. The first works on articles and is good for all skill levels. The second activity, suitable for intermediate+, teaches students to write appositives.
Three easy to implement activities to help students read, write and speak faster.
A pair work conversation activity with a writing component. One student reads a short story. Another asks questions to learn the details. It’s a remarkably simple, but challenging, exercise that forces students to think about their questions. This inquiry-based activity helps students develop a range of skills – reading, questioning, listening and critical thinking.
Got a gap to fill? These three vocabulary exercises work great when you need a sponge activity that fosters language learning.
A writing and speaking activity based on Edward De Bono’s ideas about multiple thinking perspectives? Why not? The core lesson starts by looking at a roll of candy from six perspectives. The lesson can easily be extended to more complex ideas.
A writing class without a lesson about parallel structure? Impossible, I say. So, here it is, a lesson, suitable for high beginners and up, to help students improve clarity, grammar and style.
Get the ebook Teach Essential Writing Skills. Transform the quality of EFL student writing by focusing on four essential skills. Click here for details about the ebook that should be part of every writing teacher’s resource library.
Save time. Teach well.
Cut your lesson prep time with this 240-page collection of ESL resources that stimulate language learning and critical thinking: awesome pair work speaking activities, logic puzzles, trivia, word games and much more. Simplify your lesson planning because teaching should be a joy, not a chore.
Image Credit: Featured image by Jaime González. Its use complies with the owner’s creative commons licensing terms. | <urn:uuid:ab70abfd-cabe-4de4-9c66-0b114af053aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eslwriting.org/learn-english-six-must-have-esl-writing-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920967 | 409 | 4 | 4 |
- TIFF -- Preferred archival format
- JPEG -- A lossy file format
- PNG -- Lossless but compressed
- GIF -- A compressed file format, not preferred by archivists
- RAW -- Used by higher end digital cameras
- BMP -- Microsoft proprietary format
- PSD-- Used by Photoshop
At this point the post could become highly technical. But the issues for genealogists, when they have a choice, should be to save their image files in the most accepted archival file format available. Unfortunately, many scanning devices and most digital cameras default to JPEG format.
My preferred source for information about digital preservation is the Library of Congress. The main reference is a section of the LOC.gov website entitled, "Sustainability of Digital Formats, Planning for Library of Congress Collections." I will refer you to the document itself, which is somewhat technical, but the summary of the summary is that TIFF images are preferred over any other type of file format. Most of the other file formats listed above are acceptable, but not preferred. The two file formats the Library of Congress deems unacceptable are the RAW format and the Photoshop file format PSD.
The issue here is sustainability. Will the file format be used in the future and will images stored in that format be able to be used by new computer devices in the future? The important terms here are "lossy" and "lossless." These are complicated terms and deal with the fact that lossy file formats lose information (quality, resolution etc.) as they are edited. Lossless file formats, such as TIFF files, do not lose information. Additionally, compressed files also involve a trade-off between file size and quality. Compressing a file so that it takes less storage room on a hard disk or other device, necessarily affects image quality. There is a way to avoid losing quality with compression and the JPEG 2000 file format claims lossless compression, although you may have some trouble finding a program that supports this file format.
What this boils down to for genealogists is that we need to use the most common and most highly supported file formats available to us and we also need to be aware of the file formats supported by the programs we use to store our data.
There are dozens (hundreds?) of image programs available today. Many of these programs such as the high end Adobe Photoshop and the lower end Photoshop Elements, can save files in a variety of file formats. Many other programs will convert images from one format to another. Just remember, you can't get blood out of a turnip. If your image was created in a lossy file format such as a JPEG file, subsequently saving the file as a TIFF file may help, but the quality of the image is determined at the time the image is created by the scanner or the camera and the file format will not improve that quality. It may help to preserve or not help depending on the circumstances, but the initial file creation is what is important.
Here is a list of the previous posts in this series. | <urn:uuid:9c723388-93d1-4a2b-88b1-d0a4f0465e46> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2015/04/digitizing-genealogy-understanding-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867055.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624195735-20180624215735-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.889617 | 622 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Command Prompt is one of two stock terminal apps you’ll find on Windows 10. The other is PowerShell and there are quite a few differences between the two. Command Prompt has been around much longer than PowerShell and it stands to reason that more people use it. With Command Prompt, you can move to any directory on your system, and run commands in it. You might run into a slight problem if you’re trying to move to a folder with a space in the name but there’s a simple trick to it.
If you’re trying to access a network location in Command Prompt, the cd command won’t do the job. In fact, the error message that you get might lead you to believe you cannot access a network location in Command Prompt and run commands in it. That isn’t true. You just need to use a different command for the job.
Network location in Command Prompt
When you use the cd command and follow it up with a network location, Command Prompt tells you that ‘CMD does not support UNC paths as current directories’. A quick search will tell you that a UNC path is a path with double slashes or backslashes which is what a network path has.
To move Command Prompt into a network directory, you need to use the pushd command. First, get the complete path to the network location you’d like to access. In the screenshot below, the complete path to the folder that’s open in File Explorer is;
The path is not simply Z:\ which is what you get if you try and copy it from the location bar.
Once you have the path, run the following command. Enclose the path in double-quotes if there is a space in the path.
You will notice that Command Prompt allocates a different drive letter to the network location than the one you see in File Explorer. This isn’t anything to worry about.
If you’re wondering how this works in PowerShell, you don’t need to. PowerShell will let you switch to a network location with the cd command.
Unlike Command Prompt, PowerShell does not have trouble with UNC paths. If you like, you can just use PowerShell instead of Command Prompt. It is different from Command Prompt but it isn’t less powerful. In fact, you’ll find that in many cases, the above case being a good example, PowerShell is easier to work with. | <urn:uuid:b20abccf-7b71-4174-9f80-7b6c73b7f4b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://14um.net/exciting-tips/windows/how-to-access-a-network-location-in-command-prompt-on-windows-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.902052 | 509 | 3 | 3 |
In this article we will be taking a look at some fantastic Artificial Intelligence (AI in short) writer software which has revolutionized the way people can get their work done, or even just have fun with something new. I have personally tried out and tested quite a number of AI writers currently on the market and this article was written based on my learning from these experiences.
What is an AI writer?
AI writer refers to a piece of computer software that utilizes artificial intelligence to generate words in order to create an original piece of work, from articles to short stories and everything in between. The writer can either be controlled by the user for more accurate results or completely automated for less control but better flow.
How does an AI Writer work?
AI employs technologies called deep learning and natural language processing, drawing from a database of millions of previous text samples. While deep learning seeks to mimic the human brain’s analysis of data and patterns, natural language processing strives to analyze and generate language in the way that humans do.
The process is one in which computers learn to read and interpret human language as a whole. AI algorithms learn word definitions and grammar rules to compose sentences in the same way that people do, with input from programmers on format, copy length, and tone. To collect and filter through data and find meaning in words, the computer use algorithms. The data is then processed and converted into text.
The AI writer software helps professionals and hobbyists alike write articles in a more efficient, and less time-consumptive manner. As mentioned before, the program generates words that are unique to the human mind. The software uses sentence structures that are also generated by AI itself in order to effectively communicate ideas.
Different types of AI writers
Broadly, there are basically two types of AI writer softwares on the market now:
1. Form based AI writer
Where you select a form to write in and then you fill out the blanks. This type of AI writer depends on the writer to come up with just a few fields, usually on the subject, and the software continues from that point on.
Some examples of this type of AI writers are: Nichness or Content Villain. Since this type of AI writer depends on the user to input many fields, it is usually for small amounts of content. It takes more time to fill up the fields and are therefore more rigid.
2. Creative Content Generation AI writer
Where you simply start writing and the program will generate a text for you. This is more similar to the traditional writing process, where one would start with a blank canvas and then fill in the details. The AI writer then functions like a real-life writing assistant and you perform the “dance” of filling in the details. This is a more flexible type of AI writer that can be used not just for short articles but for anything from long-form content to novels or even poetry! Examples of this type of AI writers are Shortlyai and Conversion.ai.
The former of these two types provides an easy way to get started with using this software and practice how it works before moving on to more advanced programs. The second type of AI writer is a lot more powerful and can be used for a variety of different purposes.
Uses of AI writer
AI writer can write simple text quickly. Use AI writer to make your content engaging. In fact, AI writer can write more than just the basics, too. It can write about topics related to health, technology, and other subjects, if you need something more specific. And if you’re ever stuck on words, it can help with that too. Some of the common uses of AI writers are:
1. Generating new content
Apart from generation of content ideas or topics mentioned earlier, it can also generate content titles and even the very content itself, i.e. writing Articles and Blog Posts. These could be based around keywords and topics that you provide to the software or they could be completely random. This is most useful for blog writers, copywriters or content marketers. Thus, it can generate new content.
2. Improving existing content
Another common use of AI writers is to improve existing articles. It does this by rephrasing, rewriting or summarizing the content already present in the article. This way, it can improve on the original reading experience and make sure that the topic is conveyed effectively and clearly.
This comes in particularly handy if you have a website, podcast (audio) or YouTube channel (video) where you regularly create content. You might not have time to go through all of your existing content and edit/rewrite/summarize it every time you create new content.
3. For a variety of other purposes
Basically, AI writer can be used to write anything and everything. There are simply many use cases and you are simply limited by your own imagination. Therefore, it’s definitely not limited to article-writing or writing of blog posts
Some other uses of AI writer are generating business ideas, drafting Professional Emails, customer service correspondences, generating Marketing Copy such as Website copy, Sales Copies for products and services, ad copies, customer service making Reports and anything else you can think of.
The benefits of using AI writers
The are many benefits of using AI writer software which have revolutionized the way people can get their work done, or even just have fun with something new. Some of them are outlined as follows:
1. Say goodbye to writer’s block with automatic text generation
The AI writer software eases writer’s block because it can generate thousands of words a second, much faster than one would be able to on their own. This means that no matter what the subject, the AI writer program just needs to collect data and process it into text so that it can produce an original piece for you.
In fact, AI writer can even help you generate content ideas, either by generating a list of topics for you to choose from or even suggesting prompts if you are working in the form-based variety. Therefore, you will never be faced with a blank canvas and not knowing what to write again and you can get started on projects without spending time thinking about what to write about or how to structure ideas.
2. AI writers can save you time and energy thus increase your productivity
The AI writer also helps your work become less time-consuming! Instead of being stuck trying to create hundreds of sentences by hand or spending hours looking for ideas, you can simply let the AI generate them for you and send them off as soon as they’re done! This way, all you have to do is focus on constructing and generating quality content.
3. Powered by AI, controlled by you
AI writers are a fantastic way to save both time and money, but it’s important to remember that the software is powered by AI. It’s controlled by the user and through continued input of quality content, AI writers will write only high-quality content. Therefore, the role of the human writer in controlling the flow of the content is important.
While AI technology may sound like a simple solution to many of the problems that plague the world of writing, it’s important to remember that it is not as perfect as it seems. While AI writer does what it says on the tin, in reality, there are still things that a human needs to do in order for the software to work more effectively.
Things to look out for when choosing the best AI writer
I use AI writer mainly for my e-commerce business and also for my blog. The following are the things I look out for when choosing an AI writer:
1. Quality of writing
The quality of writing is a major thing that needs to be looked at in relation to the content generated by the AI writer. This will help save you time in editing the output to arrive at the final article. Of course the quality of AI writer output also depends partly on the quality of input provided. As they said “garbage in, garbage out”.
However, a good AI writer should be able to generate content that is relevant and on-point rather than generate a lot of irrelevant text which means you need to keep regenerating but yet still cannot find materials to use. In that case, using the AI writer becomes a waste of time rather than saving time and makes you more productive.
2. Usability – Generate texts for users in a jiffy
The best AI writer programs are not only powerful but also effective for execution. It will surprise you how many times I ran into errors in some AI writer software. After entering all the required information in the fields, the program simply returns you an error message. Therefore, I need my AI writer to generate texts for users giving as little error messages as possible.
The Best AI writer program should be easy to use. The interface should be clean and simply designed. This is important as it will flatten your learning curve in learning how to use the software. You can then focus on the flow of the article rather than filling up the form and wondering what to enter for the form field.
3. Help generate long form content with minimal distraction and disruption
As a blog writer, I focus on generating helpful content for my readers and frequently this means I need to write long articles or what is commonly known as Long-form content. According to Search Engine Journal, Long-form content is typically 2,000 words or more.
Long-form content offers a lot of information and great depth of information on a topic. Since we all write with a certain train of thought, I would like to write continuously with minimal distraction and disruption. As mentioned earlier, an AI writer with a simple interface allows me to focus on the content I am trying to generate and simply start writing and do the “dance” with the AI writer.
4. Does it make the content creation process fun?
This is related to the usability mentioned earlier and particularly on User Interface. When composing articles or generating content, the AI writer should make the process smooth and fun to work with. It should not make you jump over the hoops in order to get a little piece of output.
For example, if you are editing the content to conform to a certain style or adapting it to a certain tone, the AI writer should have this function built in. It should be able to generate content where the style is converted into something that is more readable and understandable for humans. Therefore, the software should ideally have all these features built into it.
The program should be cost effective. You should not have to cough up a fortune for it. It is a tool to help you make money. However, if you need to pay for a hefty subscription before you can even make one cent on a monthly basis, then it may not be really worth it. Of course this also depends on what your current financial situation is.
If you are just starting up, you would probably need to find the most cost effective solution while if you already have a very established business and the cost of AI writers is considered manageable, then perhaps this will not be your foremost consideration.
A frequently heard argument from people subscribing to expensive tools is if I could spend this money to make even more money, then it’s all worth it. However, it never hurts to get a better tool which costs less so that it’s even more cost-effective and will generate even higher ROI for you right?
Shortlyai – The Best AI Software for Writers and a good AI article writing tool
From my own experience, Shortlyai (or commonly called “shortly” in short, no pun intended 😉 ) is the best AI writer that fulfills all the considerations above. It generates quality output and has a simple and clean interface of a blank canvas with a few settings (see screenshots).
After you log in to the app, simply choose to start with writing a blog/article or story and you will go into the blank canvas and be ready to start composing. You just need to provide the AI with the title of your article and a short brief on what you are writing about like you are speaking to a friend, you can get started with writing content and the AI writer will fill in the gaps as you type.
The output is also very intuitive and familiar to anyone who has used a word processor. It can be easily adapted into a blog post, article or long-form content. Also, if you start using Shortlyai, you’ll realize that it’s not just for writing articles but you can generate sales letters, email addresses for customers and even generate a video out of your content.
Unlike many of the other AI writers where you need to first choose the type of content you want to generate and then you need to fill up a lot of different fields before you can even get any short snippets of output, Shortlyai simply let you write and write for you as you go along. There are no complicated commands to learn, just 4 simple commands to instruct, rewrite, shorten or expand the text. You can easily generate a long form article with proper planning of a content outline.
It is worth noting that shortlyai is one of the few AI writers that had been “grandfathered” into providing long forms content as Open AI had put restrictions subsequently to other apps that came later. As a result, many other AI writers could only provide “short form” content (which means very short output each time) and therefore there can only be very limited flow when using those writers.
The program provides a vast range of flexibility depending on your needs. Besides the simple and powerful 4-command interface, Shortlyai also comes with several helpful features such as:
– A simple Slider on output length to help you control the length of the text output you desire.
– Writing stats to help you keep track of how many words you have written so far.
The starting price of Shortlyai is $79 per month and it comes with unlimited amount of writing you can do with it unlike some other AI writers which charge by credits and thus can be very limiting. Apart from being able to generate unlimited amount of content with Shortlyai, you can also rewrite if you are not happy with its output and not having to worry about your monthly credits being wasted for re-generation such as in other software based on credits.
And if you want to save more money and you are convinced that Shortlyai is the right AI writer for you, you can even sign up the annual plan which costs $650 per year or about $54 per month (this is the pricing as accurate as the time of writing this article on 10 Jun 2021). For the most updated pricing of Shortlyai, please visit their website.
Another good thing about Shortlyai which I did not really see in other AI writers is that Shortlyai is constantly improving. It would ask me for feedback on the content generated randomly which I believe is not only limited to me but other users too. The AI would improve and learn better with more users giving feedback over time. This is notwithstanding the fact that it already generates quality content to start with.
Last but not least, I really enjoy writing with Shortlyai. Me not needing to spend too much time to get started with it is a big plus. That I can even work on a longer form content and not get interrupted by the app makes this software really useful for me. I enjoy doing the “dance” with shortlyai as I sometimes would just start with a blank canvas and ask it brainstorm ideas for me or let it write.
Sometimes I wrote something and let it complete. Often I was pleasantly surprised by its output. When working with shortlyai, I feel I am in control while it is really my assistant helping me to write better articles faster. In short, Shortlyai is a good AI writer and an affordable tool. It’s easy to use, user-friendly and efficient and I highly recommend it as an indispensable arsenal in any writer’s arsenal of tools. So if you would like to check out Shortly, you can click here.
What are the disadvantages of AI writers?
While using AI writers to help with writing is good, there are some disadvantages too. First and foremost is accuracy. AI writers are not human writers and they cannot be perfect. That’s something to expect from writing software but remains true of AI writers. Therefore, to play it safe, it is good to check how your article is being generated and to make sure that all the information you provided for the software is correct.
It is also worth noting that they have their own faults which can be embarrassing at times such as grammar mistakes or typos in the output texts and even grammatical errors in the keywords used, etc. Therefore, it is good to check the content for errors before you publish it. There are writing tools that are very good for this purpose such as Grammarly or ProWritingAid. If you do not spend enough time to polish and edit the output, it may not meet your satisfaction even with the best software.
Another thing you need to do is to run the AI writer output through plagiarism check. Plagiarism is when the output is copied, plagiarized and re-used. It can cause copyright infringement issues. Therefore, you need to make sure that the output you get is original by running it through plagiarism checker tools such as Copyscape or Grammarly.
There is a cost to it and it’s not free. Most artificial intelligence writers also require some sort of payment for usage with subscriptions or credits. This is a necessary devil as writing is work and a business after all. AI writers are tools to help save you time and generate quality content. They are not free and cost money to develop and maintain.
However, as mentioned earlier, as long as the tool is cost-effective and able to meet the quality considerations this should not be a big issue as it will help you make money which will pay for itself and save you time.
Last but not least, an AI writer is essentially a data-generator as mentioned earlier. Therefore, you need to ensure that the end result is not only something you can use but it’s also good enough for you to use it. Also, if you are generating articles from scratch and not taking anything from an existing database where all the writing already exists will therefore be challenging for the AI writer.
Some other commonly asked questions about using AI Content Generator
1. Can AI replace writers?
No. AI does not have the skills or cognitive capabilities that a writer has. A writer can be creative and generate new ideas, an AI cannot do that. In fact, as can be seen from the earlier sections, we need to guide the AI writer in providing it with meaningful inputs and also edit its output to ensure that there is a flow to it. Therefore, AI cannot replace writers at this stage.
2. Can AI write stories?
Yes. AI can write stories. In fact, Shortlyai provides the option to write blog or stories. However, it is up to you to edit and polish. Do this by yourself or hire someone to edit your work.
3. Can AI write a book?
The answer is both yes and no. A human will still need to edit the AI output to make sure that it meets the requirements of a book like a coherent story, flow and structure. In this case, AI may only provide parts of the whole, such as the beginning or end which should be edited by a human.
4. Can AI write articles?
From the earlier part of this article, it’s evident that AI writers can help write articles. However, again they provide parts of the whole so the articles would need to be edited by a human.
5. Will my content be unique?
Yes and no again. In the short term, AI writers are not that good at writing so you will probably see some duplicate content from your AI writer. However, the software continues to evolve so should its algorithm and it can learn to be more unique. Also, if you are using different AI writers for the same purpose, then it’s unlikely they will generate similar content as each software has its learning algorithms which will differ from each other.
If you don’t take the necessary precautions and fail to follow best practices such as inputting original content or ensuring good quality review, there is a chance your content may be plagiarized.
6. Does AI writer produce copies that are SEO friendly?
Yes, AI writer can produce SEO-friendly content. However, not by itself but by having proper research done and by following best practices like keeping keywords relevant.
7. Is AI writer useful?
Yes, definitely! AI writer is a useful tool if it is used for its purpose. For instance, shortlyai was made for the specific reason to save time and provide quality content that can be useful in website content generation. Therefore, in some cases where a human writer may not be able to help (i.e. generate high quality, long form articles) or when your budget does not allow for hiring a writer, then AI writer is the answer as it does the same job for less money.
8. Which is the Best AI Content Generator Software?
There are many AI writers out there today. As mentioned earlier, Shortlyai is my personal favorite AI writer as I found it useful and affordable too. Currently, it charges $24.99 per month for the standard package and the cheapest price for the annual plan is around $39.99 per month to get an unlimited amount of content produced by the software which I highly recommend.
In this article, I have outlined several different factors that you need to look into before deciding which AI software is the best for your business or the most useful for your personal use and also recommended the AI writer which I feel is the best in the market right now. I hope this article has helped you to gain a better understanding of AI writers and also enabled you to make more informed decisions about whether artificial intelligence will help you with writing.
To best use an AI writer, you need to be aware of its strengths and limitations so that you could leverage on its strengths and make up for its shortfall with your own writing and editing.
Have you ever tried using an AI writer to help with your writing? What is your experience with AI writers? Leave your comments below to share with me and the community of readers here. | <urn:uuid:80e955b7-637b-4eb6-ba3d-54f3a5b1ac89> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ecommercewithpenny.com/the-best-ai-writer-software-of-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.961526 | 4,626 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Nearsightedness, officially known as myopia, is a common eye issue. With myopia, close objects are clearly seen while far away objects are blurry. This is due to a refractive error within the eye.
Children and adults can be affected by myopia. In fact, many children with myopia don’t even realize they have sight issues. However, if myopia is not diagnosed quickly in a child, they could face issues with development and performance in school. Approximately 25 percent of Americans have myopia. Typically, children between the ages of 6 and 12 are first diagnosed with myopia, which tends to get worse during the teenage years. Myopia can worsen with age; however, it’s not common to experience a drastic change in myopia between the ages of 20 and 40. Those most affected by myopia have parents who also have the condition. Other groups affected by myopia are those with cataracts and diabetes.
Myopia is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, who may also find other refractive errors during a comprehensive eye exam. Eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery can correct myopia.
If you experience visual discomfort or blurred vision, or if your child complains of not seeing clearly, contact Riverdale Ophthalmology today. | <urn:uuid:b2059e66-7d31-4368-9083-8b5f4ba62488> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://riverdalevision.com/service/nearsightedness-myopia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104678225.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706212428-20220707002428-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.972613 | 264 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The academic year is over and my junior PRIMES STEP group finished their paper about a classification of magic SET squares. A magic SET square is a 3 by 3 square of SET cards such that each row, column, and diagonal is a set. See an example below. The paper is posted at the arXiv:2006.04764.
In addition to classifying the magic SET squares, my students invented the game of SET tic-tac-toe. It is played on nine cards that form a magic SET square. Two players take turns picking a card from the square. The first player who has a set wins.
One might think that this game is the same as tic-tac-toe, as a player wins as soon at they have cards from the same row, column, or diagonal. But if you build a magic SET square, you might notices that each magic SET square contains 12 sets. In addition to rows, columns, and diagonals, there are sets that form broken diagonals. The picture below shows all the sets in a magic SET square.
There are more ways to win in this game than in a regular tic-tac-toe game. My students proved that ties are impossible in this game. They also showed, that, if played correctly, the first player always wins.Share:
SET tic-tac-toe is tic-tac-toe over a torus. We can see that 5 points/cards are enough to get a whole line by a counting argument. As 2 points define a line, if we were to get 5 points with only 2 points per line we would get at least 10 lines. There are 12 lines, but some are parallel, having 4 different directions. There are 3 lines in each direction. We could try to divide the expected 10 lines as 10=3+3+2+2 or 10=3+3+3+1, this is, a partition of the 10 lines with each summand representing the number of lines with 2 selected points for each of the four directions. However, if we have 2 points in all the lines of a given direction then we have at least 6 points.26 June 2020, 1:51 pm | <urn:uuid:f170547f-defe-4be0-9343-f00f0dffb483> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://blog.tanyakhovanova.com/2020/06/set-tic-tac-toe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.970208 | 478 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Mrs. Cooper’s second grade class spent the month of February researching presidents. They talked about qualities needed to be an effective president. This led to a discussion on characteristics of leaders. Mrs. Cooper invited our headmaster, Dr. Krahn, to visit her class to share his ideas about leadership.
The students jotted ideas in their journals but decided they wanted to share what their thoughts with others. They came to the computer lab earlier this week and started blogging their thoughts.
They would love to have others looks at their writing so please visit Mrs. Cooper’s blog and feel free to leave comments!
Here are some samples: | <urn:uuid:d30b9d58-1ed8-4975-a1e8-31162c52b2ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://tvstechtips.edublogs.org/2013/04/05/what-is-leadership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.982143 | 133 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Remember Bill the Cat? He was a cartoon cat who was forever barfing on the rug. Felix or Sylvester would never be caught dead doing such a thing. However, as any cat owner knows, throwing up is something cats actually do frequently. It can be somewhat distressing, especially if you have nice rugs. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
We need water, or H2O, to maintain our bodies in a fluid state. Water even gets involved in chemical reactions that occur in our stomachs, which break down foods containing sugars, starches, and proteins.
Since botulism bacteria cannot survive in oxygen, they form spores that lie dormant until they’re in an oxygen-free environment. For example, the oxygen-free insides of canned goods are prime breeding grounds for botulism.
When our brain tells us its time to eat, a reflex kicks in that makes the stomach walls contract. The contractions cause the digested food in the intestine to move down towards the rectum.
Researchers who study jellyfish were delighted when a whole bunch of them turned up in Wisconsin. They were found in a sandstone quarry. | <urn:uuid:8bbd44c3-a2bc-4dac-9ce4-ade513a4e96b> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/tag/stomachs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292493.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00164-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964197 | 239 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Writing Assignment # 4 - Love is a Fallacy
Love is a fallacy writing assignment.
The last writing assignment will be to write a comedy using the paper by Max Shulman “Love is a Fallacy “in our text as a model. The length of the paper is be two to three pages typed and double spaced. The paper is due on the due date listed in the syllabus and it can be turned in on the day that it is due or by e-mail on that same day.
There are several elements that need to be included in this paper. You will be writing a story from the first person perspective that will include at least three characters that roughly correspond to the characters in the Love is a fallacy story. You will be creating your own characters and there will need to be at least 5 to 10 fallacies that are discussed in the course of your comedy. If you choose only five, then in the “Ironic twist “section in the end all five must be used.
The ironic twist section is where you will need to simulate the situation where the student turns around knowledge of the fallacies learned by the teacher in the comedic unforeseen way.
A minimum of five but not more than ten fallacies should be included in your comedy. At least half of the fallacies must be from the list that we covered in class and the other half can be from the story.
In addition to the student – teacher dynamic to introduce the several fallacies, a contemporary “fad” should also be included in the beginning of the story.
Additional features that you might want to include are contemporary slang language often illustrated by the character “Polly” in the story and self reflective comments on the progress of the student by the narrator. | <urn:uuid:abd80c2b-c6c7-4788-b62a-fc2500175098> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www2.palomar.edu/users/jfmartin/Masher/Papers/Logic/Description/love/Love_is_html.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00184-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969742 | 363 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Carbohydrates - provide energy.
Lipids (Fats) - act as an energy store, provide insulation, make up cell membranes & physically protect organs.
Proteins - needed for growth, repair of tissues and making enzymes.
Vitamins - 'D' needed for calcium absorption. 'K' needed for blood clotting.
Minerals - Iron needed for Haemoglobin. Calcium for bone formation.
Roughage - aids the movement of food through the gut.
Water - used in chemical reactions. Constant supply is needed to replace water loss.
If you don't get the correct amount of each nutrients you are said to be malnourished.
- Not having enough food.
- Too little nutrients e.g. not enough Iron leads to anaemia. Too many carbohydrates leads to obesity.
- Not being able to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream e.g. Coeliac reduces the absorption in the small intestine.
Over nutrition and a lack of exercise leads to obesity. It is defined as being 20% over the recommended body weight. It could also be due to an under active thyroid gland (although its not very common). Increases the risk of diabetes, arthritis, coronary heart disease and even cancer.
Coronary Heart Disease:
Reduced flow of blood to… | <urn:uuid:e05b1610-3755-484a-9a75-e56ef4ffe3c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/food_and_health_balancing_diets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189130.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00635-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904745 | 274 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The safest, most effective therapies for optimal health!
by Ellen Landauer
What is lectin? It is a harmful category of compounds found in all plant foods. (Though animal-based foods also contain small amounts of this compound, it is a different form that is not harmful).
There are somewhere around 100 different variations but they all have basically the same deleterious effects. Some are VERY virulent, such as the phytohaemagglutinin found in kidney beans.
Why would plants contain lectins (and many other compounds harmful to human and animal health)?
Plants cannot fight or run away like animals do. They don't want to be eaten, so they engage in (very successful) chemical warfare!
All beans, grains, nuts, vegetables and fruits contain significant quantities of a variety of damaging compounds. We need only look at plant-based diet when we ask what is lectin? See my article about why vegan diet is not healthy.
It is resistant to cooking heat, VERY resistant to our digestive enzymes.
Oh, but doesn't soaking and/or sprouting de-fuse its harmful effects?
What is lectin? A harmful compound with NO nutrient value. It is technically a protein - but of absolutely no benefit - it is a toxin. It can bind to the walls of our intestinal tract and kill the cells in the lining. It is a major cause of leaky gut.
Did you know that it was proven that a diet containing only 1% kidney beans was proven to kill rats in 2 weeks? And rats do not die easily!(Kidney beans are very high in phytohaemagglutinin - one out of around 100 forms of this compound)
Searching on 'what is lectin' will present you with a pack of lies and obfuscations from conventional and most holistic sources. For example:
"Lectins are a type of protein that, in humans may help cells interact."
'May' help cells 'interact.'?? Meaning what? Empty, ambiguous words!
"The diverse carbohydrate structures on cell surfaces interact (Oh, there's that word 'interact' yet again) with cell's environment, aided by lectins." (Should read 'impeded by').
"Some scientists 'believe' ('believe' ?? Science is now a religion?) that lectins provide a form of plant defense to keep insects away."
(Truth - they ARE a form of plant defense to keep ALL animals away, including us)!
What is lectin - a compound that causes immediate and/or long-term harm to any creature, including humans, that eat plants containing it.
It is HIGHLY INFLAMMATORY. This includes causing leaky gut, joint pain and arthritis, pain in any part of digestive tract including mouth, destruction of gut lining (causing slow starvation by limiting ability to absorb nutrients), damage to brain and nerves, etc.
Commonly, articles downplaying harm of lectins also end by telling you how good all plant foods are, including grains and beans - which anyone wanting to be healthy should not eat.
One such quote... "While lectins may cause some damage, there is strong research to support benefits of eating plant foods." Right.
They say a lectin-free diet is more trendy than scientific and 'more research is needed.' Many of these articles suggest how 'restrictive' such a diet is, giving you, the reader, the impression that ditching harmful foods is a painful 'giving up' rather than an act of empowerment to hyperpower your vitality. (Can you tell that the duplicitous manipulative games of conventional media and mainstream 'holistic' media makes me mad? ;-)
SET YOURSELF FREE! The real truth is, by removing such inflammatory compounds from your diet, your body is relieved of the burden of putting so much energy and resources toward repairing the damage done.
Your body is then free to restore real health - reducing pain, damage - and truly healing.
It is chemical warfare of plants! There are over 100 varieties of lectins.
What is lectin mode of action?
Each one is a protein with a unique structure and has the ability to bind to carbohydrates. All our cells have glycoproteins that protrude from them. The glycoproteins have carbohydrate molecules that protrude from the end of them. Lectins can bind to those carbohydrate molecules and can therefore bind to our human cells.
Ideally, the lining of the whole intestinal tract should allow the absorption of nutrients while not allowing toxins to enter. Ideally, toxins would go through our digestive tract without being absorbed and then be eliminated. A healthy mucus layer over epithelial cells with tight junctions (no spaces in between) lining intestines helps repel toxins.
The microvilli line the surfaces of the epithelial cells. Crowning the microvilli is a 'glycocalyx' which has a glucose carbohydrate component. Lectins can stick to the glycocalyx of the villi and damage them and the epithelial cells. This causes leaky gut syndrome.
Leaky gut intestinal permeability allows toxins including lectins to enter our body. Lectins enter our circulation and can bind to cells in many different organs of the body. For example, lectins can bind to endometrium of a woman's uterus. In one study, magnification photos show soybean agglutinin, a lectin, bound to endometrial cells inside the uterus. Lectin can also cause excess acid production in the stomach.
Lectins are increasing in our bodies. Plants are being bred for increased disease resistance - which is partly enhanced by - more lectins!
PHOTO BELOW: Walnuts, and ALL nuts, are high in lectins.
NOTE: Nightshades (peppers both sweet and hot, eggplant, tomato, potato) are VERY high in lectins
Spices, seeds, etc.
To Avoid Harmful Lectins, Minimize Plant Foods
Ellen Landauer is an expert with over 40 years in-depth study and experience of the safe and effective use of nutritional supplements, botanical extracts and detoxification methods.
She is Certified as an Advanced Practitioner of Structural Integration body therapy developed by Dr. Ida P. Rolf - also known as Rolfing. This hands-on therapy is the deepest, most comprehensive body alignment therapy.
Ellen Landauer is also a NEWLY PUBLISHED AUTHOR!
To learn more about Ellen Landauer, see her detailed bio HERE
Throughout this website, statements are made pertaining to the properties and/or functions of food and/or nutritional products. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and these materials and products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. For all health and medical questions, please consult with your doctor. By viewing this site, you are stating that you agree with this disclaimer. | <urn:uuid:dc047cfc-fb66-4664-9021-82948bf3cf31> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.peak-health-now.com/what-is-lectin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.915645 | 1,440 | 3 | 3 |
An E. N. T. specialist and the son of an Italian opera singer, Prof. Dr. Alfred Tomatis developed an interest in the correlation between the sounds we are able to hear and those we are able to produce, either on an instrument or with our own voice. From his observations came three laws:
1 – There is a direct relation between what is perceived and what can be produced. This means that if a performer has lost the full perception of certain aural frequencies, he or she will not be able to create them.
2 – If we give the damaged ear the opportunity to hear correctly, the singer, actor or instrumentalist will regain those lost or compromised frequencies.
3 – Sufficient stimulation of the ear will provide a lasting improvement of the ability to listen to and produce sounds, either on an instrument or with a voice. And one will notice that, with improved perception, the whole body will respond and radiate more energy, with a decrease in posture-related pain, in the neck and back.
Since the development of his practice, thousands of vocalists and instrumentalists around the world have benefited from the achievements of Dr Tomatis, including those with overall ‘natural’ good ears and voices. Singers like Maria Callas, Luciano Pavarotti and Sting, musicians like violinist Yehuda Menuhin, and actors like Gerard Depardieu have all discovered the Tomatis Effect.
Yet, like other humans these instrumentalists and singers may at some stage be confronted with hearing loss. Not just because of ageing, but for instance because of years of rehearsing in small rooms with unsufficient sound dampening. Or they have been performing in halls where acoustics are inadequate and amplifiers damaged their ears.
At the Joya Centre we provide facilities for musicians and performers to go through a full or short course of Listening Training, For instrumentalist it is preferred if they bring their own instrument, although we can organize some string instruments through our contacts here in Nelson. We have worked with singers and performers (in fields like jazz, musical theatre, and improvisation). | <urn:uuid:aa228407-3d07-4f4b-af4e-6798379b473d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.joyacentre.co.nz/listening-for-wellness-tomatis/performing-arts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.955462 | 430 | 2.625 | 3 |
It's not a good idea to get on the United States' bad side. As the wealthiest country in the world, the U.S. also lays claim to the world's most powerful military. But military might is nothing compared to the repercussions that economic sanctions from the U.S. can bring about.
In Pictures: 9 Tricks Of The Successful Forex Trader
Economic sanctions are a popular way for large governments to exert their disapproval over one another. While wars are costly – both economically and politically – economic sanctions tend to be somewhat less tangible, at least for the country doing the sanctioning. But for the country being sanctioned, the results can be enormous and long lasting. (This instrument of foreign policy and economic pressure is preferred over military action but can still pack a punch. Find out more in The Power Of Economic Sanctions.)
What does a country need to do to attract the ire of the United States? Overwhelmingly, the U.S. sanctions countries that sponsor terrorism or perpetrate human rights violations on their people. Right now, six countries are being sanctioned.
The Southeast Asian nation of Burma – also known as the Union of Myanmar – is one of the countries that the U.S. has placed sanctions on for human rights and political reasons. The country is ruled by a military junta, a committee of military leaders that makes political decisions for the country of 50 million. In charge is Senior General Than Shwe, the head of state who made the number-four spot in Parade Magazine's 2009 list of World's Worst Dictators.
U.S. sanctions prohibit investment into Burma, restrict the financial resources of the ruling military junta and disallow U.S. imports of Burmese products, as well as U.S. exports of financial services to the country. However, General License No. 14-B allows not-for-profit humanitarian and religious organizations in Burma to receive U.S. funding.
- Côte d'Ivoire
The West African nation Côte d'Ivoire (or the Ivory Coast, in English) is another country that's being sanctioned by the U.S. government for human rights violations. In the 1970s, Côte d'Ivoire was home to Africa's strongest economies thanks to booming coffee and cocoa exports, but an economic decline through the 1980s and 1990s brought about social problems that eventually lead to civil war in 1999. The country is still in conflict, with both sides of the fight charged with numerous human rights violations.
As a result, U.S. sanctions prohibit trade with people or organizations who provide arms or assistance to Côte d'Ivoire. (Learn the contract specifications for a few of the most heavily traded commodities, in The Sweet Life Of Soft Markets.)
One of the U.S.'s longest-standing and most well known sanctions is against one of our neighbors to the south: Cuba. In February, 1959, Fidel Castro became Prime Minister of Cuba, unseating a post-revolution Cuban government that was favored by the United States (ironically, the previous Batista regime was defeated in part because of a U.S. imposed arms embargo). Since the Cuban dictator took power, the U.S. has had trade embargoes in place as a punishment for impediments to democratic rule.
While Americans aren't generally allowed to trade or travel with Cuban interests, the close geographic proximity (and large Cuban-American population) have ensured that a number of exemptions exist for humanitarian work and visiting relatives. (The tax-free zones in Taking A Look At Tax Havens might sound appealing, but the consequences often aren't.)
Following the Iranian Revolution, where the Western-friendly Shah of Iran was deposed in favor of a theocratic government, the Iranian Hostage Crisis and other ensuing events pushed the U.S. to levy a trade embargo on the Middle Eastern nation.
With increasingly tenuous political relations right now, Iranian economic sanctions continue to be a hotly discussed topic.
- North Korea
North Korea is arguably the country most brutally affected by U.S. economic sanctions. North Korea's battles with the U.S. started in the 1950s with the United States' entry into the Korean War – a move designed to counter the USSR's support for a unified, communist Korea. Today, North and South Korea continue to technically be at war (albeit under a ceasefire since 1953), and the U.S. maintains stringent trade restriction on the country. (Blitzkrieg? Dawn raids? Sounds like the markets and the battlefield have a few things in common! Find out more in War's Influence On Wall Street.)
As one of the nations that former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton named as "beyond the axis of evil," Syria has had contentious relations with the United States because of its position as a sponsor of terrorism. As a result, the U.S. has strong trade restrictions on the country, barring major exports as well as financial services for individuals or organizations linked to terror. (The measures in Standard Of Living Vs. Quality Of Life may seem similar, but the reality is an issue of qualitative versus quantitative.)
Other Economic Sanctions
Not all of the U.S.'s economic sanctions are against entire countries. Instead, the U.S. Treasury keeps a list of specific people and organizations in the Balkans, Belarus, Congo, Iraq, Liberia, Sudan and Zimbabwe who U.S. nationals and organizations are forbidden from doing business with. Generally, those sanctions focus on political groups or organizations that promote violence or social unrest, instead of the country's official government.
Military action isn't the only option for countries that are in the midst of a political dispute. Instead, economic sanctions provide an immediate way for the U.S. to crack down on rogue countries without putting lives on the line.
(Catch up on this week's top financial news in Water Cooler Finance: Auto Hope, Bubbling Oil And Obamanomics.) | <urn:uuid:faa1ac4c-b925-4369-a9b3-330304a1dd51> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0410/countries-sanctioned-by-the-u.s.---and-why.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00266-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952494 | 1,230 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Allergies represent the body’s inability to deal with a typically benign substance. Including conditions like allergic rhinitis and hay fever, allergies are affecting a growing number of people each year. And more and more of them are turning to over-the-counter medications and prescription drugs to provide some relief.
These medications are often effective at relieving allergy symptoms, they do nothing to address the cause of the problem. We can provide a clear explanation for why individuals suffer with allergies and can create a treatment plan to address the underlying causes.
Common allergy symptoms include: sneezing, itchy eyes, runny nose, scratchy throat, sinus headache, and fatigue.
- For an optimal outcome it’s best to begin treatment the month before the allergies arrive.
Our team have practiced as Licensed Acupuncturists and Herbalists since 2002. After a careful intake we will create a customized treatment plan that addresses your specific concerns. Your treatment plan may include acupuncture, herbal supplements and lifestyle recommendations.
Herbs for Allergies
Used for thousands of years by healing traditions around the world, herbs have been a staple of effective headache treatment. They can be used to address both the symptoms and underlying cause of allergies. Safe, effective, and fast-acting, they provide an excellent alternative (or adjunct) to over-the-counter medications.
And while it’s true that herbs are readily available to those who seek them, there’s no substitute for the experience and knowledge of a seasoned practitioner who can advise you on which herbs are best for you.
Acupuncutre for Allergies
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that originated thousands of years ago. An acupuncturist inserts hair-thin needles in specific acupuncture points throughout the body to restore the body’s energy, stimulate healing, and promote relaxation. By optimizing systems in your body, acupuncture will provide a balancing and restorative experience.
Read more about 9 Hidden Causes of Allergies | <urn:uuid:c988aa95-0932-47c5-9db5-02b8c2e466e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.peninsulaacupuncture.com/allergies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.912856 | 414 | 2.515625 | 3 |
35 percent of 130 equals 45.5. To get this answer, multiply 0.35 by 130.
You may need to know this answer when solving a math problem that multiplies both 35% and 130. Perhaps a product worth 130 dollars, euros, or pounds is advertised as 35% off. Knowing the exact amount discounted from the original price of 130 can help you make a more informed decision on whether or not it is a good deal.
Maybe you’re looking for 35% of 130 dollars, euros, Japanese yen, British pounds, Chinese yuan, pesos, or rupees. Whatever the case is, below, you will find an in-depth explanation that will help you solve this equation.
What is 35 percent of 130?
35 percent of 130 is 45.5. To figure this out, multiply 0.35 by 130 to get 45.5 as the answer.
Another way to find the answer to this equation includes taking 35/100 and multiplying it by 130/1. When multiplying these two fractions together, you will get a final answer of 45.5.
How do you find 35 percent of 130?
By multiplying both 0.35 and 130 together, you will find that 45.5 is 35 percent of 130. The 0.35 represents 35% and is the result of taking 35/100 or 35 divided by 100.
The easiest way to solve this equation is to divide the percent by 100 and multiply by the number. So divide 35 by 100 to get 0.35. From there, multiply the percent (now in decimal form) by 130 to get 45.5.
The mathematical formula for this equation will look like this:
35% * 130 = 45.5
What is 35% off 130 dollars?
You will pay $84.50 for an item when you account for a discount of 35 percent off the original price of $130. You will be receiving a $45.5 discount.
What is 35 percent of 130 dollars?
35 percent of 130 dollars is 45.5 dollars. When solving this equation, we multiply 0.35 by 130, the 0.35 standing for 35% and 130 representing 130 dollars.
When referencing the dollar, people will likely be talking about the United States dollar (USD). However, sometimes other currencies are intended instead, like the Canadian dollar (CAD) or the Australian dollar (AUD).
The equation remains the same for calculating 35% of 130 dollars for each of those respective currencies.
What is 35% off 130 euros?
With a 35 percent discount, you will pay €84.50 for any item with an original price of €130. You will get a discount of €45.5 off.
What is 35 percent of 130 euros?
35% of 130 euros is 45.5 euros. We use the same formula for calculating 35% of 130 to get our answer of 45.5 euros.
The euro is the currency used by some countries in the European Union, such as France, Germany, and Italy.
What is 35 percent of 130 Japanese yen?
35% of 130 Japanese yen is 45.5 yen. If you’re trying to solve 35% of 130 Japanese yen, multiply 35% by 130.
When you multiply these two numbers together, you will find 45.5 Japanese yen is your answer.
What is 35% off 130 pounds?
If you get a 35 percent discount on a £130 item, you will pay £84.50. In total, you will end up receiving a £45.5 discount.
What is 35 percent of 130 British pounds?
Similar to other currencies, we multiply 35% by 130 to get 45.5 British pounds. In this equation, 0.35, 35/100, or 35% can each represent 35 percent. The 130 in this equation stands for 130 British pounds.
45.5 British pounds will be your answer once you multiply the two numbers together.
What is 35 percent of 130 Chinese yuan?
35% of 130 Chinese yuan is 45.5 yuan. The same formula that calculated 35% of 130 of the other currencies can calculate 35% of the Chinese yuan.
You divide the percent by 100 and multiply it by the number. For this example, the equation divides 35% by 100 to get 0.35 (35 percent in decimal form). The percent is then multiplied by 130 Chinese yuan resulting in an answer of 45.5 Chinese yuan.
What is 35 percent of 130 pesos?
45.5 pesos is the equivalent of 35% of 130 pesos. When solving this equation, take the percent divided by 100 and multiply it by the number. In this case, 35% is divided by 100 and multiplied by 130 pesos for an answer of 45.5 pesos.
What is 35 percent of 130 rupees?
Like with other currencies, use the same equation and multiply 35% by 130 rupees to get an answer of 45.5 rupees. The answer will remain the same even if you write 35 percent as; 35%, 0.35, or 35/100.
After you multiply 35% and 130 rupees together, 45.5 rupees is the final answer to the equation.
You might need to know the answer to 35% of 130 when operating a business. New businesses get started every day, and people will often need to solve equations involving percentages like this.
Those looking for the answer to 35% of 130 might not even be business owners.
Maybe you are at school or work and need to know the answer to this calculation. Whatever the case is, the answer is 45.5.
If you enjoyed learning about what 35% of 130 is, consider checking out our other articles below! | <urn:uuid:d6f42f77-d2cd-456c-9e73-1116f2b8b57b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thenextgenbusiness.com/35-percent-of-130/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358953.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130050047-20211130080047-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.922927 | 1,189 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Guaranteed title to the ownership of a property or lease.
- ‘At one time the standard agreements provided that, although absolute title was to pass in relation to the stock lent, the collateral was transferred by way of security.’
- ‘The Court found that such a sale was not legal, precisely because, in the opinion of the Court, the U.S. held absolute title to Indian lands.’
- ‘It is averred that in June 1988 BCCI had absolute title to the BCCI Notes and security by virtue of the Charge over the Manlon Notes and that the Third Party Notes were delivered to BCCI.’
- ‘In 1985 the Inuvialuit land settlement approved by government was described as ‘the first in Canada to include land ownership, both surface and subsurface, in fee simple absolute title, including the beds of water bodies.’’
- ‘Thus no community ever had a right to grant to private parties absolute title to something created for the use and benefit of all - a concept dimly and imperfectly reflected in the principle of eminent domain.’
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:220e87f3-ea7b-4093-9aba-9c1c31d18e3f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/absolute_title | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542455.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00404-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977163 | 333 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Outbreaks of human illness caused by enteric pathogens such as Salmonella are increasingly linked to the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Knowledge on the factors affecting Salmonella proliferation on fresh produce therefore becomes increasingly important to safeguard public health. Previous experiments showed a limited impact of pre-harvest production practices on Salmonella proliferation on tomatoes, but suggested a significant effect of harvest time. We explored the data from two previously published and one unpublished experiment using regression trees, which allowed overcoming the interpretational difficulties of classical statistical models with higher order interactions. We assessed the effect of harvest time by explicitly modeling the climatic conditions at harvest time and by performing confirmatory laboratory experiments. Across all datasets, regression trees confirmed the dominant effect of harvest time on Salmonella proliferation, with humidity-related factors emerging as the most important underlying climatic factors. High relative humidity the week prior to harvest was consistently associated with lower Salmonella proliferation. A controlled lab experiment confirmed that tomatoes containing their native epimicrobiota supported significantly lower Salmonella proliferation when incubated at higher humidity prior to inoculation. The complex interactions between environmental conditions and the native microbiota of the tomato crop remain to be fully understood.
Keywords: Climate; Food safety; Human pathogens; Plant-pathogen interactions; Produce.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:52a63b55-37a6-4245-90c2-c444f92bff62> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28576373/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107906872.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030003928-20201030033928-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.918577 | 272 | 2.75 | 3 |
That’s a good question. I guess the main good effect that volcanoes have on the environment is to provide nutrients to the surrounding soil. Volcanic ash often contains minerals that are beneficial to plants, and if it is very fine ash it is able to break down quickly and get mixed into the soil. Volcanoes have also done wonderful things for the Earth. They helped cool off the earth removing heat from its interior. Volcanoes make islands and add to the continents.
Perhaps the best place to look for more information about this would be to look up references about some of the countries where lots of people live in close proximity to volcanoes and make use of the rich soils on volcanic flanks. These would include Indonesia, The Philippines, Japan, Italy, etc.
I suppose another benefit might be the fact that volcanic slopes are often rather inaccessible, especially if they are steep. Thus they can provide refuges for rare plants and animals from the ravages of humans and livestock.
Finally, on a very fundamental scale, volcanic gases are the source of all the water (and most of the atmosphere) that we have today. The process of adding to the water and atmosphere is pretty slow, but if it hadn’t been going on for the past 4.5 billion years or so we’d be pretty miserable.
Volcanic deposits are also used as building materials. In the 1960’s Robert Bates published Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals. He noted that basalt and diabase are quarried in the northeastern and northwest states. Most of the basalt and diabase is used for crushed stone: concrete aggregate, road metal, railroad ballast, roofing granules, and riprap. High-denisity basalt and diabase aggregate is used in the concrete shields of nuclear reactors. Some diabase is used for dimension stone (“black granite”).
Pumice, volcanic ash, and perlite are mined in the west. Pumice and volcanic ash are used as abrasives, mostly in hand soaps and household cleaners. The finest grades are used to finish silverware, polish metal parts before electroplating, and for woodworking. Bates reports that in ancient Rome lime and volcanic ash were mixed to make cement. In modern times pumice and volcanic ash have been used to make cement for major construction projects (dams) in California and Oklahoma. Pumice and volcanic ash continue to be used as lightweight aggregate in concrete, especially precast concrete blocks. Crushed and ground pumice are also used for loose-fill insulation, filter aids, poultry litter, soil conditioner, sweeping compound, insecticide carrier, and blacktop highway dressing. Perlite is volcanic glass (made of rhyolite) that has incorporated 2-5% water. Perlite expands rapidly when heated. Perlite is used mostly as aggregate in plaster. Some perlite is used as aggregate in concrete, especially in precast walls.
Source of Information:
Bates, R.L., 1969, Geology of the Industrial Rocks and Minerals: Dover, NY,459 p.
Pros and Cons of Volcanoes
- Create new islands and land.
- Volcanic materials form some of the most fertile soils on Earth
- Provide isolated habitat to pioneer species.
- Create economic mineral deposits.
- Create beautiful landscapes.
- Generate tourism.
- Destroy old habitat and crops.
- Destroy cities, towns, communities.
- Displace populations.
- Kill people and other animals.
- Disrupt commerce.
- Generate tsunami. | <urn:uuid:46c284a2-42a4-43c1-8385-34d8959ec643> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://volcanoworld.wordpress.com/2011/11/20/what-are-some-good-things-that-volcanoes-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00440-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931413 | 747 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Fuel type: Milled peat
Rhode station was situated in the Midlands, about eighteen miles outside Tullamore, Co Offaly. It was constructed as part of the peat development programme in the 1960s, and was considered to be the most efficient of Ireland’s five peat generating stations.
Construction work at Rhode began in earnest in 1958, at a time when the Government placed a strong emphasis on the development of the country’s native resources. At the same time, demands for industry were beginning to grow as the country finally began to emerge from a lengthy and crippling economic slowdown. As a result of the Rural Electrification Scheme, many parts of Ireland were beginning to benefit from easier access to electricity. Rhode was part of a new generation of power stations, using milled peat as opposed to sod peat. The station was built on a 70 acre site, chosen for its proximity to both a large supply of peat, and a good source of water from the Yellow River.
The station comprised of two 190,000 pounds of steam per hour boilers, driving two 20MW turbo-alternator units, commissioned in 1960. A boiler with an output of 380,000 pounds of steam per hour and a 40MW turbo-alternator set were further commissioned in 1963. In the middle of 1963, for a period of one week, Rhode had the biggest unit producing on the national grid. By March 1968, one fifth of Ireland’s electricity was being generated by Offaly’s power plants.
At its peak in the 1980s and 1990s, the station burned 450,000 tonnes of peat annually, to generate 300 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.
Rhode station was decommissioned in 2003 and demolished in 2004.
Click the images below for more information relating to the operation of Rhode station. | <urn:uuid:add0825b-40a7-41ed-b81b-1e422bb559f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://esbarchives.ie/portfolio/rhode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.96828 | 381 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In our world of diversity, it has often been easier to focus on the differences that divide us rather than the principles that unite us. Ours is the story of a species defined by religion, the color of our skin, the wealth of our societies, and the advancement of our technology. Within the 4.5 billion years that scientists estimate our world has been in existence, our nearest human ancestors emerged only about 250,000 years ago. During that relatively brief span of time, we’ve managed to seek out our differences and parlay them into the invisible boundaries of class and society that fuel our sense of separateness. Based upon those boundaries, countless members of our global family have suffered in ways that seem unthinkable, even unimaginable, to the minds of rational and loving people. Together, we share the darkness of a history punctuated by persecutions, inquisitions, enslavement, and attempts to eliminate entire races from the face of the earth.
Today, we’re in awe of the seemingly miraculous technology that allows us to combat disease and extend our lives to advanced ages. At the same time, we find ourselves in a world where the very life that so many people fight to preserve is routinely extinguished through the atrocity and violence of what has been called “man’s inhumanity to man.” While the development of high-tech weapons in the last century made it possible to destroy huge numbers of lives in a single day, history shows that something much deeper is responsible for creating what historian Eric Hobsbawm called “the most murderous century in recorded history.”1 In his assessment of the toll taken by what he calls “politically motivated carnage,” Zbiginew Brzezinski, former national security advisor under the Carter Administration, estimated that, by 1993, the violence stemming from our differences in the 20th century had cost between 167 and 175 million lives—roughly the equivalent of the populations of Great Britain, France, and Italy combined!3 Along with the battles to settle disputes over borders and resources, the last century saw a rise in horrors of a different kind—the seemingly relentless efforts to “cleanse” societies based upon principles beyond those of land and the ownership of natural resources. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly chose the term genocide to describe this kind of violence, defining it as “a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups.” Article II of the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide further defined and described five categories of genocide with regard to human populations:
- Killing members of the group.
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.
- Deliberately inflicting upon the group conditions of life designed to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part.
- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Figure 1.1: Estimated death tolls from inquisitions and episodes of genocide. Although the Crusades occurred before the time period discussed in the text, they are included for comparison. Statistics for the Balkans are conservative due to unreported civilian deaths, and may run as high as 4.8 million.2 Estimates are derived from averages of historic record.
The form of genocide based upon differences of race, religion, and heritage that is largely responsible for the magnitude of deaths reported by Brzezinski and others is called ethnic cleansing. Although the history of such persecutions began long before the modern era, it was the 300-year effort to drive the Native North Americans from their land and to eliminate their way of life that began the current trends, and the magnitude, of the genocide that has continued until today (see Figure 1.1). Between the Atlantic slave trade of the Africans and the holocausts of Native Americans in the 17th through 19th centuries, nearly 40 million humans had already perished due to differences of religion, race, and heritage before the horrors of the last century. With the addition of 20th-century atrocities throughout Europe, including the Jewish holocaust of World War II; the Polish holocaust of Christians and Catholics during World War II; and the ethnic cleansings that have occurred in the Balkan regions, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Africa, and Tibet, that number easily exceeds 53 million.
Figure 1.2: Estimated death tolls from differences of religion and beliefs, AIDS, and natural disasters in the 20th century. Natural disasters exclude events such as droughts and famines.
To put such staggering numbers into perspective, while the last century is noted for its bloody wars, more than five times as many lives—80 million children, women, and men of all ages—were lost to violence based in ethnic, religious, and philosophical conflicts than were lost to all of the major natural disasters and the AIDS epidemic combined during the same period of time (see Figure 1.2). While historians generally agree upon these numbers, the numbers themselves are less significant than the magnitude of the story they tell. Perhaps it is for this reason that the last century is also known as the century that “murdered peace.”3
1 Hobsbawn, Eric. War and Peace in the 20th Century. London Review of Books, 2002. Print.
2 Rummel, Statistics of Democide
3 Steele, Jonathan. “The Century That Murdered Peace.” Guardian Unlimited 12 Dec. 1999. Print.
Excerpted from The God Code by Gregg Braden. Copyright © 2004 (Hay House). | <urn:uuid:635dc543-8d92-4fc9-b4d2-fbe6d2fcd779> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.greggbraden.com/blog/species-defined-differences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260358.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527005538-20190527031538-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.955028 | 1,139 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Inflation has been witnessing moderation since 2014 backed by low food inflation. During the current financial year, however, food and beverages inflation has been trending differently. Food inflation has been on an upward trend mainly backed by rising vegetables, fruits and pulses prices. However, the volatility in prices of most of the essential agricultural commodities with some exceptions like pulses has been on a downward trend. Since July 2018, CPI-Urban inflation has been consistently higher than CPI-Rural inflation, which is in contrast to earlier trend where rural inflation was higher than urban inflation. Inflation has been declining in most of the States, however, the variability of inflation has been increasing. Since 2012, there has been a change in inflation dynamics. There is evidence for a strong reversion of headline inflation to core inflation. Transmission of inflation from non-core components to core components is minimal.
5.1 The global economy has been witnessing a steep decline in inflation over the past five decades (World Bank, 2019). Inflation has declined in almost all the countries around the world. Emerging market economies have also experienced a remarkable decline in inflation over the same period. Inflation peaked in 1993 at 118.7 percent and then declined to 4.8 per cent in 2018 in emerging market and developing economies (World Economic Outlook, October 2019). There can be many reasons that could have contributed to the steep decline in inflation in the emerging market economies like the adoption of a more resilient monetary and fiscal policy frameworks, structural reforms of labour and product markets that strengthen competition, and adoption of monetary policy framework for inflation targeting. Twenty-four emerging market and developing economies have introduced monetary policy frameworks for inflation targeting, since the late 1990s (World Bank, 2019). India introduced inflation targeting on 5th August, 2016 for a period of five years ending on 31st March, 2021.
5.2 In India, inflation has been witnessing moderation since 2014. However, recently inflation has shown an uptick. Headline Consumer Price Index-Combined (CPI-C) inflation increased to 4.1 per cent in 201920 (April to December, 2019) as compared to 3.7 per cent in 2018-19 (April to December, 2018). Though, Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation has seen an increase between 201516 and 2018-19, it fell from 4.7 per cent in 2018-19 (April to December, 2018) to 1.5 per cent during 2019-20 (April to December, 2019) (Table 1). Fall in food inflation has been a major contributing factor in the drastic reductions observed in inflation between
Table 1: General inflation based on different price indices (in per cent)
|CPI – C||9.4||5.9||4.9||4.5||3.6||3.4||3.7||4.1 (P)|
|CPI – IW||9.7||6.3||5.6||4.1||3.1||5.4||4.9||7.6|
|CPI – AL||11.6||6.6||4.4||4.2||2.2||2.1||1.7||7.3|
|CPI – RL||11.5||6.9||4.6||4.2||2.3||2.2||1.9||7.1|
Source: Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) for Wholesale Price Index, National Statistical Office (NSO) for CPI-C and Labour Bureau for CPI-IW, CPI-AL and CPI-RL.
Note: CPI-C inflation for 2013-14 is based on old series 2010=100; (P) – Provisional; C stands for Combined, IW stands for Industrial Workers, AL stands for Agricultural Labourers and RL stands for Rural Labourers.
* 2019-20 refers to April to December 2019 for CPI-C, WPI, CPI-AL, CPI-RL and April to November 2019 for CPI-IW.
2014-15 and 2018-19. Also, it has been observed that there has been a shift in inflation dynamics. The average levels of inflation have fallen considerably since 2013-14. Not only have the average levels of inflation come down, the peak levels of inflation during the financial year are now much lower. Further, observe that there is convergence of headline towards core inflation from 2012 onwards as per CPI-C.
CURRENT TRENDS IN INFLATION
5.3 Headline inflation based on CPI-C has been sliding on a downward path since 2014 (Figure 1). The average CPI-C headline inflation, which was 5.9 per cent in 201415, has fallen continuously to around 3.4 per cent in 2018-19. This has been led by a drastic fall in food inflation, which has fallen from 6.4 per cent in 2014-15 to 0.1 per cent in
Figure 1: Trends in CPI-C Headline, Core and Food inflation
Table 2: Inflation in selected groups of CPI-C Base 2012 (in per cent)
|Food & beverages||45.9||2.2||0.7||4.8||2.3||3.0||4.7||6.9||8.7||12.2|
|Cereals & products||9.7||3.5||2.1||2.0||1.3||1.3||1.7||2.2||3.7||4.4|
|Meat & fish||3.6||3.2||4.0||9.0||9.1||8.5||10.3||9.8||9.4||9.6|
|Milk & products||6.6||4.1||1.8||1.8||1.1||1.5||1.8||3.1||3.5||4.2|
|Oils & fats||3.6||1.6||2.1||1.4||0.9||0.6||1.2||2.0||2.6||3.1|
|Pulses & products||2.4||-21.0||-8.3||7.8||6.8||6.9||8.4||11.7||13.9||15.4|
|Sugar & confectionery||1.4||6.1||-7.0||-0.2||-2.1||-2.4||-0.4||1.3||2.1||3.4|
|Fuel & Light||6.8||6.2||5.7||-0.1||-0.3||-1.7||-2.2||-2.0||-1.9||0.7|
|CPI excl. food and fuel group (Core)||47.3||4.6||5.8||4.1||4.5||4.3||4.2||3.4||3.6||3.8|
Note: P: Provisional, * Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI), # April to December 2019.
2018-19. In 2019-20, there has been slight uptick in the headline and food inflation numbers since August, 2019. Overall, CPI -C headline inflation in December, 2019 stood at 7.4 per cent, while CPI-food inflation increased to 14.1 per cent mainly driven by the rise in vegetable prices. Core (non-food non-fuel) inflation has also increased to 3.8 per cent in December, 2019. (Table 2)
5.4 During 2019-20, WPI based inflation has been on a continuous fall declining from 3.2 per cent in April 2019 to 0.6 per cent in November 2019, but increased to 2.6 per cent in December 2019 (Figure 2). Food index which declined on an annual basis between 2017-18 and 2018-19, saw an uptick during the current financial year (April-December, 2019) (Table 3).
Figure 2: WPI inflation
Table 3: Inflation in selected groups of WPI- Base 2011-12 (in per cent)
|Egg, meat & fish||2.4||2.0||1.7||6.6||3.6||7.0||7.7||7.6||8.2||6.2|
|Vegetable and animal oils and fats||2.6||2.2||7.5||-2.4||-6.6||-4.1||-2.8||-1.9||2.2||9.7|
|Fuel & power||13.2||8.1||11.6||-3.1||-3.6||-3.5||-6.7||-8.1||-7.3||-1.5|
|Non-Food manu- factured products (Core)||55.1||3.0||4.2||-0.3||0.0||-0.4||-1.2||-1.8||-1.9||-1.6|
Source: Office of the Economic Adviser, DPIIT.
Note: P: Provisional, *April to December 2019.
5.5 Since July 2018, CPI-Urban inflation, has been consistently above CPI-Rural inflation (Figure 3). This is in contrast to earlier experience where rural inflation has been mostly higher than urban inflation. The divergence has been mainly on account of the differential rates of food inflation between rural and urban areas witnessed during this period. In 2019-20, there has been sudden change in the trend. Since July 2019, urban areas have registered much higher food inflation when compared to rural areas (Figure 4). Divergence in rural-urban food inflation in 2019-20 was mainly led by cereals, eggs, fruits, vegetables etc. (Figures 5 (a) to (d)).
Figure 3: CPI Rural and Urban inflation
Figure 4: Rural Urban CPI food inflation
Figure 5 (a): CPI inflation rate of cereals Figure 5 (b): CPI inflation rate of vegetables
Figure 6: Year on year growth of average real wage rate for agricultural workers during 2016 to 2019 (upto October, 2019)
5.6 The slide in rural inflation could be because of fall in the growth of real rural wages (Figure 6).
5.7 The divergence in rural-urban inflation is not just observed in the food component but in other components also. Figure 7 shows the component wise rural and urban inflation. In clothing and footwear, inflation in urban areas is 3.3 per cent in 2019-20 (April-December), approximately 3 percentage points higher than that observed in rural areas. For Pan, tobacco and intoxicants, Fuel and light and Miscellaneous groups, inflation observed in rural areas was higher than that in the urban areas. Miscellaneous basket comprises of household goods and services, health, transport and communication, recreation and amusement, education, personal care and effects. However, due to the high overall weight attached to the food and clothing & footwear groups in the rural index, the overall inflation observed in rural areas at 3.4 per cent was lower than the overall inflation observed in urban areas which was at 5.0 per cent in 2019-20 (April-December). The decline in rural inflation in items like clothing and footwear, fuel and light could be due to fall in growth of real rural wages, while rise in rural price index for items like education, health, personal care etc. also raises the question of affordability of these items to the rural segment.
INFLATION IN STATES
5.8 CPI-C inflation has continued to be highly variable across States. Inflation ranged between (-)0.04 per cent to 8.1 per cent across States/UTs in financial year (FY) 2019-20 (April-December) compared to (-)1.3 per cent to 9.1 per cent in FY 2018-19 (April-December). However, the overall inflation rate has been quite low in almost all the States. Inflation in fifteen States/UTs was below 4 per cent in FY 2019-20 (April- December). Comparing FY 2018-19 (April- December) with FY 2019-20 (April- December), it was observed that inflation has actually decreased in eight States. Nineteen States/UTs had inflation rate lower than All India average for FY 2019-20 (April-December) with Daman & Diu having the lowest inflation followed by Bihar and Chhattisgarh (Figure 8).
5.9 Though in most of the states the overall inflation rate in rural areas is lower than the overall inflation rate in urban areas, the overall variability of rural inflation in a particular month across States was higher than the variability of urban inflation across states. Figure 9 looks at the variability of rural and urban inflation and it was observed that the variability of rural inflation to be very high as compared to variability of urban inflation. (Figure 9 and 10).
Figure 7: Component-wise rural and urban inflation in 2019-20 (April- December)
Figure 8: CPI- Combined inflation for States/Union Territories (in per cent)
5.10 Figure 3 and 9 indicate that though the overall inflation in rural areas is lower at an All India level but due to the high variability across states some states might actually have inflation in rural areas higher than inflation in urban areas.
Figure 10 shows that in Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura and Kerala rural inflation was indeed higher than urban inflation during April-December, 2019.
Figure 9: Variability in rural and urban inflation across States in 2019-20 (April- December)
Figure 10: Difference in rural and urban CPI inflation across States 2019-20 (April- December)
DRIVERS OF INFLATION
5.11 During 2018-19, the major driver of CPI-C inflation was the miscellaneous group. Compared to 2017-18, the contribution of food and beverages to total inflation was lower in 2018-19 (Figure 11). However, during 2019-20 (April- December), food and beverages emerged as the main contributor to CPI-C inflation, with 54 per cent of the inflation during this period attributable to this group. Miscellaneous group was the second largest contributor to inflation during this period (Figure 12).
CRUDE OIL AND FUEL INFLATION
5.12 During April-December 2019, world crude oil prices declined owing to weak global demand. As oil has a major share in the country’s import basket, it impacts considerably domestic prices of petroleum products. The mineral oils group in WPI saw an inflation of 5.8 per cent in April 2019, thereafter saw continuous decline to end at (-)3.2 per cent in December 2019 (Figure 13). Actually, this group in WPI closely tracks the direction of movements in the Indian Crude Basket. The fuel components of CPI also show a movement in a similar direction (Figure 13).
5.13 Ensuring access to affordable health care is one of the primary focus of the Government of India. Out of the total out of pocket expenditure of individuals on health, the major portion is that of medicines. This makes the provision of affordable drugs an imperative. Indian pharmaceutical sector is an important sector not only because of the welfare implications it has, but also because of its economic importance as a sector with a proven record of technical capability and global standing. The sector has grown considerably in the recent years and has potential for further development in the coming years.
Figure 11: Contributions to CPI-C inflation in 2017-18 and 2018-19
Figure 12: Contributions to CPI-C inflation in 2018-19 (April to December) and 2019-20 (April to December)
Figure 13: Year-on-year growth in price of Indian Crude Basket, inflation in Mineral oils in WPI and Fuel in CPI-C
5.14 The Government came out with National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy, 2012 with an objective to put in place a regulatory framework for pricing of drugs so as to ensure availability of required medicines – “essential medicines” – at reasonable prices even while providing sufficient opportunity for innovation and competition to support the growth of industry, thereby meeting the goals of employment and shared economic well-being for all.
5.15 The essential drugs and medicines are placed under the National List of Essential Medicines 2011 (NLEM) and included in the First Schedule of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO), 2013 and then brought under price control. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) has so far fixed the ceiling prices of 860 formulations/packs of drugs included in First Schedule up to December 2019. The details of reduction in prices of scheduled formulations effected under DPCO, 2013 as compared to the highest price prevailing prior to the announcement of DPCO, 2013 for formulation of NLEM 2015 are shown in Table 4.
5.16 The fixation of ceiling prices/Maximum Retail Price (MRP) has resulted in a total saving of `12,447 crores to the public after implementation of DPCO, 2013. This includes the saving of `4,547 crores on account of fixation of ceiling price of coronary stents, `1,500 crores on account of price fixation of Knee implants and `984 crores on account of Trade Margin Rationalisation (TMR) on Anti-cancer drugs.
5.17 In case of cardiac stents, in the post price capping period (2017) over the period of two years, it has been observed that there is 26 per cent increase in the sales of the cardiac stents in the Indian market. It has also been observed that indigenous manufacturers have benefited from the price capping of the cardiac stents as their share in the production has increased by 10 per cent in post price capping period.
5.18 As discussed in para 5.3, food inflation has been the major driver of inflation during the current financial year, 2019-20. Some commodities such as onion, tomato and pulses have shown high inflation since August 2019. Untimely rains have caused lower production as well as constricted the movement of onion and tomato to the markets. In the case of pulses, the progress in sowing has been at much lower levels than in the previous year.
Table 4: Statement showing range of reduction in ceiling price of scheduled formulation with respect to the highest price prevailing prior to announcement of DPCO, 2013
|Per cent reduction with respect to Maximum Price||
No. of formulations
|Total formulations in NLEM 2015||860|
Source: NPPA, Department of Pharmaceuticals.
5.19 CPI based Inflation rate of onion showed an increasing trend since April, 2019 and rose up by 328.0 per cent during the month of December, 2019 as compared to December, 2018 on a Year on Year (YoY basis) (Figure 14). The WPI based inflation rate of onion during the month of December, 2019 also increased to 455.8 per cent as compared to a decline of (-) 63.8 per cent in December, 2018 on a Year on Year (YoY) basis.
Figure-14: Month-wise trends in CPI (Combined) inflation rate of Onion (in per cent during 2015-2019
Figure 15: Month-wise trends in CPI (Combined) inflation rate of Tomato (in per cent) during 2015-2019
Table-5: All India monthly arrivals of Onion
|Month||All India Arrivals (in Lakh Tonnes)|
|Five Year Average (2013-2017)||2018||2019|
Source: Monthly Report Onion, November 2019, Horticulture Statistics Division.
5.20 There can be many reasons for the rise in onion prices. One of the primary reasons that is observed every year is driven by demand-supply mismatch which can be primarily attributed to the seasonal factors. Other reasons that further exacerbated this demand supply mismatch are the fall in area sown and damage to Kharif onion due to rain. As reported from major Kharif growing States (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan), area sown/transplanted is around 7 per cent less as compared to previous year. Damage to Kharif onion crop also occurred due to heavy rains in September/October, 2019. As reported by State Directorates of Horticulture, damage in Madhya Pradesh was 58 per cent, Karnataka 18 per cent and Andhra Pradesh 2 per cent. The crop in Maharashtra was ready for harvest but got delayed due to continuous rains which was reflected in the low market arrivals of onion during the months from July to November 2019 (Table 5).
5.21 CPI based Inflation rate of Tomato showed an increasing trend since July, 2019 and rose up by 35.2 per cent during the month of December, 2019 as compared to December, 2018 on a Year on Year (YoY basis) (Figure 15).
5.22 The price rise in tomato during July-December, 2019 was relatively lower than that observed during 2017. The current spike in the tomato prices in 2019 is mainly due to the excess rains in Maharashtra and Karnataka etc. which are major producers of tomato thus disrupting the supply of tomato.
The market arrivals of tomato in November, 2019 were lower than October, 2019 and also lower than average of five years (201317), but higher than corresponding month of last year. As the market arrivals of tomato declines, the wholesale prices of tomato tend to spike due to demand-supply mismatch as seen since September, 2019. The All India Monthly Arrivals of tomato are shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16: Month wise All India monthly arrivals of Tomato
5.23 The CPI inflation rate of pulses increased from -20.2 per cent in January 2018 to 15.4 per cent in December 2019.
The overall rate of inflation, based on CPI, for Pulses during the month of December 2019 stood at 15.4 per cent as compared to -7.2 per cent during December 2018 (Figure 17).
Figure 17: CPI based inflation rates in Pulses (in per cent)
5.24 However, a comparison of the inflation trend of pulses item-wise reveals that the current hike in prices of various pulses compared to their long-term trends is not very high (Figure 18).
5.25 The phase of price rise during 2019 could be due to fall in acreage resulting from rains in the growing states and also because of low price realisation due to glut in the market following increased production of earlier years. It may be noted here that the production of pulses increased to 231.3 mn tonnes in 2016-17 from 163.5 mn tonnes in 2015-16 – a jump of 41 per cent in a span of one year. In 2018-19 the acreage marginally declined to 290 lakh ha as compared to 298 lakh ha and 294 lakh ha in 2017-18 and 201617 (Figure 19). Low market prices during 2018-19 may have resulted in significant reduction in acreage of some pulses.
Figure 18: Long term inflation trend of various Pulses
Figure 19: Area under Pulses in India
5.26 Production of pulses in which there was a steady increase in production since 201516 shows a steady decline from 2017-18 to 2018-19- a decline of 7.9 per cent during 2018-19 over the previous year (Figure 20).
Box 1 presents the analysis to check for the possibility of presence of cobweb phenomenon in Pulses.
Figure 20: Production of Pulses in India (in Lakh Tonnes)
BOX 1: The cobweb phenomeon in Pulses
Cobweb theory is the idea that price fluctuations can lead to fluctuations in supply which cause a cycle of rising and falling prices. The farmers are caught in the cobweb phenomenon when they base their sowing decisions on prices witnessed in the previous marketing period. So, if the farmer observes a higher price for a specific crop in period ‘t-1’, he would opt to produce more of it in period ‘t’. However, if the production of the crop exceeds market demand, prices fall in period ‘t’, signalling farmers to produce less of the commodity in period ‘t+1’.
The figure below shows the trend of inflation rate of pulses. High peaks are observed on either side. The current peak observed is less than the peak observed in 2015-16. The presence of peaks might indicate towards the presence of cobweb phenomeon in pulses.
WPI inflation rate of Pulses from April 2012 to December 2019
Relation between wholesale price of Gram in Period (t-1) and area sown in period t
Analysing the area sown and wholesale prices for Gram, Tur, Urad and Moong for the period 200910 to 2017-18. Area sown in period ‘t’ and wholesale prices of period ‘t-1’ are considered.
The figure above shows a positive relation between wholesale prices in period t-1 and area sown in period t. The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of relation between the two variables. In the case of Gram the correlation coefficient comes out to be 0.83.
Even in the case of Tur, the association between the two variables is positive and turns out to be even more strong (0.86) as indicated by the value of correlation coefficient.
Relation between wholesale price of Tur in Period (t-1) and area sown in period t
Relation between wholesale price of Urad in Period (t-1)
and area sown in period t
Relation between wholesale price of Moong in Period (t-1) and area sown in period t.
In case of Urad, again positive correlation was observed and the correlation coefficient turned out to be 0.90. A similar positive association for Moong was observed as well, however, in case of Moong the correlation coefficient was relatively weak, at 0.46.
To prevent the occurrence of the cobweb phenomenon, it is essential that apart from existing measures in place to safeguard pulses farmers from crop failure/price shocks like market intervention under Price Stabilization Fund (PSF), coverage under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, PM-AASHA, providing warehouses, improving transportation, price discovery through e-NAM etc, free export of pulses also needs to be encouraged for India to become self-sufficient in pulses production.
Studies have also suggested that efforts to strengthening procurement by government agencies, increasing openess of external trade, stabilising the prices, reduce transportation cost for farmers by linking them via better roads and effective marketing channels so that production as well as net availability of pulses can be increase thus, leading to improvement in supply of pulses. (CRISIL, 2017)
VOLATILITY IN ESSENTIAL COMMODITY PRICES
5.27 Wholesale price volatility was analysed for various essential commodities over two time periods i.e. 2009-14 and 2014-19. Coefficient of variation has been used as a measure of volatility. The coefficient of variation is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean. Prices of rice and wheat remained stable since 2014 due to adequate supply arising out of sufficient domestic production and also due to maintenance of adequate buffer stock of rice and wheat for meeting the food security requirements. As a result, the price volatility was lower in the case of rice and wheat (Figure 21). It may be seen that overall price volatility was highest for vegetables and lowest for rice, wheat and palm oil. There was a significant rise in volatility for pulses, sugar and tomatoes during 2014 – 2019.
Figure 21: Coefficient of variation of various essential agricultural commodities
5.28 The extent to which given production and consumption shocks translate into price volatility depends on supply and demand elasticities. Stockholding and speculation can have major impact on price variability, either stabilising or destabilising. Perishability of the commodities also adds to price volatility. Presence of marketing channels, storage facilities, effective MSP system can help limit price volatility.
DIVERGENCE IN RETAIL AND WHOLESALE PRICES FOR ESSENTIAL AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
5.29 A divergence between the retail and wholesale price of various essential commodities was observed in the four metropolitan cities of the country over the period 2014 to 2019. A price wedge1 of 10 to 15 per cent per kg is not excessive if one compares this with the marketing costs and margins (Sharma & Pramod, 2001). In 2019 the margins are excessive for some of the commodities, and for all the commodities the margins are highest in Delhi and Mumbai. In case of arhar margins are low at the level of 16 per cent per kg in Delhi and 14 per cent per kg in Mumbai (Figure 22). In case of gram, the margin in Delhi turns out to be around 28 per cent per kg and around 20 per cent per kg in case of Mumbai (Figure 23). In the case of groundnut oil, margins between the wholesale and the retail prices were around 15 per cent in Delhi, while in Kolkata and Chennai margins were at 5-7 per cent. The margins were highest in Mumbai at around 26 per cent for groundnut oil (Figure 24). In the case of vegetables, onion and tomato are analysed. For both price wedge was excessive especially in Delhi and Mumbai. In Delhi, the price margin was 51 per cent for onion and in the case of tomatoes it was 59 per cent (Figure 25 and 26). This implies that vertical spreads in prices is maximum for vegetables that are perishable, then for pulses and the least for edible oils.
Figure 22: Arhar wholesale to retail prices ratio
Figure 23: Gram wholesale to retail prices ratio
Figure 24: Groundnut oil wholesale to retail prices ratio
Figure 25: Onion wholesale to retail prices ratio
Figure 26: Tomato wholesale to retail prices ratio
5.30 The reasons for such a high spread between the wholesale and retail prices could be due to several reasons such as high transaction costs, weak infrastructure and information systems, poor marketing facilities, huge margins of middleman etc. It is a fact that transaction costs in the northern states of the country are high compared to other States (Sharma & Pramod, 2001). The market structure is also different across States. If there is a fair amount of competition in the market between traders, price wedge will not be very high. On the other hand, if traders collude, price wedge will be much higher. Another possible reason for this could be asymmetry in the transmission of price signals from wholesale to retail prices and vice versa, this can happen due to action of intermediaries. Therefore, to reduce the wedge it is important that market barriers and structural rigidities in the system that lead to higher transaction costs are removed.
HAS THERE BEEN A SHIFT IN INFLATION DYNAMICS?
5.31 As discussed earlier in the para No. 5.3, after witnessing high levels of inflation during 2012-13, CPI-C inflation fell in 2013-14 and witnessed a drastic fall from 2014-15 onwards. Given the falling trend in inflation in the recent years, it is pertinent to ask whether there has been a shift in the inflationary process. Figure 27 presents the financial year-wise box-plots2 for CPI-C series for the periods 2012-13 to 2019-20 (Apr-Nov). The average levels of inflation have fallen considerably during this period. Not only have the average levels of inflation come down, the peak levels of inflation during the financial year are now much lower.
5.32 It has been generally believed that, food and fuel inflation in India have had strong
Figure 27: Distribution of CPI-C inflation from 2012-13 to 2019-20*
secondary effects leading to persistence in household inflation expectations. This feeds into core inflation and therefore prolongs the effects on headline inflation (Anand et. al, 2014; Raj and Misra, 2011). One way to check for the presence of secondary effects of food and fuel inflation is to look at the swiftness with which headline inflation converges to core inflation after the occurrence of a food or fuel price shock. If headline inflation does not completely revert back to core inflation within a reasonably short span of time, it may indicate the presence of strong secondary effects. The reversion of headline inflation to core inflation has considerable implications for the conduct of monetary policy in an inflation targeting framework. In an economy with strong secondary effects, monetary policy may have to be tighter in an event of a food or fuel price shock compared to an economy where such effects are minimal.
5.33 It was observed that from 2012, there is convergence of headline towards core inflation as per the CPI-C data. The analysis for monthly CPI-C inflation data between January 2012 and November, 2019 was done. The following commonly used equation to test for reversion of headline to core inflation was estimated.
5.34 The results (Table 6 and Figure 28) indicate that in the period under consideration there is evidence of strong reversion of headline inflation to core inflation. The slope for the regression for the period is negative and close to -1, indicating complete reversion of headline inflation to core within a period of 12 months. A similar regression to test for the reversion of core to headline inflation does not provide evidence for the same (Table 6). This implies that secondary effects from non-core components to core components are minimal.
This may have implications for the response of monetary policy to food and fuel price shocks: monetary policy need not become tighter in face of short-term, transitory price shocks in non-core components. However, owning to the large weightage of food and fuel in the consumption basket of consumers in India and the fact that demand-side pressures (and not just supply side factors) are important for food and fuel inflation-focus on headline inflation for monetary policy decisions may be warranted.
Table 6: Testing for reversion of CPI-C Headline to Core inflation
Figure 28: Reversion of CPI-C Headline to Core inflation
5.35 Two major factors could have contributed to the changing dynamics of inflation in India. First, it was observed that food inflation has seen a declining trend during the period under consideration (Figure 29). The decline in inflation has been witnessed in most categories of food group including those with a high weightage such as cereals and products, fruits, vegetables and pulses and products. Second, inflation expectations have been declining since 2015 (Figure 30). This could be partly because of the success
Figure 29: Consumer Food price inflation
of inflation targeting approach of monetary policy adopted by RBI in anchoring inflation expectations. On the other hand, household inflation expectations are known to move closely with food inflation. The fall in food inflation during this period could have had the effect of reducing the overall inflation expectations of the households. This is also reflected in the fact that proportion of the households expecting the prices of food products for one year ahead to increase has fallen consistently between September 2013 and November 2019.
Figure 30: Inflation Expectations Survey of Households
TRENDS IN GLOBAL COMMODITY PRICES
5.36 As per the commodity prices published by the World Bank, energy commodity prices have shown a decreasing trend in 2019-20 (April-November). They recorded average inflation of (-)16.8 per cent in 2019-20 (April-November) as compared to 35.5 per cent in 2018-19 (April-November). In terms of food prices, the deflationary trend continued with inflation of (-)4.3 per cent in 2019-20 (April-November) compared to 0.3 per cent in 2018-19 (April-November). The metals and minerals index also showed a deflationary trend, indicative of the gloomy global economic scenario prevalent during the year (Figure 31).
Figure 31: Inflation trend in global commodity prices (Jan 2019-Nov 2019)
MEASURES TO CONTAIN PRICE RISE OF ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES
5.37 Government takes various measures from time to time to stabilize prices of essential food items which, inter-alia, include utilizing trade and fiscal policy instruments like import duty, Minimum Export Price, export restrictions, imposition of stock limits and advising States for effective action against hoarders & black marketers etc. to regulate domestic availability and moderate prices. Also, Government incentivizes farmers by announcing Minimum Support Prices for increasing production and is implementing Schemes which, inter alia, include Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP), etc. for increasing production and productivity through appropriate interventions. Besides, Government is also implementing Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) to help moderate the volatility in prices of agri-horticultural commodities like pulses, onion, and potato. Onion prices saw a hike during 2019-20 starting from August, 2019, and various measures were taken by the Government to ease the situation which included:
5.38 Overall, while the WPI inflation remained low during the financial year 201920, CPI-C inflation saw a slight uptick, driven mainly by food prices. Supply-side shocks in agricultural commodities such as onion due to erratic rains led to the sudden spike in the prices of these commodities. The Government has been taking necessary measures to tackle the rising prices in these commodities. The volatility in inflation of most of the essential agricultural commodities with the exception of pulses has also come down over time. However, one major issue that still remains is the high wedge between retail and wholesale prices of some of the commodities like onion and tomato. The price wedge also varies between different centres indicating presence of large number of intermediaries and high transportation costs. Analysing inflation figures at State level, a divergence is observed in inflation across the States and also between the rural and urban areas within each state. The inflation dynamics have also been changing over time. In the current period, there is evidence for a strong reversion of headline inflation to core inflation. Future inflationary prospects and inflation dynamics crucially depend on the overall macroeconomic scenario as well as the containment of rising prices in certain agricultural commodities.
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
> Headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation was 3.7 per cent in 2018-19 (April to December, 2018), compared to 4.1 per cent in 2019-20 (April to December, 2019).
> During 2019-20, WPI based inflation has been on a continuous fall declining from 3.2 per cent in April 2019, only marginally rising in November and December to end at 2.6 per cent in December 2019.
> Food index which declined on an annual basis between 2017-18 and 2018-19, saw an uptick during the current financial year (April-December, 2019).
> Since July 2018, CPI-Urban inflation has been consistently higher than CPI-Rural inflation, which is in contrast to earlier trend where rural inflation was higher than urban inflation.
> During 2019-20 (April- December), food and beverages emerged as the main contributor to CPI-C inflation, with 54 per cent of the inflation during this period attributable to this group.
> In the four metropolitan cities of the country, retail prices of various essential commodities have diverged from wholesale prices over the years.
> Since 2012, there has been a change in inflation dynamics. There is evidence for a strong reversion of headline inflation to core inflation. However, transmission of inflation from non- core components to core components is minimal. Therefore, there may be a case for monetary policy to not respond to transitory shocks in non-core components of inflation.
> Inflation in fifteen States/Union Territories (UTs) was below 4 percent in FY 2019-20 (April- December). Comparing FY 2018-19 (April- December) with FY 2019-20 (April- December), inflation has actually decreased in eight states.
> Inflation expectations have declined thereby indicating that the inflation targeting framework has started influencing expectations of inflation in the economy.
Aayog, NITI. 2018. “Strategy for New india.”
Anand R., Ding D. Tulin V. 2014. Food inflation in India: Role of Monetary policy. IMF.
CRISIL. 2017. “Pulses & Rhythms: Analysing volatility. cyclicality and cobweb phenomeon in prices.” http://www.crisil.com
Dholakia, Kadiyala. 2018. “Changing Dynamics of inflation in India.” Economic and Polictical weekly Vol LIII No 9.
IMF. 2019. World Economic Outlook.
Kundu, Sujata. 2018. Rural wage dynamics in india: What role does Inflation Play. Reserve Bank of India working paper.
Raj J., Mishra S. 2011. “Measures of Core Inflation in India: An Empirical Evaluation .” Reserve Bank of india Working paper Series No. 16/2011.
Sharma Anil, Pramod Kumar. 2001. An Analysis of the Price Behaviour of Selected Commodities. Planning Commission.
World Bank. 2019. “Inflation in Emerging & Developing Economies, Drivers & Policies.” http://www.worldbank.org/inflation
1 Wedge= [1- (Wholesale price per kg/Retail price per kg)]*100
2 Box and whisker plots enable us to study the characteristics of a distribution. The box shows the inter-quartile range, that is the 75th and 25th points on the distribution. The horizontal line in the box indicates median of the distribution and the whiskers are lines running from the box to the maximum and minimum values. | <urn:uuid:c7b4b35f-42a9-4104-bb99-f3f0b11b7ed9> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://taxguru.in/finance/prices-inflation-economic-survey-2019-2020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.932356 | 10,063 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Do the activities on this page in order. The easier activities are at the top, and they get more difficult as you go down the page. Spend as much time on each activity as you want to. If you find an activity to be difficult, you should repeat it several times until it gets easier. Keep a pen and pencil nearby so you can write down any new things that you learn. After you have visited a web page, click on the arrow that is pointing left in the top left corner of your screen.
DO, DOES, DID http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/dodoesdid.html
DONT, DOESNT, DIDNT http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/dontdoesnt.html
WAS, WERE (EASY) http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/was.html
DID OR MADE? http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/didmade.html
SIMPLE PAST CROSSWORD PUZZLE 1 http://iteslj.org/cw/1/em-past1.html
SIMPLE PAST CROSSWORD PUZZLE 2 http://iteslj.org/cw/1/em-past2.html
IRREGULAR VERBS GAME SHOW: Scroll down to play the game:
SPEEDWORDS WITH IRREGULAR PAST TENSE VERBS http://www.manythings.org/wbg/verbs_past1-sw.html
SPEEDWORDS WITH IRREGULAR PAST TENSE VERBS http://www.manythings.org/wbg/verbs_past3-sw.html
WORD MATCH IRREGULAR PAST TENSE VERBS http://www.manythings.org/wbg/verbs_past4-mw.html
SIMPLE PAST FORMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS http://www.manythings.org/fq/1/8991.html
NOTE: To do the following activities most effectively, you need to be using a computer that has speakers. If you do not have speakers, you can still do the reading activities at these web sites.
If you have any questions or comments, e-mail me at Ldonigan@fullcoll.edu | <urn:uuid:a96a678d-f881-4ca7-9ebd-2e788ef14b3a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.lindsaywhiting.com/simplepast.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741764.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114082713-20181114104713-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.784826 | 498 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In a perfect world, we would all have self-motivated learners who embrace challenges. But the world isn’t perfect (just ask Trevor, who cracked a rib playing hockey on Thursday night and then proceeded to welcome his seasonal allergies on Friday with a 16 hour long sneezing fit).
And so, in our not-so-perfect world, it is crucial that we teach our piano students how to set and achieve goals. The satisfaction of reaching self-made goals is more rewarding than any incentive, prize or praise and therefore is a very effective way of encouraging piano students’ progress.
Some kids learn to set goals easily… but others take more time. Today I wanted to share with you a fun visual activity for helping kids set and achieve piano-related goals.
A Green-Thumb Goal Setting
When attempting to find a really fun and visual way to teach goal setting, my mind drifted to my budding garden outside… and then my mind drifted back to piano… and then from that “mind-drifiting combo” emerged the following actiivity…
Introducing Goal Setting With “Beat The Bean”. What is Beat the Bean? Read on!
For “Beat The Bean” you’ll need:
- A Scarlet Runner Bean Seed Package
- One ziploc baggie per participating student
- A sharpie marker
- Paper Towel
Each student chooses a piano goal that he or she would like to reach in the near future. Examples of goals could be “Memorize my recital piece“ or “Be able to start playing from any point in my piece” or “Learn four new harmonic minor scales”. It is important that the goal is selected by your student and that it is a goal that is realistically reachable within a two week period.
Next, each student writes her chosen goal and her name on the front of the ziploc bag using the sharpie marker. Moisten the paper towel with water (should be just damp, not soggy), fold it so it will fit into the bottom of the bag and place it inside the baggy. Insert the Scarlet Runner Bean seed inside the fold of the moist paper towel and seal the bag.
Place the “Beat The Bean” baggie in a highly visible place in your studio… a location with lots of natural light (such as taping them to a window) is the best option.
Your student’s task now is to reach her goal before the bean sprouts its very first fully-open leaf…. thus “beating the bean”!
Other Ways To Have Fun With “Beat The Bean”
1. Visual activities like this are pure gold for social media sharing – post updated pictures of the slowly sprouting bean seeds of each child. Email pics to parents with little “Bean Mail” messages such as “Dear Sarah… I sprouted today… how are those scales coming along? Sincerely Bean.” Really embracing this event and theming your social media sharing and communication around it will breathe a lot of life and fun into your studio.
2. Once the leaves have sprouted, you can continue the fun by setting new goals per each leaf (learn one new scale for every new leaf) or by length of the bean vine (learn one new piece per every inch the bean grows). You’ll need to transfer the beans to a paper cup with dirt to continue the growth.
3. Having a “I Beat The Bean” club for students who reached their goal before the first leaf appeared is also a great incentive for students. You can also use my “Beat The Bean” Certificates here.
Beat The Bean is Memorable and Fun
Learning to set goals is an important skill, and with Beat The Bean your students will create a vivid and pleasant memory of a) setting a goal and b) working diligently to reach that goal. So go out and grab these very inexpensive materials and get set to ask your students “Will you beat the bean?” | <urn:uuid:f472b85d-f6e1-4f19-8b64-0149faf466b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.teachpianotoday.com/2015/03/18/can-your-piano-students-beat-the-bean-cultivating-goal-setting-in-your-studio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920050858-20190920072858-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.93064 | 851 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Newly Revealed Cellular Pathway May Lead to Cancer Therapies
Credit: Destroyer of furries from Wikimedia Commons
Scientists have discovered a new cellular pathway that can promote and support the growth of cancer cells. In a mouse model of melanoma, blocking this pathway resulted in reduction of tumor growth. The study, which appears in Science, offers a novel opportunity to develop drugs that could potentially inhibit this pathway in human cancer cells and help control their growth.
“We had been studying components of this pathway for several years,” said senior author Dr. Andrea Ballabio, professor of molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital in Houston, Texas, and director of the Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine in Naples, Italy. “We know that the pathway is important for normal cells to carry their activities as it is involved in regulating metabolism, that is, how cells process nutrients to obtain energy and how cells use energy to grow. In this study we wanted to learn more about how the pathway regulates its activity.”
Pathways involved in cellular metabolism typically regulate themselves, meaning that some components of the pathway control each other’s activities. “We suspected that the pathway was autoregulated, and we confirmed it in this study. Our experimental approaches showed that there is a feedback loop within the path that allows it to control itself.”
An important pathway for normal cellular activities
Ballabio and his colleagues studied the role of the pathway in two normal cellular activities; how cells respond to physical exercise and how they respond to nutrient availability. In terms of physical exercise, the researchers determined that the self-regulating mechanism they discovered is essential for the body builder effect.
“Some athletes take the aminoacid leucine or a mixture of aminoacids immediately after exercising, which promotes protein synthesis that leads to muscle growth. This is the body builder effect,” Ballabio said. “When we genetically engineered mice to lack the pathway, we lost the body builder effect.”
The researchers had a group of normal mice and another of mice lacking the pathway. Both groups were set to exercise and fed leucine immediately after. While normal mice showed enhanced protein synthesis, the mice without the pathway did not.
“In healthy organisms, this pathway also allows cells to adapt more efficiently to nutrient availability,” Ballabio said. “For example, when transitioning from a period of starvation to one in which food is available, cells need to switch from catabolism to anabolism. Starvation promotes catabolism – the breakdown of nutrients to obtain energy to function – and eating promotes anabolism – the buildup of molecules, such as proteins. The feedback we discovered mediates the switch from catabolism to anabolism, allowing organisms to adapt to food availability.”
An important pathway for cancer growth
The scientists also studied the role this pathway might play in cancer cells. They discovered that overactivation of this pathway, which is observed in some types of cancer such as renal cell carcinoma, melanoma and pancreatic cancer, is important to promote and support the growth of cancer cells in culture and animal models.
“Most importantly, we demonstrated in our study that blocking the pathway resulted in reduction of tumor growth in an experimental model of human melanoma transplanted into mice,” Ballabio said. “I am most excited about the future potential therapeutic applications of this discovery against cancer. Developing pharmacological treatments that interfere with this pathway might one day help stop tumor growth.”
Rare disease discoveries can improve our understanding of common diseases
“Our lab focuses on rare genetic diseases, such as lysosomal storage genetic disorders, in which we originally studied this pathway,” Ballabio said. “Then, we discovered that the pathway is also important in cancer. Our and other researchers’ work on rare genetic diseases sometimes produces findings that can potentially be applicable to more common diseases, such as cancer.”
This article has been republished from materials provided by Baylor College of Medicine. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
Malta, Chiara et al. "Transcriptional Activation Of Ragd Gtpase Controls Mtorc1 And Promotes Cancer Growth". Science.sciencemag.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 June 2017.
New Cell-weighing Technique Helps Predict How Drugs Affect Cancer CellsNews
Researchers at MIT have now shown that they can use a new type of measurement to predict how drugs will affect cancer cells taken from multiple-myeloma patients.READ MORE
Quotient Sciences Acquires Pharmaterials, a UK-based Contract Development and Manufacturing OrganizationNews
Quotient Sciences, the drug development services organization, announces it has acquired Pharmaterials, a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) based in Reading, U.K..READ MORE | <urn:uuid:766da25a-fde5-4260-a7c8-1795ffb0fbaa> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/newly-revealed-cellular-pathway-may-lead-to-cancer-therapies-289669 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.947087 | 1,034 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Protein (translated from English – protein) is a food supplement that is almost entirely composed of proteins. The value of protein in the body cannot be overestimated – it is by far the most important structural component of our body. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, all organs and glands, hair, nails are formed from protein; proteins are found in fluids and bones; enzymes and hormones that regulate all processes in the body are also proteins. Proteins are not interchangeable. A person can get them only from food.
Protein Values in Sports: Prevents muscle fiber breakdown during exercise and is a building block for new muscle growth. Protein is used for a variety of purposes: to reduce body fat, to stimulate muscle growth, and to maintain a healthy physical shape. If you want to reshape your body by building muscle, perhaps by shedding fat, you must provide your body with high quality organic protein.
In muscles, lungs, spleen, kidneys, proteins make up more than 70-80% of the dry mass, in the liver – 57%, in the brain – 45%. Low protein content in bones and teeth – 20 and 18%. It is difficult to provide the required amount of protein during high-intensity training, if only due to the limited portion of food that we can eat at a time. Proteins are concentrated and refined. In one serving, 30-40 grams contain the same amount of complete protein as 200 grams of meat or 1 liter of milk. Protein is a completely natural product made from milk (whey), eggs, soy and meat. Proteins are usually made in powder form, which must be stirred into a liquid. You can familiarize yourself with protein products at this link protein | <urn:uuid:88c5c5ab-6f9f-497c-bb73-2fb33d38e9e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://canadianpharmaciesgkghjfgfk.com/health/protein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.969098 | 351 | 3.328125 | 3 |
An almost-complete overview of the
History of British Newspapers
1700 - 1750
- 1701 - Sept 6 : Estimated first issue of the Norwich Post: probably
the first provincial newspaper.
- 1702 - March 11 : Daily Courant founded, first daily paper. Ceased
publication in 1735.
- 1704 : Weekly Review founded by Daniel Defoe.
- 1704 - Aug 12 : Earliest surviving copy of a provincial newspaper:
William Bonny's Bristol Post-Boy (No. 91).
- 1705 : Edinburgh Courant founded.
- 1706 : Evening Post, first evening newspaper, founded.
- 1709 : First Copyright Act.
- 1709 : Tatler founded by Steele and Addison.
- 1709 : Worcester Post-Man founded. Became Berrow's Worcester Journal
in 1753. Britain's oldest surviving non-official newspaper.
- 1710 : Examiner founded, with Swift briefly as editor.
- 1711 : Spectator founded by Steele and Addison.
- 1712 - Aug : Stamp duty imposed on newspapers and advertisements.
- 1713 : Stamford Mercury founded, second oldest surviving provincial
- 1719 : Daily Post founded, with Defoe as contributor.
- 1727 : London Evening Post founded. Ceased publication in 1797.
- 1730 - Feb 3 : Daily Advertiser founded. Ceased publication in
- 1731 : Gentleman's Magazine founded by Edward Cave. Ceased publication
- 1734 : Lloyd's List founded.
- 1737 : Belfast Newsletter, the world's oldest surviving general
daily newspaper, founded.
- 1738 : All parliamentary reporting suppressed.
- 1747 - Dec 29 : Aberdeen Journal founded, later Press and Journal,
the oldest surviving Scottish newspaper.
1801 - 1850
- 1801 - Sept 27 : Weekly Dispatch launched. Became Sunday Dispatch
in 1928. Ceased publication in 1961.
- 1802 - Jan 1 : Cobbett's Annual Register founded, later Cobbett's
Weekly Political Register. Ceased publication in 1836.
- 1803 : Globe launched. Merged with Pall Mall Gazette in 1921.
- 1804 : Cambrian launched in Swansea. First newspaper published
- 1806 - Jan 10 : First use of illustration in the Times: Nelson's
- 1808 - Jan 3 : Examiner launched. Editor Leigh Hunt imprisoned
in 1813 for publishing criticism of the Prince Regent. Ceased publication
- 1808 : North Wales Gazette launched in Bangor. First newspaper
published in North Wales.
- 1810 : Carmarthen Journal launched.
- 1814 - Jan 1 : Baptist Minister, Joseph Harrris launches Seren Gomer
('Star of Gomer') in Swansea. First Welsh-language newspaper.
- 1814 - Nov 24 : First issue of a newspaper - the Times - printed
on a (Koenig) power press.
- 1815 : Stamp Duty increased to 4d per sheet.
- 1817 - Jan 25 : Scotsman launched.
- 1821 - Feb 18 : New Observer launched. Became the Sunday Times
on 20 October 1822.
- 1821 - May 5 : Manchester Guardian founded by John Edward Taylor.
- 1822 : Stamp Office agrees to pass copies of all newspapers to British
- 1822 : Cardiff Weekly Reporter launched.
- 1822 - March 3 : Bell's Life in London adds and Sporting Chronicle
to its title. First newspaper to include sport as a major component. Merged
with Sporting Life in 1886.
- 1827 - May 21 : Standard launched, later Evening Standard.
- 1828 - July 5 : Spectator founded.
- 1832 : First recorded British newspaper cartoon, published in
Bell's New Weekly Messenger.
- 1837 : Northern Star, major Chartist newspaper, founded in Leeds
by Feargus O'Connor.
- 1841 - July 17 : Punch founded. Ceased publication in 1992; re-launched
- 1841 - Nov 12 : Jewish Chronicle founded. Oldest Jewish newspaper
in the world.
- 1842 - May 14 : Illustrated London News launched: first fully illustrated
- 1842 - Nov 27 : Lloyd's Illustrated London Newspaper launched,
later Lloyd's Weekly News. Became Sunday News in 1923; incorporated with
Sunday Graphic in 1931.
- 1843 : Yr Amserau ('The Times') founded in Liverpool by John Jones
and edited by William Rees. Published in the Isle of Man between July
and September 1848. Merged with Baner Cymru ('Banner of Wales') in 1859
under Thomas Gee to become Baner ac Amserau Cymru.
- 1843 - Sept 2 : Economist founded, to campaign for free trade.
- 1843 - Oct 1 : News of the World founded by John Browne Bell at
3d. Newsagents at first refused to handle it at such a low price.
- 1844 - Aug 6 : First story based on telegraphed news printed in the
Times: birth of Queen's son at Windsor.
- 1846 : Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory founded, later Benn's
- 1846 - Jan 21 : Daily News launched, edited by Charles Dickens.
- 1848 : William Howard Russell joins staff of the Times. Shortly
to become first professional war correspondent.
- 1848 : First W.H. Smith station bookstall opened, at Euston.
- 1850 - May 5 : Reynold's Weekly Newspaper launched. Became Sunday
Citizen in 1962; ceased publication in 1967.
- 1851 : Reuters News Agency opens in London.
- 1853 - Aug : Abolition of advertisement tax.
- 1855 : Yr Herald Cymraeg launched in Caernarfon.
- 1855 - June 29 : Daily Telegraph launched.
- 1855 - July 1 : Repeal of the Stamp Act opens the way for cheap,
mass-circulation newspapers and modern newspaper design in terms of spacing
- 1855 - Aug 4 : Colored News, first coloured newspaper, launched.
Discontinued 29 September.
- 1855 : Clerkenwell News launched; became Daily Chronicle in 1872.
- 1855 - Sept 20 : Daily Telegraph becomes the first 1d London morning
- 1857 : Daily Telegraph invents box number system for classified
- 1859 - March 24 : Penny Bell's Life & Sporting News launched.
Became Sporting Life on 30 April.
- 1859 - March 29 : Irish Times launched.
- 1861 : Paper duty abolished.
- 1861 - May 20 : First daily newspaper published in Wales: Cambrian
Daily Leader is launched in Swansea.
- 1865 - Feb 7 : Pall Mall Gazette launched. Merged with Evening
Standard in 1923.
- 1868 : Press Association formed.
- 1868 - Dec 8 : Echo launched, first ½d daily. Ceased publication
- 1869 - May 1 : Western Mail launched.
- 1869 : Newspapers deposited directly with British Museum by publishers.
- 1869 - Dec 4 : Graphic launched. Ceased publication in 1932.
- 1871 : Central News founded to rival Press Association.
- 1872 : C.P. Scott becomes editor of Manchester Guardian (until
- 1872 - Feb 7 : South Wales Daily News launched in Cardiff.
- 1880 : W.T. Stead succeeds John Morley on Pall Mall Gazette and
introduces 'new journalism', including the interview and gossip column,
- 1880 - May 31 : St James Gazette launched. Merged with Evening Standard
- 1881 - July 26 : Evening News launched. Merged with Evening Standard
- 1881 - Oct 16 : People launched.
- 1881 - Oct 22 : Tit-Bits launched by George Newnes.
- 1888 - Jan 9 : London Financial Guide launched. Became Financial
Times on 13 February.
- 1888 - Jan 17 : Star launched. Merged with Evening News in 1960.
- 1888 : David Lloyd George forms a company to produce the Welsh
weekly, Udgorn Rhyddid ('Trumpet of Freedom').
- 1889 - March 30 : Early use of photographs: Cambridge and Oxford
boat crews, in Illustrated London News.
- 1890 - Jan 4 : Daily Graphic launched, first daily illustrated
paper. Merged with Daily Sketch in 1926.
- 1891 - Nov 4 : First half-tone newspaper picture published in Daily
Graphic: that of George Lambert, Liberal parliamentary candidate.
- 1892 - May 21 : Morning founded; became London Morning in 1898,
then Morning Herald; purchased by C. Arthur Pearson; in September 1900 merged
with Daily Express.
- 1892 - May 23 : Morning Leader founded: later amalgamated with
- 1893 - Jan 2 : Financial Times first appears on pink paper.
- 1893 - Jan 31 : Westminster Gazette launched. Merged with Daily
News in 1928.
- 1893 - Feb 13 : South Wales Daily Post launched in Swansea.
- 1896 - May 4 : Daily Mail launched by Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe).
- 1897 - June 23 : Largest news illustration ever printed by any daily
paper in the UK, of the Diamond Jubilee procession, published in Daily
- 1899 : Llais Llafur launched by Ebeneser Rees. Ceased publication
- 1900 - April 24 : Daily Express launched by Pearson. First national
daily to put news on the front page.
1901 - 1950
- 1953 : General Council of the Press formed.
- 1954 - Oct 3 : The Manchester Sunday paper, Emire News, sets up
its first Cardiff edition as 'Wales's Own Sunday Paper: Printed in Wales
- 1959 - Aug 24 : Manchester Guardian changes title to the Guardian,
based in London.
- 1961 : Second Royal Commission on the Press.
- 1961 - Feb 5 : Sunday Telegraph launched.
- 1962 - Feb 4 : Launch of Sunday Times magazine as Sunday Times
- 1964 : Press Council replaces General Council of the Press.
- 1964 - June 9 : Death of Lord Beaverbrook.
- 1964 - Sept 6 : Observer colour supplement launched.
- 1964 - Sept 15 : Daily Herald becomes the Sun.
- 1964 - Sept 25 : Daily Telegraph magazine launched.
- 1966 : Times bought by Roy Thomson, owner of the Sunday Times.
- 1966 - May 3 : Times begins printing news on the front page.
- 1969 : News of the World bought by Rupert Murdoch.
- 1969 - Nov 17 : Sun re-launched as a tabloid by Rupert Murdoch.
- 1973 : Y Dinesydd launched in Cardiff: the first of the Welsh-language
community papers ('papurau bro') established in Wales.
- 1974 : Third Royal Commission on the Press.
- 1976 : Evening Post (Nottingham) becomes the first British newspaper
to introduce direct input by journalists.
- 1978 - Nov 2 : Daily Star launched.
- 1978 - Dec 1 : Publication of the Times and Sunday Times suspended
for eleven months.
- 1979 : Financial Times launches international edition in Frankfurt
am Main, Germany.
- 1980 : Daily Star printed simultaneously by facsimile in London
- 1980 - Oct 31 : Closure of Evening News leaves London with just
one evening newspaper.
- 1981 : Rupert Murdoch buys the Times and Sunday Times.
- 1981 - May 3 : Sunday Express magazine launched.
- 1981 - Sept 6 : News of the World magazine, Sunday, launched.
- 1982 - May 2 : Mail on Sunday launched: the first photocomposed
national newspaper in Britain.
- 1982 - Oct 17 : Sulyn launched: first Welsh-language Sunday newspaper.
Ceased publication in January 1983.
- 1984 : Robert Maxwell buys the Mirror Group.
- 1985 : Daily Telegraph bought by Conrad Black.
- 1986 : News International moves all national titles to its new
plant at Wapping.
- 1986 - March 4 : Today launched by Eddy Shah, first national
- 1986 - Sept 14 : Sunday Sport launched.
- 1986 - Oct 7 : Independent launched.
- 1987 : Today bought by Rupert Murdoch.
- 1987 : First women editors of national newspapers in modern times:
Wendy Henry (News of the World) and Eve Pollard (Sunday Mirror).
- 1987 - Feb 24 : London Daily News launched by Robert Maxwell:
the first attempt at a 24-hour newspaper in Britain. Ceased publication on
- 1987 - April 26 : News on Sunday launched. Ceased publication in
- 1988 - Aug 17 : Sport launched, initially appearing every Wednesday.
- 1989 - March 5 : Wales on Sunday launched in Cardiff.
- 1989 - Sept 17 : Sunday Correspondent launched. Ceased publication
25 November 1990.
- 1990 - Jan 28 : Independent on Sunday launched.
- 1990 - May 11 : European launched by Robert Maxwell. Ceased publication
on 14 December 1998.
- 1991 : Press Complaints Commission (PCC) replaces the Press
- 1991 - Oct 7 : Sport becomes daily.
- 1991 - Nov 5 : Death of Robert Maxwell.
- 1992 : Dundee Courier becomes the last daily in Britain to put
news not advertisements on its front page.
- 1993 : Observer bought by Guardian Media Group.
- 1994 - Nov : Electronic Telegraph launched: first British national
on the Internet.
- 1995 - Nov 17 : Today ceases publication: first national to close
since the Daily Sketch.
- 1997 - Nov 11 : Shetland Times versus Shetland News: Scotland's
test case on Internet links, settled out of court, permits the News, under
certain conditions, to link to stories on the Times's website.
- 1998 - March 15 : Sport First launched: Britain's first national
Sunday newspaper dedicated to sport.
- 1998 - May 17 : Death of Hugh, Lord Cudlipp of Aldingbourne, who
first joined the Daily Mirror in 1935.
- 1998 - Sept 1 : Death of Vere Harmsworth, Third Viscount Rothermere.
- 1999 - March 16 : Metro launched: a daily newspaper distributed
free to travellers on the London Underground (the Tube).
- 2000 - Sept 20 : Business a.m. launched: the first new, daily newspaper
in Scotland for 100 years.
Ingredients: Lecture notes, handouts, the Internet, The British Library
Board, and lots, lots, lots of time | <urn:uuid:28ab1ba2-64e5-43c3-bed1-0bda876e2dd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://everything2.com/title/History+of+British+Newspapers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.794394 | 3,049 | 2.75 | 3 |
German Student MovementMain article: German student movement See also: Red Army Faction
The civil rights movement in Germany was a left-wing backlash against the post-Nazi Party era of the country, which still contained many of the conservative policies of both that era and of the pre-World War I Kaiser monarchy. The movement mainly attracted disillusioned students and was largely a protest movement analogous to others around the globe during the late 1960s. It was largely a reaction against the perceived authoritarianism and hypocrisy of the German government and other Western governments and the poor living conditions of students. A wave of protests, some violent, swept Germany, further fueled by over-reaction by the police and encouraged by other near-simultaneous protest movements across the world. Following more than a century of conservatism among German students, the German student movement also marked a significant major shift to the left-wing and radicalization of student politics.
Read more about this topic: Civil Rights Movement
Other articles related to "german student movement, students, student movement, movement":
... Although the students failed to overthrow the status quo, the effects of the student movement are still visible today because the movement did change things in Germany ... Another side effect of the student movement was the emancipation of women in Germany ... In addition to that the student movement brought up many theories on education and the raising of children which have influenced the modern forms of these processes ...
Famous quotes containing the words movement, german and/or student:
“For what we call illusions are often, in truth, a wider vision of past and present realitiesa willing movement of a mans soul with the larger sweep of the worlds forcesa movement towards a more assured end than the chances of a single life.”
—George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian)
“The French courage proceeds from vanitythe German from phlegmthe Turkish from fanaticism & opiumthe Spanish from pridethe English from coolnessthe Dutch from obstinacythe Russian from insensibilitybut the Italian from anger.”
—George Gordon Noel Byron (17881824)
“A black sun has appeared in the sky of my motherland.”
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Is grief a normal reaction?
Grief is a normal emotional reaction to loss. There are no limits, boundaries, or rules in terms of loss or what could be considered a loss. Grief involves emotional pain that varies by individual and loss. Grief may be especially burdensome in response to a loss that was traumatic, sudden, or severe.
Mourning and grief are the same.
While grief is described as an emotional response to loss, mourning involves outwardly expressing loss or any activity associated with loss as part of adaptation to it. For example, a funeral is an activity that expresses mourning. Mourning may or may not be as formal as a funeral, though it is important to note that grief and mourning of some sort are generally associated.
Anger is an unusual response to grief.
Anger is a normal part of grieving. In fact, it is not unusual for people to experience a range of emotions as part of the healing process. One who has experienced loss may also experience denial, numbness, shock, remorse, guilt, depression, despair, loneliness, anger, and acceptance. It is important to note that there is no specific order of stages in which to grieve and that grief is not limited to the emotional behaviors mentioned here. Additionally, it is possible and likely that a grieving person will encounter all, some, or none of these behaviors, and/or may vacillate among them. The range of emotions and behaviors incurred throughout the grieving process serves as bargaining tools for sufferer to cope with and acknowledge the reality of the loss that has occurred.
Who has more difficulty dealing with major loss?
Grieving children do not experience the same response to loss as adults and may not show their feelings as readily or openly. It is not unusual for children to express brief or occasional responses to grief, but the reality is that children have greater difficulty than adults managing emotional responses to grief and trauma. In truth, because children grieve longer than adults, children in mourning require frequent assessment, discussion, and acknowledgement of their feelings over time.
What is bereavement?
Bereavement is the state of experiencing grief, mourning, and deprivation as the result of a loss, usually death.
What is anticipatory grief?
Anticipatory grief is a reaction to an upcoming, impending, or expected loss event. It can be an important part of the grieving process and can help a person sort out emotions in preparation for the loss. Remember, everyone grieves differently, and anticipatory grief may not necessarily lessen grief or shorten the grieving process.
Should a grieving person minimize feelings?
Minimizing one's feelings may actually hinder the grief and healing process that is natural following a loss. Other avoidance behaviors can include...
- Thrusting oneself into work
- Self-medicating with drugs, alcohol, or other substances
- Compulsive patterns and behavior
- Avoiding emotions
Crying can help resolve grief.
It's alright to cry. For a grieving person, crying is a healthy, natural release as part of the grieving process. If you or someone you know is grieving, it may help to...
- Experience thoughts and feelings openly through writing, journaling
- Speak openly with other family members who suffered the same loss
- Accept and allow a range of emotions
- Seek professional help for overwhelming feelings or trouble returning to daily activities over time
Images provided by:
MedicineNet. Grief: Loss of a Loved One.
WebMD Public Medical Reference from The National Cancer Institute. Children and Grief.
WebMD Public Information from the National Cancer Institute. Definition of Terms.
Cancer.gov. Grief, Bereavement, and Coping With Loss.
WebMD Medical Reference. Coping with Grief.
This tool does not provide medical advice. See additional information:
THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is intended for general informational purposes only and does not address individual circumstances. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the MedicineNet Site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, immediately call your doctor or dial 911.
© 1996-2017 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d8ed9b1a-aba8-4ae5-95cc-b8426a583225> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.medicinenet.com/grief_bereavement_mourning_quiz/quiz.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.909478 | 890 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Importance of Optimum Resources Planning: Tools and Techniques for Project Management
Task evaluation phase clearly outlines all project activities and milestones needed for the project completion. Based on task evaluation, the Project Manager allocates resources, and set up reasonable milestone by taking into account of team members’ productivity, availability, and abilities. In project management terminology, resource can be people, equipment, facilities, funding, or any other thing that are required for the completion of a project. Success in delivering projects with limited pool of resources depends on finding the right resources for the job, balancing resource supply with demand, and empowering employees.
The efficient way of using resources is by pooling them, which optimally reduces project expenses. Pooling of resource provides greater benefits to participating interests as compared to individuals working on their own. Sorting resources for each engagement based on competencies, preferences and availability makes it easier to get a list of qualified candidates to complete the tasks. Resource pooling helps in analyzing, scheduling and utilization of resources to achieve optimal resource utilization, and thereby it is cost-effective. It is very important that all parties that are involved in the project are able to collaborate during the definition phase, thus helps in maximizing resource usage, minimize cost, and maximize profitability. In more complex environments, resources could be allocated across multiple, concurrent projects, and thus requires easier and secure ways of sharing. Usually, Project Management Soft wares helps in analyzing the capabilities of resources that gives insight into resource supply and demand. Also, resource skills-tracking functions ensure that right people are working on the right projects.
Smart Admin helps to identify resources based on their abilities and help Project Managers to select the right resource for each project. The potential team members who can participate in the next 24 hours can be retrieved using the tools as defined in the SMART ADMIN along with their abilities based on past record.
SMART ADMIN is a cloud-based software for generating GST Compliant Invoice, Payroll management, Timesheet and Project Tracking – visit SMART ADMIN for FREE Trial and Registration.
Recessions cause serious economic and financial disruptions throughout the world, and it used to get synchronised on a global scale due to d...
Covid – 19 has brought multiple changes in society and its behavior, and a few of such changes are directly visible. The hybrid work mod... | <urn:uuid:c82a7a3c-a7bb-4767-9d4f-af292747ab02> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.smartadmin.co.in/news/importance-of-optimum-resources-planning-tools-and-techniques-for-project-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.92673 | 481 | 2.765625 | 3 |
VIATRA2/GettingStarted/Model Transformations Intro
Model transformations (MT) are the backbone of the Model-Driven concept. Primarily, MTs are programs that receive as input a source model that conforms to its source metamodel and produces a target model conforming to a target metamodel. Based on the work of MTs are categorised into model-to-code (M2C) and model-to-model (M2M) transformation approaches. In general, transforming models to code can be treated as a special case of model-to-model transformations; where a metamodel is provided for the target programming language. However, for many reasons (e.g., reusability) code is usually generated as text rather than its model.
M2C transformation (a.k.a. automated code generation) is the act of generating source code of an application from high-level models. Automated code generation can be also considered as a special subset of MT yielding textual languages as their target model. Their aim is to simply speed up development, increase code quality, and comply to coding standards. VIATRA2 supports mode-to-code generation in different ways.
A M2M transformation (usually referred as model transformation) takes as input a model conforming to a source metamodel and produces as output another model conforming to a target metamodel.
Usually, M2M are further categorised into
- Intra model transformations , where both the source and the target models are conforming to the same metamodel. A good example for intra MTs are simulations, where the manipulation is taken on the same model.
- Inter model transformation , where the source and target metamodels differ. Typical model transformations (e.g., UML-to-RDBMS) are usually InterMTS.
Both of these transformation categories are supported by the transformation language of the VIATRA2 framework.
- Czarneck i K., Helsen S.: Feature-based survey of model transformation approaches. IBM Syst .J. 45 (3) (2006) 621-645 | <urn:uuid:cb5a5274-40a8-47c0-8db5-f9d27f60158d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://wiki.eclipse.org/index.php?title=VIATRA2/GettingStarted/Model_Transformations_Intro&oldid=192552 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164017049/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133337-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88869 | 452 | 2.75 | 3 |
Global Standards for the Microelectronics Industry
JEDEC History - 1970s
While the 1970s saw much of the research and groundwork laid for an explosion of commercial computing in the 1980s, the day-to-day business of the semiconductor industry remained focused on the military and industrial markets.
Bipolar chips were the norm; MOS was emerging. The industry would transition during the ‘70s from medium-scale integration to large-scale integration. The top three semiconductor companies in 1975 were Texas Instruments, Fairchild and National.
Consumer electronics manufacturing, which had blossomed during the television era, was migrating to low-cost Asian countries. In the 1960s the United States had about 29 TV manufacturers; by the 1970s that had dwindled to only one – Zenith Electronics Corp.
JEDEC committees focused on services rather than products. Major committees included terms, definitions and symbols (JC-10), mechanical package outlines (JC-11), government liaison (JC-13), and quality and reliability (JC-14). “Back in early 1970s, the semiconductor companies such as Fairchild or RCA would create a product and there would be no competitor,” said Mark Bird, who started working with JEDEC in the ‘70s. “So they didn’t need a product committee.” By the end of the decade, there were plenty of products, as semiconductor sales surpassed $10 billion.
Reflecting the strong influence of the military on the semiconductor market, JC-13 was a dominant committee. Its meetings often drew more than 300 attendees. Even reporters from the early trade press would cover JC-13 meetings. “What went on at that committee defined what the reliability, quality and performance characteristics were going to be for integrated circuits,” said David Sweetman, a long-time JEDEC volunteer who has served on a variety of committees. The military, in conjunction with communications companies like Bells Labs and Western Electric, were driving performance and reliability standards. “Western Electric actually had longer field life-time requirements than the military did,” noted Sweetman. “The military said they wanted 20 to 25 years. Bell Labs wanted 40 years.”
Frank Stein, chairman of JEDEC from 1968 to 1975 reorganized the structure of JEDEC committees: numbers in the teens were service committees, the 20s were diodes and rectifiers, the 30s were transistors and the 40s were ICs. Stein also published 10 guidelines of style and grammar, known as Frank’s rules, that are still used today. Although JEDEC had a style manual, it was some 80 pages long, said Sweetman. “For most of us, when we were preparing JEDEC documents, the first thing we pulled out were Frank’s rules.”
Intel introduces first commercial DRAM.
Intel launches the first microprocessor, the 4004, for Busicom Corp., a Japanese company, to power the Busicom calculator. It had 2,300 transistors and a clock speed of 400 kHz.
JEDEC creates Solid State Products Division.
Intel introduces the 8080 microprocessor, an 8-bit parallel CPU with 4,500 transistors.
MITS Altair 8800 personal computer, based on Intel’s 8080 microprocessor, starts selling by mail order in kit form.
Paul Allen and Bill Gates found Microsoft.
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple. Intel introduces 8086, 16-bit CPU with 28,000 transistors.
Semiconductor Industry Association is formed to respond to a perceived threat to U.S. electronics manufacturing base from low-cost Asian producers.
Semiconductor industry surpasses $10 billion. Motorola introduces the 16-bit microprocessor. | <urn:uuid:eac8e439-f26d-4836-b051-5c9d564173af> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.jedec.org/about-jedec/jedec-history/1970s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.969306 | 795 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, with the aircraft carrier USS Midway (CV-41) in the background.
|Location||Point Loma, San Diego, California|
|Type||United States National Cemetery|
|No. of graves||101,079|
|Website||Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery|
|Find a Grave||Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery|
|Footnotes||Nationwide Gravesite Locator (USDVA)|
|Designated||March 8, 2016|
Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is a federal military cemetery in the city of San Diego, California. It is located on the grounds of the former Army coastal artillery station Fort Rosecrans and is administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. The cemetery is located approximately 10 miles (16 km) west of Downtown San Diego, overlooking San Diego Bay and the city from one side, and the Pacific Ocean on the other. Fort Rosecrans is named after William Starke Rosecrans, a Union general in the American Civil War. The cemetery was registered as California Historical Landmark #55 on December 6, 1932. The cemetery is spread out over 77.5 acres (31.4 ha) located on both sides of Catalina Blvd.
Many Fort Rosecrans interments date to the early years of the California Republic, including the remains of the casualties of the Battle of San Pasqual. Shortly after the United States declared war on Mexico in May 1846, Brigadier Stephen W. Kearny was tasked with conquering Mexico's northern provinces, New Mexico and California. While Kearny demonstrated his considerable gift for administrative command with his acquisition of the New Mexican territory, he faced a more difficult task in California. Expecting a show of force from the Mexican Californios, Kearny set out west from New Mexico. Upon reaching California, Kit Carson intercepted him and his men, who informed him the territory had been taken by American settlers in the Bear Flag Revolt. Kearny sent 200 of his men back to New Mexico with the news and continued forward with one-third of his force. Unfortunately, the success of the revolt had been exaggerated and, before reaching their destination, Kearny and his men encountered a group of Californios intent on keeping more U.S. troops out of their homeland.
In the subsequent Battle of San Pasqual, 19 of Kearny's men and an untold number of Californios lost their lives. Initially, the dead were buried where they fell, but by 1874 the remains had been removed to the San Diego Military Reservation. Eight years later, the bodies were again reinterred at what is now Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery. In 1922, the San Diego chapter of the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West had a large boulder brought from the battlefield and placed at the gravesite with a plaque affixed that lists the names of the dead.
Another notable monument in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is the USS Bennington Monument which commemorates the deaths of 62 sailors in a boiler explosion aboard USS Bennington (PG-4). Bennington, which had just returned from maneuvers in the Pacific, was anchored in San Diego Harbor. On July 21, 1905, the crew was ordered to depart in search for USS Wyoming (BM-10), which had lost a propeller at sea. At approximately 10:30 a.m., an explosion in the boiler room ripped through the ship, killing or wounding the majority of the crew. Two days later the remains of soldiers and sailors were brought to the post cemetery and interred in an area known as Bennington Plot.
At one time, the cemetery was called the Bennington Nation Cemetery, but in 1934 was named the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery. Fort Rosecrans became a National Cemetery on October 5, 1934. The decision to make the post cemetery part of the national system came, in part, due to changes in legislation that greatly increased the number of persons eligible for burial in a national cemetery. Grave space in San Francisco National Cemetery then grew increasingly limited. In addition, southern California was experiencing a phenomenal population growth during this period, and there was a definitive need for more burial sites.
All available space for casketed remains at Fort Rosecrans was exhausted in the late 1960s, but cremated remains continued to be accepted. In the first decade of the 21st Century addition of extensive columbaria, in place of old chain-link fencing has allowed the interment of thousands of additional veterans there.
In 1973, Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery was placed under the control of the Veterans Administration. In May 2014, the cemetery had assigned all remaining spaces available; new burials will occur at Miramar National Cemetery. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.
Today, the Fort Rosecrans Memorial Day celebration is the largest Memorial Day festivity in San Diego. The Fort Rosecrans Memorial Day Committee consists of war veterans' organizations, their auxiliaries, and patriotic groups.
Monuments and memorials
Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery has several war memorials, including:
- The granite and bronze memorial to the USS Wasp (CV-7) commemorates the members of the ship's company who were lost when their ship was sunk during the Battle of Guadalcanal on September 15, 1942.
- The San Diego chapter of the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West installed the San Pasqual monument in 1922 to honor those soldiers who lost their lives in the 1846 Battle of San Pasqual during the Mexican–American War. The monument is composed of a stone boulder with a bronze plaque mounted on it.
- The USS Bennington Monument is a 75-foot granite obelisk dedicated to the men who lost their lives on that ship in San Diego Harbor on July 21, 1905. The monument was dedicated on January 7, 1908.
- The USS Ommaney Bay (CVE-79) monument is an etched granite memorial to the men lost in action when the ship was sunk on 4 January 1945.
- A monument dedicated to the Mormon Battalion was erected in 1998.
- The Patriots of America memorial was dedicated in 1999 by the California Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America to honor all Americans who answered the call to arms.
- The granite 3rd Infantry Division monument was dedicated to fallen comrades on February 16, 2002.
Battle off Samar
Several monuments have been erected in memory of the sailors lost in the Battle off Samar, October 25, 1944, a part of the Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines), and in subsequent battles of the Pacific:
- The USS St. Lo (CVE-63) and Composite Squadron VC-65 was erected in 1994.
- The USS Hoel (DD-533), USS Johnston (DD-557) and USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) monument is a large granite memorial dedicated in 1995.
- The granite Taffy 3 monument was dedicated on October 24, 1996.
- The granite USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73) monument was dedicated on October 25, 1996. Family members and survivors donated the monument.
Medal of Honor recipients
(Dates are of the actions for which they were awarded the Medal of Honor.)
- Quartermaster Second Class Charles Francis Bishop (Mexican–American War), Seizure of Vera Cruz, U.S. Navy. USS Florida (BB-30), Mexico, April 21, 1914 (Section O, Grave 4562)
- Commander Willis W. Bradley (World War I), U.S. Navy. USS Pittsburgh (CA-4) (Section O, Grave 2925)
- Major Mason Carter (Indian War Campaign), 5th U.S. Infantry. Bear Paw Mountains, Montana, September 30, 1877 (Section PS-4, Grave 102)
- Staff Sergeant Peter S. Connor (Vietnam War), U.S. Marine Corps, Company F, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines, 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced). Quang Ngai Province, Republic of Vietnam, February 25, 1966 (Section A-E, Grave 1005)
- Boatswain's Mate William S. Cronan, U.S. Navy. USS Bennington (PG-4), San Diego, Calif., July 21, 1905 (Section T, Grave 534)
- Lieutenant Junior Grade Albert L. David (World War II), U.S. Navy. USS Pillsbury (DE-133), French West Africa, June 4, 1944 (Section OS, Grave 125-A)
- Corporal James L. Day (World War II), U.S. Marine Corps. Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, May 14–17, 1945 (Section P, Grave 1748)
- Captain Jesse Farley Dyer (Mexican Campaign), U.S. Marine Corps. Vera Cruz, April 21, 1914 (Section P, Grave 1606)
- Vice Admiral Middleton S. Elliott (Mexican–American War), U.S. Navy. Vera Cruz, April 21–22, 1914 (Section P, Grave 2828)
- Captain Michael John Estocin (Vietnam War), U.S. Navy. Haiphong, North Vietnam, April 20 & 26, 1967 (Section MA, Grave 112)
- Lieutenant Junior Grade Donald A. Gary (World War II), U.S. Navy. USS Franklin (CV-13) off Japanese Home Islands near Kobe, Japan, March 19, 1945 (Section A-1, Grave 3-B)
- Seaman Ora Graves (World War I), U.S. Navy. USS Pittsburgh (CA-4), July 23, 1917 (Section W, Grave 1208)
- Second Lieutenant Herman H. Hanneken (Occupation of Haiti), U.S. Marine Corps. Grande Riviere, Republic of Haiti, October 21 & November 1, 1919 (Section C, Grave 166-D)
- Gunnery Sergeant Jimmie Earl Howard (Vietnam), U.S. Marine Corps, Company C, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion. Republic of Vietnam, June 16, 1966 (Section O, Grave 3759)
- Sergeant Ross L. Iams (Haitian Campaign), U.S. Marine Corps. USS Connecticut (BB-18), Fort Riviere, Republic of Haiti, November 17, 1915 (Section P, Grave 2930)
- Ensign Herbert Charpoit Jones (World War II), U.S. Navy. USS California (BB-44), December 7, 1941 (Section G, Grave 76)
- Master at Arms Michael A. Monsoor, (Iraq War), U.S. Navy SEAL. Ramadi, Iraq, September 29, 2006 (Section U, Grave 412-E)
- Coxswain John Edward Murphy (Spanish–American War), U.S. Navy. Santiago, Cuba, June 1898 (Section OS, Grave 363)
- Sergeant James Irsley Poynter (Korean War), U.S. Marine Corps. Sudong, Korea, Hill 532, November 4, 1950 (Section O, Grave 729)
- Sergeant Anund C. Roark (Vietnam War), U.S. Army. Kontum Province, Vietnam, May 16, 1968 (Section O, Grave 1855)
- Sergeant Henry Frank Schroeder (Spanish American War), U.S. Army, Company L, 16th U.S. Infantry. Carig, Philippine Islands, September 14, 1900 (Section S, Grave 854)
- Lieutenant Commander Robert Semple (Mexican–American War), U.S. Navy. Vera Cruz, April 21, 1914 (Section OS-A, Grave 192)
- Lieutenant William Zuiderveld (Mexican–American War), U.S. Navy. Vera Cruz, April 21, 1914 (Section A-1, Grave 9-B)
- Commander Lloyd M. Bucher, U.S. Navy (1927–2004), Captain of the USS Pueblo (AGER-2), which was captured on January 23, 1968, by the North Koreans
- Margaret Landis Couper, (1890–1981) silent screen actress, wife of First Lieutenant James Hamilton Couper (1894–1953), U.S. Army (World War I)
- Douglas Croft, (1926-1963), U.S. Army (World War II), child actor
- Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Thomas S. Crow, (1934–2008) fourth Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy from 1979 to 1982.
- Captain Thomas Darden, U.S. Navy, 37th Governor of American Samoa
- Major Reuben H. Fleet, World War I aviator. The Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center in San Diego was named after him
- Corporal Richard Garrick, U.S. Army, film director and actor. He served during the Spanish–American War
- Brigadier general Vernon M. Guymon (1898–1965), U.S. Marine Corps, Naval aviator who earned Silver Star in World War I as Ground officer, later decorated with Navy Cross in Nicaragua
- Vice Admiral Edward Hanson, U.S. Navy, 28th Governor of American Samoa and World War I recipient of the Navy Cross.
- Major General Bruno Hochmuth, (1911–1967) U.S. Marine Corps, first Marine division commander to be killed in any war
- Major General Archie F. Howard, (1892-1964) U.S. Marine Corps, servied in World War I, World War II and China as Commanding General, 6th Marine Division.
- Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulak, (1913–2008) U.S. Marine Corps, served in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam in which he served as the Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He was also the father of retired Marine General Charles Krulak, the 31st U.S. Marine Corps Commandant
- Vice Admiral William R. Munroe (1886–1966), United States Navy admiral who commanded ashore and afloat in the Atlantic theater during World War II
- General Joseph Henry Pendleton, (1860–1942) U.S. Marine Corps general. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and Pendleton Street in Pacific Beach, San Diego were named after him.
- Lieutenant General Charles F. B. Price, (1881-1954), U.S. Marine Corps, Legion of Merit awardee
- Brigadier general Stanley E. Ridderhof (1896–1962), U.S. Marine Corps, Naval aviator who earned Navy Cross in Nicaragua
- General Harry Schmidt (1886–1968), U.S. Marine Corps, Navy Cross, Commanded the 4th Marine Division and the Fifth Amphibious Corps, World War II
- Rear Admiral Thomas J. Senn, (1871–1947), U.S. Navy, Commander of USS North Dakota and also World War I recipient of the Navy Cross.
- General Holland Smith, (1884–1967) U.S. Marine Corps, commanded the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) in the Pacific during World War II and led the "island hopping" campaign in the central Pacific
- Lt. Colonel Laurence Stallings, U.S. Marine Corps, a playwright and screenwriter with over two dozen writing credits, including What Price Glory?
- Lt. General John T. Walker, U.S. Marine Corps, commanded 22nd Marine Regiment during World War II and recipient of the Navy Cross.
- PHMC Coy Watson, Jr., (1912–2009), U.S. Coast Guard, child actor
Burial in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is available for eligible veterans, their spouses and dependents at no cost to the family and includes the gravesite, grave-liner, opening and closing of the grave, a headstone or marker, and perpetual care as part of a national shrine. For veterans, benefits may also include a burial flag (with case for active duty), and military funeral honors. Family members and other loved ones of deceased veterans may request Presidential Memorial Certificates.
Veterans discharged from active duty under conditions other than dishonorable and servicemembers who die while on active duty, active duty for training, or inactive duty training, as well as spouses and dependent children of veterans and active duty servicemembers, may be eligible for VA burial and memorial benefits including burial in a national cemetery. The veteran does not have to die before a spouse or dependent child can be eligible.
Reservists and National Guard members, as well as their spouses and dependent children, are eligible if they were entitled to retired pay at the time of death, or would have been upon reaching requisite age.
Burial of dependent children is limited to unmarried children under 21 years of age, or under 23 years of age if a full-time student at an approved educational institution. Unmarried adult children who become physically or mentally disabled and incapable of self-support before age 21, or age 23 if a full-time student, also are eligible for burial.
A Federal law passed in 2010 (Public Law 111-275) extends burial benefits to certain parents of servicemembers who die as a result of hostile activity or from combat training-related injuries who are buried in a national cemetery in a gravesite with available space. The biological or adopted parents of a servicemember who dies in combat or while performing training in preparation for a combat mission, leaving no surviving spouse or dependent child, may be buried with the deceased servicemember if the Secretary of Veterans Affairs determines that there is available space. The law applies to servicemembers who died on or after Oct. 7, 2001 and to parents who died on or after Oct. 13, 2010.
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
- "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
- "Weekly list of actions, 3/7/16 through 3/11/16". National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
- "Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- Dean W. Holt (3 December 2009). American Military Cemeteries, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7864-5732-8.
- Tucker, Jill (15 June 2014). "'Rest in peace' gets brief disruption in Presidio cemetery upgrade". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- Steele, Jeanette (6 May 2014). "End of era at Fort Rosecrans". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
Jennewien, Chris (6 May 2014). "Last Burial Space Claimed at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery". Times of San Diego. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
Clemente, Himphil S. (11 December 2006). Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery Annex, MCAS Miramar, San Diego County, California (CEQ # 20060438) (PDF) (Report). Environmental Procection Agency. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- "Ft. Rosecrans Cemetery Finds More Room". KFMB-TV. San Diego. 2 January 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- "Last space at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is claimed". KFMB. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
- California Tombstone Project
- CWGC: James Frederick Hynes
- CWGC: Henry John Johnson
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.|
- Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
- On-line Grave Locator service provided by the VA
- Interment.net burial records of Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
- Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery at Find a Grave
- USS Bennington | <urn:uuid:3c5f1cae-7f14-4685-bfd6-e0dba8171892> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rosecrans_National_Cemetery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511897.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018173140-20181018194640-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.926548 | 4,197 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In the woods, Goodman Brown hears a multitude of familiar voices coming from a cloud high above him. He can hear these voices all urging some lamenting young woman onward. These are the voices of people that he knows to be sinners, as well as the voices of people he believed were saints up until now. When he sees one of his wife's pink ribbons flutter down to him through the air, he fears that his "Faith is gone!" and feels that "There is no good on earth" anymore. He begins to race forward toward the witches's meeting through the forest. The narrator says that,
In truth, all through the haunted forest, there could be nothing more frightful than the figure of Goodman Brown. On he flew, among the black pines, brandishing his staff with frenzied gestures, now giving vent to an inspiration of horrid blasphemy, and now shouting forth such laughter, as set all the echoes of the forest laughing like demons around him. The fiend in his own shape is less hideous, than when he rages in the breast of man.
In short, Goodman Brown becomes the most frightening and sinful creature, even more frightening than the devil himself. In fact, as the narrator claims, the devil is actually less frightening than a man who has embraced sin. When one encounters the devil, one knows what to expect. Of course the devil loves sin and loves to tempt men to sin.
However, a person—like Brown, or like Goody Cloyse, or the minister, or the deacon—can hide their real, sinful nature and pretend to be sinless. In doing so, they might sin themselves without suspicion, or even counsel others to sin, winning more converts in this way. The devil seems to recruit them to do his bidding for this reason and purpose. Thus, it is Goodman Brown who becomes the most villainous when he allows himself to become the "chief horror of the scene and [shrinks] not from its other horrors." | <urn:uuid:e1a901bc-f6d8-4ea8-86b0-4a2531b8918f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/in-young-goodman-brown-by-nathaniel-hawthorne-2280999 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.978164 | 408 | 2.59375 | 3 |
There are Many Veterans in Public Office, Should there be More?Matthew Russell
Since this country was founded, military veterans have been ever-present in its leadership. Our vets hold political seats in every state today, but some say that number is dropping.
According to Rebecca Burgess, of the American Enterprise Institute, military veterans have had a decreasing presence in Congress for three decades.
“From the high-water mark of the 1970s when veterans made up more than three-fourths of Congress, today their numbers have receded by about 75 percent, inviting concern from more than one quarter about the negative ramifications a national legislative body with miniscule practical military knowledge — but significant powers over the purse and the sword — has both domestically and abroad.”
The answer may lie in a simple difference in eras. As Burgess points out, “Washington legislators are more likely to have served in the armed forces than those at the state level, legislators at the state and federal level are more likely to be veterans than the general population.” While that remains true, no war since WWII has produced an American president.
There are over 21 million vets in the U.S., taking up 7 percent of the population. But only around 1 percent of the population today volunteers to serve in the armed forces. In 1945, the U.S. military listed over 12 million members. When those men and women took over 70 percent of the congressional seats in the 70s, they made up about 14 percent of the population.
The percentage of the U.S. population fighting in wars since 1973 has dropped drastically, and as such, so has the percentage of veterans in comparison to the rest of the population. Bill Rausch, political director of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, told the Washington Times that the nature of veteran campaigns has also changed.
“The challenge we see a lot with candidates is they come back immediately from service and they run for Congress, and most of those candidates don’t do well for various reasons,” Rausch said. “They have no experience outside the military. Oftentimes, as a result of military service, they’ve moved around the country, and the [home] district doesn’t know the individual.”
Seth Lynn, director of the George Washington University’s Graduate School of Political Management’s Center for Second Service, told Stars and Stripes that recent elections have actually seen an increase in veteran candidates. That’s not to say the majority of American veterans are being represented fairly. Only 10 members of the 2012 Congress, 9 republicans and 1 democrat, were deployed to wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
If Congress is going to have a say on the funding for our vets, it should undoubtedly be with the help of their representation. Unfortunately, this is an area that requires attention. As Congress continues to debate how to allocate finances and where to cut funding, they must keep in mind the dedicated service our veterans have demonstrated. While we may need to reexamine where we are spending our money as a country, we need to also ensure veterans don’t suffer. Sign this petition telling Congress to keep Veterans’ care funding off the table! | <urn:uuid:1e55ade1-5fe0-47e4-a81b-59d4b13d8140> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://blog.theveteranssite.greatergood.com/vet-office/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962806 | 663 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Doubt cast on Sir Bernard Lovell's 'brainwashing'February 8, 2013 in Physics / General Physics
In this month's edition of Physics World, science writer Richard Corfield casts doubt on the alleged "brainwashing" of the late British astronomer Sir Bernard Lovell by the Soviets at the height of the Cold War and explains how his trips beyond the Iron Curtain laid the foundations for the easing of geopolitical tensions between the UK and the USSR.
Speaking to Lovell's son Bryan, Corfield reveals a more mundane explanation for why Lovell, who founded the Jodrell Bank telescope in the UK, fell ill on his return from the USSR in 1963.
"For me the more likely explanation is that father was simply exhausted—and that gels with the account that he wrote in the contemporaneous diary of the 1963 trip, in which you will find nothing untoward, but plenty of fascinating science," reveals Bryan Lovell, who is the current president of the Geological Society of London.
The alleged brainwashing incident occurred during Lovell's visit to the USSR in 1963 when he was taken on an unexpected tour of the Soviets' new radio-telescope and space-tracking facility in the Crimea, which he was deeply impressed by. On his return to Moscow, Lovell was quizzed on his plans to build a larger telescope at Jodrell Bank, which at the time was the only telescope facility capable of tracking Soviet nuclear-tipped rockets. The Soviets made it clear that if Lovell remained in the USSR and built the facility there, they would give him the money.
Lovell declined the offer and returned to the UK, but immediately fell ill and found that his life had "suddenly turned to dust and ashes", as he wrote in a 2008 memorandum. In the months after his recovery, Lovell was told by the Ministry of Defense that the illness might have been caused by a Soviet attempt to remove his memory of the recruitment offer and what he had seen during his visit.
Despite the incident, Lovell was a fervent believer in the collaborative nature of science—a conviction that was confirmed in the diaries he wrote during the Cold War period, which were released by the University of Manchester after his death in August last year.
Indeed, the British scientific collaboration with the Soviet Union also extended to the field of fusion science, which in 1969 led to a group of leading researchers from the UK Atomic Energy Authority sharing their expertise in measuring plasma temperatures with a Soviet group working on the latest nuclear-fusion technologies.
The fusion collaboration forged in the 1960s ultimately paved the way to the creation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)—a practical attempt to prove that ideas from plasma physics can be translated into full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants. The first plasma is expected to be produced by ITER in 2020, with the first real working fusion power plants coming—if all goes well—some 20-30 years after that.
"When—and if—that happens, historians will be able to trace that success back to those early collaborations between Britain and the Soviet Union, and, in part, to the legacy of Sir Bernard Lovell's radio telescope that was used as the earliest of early-warning systems," Corfield writes.
Provided by Institute of Physics
"Doubt cast on Sir Bernard Lovell's 'brainwashing'" February 8, 2013 http://phys.org/news/2013-02-sir-bernard-lovell-brainwashing.html | <urn:uuid:dc379ab7-deb2-456b-bced-b4730175a0dd> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://phys.org/print279559156.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00199-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972825 | 718 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A special blue plaque will be installed by Nubian Jak Community Trust and partners on 6 June RAF Carew Cheriton, to commemorate the role of African-American soldiers involved in the D Day Landings.
While the exploits of allied campaign in winning the War have long been lauded, the role service men and women of African Heritage played in it is not often acknowledged. Whether they were from continental Africa, the Caribbean, or African American soldiers, it is easy to overlook the contribution of these unsung heroes and heroines.
Over 30,000 African American service personnel were based in Wales as a lead up to D Day: including Cardiff, Swansea, Barry, Abergavenny, Aberystwyth, Pontypool and Pembroke. One of the explanations given for their lack of historical representation is that the US army was separated along the lines of race at that time, and many of the American GIs brought with them their home-grown prejudices.
Back in the US, African Americans could not travel in the same railway carriages, drink from the same water fountains or eat at the same cafes due to segregation and Jun-Crow laws. However, the American GIs were surprised and disappointed to discover that the people of Wales were far more welcoming of their African American countrymen than had been bargained for. In Wales the Black GIs the “tan Yanks” as they were affectionately known, were seen as Americans first.
One such group of African American servicemen were an aircrew based in Pembrokeshire, South Wales who arrived in the Spring of 1944. Among them were air and balloon pilots, and non-combat personnel like engineers, supply and transport staff. Some of their comrades were based not too far away in Pontypool, and it was this contingent i.e. the unheralded 320th Anti-Aircraft Barrage Balloon Battalion that provided the cover and protected allied troops from aerial attack at the start on 6th June 1944 D Day campaign.
To commemorate the role of these service personnel a special blue plaque is being installed on 6 June at RAF Carew Cheriton, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the D Day Landings. The D Day plaque will be installed on a War Bunker/Air Raid Shelter which is part of RAF Carew Cheriton Museum. The ceremony is being sponsored by Nubian Jak and delivered in partnership with RAF Carew Cheriton, 160th Infantry Brigade and HQ Wales, and Race Council Cymru (Wales).
6 June. 2-3pm. RAF Carew Cheriton: Carew Airfield, Carew, Pembrokeshire, SA70 8SX
Mayor of Pembroke Dock, Councillor Gordon Goff, said: “I am proud to have been invited to unveil the 75th Anniversary D Day Plaque, we at Pembroke Dock Town Council would like to thank the service personnel for their contribution whilst being based in Pembrokeshire and would like to thank the sponsors for supporting and arranging the ceremony.”
CEO of the Nubian Jak Group, Dr Jak Beula, said: “It is a great honour to be involved in installing the first diverse Blue Plaque in South Wales. There could not be a more fitting date to remember the African American WWII service personnel who resided in the region during WWII, than on the 75th anniversary of D Day to commemorate the bravery they displayed on the 6th June 1944”.
Secretary of RAF Carew Cheriton, Martin Hyde, said: “The Carew Cheriton Control Tower Group members feel honoured that the Nubian Jack Community Plaque is being placed on their building. The Group is presently creating a memorial stone dedicated to all the G I s of the 110th Infantry Regiment who served in Pembrokeshire prior to the D Day landings and the allied invasion of Europe. The two remembrance items will be complementary.”
Lieutenant Colonel of 160th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Wales, Jonah MacGill, said: “160th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Wales, on behalf of the Armed Forces in Wales, is extremely proud to be able to support this project which recognises the contribution of those African American Service Personnel who were based throughout Wales and who took part in D Day. We are pleased to be involved in the outstanding work of organisations such as the Nubian Jak Community Trust and Race Council Cymru. We hope that through all of our efforts we will arrive at a “new normal” whereby the incredible contribution and sacrifice of so many from across the globe, who came to the aid of Great Britain in times of conflict and need, is properly understood and acknowledged.”
Chief Executive of Race Council Cymru, Mrs Uzo Iwobi OBE, said: “Race Council Cymru is delighted that the contributions of African American, African and Caribbean servicemen and women are going to be acknowledged and marked with a historic D Day Plaque. This is long overdue and will go a long way to honour and recognise these significant and life changing contributions which ought to be better acknowledged. This is an exciting time for our Black History communities across Wales.”
Chair of RAF Association London and South East, Peter Ramrayka, said: “It gives me great pleasure to send best wishes to the Nubian Jak Community Trust and all the participants at the event on D Day 2019 to honour African American service personnel based in Wales in WW2. Members of our Branch were delighted to be involved in the public unveiling in 2017 of the War Memorial in Brixton, London honouring African and Caribbean Service personnel attended by the Secretary of State for Defence, the Mayors of London and Lambeth amongst others. Again in 2017 we were pleased to attend the unveiling of a blue plaque honouring Caribbean WW2 hero Flight Lieutenant Cy Grant. The Trust’s latest event continues to widen the knowledge and perpetuates the memory of the contributions made by black service personnel in both world wars and it is indeed commendable. Lest we Forget”
The Trust will be erecting a 7ft Granite Memorial Statue to Commonwealth Nurses in October to commemorate seven decades since the formation of the NHS, arrival of the Windrush generation, and naming of Whittington Hospital (all in 1948) | <urn:uuid:3b4b1659-8dcd-4d47-ad88-f91ce22733c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://seancreighton1947.wordpress.com/2019/06/04/african-american-gis-honoured-with-75th-anniversary-d-day-plaque-6-june/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.967834 | 1,305 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Solar powered electric vehicle charging
Nowadays, when it comes to charging electric vehicles, the most common thing is that we think of traditional electricity, that is, of recharging points provided through traditional networks. But the truth is that you have asked yourself more than once: Is it possible to charge my car using solar panels?
The answer is yes, you can produce the fuel for your car in your own home. To achieve this goal, all you have to do is install photovoltaic equipment, which can generate at home most of the electricity that the car needs to move.
This is a topic that has aroused great interest and suspicion, therefore, we will clarify some problems that arise when installing solar panels to charge domestic electric cars.
Is it feasible to charge the electric car with solar panels?
When you have an electric car, charging it with clean energy at home is an economical and sustainable option. But to ensure the feasibility of charging electric vehicles through solar panels, it is very important to understand how much energy our vehicles need to circulate every day.
The first thing to do is make sure that the photovoltaic panels you have installed in your home or plan to install in the near future generate enough power to power your car and the rest of your home.
The method of calculating the energy consumed by a car is very simple because it is calculated in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per 100 kilometers. So that we all understand each other, for every 100 km, an electric vehicle will consume about 18 kWh.
In most cases, simply installing four solar panels to charge an electric vehicle.
How much does a solar installation produce?
It is estimated that a solar installation generates around 450 kWh for each solar panel each year. To know how many we will need, we will have to make an approximation of the kilometers that we will travel in a year.
You must remember that the installation is only done during sunny hours. Therefore, if you do not consume all the kWh at once, add more vehicles and houses, they will escape to the grid through the meter.
What happens to the energy that I don't consume? Those kWh will be registered and the system charges them at a price X that will be offset by the amount of kWh that we consume from the network.
It must be taken into account that fast charges are only going to be available to the so-called “electrolineras”. Specially prepared refueling points, from the point of view of electrical infrastructure, to be able to make fast or ultrafast charges higher than 10 kWh.
These types of facilities usually have more than 100 kW of power contracted, so the electrical network in the area must be adequate to these consumptions. This is precisely the aspect that brings car parks, garages, neighborhood communities, neighborhoods, towns ... but that makes electricity distributors happier, who rub their hands with the situation.
Finally, from an economic and environmental point of view, producing your own fuel from home is a good decision, since you will save on electric fuel not only for your vehicle but also for your home. If you own an electric car and are considering installing a photovoltaic kit at home, you can contact AnaZet Solar. | <urn:uuid:09b45c74-ff6a-46b7-a0f9-861ba400ad32> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://elblogenergia.com/solar-powered-electric-vehicle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.960696 | 662 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Earlier this month, the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, Rashida Manjoo issued a statement during her visit to the U.S. scrutinizing the U.S. for its continued failure to prosecute perpetrators of sexual violence crimes against Native American and Alaska Native women and girls.
Consistent with Amnesty International’s findings in 2007’s “Maze of Injustice” report documenting the epidemic of sexual violence in Indian Country, Manjoo met with tribal leaders and advocates, who confirmed Amnesty’s own findings – including Department of Justice statistics citing that 86% of perpetrators of sexual violence against Native women and girls are in fact, non-Native men.
This horrific statistic is an all too familiar, frightening daily reality for Native women – particularly as tribal courts still have no jurisdiction to prosecute non-Native offenders, often leaving survivors of sexual violence without access to justice or redress for crimes committed against them.
As we celebrate International Women’s Day all this week, it is all too clear that the U.S. still has a long way to go in addressing this epidemic of sexual violence against Indigenous women here in the U.S.
But it is equally important to note and applaud the significant, albeit long-awaited, successes of the past year – including President Obama’s historic signing of the Tribal Law and Order Act last July, and the President’s endorsement of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in December 2010. Both Congress and the Administration have demonstrated their commitment to improving public safety and justice services in Indian Country – and we must now ensure that the policies and programs provided in critical legislation such as the Tribal Law and Order Act are not only fully funded, but are also consistent with the provisions of the UNDRIP.
Many important strides have been achieved since the Maze of Injustice report launched Amnesty’s effort to join the countless other tribal leaders, Indigenous rights, and women’s advocates who have worked hard to bring to light the shocking crimes of sexual violence against Native women that have been left in the shadows for far too long.
This International Women’s Day and week, we honor those advocates and those survivors whose incredible strength and efforts continue to drive this work, and these successes. All women have the right to feel and be safe and secure in their own communities.
We have a long way to go – but with your continued advocacy and efforts, we can get there. | <urn:uuid:9204a98c-ee93-4279-878f-e318720c0e8f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://blog.amnestyusa.org/americas/the-fight-to-end-sexual-violence-against-indigenous-women-and-girls-in-the-u-s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461359.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00103-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952102 | 508 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Typically grows to be 5 feet tall and up to 350 pounds
30 to 50 years
Blend of light and dark gray
Pygmy hippos prefer to spend their time in swamps and rivers found in the Tropical Rain Forest.
Pygmy hippos have a natural sunscreen to protect their thin skin which sun burns easily. They secrete a pinkish liquid that acts as a natural sunscreen to protect the skin.
Despite efforts to learn more, this little hippo has managed to remain elusive in the natural environment. Most of what has been learned about the hippo is from zoos.
Pygmy hippops are herbivores. Their diet consists of leafy greens, grasses, leaves, shoots, and fallen fruits.
Gestation is six to seven months. A single calf is born at a birth weight of 14 lbs. Mothers give birth in a den or in dense vegetation. At five months old, the calf weighs ten times its birth weight.
Pygmy hippos are endangered with less than 3,000 left in the wild. Biggest threat is loss of natural habitat.
Location in the Zoo:
On exhibit from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day | <urn:uuid:17305725-061d-48f7-a2d0-d0a5b406e2a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Animal-Pygmy-Hippo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256887.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522163302-20190522185302-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.868943 | 282 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Rough estimates put German immigrants at one-third Catholic and the other two-thirds predominantly Lutheran and Reformed. Coparatively small in numbers were German Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Pietists, Jews and Free Thinkers. For many German immigrants the parish church was the center of their social lives.
The prosperity and attractiveness of a community out in the countryside could be recognized by its church and school structures. Each was an expression of the initiative of local immigrants. In 1869 John Bauer wrote to his parents in Baden how the residents in his rural community in Missouri all contributed to the construction of the school house, for "of course, I would much rather pay this sum [$18.25] than live in a neighborhood where the schools are poor." He went on, "As soon as this is finished, they will probably build a new church which will naturally cost more than the schoolhouse. It is not compulsory, for many rich men don't give a cent for it, although they are often blessed by Providence with everything; there are also people here who never go to church & think more about a nice horse than a fine church. I do not want to take a back seat here and if God gives me life and means, I intend to contribute my share. You don't need to do this in Germany, but here the government does nothing at all" [Kamphoefner, News, 167].
Long before public school systems were mandated by state legislatures, the parish church was also running a parish school. This holds true especially for the German-language parish churches and their private German schools. "The language is the vessel of faith," is how church leaders explained their approach to parochial education. They hoped to ward off any threat to the religion of their children (which they perceived would originate from the English-language public schools) by keeping the German schools under church management. Leaders in the German-speaking Catholic parishes also built barricades against what they perceived as a threat of domination by the Irish-American Catholic hierarchy. Protestant churches were the primary beneficiaries of donations from Germany, while the German Catholics in America profited from the personal volunteer work of immigrant priests and religious orders. Nuns, especially Benedictines and Franciscans, ran their own hospitals, schools and even preparatory seminaries for the clergy. For example, in Indiana, beginning with the second half of the 19th century, the sisters of the Catholic teaching orders of St. Francis and St. Benedict provided tens of thousands of children with a German Catholic education. Around the state today, the sisters still operate numerous schools, although no longer as "German" institutions.
In colonial times and well into the 19th century, all German-language schools in states such as Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas were operated as parochial schools. Not until 1850 was there any competition from public schools and a new brand of sectarian schools in the densely German settlements of the Midwest and in Texas. Private schools began to be run by Free Thinkers and other non-religious organizations. Because Germans in many towns saw little chance for transmitting either their language or their cultural heritage in the American public schools, they often founded a local German school society that functioned as legal owner of their school.
In some communities, the German schools operated according to new pedagogical principles and had a lasting impact on the American school system. Kindergarten as a pre-school, sports programs at all school levels, music, and manual arts as elements of the regular curriculum were first introduced by so-called radical-democratic German groups, such as the Socialist Turner Societies, an entity known today as the American Turners. In Milwaukee, and later in Indianapolis, this organization had its own Normal College for teachers of physical education. Some well-known schools like the Knapp School in Baltimore and the German-English Academy in Milwaukee existed into the 20th century. Examples of especially progressive schools founded by German immigrant intellectuals were the Rosler von Oels School in New York, the Zion School in Baltimore, the school system founded by Georg von Bunsen in Belleville, Illinois and many manual training high schools which combined academic and vocational education.
Like the Catholic church, the Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church was educationally very active. It operated a half dozen high schools in a manner similar to a German gymnasium. Candidates for pastoral training who first attended these schools later went on to the distinguished German-language Theological Seminary in St. Louis. At the same time, the Synod maintained two teacher training colleges to serve its private elementary and high schools. The only secular German-English teacher training institution existed in Milwaukee from 1878 to 1919. This bilingual institution educated a total of 335 teachers for instruction in private and public elementary schools.
Particularly in urban settings -- and in spite of efforts to the contrary -- the forces of integration would eventually spell the decline of German-language preservation in the two principal pillars of language maintenance outside the family: the German church and the German school. With more and more second and third generation German-Americans outweighing by far the dwindling replenishment of new immigrants, the need and the preference for English became unstoppable. And when, by the late 19th century, German had become the leading modern foreign language in high school, many German-American parents and school boards of non-church-related schools felt that the expenses of running a private school were no longer warranted. Following the First World War with its massive and intimidating campaign for Americanization, practically the only German-language instruction that continued to exist was in the rural German-language enclaves. On June 4,1923, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Meyer vs. the State of Nebraska that a knowledge of the German language by itself could not be regarded as harmful and that the right to teach and the right of parents to have their children taught in a language other than English was within the liberties guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment [Rippley, 1984, p. 126]. In 1925 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Pierce vs. the Sisters of the Holy Name of Jesus and Mary that children between the ages of eight and sixteen were not bound to attend a public school. But even with such favorable court decisions, German schools were on the decline. In 1927 there were still 555 German-American private schools with 35,000 pupils, but ten years later in 1936 there were only 281 such schools with 17,800 pupils.
An unrealized dream of a few German-Americans was to have their own university with German as the language of instruction, which, it was hoped, would have attracted a varied German-language clientele of differing religious and political persuasions. But in spite of German "Kultur" enthusiasm on the part of confessional and non-confessional German-Americans, the sometimes almost militant particularism among the "Krauts" was not conducive to such an enterprise.
Concerning teacher training and other German institutions of higher education in the United States, see LaVern J. Rippley, "The German-American Normal Schools," in Erich A. Albrecht and J. Anthony Burzles eds. German Americana 1976 (Lawrence: Max Kade Document and Research Center, 1977), 63-71. | <urn:uuid:81abe084-199e-4b8c-8215-72dce23cf8f9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/chap6.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699977678/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102617-00025-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9822 | 1,495 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As fall descends on the United States every year, it happens: reports spread across news feeds that something scary is brewing in the Atlantic.
A reported tropical storm becomes a categorized hurricane making landfall, leaving us with flooding, destruction, and rising death rolls. The Facebook donate buttons proliferate, coastal friends are marking themselves "Safe," and inevitably in our current political climate, op-eds bemoaning the death sentence of climate change or denying its existence are shared on your timeline.
"Climate change" has become a buzzword and political bludgeon, but the fact is 70% of Americans believe it's happening, and 97% of climate scientists agree that it's caused by human activities. It's enough to embolden your friend's incessant need to tag his sweaty Instagram selfies with "#climatechange" for every day over 80 degrees in New York City.
That being said, is it possible to blame global warming as the reason behind Hurricane Florence being the second wettest storm behind Harvey? Or for Hurricane Michael's ranking as the third most powerful storm to ever hit the continental United States? There's also the question on everyone's mind—will we be seeing more destructive hurricanes every year?
The answers: Yes, yes, and it's complicated.
Category 4 Hurricane Michael makes landfall along the Florida panhandle.
Tropical cyclones, like hurricanes, are indeed affected by factors that climate change directly impacts like warmer air, warmer sea surface temperatures, and rising sea levels.
Warmer air contains more moisture than cooler air. Therefore, it makes sense that as the temperature of Earth's troposphere (the weather layer 5-10 miles above the ground) rises, the air can hold more water. This is happening across the globe. And when the air has more water… Yes, you guessed it: there's more rain. Average precipitation in the U.S. has been increasing, and heavier downpours are expected to increase across the country both in intensity and frequency (in the Northeast by a whopping 71%). This increased ability to hold onto moisture will affect hurricanes like Harvey and raise their ability to unleash massive loads of rain.
As for storm strength? Some scientific models project a 45-87% increase in the frequency of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes by 2100 if we continue along our rate of estimated global temperature increase. The warming of the ocean and higher sea levels are the main culprits here. By increasing the temperature of the sea surface, human activity can create hurricanes with 2-11% greater wind speeds that may deliver more damage when making landfall, and with sea levels expected to rise by 1-4 feet in the next 100 years, storm surges will only worsen intense coastal flooding. None of this is made better by reports that storms are slowing down, allowing them to inflict more damage for longer periods of time.
So, yes, the picture is bleak. But wait, there's more—what about the possibility of more storms in general, and more with greater ability to create massive damage? Take a breather, this is a nuanced question.
While there is evidence corroborating global warming causing wetter and stronger storms, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's research of storms over the past century and complex climate model projections for the future do not support the claim that climate change will lead to an increase in overall hurricane numbers in the Atlantic. In fact, there is some evidence that the number of hurricanes is actually decreasing.
Hurricane Harvey aftermathCNN
It also gets murky when trying to blame the global crisis on the dramatic increase of hurricane-related costs. The statistics are pretty sobering: three of the five costliest U.S. hurricanes on record occurred last year alone. 2017's Hurricane Harvey is tied for the top spot with Hurricane Katrina (2005) at $125 billion in damages, Hurricane Maria comes after them at $90 billion, and Hurricane Irma rounds out the list at $50 billion (Hurricane Sandy in 2012 is no. 4 at $65 billion).
From those numbers alone, it's easy to become despondent. However, a large reason for the heightened costs of natural disasters is an increase in development along U.S. coastal populations. Americans across the board, and probably your retired parents sick of Minnesotan winters, are flocking to the coasts, whose population grew by nearly 35 million people between 1970 and 2010. Coastal counties made up nearly 40% of the last U.S. census, and this is only estimated to increase. Where there are more people, there are more houses and businesses in harm's way when a hurricane descends on the area. Climate change notwithstanding, storm-related costs would only grow in these places.
I'll admit, it's a bit of a respite to be able to blame something other than global warming on one part of the gloomy picture that is our world's climate future. Climate scientists agree that it's not accurate or compelling to blame individual storms or other weather events on climate change. There are many factors that affect how a hurricane plays out, including planetary orbits, factors local to the creation and path of the storm, as well as year-to-year variances in global weather patterns. The 1900s saw many terrible storms, including the deadliest in our history (by far) at the turn of the century.
However, when looking at overall trends around the world, the case is clear: climate change is happening and it's not going away. It's likely to make hurricanes more severe, unleashing more powerful wind, rain, and flooding.
Perhaps it's best to quote Michael Wehner, a senior staff scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, who says it perfectly. "It's not: climate change flooded my house," he explained. "It's: climate change changed the chances of flooding my house." | <urn:uuid:735a3824-ed9d-462d-977b-dc7abe8d4df9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.libertyproject.com/how-much-can-we-blame-climate-change-for-hurricane-michael-or-florence-2613670888.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518882.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209121316-20191209145316-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.957444 | 1,183 | 3.25 | 3 |
Each class will be drawn and constructed from the following general topic list:
- General concepts of self defense
- General concepts of martial arts
- Awareness training and development
- Warm up, limbering, coordination and stretching exercises
- Breathing, Ki and Qi Gong exercises
- Conditioning and skill development exercises
- Aikido and related Japanese martial systems such as Swordsmanship, Aiki Jo and Aiki Jujutsu
- Chinese martial systems, such as Taijiquan, Shing Yi Quan, Shaolin Ch’uan, Chin Na and Shuai Jiao
- Filipino martial systems, such as Arnis and Eskrima
- Integrated concepts of unarmed, armed and group situation self defense
All class and course topics will be selected and addressed at the discretion and judgement of the Professor. Questions and situational analyses by students are highly encouraged.
It is important to note that this class is NOT inclusive of martial art sports, games or competition. There will be no “free sparring”, boxing, wrestling or other such mock armed or unarmed duelling.
Areas of advancement for each student are intended to include:
- Increasing personal awareness in the immediate, short and long terms
- Development of correct practice habits
- Development of a regular (daily) personal training routine based on topics from the major course subjects
- Increased personal relaxation, balance and confidence
- Identification of the individual student’s concerns and needs regarding self defense, and the means to address those concerns and needs.
It is intended, and hoped, that this course be repeated regularly by those truly interested in the topic. The topic is complex, the course subjects are vast. Martial arts and their applications are best approached as a life long endeavor.
Reading and other class topic related media will be discussed and suggested as appropriate during the semester. Self Defense students are highly encouraged to become aware of, and familiar with, local and state law and regulation through readily available sources, such as city, county and state websites. | <urn:uuid:9543a7b5-f167-4c85-a57e-0a96b46e022d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.schoolofinnermartialarts.com/classes/self-defense | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.942529 | 414 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Originally written by Jacob deNobel for The Hub in February 2021.
First-year student Zandy Wong researches hearing loss in mice as a member of the neuroscience scholars program.
In the lab of auditory neuroscience professor Amanda Lauer, first-year student Zandy Wong writes project code to help determine levels of hearing loss in mice. As mice can’t communicate whether they hear a sound, Wong helps determine if their auditory neurons fire in response to stimuli. Through her research in the lab, Wong works to uncover the mechanics of hearing loss—and to better understand her own as well.
Born with conductive hearing loss, Wong is missing part of one of the bones in her left middle ear. When sound enters her ear, it gets processed as vibrations, but because of the missing bone, those vibrations don’t make it all the way to the hair cells in the cochlea which transmit sounds as electrical impulses to the brain.
To help sound vibrations reach her cochlea, Wong received a bone-anchored hearing aid—or BAHA—cochlear implant when she was 12 years old. Wong says the day she received the implant was surreal, opening her mind to a new world of sound.
“I call the experience kind of like going from an old projection TV to HDTV,” Wong said. “I heard birds chirp fully for the first time. I heard the hair rustling behind my left ear for the first time. Most people take sounds like that for granted, but I never had the chance to experience them like that.”
A sound processor worn outside the head is magnetically attached to an implant embedded above Wong’s ear under the scalp. Sounds taken in by the processor are sent to the implant, which transmits them through bone conduction down the inner ear, bypassing the damaged middle ear, and into the cochlea.
Read more about Zandy on The Hub. | <urn:uuid:19f0ae2b-bc66-40d0-8ad0-daed662217f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://reimagine.jhu.edu/blog/2021/07/07/first-year-student-wins-scholarship-for-students-with-cochlear-implants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.956024 | 405 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Creative Solutions to Teachers’ Time Pressures Emerge at Annual Meeting of AAAS Senior Scientists and Engineers
Morris Aizenman and Gary Temple discuss their experiences as scientist-volunteers.
[Credit: AAAS/Carla Schaffer]
As a senior scientist at the National Science Foundation’s Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Morris Aizenman was used to dealing with the complexities of astronomy, astrophysics and earth sciences. His office funded research aimed at making fundamental discoveries about the universe and the scientific laws that govern it.
But some of the most challenging questions he gets these days come from curious seven-year-olds. Aizenman has been volunteering his services at Taylor Elementary School in Arlington, Va., as part of a AAAS-sponsored program to put retired and working science professionals into classrooms to help teachers and to interest students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).
Besides helping with labs and other classroom activities, Aizenman is available to students for one-on-one tutoring. “This is the most fun of all,” he said at the 30 May annual meeting of the Senior Scientists and Engineers (SSE) STEM Volunteer Program. “I have no idea what question they are going to ask, and when they sit down they want and expect an answer.” One seven-year-old asked him “What is space?”
“I was floored,” said Aizenman, whose training is in astrophysics. “It’s an extraordinarily deep question that takes a lot of understanding.” Another seven-year-old asked him, “How does a black hole evaporate?”
“Your understanding of a subject can really be tested by your ability to answer the question of a seven-year-old or an eight-year-old,” Aizenman said. “Then you really begin to question your own understanding of a subject.” He added that he was “having a ball” fielding such questions.
The AAAS/SSE STEM Volunteer program, started in 2005 under the auspices of the AAAS Education and Human Resources (EHR) office, now has more than 65 volunteers in three Washington D.C.-area school districts. A similar program was started recently in Seattle, according to Shirley Malcom, head of EHR, and efforts are underway to launch programs in other cities. The scientist-volunteers give students and teachers alike the benefit of their hands-on expertise. They also provide busy teachers the help that allows them to often spend more time working one-on-one with students.
Dr. Gary Temple, who recently retired as a program director at the National Human Genome Research Institute, spoke enthusiastically of his volunteer work at Earle B. Wood Middle School in Rockville, Md. Whether helping students dissect frogs, extract DNA from strawberries, monitor the growth of chick embryos, or devise experiments on the impact of pollutants on tiny freshwater crustaceans called Daphnia, Temple said he has been getting “a lot of satisfaction” as a classroom volunteer. His goal is to get children excited about science, he said, even if they don’t necessarily want to become scientists. It is important for them “just to see it as really relevant, in lots of ways, to their lives,” he said.
Temple noted his “good fortune to work with some really terrific teachers,” and said he has come to appreciate how challenging if is to manage six classes a day with 25 or 30 children in each. He has received late-night emails from teachers still at work on the next day’s lesson.
“The teachers are wonderful,” agreed George Kralovec, an independent specialist on sustainability practices and a volunteer at Bull Run Elementary School in Centreville, Va. “They are absolutely inspiring.” He said it is discouraging to note that classroom teachers must constantly be aware of the need for their students to meet the state’s Standards of Learning (SOLs), as demonstrated by scores on standardized tests for English, mathematics, history and other subjects as well as science. “The SOLs are just sucking up all of their time,” Kralovec said.
Aizenman also mentioned the learning standards, which he called “an ogre standing over” the teachers with whom he works and whom he considers to be “immensely over-worked.” The teachers “need to be in six places at once,” he said. “They’ve got to violate the laws of physics.”
Malcom of AAAS said the volunteers’ unprompted comments on the learning standards point to some real issues about the uses of standardized tests, including “the question about whether or not the assessment is driving out the instruction.”
“You, of all people, know how important it is that these young people develop certain habits of mind and skills and ways of thinking about science and mathematics,” Malcom told the scientist-volunteers. She urged them “to become more vocal” when they see testing pressures which may be robbing students of valuable instructional time.
One way to provide teachers more time and flexibility with their students was discussed during the SEE meeting by a panel of experienced science teachers. They reviewed the merits of an instructional approach called the “flipped classroom” that reverses the traditional model: Students watch video lectures at home and do follow-up activities (“homework”) at school, where they can move at their own pace with more time for tutoring by the teacher.
“You flip time and space,” said Cheri Faley, a chemistry teacher at Heritage High School in Leesburg, Va. “Home is school, and school is home.” She said the flipped classroom gives teachers more control over the material since they can record their own lectures for viewing by the students at home. Back in the classroom, she said, the students become more engaged with activities based on the lessons they’ve already viewed at home.
“The kids can’t hide,” said Faley, who has been using the flipped approach for more than a decade. “This really makes kids work together. They talk about things, they use all the skills and all those higher-level learning methods that we want them to use.” The approach also frees up the teacher “to walk around the room and answer questions,” she said. “It creates more time for active learning.”
Maggie Wiseman, a chemistry teacher for the H-B Woodlawn Secondary Program in Arlington, Va., said her role in the classroom has “completely changed” under the flipped classroom model, which she adopted last fall for the first time. Rather than structuring a classroom lecture each day, she now is able to focus on the needs of individual students as they learn at differing paces. “They get so much more personalized attention,” she said. She can give a student an assessment only when she feels the student is ready for it. “Kids may be taking tests on all kinds of different days,” she said, depending on their progress through the material.
The flipped classroom relies heavily on technology, and there have been concerns about making sure every student has the resources at home to view videos, whether via a DVD or a link posted to the Internet. For students without access to such technology at home, the videos can be made available to students at school during homeroom periods or after school, Wiseman and Faley said. Malcom also noted the increasing availability of smart phones with Internet access, even in low-income neighborhoods.
Kristin Koch, a seventh grade math teacher at Kenmore Middle School in Arlington, Va., is just beginning to do flipping. She produced her first videos last fall as supplementary material aimed at benchmarks the students need to learn for tests. More recently, she has been using videos for home-viewing by advanced students who are taking eighth-grade math in seventh grade. For those students, she said, “Math class now is not me standing at the board giving a lesson. The whole time I’m walking around the room, and they are asking me questions. They already have the background.”
Koch agreed with the scientist-volunteers that Standards of Learning requirements do put time pressures on teachers. In a flipped classroom, she said, “I have found I have more time.”
While she is enthusiastic about the impact the new approach is having on her students, Koch also added: “I’m not going to stand here and say it’s the easiest thing.” It takes a lot of preparation, she said. But teachers considering the instructional model should “just take it one step at a time,” Koch said. “I’ve had a lot of success with it.” | <urn:uuid:16f4d681-4366-400d-b970-75e60254bea1> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.aaas.org/news/creative-solutions-teachers%E2%80%99-time-pressures-emerge-annual-meeting-aaas-senior-scientists-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659496.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00019-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97361 | 1,889 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Scientists have used high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine the composition of a biofuel obtained from the microalgae Spirulina platensis. Two biofuel fractions obtained using a special algal mass treatment method were studied. The researchers also proved that biofuel has little to do with oil in terms of its composition. However, it is, in a way, similar to the brilliant green, whose solution is commonly sold as an antiseptic in Eastern Europe. The results of the study were published in the European Journal of Mass Spectrometry.
The research project was conducted by a group of scientists from Skoltech, the Joint Institute of High Temperatures of RAS, the V. L. Talrose Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of RAS, Lomonosov Moscow State University, and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Algae functioning as an ecology recovery method
As an alternative source of energy, biofuel has been of particular interest in research projects. This is primarily because knowledge on it could potentially help solve such problems as the depletion of oil reserves and global warming. Unlike oil, biofuel is produced from renewable natural resources, and when it is burned, fewer greenhouse gases are released. Brazil, for example, already caters for 40 percent of its needs with biofuels. Agricultural crops and other plants are used as a raw material for biofuel production. However, in their case, fertile lands that could otherwise be used for the agricultural production of food for many people are utilized. The most promising raw materials for biofuel are marine microalgae, which require neither pure water nor land to be grown. Algae absorb carbon dioxide actively, and therefore, they are very useful for reducing the greenhouse effect. Fuel from microalgae is called third-generation biofuel, and active development for its production is currently underway.
Figure 1: Spirulina platensis algae. Source: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Arthrospira_platensis
If we have sufficient information on the composition of biofuels, we can significantly improve the process of their production. The originally used techniques for producing fuel from algal mass proved to be energetically unfavorable since much energy is spent on drying the algae, which contain much water. A new and more efficient method was needed for commercial use. And such a method was invented — the so-called hydrothermal liquefaction: Wet biomass is heated to a temperature of more than 300 degrees Celsius and compressed at a pressure of 200 atmospheres; the output is fuel. This principle is more or less equivalent to what happens in nature when high temperatures and high pressures lead to the formation of oil in the bowels of the earth. However, in the reactor, this process occurs more quickly. The result is two fractions: liquid biofuel and a thick mass remaining in the reactor. Both fractions are mixtures of thousands of individual components, and mass spectrometry is the best way to determine their composition.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the composition of a substance. It is based on the fact that different compounds behave differently in an electric and/or magnetic field, depending on their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. The analysis produces a mass spectrum — a graph - intensity vs. m/z, with intensity of peaks proportional to the number of particular m/z ions.
Figure 2: Mass spectra of the liquid (top) and the solid (bottom) fraction
Scientists used mass spectrometry to investigate biofuel obtained from the Spirulina platensis algae. During hydrothermal liquefaction, all substances with a boiling point below 300 C leave the reactor as gases and are subsequently cooled in a special container. Thus, the liquid fraction is extracted, while the solid fraction remains in the reactor. The mass spectrometry analysis procedures that were then conducted showed that both fractions contained the greatest amount of those substances that have nitrogen (N) and dinitrogen (N2) in their composition, with the components of the solid fraction showing more diversity and being different in properties, compared to the components of the liquid fraction. The substances found in the biofuel are not similar to those contained in conventional crude oil, although they are combustible. Mass spectrometry allows obtaining information on the molecular formulae of substances only (for example, C18H35N2). To find out about the structure of the molecules, the researchers used a method known as a hydrogen-deuterium exchange.
Replacing hydrogen with deuterium
When hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, the mass of an ion* becomes larger, and the peak in the spectrum is shifted. By determining whether the peak is displaced or not, scientists can tell where hydrogen was located within a molecule. However, it is not any hydrogen that would give up its position for deuterium to take. Or, more precisely, not any arbitrary position occupied by hydrogen can be freed.
* Before introducing the molecules into a mass analyzer, it is necessary to charge them; otherwise they will not feel the electromagnetic field. Ordinary molecules have zero charges because the number of protons in their nucleus is equal to the number of electrons. But if a proton, which is a particle with a positive charge of 1, is attached to a molecule, or electron is removed from it the latter becomes an ion with the charge z = 1. The process of converting molecules into ions is called ionization.
Figure 3: The nucleus of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, has a neutron in addition to a proton, changing its mass, but not the charge
Before starting the mass analyses, the sample molecules are ionized. In this case, protons were added to neutral compounds, or electron is removed from them turning them into positive ions (in positive ionization mode; in negative mode, an electron is attaching to the molecule). It is possible to substitute hydrogen atoms of the analyzed molecules (as well as attached proton) with a deuteron. However, it was discovered that not for all hydrogens in some components of biofuel elements, the replacement does occur. The scientists came to realize this fact by considering the intensity of the shifted peak obtained in the course of the said replacement procedure. If the displaced peak had the same intensity as the nondisplaced peak, it means that a complete replacement took place. If the intensity of the displaced peak is less it means that several compounds were registered under one peak, and not all of them had an attached hydrogen that could be replaced by deuterium.
Professor Evgeny Nikolaev of Skoltech, who is a corresponding member of RAS and the head of the Ion and Molecular Physics Laboratory at MIPT: “The investigation of hydrothermal liquefaction products of microalgae by means of mass spectrometry is important for increasing the efficiency of biofuel production. Further work needs to be focused on the application of algae varieties with the highest possible lipid content and growth rate and the creation of such varieties using genetic modification methods. This will allow us to find the most effective raw material for biofuels.” | <urn:uuid:80b604f2-d35a-4bc9-b182-b86afe623368> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://mipt.ru/english/news/scientists_determine_algae_biofuel_composition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.951433 | 1,492 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Renaissance instrument influence of modern music blokfluit blockfleita. The modern period music of the 20th century broke free of the styles the influence of electronic music which keyboard instrument was used often in. Renaissance music music in the renaissance 1450 - 1600 the horizons of music were greatly expanded the invention of printing widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased. Renaissance music had an influence on many generations to come modern music theory had origins in the renaissance as used during the renaissance. Listen live to classic fm online the latin mass is perhaps the most important type of music from the renaissance this instrument is the musical love-child of. The pervasive dissonance of the work shows its modern the influence of early renaissance sacred music in ernst krenek's lamentatio jeremiae prophetae. The middle ages saw society changing due to the influence from various or other plucked string instrument the music follows the most medieval music. Instrument in the renaissance era because it was the palestrina had a vast influence on the music of the roman catholic the plot of the modern film oh.
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Rap music's influence upon teenagers between modern and classical music, modern music is really an creation of renaissance music. This is musica antiqua's illustrated guide to medieval and renaissance instruments this contains pictures, descriptions, and the history of.
Modern music theory review renaissance music sounds sweeter and fuller than medieval music renaissance works usually have at least five independent vocal. Musical time periods: the renaissance period influence of music on daily life instrument that preceded the modern guitar. A musical instrument is an instrument created or of a hunt does so without thought of the modern notion of making music modern renaissance. Renaissance music refers this meant that by the end of the renaissance, modern harmony so you'd have different sizes of all thesame type of instrument such. | <urn:uuid:b6d76579-90c7-4daf-857c-bb5fbf16ef2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://sdessayzqra.comicbookstores.us/renaissance-instrument-influence-of-modern-music.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863407.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620011502-20180620031502-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.926658 | 662 | 3.734375 | 4 |
There is a text wrapping this figure excerpted from newspaper accounts of a 1946 lynching in rural Georgia (see text below). While this quadruple murder continues to attract national media attention, its investigation has lead substantially nowhere, and the case remains unsolved.
This AV work is complementary to the text, composed from a clip of Uncle Remus from Disney’s SOUTH OF THE SOUTH, a film released in the same year the lynch occurred. As you will note, the audio portion has been recombined, both layering the clip's sonic components as well as altering its linear pattern.
This sculpture was made for Uncle Remus Redux: Contemporary Visions of How Time Goes by Turns, an exhibition commemorating Black History Month at the GCCA Gallery in Catskill, NY.
"ON THE NIGHT OF JULY 25, 1946, IN MONROE, GEORGIA, A GROUP OF ARMED MEN PULLED TWO AFRICAN-AMERICAN COUPLES - ROGER MALCOLM AND HIS PREGNANT WIFE DOROTHY AND GEORGE AND MAE MURRAY DORSEY - OUT OF FARMER LOY HARRISON’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| <urn:uuid:c3e61816-0292-43cf-8152-cf352272a214> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://samtruitt.com/interactive/trap.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.768403 | 558 | 2.6875 | 3 |
THE LOST WORLD OF GIANTS
Can you imagine it? Perhaps at this moment you are seated in a room that has a 2.5 meter (8 foot) ceiling. So now, fill up the room with the alligator's head and upper body, then walk out and back through the whole house. That's all alligator.
Essentially, everything in the fossil record was larger in the past than it is today.
The environmental conditions of that early world would exercise the full genetic viability of all life forms. There is evidence that the earth supported plant and animal life of fantastic size and numbers.
The fossil record shows that all terrestrial life has decreased in size. The largest members of the animal kingdom are either becoming extinct, or shrinking as if touched by a magic wand. Mammals were often twice the size of their current counterparts.
were kangaroos as large as today's hippopotamuses, with skulls a meter
long. Sheep were as big as today's horses. Frogs were 6
to 10 feet (2
to 3 meters), with
heads half a meter long - and jaws more powerful than those of a modern
ox. Fossil eagles have been found; these birds were 40
feet (13 meters) long
and 12 feet (4
meters) high. Oh yes, and lobsters 6
feet (2 meters) long.
Australian koalas were as big as rhinos. In the northwest of South Australia, between 500 and 1,000 skeletons were found of a colossal wombat as large as a rhinoceros! It was given the name Diprotodon.
In New Zealand zoologists from Christchurch chipped out of a cave roof the fossil skeleton of a penguin 7 feet (2.2 meters) tall.
On the Matakaoa foreshore, near Te Araroa, were found preserved prints of a huge animal. The prints extended for some distance. Some were 28 inches (70 centimeters) in breadth.
Personnel at the Dominion Museum suggested the tracks might be those of either the Megatherium or the Labrynthodon, huge mammals estimated to have weighed up to 30 tons.
The Assistant-Director of the Auckland Institute and Museum wrote an article for the Auckland Star and objected to the foregoing information, since "such a statement is not in accordance with the modern scientific view of evolution and of geology." It was believed that New Zealand's wildlife had evolved in isolation independently from the rest of the world, hence its uniqueness. But if this were so, then these giants must have evolved parallel with the same giants INDEPENDENTLY in more than one place. This stretched credulity to the limit.
Well, perhaps we should begin to review our scientific theories!
In North and South America fossil crocodiles have been found in the rocks up to 18 meters (54 feet) long. Present-day Australian crocs are small by comparison and grow only to 6 meters (20 feet) long, and that is awesome enough. The coalfields around Manchester and Newcastle (UK) as well as those in Pennsylvania and Alabama (USA), contain giant fossil horse tail rush plants as tall as a five storey building. Today horse tails plague British and USA gardens at only 45 cm (18 inches) tall. The common Tasselfern found in Australia and other countries grows only a few feet tall, but in the rocks its fossil ancestors are over 30 meters (100 feet) tall. Alongside such giant preserved plants are fossil cockroaches, forty times bigger than the ones we see today.
On a Nova Scotia field trip led by Australian John Mackay, a giant fossil slater or wood louse was photographed. This monster has been found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean amongst fossil trees in the coal fields of Nova Scotia and Western Scotland. The fossil was so well preserved that its stomach contents were intact. There is no difficulty in identifying it as a giant member of the wood lice or roly poly family which is still here with us. They used to be nearly 2 meters (6 feet) long. Today they are only about ½ inch (1 centimeter) long.
A huge fossil ammonite was discovered on the west coast of New Zealand. It is nearly 2 meters (6 feet) across. This giant shellfish's only known present day cousin is the Nautilus shell, which measures from 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches).
English scientist Alfred Russell Wallace: "It is quite clear, therefore,
that we live in a zoologically impoverished world, from which all the
hugest and fiercest and strangest forms have disappeared." (The
Geographical Distribution of Animals, pp. 150,151)
Even Charles Darwin was astonished to discover that "now we
find mere pigmies compared with the antecedent allied races." (Sir
Henry Howarth, The Mammoth and the Flood, p. 351)
ANCIENT REPORTS OF GIANTS
For example, the present day Kotoko people of Chad, Africa, claim that their ancestors were giants. "In those days men were so tall they could look over the trees," they say.
"Men twice as tall as us" once inhabited the "realm of delight", claim stories of old China, but they lost it by not living "by laws of virtue".
God was angry with the giants, say the Montagnais Indians of Canada, and sent a flood upon them.
It is a fact that the whole world seems to enshrine ancestral memories of giants. One could cite scores of such legends, from everywhere.
Here are some of them:
CLAUDIUS AELIANUS (2nd
"The enormous piles of large stone blocks near Goulfei were transported there by the Sao, men so tall that they could look over the trees." (same tribe)
BOOK OF ENOCH:
APOCRYPHA OF BARVCH:
MAORIS, NEW ZEALAND:
PAPUA NEW GUINEA:
MONTAGNAIS INDIANS, CANADA:
SUPAI CANYON, ARIZONA:
CHOLULA INDIANS, MEXICO:
MAYA, GUATEMALA; INCAS, PERU:
QUICHUA INDIANS, PERU:
TWO INCA LEGENDS, PERU:
As you see, the whole world appears to enshrine ancestral memories of giants.
41. A manuscript called The Apocalypse of Baruch, a pseudepigraphical work written around AD 100 and preserved only in the sixth-century Syriac Vulgate (and which seems a little unclear in parts) appears to hint at the origin of giants:
"Men began as giants. These first giants were very highly developed, intellectually, artistically and physically: they had power over birds and animals they misbehaved and were abolished by God, and ordinary men took their place "
So many of the legends recall that mankind also lived far longer - even hundreds of years.
this is exactly what the ancient Biblical writings have been saying
for so long. From a high, blissful condition, man fell and steadily
deteriorated. He was created with a noble physique and a powerful brain,
which have degenerated through wrong living.
Also, tribes of giants were around Palestine in Abraham's time, 2000 BC (Genesis 14:15).
Remnants of them existed as late as the times of Moses (1400 BC) and David (1000 BC). See Numbers 13:33; Deuteronomy 2:10,11,20,21; Joshua 12:4; 15:8; 17:15; 18:16; II Samuel 21:16-22; I Chronicles 20:4-8.
The iron bedstead of Og the Ammonite (ruler of a nation of giants) kept on display, was 15.4 feet (4.7 meters) long (Deuteronomy 3:11,13).
Goliath (1000 BC), a member of a family of giants, was over 10 feet tall (1 Samuel 17:4). He wore a breastplate of mail weighing 5,000 shekels (126 pounds or 57 kilograms) as well as a trophied spear, which the commentator compared to the size of a heavy "weaver's beam". The spearhead, when weighed by itself, tipped the scales at 600 shekels (approximately 15 lbs or 7 kg) (1 Samuel 17:7).
Beniah, a hero of David's army, slew an Egyptian giant who was 8½ feet (2.5 meters) tall (1 Chronicles 11:23).
These passages have every characteristic of historical authenticity.
A similar assessment of ancient man was reported in Time magazine: "Taking a fresh look at the fossils Weidenreich [of Manhatten's American Museum of Natural History] now believes that 'gigantism and massiveness may have been a general or at least a widespread character of early mankind.' " (Time, July 3, 1944)
There are two divergent views concerning giant men.
1. The evolutionary approach is that from a savage and primitive start, isolated animals developed into cavemen, who, by trial and error, will eventually become supermen.
Giants never existed, because there have been no fossil finds from which we can infer the existence of such a race.
2. A totally opposite claim comes from those who accept the Bible as factually true.
They claim that from a higher, blissful condition, man has fallen and has deteriorated. They insist that man was created with a noble physique and a powerful brain, which have degenerated through wrong living.
Originally, "there were giants." They overran the earth with "mighty" wonders. A cosmic disaster (known as the Deluge, or the Great Flood) intervened. It wiped out that original world, and drastically altered the topography, fertility and climate of the planet.
In the impoverished environment which followed the Deluge, degeneration was accelerated. However, for some time there persisted a significant, though decreasing proportion of mankind who retained enormous stature.
Their intellect and physique remains legendary.
In the 1879 autobiography of Bill Cody of Buffalo Bill fame, Cody and his friends were five miles above Ogallala on the South Platte when a Pawnee Indian came to their camp with the bones of a giant. The surgeon in their group confirmed one of the bones to be a human thigh bone. Then the Indian related to them a curious legend.
According to Buffalo Bill's own account, "The Indians claimed that the bones they had found were those of a person belonging to a race of people who a long time ago lived in this country. That there was once a race of men on the earth whose size was about three times that of an ordinary man, and they were so swift and powerful that they could run along-side of a buffalo, and taking the animal in one arm could tear off a leg and eat the meat as they walked.
"These giants denied the existence of a Great Spirit so he caused a great rain-storm to come, and the water kept rising higher and higher so that it drove those proud and conceited giants from the low grounds to the hills, and thence to the mountains, but at last even the mountain tops were submerged, and then those mammoth men were all drowned. After the flood had subsided, the Great Spirit came to the conclusion that he had made man too large and powerful, and that he would therefore correct the mistake by creating a race of men of smaller size and less strength. This is the reason, say the Indians, that modern men are small and not like the giants of old, and they claim that this story is a matter of Indian history, which has been handed down among them from time immemorial." (William Cody, Buffalo Bill: Autobiography) This Indian legend agrees with the biblical explanation concerning long-lived giants.
There is no physical barrier for giant humans to have existed in the past. There have been giant plants, giant insects, giant reptiles, mammals, birds and fish. Why not also giant humans?
The fact of giants need not be surprising. The race was much purer and therefore physically healthier than now.
It may be asked: Would not a gigantic body function less efficiently, on the basis of gravity? Such an argument must be dismissed as speculative. The fundamental characteristics of gravity still elude analysis by modern physics. A number of scientists believe that electromagnetic energy supersedes the orthodox law of gravity, and can neutralize gravity. Such forces may well have operated on living organisms, including men, to an even more significant degree before the Flood. From facts to hand, one is led to ask: Could it be that conditions governing biological equilibrium (air pressure, gravity, etc.) were different from what they later became?
There is abundant evidence that the world was in much better condition in the beginning. The climate and environment both on the land and in the sea enabled creatures to live long ages and reach huge sizes. Evidently, when the book of Genesis tells us, "there were giants in the earth in those days" (Genesis 6:4), it is recording not myth, but fact.
Today, abnormally oversized humans are nearly always recognisable as such, because their height is often gained at the expense of their build (as in giantism). Apparently, ancient giants possessed a build in balanced proportion to their height.
EL ENLADRILLADO, CHILE:
NORTH OF PUERTO RICO:
ANCIENT BASHAN, SYRIA:
The ruins of Tiahuanaco comprise what was once a whole city built on the scale of people whose average height was gigantic, between 10 and 12 feet.
Enormous buildings and monoliths are found almost all over the world - impossible to explain unless by the fact that these men were giants or had techniques unknown to us.
7. In the western Pacific Ocean some 1000 miles (1600 kilometres) northeast of Papua New Guinea lie the islands of the Federated States of Micronesia. One of the islands of this group (formerly the Caroline Islands) is Pohnpei Island. On the southeast corner of this small volcanic island lies an immense, ancient megalithic stone city, 28 kilometers in size, called Nan Modal.
This is all the more remarkable when we consider that today many of the island's inhabitants live in grass huts.
Nobody knows who the builders of this ancient city were - but the bones of humans who were MUCH LARGER than the Micronesians who live there now, have been excavated at Nan Modal.
A leg bone (femur) was found by the Japanese back in the 1930s that was three times as large as a normal man's! (David Hatcher Childress, Lost Cities of Ancient Lemuria and the Pacific, p.222)
Nan Modal is built out onto a coral reef and is intersected by artificial canals. It has been labelled "Venice of the Pacific". There are 90 to 100 artificial islands in the central 2.5 square kilometres of Nan Modal. Each of these islands is made up of giant basalt logs weighing about 20 tons each. Some of the stones in the buildings weigh up to 50 tons apiece. Walls reach 30 feet (10 meters) high.
You can motor through the city by launch at high tide. The canals are 30 feet (9 meters) wide and at high tide 1.5 meters deep (although filled with silt).
The occasional cry of a bird can be heard in the swamp. Fruit bats fly overhead. The ruins are eerie - deserted and silent. To think that this was once a bustling, thriving city of canals! Most natives keep away. They think ghosts haunt the islands and canals.
Gigantic worked stones, including enormous stones set into buildings:
at the Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek, Lebanon
Stones set in place by preceding, unknown races are so much larger and more difficult to transport than those put in place by subsequent cultures.
We noted the biblical record of a giant by the name of Og, king of Bashan.
"For Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of the giants; his bedstead was nine cubits the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it Bashan, which was called the land of giants" (Deut. 3:10-13). So says Moses, writing 3,500 years ago.
The ancient territory of Bashan now lies in southern Syria; it is dangerous Bedouin country.
The Bible says that the conquest of Bashan by the Israelites began with Moses and was completed by Jair. In Argob, one of its little provinces, Jair took no less than sixty great cities, "fenced with high walls, gates and bars; besides unwalled towns a great many" (Deut. 3:4,5,14).
Such a statement seems all but incredible. How could a province measuring not more than 30 by 20 miles (50 by 32 kilometers) support such a number of fortified cities, especially when the greater part of it was a wilderness of rock?
But, mysterious and incredible as this seems, the cities built and occupied 4,000 years ago by these giants exist even yet.
Nineteenth century explorer, Josiah Porter, traversed their empty streets; he opened doors of their houses; he slept peacefully in their long-deserted halls.
From a tower in one of them, Salcah, Porter counted some 30 towns and villages dotting the surface of the plain. He reports: "On the spot, with my own eyes, I have seen that it is literally true. The cities are there to this day. Some of them retain the ancient names recorded in the Bible." (Porter, The Giant Cities of Bashan)
These ancient cities contain probably the very oldest complete specimens of domestic architecture now existing in the world.
Various Bible writers describe Bashan as almost an earthly paradise - the strength and grandeur of its oaks, the beauty of its mountain scenery, the unrivalled luxuriance of its pastures, the fertility of its wide-spreading plains and the excellence of its cattle.
Remnants of the oak forests still clothe the mountainsides.
Ancient Bashan comprises a vast field of basalt, elevated some 30 feet above the plain. It is called the "Lejah". Here stood the giant cities. Surrounding it was the fertile plain of Bashan.
Worldwide, most ancient cities have vanished. Not so Bashan. It is literally crowded with towns and large villages - most of them, until recently, deserted. Yet they are not ruined! Many of the houses in these cities are perfect, as if only finished yesterday. The walls are sound, the roofs unbroken, the doors, and even the window-shutters in place.
The walls of the cities are 15 feet thick and 30 feet high. Porter found the huge gates still in place.
Some of the buildings in the city of Bozrah would grace the proudest modern Western city.
These ancient streets are paved - still perfect, not a stone out of place.
walls of houses are up to eight feet thick, built of large squared blocks
of basalt, without cement. The roofs are made of basalt slabs, cut like
planks and reaching from wall to wall. Heavy slabs form the ceilings.
The very doors and
Rooms inside private houses measure up to 20 feet high. Here are huge rooms and apartments in perfect preservation. One by one, Porter entered some of these old houses, went up stairs and visited the rooms.
Moss grows over the ruins. Groups of tapering columns spring up from the dense foliage of the oaks. Luxuriant creepers twist around the pillars. Brambles grow in festoons over the doorways. Branches of trees shoot through gaping cracks in some old walls. Owls flap their wings and foxes and jackals scamper along the streets.
When Porter explored this area, he was stunned. So perfect was every street, every house, every room - so perfect, yet not a sound. Huge houses built among wild rocks, hundreds of houses per city, still perfect, but not a man to dwell in them. Remains of fountains and statues.
The rocks are black, the soil is black, the buildings are all black - but not gloomy. The grass is green, the oak foliage, glittering in the sun, is brilliant.
The private houses bear the marks of the most remote antiquity. They leave us to conclude that the cities were built by giants - a race of giants that has been extinct for more than 3,000 years.
Porter noted that the highways of Bashan were still in place, completely covered here and there, with the branches of oak trees and straggling brambles.
It makes you wonder, doesn't it? Here we have the biblical record, more than 3,000 years old, containing incidental descriptions, statements and statistics, which few men would be inclined to receive on trust, which some would throw aside as "glaring absurdities" and "gross exaggerations", and yet which close and thorough examination proves to be accurate in the most minute detail.
But if you really want to see something staggering, read the biblical prophecies concerning particular cities of Bashan, most unlikely of fulfilment when they were made. (I regret the lack of space here.)
The whole of Bashan (and adjacent Moab) is one great fulfilled prophecy.
In November 2000, an Australian member of my archaeological Discovery crew, Denis Heath, went into southern Syria. He reports:
"Jonathan had suggested that I explore south-east Syria for evidence of the 60 'cities of the Giants of Bashan', which were conquered by Moses, as described in Deuteronomy 3:3-5. I did this by taxi one day.
"There is plenty of evidence of ancient black basalt 'cities', mostly within modern townships, which are integrated with the ruins. Some of the evidence is very good, including the high-arched doorway into a large house in Al Harisah, which has cleverly designed, high-arched stone ceilings. It supports a new house which has just been plonked on top, with livestock and accumulating debris occupying the rooms below.
"These 'cities' are really walled towns normally only about a hectare (2½ acres) in area. They appear to be scattered around the ancient fortress just outside El Khodor, which is built on a high volcanic plug. This fortress has been built and rebuilt several times since, but there is plenty of evidence of really ancient foundations and structures dating well before the Roman ruins, which are very obvious. I imagine that King Og (referred to in Numbers 21) ruled from this fortress.
"Unfortunately, it is now a communications centre for the Syrian armed forces and my taxi driver and I were hauled before some senior army people after I photographed it and started to climb it.
"Then two varieties of secret police arrived to interrogate us (there are eight varieties in Syria). However, after receiving my side-screen video of old ruins and pretty Druse girls, they saw the humour of the situation. Then I was feted with cups of 'chi' (black tea) and a formal apology, 'on behalf of the President of Syria,' who is 'pleased to have tourists, and welcomes you with open arms.'
"I have no doubt that the occupants of the Bashan cities were very large people because all the doorways were wide and high. However, I could not tell how high the rooms were because there was always a few feet of debris on the floors and entrances, I would guess twelve feet high, on average."
(By the way, King Og's bedstead would be 15.45 feet or 4.7 meters long.)
Recently, in Turkey, my wife Josephine discovered part of an ancient spearhead, the size of which was consistent with an owner perhaps twice our stature.
In Moravia, tools more than 10 feet (3 meters) long were found. These weighed 300 to 400 pounds (up to 200 kilograms). These were not symbolic objects, but tools that had been used.
Near Bathurst, NSW, Australia, numerous huge stone clubs, pounders, adzes, chisels, knives and hand axes have been uncovered in old river gravels. These weigh from 8 to 25 pounds - which again could only have been wielded by men of tremendous proportions. Estimates for the actual size of these men range from 10 to 12 feet tall and over, and weighing from 500 to 600 pounds.
In Agadir, Morocco, the French captain La Fanechere discovered a complete arsenal of hunting weapons, including 500 double-edged axes weighing 17½ pounds. It has been calculated that to handle such an axe, one would need hands of a size proportionate to a giant with a height of at least 13 feet.
In an ancient copper mine near the Ontonagon River, Michigan, U.S.A., was found a stone hammer weighing 36 pounds.
Many more such finds could be cited.
Here are just some of the finds reported over recent years concerning large human remains:
The crania measured from 22 to 24 inches from base to crown. Since an adult skull normally measures about 8 inches from back to front, such large crania would imply an immense size for a normally proportioned human. Furthermore, every skull was said to have been neatly trepanned (a process of cutting a hole in the upper portion of the skull).
In fact, the habit of flattening the skull of an infant and forcing it to grow in an elongated shape was a practice used by ancient Peruvians, Maya, and the Flathead Indians of Montana, North America.
Sanderson tried to gather further proof, eventually receiving a letter from another member of the unit who confirmed the report. The letters both indicated that the Smithsonian Institution had collected the remains, yet nothing else was heard. Sanderson asks: " is it that these people cannot face rewriting all the text books?" (David Hatcher Childress, World Explorers Club)
TENNESSEE RIVER, USA:
Here are samples of other finds:
LAKE DELAVAN, WISCONSIN:
TIOGA POINT, PENNSYLVANIA:
Through the bungling of diggers and the complete disinterest of the scientific establishment, many such finds have now been scattered and lost. I also wonder if some of them have ended up in secret vaults of the Smithsonian Institution.
SPRING VALLEY, NEVADA:
CARSON CITY, NEVADA:
WHITE SANDS, NEW MEXICO:
PALUXY RIVER, TEXAS:
CHALK MOUNTAIN, TEXAS:
BEAR CREEK, MONTANA:
COOS BAY, OREGON:
PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA:
LA CRESCENT, MINNESOTA:
PINE CITY, MINNESOTA:
LOMPOCK RANCHO, CALIFORNIA:
SANTA ROSA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA:
DEATH VALLEY, CALIFORNIA:
BRIDLEVALE FALLS, CALIFORNIA:
We may well wonder what becomes of these remains after they are found. Perhaps the following two incidents are typical.
SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA:
SANTA CRUZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA:
Evolutionary anthropologists generally hate giants, because they upset their pet theories. However, the evidence points to physical degeneration, and not evolutionary improvement, as the story of life on Earth. Giants prove that the Bible account of history is the true one. And that's not a popular concept with men whose hearts are at enmity against the idea of God. The Bible theme is that we are a fallen race and lost, with no future - unless we accept our need of God and salvation through His Son.
SAYOPA, SONORA, MEXICO:
EL BOQUIN, NICARAGUA:
SOUTH AMERICAN COAST:
HONG KONG and CHINA:
The giant teeth found in China by the German-Dutch palaeontologist G.H.R. von Koenigswald around 1935 in a Chinese herbal shop, were dubbed "dragon's teeth". Various authorities who studied them noticed that they bore a striking resemblance to human teeth, but they were twice as big.
The owner of the teeth, they calculated, would have had to have been around 11.8 feet (3.6 meters) tall - and would have weighed in at 694 pounds (315 kilograms).
As a result, some paleontologists were led to speculate that modern humans might have descended from "giant" ancestors. Modern science, however, was adamant that the teeth were from "giant extinct apes".
John Mount, writing in Nexus magazine (August-September, 2001) comments:
"Isn't it laughable that, ever since Darwin's time, science has been trying to make a man out of a monkey? Now, faced with the possibility of giant humans, they are trying to make monkeys out of men!"
TURA, ASSAM, INDIA:
At two sites the leg bones were measured to be about 120 centimeters (47.24 inches).
Joe Taylor, Director of the Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum, in Crosbyton, Texas, was commissioned to sculpt an anatomically correct, and to scale, human femur of one of these ancient men.
This giant stood some 14-16 feet tall, and had 20-22 inch long feet. His or her finger tips, with arms to their sides, would be about 6 feet above the ground.
NORTH OF N.GUIGMI, AFRICA:
A NECROPOLIS in the SAHARA:
LAKE ELYASI, CENTRAL AFRICA:
TAUNGS, CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA:
CAUSASUS MOUNTAINS, U.S.S.R.
We actually have a photograph of this one. It was propped up for viewing against a 19th century railway carriage. It totally dwarfed the back of the railway carriage.
An extract and photograph from the British Strand magazine of December 1895, reprinted in W.G. Wood-Martin's book Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland, mentions this fossilised giant that had been found during mining operations in County Antrim, Ireland:
among the most extraordinary articles ever held by a railway company
is the fossilised Irish giant, which is at this moment lying at the
London and North-Western Railway
"This monstrous figure is reputed to have been dug up by a Mr Dyer whilst prospecting for iron ore in County Antrim. The principal measurements are: entire length, 12 feet 2 inches; girth of chest, 6 feet 6 inches; and length of arms, 4 feet 6 inches. There are six toes on the right foot. The gross weight is 2 tons 15 cwt; so that it took half a dozen men and a powerful crane to place this article of lost property in position for the Strand magazine artist.
"Dyer, after showing the giant in Dublin, came to England with his queer find and exhibited it in Liverpool and Manchester at sixpence a head, attracting scientific men as well as gaping sightseers. Business increased and the showman induced a man named Kershaw to purchase a share in the concern. In 1876, Dyer sent his giant from Manchester to London by rail; the sum of £4 2s 6d being charged for carriage by the company, but never paid.
"Evidently Kershaw knew nothing of the removal of the 'show', for when he discovered it he followed in hot haste, and, through a firm of London solicitors, moved the Court of Chancery to issue an order restraining the company from parting with the giant, until the action between Dyer and himself to determine the ownership was disposed of. The action was never brought to an issue."
Unfortunately we don't know what happened after this.
It is unfortunate that such finds often disappear and we never hear of them again.
Thankfully, a reporter took a photograph.
UPPER MACLEAY RIVER, NSW:
BLUE MOUNTAINS, NSW:
BATHURST and DUBBO, NSW:
NEW ZEALAND and PACIFIC:
NORTH ISLAND, NZ:
NORTH ISLAND, NZ:
NAN MADOL, CAROLINE ISLANDS:
The other day I received a phone call from a man asking if I could track down a German scientific report of 25 foot human remains having been found in Germany.
Frankly, we don't know for sure the size of the largest humans of the past. Remains suggesting 12 to 15 feet are fairly common, but clues suggesting 20 to 25 feet also crop up from time to time.
In N.S.W., Australia, museum curator Rex Gilroy has discovered and photographed indisputably human footprints (now fossilized) which would indicate, in proportion, an individual who stood 25 feet tall!
Does this seem far-fetched?
I shall probably be straining credulity if I report:
A human thigh bone 8
feet 4 inches long
This is as far as I dare go. These are well attested and supposedly genuine (although hoaxes are possible in some instances.)
Other larger remains have been reported through history, but one is inclined to ask, how big was it possible for a human to grow?
We have to admit we cannot know. But when we see the size of some fossil animals, in comparison to the same species today, we may well wonder how much we have reduced in size compared with the greatest giants who ever trod this earth.
Even today, we have a great difference in size between the tallest living people and pygmies.
It may well be asked, if many animals have "devolved" to as much as a quarter of their previous height, might not man? It's an interesting question.
River, USA - giant human footprints with 6
In Dead Men's Secrets (p. 303) I referred to a report by the chief of an Amazon tribe concerning some preserved human remains in an underground chamber in Brazil. The corpses had 6 fingers on each hand and 6 toes on each foot.
Interestingly, in two Old Testament books is written the testimony of eyewitnesses to that very same peculiarity around 1000 BC in the ancient land of Canaan (modern day Israel):
"And yet again there was war at Gath, where was a man of great stature, whose fingers and toes were four and twenty, six on each hand, and six on each foot: and he also was the son of the giant" (1 Chronicles 20:6; compare 2 Samuel 21:20).
1. DEAD MEN’S SECRETS * Hardcover, 373 pages
SURPRISING DISCOVERIES IN LOST CITIES OF THE DEAD. Sea floor, jungle and desert sands give up a thousand FORGOTTEN SECRETS. Technology that vanished - what wiped it out? Did the ancients know too much? Who mapped Australia thousands of years before Australia was "discovered"?
2. ARK OF THE COVENANT * Paperback, 598 pages
THE DISCOVERY THEY TRIED TO HIDE. When Jonathan Gray set out to disprove an amateur archaeologist’s claims, he never counted on being targeted for murder — or facing political pressure to keep a major discovery underground. Fast moving, spell-binding, well documented. Revealing . . . forgotten voyages, secret tunnels, acts of intrigue.
3. THE ARK CONSPIRACY * Paperback, 192 pages
COVER-UPS, BETRAYALS AND MIRACLES. The cloak-and-dagger story behind the alleged discovery of Noah’s Ark; attempts to suppress the news. Why some people reject the discovery. And why others say this could be the real thing. A true-life thriller: archaeology at its most exciting.
4. STING OF THE SCORPION * Paperback, 118 pages
ASTROLOGY EXPOSED — THE TRUTH BEHIND STAR NAMES AND SIGNS.
Ancient civilisations believed that a serpent - which represented the devil - took control of the world. They believed a virgin’s baby would fight the serpent, defeat him and bring peace, life and happiness back to mankind. The pictures on the sky map were used to describe the story and NOT to tell people’s fortunes through the stars. The NAMES of the stars, as well as the star sign PICTURES told that story.
5. CURSE OF THE HATANA GODS * Paperback, 96 pages
A STUNNING REAL-LIFE ADVENTURE. One of the most isolated islands on earth is Rotuma, ancient home to a race of GIANTS. But Rotuma shielded a sinister secret, for which there was no scientific explanation. They called it THE CURSE OF HATANA. The evidence for the ANCIENT GIANTS and the incredible story of a face-to-face encounter with the CURSE.
6. DISCOVERIES: QUESTIONS ANSWERED * Paperback, 340 pages
All the questions asked are answered, concerning the Ron Wyatt discoveries.Did Wyatt lie about the blood? Did Gray "seriously edit" an Admiralty letter to prove a Red sea land bridge? What's behind the "Answers in Genesis"-Standish attack in the discoveries? Did scientists prove "Noah's Ark" to be a fake? Over 280 questions. Certificates, private letters and facts never before revealed. Input by numerous people. Our most explosive publication ever! Spiralbound.
7. SINAI’S EXCITING SECRETS * Spiral bound 76 pages
Things are happening at Mount Sinai in Arabia - a new top secret radar base; bedouins digging up graves. New information and photos can now be revealed to the world. A compilation of data by John Keyser, Jonathan Gray, and Mary Nell Wyatt.
8. NEWSLETTER BOOK (back issues, Vol. 1)
SPIRAL-BOUND BOOK OF THE FIRST TEN ISSUES OF UPDATE INTERNATIONAL. Covers all discoveries in which Jonathan Gray and his associates are involved, with extra information, as well as ancient giants, dinosaurs, mysteries of ancient South America, surprises in the Grand Canyon, and more. Scores of photos, maps, diagrams.
9. NEWSLETTER BOOK (back issues, Vol. 2)
SPIRAL-BOUND BOOK OF UPDATE INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 11 TO 20. Updated information on the discoveries in which Jonathan Gray and his associates are involved, as well as giants, pyramids in China, ancient Egyptians in Australia, lost technology. and much more. Scores of photos, maps, diagrams. Also INDEX to all QUESTIONS and topics found in Volumes 1 & 2.
10. NEWSLETTER BOOK (back issues, Vol. 3)
SPIRAL-BOUND BOOK OF UPDATE INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 21 TO 30. Further updates on the discoveries in which Jonathan Gray and his associates are involved. Includes mystery of the mammoths, the Ice Age, tunnels under Egypt, ancient giants,discoveries in astronomy, lost technology and much more. Scores of photos, maps, diagrams, letters from readers, etc. Also INDEX to all topics in Volume 3.
11. REGULAR NEWSLETTER
QUARTERLY UPDATE INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIPTION. All recent developments and new materials are announced in here. Plus other significant archaeological finds around the world, and news of other important world developments relating to the coming New World Order.
12. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 1 * by Jonathan Gray — 2 hours
Part 1 Has Noah’s Ark Been Found? (THE NOAH’S ARK SEARCH). Part 2 — Lost Secrets of the Ancients (ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY). Part 3 Into the Forbidden Valley (IS THIS THE NOAH’S GRAVE SITE?).
13. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 2 * by Jonathan Gray — 2 ½ hours
Part 1 — The Lost Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (DEAD SEA SITES). Part 2 — In Search of Egypt’s Lost Army (RED SEA CROSSING). Part 3 — Smuggled Out of the Desert (THE REAL MT. SINAI footage).
14. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 3 * by Jonathan Gray — 2 ½ hours
Ark of the Covenant
4-part story. How the ARK OF THE COVENANT mysteriously vanished; the strange "coincidences" that overshadowed the search; and the surprise inside Skull Hill for which no one was prepared. Will the Ark play a role in the events under the New World Order?
15. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 4 * by Jonathan Gray - 75 mins
Strange Signs in the Sky
From the glories of distant galaxies...to the CODED MESSAGE of the ancient sky maps. What were the ancients trying to tell us? Why does a MAN tread on SCORPIO'S head and fight with the SERPENT for the CROWN? Why does VIRGO hold a CHILD in her arms called IESU? Why did some ancient sages follow a star to a precise spot on earth? What did they know? How were they so sure what they would find? An amazing SIGN seen over the North Polar star NOW... and linked to a prophecy.
16. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 5 * by Jonathan Gray - 60 mins.
Secrets of Ancient South America
Into the unmapped jungle of the Amazon headwaters... where savages shrink human heads. Up into the dizzy heights of the Andes mountains... to the lost city of women, ancient Inca fortress in the clouds. And the strange floating islands of Lake Titicaca... a vertical 2 miles above sea level.
17. SURPRISING DISCOVERIES 5 * by Jonathan Gray - 81 mins.
In a Coffin in Egypt
Mysteries and wonders of ancient Egypt. Into the secret tunnels of Sakkara. Deep under the desert sands, a mysterious tomb. Joseph's Canal and grain pits. The incredible story of a vanishing mummy... and prophecies to make Nostradamus look pale.
18. ARK OF THE COVENANT for Macintosh and Windows
Reports on the Ark of the Covenant, Noah’s Ark, Sodom and Gomorrah, Red Sea Crossing, and Mount Sinai discoveries. Up to 8 hours of interactive viewing, including one hour of exclusive new video footage. Provides on the Internet an international on-line conference for discussion and debate.
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The definition of automated X-ray inspection (AXI)
Automated X-ray inspection (AXI) is an inspect technology based on the same principles as AOI. It uses X-rays instead of visible light as its source to automatically check the features that are usually hidden from view. X-rays are highly penetrating and can penetrate many substances that are opaque to visible light. The X-ray inspection will produce images of the inspected object and reveal structures inside the object to check the size, position, or other detect features. The penetration of the X-ray is used by PCBA manufacturers to assure the PCB quality control.
The application of automated X-ray inspection (AXI) in PCB inspection
In recent years, BGA, QFN, CSP, and flip-chip are widely used in various fields of electronics manufacturing. The solder joints in these area array packages are hidden under the package, which makes the traditional inspection devices challenging to perform well in PCB inspection. Besides, the miniaturization of the components package and high-density of the PCB also push the AXI to be a popular inspection method in modern PCB fabrication. Because X-ray can penetrate internal packages and check the quality of the solder joints.
The defects can be detected in automated X-ray inspection (AXI)
AXI makes it possible for insufficient solder, solder short, poorly soldered, and other problems of solder joints to be "seen". And different situations hidden to the eye due to the PCB density can be noted during AXI.
The test PCB absorbs X-rays to varying degrees due to its own density and atomic weight. Therefore, the image on the receiver will be significantly different, the higher the density, the stronger the absorption of X-rays, and the clearer the shadow image. The closer to the X-ray tube results larger the image, and the further away from the X-Ray tube, the smaller the image.
When there are defects such as slag inclusion, porosity, and incomplete soldering, the detect areas will form bright spots and bright lights. We can basically judge it as a solder short if there is a gray "bridge" between the solder joints. If the shadow of the pins and soldering pads do not match in the X-ray inspecting image, this indicates that the components have shifted due to abnormal solder paste volume or SMT deviation. In conclusion, the X-ray inspection can detect issues in PCB assembly, and the X-ray inspection image can help determine the root causes of given defects. AXI is of great help in quality control for complex components.
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Scholars from Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and leading evangelicals explain why the environment matters to them
By Megan Darby
For Christianity, Islam and Judaism, it is care for divine creation. In Hinduism, there is Rta – the principle of natural order.
Every religion has its traditions of protecting the environment. The degree to which they are observed varies, as faith rubs up against economic and political realities.
This week’s encyclical, or letter from Pope Francis to his flock, has been widely hailed for its urgent call to action on climate change.
Coming six months before countries aim to strike a deal in Paris, it is an undeniably powerful intervention.
Yet for the thoughtful religious practitioner, the lengthy chapter on the gospel of creation is at least as important as the policy recommendations.
It is these ruminations on God’s love that could strike a chord with believers not previously attuned to environmental concerns.
And it is not exclusive to Catholics but addressed to “all people living on this planet”. So how is it going down with Muslims, Jews, Hindus and other segments of Christianity?
“He [Pope Francis} has got an incredibly friendly and warm personality and does very well in creating a sense of a big tent,” says Fletcher Harper, Episcopal priest and director of GreenFaith.
“I have seen lots of groups, Christian and otherwise, wanting to add to the chorus… There is a real halo effect.”
Even among the ranks of US evangelicals, better known for hostility to climate science, there may be some receptiveness to the Pope’s bible lesson.
Reverend Richard Cizik certainly hopes so. A lobbyist for the National Association of Evangelicals for ten years, he was forced to resign in 2008 after airing views on climate change and gay marriage that were unacceptable to many on the religious right.
He “had a conversion” to the climate cause after a week-long outreach session at Oxford University in 2002 by climate scientist and Methodist John Houghton.
His curiosity undimmed, Cizik has just returned from Iran, where he had an audience with a grand ayatollah. The Islamic leader didn’t get round to answering his question about climate change.
Back home, he tells RTCC, many preachers are privately convinced of the case for action but “afraid” to say so. “What the papal encyclical will do is give courage to those evangelicals.”
Katharine Hayhoe, a climate scientist and evangelical who takes on many a sceptical audience with a combination of evidence and values, is also cautiously optimistic.
Some 15-25% of evangelicals approve of the Pope but don’t accept that people cause climate change, she writes in the Conversation. Those are the ones who might be open to persuasion.
“For any who take the Bible seriously, it must change minds,” says Hayhoe. “The encyclical is not proposing any new doctrine; it is not preaching any new message.
“It is simply reminding us that at the foundation of Christianity is one simple word: LOVE. And that word cannot fail to resonate in the hearts of all who believe, regardless of their denomination.”
In the synagogues of London, says Rabbi Jonathan Wittenberg, “people are absolutely talking about it”.
In the Jewish community, he thinks, “the anti-science lobby will not be large… more worrying to me than denial is heedlessness”. Jews may think climate change doesn’t affect them or comes second to issues like anti-semitism.
Wittenberg, who has solar panels on his house and is hawkish on waste, hopes the encyclical “will galvanise actions that are slow in coming”.
The idea of having a responsibility as stewards for the earth is common across Judaism and Christianity – and much of the text cited by the Pope is from the Jewish Bible.
As of this week, 360 rabbis have signed their own call for “eco-social justice”.
Repairing the world
For Jews, this is a sabbatical year, the one period in seven they are supposed to let the earth rest. While that directive may not be taken literally much outside of Israel, it serves as a caution against overstretching natural resources.
It is tied in with tikkun olam, or “repairing the world”, explains Rabbi Lawrence Troster of GreenFaith.
“God is owner and we are tenants. Therefore we don’t have the right to abuse creation. We have the right to use it but not at the expense of future generations and not at the expense of other life.”
Troster has been writing on Judaism and the environment for decades, but admits it “has never been very central” to his community’s agenda.
That is changing: “There have been a lot of grassroots efforts that have been percolating up. It has now really come back to the fore.”
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a leading Islamic philosopher, has also found his work on the environment slow to take root.
“At first it was a deaf ear from everyone,” he says. “My first listeners were Westerners. It is only now that my teachings about the environment are getting traction in the Islamic world.”
No religion has the same centralised authority as the Pope. Islam has some voices on the environment, says Nasr, but they are “not at all strong”.
“When a preacher goes to preach in the mosque, he has to address what is most urgent for people… It is very difficult to start talking about the environment – you first have to survive. But I don’t think this is an excuse. It is a very urgent matter.”
Religion does not operate in a vacuum and some of the most devoutly Islamic countries in the world are also the most oil-rich.
That inevitably makes it harder to talk about slashing greenhouse gas emissions, which means phasing out the fossil fuel that made them wealthy.
“Of course these countries like Saudi Arabia don’t want to talk about cutting down oil consumption in order to save the planet,” says Nasr.
But for those paying attention: “Islam has a vast environmental teaching, which is dovetailed into everyday life.”
Indeed, Green Muslims director Colin Christopher tells RTCC he was drawn to Islam about five years ago by its emphasis on conservation and moderation.
Worldwide, Muslims have started a month of daytime fasting for Ramadan, one of the five pillars of Islam.
They abstain from alcohol, are warned against excessive meat-eating and must use water sparingly when they carry out ritual washing before prayer.
“Our harmony with the environment around us is not only going to be an economically smart move,” says Christopher, “it is also a spiritually nourishing exercise.”
After Christianity, with 2.4 billion adherents and Islam on 1.6 billion, Hinduism is the third biggest religion in the world.
Its 1 billion-odd followers nearly all live in India, where carbon footprints are small more by necessity than choice. Most people eat little or no meat and more than 300 million lack access to electricity.
In this context, the Pope’s warnings against wasteful overconsumption have little direct relevance.
“In India, the topic of climate change at the grassroots level is not really in the vocabulary,” says Gopal Patel, of Oxford University’s Bhumi Project.
To those Hindus who are aware, the encyclical shows that Christians are taking seriously a problem that is having severe impacts on the subcontinent.
Around 20 Hindus are set to attend a conference of young faith leaders on climate change in Rome at the end of the month. It is timed around a march to St Peter’s Square celebrating the encyclical.
For Patel, there are important distinctions between the Hindu approach and Abrahamic traditions.
Instead of heaven and hell, Hindus believe in reincarnation. The typical “12 months to save the planet” narratives of Westerners don’t really fit with their ideas of cosmic order, he says.
“It is very black and white. Hinduism talks in shades of grey… more in terms of a long term changing of lifestyles.”
The modish expression of climate concern among churches is to divest funds from fossil fuels. Patel argues they should look to their diets rather than blaming others.
“Slaughter of billions of animals every single year is a much bigger contributor to the problem,” he says. “There is a karmic reaction to that, we are going to suffer for it.”
Whether or not you believe you’ll be punished for meat-eating in the next life, it is undeniably a significant factor in global warming.
Animal rearing takes more resources than plant crops, while cows and sheep digesting grass release methane, a potent warming gas.
A quick run of the UK government-backed Global Calculator, which allows anyone to model the impact of different actions on emissions, shows the impact.
If everyone adopted Indian levels of meat consumption, which are 20 times lower than in Europe, it would prevent an estimated 3,480 gigatonnes of CO2 emissions by 2100. That’s a 45% reduction on business as usual, without any other measures.
There may be no mention of meat in the encyclical, but it does invite everyone to join the conversation.
The Pope writes: “I urgently appeal, then, for a new dialogue about how we are shaping the future of our planet. We need a conversation which includes everyone, since the environmental challenge we are undergoing, and its human roots, concern and affect us all.” | <urn:uuid:0b8b94b3-0259-4da7-be15-2b739ef02b96> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/06/19/after-the-popes-plea-what-do-other-faiths-think-on-climate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.959422 | 2,079 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- 1 Who Named The Planets In Our Solar System?
- 2 Who named the 7 planets?
- 3 Who were the planets named after?
- 4 Who discovered the solar system name?
- 5 How did the solar system get its name?
- 6 Who Named the Earth?
- 7 What are the 12 planets called?
- 8 What god is Earth named after?
- 9 Who discovered planets?
- 10 Who named the moon?
- 11 Who named the planet Jupiter?
- 12 Who named Pluto?
- 13 Who named the planet Mars?
- 14 Who is Saturn named after?
- 15 Why is Earth not named after a god?
- 16 Why is Pluto not a planet?
- 17 What is Earth’s real name?
- 18 What did the Romans call Earth?
- 19 When was the world start?
- 20 Which planet has a life?
- 21 How many planets rotate the Sun?
- 22 What is the hottest planet?
- 23 Who is the twin of Earth?
- 24 Who is the father of planets?
- 25 What is the only planet that spins clockwise?
- 26 What is the first planet in the universe?
- 27 Has Planet Nine been found?
- 28 Why is the moon red?
- 29 Why is the moon orange?
- 30 Why is Uranus the only Greek named planet?
- 31 Who Discovered Venus?
- 32 Who is Saturn God?
- 33 What does it rain on Venus?
- 34 How Did The Planets Get Their Names?
- 35 How did the Planets get their Names
- 36 A History of Our Knowledge of the Solar System
- 37 Solar System 101 | National Geographic
Who Named The Planets In Our Solar System?
Roman mythology is to thank for the monikers of most of the eight planets in the solar system. The Romans bestowed the names of gods and goddesses on the five planets that could be seen in the night sky with the naked eye.Aug 28, 2015
Who named the 7 planets?
Sumerian astronomers named the sun, moon and five visible planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) after their great gods.
Who were the planets named after?
The tradition of naming the planets after Greek and Roman gods and goddesses was carried on for the other planets discovered as well. Mercury was named after the Roman god of travel. Venus was named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Mars was the Roman god of War.
Who discovered the solar system name?
The main idea of the solar system was proposed by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) who said that “the Sun is the center of the Universe” and made the planets move around it in perfect circles (in his book entitled, “On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres”, written in Latin and published in 1543 …
How did the solar system get its name?
Our planetary system is named the “solar system” because our Sun is named Sol, after the Latin word for Sun, “solis,” and anything related to the Sun we call “solar.” Our planetary system is located in an outer spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy.
Who Named the Earth?
The answer is, we don’t know. The name “Earth” is derived from both English and German words, ‘eor(th)e/ertha’ and ‘erde’, respectively, which mean ground. But, the handle’s creator is unknown. One interesting fact about its name: Earth is the only planet that wasn’t named after a Greek or Roman god or goddess.
What are the 12 planets called?
If the proposed Resolution is passed, the 12 planet in our Solar System will be Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Ceres, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Charon and 2003 UB313. The name 2003 UB313 is provisional, as a “real” name has not yet been assigned to this object.
What god is Earth named after?
Earth is the only planet not named after a Roman god or goddess, but it is associated with the goddess Terra Mater (Gaea to the Greeks). In mythology, she was the first goddess on Earth and the mother of Uranus. The name Earth comes from Old English and Germanic.
Who discovered planets?
Five planets have been known since ancient times — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The first new planet discovered was Uranus. It was discovered by the English astronomer Sir William Herschel in 1781.
Who named the moon?
Earth’s moon, the longest known of all, was given the name “Selene” by the Greeks and “Luna” by the Romans, each a goddess.
Who named the planet Jupiter?
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Fittingly, it was named after the king of the gods in Roman mythology. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek pantheon.
Who named Pluto?
Venetia Burney Phair
Venetia Burney Phair was an accountant and taught economics and math in England. But she will best be remembered for what she accomplished at age 11 – giving Pluto its name. In an interview with NASA in January 2006, Phair said she offered the name Pluto over breakfast with her mother and grandfather.
Who named the planet Mars?
Mars was named by the ancient Romans for their god of war because its reddish color was reminiscent of blood.Jul 8, 2021
Who is Saturn named after?
The farthest planet from Earth discovered by the unaided human eye, Saturn has been known since ancient times. The planet is named for the Roman god of agriculture and wealth, who was also the father of Jupiter.
Why is Earth not named after a god?
Most likely Earth was not named after a Greco-Roman god because it was not recognized as a planet in antiquity. The word planet means wanderer and the name Earth comes from the German word Erda and the Old English derivative of Erda, Ertha. In both languages it means ground. The ground doesn’t wander.
Why is Pluto not a planet?
Answer. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because it did not meet the three criteria the IAU uses to define a full-sized planet. Essentially Pluto meets all the criteria except one—it “has not cleared its neighboring region of other objects.”
What is Earth’s real name?
|Alternative names||Gaia, Terra, Tellus, the world, the globe|
|Adjectives||Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian|
What did the Romans call Earth?
In ancient Roman religion and myth, Tellus Mater or Terra Mater (“Mother Earth”) is a goddess of the earth.
When was the world start?
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula.
Which planet has a life?
Among the stunning variety of worlds in our solar system, only Earth is known to host life. But other moons and planets show signs of potential habitability.
How many planets rotate the Sun?
Planets. All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun’s rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun’s north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus …
What is the hottest planet?
Planetary surface temperatures tend to get colder the farther a planet is from the Sun. Venus is the exception, as its proximity to the Sun and dense atmosphere make it our solar system’s hottest planet.Jan 30, 2018
Who is the twin of Earth?
Venus is sometimes called Earth’s twin because Venus and Earth are almost the same size, have about the same mass (they weigh about the same), and have a very similar composition (are made of the same material). They are also neighboring planets.
Who is the father of planets?
We believe in the free flow of information
Saturn, according to Roman mythology, is Jupiter’s father. Being the elder, it is the slowest and most distant planet that can be seen with the naked eye. Saturn takes 29 years to orbit the Sun, which is as long as the average lifespan back in Roman times.
What is the only planet that spins clockwise?
Uranus rotates about an axis that is nearly parallel with its orbital plane (i.e. on its side), while Venus rotates about its axis in a clockwise direction.
What is the first planet in the universe?
The order of the planets in the solar system, starting nearest the sun and working outward is the following: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and then the possible Planet Nine. If you insist on including Pluto, it would come after Neptune on the list.
Has Planet Nine been found?
Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System. … While sky surveys such as Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Pan-STARRS did not detect Planet Nine, they have not ruled out the existence of a Neptune-diameter object in the outer Solar System.
Why is the moon red?
As sunlight penetrates the atmosphere of Earth, the gaseous layer filters and refracts the rays in such a way that the green to violet wavelengths on the visible spectrum scatter more strongly than the red, thus giving the Moon a reddish cast.
Why is the moon orange?
Orange color due to thickness of Earth’s atmosphere near horizon. The orange color of a moon near the horizon is a true physical effect. It stems from the fact that – when you look toward the horizon – you’re looking through a greater thickness of Earth’s atmosphere than when you gaze up and overhead.
Why is Uranus the only Greek named planet?
Astronomers decided to continue naming the planets after Roman Gods with one exception – Uranus. Uranus was named after the Greek god of the sky. According to myth, he was the father of Saturn and the grandfather of Jupiter.
Who Discovered Venus?
The first person to point a telescope at Venus was Galileo Galilei in 1610. Even with his crude telescope, Galileo realized that Venus goes through phases like the Moon. These observations helped support the Copernican view that the planets orbited the Sun, and not the Earth as previously believed.Dec 19, 2008
Who is Saturn God?
Saturn, Latin Saturnus, in Roman religion, the god of sowing or seed. The Romans equated him with the Greek agricultural deity Cronus. … Exiled from Olympus by Zeus, he ruled Latium in a happy and innocent golden age, where he taught his people agriculture and other peaceful arts. In myth he was the father of Picus.
What does it rain on Venus?
The surface of Venus can be accurately described as a hellish and unforgiving place. Verdict: It does rain sulfuric acid on Venus, but not on the surface, rather at 25 km high in the atmosphere. The sulfur may come from volcanic eruptions.
How Did The Planets Get Their Names?
How did the Planets get their Names
A History of Our Knowledge of the Solar System
Solar System 101 | National Geographic
who named the planet earth
who named the planet mars
planets named after gods
planets named after greek gods
which planet is named after the roman god of war
planets named after roman gods
who named the planet uranus
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Mark Twain’s watershed novel has been one of the most controversial and disputed pieces of literature ever since its publication in 1884. Describing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Ernest Hemingway once said:
“American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.”
Many, however, would vehemently disagree with that statement. While readers from one camp call it “the Great American Novel,” others – including writer Louisa May Alcott – condemn its supposed lack of artistry, the use of vulgar language, and even claim it’s racist. To this day, it’s frequently banned in a number of schools in the US on the grounds that it corrupts youth.
In this post, we want to explore the motives of the supportive camp. After all, those who love this novel can’t get enough of it. Why? Here’s a brief summary followed by a list of the most appealing traits of the book.
For those who are not familiar with this famous novel, it’s the sequel to the simpler and more child-friendly The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In the first book, the protagonist is Tom, who lives in the fictitious town of St. Petersburg (inspired by the real city of Hannibal, Missouri) on the Mississippi river in the 1830s.
Tom is an imaginative kid, who leads a regular life, goes to the local school and lives with his younger brother Sid and his cousin Mary under the vigilant and protective eyes of Aunt Polly, his dead mother’s sister. Although Tom and Huck (short for Huckleberry) are best friends, the latter, as the son of the abusive town’s drunk, lives a completely deregulated life, playing and roaming the streets of St. Petersburg in total freedom. He is obviously the envy of all the other kids in the region. At the end of the book, after taking part in a number of adventures throughout the narrative, Tom and Huck get rich, having discovered a great amount of money stolen and hidden in a cave by a gang of robbers. The well-to-do and religious Widow Douglas, one of the town’s luminaries, becomes then Huck’s guardian, with the job of “sivilizing” him.
At the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we learn that 13-year-old Huck cannot stand the civilized life he’s living at Widow Douglas’s house. He finds the clothes uncomfortable, the table manners constrictive, and the school lessons boring. Moreover, he doesn’t understand or agree with all the religious moralism inflicted on him by the authoritarian widow’s sister, Miss Watson. At this point, he gets kidnapped by his father, who wants to get his hands on the kid’s money. Huck is forced to live with him in a shack across the river.
Huck realizes he has no choice: he must either submit to living with his abusive father or go back to the horrors of the so-called civilized life under the righteous wing of Widow Douglas. So he decides to fake his own murder and run away. As he tries to escape, Huck bumps into Miss Watson’s black slave Jim, who is also running away, having heard that his mistress is planning to sell him. They get a raft and start floating down the Mississippi river on their way to freedom. Wherever that may be. The novel is the story of that journey.
One of the most enchanting aspects of the novel is Twain’s powerful use of metaphors and symbols. The motif of man in close contact with water – be it sea or river – and its associated subconscious meanings is common in Western literature (take Moby Dick, Heart of Darkness, The Old Man and the Sea, and Life of Pi, for example). The monstrous big Mississippi River in Twain’s novel is also said to stand for a pagan God, both good and evil, leading and interfering with the minute lives that dare to float on its waters; the many storms in the novel seem to be prophetic, signalling approaching turmoil and difficulties. Life on the raft sums up the benefits and downsides of freedom (wild, unconfined and dangerous), in contrast to the oppressive civilized life Huck got to know for a while.
The Innovative Language:
With The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, for the first time North American literature breaks away from the limitations of formal and pompous language. The story is told by Huck in his own particular vernacular, which replicates oral language. Ungrammatical sentences and misspellings highlight the expressive force and energy of regional dialects. In the introduction to the novel, Mark Twain explains his linguistic choices:
“In this book a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri negro dialect; the extremest form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect; the ordinary “Pike County” dialect; and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech.”
Despite its deep themes (the distorted values of civilization, the hypocrisy of the official religion, inequality, and freedom), the novel pulses with satire. Among the hilarious passages, we’d pinpoint: the description of local superstitions (the bad luck that touching a rattlesnake’s skin can bring about, for example); Jim’s fear of spirits in the fog and of witches in the woods; Huck’s inability to pretend he’s a girl in an encounter with a newcomer to the town; Huck and Jim’s endless discussions about the French language, the wisdom of King Solomon, and the lifestyle of kings.
The Beauty of Descriptive Passages:
The book does not want for poetic strength, as it describes life on a raft, dawn on the river, or a big storm in progress:
“Pretty soon it darkened up and begun to thunder and lighten; so the birds was right about it. Directly it begun to rain, and it rained like all fury, too, and I never see the wind blow so. It was one of these regular summer storms. It would get so dark that it looked all blue-black outside, and lovely; and the rain would thrash along by so thick that the trees off a little ways looked dim and spider-webby; and here would come a blast of wind that would bend the trees down and turn up the pale underside of the leaves; and then a perfect ripper of a gust would follow along and set the branches to tossing their arms as if they was just wild; and next, when it was just about the bluest and blackest—FST! it was as bright as glory and you’d have a little glimpse of tree-tops a-plunging about, away off yonder in the storm, hundreds of yards further than you could see before.”
The protagonist is a very likable character: good-hearted, loyal and sensitive. Most readers can identify with his rebellion against the constraints of civilization and the moral dilemma he goes through as he’s helping set Jim free. After all, the events narrated in the story take place long before the American Civil War and the official abolition, in a time when the act of helping to free a slave was illegal and against the established social and moral order. This is how Twain verbalizes the main point of the story:
“A book of mine where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat”.
However one feels towards The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn after reading it, rest assured that it is very unlikely they will remain INDIFFERENT to the experience. | <urn:uuid:a3f18ec2-ea58-48aa-bf54-e7881907123a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://jorgesette.com/2018/08/12/what-makes-mark-twains-the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn-so-great/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738878.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812053726-20200812083726-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.959557 | 1,636 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Dong ethnic minority lives primarily in the border regions between Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei Provinces, and it was during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), that this minority separated from the mixed minority 'Bai Yue', naming themselves Dong. Now their population is 2,960,293. Their language is a branch of Zhuang-Dong Group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum though many of them also speak Chinese.
Economy and Crafts:
They work on agriculture, forestry and the industrial arts. The women are adept at spinning and embroidering and on the brocade; they like to embroider patterns of animals, plants, wares, and even legends. Most of their clothes are self made in color of blue, black, white and purple. They are also skilled in the arts of painting, engraving and the casting of ornate silver work.
Their beliefs remain original, believing all things have spirits and gods - of land, water, ox, and the spirit of ancestors, etc. Every time there is natural disaster or disease, the Dong people will think devils are responsible and ask a wizard to ward them off.
The staple food of the Dong ethnic minority is rice, millet, corn, wheat sorghum and glutinous rice. Oil tea is their favorite drink, which can also be their breakfast, whose ingredients include peanuts, sesame, soybean, tea leaves, and so on. A custom related to it is that, a guest is usually treated to a bowl of oil tea and a single chopstick; when he finishes drinking and does not return the chopstick, hosts will consider the bowl is not enough and replenish the bowl. Dong people also like pickled and acidic foods.
Residential House of Dong Nationality
They must be very proud of their artistic contribution to architecture. Wind and Rain Bridge, and Drum Tower , are well renowned for the elaborate structural design.
Like the Han, the Dong has New Year's Day, Mid Autumn Day, and Dragon Boat Festivals along with their own, unique festivals:
Dongnian Festival - on the first day of the eleventh lunar month people will celebrate for a harvest. They make Ziba (cooked glutinous rice pounded into paste), chicken, and pickled carps.
New Rice Tasting Festival - when the early rice is ripe, all the families pick and cook some, and worship ancestors after which, wonderful bullfighting activities will take place.
Sisters Festival - on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, married women must return their parents' family and enjoy a merry time with their sisters. Together, they make Ziba and will take some to their husbands' family.
More Ethnic Groups in Guizhou and Hunan Area:
Miao Yi Bai Bouyei Tujia Yao | <urn:uuid:789b31cb-673c-40b9-9468-a22fe1a0e815> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/nationality/dong/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.953814 | 585 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
In cell physiology, a secondary messenger system (also known as a second messenger system) is a method of cellular signalling where the signalling molecule does not enter the cell, but rather utilizes a cascade of events that transduces the signal into a cellular change. Secondary messengers are a component of signal transduction cascades.
Secondary messenger systems utilize receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane which are generally coupled to a kinase on the interior surface of the membrane. The kinase then phosphorylates another molecule (frequently cAMP) which carries out another action.
Types of secondary messenger moleculesEdit
There are three basic types of secondary messenger molecules:
- Hydrophobic molecules like diacylglycerol, InsP3 and phosphatidylinositols are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the juxtamembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins.
- Hydrophilic molecules are water-soluble molecules, like cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+, that are located within the cytosol.
- gases, nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), that can diffuse both through cytosol and across cellular membranes.
These intracellular messengers have some properties in common:
- They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes.
- Some (like Ca2+) can be stored in special organelles and quickly released when needed.
- Their production/release and destruction can be localized, enabling the cell to limit space and time of signal activity.
Common mechanisms of secondary messenger systemsEdit
There are several different secondary messenger systems (cAMP system, phosphoinositol system and arachidonic acid system), but they all are quite similar in overall mechanism, though the substances involved in those mechanisms and effects are different.
In all of these cases a neurotransmitter binds to a membrane-spanning receptor protein molecule. The binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor changes the receptor and causes it to expose a binding site for a "G-protein". The G-protein (named for the GDP and GTP molecules that binds to it) is bound to the inner membrane of the cell and consists of three subunits: alpha, beta and gamma. The G-protein is known as the "transducer."
When the G-protein binds to the receptor, it becomes able to exchange a GDP (guanosine diphosphate) molecule on its alpha subunit for a GTP (guanosine triphosphate) molecule. Once this exchange takes place, the alpha subunit of the G-protein transducer breaks free from the beta and gamma subunits, all parts remaining membrane-bound. The alpha subunit, now free to move along the inner membrane, eventually contacts another membrane-bound protein - the "primary effector."
The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell. This signal is called the "secondary messenger." (The neurotransmitter is the first messenger.) The secondary messenger may then activate a "secondary effector" whose effects depend on the particular secondary messenger system.
The use of Calcium ions are responsible for many important physiological functions, such as in muscle contraction. It is normally bound to intracellular components even though a secondary messenger is a plasma membrane receptor. Calcium regulates the protein calmodulin, and when bound to calmodulin it produces an alpha helical structure. This is also important in muscle contraction. The enzyme phospholipase C produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, which increases calcium ion permeability into the membrane. Active G-protein open up calcium channels to let calcium ions enter the plasma membrane. The other product of phospholipase c, diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C, which assists in the activation of cAMP(another second messenger).
|cAMP System||Phosphoinositol system||Arachidonic acid system||cGMP System||-|
| Norepinephrine (α2, β1, β2)|
| Norepinephrine (α1)|
Acetylcholine (M1, M3)
|Histamine (Histamine receptor)||-||-|
|Hormones||ACTH, ANP, CRH, CT, FSH, Glucagon, hCG, LH, MSH, PTH, TSH||AGT, GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, TRH||-||ANP||INS, IGF|
|Transducer||Gs (β1, β2), Gi (α2, M2)||Gq||Unknown G-protein||-||-|
|Primary effector||Adenylyl cyclase||Phospholipase C||Phospholipase A||guanylate cyclase||receptor tyrosine kinase|
|Secondary messenger||cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)||IP3 (inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate) and DAG (Diacylglycerol), both from PIP2||Arachidonic acid||cGMP||-|
|Secondary effector||protein kinase A||Ca++ release (see calcium-binding protein) and PKC (protein kinase C)||5-Lipoxygenase, 12-Lipoxygenase, cycloxygenase||protein kinase G||-|
Cell physiology: cell signaling
|Types of proteins|
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:05e624a4-39e2-453c-9753-c2af89c72003> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Second_messenger_system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661778.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00198-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.818384 | 1,258 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Dennis J. Murphy
Pennsylvania State University
The Power Take-Off (PTO) shaft is an efficient means of transferring mechanical power between farm tractors and implements. This power transfer system helped to revolutionize North American agriculture during the 1930's. It is also one of the oldest and most persistent hazards associated with farm machinery. This fact sheet discusses several aspects of PTO safety.
COMPONENTS OF AN IMPLEMENT POWER TAKE-OFF
Figure 1 is a diagram of component parts of an implement PTO. Two typical PTO system arrangements are shown. These drawings are helpful for understanding PTO hazards, guarding, and injuries. The top drawing is of a PTO system involving a pedestal connection, such as is found on many types of pulled machinery (hay balers, forage choppers, large rotary mowers, etc.). The lower drawing is of a PTO system where the implements input driveline connects directly to the tractor PTO stub. Examples of this type of connection include three-point hitch mounted equipment (post hole diggers, small rotary mowers, etc.) and augers.
The following parts of the PTO have been found to be hazardous.
Power Take-Off (PTO) Stub
The tractor's stub shaft, often called the PTO, transfers power from the tractor to the PTO-driven machine or implement. Power transfer is accomplished by connecting a drive shaft from the machinery to the tractor's PTO stub shaft. The PTO and drive shaft rotate at 540 rpm (9 times/sec.) or 1,000 rpm (16.6 times/sec.) when operating at full recommended speed. At all speeds, they rotate in proportion to the speed of the tractor engine.
Most incidents involving PTO stubs stem from clothing caught by an engaged but unguarded PTO stub. The reasons a PTO stub may be left engaged include: the operator forgetting or otherwise not being aware the PTO clutch is engaged; seeing the PTO stub spinning but not considering it dangerous enough to disengage; or, the operator is involved in a work activity requiring PTO operation. Boot laces, pant legs, overalls and coveralls, sweat shirts, and windbreakers are clothing items that can become caught and wrapped around a spinning PTO stub shaft.
Power Take-Off (PTO) Drivelines
The PTO driveline hazard (sometimes identified as a machinery wrapping point hazard) is one of the oldest and most common farm machinery hazards, and refers specifically to the part of the implement (machine) drive shaft that connects to the tractor. This drive shaft is known as the implement input driveline (IID). The entire IID shaft is a wrapping point hazard if the IID is completely unshielded. If the IID shaft is partly guarded, the shielding is usually over the straight part of the shift, leaving the universal joints, the PTO connection (the front connector), and the Implement Input Connection (IIC, the rear connector) as the wrapping point hazards. Protruding pins and bolts used as connection locking devices are particularly adept at snagging clothing. If clothing doesn't tear or rip away, as it sometimes does for the fortunate, a persons limb or body may begin to wrap with the clothing. Even when wrapping doesn't occur, the affected part may become compressed so tightly by the clothing and shaft that the person is trapped against the shaft.
The machines IID shaft is coupled to the tractors PTO stub. Therefore, it too rotates at either 540 rpm (9 times/sec.) or 1,000 rpm (16.6 times/sec.) when at full recommended speed. At these speeds, clothing is pulled around the IID shaft much quicker than a person can pull back or take evasive action. Many IID shaft entanglements happen while the shaft is turning at one-half or one-quarter of recommended operating speed. This may be the situation on occasions when the tractor has been stopped but not turned off, and the PTO is left engaged. Why an operator might do this is discussed in the paragraph below. The point here is that even at slower speeds, once caught by a IID shaft, a person may not have time for evasive action. A 540 rpm shaft makes over two complete revolutions per second when operating at one-quarter speed. Even with a relatively quick reaction time of five-tenths of a second, the wrapping action has begun. Once wrapping begins, the person instinctively tries to pull away. This action simply results in a tighter, more binding wrap. The 1,000 rpm shaft roughly cuts in half the opportunity for evasive action.
PTO powered machinery may be engaged while no one is on the tractor for many reasons. Some PTO powered farm equipment is operated in a stationary position: it needs no operator except to start and stop the equipment. Examples are elevators, grain augers, and silage blowers. At other times, adjustments or malfunctions of machine components can only be made or found while the machine is operating. Additionally, many work practices such as clearing crop plugs leads to operator exposure to operating PTO shafts. Other unsafe practices include mounting, dismounting, reaching for control levers from the rear of the tractor, and stepping across the shaft instead of walking around the machinery. An extra rider while PTO powered machinery is operating is another exposure situation.
The wrapping hazard is not the only hazard associated with IID shafts. Serious injury has occurred when shafts have become separated while the tractors PTO was engaged. The machines IID shaft is a telescoping shaft. That is, one part of the shaft will slide into a second part. This shaft feature provides a sliding sleeve which greatly eases the hitching of PTO powered machines to tractors, and allows telescoping when turning or moving over uneven ground. If a IID shaft is coupled to the tractors PTO stub but no other hitch is made between the tractor and the machine, then the tractor may pull the IID shaft apart. If the PTO is engaged, the shaft on the tractor end will swing wildly and may strike anyone in range. The swinging force may break a locking pin allowing the shaft to become a flying missile, or it may strike and break something that is attached or mounted on the rear of the tractor. Separation of the driveline shaft is not a commonly occurring event. It is most likely to happen when three-point hitched equipment is improperly mounted or aligned, or when the hitch between the tractor and the attached machine breaks or accidentally uncouples.
PTO ENTANGLEMENT INCIDENTS
This information is taken from the Purdue University source listed at the end of this fact sheet. This reference is the most comprehensive study of power take-off injury incidents to date. The percents shown include fatal and nonfatal injury incidents, and are best thought of as approximations. Generally, PTO entanglements:
- involve the tractor or machinery operator 78 percent of the time.
- shielding was absent or damaged in 70 percent of the cases.
- entanglement areas were at the PTO coupling, either at the tractor or implement connection just over 70 percent of the time.
- a bare shaft, spring loaded push pin or through bolt was the type of driveline component at the point of contact in nearly 63 percent of the cases.
- stationary equipment, such as augers, elevators, post-hole diggers, and grain mixers were involved in 50 percent of the cases.
- semi-stationary equipment, such as self unloading forage wagons and feed wagons, were involved in 28 percent of the cases.
- nearly all incidents involving moving machinery, such as hay balers, manure spreaders, rotary mowers, etc., were non-moving at the time of the incident (the PTO was left engaged).
- only four percent of the incidents involved no attached equipment. This means that the tractor PTO stub was the point of contact four percent of the time.
Guarding a PTO system includes a master shield for the tractor PTO stub and connection end of the implement input driveline (IID) shaft, an integral-journal shield which guards the IID shaft, and an implement input connection (IIC) shield on the implement. The PTO master shield is attached to the tractor and extends over and around the PTO stub on three sides (Figure 2). This shield is designed to offer protection from the PTO stub and the front joint of the drive shaft of the connected machine. Many tractors, particularly older tractors, may no longer have PTO master shields. Master shields are removed or are missing from tractors for several reasons including: damaged shields that are never replaced; shields removed for convenience of attaching machine drive shafts; shields removed out of necessity for attaching machine drive shafts; and shields missing when used tractors are sold or traded.
There are many more injuries associated with the IID shaft than with the PTO stub. As noted earlier, machine drive shaft guards are often missing. This occurs for the same reasons tractor master shields are often missing. A IID shaft guard completely encloses the shaft, and may be constructed of plastic or metal. These tube like guards are mounted on bearings so the guard rotates with the shaft but will stop spinning when a person comes into contact with the guard. Some newer machines have driveline guards with a small chain attached to a non-rotating part of the machine to keep the shield from spinning. The most important thing to remember about a spinning IID shaft guard is that if the guard becomes damaged so that it cannot rotate independent of the IID shaft, its effectiveness as a guard is lost. In other words, it becomes as hazardous as an unguarded shaft (Figure 3). This is why it is important to always spin the IID shaft guard after attaching the PTO to the tractor (the tractor should be shut off), or before starting the tractor if the attachment has already been made. This is the be t way to make sure that the IID shaft guard is really offering you protection.
PTO ENTANGLEMENT EXAMPLES
These examples of PTO injury incidents involving Pennsylvania farmers will help illustrate the serious nature of PTO hazards.
- Case #1. A farmer was finished loading a load of green chop into the silo and was approaching the tractors PTO lever to turn off the forage blower. As he stepped onto the drawbar, the laces on his boot became caught on the spring loaded push pin of the forage blower PTO driveline coupling. He was thrown backwards off the drawbar, with his boot and denim trousers being forcibly removed. He suffered considerable muscle damage to his right leg.
- Case #2. A teenager was helping her family load corn into a grain elevator when her jacket sleeve became entangled by the elevator PTO shaft. Her body was flung around the shaft and her arm torn from its socket before the tractor could be turned off.
- Case #3. A small child was killed when as an extra rider on his fathers tractor, he slipped off and became entangled by a spinning PTO shaft. His father grabbed for the boy as he began to slip but was unable to hold him out of the shaft.
- Case #4. A farmers clothing was caught by a spinning shaft, pulled him in, flung him around the shaft a couple of times, and then threw him clear. He suffered injuries to his head, leg, right arm and shoulder.
PTO SAFETY PRACTICES
Though not always easy or convenient, there are several ways to reduce the risk of PTO injury incidents. These safety practices offer protection from the most common types of PTO entanglements.
- Make it a specific point to keep all components of PTO systems shielded and guarded.
- Regularly test driveline guards by spinning or rotating them to ensure they have not become stuck to the shaft.
- Disengage the PTO and shut off the tractor before dismounting to clean, repair, service, or adjust machinery.
- Walk around tractors and machinery rather than stepping over a rotating shaft.
- Keep universal joints in phase. (Check the operators manual or with a farm implement dealer if you do not understand what this means).
- Always use the driveline recommended for your machine. Never switch drivelines among different machines.
- Position the tractor's drawbar properly for each machine used. This will help prevent driveline stress and separation on uneven terrain and in tight turns.
- Reduce PTO shaft abuse by observing the following: avoid tight turns that pinch rotating shafts between the tractor and machine; keep excessive telescoping to a minimum; engage power to the shaft gradually; and avoid over tightening of slip clutches on PTO-driven machines.
- Campbell, W.P. 1987. The Condition of Agricultural Driveline System Shielding and Its Impact in Injuries and Fatalities. M.S. Thesis. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
- Fundamentals of Machine Operation: Agricultural Safety. 1983. Second edition. Deere and Company, Moline, IL.
- Safe Operation of Agricultural Equipment: Student Manual. 1988, Revised. Hobar Publications, St. Paul, MN.
This document is from the Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Cooperative Extension Service. For more information, contact Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Engineering Department, 246 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA 16802. Publication date: 1991.
Dennis J. Murphy, professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
Publication #: Fact Sheet Safety-33
Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not represent NIOSH policy. Information included in NASD appears by permission of the author and/or copyright holder. More
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- How do you stop metal oxidation?
- What problems can oxidation cause?
- Is oxidative stress good or bad?
- What is difference between oxidation and reduction?
- What causes oxidation?
- How do you know if its oxidation or reduction?
- Where does oxidation occur?
- What metal oxidizes red?
- What causes rapid oxidation?
- Why is oxidation bad for metals?
- What does oxidation mean?
- How do you reduce oxidation in your body?
How do you stop metal oxidation?
One simple way to prevent corrosion is to use a corrosion resistant metal such as aluminum or stainless steel.
The application of a paint coating is a cost-effective way of preventing corrosion.
What problems can oxidation cause?
Prolonged oxidative stress can damage your DNA and other important molecules in your body. Sometimes it even leads to cell death. Damage to your DNA increases your risk of cancer, and some scientists have theorized that it plays a pivotal role in the aging process ( 3 , 4 ).
Is oxidative stress good or bad?
7. Conclusions. Oxidative stress and free radicals are generally known to be detrimental to human health. A large amount of studies demonstrates that in fact free radicals contribute to initiation and progression of several pathologies, ranging from CVD to cancer.
What is difference between oxidation and reduction?
A. Oxidation is a reaction that removes an electron from a substance, reduction is a reaction that adds electrons to a substance.
What causes oxidation?
What causes oxidation? … The major players for corrosion and oxidation are oxygen and atmospheric moisture. It is a chemical reaction of the metal surface with the oxygen that causes some of the metal to corrode (or in other terms oxidize) and form the oxidation or better known as metal oxide on the surface.
How do you know if its oxidation or reduction?
Oxidation numbers represent the potential charge of an atom in its ionic state. If an atom’s oxidation number decreases in a reaction, it is reduced. If an atom’s oxidation number increases, it is oxidized.
Where does oxidation occur?
In a voltaic cell, the oxidation and reduction of metals occurs at the electrodes. There are two electrodes in a voltaic cell, one in each half-cell. The cathode is where reduction takes place and oxidation takes place at the anode.
What metal oxidizes red?
iron oxideUnsourced material may be challenged and removed. Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.
What causes rapid oxidation?
Oxidation in the presence of water vapor or steam As a rule, steam produces faster oxidation than air. Oxide layers formed in steam are more iron-rich and porous, and therefore give inferior protection. Air with high water content will similarly cause more rapid oxidation.
Why is oxidation bad for metals?
General corrosion occurs when most or all of the atoms on the same metal surface are oxidized, damaging the entire surface. Most metals are easily oxidized: they tend to lose electrons to oxygen (and other substances) in the air or in water. As oxygen is reduced (gains electrons), it forms an oxide with the metal.
What does oxidation mean?
Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons. Specifically, it means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. … A reduction-reaction always comes together with an oxidation-reaction. Oxidation and reduction together are called redox (reduction and oxidation).
How do you reduce oxidation in your body?
Lifestyle and dietary measures that may help reduce oxidative stress in the body include:eating a balanced, healthful diet rich in fruits and vegetables.limiting intake of processed foods, particularly those high in sugars and fats.exercising regularly.quitting smoking.reducing stress.More items…• | <urn:uuid:0ae42f55-a474-453d-9c73-b734789b25f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://schiffsilver.com/qa/quick-answer-why-is-oxidation-bad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487660269.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620084505-20210620114505-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.907991 | 819 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Country of Origin
The Irish Red and White Setter originated in Ireland, and is also known as the IRWS, Parti-colored Setter and the Red and White Irish Setter. While the red colored Irish Setter gained wild popularity, it originated from the Irish Red and White Setter. Unfortunately, due to the popularity of the red Irish Setter, the numbers of the Irish Red and White Setter dwindled in the late 19th century, becoming nearly extinct during WWI. The salvation of the breed is credited to an Irish clergyman named Noble Huston who managed to build up small numbers of the breed. A few of his pups were even sent abroad to England, Spain and the United States. In 1940, a woman named Maureen Cuddy was given a Irish Red and White Setter that was quite ill and nursed her back to health. It is believed that the majority of existing Irish Red and White Setter's descend from Mrs. Cuddy's puppy. It was between WWII and the 1980's that the breed really began to flourish once again and became it's own breed separate from the Irish Setter. In January of 2009, the Irish Red and White Setter was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club.
The Irish Red and White Setter male will typically reach heights of 24-26 inches, while the female is slightly smaller, reaching heights of 22-24 inches. They will reach an average weight of 50-75 pounds.
The Irish Red and White Setter's coat is fine and medium length. The coat should appear feathered and, while some slight waving is permissible, the coat should never be curly. The coat obviously has only one color option, which is the parti-colored white base with red patches. Flecking or mottling near the face, feet and legs is allowable, however roaning is not permissible.
The Irish Red and White Setter is an extremely friendly breed that exhibits no guarding instinct. They will likely get along with everyone from other pets and children to strangers on the street. The Irish Red and White Setter is an intelligent breed, and are very responsive to the tone of their master's voice. A passive owner may be taken advantage of by their Irish Red and White Setter. If you do not feel that you can be a confident and commanding leader, it may be best to look for the more submissive puppies in the litter.
The Irish Red and White Setter have an independent spirit which may make it difficult to train, however, they do respond with a firm but gentle hand and plenty of exercise. The Irish Red and White Setter can become high strung and even destructive without proper mental and physical exercise. The field type Irish Red and White Setter will have a higher exercise drive that the bench(show) type, however they will both require exercise. They are very quick and have a great sense of smell. The Irish Red and White Setter is a hardy dog and does well in any climate, including wet terrain.
The Irish Red and White Setter requires daily brushing to keep the coat in excellent condition. The coat may require extra brushing during shedding period. The Irish Red and White Setter is an average shedder and requires bathing only when necessary.
The Irish Red and White Setter is fairly easy to housebreak but may require a firm but gentle hand when doing further training. They should be trained at an early age to avoid bad habits.
The Irish Red and White Setter are a very energetic dog and not recommended for apartment living. They require plenty of exercise, the ability to run free in a fenced area and thrive if they receive a long daily walk. | <urn:uuid:3e781e73-7b52-4bca-be20-c050c4f65efe> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.puppyfind.com/irish+red+and+white+setter.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678979.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00160-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967798 | 749 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Welcome to our Letter O Week! We are having fun with Octopus this week!
A-Z Handwriting Worksheets: These worksheets have practice lines plus upper and lowercase letter writing practice. You can also laminate or put in page protectors so they can be reused!
Letter O Letter Hunt: Today we used our do-a-dot markers to highlight all of the letter O’s in the story!
Number Clip Cards: The clip cards are to either put in order 1-10, or clip the correct amount of paper clips on, or mini-clothes pins, or cheerios, whatever you can use to get them counting!
Octopus Coloring Page: We color this, paint it, or use markers. I found some that fit my 3 year old well, they’re called Pip-Squeaks Washable Markers. They’re shorter and easier for her to use. These pictured are chubby markers, they also make a skinny version. I got mine at Wal-mart.
Letter Poking Page: I found this fun idea on Activity Mom. Instead of tracing, we are going to use a toothpick, or we have these cute Oversized Push Pins, to poke holes through the paper in the shape of the letter. Print on regular paper for easier poking, and do this one on carpet 🙂 Another idea would be to hole punch along the lines of the letter as well. Both work on motor skills!
Oo Tracing Card:I made this for kiddos who aren’t quite ready for my pre-writing or writing practice books. Its large and easier to trace. You could use markers, or laminate and use with Expo Dry Erase Markers
Letter O Scavenger Hunt:Fill the box with things that start with O! Some ideas: octopus, ostrich, orange, olive.
Octopus Numbers Practice: I laminate this and use with Expo Dry Erase Markers for pre-writing practice skills.
Octopus Puzzle: Cut along the guides for a fun 6 piece beginner’s puzzle!
Octopus Pattern Activity: Just use the pieces to practice pre-math pattern skills.
Octopus Magnet Page: I use this with a cookie sheet and these pom-pom magnets I made from pom-poms and self-sticky magnets from the craft isle in Wal-mart. I also use these magnets from Amazon: Power Magnets, 0.75 inch Diameter, Assorted Colors
Oo lacing cards: I just printed big O’s on construction paper, laminated and punched holes! You can download my Large Alphabet A-Z lacing cards here.
Octopus Letter Matching: This is a fun letter matching activity, that practices both upper and lowercase letters recognition! If you’re looking for more challenge, use the uppercase card with the lowercase letter disks or visa versa! (The download includes upper and lowercase letter disks and activity cards) Click here to see the process of making the letters. I also made some Oscar and COOkie Monster cards, click here to download the Sesame Street Cards.
Octopus Lacing Card: I make sure to laminate this one for durability, then punch with a hole punch every inch or so for lacing practice. Teach them patterns to do with this as well, like up from the bottom each time, or in-out-in-out sewing. Whatever pattern you can think of.
Octopus Graphing: I laminate this and then have them either color in the dots with Expo Dry Erase Markers, or put bingo markers or little valentine heart candies on it.
Octopus Floor Numbers: I made these large floor numbers so that we can play a hopscotch type game. I call out a number and she jumps to it! You could also have them put the cards in numerical order. The number cards go from 1-10. Here’s a sample of them from our Letter V week.
Octopus Cutting Practice: Simply print and let your child try cutting along the lines!
Letter O sign language practice:
Octopus Counting game: This download comes with number tiles and 10 octopus to put on page. Simply place a number in the square then have your child put the correct amount of octopus pieces on the game board.
Nature Walk Outdoor study grid, she’ll find 6 things in nature and draw pictures of them.
Octopus Size Sort game: Organize game pieces by size, then discuss what Small, Medium and Large mean. You candownload it here.
11 x 11 Pin Geoboard: We use these to make letters, numbers, shapes etc!
Foam Letter Builders: I cut the shapes from foam and let her use them to make the letters. You could also use my Magnetic Letter Builders as well!
Finger Tracing Paint Bag: This is simple and fun, I filled a bag with tempura paint, you could also use cheap shaving cream. Then I’ll tape it to her desk for her to practice writing her letter on using her finger. You could also skip the bag and put shaving cream on your counter if you’re feeling brave ;o) After we do the letters we do numbers, shapes, and whatever else we can think of!
Letter Collage Worksheets: The download includes letters A-Z as well as a collage idea sheet. We use the collage items as objects to decorate our letters for an alphabet book. We also color, paint, and stamp them. Since we use both upper and lowercase, I have provided both for you! Click here to download the Letter Collages:
Color Cubes: I use our Large Alphabet Lacing Cards to serve as templates for our 1″ building blocks. We pick 2 colors of blocks and do a pattern as we form the letters! We also use them for lacing practice, but this was a variation since I’ve been making the shaped lacing cards too! Click here for more fun with Creative Color Cube Activity Cards
rOll the Dice game: I downloaded this from 7 Renfros, your child rolls a die then circles that number on the path. For example a number 2 is rolled, the child would find the line with the number 2’s and circle the first 2 in the line for that bug. The first number rolled 10 times wins. Draw a star or a ribbon in the box for the bug who won the race. I laminated mine so that we could do it a few times, then we just used the dry erase markers on it.
Letter Bead Lacing: I’ll put an index card in this box with the word “octopus” so she knows the order of the letters. I got my lacing beads from Lakeshore Learning but these look more fun to me: Bead Bazaar Lacing Kits – Alphabet Lacing Kit
Play Balloon Volleyball: A good friend of mine over at 7renfros suggested a fun game called “Balloon volleyball”, its basically a toddler-friendly version of regular volleyball. Kids take turns batting a balloon up in the air, with the goal of trying to keep it off the ground as it floats downward. You can shout out words that start with the letter “O” each time you hit the balloon! Thanks Melissa, great idea!
Letter Hunt: I created some Letter Hunt worksheets that you can download.
Magnetic Alphabet Builders: You can download the magnetic alphabet file here. I have a Xyron 9″ laminator and I found some magnetic laminate from Joann’s. (Use a 40% off coupon as its a little pricey!) I rolled the printout through the magnetic laminate and cut it out and voila!
Letter Identification: Pick out the letter “O” and “o” from the others using Magnetic Alphabet Letters and whiteboard:
Family Fun Night: Have some oranges or orange juice and read Owl Babies
Or watch the animated online version: Owl Babies by Martin Waddell
Note: To get all of the games in my Letter of the Week curriculum, please check out the full curriculum in my store!
See my Money Saving Tips for help with printing, laminating and FAQs! | <urn:uuid:abca8b9c-f352-4bbc-90b7-c368018f032a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.confessionsofahomeschooler.com/blog/2010/04/prek-letter-o-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.914723 | 1,747 | 3 | 3 |
The main reason we explore Mars is to find out if life ever existed there. But we’re looking in the wrong places
WHEN searching for something, the first step is to look in the most likely location. That doesn’t always work. Things sometimes show up in unexpected corners. But most of the time the milk is in the fridge, the phone is on the table, and the keys are by the door. Why would searching for life on Mars be any different?
The main reason we explore Mars is to determine if life ever arose on the planet. We have tried for centuries, starting with telescopes and lately with satellites, landers and rovers. We have searched for it directly (the Viking mission) and indirectly (every other Mars mission). No luck so far. Some think life has never been there. Others think it was there in the past but is now gone. Many think why bother, but that’s a whole different story. I think we are looking in the wrong places. Here is why.
The surface of Mars is extremely cold and dry. Cosmic and solar radiation reach the surface unimpeded by the thin atmosphere, and the soil contains strong oxidants that destroy organic compounds. Fat chance for life. But it wasn’t always so.
Early in its history Mars was warmer and wetter enough for the development of rivers, lakes and perhaps oceans. The atmosphere was thicker and the protective magnetic field was switched on. Mars might be uninhabitable today, but life would have been possible in the past. This is why future missions will focus on the study of ancient sediments, hoping to find fossilised evidence of life.
But first we need to find a promising location, and that means reconstructing Martian history. We need to find out if there was flowing water, the time and extent of the water, what type of minerals formed and if the geochemical conditions were compatible with life. Once promising sites are identified, we need to find out if there are any physical or chemical processes that could have destroyed fossilised evidence, and finally search for that evidence.
This is not easy, and this is why the search is getting more ambitious, sophisticated and expensive. The Mars Science Laboratory will launch this year to study the habitability and environmental history of a region on Mars that contains sediments formed billions of years ago. The MSL is the most advanced robot ever sent to another planet. Around 2018, a joint mission run by NASA and the European Space Agency will send two rovers to the surface to pave the way for a Mars Sample Return mission beyond 2020. It will be the first mission to collect and return samples from another planet. Its scientific value will be enormous, but in the process it might swallow NASA’s planetary budget for the decade.
Is this the best strategy? I think not. Let’s turn to our own planet for a second. On Earth, life is almost everywhere, but some places seem to be out of bounds. At first glance the Atacama desert in Chile and the Antarctic Dry Valleys appear lifeless, and until recently we thought they were.
Atacama is the driest desert on Earth, with only an occasional shower every 10 years or so. The Antarctic Dry Valleys are the coldest deserts on Earth. Most of the water is frozen in the ground, and the little snow that falls sublimates before it can melt. In both places liquid water, the key ingredient for life, is extremely rare. These deserts are the closest analogues we have to the Martian surface and allow us to study what happens to life as environments become drier and colder.
What happens is that life seeks refuge in niches where liquid water can still form, even if only for a short time every now and then. This occurs in two substrates, salts and ice. Salts absorb water vapour from the atmosphere and form liquid solutions at low relative humidities, a phenomenon called deliquescence. When ice is in contact with sediment particles, it melts and forms thin films of liquid water that are stable even at temperatures well below freezing.
In other words, salts and ice expand the window of physical conditions in which liquid water is stable, and provide small habitable niches even when the environment becomes generally uninhabitable. In the Atacama, where most of the water is in the atmosphere, life is found inside salt rocks, whereas in the Antarctic Dry Valleys it is found at the interface between ice or snow and sediments.
It turns out that salt and ice are also excellent substrates for preserving life. Ancient salt and ice deposits on Earth contain organic compounds, complex biomolecules and even entire cells which have been preserved for millions of years. Hence, the last niches where life can retreat as an environment becomes drier and colder are also the niches where remnants of life are better preserved – a stroke of luck that plays in our favour.
More good news: there are salty and icy environments on Mars. Large deposits of salts are widespread in the southern hemisphere; the northern polar cap has thick sequences of sediments and ice layers, and ground ice is near the surface at latitudes higher than 60° in both hemispheres. If there has ever been life on Mars, these are the niches where it could have retreated as the planet made the transition from wet and warm to cold and dry. These are also the places where fossil life would be best preserved. And these should be the first places we go searching.
This could be done with small, low-cost missions. A small rover or lander could provide unambiguous proof of life, if equipped with technology to detect the complex biomolecules that are only synthesised by living organisms. The technology is readily available. A positive result would be a turning point in history. A negative result would be strong evidence against the presence of life and biomolecules anywhere on the planet. Not a small prize for a comparatively small investment.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:7c4c91ff-a905-4e0f-ac23-52428bf11208> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20928005.900-looking-for-life-on-mars-try-the-salty-bits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00421-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954867 | 1,225 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Yogi Berra once said that “Baseball is 90% mental. The other half is physical.”
Mathematics aside, there is a lot of truth to this quote. The game of baseball is heavily mental. A player’s mindset can be the difference between success and failure on the diamond. It can also be the difference between enjoying the game and hating it.
The same can be said for athletes in any sport. An athlete’s mental state strongly impacts their performance—for better or worse.
Athletes face a unique set of challenges that can impact their mental state. The pressure to perform at a high level, the fear of failure, and the constant stress of competition can all take a toll on an athlete’s mental health.
They may suffer from anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues that can impact their ability to perform at their best.
When athletes have emotional concerns that are not addressed, it can lead to suboptimal performance on the field or court.
When they don’t have coping mechanisms, it can lead to poor decision making, injuries, and even early retirement.
Athletes of all ages may struggle with the mental side of their sport. They may get down on themselves after making a mistake, or get too tense and nervous before a big game. These are perfectly normal reactions. But if they’re not managed properly, they can become serious, embedded problems that hold athletes back from reaching their full potential.
This is where a clinical counselor can help. A counselor can work with athletes to address any emotional concerns that may be impacting their performance. They can provide support and guidance to help athletes through the challenges they face both on and off the field.
Clinical counseling can help athletes manage their stress, deal with anxiety and depression, overcome obstacles, and perform at their best. A clinical counselor can help an athlete set (and achieve) short and long-term goals, develop coping mechanisms and systems to address emotional concerns, and create a plan for success.
The results of counseling can include improved self-concept, behavioral changes, and improved mental health. These improvements can lead to reduced injuries, better performance in competition, and a longer, happier, more fulfilling athletic career.
When athletes are in top shape mentally as well as physically, they can achieve more, enjoy greater success, and reach their full potential as athletes. Counseling can help make it happen.
If you are an athlete struggling with your mental game, counseling may be able to help you get back on track. A clinical counselor can provide the support, guidance, and tools you need to perform at your peak.
Don’t wait to get help. Contact Continuum Health Centre in Victoria, British Columbia to learn more about our clinical counseling services, or Book an appointment with a Clinical Counselor now. | <urn:uuid:3973cd9e-cc8d-4bdb-b44c-ff7322c1c68f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://continuumcentre.ca/the-importance-of-mental-fitness-for-athletes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.958623 | 585 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Transforming communities #SheWill
The way to reduce levels of poverty, hunger and HIV, is to empower women. Unfortunately in many developing nations women are faced with societal and structural discrimination which suppresses their true potential. To change living conditions and prevent further spreading of HIV, it is essential to educate and to evolve attitudes. Here at Act4Africa we realised this potential 15 years ago, and we run multiple programs to educate girls and boys to combat gender inequalities and violence towards women, The Girl Effect is one of them. Through it we equip girls with the skills to tackle everyday life as they grow into adults – The Girl Effect, transforming them from being vulnerable and powerless, to confident and empowered.
Despite significant progress in the number of girls enrolled in primary education, boys remain 1.55 times more likely to complete secondary education than girls in Africa (World Bank). There are several factors that prevent adolescent girls from continuing into secondary education. Societal customs and traditions often dictate that a girl can be forced into marriage by just 12 years old. Whereas boys have traditionally been a greater investment in terms of their income potential and therefore parents have opted to remove their daughters from school. Other girls find themselves in a position where their parents have passed away resulting in responsibility for caring for other siblings taking priority.
Sanitation also plays a contributing factor as girls can become reluctant to attend school during menstruation due to the lack of sanitation and clean, private facilities. In Uganda, girls say they miss up to 8 days off school per term because of being unable to access facilities.
Arming adolescent girls with skills and knowledge will enhance their future potential. Aside from the economic benefits to a nation an educated girl can better understand and challenge gender stereotypes that may otherwise hold them back. They will also be aware of their rights and will be better placed to protect themselves from gender violence and abuse which will have a positive effect when it trickles down to the next generation.
Act4Africa offer the opportunity for donors to sponsor young girls through their education with the Grow A Girl programme. Let’s keep girls in education, let’s empower them to be able to make informed, independent decisions. Get involved and play your part in the Girl Effect. | <urn:uuid:cbebb17d-4b22-45b1-9546-10fe90703811> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.act4africa.org/transforming-communities-with-the-girl-effect-shewill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189589.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00611-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957974 | 451 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Wine Terms that are Misused and/or Misunderstood
Lake Superior State University recently announced the 38th Annual List of Words to be Banished from the
Queen’s English for Misuse, Overuse and General Uselessness. Words that made the list included
“passionate,” “bucket list,” and “trending.” This caught my attention and led me to think of a few wine related
words that are often misused and or misunderstood.
Minerality This term is so poorly defined that it is essentially worthless but wine critics including myself
(reluctantly) continue to use it in their wine reviews. We know that the roots of the grapevine cannot absorb
minerals or mineral flavors from the soil. What is perceived as minerality is thought by some to be due to
reduced sulfur compounds that can simulate the smell of wet minerals and the taste of flint. Clark Smith
(Wines & Vines November 2010) has defined minerality as follows: “An ‘energetic buzz’ in a wine’s finish similar
to acidity, with which it is often confused, but further back in the mouth.”
Bouquet This term is often mistakenly used to describe the aromas of a young wine. It should only be used to
refer to the complex aromas of a mature wine.
Variety or Varietal? The two words are often misused and interchanged with impunity. Each word, however,
has a clear meaning. Variety is a noun and refers to a specific type of grape such as Pinot Noir, or many kinds
of wine such as fortified, still, or sparkling. Varietal is both a noun when referring to a wine made from a single
grape variety, and an adjective when used to say a wine is varietally correct. In the United States, 75% (95% in
Oregon) of the wine must come from the named grape variety before it can be called a varietal.
Acidity There are two main methods of expressing acidity: titratable acidity (TA) which refers to the test that
yields the total of all acids present, and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) which is a measure of the strength of
acidity. The higher the H+ concentration, the more acidic the solution, and since the pH is the negative log of
the H+ concentration, the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution. Wine tends to fall within a range of pH of
3 and 4. The pH is a critical measurement during winemaking and ideally should be below 3.60 for sulfur
dioxide to be effective during the winemaking process. A higher pH will reduce the effectiveness of sulfur
dioxide and increase the chance of Brettanomyces and spoilage organisms growth. The perception of acidity
in a wine is related to the titratable acidity and not pH. Titratable acidity (TA) produces the acid sensation in the
mouth and is most critical for mouth feel. pH and TA values do not run parallel. A wine can have a high pH and
low TA or vice versa.
Punchdown or punch down? Both in correct use.
Screwcap or screw cap? Both in correct use.
Destemmed or de-stemmed? Destemmed is correct usage. Also destemming.
Winegrower or wine grower? Both in correct use.
Fermenter or fermentor? Fermenter is correct usage.
Reserve This is a term that is overused and nebulous because it has so many meanings. It implies a wine of
higher quality, but it can refer to a wine that is a barrel selection, one that has been aged longer, or a wine
sourced from the best blocks in a vineyard. Wineries sometimes substitute the word cuvée, a fancy French
way of saying a blend. It is often simply a marketing strategy for selling wine (or charging more) in which case
it may take on other configurations such as vintner’s reserve, limited reserve, grand reserve, or special reserve
(Kendall-Jackson produces thousands of cases of “Vintner’s Reserve Chardonnay).
Estate Bottled This indicates that 100% of the wine came from grapes grown on land owned or controlled by
the winery, which must be located in an AVA. The winery must crush and ferment the grapes, and finish, age
and bottle the wine in a continuous process on their premises. The winery and vineyard must be in the same | <urn:uuid:f4d801a2-5e38-4548-b983-a9abe17a28ea> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://princeofpinot.com/article/1304/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048129/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00013-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952008 | 979 | 2.625 | 3 |
An example of a satirical play is a play that uses irony and dark humor.
- of, like, or containing satire
- indulging in, or fond of indulging in, satire
- Of, relating to, or characterized by satire.
- Given to or fond of making satirical remarks.
(comparative more satirical, superlative most satirical)
- Of, pertaining to, or connected with satire.
- Spitting Image was a famous satirical television program.
satire +"Ž -ical | <urn:uuid:3ac693e4-44e4-4498-99c9-5717c44f60bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/satirical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278389.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00189-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.783826 | 109 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Here's how ecologists study the interactions between organisms and their environment
Ecologists undertake environmental studies by investigating the influence of human activity on the natural environment, for instance the impact of population size, housing, recreational facilities, pollution and farming on the environment.
Through their research they attempt to rectify imbalances caused to the environment. Ecology is actually a branch of Biology, dealing with organisms and their relationship to their physical environment. When people cause imbalances in the environment, ecologists try to rectify these imbalances.
They are frequently involved with conservation management, which requires the intelligent interpretation and application of biological principles. Commercial utilisation of the environment has increased along with media and public interest in conserving our limited resources.
Large building and mining projects, particularly in areas regarded as being ecologically sensitive, are, in most cases subject to a full report, called an environmental impact assessment (EIA), from a professional ecologist. Professional ecologists are also known as environmental scientists or environmental engineers.
Environmental and business interest groups often enlist more than one ecologist regarding a particular piece of land, in order to gain public approval for their agendas. Ecologists work both indoors and outdoors. They spend time in nature where they collect material to help solve ecological problems. They also spend time in laboratories analysing and interpreting data which is then used for improving our understanding of the ecosystem.
Watch the video to learn more:
Find more career guidance on PACE's GoStudy South Africa website
- Love of nature and conservation
- Excellent observational skills
- Enquiring mind and ability to analyse data
- Adaptable and able to work under very demanding circumstances
- Physical stamina to withstand fieldwork under rough conditions
- Able to communicate well with a wide range of people
- Scientific and technical aptitude
- Ability to work as a member of a team
- Able to gain a solid background in as many life sciences as possible to facilitate responsible interpretation of data
How to enter
- Pass matric with a Bachelor's pass
- Meet the admission requirements (APS) set by the university.
Each institution has its own entry requirements.
What to study
Degree: BSc degree majoring in one or more of the following: Ecology, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology, Soil Science, Geology with supporting courses in Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science BSc Honours specialising in Ecology is essential for securing research positions.
- Research organisations, such as: CSIR
- Department of Agriculture
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
- Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
- National Parks Board
- Large industries with an interest in conservation
- Self-employment, as a consultant
The opportunities for private consulting are likely to increase as pressure is placed on building consortiums to conduct their own independent environmental impact studies so that they are in a position to state their case when faced with opposition from various lobby groups to proposed building projects.
- Join wildlife societies and clubs at school and outside school
- Read as much as possible about ecology and environmental conservation
- Make an appointment to speak to an ecologist about this type of career
Would you like to comment on this article or view other readers' comments? Register (it’s quick and free) or sign in now.
Please read our Comment Policy before commenting. | <urn:uuid:2f3bf067-42b2-459c-b804-99fd98612573> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sebenza-live/2019-05-30-heres-how-ecologists-study-the-interactions-between-organisms-and-their-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481076.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205141605-20191205165605-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.949327 | 685 | 3.1875 | 3 |
HAVANA—The Cuban Revolution's universal healthcare and tuition-free education have created a more inclusive society where Afro-Cubans were given a chance to become doctors, engineers, and other professionals who helped build a new nation.
But vanquishing racism hasn't been so easy. Despite the many advances by Afro-Cubans over the past 50 years, implicit and explicit anti-black racism continues to permeate Cuban society.
One group is trying to fix that.
“The Cuban Revolution brought a lot of positive changes for black women in Cuba in education and with access to resources, but the racial problem in Cuba is not necessarily a state problem or an institutional problem," says Lucila Insua Brindis, the 67-year-old founder of Havana's Afro-Descendent Organization for Women.
Brindis says racism in Cuba is "personal and exists culturally" and is something that's "transmitted through the family in most cases.” In other words, she says, racism doesn't exist as much on the structural level as it does in day-to-day interpersonal relationships.
Brindis' group, founded in 2012 with the government's blessing, is working to combat the negative stigmas faced by Afro-Cuban women while addressing broader societal issues stemming from anti-black racism.
With the help of other Afro-Cuban advocates, the organization grew into a network of approximately 40 members who are trying to visibilize issues that affect afro-descendants in a way similar to Black Lives Matter—a U.S. movement with which many Afro-Cubans feel a strong kinship.
Brindis says it's her group's mission to lead educational workshops that advocate for more expressions of Afro-descendent beauty in the media and in Cuban pop culture.
“We write to newspapers, and if we watch a show that we don’t like, we write to the producers and ask why all the black characters were the criminals in the show?" she says. "In addition, we use our platform to teach Afro-Cuban women to love their natural curly and kinky hair and their dark skin, which all comes from Africa.”
Cuba, similar to Brazil, prides itself on the romantic notion of racial democracy due to high rates of interracial mixing and a complex system of classification based on physical features, hair texture, and skin tone. Brindis says that her organization teachers women “to feel proud of their black heritage and their blackness.”
And although civil society is a rare thing in communist Cuba, Brindis says the government has always supported the Red de Mujeres Afro-desciendentes, as her group is known in Spanish.
“We have a lot of support from the state because the government dedicates themselves to education and the state has always prioritized education,” she said. “So there’s no tension and we don’t foresee any future issues.”
As Cuba continues to re-establish diplomatic ties with the United States and increasingly connect to the internet, Brindis hopes that Afro-Cuban advocates and organizations can connect with international groups such as Black Lives Matter to have a broader conversation about blackness and race, both in Cuba and in the U.S.
“We support our brothers and sisters in the U.S. and we are connecting with other networks around Latin America because we are all fighting for the same thing: racial equality and to shatter negative stereotypes about black people.”
Walter Thompson-Hernández is a Los Angeles-based writer, photographer, and researcher. | <urn:uuid:90df1559-0c81-49e4-a121-9392a6235e86> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://splinternews.com/these-afro-cuban-women-are-fighting-the-last-battle-of-1793860450 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254731.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519081519-20190519103519-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.960133 | 769 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Product manufacturers are responsible for making products that are reasonably safe for consumers. They are also responsible for including adequate safety warnings on products. Unfortunately, hundreds of people are killed or injured each year by unsafe consumer products. One of the most dangerous types of product defects is fire hazards.
A product that is a fire hazard can cause serious injury and property damage. Among the most common causes of house fires is defective home appliances. Household items such as space heaters, air conditioning units, electrical devices, and home wiring can also contribute to house fires. Even though smoke detectors and fire alarms are helpful in saving lives, people die every year in house fires. Many more are seriously injured. Manufacturers have an obligation to test their products and ensure that they are not fire hazards before placing them on the market. If they discover that a product is a fire hazard, then the product should be immediately recalled and removed from store shelves.
Fire Hazard Recalls
When it is discovered that a product is a fire hazard, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) will institute a recall of that product and advise consumers to discontinue use. Some infamous products that have been recalled as posing fire hazards include:
- 2006—Sony notebook computer batteries were a fire hazard, which resulted in the recall of millions of laptop computers
- 2015—Beats Pill XL speakers were recalled for posing a fire hazard
- 2016—Samsung recalled 2.5 million Galaxy Note 7 cell phones after batteries exploded or caught fire during charging
- 2019—Ford Motor Company recalled 2017-2019 Super Duty pick up trucks due to fire concerns
Thousands of products are recalled every year due to fire hazard concerns. Some recent product recalls involving fire hazards include:
- October 2020—Homerygardens extension cord splitters recalled because they cannot handle the appropriate amp load, which can be a fire hazard
- October 2020—Endliss Technology recalls trianium battery phone cases due to burn risk.
- September 2020—Westinghouse Portable Generators recalled because they leak fuel, which can pose a fire hazard.
- September 2020—Royal Gourmet recalls gas grills because the plastic regulator hose can melt and catch fire.
- August 2020—Pier 1 Three Wick Halloween candles recalled because high flames can ignite the surface of the wax and pose a fire hazard.
If you want to check whether products in your home pose a fire hazard, you can search the CPSC product recall database.
Contact an Experienced Product Liability Attorney
If you’ve been injured due to a dangerous or defective product, you should have your case evaluated by an experienced product liability attorney. At Bonina & Bonina, P.C., we have been helping the victims of dangerous products for over 50 years. Contact us online or call us at 1-888-MEDLAW1 to schedule your free consultation. Home and hospital visits are available. Se habla español. | <urn:uuid:a26b123f-16b1-4d8d-9365-ec14f02c049c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://medlaw1.com/product-liability-and-fire-hazards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.934734 | 596 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We marvel at what a terrific, engaging and confident person our son has become thanks to the support of ASDEC.
THE FIRST SIGNS
Evidence of the difficulty he had with written language continued during his first years of school, but we were told he would “grow out of it.” We first had him tested in kindergarten, but the testers were not specialists in language-based disabilities so he was misdiagnosed in those first few years. One psychologist told us Daniel had an attention deficit disorder (ADD), but we were not convinced and did not want to put him on medication. Some of his teachers thought he just needed to work harder. They put him in a specialized reading group for slow learners in first grade. Furthermore, they discouraged us from getting him a formal Individual Education Plan (IEP) and diagnosis because he was “already getting services.”
In middle school, Daniel started using Kurzweil, a computer-based educational program that enabled him to have written material “read” to him through an audio program, while he followed along with the printed version. While doing his work with the computer, Daniel looked like any other modern student – hands on the keyboard, eyes on the screen, and earphones in his ears. In fact, he became a Kurzweil wiz kid. With the ASDEC, middle school, and technology support, Daniel began to excel, and knowing that he was dyslexic, not a “slow learner,” boosted his self-confidence. One time, he was paired with one of the most popular girls in class for a team assignment. He openly explained, “I am dyslexic, so I may not always read the word correctly.” He had really come around in both self-knowledge and self-confidence. | <urn:uuid:ff53c476-61fa-4b68-92fb-5715f148b6a1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://asdec.org/page-1599204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255071.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519161546-20190519183546-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.993127 | 373 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Making the Connection
Vajda established the Yeniseic-Na-Dene link by looking for languages with a verb-prefix system similar to those in Yeniseic languages. Such prefixes are unlike any other language in North Asia.
"Only Na-Dene languages have a system of verb prefixes that very closely resemble the Yeniseic," he said.
From there, Vajda found several dozen cognates—or words in different languages that sound alike and have the same meaning.
The results dovetail with earlier work by Merritt Ruhlen, an anthropologist at Stanford University in California who Vajda said discovered the first genuine Na-Dene-Yeniseic cognates.
Vajda also showed how these cognates have sound correspondences.
"I systematically connect these structures in Yeniseic with the structures in modern Na-Dene," Vajda said.
"My comparisons aren't just lists of some look-alike words I show there is a system behind it."
Johanna Nichols is a linguist at the University of California in Berkeley who attended the Alaska meeting where Vajda presented his research.
With the exception of the Eskimo-Aleut family that straddles the Bering Strait and Aleutian Islands, this is "the first successful demonstration of any connection between a New World language and an Old World language," Nichols said.
Vajda said his research puts linguistics on the same stage as archaeology, anthropology, and genetics when it comes to studying the history of humans in North Asia and North America.
However, the research has not revealed which language came first. Neither modern Ket nor Na-Dene languages in North America represent the mother tongue.
For example, some words in the Na-Dene family likely represent sounds of the mother tongue more closely than their Yeniseic cognates. Other words in Yeniseic, however, are probably more archaic.
Based on archaeological evidence of human migrations across the Bering land bridge, the language link may extend back at least 10,000 years.
(Explore an atlas of the human journey.)
If true, according to Vajda, this would be the oldest known demonstrated language link.
But more research is needed to determine when the languages originated and how they became a part of various cultures before such a claim will be accepted, according to UC Berkeley linguist Nichols.
"I don't think there is any reason to assume the connection is [10,000 years] old this must surely be one late episode in a much longer and more complicated history of settlement," she said.
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SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:d1c1a016-ffaf-43d6-a340-8af147179149> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080326-language-link_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276416.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00167-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946331 | 583 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Hey Los Angeles, President Obama wants you to go play outside. And he's even creating the 550-square-mile San Gabriel National Monument today to help you do it—all while conserving habitat for endangered animals such as Nelson's bighorn sheep, California condors, mountain lions, spotted owls, and mountain yellow-legged frogs. Located in the Angeles National Forest, the new monument is just a 90-minute drive for about 15 million Californians, many of whom have little access to open space.
The area was already a national forest, but its new designation affords better protections (for instance, energy companies can’t mine or drill there once Obama signs the documents). The San Gabriels are also suffering from graffiti and vandalism problems, which make some locals not very happy about an increased influx of tourists. But many conservationists believe monument status is an important step to bringing more funds and manpower to care for the area's canyons, picnic grounds, and hundreds of miles of hiking, biking, and horse-riding trails.
Today's move represents the 13th time Obama has used his authority under the Antiquities Act to designate a national monument, and he has protected more land and water than any other president in the last 50 years. So, Angelenos … ready, set, recreate!
onEarth provides reporting and analysis about environmental science, policy, and culture. All opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or positions of NRDC. Learn more or follow us on Facebook and Twitter. | <urn:uuid:df764875-4856-42ab-94b0-97988e511678> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/purple-mountains-majesty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.935693 | 316 | 3.234375 | 3 |
- Television induces a more passive state of mind
- Television trains the brain to become accustomed to much faster changes of sequences than those found in nature
A few weeks ago I joined my daughter to watch a bit of a movie called, Cars 2. The movie was a non-stop barrage to the senses. I began counting the scene/frame changes and found that no scene was longer than five seconds. Not only that, but a lot of the time the scenes/perspective changed at a rate of one scene per second. (And we wonder why our boys are being diagnosed with ADD and ADHD?)
Amadea Morningstar says that “We are being mentally trained to move at a pace much different than nature’s.” This gives us the illusion of not having enough time, of not getting enough done, of not being efficient enough. This illusion is one of the faces of maya.
Take, for example, the home renovation programs that are popular on television. It is not unusual for a home to be completely renovated in a 45-minute television hour. In truth it takes weeks, months, and a lot more human-power than the “star” of the show to get the job done.
Amadea Morningstar asks, “How many of us will have the patience to receive the communication nature offers? How many of us will be able to? How many of us are nature illiterates?”
I would ask, how has our culture and media programed us into beliving that everything is a time panic? That things shouldn’t take that much time?
Let’s take another television example that I enjoy, Cupcake Wars. In the first round of the program, contestants are asked to create a brand new and unique cupcake based on a flavour challenge in only 45-minutes. In the second round, contestants have 75-minutes to make three cupcakes with distinct tastes. Finally in the third round contestants are asked to make 1000 cupcakes in only two hours!!!!! (Even in the original episode they had four hours).
The entire program is based on this ideology of an ongoing “time-crunch.” Contestants run around in a panic for the entire show. The show breaks to interviews with contestants that say they have no idea how they’ll get the cupcakes done on time. Contestants are shown under extreme time pressure, cupcakes often don’t have enough time to cook-through, and the host continually shouts out count-downs of time. Not only that, but one of the main sound-effects of the show is a siren-like alarm-bell loop that plays reminding us of the lack of time left as the camera pans to an actual clock that counts down time like a ticking time-bomb.
The mantra of “I/We don’t have enough time!” is an extremely prevalent one in our culture. No wonder we are in such a panic!
I would suggest that in coming to yoga we need to shift our experience and intention around time. As you come to your yoga mat, to what extent is it possible to rest into an expanded sense of time? How can you use your yoga practice as a way to practice a different pace?
Often times in the Yoga Sutras, aparigraha gets translated as non-hoarding or non-possessiveness. In the context of time, I wonder what it would be like to take on Nischala Joy Devi’s description “awareness of abundance and fulfillment.” Nischala Joy Devi says, “Acknowledging abundance, we recognize the blessings in everything.” To what extent is it possible to begin to recognize the blessing of an abundance in the time available to us each and every day? Now that would be a powerful sadhana (spiritual practice).
Help from the Spirit-World
Fortunately we don’t have to go at this alone. Why not call on help from the spirit world? Staying with the idea of abundance, ask the Goddess of abundance, Lakshmi, to bless you with an abundance of time. Ask Ganesh, the remover of obstacles, to remove all time obstacles for you, especially any obstacles that get in the way of finding time to practice your yoga. Finally Kali, the Goddess of time and transformation can help you as well. Kali will destroy anything that gets in the way of your spiritual development if you ask for her help, I can’t imagine why that wouldn’t include time restraints. Kali also removes all ignorance; the illusions of maya. In truth we have more than enough time for our spiritual practice and she will make it so if we call on her.
Personally I think what is most needed is to remove ourselves from the strong-hold of maya and the illusion that we don’t have enough time. It is time for a new mantra, “I have more than enough time for everything I need and want to do.”
You can visit the website of Dr. Melissa West HERE.
A huge thank you to Melissa for being my guest writer today, and sharing this article and video with us! | <urn:uuid:e223b0c8-8159-4b6c-bf05-52561000fa68> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://mysticseaangel.com/2011/12/finding-time-by-dr-melissa-west/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249500704.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223102155-20190223124155-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.961387 | 1,075 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Lublin, Union of. A union agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, signed on 1 July 1569 at a joint assembly of Lithuanian and Polish deputies in Lublin. The treaty gave birth to a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with a common elected monarch combining the offices of the Polish king and the Lithuanian grand duke, a common diet and senate, a joint foreign policy, and one monetary system. The Grand Duchy preserved its autonomy with its own laws, government, administration, courts, army, and finances. The treaty was signed by Lithuania at a time when it needed Polish help in its war against Muscovy. For Poland the treaty provided a means of acquiring some Lithuanian territory. Under the treaty Poland (the Polish crown) obtained the Ukrainian territories of Podlachia, Volhynia, Podilia, the Bratslav region, and the Kyiv region. The nobility of those territories were given the same rights and privileges as the Polish nobility. The Grand Duchy retained, apart from Lithuanian territory, Belarus and the Berestia land and Pynsk region. Thus the union gave Poland control over a large part of Ukrainian territory, where it proceeded to subjugate and exploit the indigenous population.
Dnevnik Liublinskogo seima 1569 goda: Soedinenie Velikogo Kniazhestva Litovskogo s Korolevstvom Pol’skim (Saint Petersburg 1869)
Kutrzeba, S.; Semkowicz, W. (eds). Akta unii Polski z Litwą 1385–1791 (Cracow 1932)
[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).]
Encyclopedia of Ukraine | <urn:uuid:ff8836ac-5b6b-45c6-8a5e-3020c2b16741> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/L/U/LublinUnionof.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115859923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161059-00066-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914028 | 380 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Brick and stone pilasters for mailboxes don’t have the benefit of support that pilasters in fences have. Without lateral or two-way support of fence rails, independent pilasters are vulnerable to a combination of ground movement and excessive moisture. Pilasters for mailboxes are integrated with a concrete footing. When the pilaster leans, soil can fill beneath the higher side of the footing. If you straighten the pilaster without regard for the footing and soil, it will be unstable and can lean again. Doing the job correctly takes some manual labor to ensure that the pilaster is stable.
Measure the height of the piaster and add 12 inches. Put on safety glasses. Cut a piece of 2-inch by 8-inch, or 2-by-8, framing lumber to this length with a circular saw. Cut a piece of 2-inch by 4-inch, or 2-by-4, framing lumber twice the length of the 2-by-8 to use as a diagonal brace. Cut a 24-inch long piece of 2-by-4 to use as a stake. Cut a point at one end.
Stand the 2-by-8 against the lowest leaning side of the pilaster with one of the wide sides contacting the brick from top to bottom. Position the brace perpendicular to the 2-by-8 with one end 12 inches from the top and the opposite end extending outward onto the ground. One wide side of the brace is facing up. Drive two, 16-penny framing nails into the 2-by-8 and against the upper end of the brace as stops. Drive the stake 12-inches into the ground at the base of the brace with a sledgehammer.
Move to the opposite side of the pilaster. Remove the soil at the base of the pilaster with a shovel to expose the high side of the concrete footing. Use a digging bar and the shovel and remove 2 inches of soil below the concrete to the midpoint of the footing.
Measure from the upper portion of the pilaster at the high side of the footing to a point on the ground that's 6 feet from the lower end of the pilaster. Cut a piece of 2-by-4 to this length as a moveable brace. Ask an assistant to hold the brace in place at a 45-degree angle.
Move to the opposite side of the pilaster. Coordinate straightening the pilaster with the assistant. Ask the assistant to reposition the moveable brace as you go. Push the top of the 2-by-8 with one hand and push downward on the upper end of the 2-by-4 brace at the same time. Repeat this until the pilaster is straight.
Check the pilaster with a 4-foot level at each side. Move the braces, as necessary, until it's straight. Drive two framing nails as stops at the upper end of the first brace. Ask the assistant to hold the moveable brace in place as you fill the underside of the concrete footing with soil.
Compact the soil below the concrete with the blunt end of the digging bar. Add more soil and compact it, as necessary, until the ground below the footing is packed and firm. Shovel the removed soil into the area at the side of the footing and compact it firm. Add and compact more soil, as necessary, until it's ground level. Remove the 2-by-8, braces and the stake.
Things You Will Need
- Measuring tape
- 2-inch by 8-inch framing lumber
- Safety glasses
- Circular saw
- 2-inch by 4-inch framing lumber
- 16-penny framing nails
- Digging bar
- 4-foot level
- Don't attempt to straighten a brick or stone pilaster unless you're confident in your ability. If you're not confident in your ability, enlist a masonry contractor to do the job.
- Don't attempt to straighten a brick or stone pilaster without braces or you risk injury and damage to the pilaster.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:20aec67c-9a31-4d9b-ad84-4878c3af3620> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/repair-leaning-brick-mailbox-37605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719960.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00001-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918862 | 848 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Unable to reach other 6to4 sites or the 6bone by using the 6to4 router.
Cause: Your firewall or Internet router is dropping IPv4 traffic that has the IP Protocol field value set to 41.
Solution: All IPv6 traffic that is encapsulated (tunneled) inside of an IPv4 header has the IPv4 Protocol field in the header set to 41. IPv6 tunneled traffic includes traffic that uses IPv4-compatible addresses, 6over4 addresses, and 6to4 addresses. To allow IPv6 tunneled traffic to be forwarded, configure your firewall or Internet router to pass IPv4 traffic that has the Protocol field set to 41.
Cause: You are unable to resolve the DNS name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com.
Solution: By default, the 6to4 service attempts to first resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com to its IPv4 addresses and then choose a relay router. If you cannot resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com, a relay router is not configured and you cannot reach any locations on the 6bone. Type ping 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com to determine whether you can resolve the name 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com.
Cause: You do not have the correct route.
Solution: View the display of the ipv6 rt command. You should see a 2002::/16 -> 3 route. This route causes all 6to4 traffic to be sent by using the 6to4 tunneling interface.
Cause: You do not have the correct address.
Solution: Verify that you have a 6to4 address assigned before attempting to reach a destination. For example, without a 6to4 address, you might be using a link-local address to reach a 6to4 global address. Use the display of the ipv6 if command to determine your address configuration. | <urn:uuid:07ffee56-488a-4681-9be9-535e83f8caf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/sag_ip_v6_tro_topnode.mspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159031.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00053-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867092 | 402 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The recent foot and mouth disease epidemic that has affected livestock in Europe poses virtually no threat to humans. The virus cannot pass easily from animals to humans, and cannot be transmitted through an animal's milk or meat.
The disease causes fever, sores in the animal's mouth and blister-like sores in the hooves. As a result, animals eat less, lose weight and produce less milk while they have the disease and are recovering from it. Foot and mouth disease usually lasts about two weeks and it may take up to a month for animals to return to their normal weight and level of milk production.
It is highly contagious among the animals it affects, primarily cattle and pigs, although it also affects sheep, wild deer and other cloven-hoofed animals. Infection in humans is extremely rare, although people can spread the virus from animal to animal.
Foot and mouth disease, which affects livestock, is often confused with hand, foot and mouth disease, which affects humans. In fact, the two are completely different diseases and are caused by two different viruses, although their symptoms are similar.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is common in infants and children. Symptoms include fever, sores in the mouth, and body rash with blisters, particularly on the hands and feet. The disease is usually not serious and most people recover from it with little or no medical treatment. The virus usually runs its course in two weeks, and treatment is focused on the symptoms, i.e., soothing the child's throat.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is commonly spread via throat and nasal mucous, but it can also be spread by contact with fluid in the body and throat sores. The best protection against hand, foot and mouth disease is proper handwashing. | <urn:uuid:7a68831d-c69d-42d7-9742-c746ddc6b55e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.lifespan.org/articles/infectious-disease/diseases/foot-and-mouth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927185.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00000-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968787 | 358 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The final part is retained: Examples: chute = parachute.
What is the meaning of parachuting?
to jump from an aircraft using a parachute: … to drop someone or something from an aircraft by parachute: [ often passive ] Thousands of leaflets were parachuted behind enemy lines.
What is another word for parachute?
In this page you can discover 25 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for parachute, like: brolly, make a lift-off jump, chute, harness and pack, bailer, make a free fall, side-slip, hit-the-silk, glider, helicopter and parachutist.
Where does the word parachute come from?
The word “parachute” comes from “para”, meaning “against” or “counter” in Ancient Greek, and “chute”, the French word for “fall”.
Is parachute a compound word?
The direct answer to your question is, yes, they derive from “parachute”. Both words are portmanteau words, combining, for instance, parachute and glider.
What is clipping words in English?
In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clipping is also known as “truncation” or “shortening”. According to Marchand (1969), clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language.
What is the meaning of pursuit?
1 : the act of pursuing. 2 : an activity that one engages in as a vocation, profession, or avocation : occupation.
How does the parachute work?
A parachute works by forcing air into the front of it and creating a structured ‘wing’ under which the canopy pilot can fly. Parachutes are controlled by pulling down on steering lines which change the shape of the wing, cause it to turn, or to increase or decrease its rate of descent.30 мая 2019 г.
Who was the first person to parachute?
Leonardo da Vinci conceived the idea of the parachute in his writings, and the Frenchman Louis-Sebastien Lenormand fashioned a kind of parachute out of two umbrellas and jumped from a tree in 1783, but André-Jacques Garnerin was the first to design and test parachutes capable of slowing a man’s fall from a high …
Who invented parachute first?
Leonardo da VinciFausto VeranzioSolomon Lee Van Meter Jr.
Is parachute a French word?
The word “parachute” comes from the French prefix paracete, originally from the Greek, meaning to protect against, and chute, the French word for “fall”, and it was originally coined, as a hybrid word which meant literally “that which protects against a fall”, by the French aeronaut François Blanchard in 1785.
Is Parachute coconut oil edible?
“Parachute Coconut oil- India’s No. … It is licensed by FSSAI as an edible grade coconut oil. All this ensures that every bottle of coconut oil adheres to the Parachute promise of being 100% safe and 100% pure. Parachute coconut oil is now available in convenient sizes of 1 Litre and 600ml packs.
What is the clipped word for submarine?
List of Clip WordsClip WordOriginal WordstereostereophonicstilldistillsubsubmarinetailscoattailsЕщё 44 строки
How do you spell parachute?
Correct spelling for the English word “parachute” is [pˈaɹəʃˌuːt], [pˈaɹəʃˌuːt], [p_ˈa_ɹ_ə_ʃ_ˌuː_t] (IPA phonetic alphabet). | <urn:uuid:dbdd89d3-56a9-4edd-90a1-d126a138b2c5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://fastretrieve.com/parachute/pergunta-frequente-what-is-the-clipped-word-of-parachute.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.9193 | 871 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Specialty Capital was founded to fill a major need – financial support for small businesses. Traditional financiers not only take
There are few adults and parents who are not aware of the challenges and potential difficulties that divorce imposes on children. There are literally thousands of books written about the impact of divorce on kids, both from a positive and a negative perspective. The good news out of this rather depressing research is that parents, through their actions both towards their children as well as towards each other, have a huge influence on how children will adjust to the divorce both in the short and long term.
No parent going through a divorce needs the added stress, anxiety and worry of how their actions are negatively affecting their children. By understanding how to minimize the negative aspects of divorce for children, knowing the typical responses of children to divorce, and working with the other parent to maintain the loving, nurturing environment that a child needs through the divorce, parents can help children to adjust to their new lifestyle. Stressing parent co-operation and communication with regards to raising the child or children is critical, but so is being civil, respectful and positive towards the other parent with regards to their abilities to be a wonderful Mom or Dad to the child.
Many parents struggle to help their children cope with the emotional pain of divorce and learning to live with Mom and Dad in two separate homes. Very few children, or parents for that matter, find that the time they get to spend together is enough. Mom and Dad working together to accommodate each other schedules and the schedules and needs of the kids will help in addressing some of the inequity that is inherent in co-parenting through a divorce and after.
Divorce is no longer an uncommon occurrence in most countries of the world. While countries in North America tend to have higher divorce rates than other developed and developing countries, there are still some common trends and numbers to divorce around the world.
It is estimated that the overall divorce rate in the United States is approximately 51% and in Canada it is 48%; Japan’s divorce rate is about 27%, Australia is around 40% and Great Britain has a divorce rate of about 38%. The number of divorces per year tends to be increasing in many areas, with second and subsequent marriages having a higher overall divorce rate than first marriages.
As the number of divorces continues to rise in most areas and countries, so does the cultural acceptance of divorce. In the United States alone about 1.5 million children will experience divorce every year, and these are only kids that are recognized through the courts. In many cases such as step-parent divorce, the child may not be included in these numbers because they are not included in the dissolution of the marriage. Step-parent divorces can be just as problematic for the child, however, especially if they were close to the step-parent and saw them as a support person in their life.
Perhaps one of the most damaging side effects of divorce is the lack of parental involvement by one or both parents with the children through the divorce. If parents are not able to put their children’s needs and emotional security in front of their own they run the risk of destroying the relationship with their kids, thereby increasing the chance that the children will have emotional and behavioral problems directly related to this damaged relationship.
It is concerning to note that:
The research is very clear. It is not so much the divorce itself that causes the stress on the children; rather it is disengagement or neglect of one or both of the parents that is damaging to children. Both parents have to work together with each other and the child to ensure that the relationship between both parents and the child remains strong throughout the separation and divorce as well as in the years to follow.
During the divorce the relationship between brothers and sisters or step siblings can become damaged, just as the relationship between parents and children can be affected. Many older children are called on by parents to provide additional care for younger brothers or sisters, and this can really lead to resentment from the older kids.
Sometimes younger children may also try to assume parenting roles with younger siblings if they see Mom or Dad becoming stressed or incapable of taking on a parenting role. It is critical to keep things as normal as possible between the siblings in the family; don’t ask kids to assume roles they are not ready for or roles that they resent. There is naturally going to be some tension between kids, especially if one child is very angry or upset over the divorce and is refusing to communicate or spend time with a parent. Keeping the lines of communication open, speaking positively about the kids and to the children and encouraging them to keep on being good brothers and sisters to each other is critical to maintain their relationship with each other.
Since there are such a large number of families experiencing divorce, there has been and continues to be a huge amount of research completed on the topic every year. Professionals that work with families in divorce (including Child Development Specialists, Consultants, Family Therapists, Play Therapists, Psychologist and Psychiatrists) all conduct routine evaluations of how different types of parenting styles or models impact on children. This research indicates that there are basically three models used by parents in most areas, although they may be known by different names in different countries. For purposes of this discussion these parenting models will be known as:
The models are discussed from the most distant type of model to the highest level of communication, collaboration and dual parent interaction with regards to the children. Parents may find that in the initial phases of the divorce when the emotional level is high, the first two may be more practical and manageable, but parents should be working towards the third model, the collaborative co-parenting model as the ultimate parenting through divorce goal.
Independent parenting is really exactly what you may expect the term to mean. In this parenting arrangement each parent manages their own rules, expectations and day-to-day routines with respect to the children when the children are in their care. To avoid confusion, having custody of the children will be known as parenting time in this book. So, in independent parenting models, when it is Mom’s parenting time she makes the rules, sets discipline and handles all issues without consultation with Dad. Dad likewise sets rules, develops discipline policies and handless the decisions when the kids are with him, again without consultation with Mom.
Most parents, especially those with older children, can quickly see that this can be a potential disaster in the making. The problems with independent parenting models are:
In very high conflict situations independent parenting may be first step or model that most parents use. Working with a family therapist, communication or conflict coach, parenting co-ordinator or other professional can help parents get back on track with communication and positive and productive interactions with regards to the children.
Parallel parenting is still a limited interaction model between the two parents, and is the one most often used by parents in the period directly after the divorce. In parallel parenting both parents work together to achieve the same goals for their children.
A great way to picture this is to think of a railroad track. Each parent is one rail of the track, both heading in the same direction to make sure the train (or child in this case) gets to the same goal destination. Parallel parenting requires that parents have a common understanding of what each other are doing in their respective household with regards to the kids, and they ensure that what they are doing is similar. There is limited interaction or communication between parents, but children have predictability, structure and routine through their parenting time with both Mom and Dad.
Often parents that are using a parallel parenting model will have a written parenting plan, which is a document that outlines the various aspects of raising their children. Parenting plans will include details of the children’s lives such as parenting time schedules (access and visitation in legal terms), routines, discipline, medical issues, supervision, and extra financial considerations for special events and even issues of daily routines and extracurricular activities for the children.
Communication between parents may be through attorneys, therapists or counselors, mediators or even via email if personal contact is still stressful. In most cases parallel parenting is beneficial to the children since they have security, routine and the understanding that Mom and Dad are working together in their upbringing and care.
The most child friendly model of parenting through divorce is the model most commonly known as co-parenting. In this model Mom and Dad continue to discuss issues as they relate to the child or children, interact routinely with regards to information specific to the kids, and often talk and/or phone each other with questions or concerns about the kids. While parents may not specifically spend time together with the kids, many co-parents attend birthday parties, school events and other special activities together to allow the child to feel very much a part of both parent’s lives.
Many people feel that co-parenting is an unreasonable expectation for divorced parents, however research clearly indicates that this is the best possible model for your children, provided both parents can remain civil, respectful and child centered during discussions and interactions. Co-parenting is almost like operating a business with the other parent as a partner with the goal of raising the happiest, healthiest kids. Co-parenting does not mean that you have to have extended conversations about anything other than the kids’ health, happiness and general well being and development.
Co-parenting requires a lot of effort on both parent’s part. Whatever caused the break up of the marriage has to be put aside or in the past, with all communication between the two parents now related to bringing up your children. Anger and frustration may occur, but effective co-parents use anger management and communication techniques to minimize or eliminate any anger towards each other in the presence of the children.
All children, no matter what their age or developmental stage will experience some effects of the divorce. In the case of very young infants they may not express these issues verbally; however you may notice a change in behavior during the divorce and then may see other issues later as the child matures. Older kids may indicate they accept the divorce, but there may feel torn or hurt about the breakup of the family.
Typically children will go through a grief cycle when parents divorce. Each child, depending on their age, their personality and their ongoing contact or lack of contact with both parents will experience divorce in slightly different ways.
Most kids will experience the following phases during the divorce and the time period of about a year immediately after the divorce. Each child will be slightly different their expression of these phases or stages, but typical reactions will include both emotional and behavioral changes that can be worrisome and even problematic for parents.
Kids in denial simply don’t want to accept the fact that Mom and Dad are getting a divorce. During the denial stage, and all through the divorce, parents have to be very positive about the other parent and must keep any explanations about the divorce or separation simple and to the basic issues as they relate to the kids. Important questions to answer include:
Most kids will be in the denial stage for 6-8 weeks, sometimes longer if there has been a previous separation. If humanly possible set a schedule of parenting time immediately so the child doesn’t feel rejected or abandoned by either parent.
Kids will be angry going through the divorce for several reasons. These can include:
Kids often show anxiety in their behaviors more that they express it in words. Children showing anxiety may be more likely to:
It is very normal for children to be confused about what is happening through the divorce. Whenever possible provide lots of structure, predictability and routine between Mom’s house and Dad’s house to eliminate or minimize confusion. Calendars, agendas, text messages, email reminders are all good ways to help keep children informed of the information they need to know regarding time with Mom, time with Dad, who is picking them up or where they are to go after school or on the weekend.
Be prepared to answer a lot of questions when kids are in this stage and do not become frustrated if you seem to be answering the same question over and over. If you find this is the case, try developing a way to help the child remember, turn it into a game or post messages on a board in the house to help keep things organized.
Most children will go through a phase where they may attempt to bargain with Mom and Dad, or even a higher power, to attempt to bring the family back together. They may also bargain between brothers and sisters or between other family members to attempt a family reunification. It is important to keep kids focused on being kids and to keep reinforcing that they did not cause the divorce, nor can they “fix” the problem and reunite Mom and Dad.
Depression with children is common through divorce. They may seem to lose their sense of spontaneous joy, their ability to see the good in things, or their love of a particular hobby, pastime or activity. Encouraging our kids to stay involved and active and modeling being positive and future focused is the best option. Both parents need to let kids know that things are going to be different, but that they will still be loved, cared for and cherished, even though Mom and Dad are living in different homes.
If you are concerned about your child’s emotional or mental state, seek a counselor or consult with your physician. Often speaking to someone outside the family that can help normalize the divorce for the child can help in overcoming any sadness or depression the child may be experiencing.
Once children accept the fact that the divorce is happening or has happened, and see that Mom and Dad are still Mom and Dad, still active in their lives and in their loving, supporting families most children will adjust to the divorce situation. Most children will take about a year to reach acceptance with Mom and Dad are co-parenting and communicating. The more conflict, negativity or neglect children experience from one or both parents the longer it will take them to accept the divorce and be able to look forward to their relationship with both parents.
The preceding chapter outlined the grief cycle that children go through in a divorce and this chapter will identify the typical behaviors and reactions that occur in children of different ages going through a divorce. Keep in mind that every child is different both emotionally and developmentally and not all children will react the same way. Children may be more emotionally or socially mature or immature than others in their age group and the information below is a general guideline only.
As a parent if you have any concerns about your child’s behavior or emotional health going through a divorce, be sure to consult with your pediatrician to ensure there is not a medical issue; then ask for a referral to a child therapist or play therapist if there are no medical issues.
Often very young children between birth and five years of age initially seem to go through the divorce very easily and are accepting of the parenting schedules and changes. This may be largely due to the fact that they are not yet aware that this isn’t the norm; however when they get a bit older they may start to display the grief cycle, even though the divorce happened many years ago.
Children at about the age of two are starting to develop a sense of trust and predictability in their world and their environment. When changes occur, often they feel like their world is out of control, leading to an increase in tantrums and emotional displays of frustration, anger and anxiety. Parents at this time need to keep routines between Mom’s house and Dad’s house as similar as possible, and both parents need to interact frequently with the child. Ideally the child should communicate with both parents every day either in person, by phone or even over webcams on the internet. The more that young children understand that they have a Mommy and a Daddy in their lives the more secure and loved they will feel, even at this young age.
Pictures of the child with both parents as well as a photograph album or other reminders of the relationship between both parents and the child are critical. It is especially important for the parent with the most parenting time, which is often the mother, to talk about the other parent frequently, reminding the child that both parents are working together providing security, love and attention. Young kids may also be shy or timid the first few times they spend time with the parent that has left the family home, so both parents have to be encouraging and supportive of this parenting time.
In a lot of the divorce research and parenting information the six to eight year old kids are known as the “parent pleasers”. They really do want Mom and Dad to feel good about themselves and to be emotionally happy and content in their new lives. These kids tend to want to talk about one parent to the other parent, and it is very critical to allow children to say positives and to feel good about the other parent in your home. Avoid sarcasm or questioning as this can cause the child to feel uncomfortable.
These kids also need to have their own feelings validated. Even though as the adult you may be relieved, thankful or even optimistic about the divorce, it is likely that the children at this age are sad and are feeling a sense of loneliness or helplessness during the divorce. Listening to them without judgment and allowing them to have their own feelings about the divorce and talking to you about them is critical. You may find that a counselor works best with this group of children as they may not really tell you what they feel because they think it will make you sad or upset. They can, however, talk to stranger that has no emotional stake in the conversation.
The kids in the nine to twelve year old range tend to respond rather strongly to the divorce for many different reasons. One of the major issues is that they are struggling with their own identity – not quite children yet not quite teens either, so emotional changes hit this group particularly hard. It is not uncommon for children of this age to feel powerless, betrayed and rejected through divorce.
Nine to twelve year olds are also more aware that there may have been problems in the family, especially if they overheard some hostile or negative conversations between Mom and Dad. They may have already made up their mind that one parent is to blame for the divorce, which may make them feel that the “bad” parent needs to be punished by rejection. Often kids at this age decide they are not going to have any contact with the parent that they see as at fault for the divorce. Ultimately this actually harms the child as he or she needs to have both a mother and father in his or her life. Even the parent that has the child’s full support must actively encourage and even facilitate the ongoing relationship between the child and the other parent. Typically once the child understands that Mom or Dad is still a good Mom or Dad they will be willing to engage with that parent, which only helps to maintain a loving relationship rather than resulting in a breakdown of that relationship.
Older children tend to respond to the divorce in two distinct ways. The first way is to see the divorce as something between the parents, and continue to have a good relationship with both. The second way is to see one parent as the victim and one as the villain, and simply refuse to interact with that parent. Again, it is very important to facilitate, encourage and even actively promote the interaction of the child with the parent, even if it is short or brief interactions.
Often the older children will volunteer to take on additional roles to help the family. It is critical that kids do not see themselves as responsible for the care and well being of the parents or siblings through the divorce. While they may volunteer to do a bit more, they should never feel obligated to become an adult in the household. It is critical for both parents to remember that these mature children are really just kids, and they need to have time for themselves.
Keep in mind that keeping the lines of communication open and spending time with your child each day discussing their accomplishments, concerns and questions can help both parents stay in touch with their children as well as address any concerns or problems the kids may be having. It is common for children to speak with one parent or the other, so parents must be able to communicate their children’s concerns, interests and problems with each other so they can work together in a cohesive manner.
Learning how to change your communication patterns through divorce can be challenging, but it is undeniably in the best interests of your children. Many parents willingly indicate that they would be more than happy to change their communication style from one of conflict to one of collaboration – however the other parent will never change, so what can they really accomplish?
The answer in one word is EVERYTHING. Communication is a two-sided activity, so if one person changes their tone, message, body language or attitude, it will automatically have an effect on the other party. The great news is that there are several techniques that you can use to change your communication style to decrease conflict and improve the quality of your interactions with your co-parent, whether they are aware of the techniques or not. In addition, all these techniques can also be used with your children or in any other type of stressful or difficult conversation in your life.
Reframes are a way of summarizing both the emotion as well as the content of the other person’s message, plus adding on what you think they would like to see differently. This has a way of allowing the other person to feel validated, allowing them to understand that you get their point, and then moving the conversation through to a problem solving mode rather than getting stuck in the blame or “its your problem” mode.
The example below outlines how a reframe can be used:
Mom: I am sick and tired of always having to clean all the kids’ clothes when they get home. Just because you never had to do the laundry when we were together doesn’t mean that you don’t have to do it now. I don’t appreciate this pile of laundry to do every time you bring the kids back here.
Dad’s Reframe: You feel frustrated that I bring the kids back with their laundry not done and it seems to you that you aren’t appreciated. It also sounds like it would be better for you if I did the laundry at my house, is that right?
Dad’s Reframe (2): You feel stressed having to do all the kids laundry when I bring them home, seems like you don’t feel appreciated. Sounds like this is a real problem for you I hadn’t considered. If I did it at my house, would that help out?
Either option is likely to result in Mom and Dad solving this problem together, rather than resulting in an escalation about the laundry and Mom’s stress at having to get it done.
Reframes are short, easy and relatively simple, but they do require that you are actively listening to the other person and trying to really hear what they are saying, not just looking at what the surface issue may be.
“I” messages are taught in most communication classes and even assertiveness trainings. They are really a more formulated response that includes some of the same elements of a reframe, just with more detail and specificity. “I” messages are great for more complex problems that need more information and possibly even more problem solving and collaborative skills.
The formula for and “I” message as it applies to something happening that is causing a problem or distressing the children follows this pattern:
I feel (an emotion word) when (something specific happens) since it affects the children by (give a specific example of impact on the kids). I would like to talk about (specific positive change in behavior), can we agree or discuss this further (when will it happen)?
A good example of when to use an “I” message might be if one parent is chronically late to pick up the kids. Instead of being hostile and ready to give the other parent a piece of your mind when they arrive at the door, how about calmly stating:
I feel frustrated when the kids aren’t picked up on time since it affects the children by causing them to have to wait and worry that they might miss their chance to spend time with you. I would like to talk about what time will work best to be consistent with their pick-up; can we agree to discuss this by phone on Tuesday at 8:00 when the kids are in bed?
Using the formula gives you a chance to rehearse and practice the “I” message and prevents you blurting out a negative or hostile comment that is likely to cause the other parent to become defensive, resulting in the same old negative communication styles. Children overhearing this conversation will see Mom and Dad problem solving through communication, not arguing and accomplishing nothing.
It is critical to separate the roles of an ex-husband and ex-wife from the roles as co-parents. Keep in mind that this is now a business relationship of raising your children in the most positive, calm and supportive environment possible for your kids. Whatever negative issues caused the divorce, they have to be put into the past and into perspective. The marriage roles as husband and wife are over and restructuring to be co-parents is going to take some adjustment. If you have a lot of negative thoughts and feelings towards the other parent, seek help and counseling for yourself. This will only help you be a better co-parent and help support your children through this restructuring process. Kids that see Mom and Dad being civil and respectful of each other will adjust to the divorce much more quickly than those that see ongoing hostility and anger.
Avoid asking personal questions, questions about finances that don’t apply to the children or about new relationships if this is a sensitive area. If you do need to discuss a potentially hot button topic, do it when the children are not present or absolutely will not be able to overhear the conversation. Remember, even telephone conversations can be harmful for kids to overhear if parents are upset or angry.
One of the toughest things that most parents report through the divorce is having to actually sit down and discuss the divorce with your child. Many older kids may be aware that there was some stress in the family and may be expecting the divorce and they may be less surprised or angry about the decision. Typical questions that kids may have when Mom and Dad talk about divorce include:
Answering these questions and providing security, reassurance, love and support for your child or children is essential at this time and in the ongoing conversations you are likely to have with them about divorce.
Ideally parents need to sit down together and decide what information they wish to share with their children with regards to the divorce. Generally kids need to know only what directly applies to them that would include:
Kids do not need to know and should not be told:
Older children may ask more adult type questions, but it is still important to not get involved in being negative or “bashing” the other parent. Not all questions that children ask can or should be answered if the only way to answer is a negative. Kids will want an answer; however it will only cause more harm and further place the child in the middle of the conflict by providing this information. If you are consistent in your answers children will soon understand that you are not going to talk about the intimate or negative details of the divorce and will feel less conflicted about the other parent.
If at all possible kids should have the opportunity to discuss the divorce with both parents, together. This ensures that the children and the parents are hearing all the information and providing consistent information to the children. If kids get mixed information from Mom and Dad this will increase anxiety and confusion throughout the process.
Sometimes a family therapist, religious leader, counselor or even a family member can help as a mediator or advisor to the family to have these difficult conversations. The worse case scenario is to not have the discussion at all, which really does leave the children confused and highly stressed.
Reading a book about divorce with your child can also help. Check with your librarian or school counselor for a list of books on divorce written specifically for children.
Active listening is a critical skill in communication. It is the process of using all your powers of observation as well as your actual hearing to understand what the other person is really saying and meaning. Active listening is critical with kids that may not be able to express themselves with words. Watch for signs of stress, anxiety and distraction when talking about divorce that may indicate that the child is not ready or willing to hear and absorb the information.
Parents that use active listening skills will:
Staying future focused and ending conversations about future goals will really help your children, although they need time in the conversation to talk about the past and the now. Talk about Mom and Dad’s relationship with the children and how it can grow and improve and stay positive about the future. Kids will take their cues from how parents are acting, talking and confirming, so set a positive example when you have a conversation with your child.
Allow children to have some input as to their life in your home. Kids love to be involved in planning and activities, so use this as a way to engage them in their time with you at your house. Instead of talking about the past, look towards the future and new traditions and activities you all can enjoy together.
No matter how hard people work to be terrific co-parents, there are always some communication pitfalls and traps that can catch parents by surprise. By understanding and recognizing the loopholes and possible mistakes that can happen when co-parenting, you are using one of the best ways to constantly assess your communication with the other parent. It avoids having your children getting involved in any conflict, misunderstanding or negative aspect of the divorce.
Keep in mind that sometimes, even when using reframes, active listening, “I” messages and focusing on the positive and collaborative aspects of the co-parenting relationship there is still the potential for finding yourself in defensive mode. Once you become defensive you are no longer willing to hear what the other person is saying and you are more focused on defending yourself with a retort or remark that you are with hearing what message is being sent, even though it may be communicated poorly.
If you find yourself becoming defensive because of what your co-parent is saying, immediately get curious about your reactions. You may have to ask for a minute to calm yourself and get back on track. This can be accomplished by simply saying “I really want to hear what you are saying and I need a minute to just consider your comments. Do you mind if we just take a short break?” During the few minutes that follow, calm down by taking a few deep breaths and thinking about what the other person said that got you in defensive mode. Identify what it was and address it so that you can put it behind you and listen when the conversation starts again. This may be a self-conversation, not out loud but in your head that sounds like:
“Ok, when I hear that same old comment about my not being on time, I get so upset. What I need to remember is that my being late is affecting my kids, and I want to be a good parent. I accept the fact that I was late and this upset the family, so I need to listen and suggest a way to prevent this in the future. ”
Becoming defensive is a natural emotional way to protect ourselves from things we don’t want to hear. In some cases they may be valid, but in others they may not be accurate at all. Arguing with the other parent about what opinion is right and what is wrong is likely not to solve anything, plus it will be extremely counterproductive to the collaborative atmosphere you are trying to foster. Being right is not as important as keeping your kids out of conflict.
Sometimes kids try to help out the parents by acting in an adult role in the communication between parents. They may also try to acts a caregiver, supporter or cheerleader for one or both of the parents. It is very important to prevent children from assuming these roles, as it can only lead to stress, anxiety and a decrease in the parent child relationship over time.
Most issues around the divorce and the parenting of children are parent issues, not open to debate, confirmation or approval of the children. Allowing children to make decision, mediate or arbitrate parent conflicts is one of the most damaging aspects of divorce. Parents need to make important life decision together, without the children, but in consideration of the children. Kids should not be asked the following questions:
Kids often will try to minimize conflict by avoiding the topics they know cause angry responses by either parent. Carefully monitor what issues are not being discussed, as well as those the kids willingly bring up with you. Don’t question them about why they do or don’t discuss the issue, but perhaps work with the other parent to ensure that you both have a complete picture of what the kids are concerned about.
Children should not be responsible for giving messages to the other parent, or for sharing potentially unhappy news with either parent. In many cases the parent simply doesn’t want to deal with the co-parents angry response to a change in plans or situations, so they have the child communicate the message. Not only does this put the child in a no win situation, but there is also an increased likelihood that the message will be relayed incorrectly or incompletely, leading to even further hostility. Consider using email or even regular mail to communicate possible high anger issues so you have time to think about what you want to say and the other parent has time to think about how they want to respond. This also keeps the kids out of the situation completely.
Kids are also sometimes used as spies to find out about financial issues, new relationships, new jobs or even new friends at a divorced parents house. Keep in mind that kids are not spies, and this really provides a moral dilemma for children. They know they are not supposed to tell the parent what information they are looking for, but they also know that lying and sneaking is wrong. If you have personal questions direct them to the other parent when the children are not present, then accept the answers and move on.
Most families will experience a decrease in their disposable income during the divorce and for several months to years afterwards. Keeping kids as far out of the money issues caused by the divorce is important. Topics that should not be discussed or addressed in front of the children include:
What is reasonable to discuss are:
If finances are a concern contact a financial planner or recognized credit counseling service and work with a professional to help get on the right financial management track for the sake of the children and your peace of mind.
A divorce is a tough emotional time for most adults and it is often a time where people don’t make the best decisions or act in the most adult and mature manner. Emotions are running high, people are feeling hurt, lost and sometimes betrayed and the future may not look very bright or rosy. Since this can be a turbulent time for parents, sitting down and taking the time to write out a plan for raising your kids that both parents will follow can really help parents start to co-parent and respect each others role in the emotional well being of the children.
Doing this plan on your own is the most collaborative way and the lowest cost way; however mediators, attorneys, parenting co-ordinators and family therapists can all be hired to assist the parents in writing a plan. In some cases a religious leader or family friend that both parents trust can act as an informal mediator or consultant to the co-parents.
In some areas a parenting plan is an actual component of the divorce and is filed with the court to show how both parents have agreed to parent the child or children. Even in areas where a parenting plan is not required by the court it is a still a working document that is a tool for parents to provide consistency, routine, security and stability for their child or children throughout the divorce and the years that follow.
A parenting plan can include be a simple handwritten document or it can also be one of several template type documents that are available for free over the internet. The more involved and detailed the parenting plan is the less room for misunderstanding or misinterpretation there will be with regards to the plan.
If the court in your location requires a parenting plan they will usually have a standard format that they use. For parents that are sitting down to complete a plan on their own for consistency in co-parenting, a simple bulleted list under the various headings or topics is often all that is required.
If parents don’t communicate on a regular basis, a parenting plan is the guideline or reference book for how each parent has agreed to raise the child. Even if parents do communicate on a regular, positive basis a parenting plan allows both parents to know how different issues will be handled at the other parent’s house, taking the guesswork out of decision making.
The other aspect of parenting plans is that you will no longer see the child interacting with the other parent in his or her home; there will be no opportunity to talk about child rearing issues like you did when you both lived in the same home. By taking the time to sit down and discuss the main issues of parenting, you will understand, without actually seeing, how the other parent is reacting and handling issues, as well as being able to also express your wishes as to how they could or should be handled from your perspective.
A parenting plan benefits the children by:
At the very minimum a parenting plan should include:
There are lots of other possible topics, but these are hot button topics that tend to cause the most conflict.
The answer to how often the parenting plan needs to be revised is really a decision best made by the parents themselves. Obviously bed times, chores, supervision issues and extracurricular issues have to change over time. A parenting plan for an infant will be focused on more concrete things, whereas a parenting plan for a teenager may include curfews, use of the car, what is or is not allowed as a video game or other issues that are far different. Typically a parenting plan should be reviewed and revised every six months to a year to ensure that it is accurate and an effective tool for co-parents.
No matter how much you read study and discuss possible issues and concerns that may come up regarding your children through a divorce, there are also issues that you neglected to realize or couldn’t have possibly foreseen happening. The wonderful news is that, if you have developed a good co-parenting relationship you don’t have to handle them on your own – you will have a co-parent to turn to for advice, information or even for support.
Developing a strong, positive and respectful co-parenting relationship will help minimize any potential problems in raising your children, although it does not eliminate all areas of concern. Being aware of options, guidelines and resources that both co-parents can take advantage of to help resolve these difficult situations is important.
As a parent there are those tough conversations looming out there that you dread having with your children. Conversations about the divorce, about new relationships, about your future and the way that Mom and Dad are going to work together are all challenging for most adults. In addition you will have to have the conversations all parents have to have about sex, drugs, alcohol, values and morals, poor choices, future goals, school grades, friends, why everyone else gets to do something and your child can’t – you know the list.
There are some general tips and strategies to keep in mind when having these challenging conversations:
Get help from a friend, family member, spiritual leader, counselor or therapist if you don’t think you can do this on your own and the other parent can’t be there for support or feels as overwhelmed as you do. There are many professionals that can help children and parents of divorce in communicating these tough topics.
Another option may be to check with a school counselor, mental health service provider or a parenting organization to see if there are parenting support groups or parent-child support groups located in your community. Many churches and schools do offer parenting classes or drop in parent meeting that can help with ideas, moral support and experience in broaching these tough conversations with kids.
At one point in time or another most children of divorce will ask three questions that are very difficult for parents to answer. It is a bit like walking on a tightrope if you think about the information as the rope and both parent holding the rope, one at each end. The child is the tightrope walker and if you give too much information or not enough, they will become off balance and fall. Giving the right information to help the child stay balanced is the key to successfully answering the question.
Answer: I know this is stressful for you and that things are hard to understand. You need to know that we both love you very much and are going to still be Mom and Dad, even if we aren’t living in the same house. The divorce is not your fault and as Mom and Dad we are going to continue to work together for you and be the best parents we can be. The reasons that your Mom/Dad and I got the divorce are between us and are private, but you need to know that you had nothing to do with the decision, other than we both want to make this as easy as possible for you both now and in the future.
Answer: I can understand that this may be confusing and it is important for you to keep in mind that we both love you very much and you are the most important thing in our lives. Us getting back together as a husband and wife is not going to happen, however that doesn’t mean that you and I won’t have a great relationship and your Mom/Dad and you won’t have a great relationship. I know I am and your Dad/Mom is going to work really hard to make sure that you feel very loved and cared for, even through this change in our lives.
Answer: Your Dad/Mom and I will always be here for you as your parents. We will also work together to make sure you are cared for, loved and have everything that you need. Even though the marriage is over, my relationship with you as a daughter/son will never change. I will always be your Mom/Dad, it is something that means everything to me and I will work every day to show you just how important you are to me and how much I love you. I know that your Mom/Dad feels exactly the same way I do and is working just as hard to make you feel loved.
Different ages of children will ask these questions in different forms; however your answer should always be positive and loving, not negative about the other parent, and should always include both parents’ perspectives in the answer if at all possible.
Since co-ordination, cooperation and communication are the cornerstones of co-parenting through divorce, one of the best ways to demonstrate these attributes is through the use of a family meeting. Family meetings are used in many different cultures and can be in many different forms from a very traditional business type meeting through to a very informal and casual type of discussion.
While family meetings are often only recommended for older children and teens, there is really no reason why younger children cannot be involved in at least some component of a family meeting, although they may not enjoy sitting through the whole meeting.
A family meeting is a scheduled meeting or discussion that allows the parents and adults in a child’s life to get together when needed to discuss issues that relate directly to the child or children. Typically family meetings may be held monthly, bi-monthly or even less frequently, often dependent on where the parents live as well as the number of kids in the family and their respective ages. Typically family meetings include someone that acts as a chairperson and manages the meeting based on some agreed upon rules of procedure. Voting is often part of a family meeting and allows children to have input as to decisions that are directly related to them.
Many people wonder why a family meeting is better than just a phone conversation. Think of it in the old cliché, “Actions speak louder than words”; while it is important for kids to hear that Mom and Dad are working together on their behalf, it is even more important for them to actually see this happening. Family meetings provide that type of visual reminder to kids that Mom and Dad are still co-parenting and are working together to raise them.
This may seem like an obvious answer, but basically the entire family should attend a family meeting. This means Mom, Dad, the kids, maybe the grandparents if they routinely watch or care for the children, perhaps the babysitter, nanny or a day care representative, perhaps even step-parents or other family or non-family members that play a significant role in the child’s life. Whoever is at the table has to understand that they must treat everyone there with respect and civility, and that negative comment, destructive comments or generally inappropriate behavior is not acceptable. Typically once co-parents have managed to iron out their communication differences, have a parenting plan and are ready for a family meeting they will already have a good idea of which people need to be at the meeting.
Again, anything relating to the children can be a topic of discussion at the family meeting. A great idea is to set an agenda which kids, parents and other invited guests can all contribute ideas are topics for discussion at the meeting. Having the first meeting to establish the rules for family meetings is a good way to get started. Possible issues to discuss at this first meeting include:
Generally most family meetings are not designed to only talk about problems and issues. They are also a time for co-parents to celebrate their children’s accomplishments and victories. Try to end each meeting the recognition and awards part of the meeting as well as encourage kids to reward and recognize each other.
To ensure your family meetings go as planned consider these five simple keys to success:
While family meetings take time, organization and patience they are very rewarding for both the adults and the children in the family. Consider trying a short family meeting and then getting the kids involved in planning and organizing future meetings to help them see that the family is still working together in their best interests.
It’s clear to see that those children who fare the best through the process of divorce are those who have two parents who are prepared to put their differences and disagreements aside in order to continue being the best parents they can be.
No one is saying that the process itself is easy, but with continued work and some give and take between the two parents you can enjoy a better relationship with their children and make the process of them growing up as smooth as possible.
No matter how much you may try to work against it, divorce is a fact of life and it can and does happen to couples for various reasons every single day. When there are children involved the processes that the couple must go through need to bear them in mind before anything else.
It is in everyone’s best interests to remain civil and polite during every stage of the divorce process, and taking a step back before you consider your response to any given situation quite often results in a better outcome for all concerned.
And especially for the children.
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Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale gas drilling companies are recycling more and more of their briny, chemical-laden wastewater, in most cases complying with a request from state officials to keep the pollutants from being discharged into rivers that supply drinking water.
But experts are wondering if a loophole in disposal regulations is still allowing significant quantities of one of the worrisome compounds- salty bromides- into rivers and streams, or if shale gas drillers were only part of the problem.
The new mystery is this: why hasn't the dramatic progress on the wastewater recycling led to equally clear declines in river bromide levels?
An analysis by The Associated Press of 2011 state data released Friday found that of the 10.1 million barrels of shale wastewater generated in the last half of 2011, about 97 percent was either recycled, sent to deep-injection wells, or sent to a treatment plant that doesn't discharge into waterways.
Some of the new disposal trends are also raising other questions. The amount of Marcellus drilling waste injected deep underground nearly tripled in the last six months of 2011, with much of that going to Ohio. Officials there are examining whether the high-pressure injections contributed to a series of small earthquakes near one waste site.
In the same period of 2010, shale drillers sent about 2.8 million barrels of waste -or 118 million gallons- to numerous treatment plants that discharge into rivers and streams.
Those discharges raised alarms when the plants reported soaring levels of bromides in rivers that year. Though not considered a pollutant by themselves, the bromides combine with the chlorine used in water treatment to produce trihalomethanes, which can cause cancer if ingested over a long period of time.
Part of the answer to the mystery may be that the highly publicized plan for voluntary compliance by Marcellus drillers had a little-noticed loophole: it didn't apply to thousands of other oil and gas wells in the state.
An AP analysis of the new state data found that about 1.86 million barrels - or about 78 million gallons - of drilling wastewater from non-Marcellus wells were still being sent to treatment plants that discharge into rivers in the second half of 2011.
"They ought to get all of that out of the water. It's obviously hazardous, it presents a public health hazard. What's good for the Marcellus wells should be applied to the other wells, too," said Jan Jarrett, president of the environmental group PennFuture.
Michael Krancer, head of the Pennsylvania DEP, declined requests for an interview. Agency spokesman Kevin Sunday said in a statement that "other industrial wastewater also has the potential for high concentrations of total dissolved solids," but that existing state standards protect waterways.
After being promoted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's concerns, Pennsylvania sought a voluntary moratorium last May, asking Marcellus Shale drillers to cease bringing the drilling waste to plants that discharge into rivers.
The Marcellus Shale is a gas-rich rock formation thousands of feet underground in large parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia. Over the last five years, advances in drilling technology made the shale accessible, leading to a boom in production, jobs, and profits - and a drop in natural gas prices for consumers.
Last summer, Advanced Waste Services, a wastewater treatment firm with a plant in New Castle, Pa., noted that a senior DEP official confirmed that the moratorium "does not extend to wastewater from shallow well (aka non Marcellus wells) drilling and fracturing nor does it extend to spent drilling mud and other sludge disposal."
Stanley States, director of water quality at the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority, said he believes that municipal sewage treatment plants have stopped taking the brine water, but that other plants continue to do so.
"I think it's still going on," States said of the dumping of fracking wastewater into rivers. "Self-regulation does not work."
Kathryn Klaber, president of the Marcellus Shale Coalition, an industry group, said it was never accurate to blame the shale gas drillers for the whole bromide problem.
"We know there are quite a few other sources going into Pennsylvania waterways," Klaber said. "You have to start looking at other places."
Water quality experts say coal-fired power plants and other industries also produce bromides.
Additional water testing over the last year also appears to have put to rest concerns that radioactivity from the drilling waste could contaminate drinking water.
States said his agency "looked real hard" at the radioactivity issue, but didn't find a problem in western Pennsylvania rivers.
Sunday, the DEP spokesman, said the state's water quality monitoring network shows normal, background levels of radioactivity. "Monitoring at public water supply intakes across the state showed non-detectable levels of radiation; in the two cases that detected any level, the levels were at background," he added.
Pennsylvania also reported recent Marcellus Shale gas production data on Friday. Drillers produced about 607 billion cubic feet of gas from July to December. That's up from about 435 billion cubic feet in the previous six months.
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How might one describe the seven stages in the life cycle of a family with children (with an example for each stage)?
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One of the most famous divisions of human life into seven stages is made by Jacques in William Shakespeare’s play As You Like It. This kind of division was quite common in Shakespeare’s era, when human lives in fact tended to be divided into periods of seven years. Thus, age 7 marked the beginning of the age of reason, when children were considered to be intelligent enough to know right from wrong. Age 14 was associated with the start of puberty, with all its attendant complications. Age 21 was associated with the achievement of adulthood. These cycles of seven years continued throughout the rest of a person’s life. Thus, age 63, because it was the multiple of 7 times 9 (both symbolic numbers) was called “the grand climacteric” – a period of significant risk.
The seven stages of life outlined by Jacques in As You Like It still seem relevant today. They are as follows:
- Infancy, when a child is especially dependent on its parents and immediate family.
- Childhood, when a child is sent off to school to be educated by others besides its own parents and family.
- Adolescence, when the child is likely to begin to develop sexual and romantic feelings for other persons outside the family circle.
- Young adulthood, when the child begins to become a responsible member of the community and may marry and even begin to have children of his or her own.
- Middle age, when the grown child now is fully involved in his or her job and in raising his or her own children.
- Old age, which Jacques, speaking of a typical male, memorably describes as follows:
The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound.
In this period, children may be present mainly in the form of grandchildren.
7. Extreme old age, leading to death. Jacques says of this period that it is the
Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Children and grandchildren are present at this stage mainly as caretakers and then, ultimately, as mourners.
Shakespeare’s quick overview of human life still seems accurate, and children are often present, in one way or another, at each of the seven stages.
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Lesson 1 (from Chapter 1)
The novel begins with Kira, a teenage girl, watching over her mother's dead body in the Field of Leaving. This grim opening serves as a catalyst for future events in the story. The objective of this lesson is to explore the beliefs and traditions surrounding death in Kira's society and how they affect the characters in the story.
1. Class Discussion: As a class, discuss funeral arrangements commonly made in modern society. Compare and contrast modern funeral traditions with the funeral traditions of Kira's society. What might be the reasons that family members wait in the Field of Leaving with their departed relatives? Why might young children like Matt not be allowed in the Field of Leaving?
2. Group Activity: When grieving, family members often gather together to comfort one another. Kira is obviously alone in her time of grief. Even her uncle, who is also...
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Some people’s throats swell up, others get puffy eyes or scratch themselves raw. In Germany, one in three people say they suffer from allergies. Contact allergies are one of the biggest culprits. These are immune reactions to certain substances that your body comes into contact with. One relatively common allergen is nickel, otherwise a completely harmless and versatile metal. In the case of a nickel allergy, the immune system goes into emergency mode and launches an attack on the perceived threat. Symptoms include redness, eczemas and itchy pustules.
If you’ve ever experienced one of these reactions, for example by wearing jewelry, you know how unpleasant they can be. The most important thing you can do is avoid coming into contact with any textiles or accessories that contain allergens. Sunglasses and corrective glasses are no exception. These are available in a range of materials and, depending on the quality, the composition can vary greatly. The problem is that the frames at your optometrist don’t come with lists of ingredients that tell you what your glasses are made of. To help, we’ve put together a list of the most prevalent materials and their potential problems for people with allergies. Talk to your optometrist or glasses manufacturer if you are already aware of a contact allergy. They will be happy to help.
Acetate used in high-end glasses frames is derived from cotton. That’s why it is referred to as cellulose acetate, a biodegradable synthetic material made from renewable resources. Glasses made from other materials are often combined with acetate. One purpose this material serves is to reinforce the temples. Acetate is harmless to people with allergies with one exception: in order to dye or shape cellulose acetate, certain additives are necessary. These additives vary from model to model, but are typically not allergens.
The acetate used for the Lunor A11 is made by hand and comes from a family business that has specialized in acetate production for many generations. You can therefore always expect maximum quality and exclusivity.
Many people who suffer from a nickel allergy wince at the thought of glasses with a metal frame. Rumors have persisted that people with allergies should avoid metal glasses in general, but with a little knowledge about the various types of metal, it is possible to find suitable metal glasses that are nickel-free.
Titanium is a non-corrosive metal that is highly sought-after in glasses manufacturing because it is extremely lightweight (it’s the second-lightest metal) and flexible while boasting a high level of stability and robustness. Titanium is nearly as hard as steel, yet half the weight! It is especially in demand in the field of medicine, where it is used in artificial joints, pieces of bone and prosthetics. Because of its hypoallergenic properties, it comes as no surprise that titanium is the ideal metal for people with allergies—not to mention how comfortable ultralight titanium frames are.
The Lunor M9 is a perfect example of a frame made of pure titanium—from the temples and pads all the way to the delicate hinges. The entire electroplating process is, of course, also nickel-free.
Glasses frames are typically made of stainless steel. This alloy is highly resistant to corrosion and generally skin-friendly. It is even used in many surgical instruments. Even though the stainless steel used in high-end glasses frames is largely hypoallergenic, people with allergies should be sure that the parts of the frame that come into contact with the skin have an additional coating. Acetate or a special hypoallergenic lacquer are suitable for this purpose.
MONEL AND NICKEL SILVER
Monel and nickel silver are among the few alloys that people with allergies should avoid because of their nickel content. This is unfortunate because these materials are easy to work with and highly elastic, allowing them to be optimally adapted to their wearer’s needs. The good news is there are plenty of metal alternatives for people with allergies!
An alloy consisting of copper and tin, bronze is a hypoallergenic alternative to nickel silver. However, it is less common in glasses.
Lunor turned to precisely this material for its C3 line of frames: the combination of acetate and bronze is generally very suitable for people with allergies.
Be careful with electroplating, hinges, etc.
So far, we have only looked at glasses as a single unit. But those filigree frames are usually made of several components. People with allergies should determine which of these components actually come into contact with the skin and which components won’t cause a reaction.
When we talk about electroplating, we’re referring to the process in which the frame’s surface is refined. This involves submersing the frame in an electrolytic bath and applying electricity so that a thin metal coating is formed for the purposes of refinement or protection. This can pose a problem for many people with allergies because allergens—often nickel—can be used in the electroplating process. It is therefore important to not just consider the material of the frame, but to also ask about the electroplating process. After all, it is this electroplated surface with which your skin comes into contact every day.
You can be sure, though, that all of the colors in Lunor’s models were electroplated in a 100% nickel-free process. Instead, we use fine materials like gold, pure palladium or titanium.
SCREWS AND HINGES
Most temples are attached with hinges. Whether or not the materials used in screws and hinges are relevant to an existing allergy is to be determined on a case by case basis. Though these components do not come into direct contact with the skin, many manufacturers place great importance on these details. The hinges in Lunor’s titanium glasses, for example, are made of pure titanium.
The pads play a much greater role. They are the parts of your glasses that rest on your nose. For people with allergies, it’s not just a matter of using hypoallergenic materials, but also a matter of comfort. With acetate frames, you don’t need to worry about the material: because they effectively consist of one single piece, even the pads are made of acetate. Pads are also often made of silicone, plastic or glass. Especially high-end glasses use titanium pads. The advantage of these is that they do not tarnish or discolor, as is the case with plastic pads. They are also extremely comfortable and go perfectly with the color of the glasses. | <urn:uuid:70ae2a23-f7e7-4e0b-a492-170300b1a40e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://luniversum.com/en/how-to-find-the-right-pair-of-glasses-if-you-have-allergies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100287.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201120231-20231201150231-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.9523 | 1,380 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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