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Completely offline & FREE Islamic dictionary app collection of 1000’s of Islamic terms and their meanings, used commonly by the Muslim community!!!
Islamic Dictionary Pro FREE, is a word search engine, to find the meaning or definition for any Islam-related words like, Islam, Allah, Sunnah, Quran, Alhamdulillah, Qibla, Dua. Learn what is the meaning of each of these Muslim terms. Find all the arabic words meanings used vastly by Muslims. Here is a small Muslim dictionary with meanings for some common Arabic terms also. We felt the need for a dictionary of Islamic terms due to a friend of ours, who was writing an English books on Islam to introduce the Islamic religion to non-Muslims.
Islam is a monotheistic religion characterized by the acceptance of the doctrine of submission to God and to Muhammad as the chief and last prophet of God. A comprehensive directory of Arabic dictionary meanings, terms listings and glossary that contain Muslim religious terms and terminology. A cyclopedia explanations of terms, doctrines, and customs of Islamic people. Finder of the Arabic words commonly associated with Islam. View Words by Letter in this Muslim Dictionary of Islamic Terms. Quran-ic/Islamic terminology lists which can be used on a daily basis and help us understand the Muslim scriptures and Islam as such, to improve Islamic knowledge.
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. Adhan / Athan – Call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azan, Athan and Adhan.
. Sunnah – The “path” or “example” of the Prophet Muhammad, i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his life is Sunnah. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow.
. Abd – Abd means servant, worshipper, slave.
. Dua – Personal prayer, supplication, is called as Dua.
. Salah / Salaah – Any one of the daily five obligatory prayers are called Salah / Salaah in Islam. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam.
. Dawah – Dawah is the call to Islam, proselytizing.
. Shia / Shiah – A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of the Prophet Mohammed, are Shia / Shiah.
. Qibla – Qibla is the direction Muslims face during prayer.
. Salat / Salaat – Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer are said Salat / Salaat.
. Sunni muslim – The largest denomination of Islam are Sunni Muslims. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: ???), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
NOTE: Spellings of Islamic Terms may vary, when translated in English.
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REQUIRES ANDROID: 1.6 and up | <urn:uuid:a18c31e2-823f-4c19-b219-01392d358b1e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.appsapk.com/islamic-dictionary-pro-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991921.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516232554-20210517022554-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.899671 | 904 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This is not a concept limited to those fond of chanting and drum circles. Connectivity underpins economics and always has. A change in wages or prices will ripple through the upstream economy as well as downstream and we are all familiar with the process. An input like steel or labor goes up and the manufacturer is compelled to hike the price of what they produce. Their consumer now has to either raise their prices to pay for it or demand higher wages. It is not called an inflation chase for nothing.
The push to increase the minimum wage will have ripple effects as well. The Congressional Budget Office released a report that indicated that some 900,000 people would benefit from hiking the minimum to $15 an hour but at the same time there will be a loss of 1.3 million of these jobs. The fast-food place that employs 20 to 25 people would be looking at an increase in annual labor costs of around $300,000. That kind of money could be used to import technology that replaces labor (touch screens rather than counter help). The other alternative is to raise prices but that is only feasible if there is consumer tolerance and often there isn’t.
The other factor that illustrates connectivity is the reaction of the other workers. The person with experience and skills that was making $15 now sees the inexperienced and untrained person making $15 and demands a raise to $20. The $20 an hour worker wants $25 and so on. The hike at one level doesn’t stop there.
Inflation feeds on itself and soon separates people into categories—those who can ask for and get wages to handle the inflated prices and those who can’t. The very people that a hike in minimum wages is supposed to help are the ones that will be least able to adapt to the higher prices. | <urn:uuid:10f1c69c-ed0d-4dd4-bbfb-5f9a83124a37> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fifthwavemfg.com/it-is-all-connected/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601211701-20230602001701-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.969281 | 365 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How to Set Up a Project Document in Microsoft Project 2002
In this chapter
Setting up a new Project document correctly from the beginning will help make your use of Microsoft Project much easier. Before you enter the first task in a new project, it's a good idea to examine several settings and make any needed changes to them. Although there are no defined rules for doing this, by following the steps outlined in this chapter, you will be able to create a more accurately calculated schedule.
You generally use most of the default settings in Microsoft Project to schedule tasks. Project also allows flexibility and adaptability to accurately reflect the actual workings of each individual project. You can change many of these settings after tasks and resources have already been entered into the project. However, by addressing these issues up front, you are guaranteed to communicate a schedule that is based on logic and calculated reason.
Although you can address the preliminaries of a project in any order, the order in which the topics are presented in this chapter is the order recommended when you begin developing your first project.
Supplying Information for a New Project
You should understand the working conditions in a project, including the working calendar and holidays, before attempting to set up the project. Project calculates the schedule for activities based on this information, so you should outline this information before you begin using Project to schedule tasks.
When you begin working with Project, you typically start by setting up the environmental working options. Next, you define the working time calendar, considering working hours and nonworking time. After you set up a calendar, you might want to print it for review at a later time. You might also want to use the same calendar for other projects; to do this, you need to use the Organizer, which is described later in this chapter.
Project 2002 includes two new wizards: the New Project Wizard and the Calendar Wizard. Using wizards in Microsoft products makes the setup process easy and complete. You are strongly encouraged to take advantage of these new wizards to expedite your setup time and allow you to focus on defining the scope of work for the project.
When you start a new project, you must consider whether you want the project to be scheduled from a specific start date or scheduled backward from a predetermined finish date. It is not possible to do both: You must either schedule forward based on the project's start date or schedule backward based on the project's finish date. When Project calculates the forward-scheduling of tasks, it considers many factors, including the duration of the tasks, the base calendar selected, the settings set by the user, dependencies defined between activities, the calendar of the resource assigned, and, if one is created, a specific task calendar that is assigned to the activity. When Project calculates the backward-scheduling of tasks, it does essentially the same thing it does when forward-scheduling, except that it calculates backward from the project's fixed end date.
In addition to calendar information, you need to provide summary information; Project inserts this information into many of the reports it can generate, and this information enables Project users to search for specific contents of files saved on your computer. You enter this summary information into the Properties dialog box, which you access by selecting File, Properties. The following sections describe how you input data into the Project Information and Properties dialog boxes.
Using the Project Information Dialog Box
To start a new file, choose File, New or click the New button on the Standard toolbar. Microsoft Project automatically displays the Project Information dialog box.
You use the Project Information dialog box to record basic information about a project, such as the starting date and the base calendar to use for scheduling. To access the Project Information dialog box at any time, you choose Project, Project Information.
Figure 3.1 shows the Project Information dialog box that appears in the Standard edition of Project. Figure 3.2 shows the Project Information dialog box that appears in the Professional edition of Microsoft Project.
Figure 3.1 The Project Information dialog box defines the start date for a project.
Figure 3.2 The Project Information dialog box for the Professional edition includes enterprise custom project level fields.
If the Project Information dialog box does not display when you open a new project, choose Tools, Options. On the General tab, mark the Prompt for Project Info for New Projects check box. Then start a new file; the Project Information dialog box should now appear (see Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3 The option to have the Project Information dialog box appear when you open a new project is available under the General tab of the Options dialog box.
The fields in the Project Information dialog box are as follows:
Start Date, Finish Date, and Schedule FromThe Schedule from drop-down selects whether the project forward schedules from a start Date or backwards schedules from a finish Date. To define a specific date for a project to start, you can type the date in the Start Date text box or click the Start Date drop-down button to choose a date on a calendar. If you must schedule a project to finish on a specific date, select the Schedule From list box and choose Project Finish Date. You can then type a specific date in the Finish Date text box. This will move the project to schedule backwards from this date.
Current Date and Status DateMicrosoft Project uses the information in these fields to perform several date-related calculations. If you leave the Status Date field set to NA (for example, if you want to see the values in the Earned Value fields calculated up through and including the current date or a date you specify), Project uses the date in the Current Date field as the status date. This date is also used - in the Complete Through field in the Update Project dialog box and in the placement of progress lines in the Gantt Chart view. See the section "Understanding the Current Date and Status Date Text Boxes," later in this chapter, for more information about when and how you might want to use this field.
→ For information on telling Microsoft Project that work on the current project is complete through a specific date, see "Analyzing Progress and Revising the Schedule," p. 563.
- CalendarYou can use the Calendar list box to select a different base calendar for scheduling the project. The section "Scheduling with Calendars," later in this chapter, explains when you should use the default base calendar (Standard) and when you should consider using a different calendar.
If the base calendar you want to use is defined in a different project file from the one you're currently using, you must use the Organizer to copy that calendar into the current project file before you can select it (see the section "Working with Calendars," later in this chapter).
- PriorityWhen you are sharing a pool of resources across multiple projects, you can identify which project has the highest priority by changing the Priority field in the Project Information dialog box. You can set this project level priority between 0 and 1000.
→ When you have a resource spread too thin (that is, overallocated), you can have Microsoft Project attempt to resolve the problem. For more information, see "Resolving Resource Assignment Problems," p. 411.
Understanding the Start and Finish Date Text Boxes
When you're starting a new project document, you enter either a start date or a finish date into the Project Information dialog box to function as an anchor point for scheduling the tasks in the project. Microsoft Project computes the other date. You cannot specify both a start date and a finish date.
If you enter the start date, Microsoft Project schedules the first task in the project to begin at that time and calculates the project's finish date based on that starting date and the sequence of tasks that come after the first task. New tasks that are added begin as soon as possible when you schedule from a start date.
If you enter the finish date, Microsoft Project schedules the tasks from the end of the project first and works backward. The final task is scheduled to end by the finish date; the task that precedes the final task is scheduled to end in time for the final task to begin, and so on. By the time Project schedules all tasks to end in time to meet the finish date requirement, the program has calculated a start date (that is, the date by which the first task must begin for the project to be completed by the specified finish time). New tasks that are added begin as late as possible when you schedule from a finish date.
You can use the Schedule From list box to change a project's schedule as often as you like. If you want to see when a project must start in order to finish by a deadline date, you can change the Schedule From option to Project Finish Date and enter the deadline date. When you choose OK, Project recalculates the schedule, including a new start date. You can then view the Project Information dialog box again to see what the required start date is, given the new finish date deadline. While in the Project Information dialog box, you can switch back to scheduling from a fixed start date.
To select a start date or finish date, you can either type the date or click the drop-down button to select a date from a calendar (see Figure 3.4). To select a date in the current month, you simply click that date. To select a date in a different month, you use the left and right arrows to select a different month and then click the date.
Figure 3.4 The start date of the project should be defined from within the Project Information dialog box, not the start field of the first task of the project.
When you're managing a project, it's best to schedule forward based on a start date. If you schedule the project based on a fixed finish date, all activities must flow backward based on durations, linkages, and the calendars assigned; this is fine until you begin tracking the project. When you schedule from a fixed finish date, the start date is based on the actual time needed to complete each phase. What's wrong with this picture? Because both the start and finish dates are fixed, the schedule cannot expand or contract.
Also, scheduling from the finish date assumes that there is no project buffer, or extra time added to the end of the project, to allow for delays in completion of the project, unless you take that into consideration in selecting the finish date from which to schedule backward.
When you encounter a date field, you can use the built-in pop-up calendar to select a date.
If you change your mind about the date you selected, you can click the area designated Today at the bottom of the calendar to immediately return to today's date. This closes the calendar pop-up. Of course, pressing Esc closes the window entirely, without saving the changes you've made.
Understanding the Current Date and Status Date Text Boxes
The computer's internal clock initially determines the date listed in the Current Date text box. Changing this text box has several implications:
The date determines the location of the dashed (current) date line on the Gantt Chart view time line.
The current date appears in the header of the Project Summary standard report as an As Of date. You also can display the Current Date text box in headers or footers on other reports by typing the appropriate code in the header or footer definition.
You can customize Project to start new tasks based on the current date instead of on the project's start date. You do so by selecting Tools, Options, selecting the Schedule tab, and changing a setting next to New Tasks: Start on Project Start Date or Start on Current Date.
The Current Date can be used for benchmarking the progress of tasks, but you can use an alternative date for this as well. If you specify a date in the Status Date field in the Project Information dialog box, this is the date Project uses for placing the progress lines in the Gantt Chart view. In addition, if there is a date in the Status Date field, Project uses this date when calculating the Earned Value fields and for tracking purposes in the Update Project dialog box.
To change the Current Date field or enter a date in the Status Date field, select the field and type the date or click the drop-down arrow to select a date from a calendar pop-up.
Understanding the Project Statistics Dialog Box
You use the Statistics button at the bottom of the Project Information dialog box to display the Project Statistics dialog box (see Figure 3.5). You can also display this dialog box by clicking the Project Statistics button on the Tracking toolbar.
Figure 3.5 The Project Statistics dialog box gives a quick summary of the status of a project.
The Project Statistics dialog box displays summary information about a project. You cannot manually change the data in this dialog box; you can only view and print it.
You can use the Project Summary report (in the Overview category) to print out the project statistics. Reports are accessed from the View menu.
The Project Statistics dialog box shows the current, or currently scheduled, values for five project parameters: the start and finish dates and the total duration, work, and cost. If you have saved the baseline copy of the schedule, the baseline values also are displayed, for comparison.
When work is actually performed on the project and progress on tasks is recorded, the information in the Actual row is updated. The percentage complete of the duration and work of the project are shown at the bottom of the dialog box, in the Percent Complete section.
To close the Project Statistics dialog box, click the Close button.
Using the Properties Dialog Box
In the Properties dialog box, you can view and edit a number of options that describe a project. To open the Properties dialog box, choose File, Properties. The Properties dialog box has five tabs; the Summary tab is the default.
You can display information from the fields in the Properties dialog boxespecially fields from the Summary tabin the header or footer area of printed views or reports for a project. See Chapter 13, "Printing Views and Reports," for more information.
The Summary Tab
In the Summary tab of the Properties dialog box (see Figure 3.6), you can supply descriptive information about a project and the people associated with it. You can include the options at the top of the tab (Title, Subject, Author, Manager, and Company) in reports, as header or footer text. The options Category, Keywords, and Comments are useful when you're searching through previously created project files on your hard disk. You can use the Hyperlink Base option to indicate the main address to the hyperlinks you have in your project. This can be a link to another file on your computer or server or a link to a location on the Web.
→ To learn more about linking files to a Web site, see "Publishing Projects on the Web," at http://www.quepublishing.com.
Figure 3.6 The Summary tab of the Properties dialog box presents descriptive options that are useful in reports and for searching for files to open.
To change any of the options on the Summary tab, select its text box and type an entry. Press the Tab key after you have finished typing the entry to move to the next option. Except in the Comments list box, pressing the Enter key on this tab selects the OK button and closes the dialog box.
If the newly created project originated from a template, the template name appears at the bottom of the dialog box.
You can select the Save Preview Picture check box to have Project save a thumbnail sketch of the current view when you save the file. You can browse these preview pictures when you search for files by using the File, Open command. The Save Preview Picture check box is not selected by default.
If you have trouble locating files in the future, you can use the Open dialog box to search for words entered in the fields of the Summary tab to find the needed file.
The General Tab
The General tab of the Properties dialog box describes the file that stores the project document. It provides statistics about the project file: the name, type, location, and size of the file, as well as the dates when the file was created, last modified, and last opened. This tab is blank until the document is saved as a file.
The Statistics Tab
The Statistics tab of the Properties dialog box provides useful statistics about your work with the project document, including when it was created, last modified, last accessed, and last printed It also shows who last saved the file, which is useful for shared files in a workgroup. The Statistics tab also shows how many times the document has been revised and the total amount of computer time spent editing the file.
The Contents Tab
The Contents tab of the Properties dialog box displays the most commonly reviewed statistics about the current project schedule: the start and finish dates; the scheduled duration, work, and cost; and the percentage completed for both duration and work. The Contents tab displays summary statistics about the project schedule.
The Custom Tab
With the Custom tab of the Properties dialog box you can add additional properties to a file. Then, you can search for files by the values of these properties. Based on the information in Figure 3.7, for example, you could search for all projects that have Marketing in the Department Value field. The bottom row in the Properties list box shows that a property named Department has been created for this document, with the text value Marketing.
Figure 3.7 The Custom tab of the Properties dialog box allows you to set up custom search parameters.
To create a custom property for a project, follow these steps:
Choose File, Properties.
Choose the Custom tab.
Type a property name in the Name list box. The drop-down list below the Name list box lists commonly used properties. If you want to use one of these, select it.
Use the Type drop-down list to define the type of data to place in the field. You should use this option only when you will type the value of the property instead of linking it to a field in the project file. When you link the property value to a project field, the Type drop-down list is unavailable. The allowable data types are Text, Date, Number, and Yes or No (logical).
If you chose Text, Date, or Number previously, type a value in the Value text box. If you chose the Yes or No option in the Type list box, you see Yes and No buttons in the Value box. Select the one you want to use.
Click the Add button to add the property to the list in the Properties dialog box.
If you want to link a property value to a project field, follow these steps:
Choose File, Properties.
Choose the Custom tab.
Type a property name in the Name list box.
Select the Link to Content check box (refer to Figure 3.7). The Type list box is grayed out, and the Value text box becomes a drop-down list. The name of the text box changes to Source.
In the Source drop-down list box, choose the field that has the value you want the property to reflect.
Click the Add button to add the property to the list in the Properties dialog box.
If you want to delete a custom property, select it in the Properties list and click the Delete button.
If you want to modify the value for a property, select the property name in the Properties list. This places the current name and value in the text boxes at the top of the dialog box. Change the Type or Value fields as needed, and the Add button changes to Modify. If you change the Name field, you have to use the Add button to include it as a new property. You could then use the Delete button to remove the original, leaving the newly named version. Then you could click the Modify button to complete the change.
When you finish the custom properties list, click the OK button unless you want to make additional changes on one of the other tabs. | <urn:uuid:d59141c0-2212-401a-9d84-c97c8f5efe3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.quepublishing.com/articles/article.aspx?p=29595 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00585-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871426 | 4,107 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The British Royal Mail's latest country definitives feature unusual patterns of Northern Ireland's landscape, coastline and industrial heritage.
The closely cropped photographs depict classic images including the celebrated geology of the Giants Causeway and rare examples of linen and china.
The four-stamp set follows those issued in 1999 for Scotland and Wales.
The Northern Ireland stamps and their denominations are:
The second-class Giant's Causeway. This massive cluster of 40,000 basalt columns formed by cooling lava from volcanic eruptions, the Royal Mail says, "strikes some amazing polygonal symmetry. This natural wonder has been described by [the novelist William M.] Thackeray as a 'remnant of chaos.'" The ancients of North Antrim considered the causeway to be "giants' work," built by a leviathan called Finn McCool "to venture out and confront a bad-tempered Scottish giant who had been intimidating the locals."
The first-class Patchwork Fields. Photographer Richard Cooke took the air to capture this coastline collage of rolling green fields held together by a network of trees and hedgerows. The intricate pattern is a result of one generation's field systems being superimposed on those of earlier generations. Together with the typically lush greens, this rural matrix creates a picture unique to Northern Ireland.
The "E" stamp (for the basic European letter rate) features linen, which has been made in Ireland since the 13th century. Northern Ireland has supplied western Europe with fine linen since the 15th century. During the 17th century, the earl of Stafford transformed its production into a major industry. The stamp design shows a detail of a linen slip case for holding personal items. The embroidery technique of drawn threadwork is one of the earliest known and a forerunner of lace.
The 65-pence (airmail basic rate) depicts Parian China. The design shows the detail of an oval china basket, which is housed in the Ulster Museum in County Antrium. The Belleek Pottery was founded in 1849 by John Caldwell Bloomfield who, after inheriting the Belleek village, set about creating useful employment for his tenants. A survey discovered the land held all the raw materials necessary to make pottery, so the industry was born.
For information about ordering these or any other British stamps or postal items, write to: Royal Mail, 148 Old St., Room 108, London EC1V 9HQ, U.K.
Richard Carr can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:b614226c-a6b1-48cf-aa19-ee4a4582f106> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-05-13-0105110796-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.948011 | 524 | 2.703125 | 3 |
With each major act of terrorism, France has revamped the set of legal tools to fight it. When the Paris metro was targeted in the summer of 1995, its anti-terror legislation dated from nine years earlier. Ten people were killed when a bomb exploded in the Saint Michel station just around the corner from Notre Dame Cathedral, on 25th July.
The following year saw criminal association with a terrorist enterprise outlawed, and expanded the 1973 provisions by which a person can be stripped of French nationality.
Ten years later London’s transport network was attacked. By this time France had reinforced its justice enforcement measures again in the fallout of the 9/11, 2001 massive deadly attacks on the US. Yet with 52 people killed in the bombings in Britain’s capital on 7th July 2005, the French Interior Minister of the time, Nicolas Sarkozy re-wrote his country’s legislation.
The re-write was approved on 23rd January 2006. This bolstered video camera surveillance in public places and monitoring of communications. At check points police were empowered to shoot at vehicles that do not stop when ordered, the time that suspects could be held for questioning was lengthened to six days, and sentences were hardened.
Measures were tightened again in 2008, allowing security forces to check identities on international trains 20 kilometres beyond French borders.
The French Assemblé Nationale last November adopted a law forbidding departure from France with the goal of joining jihad movements in Syria.
This is enforceable notably by confiscation of the national identity card and passport for an initial duration of six months, up to two years. It also authorises prohibiting entry into France of an EU citizen or the person’s family members on the basis of suspicion.
This law further creates a framework for prosecution of a terrorist acting alone, such as the gunman who murdered four people at the Jewish museum in Brussels last May.
As individuals who have plotted to commit acts in isolation are known to have been radicalised with the Internet, the authorities are also empowered to request that a site owner or service provider remove content advocating, justifying or inciting violence. | <urn:uuid:a6383038-0542-42d1-9f76-97cf70fe6a1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.euronews.com/2015/01/13/french-anti-terror-laws-toughened-14-times-since-1986 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304876.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125220353-20220126010353-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.971196 | 429 | 2.578125 | 3 |
National Geographic : 2013 Jan
normally lives in the gut and helps us digest milk, becomes more abundant in the vagina, expos- ing the baby to the bacterium, perhaps to help prepare the way for digesting breast milk. Our bodies also host some pretty shifty charac- ters. At any one time about a third of us harbor in our nostrils Staphylococcus aureus, a normally benign bacterium that can turn virulent. Usually competition from other members of the nostril community appears to keep this bacterium un- der control. But S. aureus can get nasty, especially when it ventures into other environments. In the skin it can cause everything from an occasional pimple to a life-threatening infection. Under cer- tain conditions, the individual bacteria coalesce into a filmy mass that acts as a united front, invading new tissues and even infecting intra- venous catheters and other hospital equipment. Superbug strains of S. aureus can cause lethal infections such as toxic shock syndrome or nec- rotizing fasciitis—flesh-eating disease. What makes these strains so dangerous is their resistance to antibiotics, those miracles of modern medicine that since the middle of the past century have saved millions of lives. The more we learn about our microbiota, however, the more we realize how easy it is for helpful mi- crobes to get caught in the line of fire between an antibiotic and its intended target. Some 10 to 40 percent of children who are given a broad- spectrum antibiotic develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea, because their gut microbiota have been disturbed. The widespread use of antibiotics early in life may have more profound effects over time. The stomach microbe Helicobacter pylori has long been known to provoke ulcers in some people but in most serves the useful function of regulat- ing immune cells in the stomach. Martin Blaser, a microbiologist at New York University who has studied H. pylori for decades, notes that an ever shrinking share of adults is populated with the microbe, partly because of repeated high doses of antibiotics during childhood. Blaser believes the diminished presence of the bacteria and the rise in asthma in American youth might be related. So should we treat our wheezing children with a healthy dose of H. pylori? It’s often more complicated than that. As we learn more about the relationships between ourselves and our microbes—and their own complex relation- ships with one another—scientists are coming to see the microbiome the way ecologists have long viewed an ecosystem: not as a collection of species but as a dynamic environment, de- fined by the multitude of interactions among its constituents. This should mean greater care in the use of antibiotics and, increasingly, targeted probiotic treatments that don’t just temporarily boost the numbers of one microbe or another but that shore up the whole population so that our health is improved. “We know how to dis- turb a community,” says Katherine Lemon, a microbiome researcher at the Forsyth Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a clinician at Boston Children’s Hospital. “What we need to learn is how to coax it back into a healthy state.” This perspective on our relationship with microbes—as fellow travelers to be cared for and managed to our benefit—is a far cry from my day-job view of them as killers to be hunted down and eradicated before they can spread. Both views are valid, of course. We should never let our guard down against the threat of infec- tious pathogens. But as we continue to explore the microbial world, our fear of the invisible be- ings around us, and in us, should be tempered with respect for what we are learning about them—and a rush of excitement for what re- mains to be discovered. j All told, the microbes in your body can Weigh aS much aS or more than your brain— about three pounds in an average adult. | <urn:uuid:723c45f6-6d98-4966-b6c3-430377961cba> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://archive.nationalgeographic.com/?iid=76021&startpage=page0000147 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105976.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820053541-20170820073541-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.932495 | 820 | 3.203125 | 3 |
San Francisco, CA (November 13, 2012) – The Central Valley Chinook salmon fishery has suffered a dramatic collapse over the past decade, now standing at only 13 percent of the population goal required by federal law, according to a new salmon index released today by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Golden Gate Salmon Association. The index is being released following the closure of California’s ocean salmon fishing season on Sunday, and the 20th anniversary of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act, a key federal salmon restoration statute.
“Salmon are the canary in the coal mine for the Bay-Delta economy and ecosystem,” says Barry Nelson, senior policy analyst with NRDC’s Water Program. “California salmon, the fishing industry and the Bay-Delta ecosystem all need adequate water flows to maintain their health over the long-term. The Department of the Interior and the State of California need to dramatically step-up efforts to protect the San Francisco Bay-Delta ecosystem and restore salmon populations.”
The Central Valley Project Improvement Act, passed by Congress in 1992, set a goal of doubling the Bay-Delta watershed’s salmon runs from 495,000 to 990,000 wild adult fish by 2002. A decade after the law’s deadline, the salmon fishery continues to struggle to rebound due, in part, to ineffective enforcement by federal and state agencies and continued excessive pumping of fresh water from the Bay-Delta, primarily for industrial agriculture in the Central Valley.
The NRDC and GGSA analysis, published in the Salmon Doubling Index, reveals a steady decline in Bay-Delta Chinook salmon from 2003 through 2010, at which point it reached a record low of 7 percent. Increased water diversions were a significant cause of this decline. Between 2000 and 2006, freshwater pumping from the Bay-Delta increased 20 percent in comparison to 1975-2000.
“Despite indefensible foot-dragging and countless lawsuits, salmon restoration has remained the lynchpin of federal water policy in California for twenty years,” said Rep. George Miller (D-CA), the House author of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act. “California salmon support businesses and communities up and down the West coast, and it’s long past time for the federal agencies to take their responsibility to our state’s wild fisheries seriously. The federal government must restore California’s iconic salmon runs to health: that’s the law.”
In 2008, in response to a lawsuit brought by NRDC, Earthjustice and the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations, stronger federal court-ordered protections went into effect for salmon and other native fish, reducing water pumping from the Bay-Delta. In 2011, there was a modest rebound of wild adult Chinook salmon, directly correlating to this reduction in pumping. Chinook salmon have a three-year life cycle. As a result, the benefits of stronger protections in 2008 are reflected in the numbers of adult fish that returned to spawn in 2011.
Early federal agency projections predict stronger numbers for this year’s salmon run, which is currently underway. Nevertheless, the salmon index for 2012 will likely remain dramatically short of meeting state and federal goals.
“Our salmon runs are essential to California’s natural heritage, to fishing families and to an industry that reaches from the fishing dock to your dinner table,” said Victor Gonella, president of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Restoring healthy salmon runs means healthy local food, healthy communities and a healthy economy.”
If current laws were enforced and the mandated restoration goal was achieved, the salmon fishing industry would provide a large contribution to the California economy. Consisting of commercial fishing men and women, fresh and salt water recreational anglers, coastal communities, tribes, fish processors, equipment manufacturers, marinas, and food and hospitality, a fully restored California salmon industry would provide $5.6 billion in economic activity annually and tens of thousands of jobs from Santa Barbara to northern Oregon.
“After two closed salmon fishing seasons in 2008 and 2009, and a token season in 2010, fishermen had a chance to fish this year, but we remain far below the healthy runs required by law,” said Zeke Grader, executive director of Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Association and GGSA board member. “The stronger runs in 2011 and this year show that, with stronger protections and more effective restoration programs, these magnificent fish will come roaring back.”
State and federal agencies can step-up their efforts to restore salmon by acting on the following recommendations:
- The Department of the Interior should reform CVPIA water contracts and revamp its salmon doubling efforts in response to a scathing independent review. Specifically, Interior should better manage water and restoration funds dedicated to salmon recovery, incorporate the latest scientific information and appoint a manager to be accountable for the progress of the restoration program.
- The State Water Resources Control Board should set stronger standards to protect salmon in the San Joaquin River and the Bay-Delta ecosystem, in proceedings to revise these standards that are currently underway.
- The state’s Department of Water Resources should incorporate salmon doubling into the Bay Delta Conservation Plan process.
- The Department of Fish and Game should launch an ambitious state salmon restoration effort.
- The Department of the Interior should aggressively implement NRDC’s agreement to restore the salmon run on the San Joaquin River.
The Salmon Doubling Index graphic and a table listing the index by year can be found here.
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Throughout the Austrian mobility the focus was on different kinds of media. The objectives leading to a successful outcome were following:
Analysing how media influences the way we perceive reality
Promote critical thinking
Raise awareness of different media and by this point out that they are free citizens and they can form their opinion about topics, such as integration, freely.
Improve the use of ICT skills
A look at the schedule shows that there were other activities as well. We put into practice what we had learnt in Germany and created a wooden fence to brighten up the entrance to our school. The objectives for that can be found at the German mobility project and should not be repeated here.
One of the activities was building the Leonardo Da Vinci bridge. Objectives related to this activity were:
Increasing the ability of working in groups and learning to deal with the advantages and disadvantages involved.
Learning about symbolic acts to state the necessity and value of our project and project work in general.
Of course there was also time for leisure activities. I do not think it is necessary to clear the importance of these activities, especially not within the context of an international project. Objectives:
Improving social skills
Improving language skills
Creating tolerance towards unknown, foreign people | <urn:uuid:7da34ae4-ac09-4c1f-9236-0dfeb9054b02> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://buildingbridgeserasmus.com/our-projects/media-and-inclusion/objectives-austria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519984.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120085204-20210120115204-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.971524 | 258 | 3.21875 | 3 |
E = mc2 where E is the catnetic energy of a moving object and equals the mass of that moving object times the speed of the swipe of a cat's paw, squared. Got that? Good.
The equation is simple but oh-so-important. It provides the basis for the principles of classical mecatics and electrocatnetic radiation. These principles have been used to create the various teleportation devices we cats of the blogsophere know so well. Well, these principles along with some tunnels and egg beaters, of course. Yes, it's true. All my home-made teleportation devices include at least one egg beater. It's a fact.
I've heard peeps talkin' about this E=mc2 formula and what I've heard can only be described as crazy talk. They're always trying to substitute the speed of the swipe of a cat's paw with the speed of light. Speed of light? What's that about? Either the light is on or the light is off but it's not like it's goin' anywhere.
Actually, the light could be going somewhere. The light in question could be the object with the mass that is being swiped by the cat's paw. It has happened before. Many a lamp has been knocked off a table by a cat. But obviously, those peeps are putting the light in the wrong part of the equation and I bet they never once put the lamp on a scale to get its mass. MOUSES!
Albert Einstein came up with his own version of this equation. A humanised version, so to speak. For some strange reason, it is his version peeps teach in schools. I am very grateful and proud to say that I was home-schooled by my mama where I was taught the basics of special relacativy. I would never have learnt the important stuff had I gone to regular peep school. I bet those peep teachers don't even know the basics of special relacativy. MOUSES!
Peeps make a big deal about the inclusion of the speed of light in their version of this theory. They keep talking 'bout how it's important 'cause the speed of light is constant. As I discussed earlier, the light isn't movin' so if that means it's constant at zero, I guess we can let the peeps have that one.
And don't you just love it when the peeps get all fancy-schmancy and start sayin' things like, "the speed of light in a vacuum?" They think they sound all important sayin' stuff like that but let me tell you something. We have more than one vacuum in our house. I don't like 'em but we have 'em and I checked 'em all. Yes, I looked inside of all three of those vacuums and I did not find a single lamp, flashlight or even a light bulb. Not even one of those teeny-tiny Christmas tree lights. Speed of light in a vacuum? MOUSES!
Obviously, the speed of the swipe of a cat's paw is not constant. Some cats like to whack stuff with great force while others are nudgers. I, myself, enjoy a little of both. You know what they say. They say, variety is the spice of life.
And you can certainly understand how this all plays out. Let's say I give a ball a great big ol' whack. Well, that ball is gonna have a lot of catnetic energy when it hits the wall, right? It might even leave a mark or something. If I take that very same ball and just nudge it towards the wall, there will be very little catnetic energy. It might not even bounce back. Might not even have enough energy to do that. Pretty interesting, huh?
I would like to add that the mass of the cat has nothing to do with the principles of special relacativy other than the possibility that a heavier cat might have a stronger paw swipe, thereby increasing the value of 'c'. Other than that, the mass of the cat is irrelevant. So kitties, if you wanna chow down a second helpin' of the Fancy Feast, by all means, do so. It won't 'cause any issues with teleporting.
Yes, teleporting. That's what it all boils down to. Special relacativy has been used to enable cats to teleport all over the world. The greatest scientific cat minds of the last several generations have used the principles of special relacativy to allow us cats to travel from here to there in mere seconds. The concepts of time and space and of space and time have become one. We cats have merged time, space, mass and energy, creating devices to allow us to travel through both space and time with limited energy and teleport to our hearts' content.
To my knowledge, peeps have no teleportation devices. So exactly where did their version of the theory get them? Nowhere, that's where. They're still tryin' to figure out how to move the lamps. | <urn:uuid:966cee74-038c-4373-985b-74e0b681c064> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.nerissaslife.com/2013/07/e-mc2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.971973 | 1,056 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Hanging objects may be made to oscillate in a manner similar to a simple pendulum. The motion can be described by "Newton's 2nd law for rotation":
where the torque is
and the relevant moment of inertia is that about the point of suspension.
The resulting equation of motion is:
This is identical in form to the equation for the simple pendulum and yields a period:
The period is not dependent upon the mass, since in standard geometries the moment of inertia is proportional to the mass.
For small displacements, the period of the physical pendulum is given by | <urn:uuid:1f4236de-a206-4327-a6c7-2011c4e38c4f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pendp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702849682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111409-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904449 | 124 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Blank Stare
When I speak to corporate audiences, I encounter few professionals who understand cloud computing inside and out. They’re called information technology (IT) employees, and at the average company, they only represent a microcosm of the workforce. As for the remaining departments who sit in the meeting, it is fairly typical for me to be met with their blank stares when I delve into topics that address the business they work for shifting its data over to the cloud. Inevitably, someone near the back will timidly raise her hand after a few minutes and ask the question that is on the minds of 80% of the people in the room: “So…what is cloud computing, exactly?”
“I’m glad you asked,” is my standard response before I begin explaining – and, really, I am. For too long, companies have left employees in the dark about where their data goes. That is not helpful to anyone, for a number of reasons. More on those in a moment. For now, let’s just answer the question by addressing what the cloud is.
What is the Cloud?
First, let’s define what it isn’t. For the purposes of computing, the cloud is not a physical place in the sky – nor is cloud computing a singular method or service. Instead, cloud computing is a set of computing concepts, and the cloud is the informal expression we use to describe them. What are those concepts? I call them the “3 I’s of the Cloud.” Every company that is on the cloud receives services based on these three “I” concepts:
Interconnectivity – Many computers (a cloud’s “network”) are connected via the Internet. A cloud host, which is a third party cloud services provider with its own servers, manages the computers belonging to its network members from a remote data center. This data center is what facilitates cloud-based services, such as the offsite backup of data. For companies that use the cloud, backing up data offsite (away from their location) eliminates the worry of losing important company data in the event of a system failure, power outage or weather disaster.
If you have ever heard a television or radio advertisement for a cloud services provider, you know that the #1 selling point these providers emphasize is their ability to offer companies disaster recovery solutions. That isn’t mere hype; disaster recovery is a valuable service that the cloud makes possible.
In any event, the interconnectivity of the network is what keeps cloud services providers on their toes, maintaining the uptime of the network and allowing services like disaster recovery to happen. Because a cloud hosting service provider will work hard to make sure his network doesn’t go down, the interconnectivity of the cloud should be viewed as one of its strongest assets.
Infrastructure – In order to maintain a manageable IT budget, members of the host’s network rely on the cloud to provide the IT infrastructure for their respective companies. Rather than breaking the bank building an onsite data center, those companies can rely on the cloud for the raw computing capacity needed to create, store and share data internally.
On average, the cost of depending on a cloud services provider for infrastructure is 74% less than the cost of developing the infrastructure and operations force in-house.(1) That is one clear cost comparison that makes the cloud worth exploring.
Intangibles – In a word, software. The cloud can be used to deliver one or more software applications for companies to effectively manage their workforces: email, calendars, data and document sharing, spreadsheets, etc. Nearly any IT service a company needs to manage itself can be delivered in the cloud. When a cloud host provides these software-based intangibles, that is defined as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Cloud computing is all about delivering business offerings as a service; software is just one of three.
Share it now! | <urn:uuid:4e1271d7-ac48-4161-97e1-f5a335925116> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://mattdubois.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657139395.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011219-00073-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951093 | 828 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Readers may look upon my work concerning Heroes and wonder, "Wasn't that Hero actually worshiped as a God?" Indeed, some Heroes did become Deities, such as Theseus and Herakles. Alexander the Great was also worshiped as a God after His death. So why then do we still refer to these men as Heroes? How can one be both a Hero and a God?
In ancient Greece, Heroes who became Gods could find themselves being revered as both, a theological dualism. For example, there were religious establishments for Herakles as a Hero, and other establishments for Herakles as a God. He was worshiped as both. Likewise, Heroes like Theseus and Alexander can be worshiped as both.
The question then begs, how can they manifest as both? If you ascend from one level to a higher one, you are no longer on that lower level. So how, then, is one both a Hero and a God at the same time or at different times? A God, or even simply someone who has Ascended to a higher level than that of ordinary mortals, is not subject to the same laws or limitations that we are in the flesh. Within the Ascended Ones lies the power to manifest everything that composes their Being. Just as a God or Hero has different epithets, so they can also have various manifestations at their choosing, and do so for many different reasons. For example, Theseus is a Hero, King, Avenger, Sailor, and a Democrat (meaning the founder and supporter of democracy). He turns His head in many different directions to complete Himself. Sometimes, we need a Hero to protect us, other times a God to lead us, although both can do either. Everyone who approaches the altar/shrine of a Hero or God, will be an individual. The Higher Ones know this fact, and therefore, come to each person as they can best understand and communicate, and in the way that can best address the supplications of the worshiper(s).
We tend to place mortal questions of limitation upon immortal Beings, which is entirely unrealistic. Even after all of these centuries, there are still those among us who think the Gods are simply mortals with some super powers. This is not so, and I think that we will only begin to understand the true being of Divinity when we start realizing that Divinity is not mortal. Ancient Greek Divinity is so immensely vast and powerful, ever-reaching into any part of the universe it wishes, breaking any and all limitations, and transcending any barrier or border.
In the Goodness of the Gods, | <urn:uuid:637f2505-eb87-416e-946c-c4b3941c1859> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.caldridge.net/2018/08/dualism-in-heroism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400228707.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925182046-20200925212046-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.974482 | 533 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The 10 Commandments: A Child Friendly Version
Posted on June 7, 2011
In preparation for Shavuot I recently read No Rules For Michael to my children. We received the book from The PJ Library which is a project of the Harold Grinspoon Foundation that provides thousands of free books to Jewish children throughout the country. In the back of the book it provides a child friendly version of the Esseret HaDibrot or 10 Commandments. I want to share their child friendly version as we spend the next few days eating cheesecake, recommitting ourselves to Torah and instilling Jewish values with our families.
- There is only one God.
- God is so amazing that no one can draw a picture or make anything that looks like God.
- God’s name is very special and should be said with great care.
- Shabbat is the most special day of the week- a day to rest and enjoy the world around us.
- Honor and listen to your parents.
- Life is precious. Do not hit or hurt anyone.
- Married people should respect each other.
- Do not take anything that doesn’t belong to you.
- Always tell the truth. Do not tell lies.
- Be happy with what you have. Don’t be jealous of other people or what they have. | <urn:uuid:a19d9638-0192-4cdb-88a4-840dc4acf57d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.areyvut.org/2011/06/the-10-commandments-a-child-friendly-version/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.944178 | 279 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The National Capital Region cell of Town Planning department is a part of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing of the Government of Rajasthan with Chief Town Planner (NCR) as the Head of the cell and having its jurisdiction covering the two districts namely Alwar & Bharatpur in the State of Rajasthan.
The National Capital Region (NCR) is a metropolitan region, which includes the Delhi region and the surrounding districts of neighboring states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. The NCR is India's largest and world's 2nd largest urban agglomeration with a population of over 22 million inhabitants.
Evolution of Concept of National Capital Region (NCR)
· Delhi has been experiencing phenomenal growth of population since 1951 because of migration into the city.
· This growth has contributed to increasing congestion and shortages of civic amenities. The problems of land, housing, transportation and management of essential infrastructure like water supply and sewerage would become more acute.
· The concept of the NCR was first mentioned in 1962. The plan was to develop a metropolitan region around Delhi, in order to avert escalating pressure of population.
· The National Capital Region (NCR) in India was constituted under the NCRPB Act, 1985. | <urn:uuid:f7a4af39-edbf-4ee0-9c24-ce24f60bd2be> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/en/UDH/town-planning-department/ncr/introduction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.950834 | 258 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Many people don’t realize that Faulkner Hall was an addition to the church made during the period of the 2nd church (1815-1848). The inside has been remodeled, the latest in 1999 with Aim 2000. The outside has changed – from a Dutch design evident in pictures early in the 20th century to today’s design.
Since our Vestry minutes for most of the 2nd church were destroyed in the Civil War we don’t have the Vestry discussion or decision leading to the building of Faulkner Hall. However there are three letters in the Virginia Herald (July 12, 16, 23) that place Faulkner’s creation in 1823. There was no grand opening story for this building.
The building was created during the McGuire years to be used for Sunday Schools and Vestry meetings. It is still used as a place of Christian education and Vestry meetings.
The term “Sunday School” was not Christian education for the church members but literally schools: they were places were poor children could learn to read. The Sunday school movement began in Britain in the 1780s. Sunday was the only day children didn’t work, working often 12 hours a day on the other days. Thus “Sunday Schools” provided reading of the Bible by copying passages as well as religious-type instruction- prayer and hymn singing.
By the mid-19th century, Sunday school attendance was a near universal aspect of childhood. Even parents who did not regularly attend church themselves generally insisted that their children go to Sunday school. In both Britain and America, universal, compulsory state education was established by the 1870s. After that, reading and writing were learned on weekdays at school and the Sunday school curriculum was limited to religious education.
The reason for the original letter was the concern over building this building over graves (which it was). Apparently, the writer and a friend were walking by the church lying around and noticed timber around. Enclosed grave yards the way we know it was a product of the mid-1850’s though the graveyard did have fences as early as the 1770’s. The building of Faulkner was “violation of the Sanctuary of the Grave.” The writer thought the church was going to rent out the building since funds were low and the “minister badly paid.” The writer appealed to the trustees to end the work.
A response said the writer was badly informed and that it was 3 or 4 years since the Vestry began to consider the building. It was postponed due to the expense. The purpose was to erect a Sunday School to educate the “poor children of our town and neighbourhood in the principles of knowledge and religion.’
The second letter provides some interesting details that are unconfirmed 1. He mentions a donation of a lot. Did the church not originally have this lot with the first church ? 2. The building will be a stock company with investors who will be paid dividends until paid.
The first writer wrote the 3rd letter that the current Vestry are “comparatively strangers among us, and few, if any, have relations buried in our Church Yard.” They may be indifferent but that doesn’t exclude the way they have acted. Why can’t the Sunday School be kept in the church? This writer forecasts “the grave-yard will become a play-ground for the boys; the tombstones be mutilated and broken and the market-house and lot will be a constant scene of tumult and noise during play hours.”
“Sunday Schools” were important during the McGuire years (1813-1858). The Episcopal Sunday School was the first church Sunday School established in this region in 1816. McGuire reported 3 to 5 Sunday Schools, reaching a high point of 350 “scholars” in 1846 taught by 30 teachers.
They were integrated. By 1846 he noted that 2 of 5 Sunday schools were composed of 80 “domestic servants.” and “often taught by the rector.” In Annual Convention, he noted 1 African American communicant.
John Washington, the Fredericksburg slave turned freeman and who grew up across the street at the former Farmers’ Bank (National Bank building), did not have a high opinion of the Sunday Schools in 1852. The schools were in the afternoon and the students were taught the catechism and “verses of the Bible were read to us by heart.” “I do not think much good resulted from this school for we was not permitted to learn the ABC’s or to spell” though he was sent other places where did he learn the skill.
July 12, 1818
July 16, 1818
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3 Answers | Add Yours
Both of these terms are related to describing components of an ecosystem, or the community of living organisms that live in a particular environmental system. Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem (biotic meaning biological). These include living animals, plants, and microscopic organisms like bacteria.
Abiotic factors are the non-living components of an ecosystem. The prefix "a" means "anti" in this sense, or anti-biological. Abiotic factors include the soil, air, geographic landforms (mountains, rocks, etc.), and water systems (ocean, river, lake, etc.) that comprise a given ecosystem. The acronym SWATS is often used here, meaning Soil, Water, Air, Temperature, and Sunlight.
Biotic and abiotic factors both influence each other. The abiotic factors will determine what kinds of biotic factors will be present. Particular organisms and plant forms are suited for particular types of environments. For example, frigid climates will not support lizards and other cold-blooded animals. Instead, large, blubbery mammals like whales and polar bears are much better suited to this type of environment. At the same time, the biotic factors will influence the abiotic factors. Microbes and plant life in a lake will determine what the different factors of the water will be (sunlight levels, acidity, murkiness, etc.). So both types of factors will influence each other to determine the ecosystem.
There is a huge difference between bioitic and abiotic. Biotic means living ("bio") and abiotic, as stated by ayl0124, is the opposite, meaning nonliving. Biotic factors are part of the ecosystem. Some of these include plants and bacteria. Abiotic factors are things like air and soil. Both have an effect on the other. The best way to explain this the way the soil affects the way a plant grows. If the soil is not good, the plant will either not grow or not grow well.
Biotic means "living."
Abiotic means the exact opposite, "nonliving."
Some abiotic factors include weather, space, water, sunlight, etc.
Both factors can benefit and harm the other. For example, plenty of sunlight is very important for plants because it allows them to photosynthesize. Likewise, water is beneficial to both plants and animals in an ecosystem. A change in abiotic features over a long period of time may cause evolution to occur by killing off the "weak" (natural selection).
We’ve answered 318,911 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:d34ac42f-7929-4482-b452-4d13c23c7e5d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-do-boitoic-abiotic-factors-relate-each-other-462057 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540563.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00285-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92779 | 544 | 3.75 | 4 |
Lectures given by your teachers are usually organized in one of the following lecture styles:
- Series of Events
Identifying the lecture style used by your teacher will help you take good notes. Read to learn about each lecture style.
The teacher begins by presenting the topic followed by associated subtopics. Each subtopic includes details and sometimes subdetails. Number words like one or second and transitional words like next and finally indicate that the teacher is using a Topic-List style. The transitional words also indicate a change from one subtopic to another subtopic.
The teacher begins by introducing a topic that is followed by one or more questions about the topic. Each question is answered after it is introduced. Words such as who, what, where, when, why and how indicate that the teacher is using a Question-Answer style. Phrases such as in what way and how did they react also indicate that this style is being used.
The teacher begins by identifying two things that will be compared and contrasted. The teacher then tells how the two things are alike (i.e., compare) and how they are different (i.e., contrast). Words and phrases such as alike, similarly, correspondingly, in parallel, counterpart, equal to, resemble, and just as suggest similarities. Words and phrases such as differently, however, antithesis of, disparity, on the other hand, opposite, and on the contrary suggest differences.
Series of Events
The teacher begins by identifying the topic. Then the teacher describes an initial event, step, or stage related to the topic. Information is then presented about additional events, steps, or stages. The teacher concludes by revealing the final event, step, or stage. Words and phrases such as initially, at the outset, next, followed by, then, later, after, succeeding, intermediate, last, culminating, and finally indicate that the teacher is using a Series of Events style.
The teacher begins by presenting the cause of something, followed by one or more effects related to the cause. Details are included for some of the effects. Words or phrases such as since, thus, therefore, consequently, for that reason, on account of, owing to, and as a result indicate that the teacher is using a Cause-Effect style.
The teacher begins by introducing a problem and explaining why it is a problem. The teacher continues by describing attempts to solve the problem, providing details as needed. Finally, the teacher concludes by identifying the solution to the problem if one has been found or the status of attempts to solve the problem. Words and phrases such as puzzle, issue, point of dispute, enigma, and complication indicate that a problem is being presented. Words and phrases such as solution, explanation, answer, cleared up, and worked out indicate that the problem has been resolved. Words and phrases such as unravel, investigate, clear up, and untangle indicate that an attempted solution is under way.
Identifying the lecture style used by your teacher will help you write good notes in class. | <urn:uuid:22b43a2b-7f08-4c43-a195-69d6c3a8ebae> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://how-to-study.com/study-skills-articles/identifying-lecture-styles.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00262-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959541 | 617 | 4.3125 | 4 |
The Bible says that it was the devil (or Satan) in the form of a serpent who temped Adam and Eve to sin and brought about their fall. But this raises an important question: Why did God create a ‘bad’ devil (meaning ‘adversary’) to corrupt His good creation?
Lucifer – The Shining One
In fact, the Bible says that God created a powerful, intelligent, and beautiful spirit who was chief among all angels. His name was Lucifer (meaning ‘Shining One’) – and he was very good. But Lucifer also had a will with which he could freely choose. A passage in Isaiah 14 records the choice he had:
How you have fallen from heaven,
morning star, son of the dawn!
You have been cast down to the earth,
you who once laid low the nations!
You said in your heart,
“I will ascend to the heavens;
I will raise my throne
above the stars of God;
I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly,
on the utmost heights of the North.
I will ascend above the tops of the clouds;
I will make myself like the Most High.” (Isaiah 14:12-14)
Lucifer, like Adam, faced a decision. He could accept that God was God or he could choose to be his own ‘god’. His repeated “I wills” show that he chose to defy God and declare himself to be ‘Most High’. A passage in Ezekiel gives a parallel description of the fall of Lucifer:
You were in Eden, the garden of God.
… I ordained and anointed you
as the mighty angelic guardian.
You had access to the holy mountain of God
and walked among the stones of fire.
“You were blameless in all you did
from the day you were created
until the day evil was found in you.
… and you sinned.
So I banished you in disgrace
from the mountain of God.
I expelled you, O mighty guardian,
from your place among the stones of fire.
Your heart was filled with pride
because of all your beauty.
Your wisdom was corrupted
by your love of splendor.
So I threw you to the ground. (Ezekiel 28:13-17)
Lucifer’s beauty, wisdom and power – all the good things created in him by God – led to pride. His pride led to his rebellion, but he never lost any of his power and abilities. He is now leading a cosmic revolt against his Creator to see who will be God. His strategy was to enlist mankind to join him – by tempting them to the same choice that he made – to love themselves, become independent from God, and defy Him. The heart of the test of Adam’s will was the same as Lucifer’s; it was just presented differently. They both chose to be ‘god’ to themselves.
Satan – working through others
The passage in Isaiah is directed to the ‘King of Babylon’ and the Ezekiel passage is addressed to the ‘King of Tyre’. But from the descriptions given, it is clear that no human is addressed. The “I wills” in Isaiah describe someone who was thrown to the earth in punishment for wanting to place his throne above the throne of God. The passage in Ezekiel addresses an ‘angelic guardian’ who once moved in Eden and the ‘mountain of God’. Satan (or Lucifer) often puts himself behind or through someone else. In Genesis he speaks through the serpent. In Isaiah he rules through the King of Babylon, and in Ezekiel he possesses the King of Tyre.
Why did Lucifer revolt against God?
But why did Lucifer want to challenge the all-powerful and all-knowing Creator? Part of being ‘smart’ is to know whether or not you can defeat your opponent. Lucifer may have power, but that would still be insufficient to defeat His Creator. Why lose everything for something he could not win? I would think that a ‘smart’ angel would have recognized his limitations against God – and hold back his revolt. So why didn’t he? This question puzzled me for many years.
Then I realized that Lucifer could only believe that God was His all-powerful Creator by faith – the same as for us. The Bible suggests that angels were created in creation week. For example, a passage in Job tells us:
Then the LORD spoke to Job out of the storm. He said…
“Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation?
Tell me, if you understand….
while the morning stars sang together
and all the angels shouted for joy? (Job 38:1-7)
Imagine that Lucifer was created and became conscious in creation week, somewhere in the universe. All he knows is that now he exists and is self-aware, and also that there is another Being who claims that He has created Lucifer and the universe. But how does Lucifer know that this claim is true? Perhaps, this so-called creator had popped into existence in the stars just before Lucifer popped into existence. And because this ‘creator’ arrived earlier on the scene, he was (perhaps) more powerful and (perhaps) more knowledgeable than Lucifer – but then again perhaps not. Perhaps both he and the ‘creator’ just popped into existence simultaneously. Lucifer could only accept God’s Word to him that He had created him, and that God himself was eternal and infinite. But in his pride he chose to believe his fantasy instead.
Maybe it seems doubtful that Lucifer would believe that both he and God (and the other angels) just ‘popped’ into existence. But this is the same basic idea behind the latest thinking in modern cosmology. There was a cosmic fluctuation of nothing, and then out of this fluctuation arose the universe – that is the essence of modern cosmology theories. Fundamentally, everyone – from Lucifer to Richard Dawkins & Stephen Hawkings to you & me – must decide by faith whether the universe is self-contained or was created and sustained by a Creator God.
In other words, seeing is not believing. Lucifer had seen and talked with God. But he still had to accept ‘by faith’ that God had created him. Many people say that if God would just ‘appear’ to them, then they would believe. But in the Bible many people saw and heard God – but still did not take Him at His word. The issue was whether they would accept and trust His Word about Himself and themselves. From Adam & Eve, to Cain & Abel, to Noah, to the Egyptians at the first Passover, to the Israelite crossing of the Red Sea and to those who saw the miracles of Jesus – ‘seeing’ never resulted in trust. The fall of Lucifer is consistent with this.
What is the Devil doing today?
So according to the Bible, God did not make a ‘bad devil’, but created a powerful and intelligent angelic being. Through pride he has led a revolt against God – and in doing so was corrupted, while still keeping his original splendor. You, I and all of mankind have become part of the battleground in this contest between God and his ‘adversary’ (devil). The strategy of the devil is not to wear sinister black cloaks like ‘Black Riders’ in the Lord of the Rings and put evil curses on us. Instead he seeks to deceive us from the redemption that God had promised at the beginning of time through Abraham, through Moses, and then accomplished in the death and resurrection of Jesus. As the Bible says:
Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light. It is not surprising, then, if his servants also masquerade as servants of righteousness. (2 Corinthians 11:14-15)
Because Satan and his servants can masquerade as ‘light’ we are more easily tricked. Perhaps this is why the Gospel always seems to run against our instincts and against all cultures. | <urn:uuid:0f53f5f4-b378-4cdc-91d5-1c2df9209819> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://esl.eternallife.site/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518094809-20210518124809-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.981791 | 1,702 | 2.625 | 3 |
That is the key question heading into a low (or zero) carbon future. Forget about your electric vehicle (EV), the serious question is how will we power serious machinery beyond fossil fuels.
Lord Bamford at JCB, in the UK, rightly points out that the private vehicle may only be used for 300 hours per year, whereas major machinery will achieve that many hours in well less than a week, every week. Electric machinery just will not work, so what is the alternative.
While it is not motorsport, this may point a way ahead for what may become the future for the combustion engine. This week we bring you Harry’s Garage and their visit to JCB to find out what technology that they have developed for the future. A technology that is cost effective, efficient and may satisfy our politicians and their quest for changing our future. | <urn:uuid:bad96639-6764-4887-9779-ab08242bb73d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://talkmotorsport.co.nz/international/podcast-saturday-is-hydrogen-rather-than-electric-the-future-for-big-engined-machinery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.95234 | 173 | 2.609375 | 3 |
On Christmas Day 1944, the trams stopped running in Budapest. Cadet Ervin Galantay, a dispatch runner for the recently mustered Hungarian paramilitary Vannay Battalion, was headed for home to partake in holiday celebrations when he saw a throng of civilians surrounding a group of tram conductors in Buda’s central Szell Kalman Square.
He went over to ask what was going on. The conductors’ answer stunned everyone: ‘The Russians are at the Budagyongye Tram Depot.’ Galantay promptly rebuked the conductors for spreading false rumors but joined some gendarmes and soldiers hurrying to investigate. Approaching the grounds of the imposing Janos Hospital, they were surprised by a hail of small-arms fire. In the ensuing chaos a rapidly withdrawing German tank recovery vehicle almost ran Galantay down. It was true; the Soviets had somehow entered the back door into Budapest and were just two miles from the Royal Palace.
So began the Siege of Budapest and the destruction of Central Europe’s ‘Pearl of the Danube.’ Unimaginable to all who lived in Budapest during this unfolding drama was that this first skirmish near the hospital would soon turn into one of the most frightful urban battles of World War II.
Since June 1944, the Axis forces had been steadily pushed back from the southern Ukraine, through Romania, and into central Hungary. The fighting had been bitter and costly. In August, Germany and Hungary’s erstwhile ally, Romania, abruptly changed sides during the devastating Soviet Jassy-Kishenev offensive, which led to the collapse of Army Group South Ukraine in Bessarabia. By mid-September, after a fighting retreat through Transylvania, the Germans and Hungarians managed to cobble together a sufficient armored force to fight the Soviets to a standstill near Debrecen in eastern Hungary.
The rapid buildup of Soviet forces, combined with heavy losses and the chronic German shortage of infantry to hold recaptured ground, however, meant that any defense based in the broad plain east of the centrally located Tisza River was doomed to failure. Additionally, an entire Soviet front, the Third Ukrainian, commanded by Marshal Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin, the ‘Liberator of Belgrade,’ appeared from the south after a brilliant wheeling maneuver through the Balkans.By late October, the Soviet offensive slowed as it approached historic Budapest. Bisected by the broad Danube River, this strategically located city had always been an important outpost and trading town within the fertile Danubian basin.
Hilly Buda, on the Danube’s west bank, is key military terrain, especially for defending against forces attacking from the east. Dominated by Castle Hill, site of the imposing Hungarian Royal Palace, Buda is a natural bastion. In contrast, highly urbanized Pest, situated on the Danube’s flat east bank, was exposed through the centuries to a host of invaders from the east — most notably Mongols, Ottomans, Russians, and Romanians. Kati Marton vividly captured how Budapest was then in her book Wallenberg:
Budapest is a dramatic, theatrical kind of place. More than anything else it resembles a stage set. Buda perched on steep hills, her sprawling Royal Palace, and her Citadel carved into jagged cliffs which plunge into the river, craves the attention of the visitor arriving down the Danube from Vienna. Pest on the flat plain that is the continuation of the Puszta, is all business, commerce and intellect, all conversation and art. Fantastic amalgams of Romanesque, Gothic and Byzantine straining to find their Magyar soul face boulevards which are unabashed imitations of both Paris and Vienna. The Parliament, ostentatiously outdoing Westminster, spire for spire, Gothic arch for Gothic arch, faces the dirty gray Danube, the heart of the city.
For Adolf Hitler, Budapest was vital. It was the capital of Germany’s last remaining ally in Europe and the gateway to Vienna and southern Bavaria. In addition, the Axis’ only remaining crude oil plant was in southwest Hungary. Hitler believed that strong counteroffensives in Hungary coupled with a stout defense in Poland would keep the Soviets off-balance and prevent them from massing their forces against Berlin.
Josef Stalin also viewed Hungary’s capital city as a key political prize. The Allied summit at Yalta was just three months away, and the swift seizure of Budapest and Vienna would greatly increase his bargaining power. He ordered Marshal Rodion Malinovsky, a future Soviet minister of defense and commander of the Second Ukrainian Front, which was spread throughout southeast Slovakia and north-central Hungary, to seize Budapest ‘in the shortest possible time — in days even.’
Malinovsky requested a five-day respite to prepare his weary forces, which had since July pushed west through Romania, Transylvania, and eastern Hungary with barely a break. He was curtly rebuffed by Stalin, who told him, ‘I categorically order you to begin the offensive on Budapest tomorrow.’ Therefore, on November 1 Malinovsky attacked from near Kecskemét in central Hungary with several only partially resupplied armies. In one week his troops managed to punch about seventy miles, up to Budapest’s eastern suburbs. The swift and unexpected arrival of numerous dusky-brown Soviet T-34 tanks near the small towns of Vecsés and Soroksár, just fourteen miles from the Royal Palace, threw the city into a panic.
During those dangerous early days of the siege, German and Hungarian reinforcements rode the city trams to battle in Pest’s eastern suburbs. The weakening Soviet offensive, although having reached the Danube to the north and south of Budapest, broke against the hastily built-up Axis bridgehead. Here the Hungarian defense stabilized, heavily reinforced by German soldiers rushed to Budapest from throughout the Eastern theater.
The six weeks between the Soviets’ November arrival in Pest’s eastern suburbs and the Christmas night encirclement of the entire city proved surreal for the capital’s almost one million inhabitants. Although a number had fled into western Hungary, the overwhelming majority of residents remained, including many who gravitated to the capital from the countryside. Conventional wisdom was that the Soviets would rapidly take Budapest and Hungary, and therefore it would be safer and more orderly in the great city. It was generally accepted that in the city, ‘inhabitants will face field marshals while in the villages corporals will govern.’
After the initial panic a strange lull took place. Life returned to a forced normalcy. Shops reopened. Noted coffeehouses such as Gerbeaud and the New York Cafe did a brisk business as citizens prepared for subdued Christmas festivities. In packed cinemas many watched newsreels of the fighting just kilometers away. All this activity went on under the barrels of heavy Soviet artillery, which could already shell much of Budapest.
The German reporter Werner Hannemann exclaimed, ‘Budapest is unique among front-line cities!’ He expressed his astonishment and admiration of the residents when he described their life in Budapest:
On the Danube bridges connecting Buda and Pest you encounter a German guard every twenty meters. He bears his weapon ready at the hip, not over his shoulder. Along the Danube quay, where one strolled pleasantly under the lanterns in the pale summer nights in front of the row of world famous hotels — the Ritz, Bristol, Hungaria and Carlton — work detachments prepare for war. The coffee house habitus meet as usual at five p.m. in the Negresco and knot the tablecloth fringes together out of boredom, then move on to the Dubarry or Hungarica Bar around seven to have their customary ‘Flip’ or a good Tocay — while Soviet aircraft indiscriminately drop bombs followed by flares into the city. For dinner, the Soviet long-range artillery sends heavy shells into the city. The waiters serve on, nobody makes a fuss. Each day there are at least four or five air-raid alerts.
More sinister activity, however, was taking place throughout the city. In early December, about seventy thousand of Budapest’s approximately 140,000 Jews were rounded up by Hungarian gendarmes and Arrowcross fascists under Gestapo supervision and herded into a large ghetto in central Pest. Those left behind stayed in hiding or lived precariously in a smaller ‘international ghetto,’ which was in reality less protected than the enclosed central ghetto. It was during this time that the heroic Swedish emissary Raoul Wallenberg made his name by resorting to every means possible — Red Cross and Swedish government passes, real and forged, cajolery, bribery, and reckless courage — to save as many of Budapest’s Jews as possible. What made Budapest unusual was that due to relatively benign Hungarian policies against the Jews preceding the German occupation in March 1944, the city was the only remaining urban area anywhere within Nazi-occupied Europe that had a substantial surviving Jewish population by December 1944.
The Soviets on December 19, after a brief respite and aided by excellent deception — false radio signals and unit designations to conceal the intended breakthrough sector — launched a two-pronged attack against hastily built Axis Magarethe Line fortifications. This tenuous line ran along the enormous Lake Balaton up through the eastern Pest bridgehead and then north along the Danube into Slovakia. The Second Ukrainian Front, roughly the size of a U.S. army with four armies and 625,000 men — including a Romanian corps — first stormed westward just north of the Danube River bend. The Third Ukrainian Front, about 450,000 strong and spread from Yugoslavia to south of Budapest, then attacked from a Danube bridgehead near Lake Balaton with twice the forces the Germans had anticipated. Nine rifle divisions supported by two mobile corps quickly shattered the thin defensive line, and by December 21 they had penetrated deep into the Axis rear.
Just two days later, Soviet forces swept into the strategic city of Székesfehérvár near Lake Balaton. This secured Marshal Tolbukhin’s left flank as his armored spearheads turned north to envelop Budapest. They then severed the main Budapest-Vienna highway at Bicske, eighteen miles west of Budapest, and continued north with the bulk of their forces. By noon of the 26th, forward detachments of the Eighteenth Tank Corps, spearhead of the Soviet Forty-sixth Army, triumphantly capped this double envelopment by linking up with Malinovsky’s forces at the ancient cathedral city of Esztergom at the bend of the Danube River. Budapest now lay within the death grip of two Soviet fronts.
Despite the distant rumble of battle from the south, Budapest’s inhabitants carried on as if in denial of the fast-moving peril enveloping them. Soviet tank units roared in the evening gloom toward unsuspecting, undefended western Buda. Most thought the clatter represented reinforcing German units headed east. By mid-morning on Christmas Day, Soviet armored reconnaissance units were filtering through the Buda hills toward the quiet Castle District.
The Hungarian police were the first units to raise the alarm. Near the Janos Hospital a company of the untrained Hungarian University Storm Battalion scrambled to stop the early Russian probe. The veteran Eighth SS Florian Geyer Cavalry Division, in positions in Vecsés, twelve miles east of the Danube, received a hurried call to drop their Christmas celebrations and redeploy to the western suburbs. Within hours they were crossing the Danube bridges in trucks and taking up battle lines in Buda. The violence of this confused urban engagement heightened as both sides fed troops piecemeal into the fighting.
The earliest firefights swirled from house to house, hill to hill, and boulevard to boulevard, as both sides sought to obtain the most advantageous positions possible. Without enough forces to fully exploit their near coup de main of Budapest, the Soviets went to ground, but not before securing vital positions on Schwabian Hill and at the Janos Hospital, within one and a half miles of the Royal Palace. In turn, the German-Hungarian forces narrowly avoided the Soviets occupying all the tactically significant high ground of Buda behind the bulk of the Axis troops deployed east of the Danube in the Pest lowlands.
The German Ninth SS Mountain Corps, under the command of SS Obergruppenführer (Lt. Gen.) Karl von Pfeffer-Wildenbruch, a police general sent to Hungary in September 1944, was trapped in Budapest. The garrison consisted of roughly seventy thousand German and Hungarian soldiers. Troop quality ranged from excellent to substandard. Comprising the core of the garrison were several first-class German fighting units, including most of the Feldherrnhalle Panzergrenadier Division, the depleted Thirteenth Panzer Division, the Eighth SS Cavalry Division, and the recently formed Twenty-second SS Maria Theresa Cavalry Division.
The German defenders were supplemented by Hungarian army forces, including the Tenth Infantry Division, remnants of the First Tank Division, some armored hussars, and an elite assault gun battalion. Less reliable was the recently conscripted Twelfth Reserve Infantry Division. The Hungarians also fielded numerous ad hoc units, including several well-armed detachments of Arrowcross fascists, two battalions of anti-Bolshevik university students, the tough paramilitary Vannay Battalion, plus numerous police, service, and support elements.
Several dozen tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled howitzers provided credible armored support for the garrison until fuel stocks ran low. The corps’ chief of staff, the highly capable Oberst (Colonel) Uscha von Lindenau, later wrote:
The number and composition of the troops at our disposal proved unfit for the defense of a large city like Budapest from the very start. After all what could Panzers, anti-tank and cavalry units do in a labyrinth of houses? The staff of the defense had no independent signals system of its own. We used the public telephone lines of Budapest instead. During the siege this resulted in the paradoxical situation that often the number called was answered not by our people but by the Russians who were already there.
The Soviets’ holiday attack split many families, catching numerous Budapest inhabitants outside the city on Christmas foraging trips. Citizens calling from suddenly occupied western Buda were dumbfounded when inner Budapest residents confirmed, via still intact phone lines, the unimaginable — the dreaded Russians had surrounded and were storming the city. German soldiers rushing to rejoin their units were amazed to see civilians desperately trying to hitch rides back into the dying city. A German military mail truck picked up one young woman who had been shopping near Bicske for food. As the truck rattled toward the capital at dusk, the veteran Germans looked on with foreboding, as did the young lady, at the artillery flashes that lit up the darkening sky, heralding the Russians’ approach.
On December 24, 1944, Hitler, over the heated objections of much of his staff, ordered SS Obergruppenführer (Lt. Gen.) Herbert Gille to immediately prepare his formidable Fourth SS Panzer Corps, then refitting in the Warsaw area, for deployment to Hungary to relieve the encircled German corps in Budapest. Thus began the disproportionate buildup of German panzer forces in Hungary during a period of extreme peril on both the Eastern and Western fronts. By March 1945 six elite Waffen SS panzer divisions and a quarter of all available Wehrmacht panzer divisions would be committed to Hungary, ostensibly to retain the Reich’s last remaining strategic oil reserves.
In January 1945, while German forces were gathering, Soviet armies were poised on the Vistula River, preparing to thrust into eastern Prussia and the heart of Germany, and Allied forces, having stopped the Ardennes offensive, were preparing to cross the Rhine into Germany’s vitals.
The first week of the siege was characterized by a series of uncoordinated, violent Soviet attacks from several directions while the defenders contracted their lines in eastern Pest and stabilized the precarious situation in Buda. The Eighth SS Cavalry Division deployed its three regiments in a rough semicircle from an elevated railway embankment south of Gellert Hill to opposite Margit Island, a thousand-yard-long park in the middle of the Danube. The key terrain features of Eagle Hill, Farkasreti Cemetery, Schwabian Hill, and Rose Hill down to the Danube were all turned into urban strongpoints. Interspersed between these strongpoints were a mix of Hungarian and German combat groups that would help shore up the inevitable gaps. In Pest, the extended defenses in the eastern suburbs were pulled back to free up more troops for Buda and to tighten the perimeter. The shortened German battle line still covered most of Pest, roughly following a heightened railway embankment that ringed the eastern half of the city and extended south through Csepel Island. Margit Island was defended by a mixed battle group.
On December 29, Marshal Malinovsky, impatient to complete the capture of Budapest and continue his drive on Vienna, sent two officers, Miklos Steinmetz and Ilya Ostapenko, to offer surrender terms. They were curtly dismissed by the Germans and were killed during an unfortunate accident on their return to Russian lines. Subsequent investigations revealed that one of the ill-fated emissaries drove over a land mine, and the other was hit by random mortar fire. The Soviets blamed the Germans for wantonly killing the officers and whipped up their propaganda machine, thereby inflaming emotions in the increasingly bloody battle.
In Pest, the Soviets pressed their attack through the eastern suburbs along several avenues of approach, mainly from the north- and southeast. Their assault groups, supported by armor, assault guns, and several Lend-Lease Sherman tanks, slowly swept past the forward Axis strongpoints. Reluctant to become decisively engaged so far from Budapest’s urban heart, the enemy gradually gave ground, inflicting enough casualties to slow the Soviet advance to a crawl.
By January 1, 1945, Pest’s defenders had fallen back to an inner perimeter about five miles from the Danube, while defensive lines in Buda had barely budged. On this day the stakes for Budapest dramatically heightened.
Since Budapest’s encirclement, intense German planning had concentrated on how to best punch through the hardening Soviet outer and inner lines into the beleaguered city. Options evolved into northern and southern solutions. The northern option focused on a quick but difficult attack over hilly, heavily wooded terrain directly toward Budapest. The southern option seemed more promising; German forces would drive east from between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence, seize Székesfehérvár, and wheel northeast toward Budapest over relatively flat terrain. A successful offensive along this axis would not only break into Budapest but also split Tolbukhin’s front in half. Pressed for time and plagued by serious misgivings, the German high command chose the more direct, but more difficult, northern option, calling it Operation Konrad.
On New Year’s Day the lead elements of the newly arrived Third SS Totenkopf (Death’s Head) and Fifth SS Wiking (Viking) Panzer Divisions, advancing in column and without initial artillery preparation, crashed into the overextended Soviet Fourth Guards Army near Táta. Although Soviet Intelligence was aware that Gille’s corps had recently redeployed into Hungary from Poland, it had lost track of the two elite SS divisions, mainly because they used different radio security procedures than the more numerous Wehrmacht units. The Soviet failure to track these dangerous units enabled the Germans to achieve full tactical surprise and a quick breakthrough.
This attack from the northwest heralded an extraordinary month of maneuver warfare, coupled with strikes and counterstrikes in western Hungary, with Székesfehérvár and Bicske as the hubs and Budapest always the prize. Although strategically the war was clearly lost, January 1945 would be the last month of the war during which the Germans fought the Soviets with some possibility of securing any sort of tactical victory.
By January 3, Marshal Tolbukhin, commanding the outer encirclement ring, was forced to acknowledge the severity of the threat bearing down from the west and northwest. In three days Gille’s panzer spearheads had driven twenty-five to thirty miles over rugged terrain, half the distance to Budapest. In response Tolbukhin rushed four additional corps — each one averaging fifteen thousand to twenty-five thousand men — north from the Székesfehérvár area to buttress his crumbling line. At the same time, Malinovsky, commanding the inner encirclement ring and responsible for reducing Budapest, pulled a rifle corps out of the developing siege battle and reoriented it to the west. This shift of Soviet forces barely managed to stop the German counteroffensive at Bicske, just eighteen miles from Budapest.
Simultaneously, on January 6 Malinovsky’s premier armor formation, the Sixth Guards Tank Army, with more than 250 tanks, smashed a ten-mile-wide hole through the German/Hungarian positions north of the Danube near Esztergom in a well-timed counterstroke. During the next three days it knifed fifty miles toward the rail junction at Komárom, which was the main Axis supply terminus for much of the Hungarian campaign. By January 8, the attack had stalled in Komárom’s outskirts, much as Gille’s panzer corps was blocked at the Bicske road junction. There was an extraordinary symmetry between these two offensives; the Germans advanced east along the southern bank of the Danube while an equally strong Soviet offensive advanced west along the northern bank.
Meanwhile, the tenacious General Gille would not give up. He pulled his Wiking Division out of the line and within three days it reappeared just south of Esztergom near the Danube bend. In miserable weather the battle-hardened Wiking Division advanced south toward Budapest along the narrow roads and tracks of the Ardennes-like Pilis Mountains. By January 12, the SS Westland Regiment, comprised mostly of Scandinavian volunteers, reached Pilisszentkereszt, just fourteen miles from northern Buda. That morning German soldiers spotted the church spires and turrets of the distinctive Budapest skyline poking through the morning fog from the highlands near Dobogoko. Despite its success, the German relief force, overextended and vulnerable, was unable to exploit this small breakthrough and was eventually ordered to pull back and regroup.
In Budapest, hopes of relief ran high. The garrison could both see and hear the approaching fighting, the sound of which was magnified by heavy cloud cover, while the relief troops heard the city’s haunting air-raid sirens. At night the relief force and the defenders communicated with each other using flares. Heeding Hitler’s directive that Budapest remain a fortress city, the garrison did not attempt to battle out of the pocket, a prospect that at this juncture had some prospect of success.
The situation in the beleaguered city became increasingly serious, however. While the Soviets chipped away at Buda, they also concentrated on reducing Pest. With three rifle corps on line, supported by heavy assault guns, armor, artillery, and combat engineers, the Soviet forces relentlessly ground down the outnumbered defenders. A German war correspondent dramatically reported:
The sky gleams in red and violet colors over the Hungarian capital. The thud of shots and the clatter of machine guns mingle with the muffled rumbling of the aircraft circling over Budapest. Cowering behind quickly erected barricades, moving with exemplary tenacity from cellar to cellar, SS-men, tank grenadiers of the army, Hungarian parachutists, supported by German tanks encounter the Soviet storm troops again and again. Every defender of Budapest knows the necessity of this battle. Therefore the defiant perseverance, the repeated thrusts into the masses of the enemy. In the heart of Budapest the German garrison defends itself with fanatical bravery. Daily it inflicts tremendous losses on the Soviets. Its obstinate perseverance is not in vain. It is giving the German command precious time to take extensive countermeasures in the Hungarian theater of war.
By this time the bulk of Budapest’s almost one million civilians huddled in cellars, ground-floor apartments, and tunnels throughout the city. On Castle Hill thousands were crammed into several miles of tunnels bored into the surrounding natural limestone formations. Several German and Hungarian field hospitals operated in this dank, fetid environment. The German weekly Die Zeit graphically described these conditions:
At first the girls, women and men of Budapest worked on. They wore fur coats and built barricades under the orders of the SS. In the beginning, they cowered together when a round exploded nearby. For a while they tried to carry on. But at last they disappeared in the cellars and sat or lay down with their hunger. Like the people of Budapest — this city that crumbles more on all sides with each passing day — like these people sitting down there in the cellars, the women in fur coats and silk stockings sheer as breath, the girls who mechanically reached for their lipstick and compact now and then, as if they had to pretty themselves up in the usual big city manner for Death the Cavalier, the confused peasant girls in colorful headscarves and, in between, the children with long, lowered eyelashes, none of them had anything left to eat, yet nobody felt the hunger anymore…. Yes, it was not easy to bear the sight of it. Civilian corpses already lay in the streets.
With the loss of Budapest’s main airport on December 27, the supply situation became critical. Eighty tons of provisions per day were needed to supply the garrison alone. The Germans threw everything they could into the support of Budapest. A racetrack in Pest was hurriedly converted into a makeshift airport where venerable Junkers Ju-52s flew in rations, ammunition, and gasoline and evacuated the seriously wounded, including the son of German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel. When Soviet tanks overran the racetrack on January 9, the Germans converted the Vérmezö, an eight-hundred-yard-long park directly below Castle Hill, into a last-ditch landing zone. This narrow park, appropriately called the Blutwiese (bloody meadow), drew constant fire as light aircraft, frequently gliders piloted by daredevil teenage Hitler Youth members drawn from junior flying clubs across Germany, continued to recklessly land by night.
Resupply did not come only by air. As the Danube flows north to south, the Germans attempted early during the siege to float supplies by motor launch and barge from the recaptured Esztergom area into Budapest. On one occasion, a barge with four thousand tons of ammunition hit a sandbar about fifteen miles north of the city. Despite this setback, the Germans successfully brought its cargo down to Budapest under cover of fog and darkness. By mid-January the tightening Soviet noose had cut off this vital river artery, which shortly thereafter froze almost completely over.
Rations within the city were primarily horseflesh and thin soup. Though some of the cavalry horses were led out of Buda-pest before the encirclement, more than twenty thousand animals remained within the perimeter and provided a ready source of meat for the garrison. The miserable mounts could be seen everywhere in lower Buda standing inside shops, inner gardens, and narrow streets. Their stripped carcasses littered the streets.
Many of the more affluent Budapest citizens, particularly in the wealthy Buda villas, had large larders well provisioned with food and alcohol, making each a valued mini-objective. Fierce firefights broke out among these villas. A favored German tactic was to allow the Soviets to seize one stocked with wine and spirits, wait a few hours until early morning, and then counterattack the groggy and besotted enemy.
Hundreds of thousands of poorer or displaced civilians were not as fortunate, often prowling the streets after dark foraging for scraps of food. Thirst was also a major problem, and many inhabitants were killed as they crept to the Danube to fill containers of water. An eyewitness described the chaos:
The bombing was constant. It was very dangerous to go outside. Many people died while running for water, or just going to the courtyard for a cigarette. We went down into the cellar on December 29 and until the fall of Buda on February 12, we lived a rat’s life. Apart from the windows, it’s a miracle our flat remained intact. In our immediate neighborhood everything was completely destroyed by mines and bullets.
The Hungarian units generally fared better than the Germans, as the populace gave them what support they could. The Waffen SS cavalry units were also well treated due to their high percentage of conscripted ethnic Germans who were native-born Hungarians. As the siege lengthened and supplies diminished, hunger and sickness affected almost all the defenders.
Both sides recognized that the Battle of Budapest was developing into the bloodiest and most sustained siege since Stalingrad. Consequently, psychological warfare increased as the battle intensified. Through loudspeakers and airdropped leaflets, the Soviet chipped away at the morale of the garrison. While Gille told the beleaguered garrison, ‘Hang on, we’re coming!’ the Soviets broadcasted, ‘Gille kommt aber kille [sic] Gille‘ (Gille’s coming but we’re going to kill him). Another leaflet read, ‘Die Schwarzen Raben fliegen aus Stalingrad‘ (The black ravens are flying from Stalingrad). The Germans generally were unfazed by these psychological operations, whereas Hungarian units, especially those formed from recently mustered recruits, suffered heavily from desertion.
Adding to the combatants’ woes was the fact that the winter of 1944-1945 was unusually cold. Most troops lived in buildings and large apartment blocks. However, those who manned positions in parks and large open areas suffered badly from the cold, particularly in daylight, when the ubiquitous Soviet snipers pinned them down. In Buda, Soviet marksmen on the rooftop of the Janos Hospital, just eight hundred yards to their front, plagued defenders deployed across Városmajor Park. Some were deadly accurate Siberian riflemen.
Not only did snipers unnerve the garrison. The Soviets, masters at infiltration and small-unit patrolling, were sometimes able to penetrate behind the urban defense lines to acquire intelligence, snatch prisoners, and kill officers. For example, a six-man patrol of Soviet marines was able to penetrate deep behind German defenses near Buda’s Royal Palace by slithering through a narrow sewer main. They emerged and waited for hours in the shadows, letting several German soldiers pass by. Their patience was eventually rewarded when they were able to surprise two German officers, killing one and dragging the other back through the sewers to Soviet lines.
The subterranean war in Budapest worked both ways, however. Although the subway tunnels were blocked early in the siege, the city was laced with countless sewer mains, maintenance tunnels, and passages. The Hungarian paramilitary Vannay Battalion, which was made up of municipal workers who knew the city’s underground well, worked deep in the city’s bowels to counter the Soviets. They emerged phantom-like in captured buildings’ cellars to query cooperative Hungarian civilians as to the Soviets’ whereabouts.
When uncertain if the enemy were lurking at the other end of a dark tunnel, they would throw a urine-soaked tennis ball down the passageway and release dogs trained to fetch them. In theory the dogs would bark or draw enemy fire if they encountered any Soviets. On one occasion Vannay members infiltrated Soviet lines near Janos Hospital and carved up several Hungarian defectors, who were broadcasting propaganda over Soviet-provided loudspeakers.
On January 11, Malinovsky, pressed by Stalin, who was clearly irritated by the sluggish nature of the assault, ordered a reorganization of Soviet forces. A special combat group equipped with flamethrowers, heavy weapons, and sappers commanded by Maj. Gen. Ivan M. Afonyin was formed. Budapest would be reduced by brute force. Rifle divisions were assigned attack sectors between four hundred and eight hundred yards wide, with regiments pushing on 150- to 300-yard-wide fronts, several soldiers advancing per yard. Heavy artillery, including 122mm, 152mm, and 203mm guns, was brought up to support this steamroller with direct fire.
The German battle group defending Csepel Island, Budapest’s industrial heart, was forced out after a bloody fight through its many factories and machine shops. The munitions factories founded by the great Hungarian Jewish industrial magnate Manfred Weiss, the ‘Hungarian Krupp,’ continued to fabricate artillery rounds, small arms ammunition, and Panzerfausts for the defense of Budapest until literally the last moment.
The pressure on Pest intensified as the Soviets closed in on the contracting German and Hungarian positions. Varosliget Park and Millennium Square, the last wide-open area in northwest Pest, fell on January 12 after bitter fighting. From the park, the tempo of the Soviet advance quickened, passing the many embassies and ornate villas on the broad Andrassy Boulevard. By January 14, Hungarian infantry and assault guns were locked in mortal combat for the Eastern Railway Station with most of General Nicholae Sova’s Seventh Romanian Rifle Corps. Whereas in most instances Hungarian units had fought halfheartedly during the Battle of Budapest, here — faced with their Romanian arch-nemesis — they fought savagely.
The fighting traveled from track to track, through the rolling stock, and into the station. By January 16, the outnumbered defenders were bludgeoned in close-quarter fighting amid the rubble of the shattered station, and the exhausted attackers stood close to the Elizabeth Ring Road, a short distance from the Danube. Sova’s corps, already having suffered eleven thousand casualties out of its thirty-six-thousand-man force, was pulled out by Malinovsky, who was incensed by the Romanian tendency to whip up frenzied resistance among previously demoralized Hungarian troops.
A similar episode occurred at the Western Railway Station (in Pest), where another furious fight ensued. After the station was captured on January 16, the Soviets were just a thousand yards from the Danube bridges, threatening to split the hard-pressed Pest garrison in half. Faced with the annihilation of the entire Pest group, Hitler finally consented to giving up the eastern bridgehead and consolidating the garrison’s defense in Buda.
Consequently, on January 17 the Chain and Elizabeth bridges into Buda were jammed. One observer recounted the horrendous chaos:
The bridges stood constantly under the heaviest fire, and despite this flowed confused and unthinkingly over the Danube from Pest to Buda — all who could run, roll or hobble, vehicles of all kinds and civilian wagons covered in canvas with shying horses, wretched mothers, crying wives and children, and many, many wounded soldiers. When the mortar rounds fell in the moving mass of humanity, men and material were thrown from both sides of the bridge into the Danube.’
Flying low along the river, Soviet fighter-bombers raked the exposed columns. From Buda’s heights German anti-aircraft artillery attempted to shoot down the low-flying Shturmoviks, which resulted in extensive damage across the river to the row of buildings lining Pest’s waterfront. Despite the protestations of General Ivan Hindy, the senior Hungarian commander, German sappers blew up the magnificent Chain and Elizabeth bridges into the Danube in the early dawn hours of the 18th.
The Soviet capture of Pest was welcomed by at least one large element of its population: the tens of thousands of Jews caught up in the fury of Pest’s defense. When not enduring the constant shelling and bombing, they were ravaged daily by the depredations of Arrowcross thugs, who forced their way into the ghetto and committed unspeakable acts of brutality. George Lang, a young Hungarian Jew who survived Budapest’s dangerous streets by using guile and luck, later wrote:
It was a time when God was arranging our lives with his left hand. It was a time of deliberate cultivation of evil. The city was shivering and it was not only the exceptionally cold weather. Buildings, under the Russian artillery and machine-gun fire from low-flying planes fell like tree leaves while human shaped creatures terrorized the city. Most people just tried to survive with obscene indifference towards others while fourteen-year-old Hungarian fascists, probably neighbors I played soccer with — shot the helpless thousands of Jews, but first removing their gold teeth before pushing them into the indifferent Danube. For the rest of my life I will never understand why God did not repeat his Biblical flood trick to end all that horror.
While the defense of Pest collapsed, the Germans were surreptitiously disengaging Gille’s bloodied but still dangerous corps from the northern sector and stealthily redeploying it south by rail. Although weakened from the failure of their northern option they now planned a belated execution of the southern option.
Once again, Soviet signal intercepts failed to track the SS corps. Four panzer divisions, including those comprising the veteran Third Panzer Corps, flattened the unprepared Soviet 135th Rifle Corps, rending a fifteen mile hole in the Soviet line. German armor rampaged through the enemy positions, gaining a dozen miles the first day. By January 20, in the last great German panzer raid of the war, lead elements of the Third Panzer Division pushed almost seventy miles into the Soviet rear, reaching the Danube near Dunapentele, where they shot up enemy river traffic. The storied First Panzer Division, with its infantry augmented by the Hungarian SS Regiment Ney, retook the key city of Székesfehérvár on the 23rd, unhinging the entire Soviet sector.
This was the last serious Soviet military crisis of the war. Within five days the German attack had split Tolbukhin’s front, pinning it against the Danube. Advancing German spearheads were just miles from the Soviets’ main supply routes crossing the river and were just one bound from Budapest. Marshal Tolbukhin perceived the threat to be grave enough that he requested to withdraw his forces back across the Danube, which would have meant success for the German southern option and temporary relief of the garrison. For a moment Stalin almost relented, but then ordered the Soviet marshal to hold his ground.
Soviet countermeasures were swift once the magnitude of the crisis revealed itself. Two rifle corps slated for the final reduction of Buda were hurriedly redirected south. The Fifth Guard Cavalry Corps rode sixty-five miles in twenty-four hours, arriving with the other redeployed corps in the nick of time to blunt the increasingly attenuated German advance. On the 24th, the Germans conducted a last-gasp attack that approached to within thirteen or fourteen miles of Buda’s southern suburbs. The garrison managed to make radio contact with the fading German spearhead, greeting it with the words, ‘Warm wishes towards your success and our liberation, ten thousand of our wounded await you.’
Once again Pfeffer-Wildenbruch requested to break out, and once again Hitler ordered the wavering garrison to remain in place. Faced with fresh Soviet forces to their front and the erosion of their dangerously extended southern flank, the German relief force was forced to postpone the offensive on January 28, thereby sealing Budapest’s fate.
In the capital, the progress of the offensive was closely monitored. Once again the starving garrison could hear the sounds of approaching battle, this time from the southwest. Once again their hopes for relief were dashed, this time permanently, when word spread that the relief operation had been repulsed. Morale sank among the defenders though not their capacity to fight.
The garrison was now engaged in a battle of attrition that it could not hope to survive. Two full rifle corps exerted relentless pressure against the defenders in the Kelenfold district in southern Buda and the bleeding German line defending the valleys, saddles, and hilltops facing west. Assault after assault was beaten back by Kampfgruppe Portugall, which defended Eagle Hill overlooking the entire German defense of Buda. Below, in Farkasreti Cemetery, Soviet and German soldiers fought a macabre battle among its gravestones and crypts.
In this grim environment, the sight of an elegant Hungarian woman in her mink coat, calmly walking her dog in the midst of the carnage, bemused both sides. During a seesaw struggle for the adjoining Little Schwabian Hill, Hungarian Zrinyi assault guns, in tandem with troopers from the Eighth SS, retook the height and held it until February 6. Nearby, a group of university students fought viciously for the heights of Rose Hill. In one counterattack, several German Hummel 150mm self-propelled artillery pieces led the young students’ charge. During this intense bombardment, General Afonyin, the Soviet group commander, was severely wounded.
An unusual battle for Margit Island, once Budapest’s playground and site of several well-known cafes and baths, continued throughout January. Defended by a mixed Hungarian and German garrison, this narrow, 250-yard-wide strip of earth, linked to Buda by the intact half of the Margit Bridge, was the site of a pure infantry battle, complete with extensive trench lines and river landing attempts on the defenders’ flanks. The Germans defended Margit Island because of its importance as an excellent site to airdrop supplies and as a final approach for any aircraft trying to land on the Vérmezö.
By now daily rations were down to melted snow, horsemeat, and 150 grams of bread. Most of the garrison suffered from diarrhea and were infested with lice. There was a real fear of typhus breaking out in the crowded, makeshift hospital in the tunnels and catacombs of Castle Hill where thousands of Buda civilians were sheltered from the fighting. Archbishop Gennaro Verolino, then a young assistant to the Papal Nuncio in Budapest, Father Angelo Rotta, vividly described the nightmare scene:
We had only to cross Disz Square, which already separated the non-existent building of the Nunciature from the Royal Palace. A short walk but what a walk! The building next to the Nunciature, that of the Foreign Ministry, was in flames. The Ministry of Defense, on the opposite side of the square, was aflame, too. Flames rose towards the sky from several places in the Palace itself. And in the square there were bomb craters, trenches, wreckage…there were only the flames to light our way. Then inside the palace we had to descend lower and lower. Wherever we passed, in every hall, corridor, there were wounded, operations were in progress on ordinary tables, we heard cries and wailing everywhere…. Hell itself.
Sensing the kill, the Soviets intensified their attacks through Farkasreti Cemetery and Schwabian Hill. The stout defense of the cemetery was finally overcome and the defenders, lacking the strength to counterattack, grudgingly fell back in an attempt to hold the old Taban quarter between Gellert Hill and Castle Hill.
On February 6, the Soviets, attacking from three sides, finally took Eagle Hill after six weeks of continuous fighting. The defense of Budapest was fatally compromised with the Soviet seizure of this key tactical height. From Eagle Hill’s summit, Soviet artillery spotters were able to call in accurate fire on the garrison’s positions below them on Castle and Gellert Hills. The improvised landing strip on the Vérmezö became untenable. German counterbattery fire was negligible and was unable to answer the torrent of Soviet shellfire. The doomed garrison was relentlessly pressed against the Danube into an area of approximately one and a half miles by seven hundred yards. Critical shortages in artillery, ammunition, and gasoline limited the garrison’s ability to respond to any crisis.
Despite the realization that further defense of Buda was pointless and that there would be no relief, the Germans and Hungarians hung grimly on for another six days. The Vannay Battalion, a bare memory of its former self, and an Arrowcross detachment counterattacked and drove a Soviet combat group back to the upper floors of the huge castlelike Buda Postal ‘Palace’ on the northwest corner of Szell Kalman Square. They then made a determined stand on the lower floors of the recaptured building, thereby keeping open a key potential breakout route to the northwest.
South of the Gellert Hotel, the exhausted defenders fought determinedly against Soviet infantry and tank forces released to the besieging forces after the relief threat from Gille had subsided. For two days, heavy fighting raged around the Southern Railway Station, the last major structure in front of Castle Hill itself. When it finally fell, the Soviets pressed on and up the southern and western sides of Gellert Hill. On February 10, the Soviets’ Eighty-third Marine Brigade stormed the heights, managing to carve out a foothold near the summit in the area of the Japanese and Swiss residences. At the same time, fighting raged from villa to villa below and other detachments infiltrated the Orthodox Church in the Taban district, almost splitting the defense. Peter Zwack, Sr., recalled:
It was a God-awful time. I was a young teenager at the time and remember spending most of the siege deep in our cellar lit by candles amid food stocks and coal while the city shook itself apart. At night a young German soldier named Gunther — he was just a few years older than I — would come and stay with us. My mother and aunt tried to console him as he wept about missing his family and that he didn’t want to die alone in Budapest. One day he didn’t come back.
We lost track of time. Early on my father would go over sometimes to play cards at the Swedish legation directly across the street — Wallenberg would occasionally join in when not in Pest confronting the Arrowcross. My mother, high strung at the best of times, suffered near nervous breakdowns when the heavy ‘ack-ack’ just above us in the Citadel opened up on the Soviet bombers, which hit us several times daily. In retrospect I guess we were rather lucky as we lived with two unexploded bombs in the house, which my aunt nicknamed Rosza and Zizi.
One day the sound of fighting grew closer and German soldiers, I remember they were very young, took up positions in our house and told us to stay in the cellar. Shortly afterwards there was a terrible noise upstairs, the sounds of yelling and gunfire, heavy boots clomping back and forth. Finally the cellar door crashed open and Mongol-looking Soviets, Siberians probably, padded down our stairs into the cellar with tommy guns raised. We really thought it was the end. My father, uncle, and I sat on a big feather mattress with my mother and aunt’s daughter Zsuszi stuffed inside, as we feared they would be raped. Aunt Mitzi’s son was being led away when she threw herself at the senior Soviet in charge, wrapped her arms around his knees and begged for his life. They let him go but then proceeded to ransack the house while we sat still. They drank our cologne and bayoneted our books and dictionaries. Out the window we could see a dead German in our garden. Later I was rounded up by a Soviet work crew and rolled barrels to the Danube to build pontoons in place of the wrecked bridges.
With all hope of relief gone, ammunition depleted, and the Soviets only a ten-minute climb from his headquarters under the Royal Palace, Pfeffer-Wildenbruch, against Hitler’s orders, directed a breakout to commence at dark on February 11. At eight o’clock that night, while President Franklin D. Roosevelt was dining with Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Stalin at Yalta, the garrison began its breakout attempt.
The defenders, broken down into three assault waves, managed to use heavy fog to momentarily surprise the Soviets by infiltrating their forward positions opposite Széna square and the Vérmezö with Russian-speaking soldiers. They then poured out of the constricted streets and alleys traversing the broad Attila Street, Vérmezö, Szell Kalman, and Széna squares and pushed through to the streets beyond. Many were shot down here as they were silhouetted by flares and fires in the open parks and boulevards while the few accompanying armored vehicles were knocked out. Other soldiers, stricken by terror, remained prone, too frightened to move. Small groups advanced using coordinated assault techniques, others just ran pell-mell toward the Soviet positions. Herd psychology overtook most, and the sheer forward momentum of the thousands of desperate soldiers overwhelmed the lead Soviet positions in savage, close-quarter fighting.
The Soviets initially responded sluggishly, but within an hour they were bombarding the second and third waves, many of whom were still pinned down in firefights or lying in terror or exhaustion on the exposed Budapest streets. Despite horrific losses, the surviving defenders, with almost all their small-arms ammunition expended, made a desperate rush for the concealment of the hilly, wooded terrain in Buda’s northwestern suburbs. More than ten thousand of them somehow found their way out of Buda’s charnel house. The fleeing soldiers left thousands of dead strewn in heaps in their wake, while most of the others — those wounded, exhausted, frozen, or in shock — meandered aimlessly around until rounded up by the victors.
Three German division commanders lay among the fallen. Hauptsturmführer (Captain) Joachim Boosfeld was in the initial Eighth SS attack. Hit in the leg by mortar shrapnel in mid-January, he credited his survival to his servant, Ricard, who had never left his side and had found him a special pair of Hungarian boots for his damaged leg. Boosfeld related: ‘All around us people were falling — bodies lay everywhere. Ricard was hit in the head. I pulled him in and treated his face as best I could, my hands shook so much I had difficulty binding the wound.’ They then joined the attack that overran the Soviet positions opposite Szell Kalman Square, rushed through a factory, and hobbled their way into the Buda hills. Boosfeld evaded the subsequent Soviet manhunt, reaching German lines on February 14; Ricard was captured.
By dawn on the twelfth, thousands of Germans and Hungarians were swarming through the wooded hills north and northwest of Budapest, even outnumbering the Soviets in some areas. In a desperate race against time, the exhausted survivors slogged through the snow, forest, hills, and finally into the exposed plains toward German lines, receiving occasional Luftwaffe support as the Soviets intensified their efforts to round them up. Within a day the Soviets managed to seal off most escape routes and set up an extensive manhunt. Trucks patrolled the edge of the Buda hills, offering safe conduct to those who surrendered.
Many did, and hundreds of them, mostly Germans, were summarily executed and dumped later into mass graves. Arpad Goncz, the current president of Hungary and a Cold War-era dissident and poet, composed ‘The Mass Grave,’ capturing his memories of this frightful slaughter’s aftermath: ‘They dug two graves: In one they threw the Hungarians, in the other the Germans and the dead horses. The Germans and Hungarians were usually barefooted: in those days they paid due reverence to soled footwear.’
One Hungarian lieutenant led a group of eleven Hungarian and four Waffen SS soldiers out of the cauldron along a railway up and over Schwabian Hill. This was the same general route used by the largest group of German survivors, several hundred Feldherrnhalle troopers led by Oberstleutnant (Lt. Col.) Helmut Wolff, who managed to reach German lines on the 14th. The lieutenant’s group, however, was not as lucky. Concealed Soviet infantry ambushed and captured the small group. The four SS soldiers were immediately stripped naked and shot, while the Hungarians barely escaped with their lives by promising to help the Soviets with the roundup.
By February 14, the siege and breakout was over. Of the approximately thirty thousand souls participating in the breakout only 785 German and Hungarian soldiers managed to evade the relentless Soviet pursuit and reach German lines. Pfeffer-Wildenbruch and his command group never made it; they were surrounded and captured in a Buda villa after emerging from a sewer main a kilometer behind Soviet lines. Malinovsky reportedly told the German commander, ‘If I didn’t have a direct order from Stalin himself, I’d hang you in the main square of Buda castle for all the trouble you caused us.’
Haupsturmführer Kurt Portugall, commander of the German battle group that defended Eagle Hill, also failed to escape the cauldron. Captured on Rose Hill, he expected immediate execution when his winter smock was torn open, revealing his SS runes and combat decorations. As he could speak some Russian he was taken to a tall, distinguished major who told him:
I have a lot of respect for the combat soldiers of the Waffen SS. You will shortly be transported behind our lines. In our rear area there are as many swine as in your rear area. I’m telling you, leave your SS runes and your decorations here; it will be better for your future health. I will not keep your decorations nor will any of my soldiers because we are Guards soldiers, the Russian Waffen SS!
A brief orgy of horror and violence ensued in Buda after its capture. An estimated two thousand wounded were burned or suffocated to death in fires that broke out in the catacombs under the Royal Palace. Soviet soldiers plundered, looted, and raped the populace. Occupation troops rounded up all able-bodied Hungarian men and youth and sent them down to the Danube to build pontoon bridges across the river. For weeks afterward, especially after the spring thaw, bloated bodies piled up against these same pontoons and bridge pylons.
The fate of Raoul Wallenberg remains unknown. Picked up by the Soviets after Pest’s capture, ostensibly to meet Marshal Malinovsky in Debrecen, he forever disappeared. His fate remains one of the great mysteries of World War II.
Budapest lay in ruins. Thousands of structures were destroyed or damaged. The distinctive Parliament building and Royal Palace were gutted, and all five of the city’s unique and graceful bridges lay broken in the Danube. Almost forty thousand Hungarian civilians, about half of whom were Jewish, died in the carnage. Sandor Marai, noted Hungarian novelist and poet, later wrote:
Beware, now your feet will sink in blood, here at the mud dazed Bulwark, the scattered dead yet gaze at the Heavens. Smoke signals swirl up from the depths to the firmament. For somewhere below Krisztina town blazes. All traces of zither and Gypsy have been blown from the ‘Broadaxe,’ filled now by shadows and stench alone. And side by side in the castle church lie corpses of dead princes and slaughtered horses…. This used to be the bridge. You rode out here in full moon. Halfway across the hansom cab put on the brakes. It was built by Adam Clark in the Age of Reform. Above the arches seagulls used to oscillate. Then so many suicidal leant against the railings. Now the suicidal lie below water with the balustrade. A cold wind cuts through the Tunnel and its fingers stroke the hair of the dead.
The cost of the campaign to the Soviets has never been confirmed, although estimates range from one hundred thousand to as high as 160,000 casualties. Postwar Soviet statistics claim that more than 180,000 German and Hungarian ‘fighters’ were trapped in the pocket, of which 110,000 were captured. Immediately after the siege, thousands of Hungarian civilians were rounded up and added to the prisoner of war count, allowing the Soviets to validate their previously inflated figures.
There is an epilogue to Budapest’s fall. Hitler committed significant reserves to Hungary, including the battered Sixth SS Panzer Army fresh from the Ardennes counteroffensive. Consisting of four of the most battle-hardened Waffen SS Panzer units, including the dreaded Leibstandarte and Das Reich divisions, this formidable force was squandered in early March during an ill-conceived panzer ‘death ride’ into waiting and well-prepared Soviet anti-tank defenses near Lake Balaton.
Handily defeated by the now highly proficient Soviets, this reverse of Hitler’s best divisions finally broke German resistance in Hungary. Within a month Vienna had fallen. The war in Europe ended three weeks later.
This article was written by Peter B. Zwack and originally published in the Winter 1999 edition of MHQ.
For more great articles, subscribe to MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History today! | <urn:uuid:3a4f0581-9555-4a7a-84ad-bd5094a0a104> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-siege-of-budapest/?f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.967406 | 12,098 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The NYU study offers fresh evidence that inflammation of periodontal tissue may contribute to brain inflammation, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's disease, according to the university. The findings were presented last month at the International Association for Dental Research meeting in Barcelona, Spain.
The research team, led by Angela Kamer, D.M.D., M.S., Ph.D., an assistant professor of periodontology and implant dentistry, examined 20 years of data that support the hypothesis of a possible causal link between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease.
"The research suggests that cognitively normal subjects with periodontal inflammation are at an increased risk of lower cognitive function compared to cognitively normal subjects with little or no periodontal inflammation," Dr. Kamer said in a press release.
This research builds upon a 2008 study by Dr. Kamer that found that subjects with Alzheimer's disease had a significantly higher level of antibodies and inflammatory molecules associated with periodontal disease in their plasma compared to healthy people.
Dr. Kamer's latest findings are based on an analysis of data on periodontal inflammation and cognitive function in 152 subjects in the Glostrop Aging Study, which has been gathering medical, psychological, oral health, and social data on Danish men and women. Dr. Kamer and her colleagues examined data spanning a 20-year period ending in 1984, when the subjects were all 70 years of age.
Dr. Kamer's team compared cognitive function at ages 50 and 70, using the Digit Symbol Test (DST), a part of the standard measurement of adult IQ. The DST assesses how quickly subjects can link a series of digits, such as 2, 3, 4, to a corresponding list of digit-symbol pairs, such as 1/-, 2/┴ ... 7/Λ, 8/X, 9/=.
Dr. Kamer found that periodontal inflammation at age 70 was strongly associated with lower DST scores at age 70. Subjects with periodontal inflammation were nine times more likely to test in the lower range of the DST compared to subjects with little or no periodontal inflammation.
This strong association held true even in those subjects who had other risk factors linked to lower DST scores, including obesity, cigarette smoking, and tooth loss unrelated to gum inflammation. The strong association also held true in those subjects who already had a low DST score at age 50.
Dr. Kamer said she plans to conduct a follow-up study involving a larger, more ethnically diverse group of subjects to further examine the connection between periodontal disease and low cognition.
Copyright © 2010 DrBicuspid.com | <urn:uuid:1c4c1999-c014-419e-a574-3b9e8083efc6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.drbicuspid.com/index.aspx?sec=log&URL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbicuspid.com%2Findex.aspx%3Fsec%3Dsup%26sub%3Dhyg%26pag%3Ddis%26ItemID%3D305299 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489282.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219000551-20190219022551-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.938568 | 552 | 2.609375 | 3 |
March 2022 – Madagascar is among the ten most disaster-prone nations on this planet and faces growing hazards associated to local weather change. The not too long ago activated Health Cluster is responding to the well being wants of each the Eastern Region fighting cyclones and the Great South area affected by extreme drought. For the interval from January 2021 to May 2022, it was estimated that 1.59 million folks would require humanitarian help, together with simply over 700 000 folks for the Health Sector with a US$ 2.6 million required funding for well being response (1).
The Great South of Madagascar has suffered extreme drought for almost forty years, which has plunged the inhabitants into vital meals insecurity (IPC Phase 3 or larger). Ten districts are most affected by this humanitarian disaster, with Ambovombe, Ampanihy, Beloha and Tsihombe districts being probably the most affected with 55% to 60% of their inhabitants in want of pressing of lifesaving interventions. The final 3 years have been among the many most extreme ever recorded within the nation. As of January 2021, 68.6% of the southern territories had been affected by drought, leading to 4 districts being labeled as IPC 4 emergencies in early 2022 (2).
Soil circumstances and humidity are suboptimal for cultivation, and as groundwater sources have dried up, entry to water has deteriorated and the price of water has risen, particularly in rural areas. Consequently, agricultural manufacturing has declined considerably and is 60-90% beneath the common of the final 5 years. Vulnerability of the inhabitants to meals insecurity elevated from 392 000 to 510 000 folks in want (PiN) by the top of 2021, and famine elevated from 14 000 to twenty-eight 000 PiN. The meals insecurity has compelled inhabitants displacement which elevated by 67% from 3000 to 5000 by the top of 2021 (3).
In addition, the collection of storms and Cyclones, Storm Ana (23 January), cyclones Batsirai (5 February), Dumako (15 February), Emnati (23 February) and Gombe (7 March) have exacerbated the already vital scenario, leaving a complete of 204 deaths, 945 727 affected and 172 339 displaced with 650 245 estimated to be with out well being entry (4). Many communities presently stay inaccessible. Emergency operations proceed to be hampered by extreme injury to street infrastructure, disrupted energy and communications networks, and restricted availability of plane and different transportation. Continued extreme climate can be limiting entry to these in want.
This meals insecurity plus excessive climate occasions happen in a context of poverty (77.6% of inhabitants resides in poverty). This weakens the well being of the inhabitants and severely impacts their entry to fundamental well being companies compromising common well being protection. A major improve in circumstances of acute (extreme) malnutrition, malaria, and water-borne illnesses in youngsters, low immunization protection, low availability of well being companies and a decline in supply charges in well being amenities have been noticed. This disaster additionally paves the way in which for the emergence and re-emergence of infectious illnesses corresponding to measles, plague, malaria, and tuberculosis plus the continued COVID-19 pandemic.
After the activation of the Nutrition, Food Security and WASH Clusters in December 2021, the Madagascar Health Cluster was activated in January 2022 as a part of a joint intervention with the Nutrition Cluster to alleviate the continued disaster within the nation with the aim to avoid wasting lives and alleviate struggling in probably the most affected areas by making certain the supply of important well being companies. In addition, the Health Cluster, together with its 32 operational companions, will reply to different public well being emergencies occurring within the nation.
Partners are supporting lifesaving interventions in probably the most affected areas. For instance, as a part of the cyclone response, from 15 February till 5 March, greater than 5000 consultations had been carried out by the next Health Cluster companions: Poland-EMT/WHO, MSF France, MSF Switzerland, Médecins du Monde France, Catholic Relief Services, Douleurs sans frontières, Directions Regional de la Santé Publique (DRSP) cell groups, UNICEF and UNFPA, offering pressing well being companies, together with reproductive well being and psychological well being and psychosocial help companies to affected populations.
“Madagascar is an instance of how globally local weather change is exacerbating the danger of complicated emergencies, to which responding is an ever-greater problem for the humanitarian group”, says Jerry-Jonas Mbasha, WHO Incident Manager and Health Cluster Coordinator advert interim. “Health Cluster companions will proceed to intently monitor the scenario within the coming months”.
(2) WHO scenario report
(3) Public Health Situation Analysis | <urn:uuid:906b3e0d-aa81-4056-a919-5d694ddf9bbb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://dietnews.uk/2022/03/madagascar-health-cluster-activated-to-respond-to-increasing-hazards-related-to-climate-change-madagascar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506646.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924123403-20230924153403-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.947793 | 1,006 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What’s the first thing you see when you look at this picture? My eye immediately gravitates to the woman and her slight smile. She’s one proud Mama seated with her two children and her husband.
Your eye might be drawn to the wicker chairs, the animal skin rug or Dad’s crooked tie. When we look at a family photo our eyes become focused on one detail and then dart all over the image.
Clues. There are many types of evidence in an image from props to people but it’s the sum total of them that often results in an identification. In this picture the following details provide a time frame.
- The wicker chairs. They were popular props in the 1890s and in the early 20th century.
- Animal skin rugs. Also common in pictures in the 1890s and persist into the early 20th century and beyond. We have pictures of endless bare-bottomed babies in our family photographed on animal skinned rugs in the mid-20th century.
- Clothing clues:
In the 1890s men wore their hair short, their mustaches trimmed and waxed and their collars up. In the first decade of the 20th century, the majority of young men were clean-shaven.
Mom’s puffy sleeves date from the late 1890s. Her pompadour style puffy hair looks more like the circa 1905 period but this could be a personal preference rather than the current style. Additional genealogical information is needed to narrowly date this image.
- The photo imprint. J.W. Sires of Tidioute, Pennsylvania took this picture. Unfortunately, he’s not listed in this location in Directory of Pennsylvania Photographers, 1839-1900 by Linda A. Ries and Jay W. Ruby (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1999). He appears only as of 1890-91, and in a different location.
Donna Bowman thinks that the father in this photograph is one of her great-grandfather’s brothers, but isn’t sure. There’s one way to narrow down the possibilities: Find the family in the 1900 census. Let’s hope her great-grandfather didn’t have 12 brothers!
The ages of the children in the census would pinpoint a more-specific year for the picture. The babies in this image are 1 to 3 years old.
I can’t wait to hear back from Donna!
Identify your old mystery family photos with these guides by Maureen A. Taylor: | <urn:uuid:f4edc009-c66a-439b-8cd9-12852d78a850> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.familytreemagazine.com/photos/proud-mamas-in-old-photos-finding-the-clues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882634.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703153451-20200703183451-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.948438 | 531 | 2.609375 | 3 |
We’ve gotten pretty good at turning solar power into electricity, but electricity can be hard to store, making it a challenge for use right when you need it and in the transportation sector.
That’s what makes it worth following any news of progress out of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, the Energy Innovation Hub developed at the Berkeley Lab and Caltech by the Department of Energy under Steven Chu’s watch.
Artificial photosynthesis is the attempt to create what are sometimes called “bionic leaves” that mirror and actually improve upon what a plant does, harvesting the energy of sunlight and producing a fuel – namely, hydrogen – from water and carbon dioxide leaving just oxygen as a byproduct.
Late last week, researchers working at the center said they’d made a breakthrough – essentially combining light-absorption and fuel-producing catalyst structures and functions. “In previous efforts to produce hydrogen fuel, catalysts have been immobilized on non-photoactive substrates,” the Berkeley Lab said in a release. “This approach requires the application of an external electrical potential to generate hydrogen.
With the new approach, the researchers began with the semiconductor gallium phosphide, specially coated and treated to keep it stable and boost fuel production, and then grafted a cobalt-containing hydrogen production catalyst to it.
“In coupling the absorption of visible light with the production of hydrogen in one material, we can generate a fuel simply by illuminating our photocathode,” principal investigator Gary Moore, of the Berkeley Lab, said in a statement. “No external electrochemical forward biasing is required.”
As good as all this sounds, the researchers say that they’re looking forward to taking this modular method and seeing how it could work with other light-aborbers, linking materials and catalysts.
“It can be adapted for use with other catalysts tethered over structured photocathodes as new materials and discoveries emerge,” Moore said. “This could allow us, for example, to replace the precious metal catalysts currently used in many solar-fuel generator prototypes with catalysts made from earth-abundant elements.”
The paper describing this research, “Photofunctional Construct That Interfaces Molecular Cobalt-Based Catalysts for H2Production to a Visible-Light-Absorbing Semiconductor,” was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS). The abstract is available here. | <urn:uuid:b4735874-a37c-40eb-bd35-d0f3529ee044> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://earthtechling.com/2013/09/fuel-producing-bionic-leaf-advances/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00377-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920482 | 520 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Why Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru’s concept of ‘scientific temper’ is very critical to the future of our children?Tweet
The future belongs to science and those who make friends with science.
– Jawaharlal Nehru
Nehru’s birthday, November 14, as we all know, is celebrated as Children’s Day every year in India. On this occasion, it is appropriate to pay tribute to a formative leader of India who illuminated a lot during his lifetime and beyond. Through his intellectual legacy, he continues until this day to guide India on the path of liberal democracy. His vision of India was that of a secular and modern nation. A flamboyant personality and yet a clear thinker, he held his own during much of the freedom struggle.
Nehru led from the front, expressing his positions during the course of various constitutional, political and other debates in the colonial period thereby indelibly stamping free India-to-come with his vision. He became India’s first Prime Minister and held that post for almost 17 years. He has been described severally as architect of modern India, world statesman and great administrator.
In the days that freedom fighters were incarcerated, many of them took to writing. Nehru showed his capacity as a historian of the first order, even though his own first degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, England was in the natural sciences. The strength of his scholarship lingers on in the form of the ‘Discovery of India’, ‘Glimpses of World History’ and ‘An Autobiography.’ It is difficult to condense the thought of such a complex body of work in such a short space. In this post, I choose to focus on the concept of “scientific temper” that was very dear to Nehru. He considered science to be rational, universal and inspired by the eighteenth-century European Enlightenment.
This was not to be mistaken with scientific expertise or building resources in science and technology, the latter having been pursued in different ways. For Nehru, who was an agnostic, science had multiple functions to perform: not only was it an instrument to solve the economic problems of a developing society like ours, it also had to make India a strong and self-reliant country with scientists competent to hold their own in the world scientific community. Part of this policy was the building of top-notch scientific educational and research institutions that Nehru promoted like the IIT’s, CSIR, ICMR, ICAR, and, aided by business houses, institutions like the IISc and the TIFR.
While many celebrate the fact today that its India’s large pool of managerial and scientific manpower that is winning accolades worldwide and also bringing in the moolah, very few acknowledge that it was Nehru’s educational and scientific policies that made possible such an achievement including the Indian “IT revolution” [R. Guha, p. 1962]. That makes him a great visionary who though much derided for his economic policies could peep into the future and build the foundation for the Knowledge-based Economy (KBE) that we are all busy celebrating as the current and future source of wealth-generation.
What was important to Nehru was not just the change in the mere economic status of his country but also a change in the attitudes or the narrow-mindedness of its citizens. He said, “It is science alone that can solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and deadening custom and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, of a rich country inhabited by starving people. . . . Who indeed could afford to ignore science today? At every turn we have to seek its aid.”
But what did he mean by scientific temper? Srirupa Roy in her book “Beyond belief: India and the politics of postcolonial nationalism” notes that Nehru’s emphasis on the need for scientific temper predated independence (p.123). The features of scientific temper were mainly two-fold as Roy elaborates:
1. Scientific temper referred to a mentality or an outlook rather than a specialized body of knowledge. It addressed itself to universalist concerns of “values of life” rather than to narrow and specialized questions of scientific research and application (Roy, p.124)
2. Unlike scientific expertise alone, the project of scientific temper was a call for the diffusion of “science mindedness” throughout the population. The growth of scientific temper was measured by the extent to which ordinary people were using the methods of science to life’s problems (Roy, p.125)
Clearly what the above meant was that science would not just play a role in building scientific expertise but also help reject superstition, prejudice and injustice As Prof. Yashpal has noted, “science will also have to come forward in changing our thoughts and eradicating various social evils, including casteism, extremism…”(Times of India, 16th May 2005). India, in Nehru’s vision, could become a great country if the people adopted such a ‘scientific temper.’ Nehru pointed to the contradictions in the lives of scientists themselves who uphold science in the laboratories but discard science in everything else they do in their life.
Beyond Nehru’s lifetime, the propagation of the concept of ‘scientific temper’ was negligible and became reduced to a debate among intellectuals of various hues. As part of the 42nd amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1976, ‘scientific temper’ joined the list of Fundamental Duties of every Indian citizen vide Part IV-A, Article 51-A (h): ‘to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.’
A group of intellectuals led by P. N. Haksar released a “Statement on Scientific Temper” in October 1980. It has on and off been noticed at the highest levels of governance as a concept bearing great transformative potential. In his first Independence Day address to the nation from the Red Fort in 2004, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also called for the promotion of scientific temper, which he added must become a “national movement” and not a prisoner of bureaucracy or ideology.
A full and proper assessment of the impact of ‘scientific temper’ in the 62 years since independence is yet to be made. There is countervailing data that superstition, occult, irrationality, prejudice, gender inequality and injustices are very resilient in Indian private and public life, in other words, the idea of ‘scientific temper’ has not sufficiently penetrated Indian society. These days, because of the electronic media, news travels faster and there is greater awareness of these issues. A positive fallout of such media analysis and debates might be greater skepticism of superstitions and their peddlers. A moot point for research could be the ways in which the concept has panned out in the context of urbanization.
In the final analysis, to do justice to Nehru’s vision for India, ‘scientific temper could be a useful concept in ‘deschooling’ our society from received wisdom about obscurantist and superstitious practices that it is led to believe is in its interest. Scientific temper has to be an essential component of the socialization of our populace and needs to be promoted as an integral approach to nation-building. If that succeeds, then there can be no greater tribute to Jawaharlal Nehru and the millions of children who form the destiny of our nation.
1. R. Guha, ‘Verdicts on Nehru’, Economic and Political Weekly, May 7, 2005.
2. Srirupa Roy, “Beyond belief: India and the politics of postcolonial nationalism”(Duke University Press, USA: 2007).
***An important recent contribution to the discussion on scientific temper is Prof. Amartya Sen’s The Argumentative Indian : Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity (Penguin, 2006).
– – – – – | <urn:uuid:c03d6892-1b0e-4e06-b396-4a066703f284> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.sastwingees.org/2009/11/13/why-pandit-jawaharlal-nehru%E2%80%99s-concept-of-%E2%80%98scientific-temper%E2%80%99-is-very-critical-to-the-future-of-our-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00341-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963827 | 1,692 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Capital Budgeting Techniques
There are a number of capital budgeting techniques available to an analyst. For our purposes, we will only review net present value and internal rate of return.
Net Present Value
The Net Present Value technique involves discounting net cash flows for a project, then subtracting net investment from the discounted net cash flows. The result is called the Net Present Value(NPV). If the net present value is positive, adopting the project would add to the value of the company. Whether the company chooses to do that will depend on their selection strategies. If they pick all projects that add to the value of the company, they would choose all projects with positive net present values even if that value is just $1. On the other hand, if they have limited resources, they will rank the projects and pick those with the highest NPV's.
The discount rate used most frequently is the company's cost of capital.
What would the net present value for a project with a net investment of $40,000 and the following net cash flows be if the company's cost of capital is 5%? NCFs for year one is $25,000, for year two is $36,000 and for year three is $5000.
|Total Discounted Cash Flows Discounted at 5%||$60,772|
|Less: Net Investment||− $40,000|
|Net Present Value||$20,772|
As discussed in the Time Value of Money Overview, different techniques can be used to determine present value. For this example, we'll use the Present Value Factors Table. | <urn:uuid:7bd45c89-a4d6-4bc9-99d9-91155b753fdb> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.studyfinance.com/lessons/capbudget/?page=09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903439.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00003-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87965 | 329 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Real Estate is a sort of unmovable building, comprised of land, buildings, as well as natural resources such as water, minerals, as well as plants. People that own real estate are taken into consideration realty owners. They have a beneficial interest in the land, buildings, as well as housing that are a part of their residential property.
There are many kinds of realty, including industrial, industrial, and also residential properties. The marketplace for real estate is based on the general economic health and wellness and customer self-confidence. Therefore, real estate agents need to have a great deal of organizational skills and also advertising and marketing abilities. They will likewise need to manage unfamiliar people in position they might not recognize with.
Residential property includes single-family houses as well as apartment. Other kinds of house include co-ops, townhouses, triple-deckers, and quadplexes. Also, industrial real estate consists of industrial as well as production properties, such as farms, warehouses, and factories. Industrial and industrial properties might include shopping mall, office complex, medical centers, and hotels. Nevertheless, there are additionally numerous types of land that can be used for other kinds of organizations.
Capitalists have 2 standard options for buying realty: buy-and-hold as well as flip. The previous aims to generate income from rental income; the latter seeks to increase the worth of a home by including value. This technique is most typical in single-family as well as multi-family homes, however it can be utilized for commercial properties.
House gratitude mainly depends upon the place. The better a property is, the much more designers will agree to buy it. Furthermore, it enhances in value as even more structures are built. Likewise, business property appreciation is driven by the location and also enhancements to the building. Nonetheless, there are also various other kinds of property investing that can provide a lot of profit.
Realty financial investments are an useful enhancement to your financial investment profile. Real estate is special because it is not mass produced. It can help you secure your economic future while generating several streams of revenue. You can even pass on your investment to future generations. With a solid realty profile, you will certainly have several streams of earnings, a safe future, and a safe and secure heritage.
Whether you are a financier or a homeowner, there are several sorts of residential properties offered. Real estate can range from solitary family residences to apartment building. An apartment building can be taken into consideration a “condominium,” while a condominium is a “apartment.” Both kinds of residential or commercial property are readily available in numerous locations and also are suitable for a number of different purposes.
For those who wish to venture into real estate investment, it can be a lucrative service for newbie capitalists. Buying a huge domestic rental portfolio will certainly give a constant revenue that does not require considerable building experience. In addition, it needs little financial obligation as well as an excellent cash pillow for upkeep. You should also clearly define your objectives and the length of time you wish to spend prior to you sell your financial investment.
Realty investment company (REITs) are publicly traded companies that have real estate. Capitalists can purchase REITs through mutual funds, exchange traded funds, or individual business supply. By doing this, they can gain from the steady dividend repayments and long-lasting capital recognition of the residential properties they have. You can even invest in REITs through pension as well as IRAs.
The first step to ending up being a real estate representative is to obtain your permit. The procedure varies between states, however it usually takes in between a couple of years. During this moment, you might need to take pre-licensing training courses as well as renewal courses. Once you have your permit, you’ll have the ability to conduct real estate transactions in the state where you were accredited. Many states require brand-new agents to deal with a brokerage firm for a minimum of their very first couple of years.
Property investment can be a danger, but it can additionally pay. As an example, you may get raw land to establish and rent it out. Conversely, you can “turn” the property by reselling it swiftly. This permits you to make money from arbitrage or swiftly rising costs, or by making repairs that enhance its value.
Property agents work as moderators between buyers and vendors. They collaborate open houses and other conferences between buyers and also vendors. They likewise carry out the final walkthrough before the closing. The agents likewise make certain the home is not damaged during the purchase.
Property is a superb method to diversify your financial investment profile. It can supply you with a stable income and also produce numerous streams of income. It can also be handed down to future generations. Despite the dimension of your financial investment, real estate is a terrific way to safeguard your economic future. And, it can be a wonderful method to get out of financial debt as well as construct riches.
When constructing a real estate organization, it is very important to understand your perfect customer. Not only do you need to recognize what type of client you’re looking for, yet you should also have a plan and a worth suggestion to offer. By utilizing a CRM, you can make certain your advertising and marketing efforts are effective.
A property representative is a professional who is certified to deal real estate. They focus on the area as well as understand how to price residential or commercial properties competitively. They additionally function as a middleman in between buyers and sellers. They handle arrangements and assist clients with evaluations and financing. With this experience, a realty representative can help you locate a house or a commercial home that will certainly fulfill your requirements.
Obtaining a property certificate is a needed initial step in starting a real estate profession. Depending on your state, you might need to take pre-licensing courses as well as take an examination. Once you have your license, you can after that start real estate transactions in your home state. The majority of states call for that brand-new agents help a broker agent for their initial 2 years. Nevertheless, some states do not require agents to work with a brokerage firm for the first few years after they obtain their license. check here
Real estate is a profitable organization. With the best understanding and also abilities, you can come to be a successful property agent or capitalist. You need to have a service frame of mind and also usage wise advertising and marketing to market homes as well as maximize profits. | <urn:uuid:18fd78f2-9be0-437a-a330-8bcebd2e530e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.ucsbdailynexus.com/2022/11/12/find-out-the-reality-about-property-in-the-next-one-minute/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00835.warc.gz | en | 0.97291 | 1,336 | 2.59375 | 3 |
THE BUILDINGS OF THE ROMANS.
THE temples in Rome were not, as in Greece and Egypt, the structures upon which the architect lavished all the resources of his art and his science. The general form of them was copied from that made use of by the Greeks, but the spirit in which the original idea was carried out was entirely different. In a word, the temples of Rome were by no means worthy of her size and position as the metropolis of the world, and very few remains of them exist.
Ten columns are still standing of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (now the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda): it occupied the site of a previous temple and was dedicated by Antoninus Pius to his wife Faustina. The Temple (supposed) of Fortuna Virilis, in the Ionic style (Fig. 125), still exists as the church of Santa Maria Egiziaca: this was tetrastyle, with half-columns all round it, and this was of the kind called by Vitruvius “pseudo-peripteral.” A few fragmentary remains of other temples exist in Rome, but in some of the Roman provinces far finer specimens of temples remain, of which perhaps the best is the Maison Carrée at Nîmes (Fig. 126). Here we find the Roman plan of a single cell and a deep portico in front, while the sides and rear have the columns attached. The intercolumniations and the details of the capitals and entablature are, however, almost pure Greek. The date of this temple is uncertain, but it is most probable that it was erected during the reign of Hadrian. The same emperor is said to have completed the magnificent Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, which was 354 ft. long by 171 ft. wide. It consisted of a cell flanked on each side by a double row of detached columns; in front was one row of columns in antis, and three other rows in front of these, while there were also three rows in the rear: as the columns were of the Corinthian order, and nearly 60 ft. in height, it may be imagined that it was a splendid edifice.
The ruins of another magnificent provincial Roman temple exist at Baalbek—the ancient Heliopolis—in Syria, not far from Damascus. This building was erected during the time of the Antonines, probably by Antoninus Pius himself, and originally it must have been of very extensive dimensions, the portico alone being 180 ft. long and about 37 ft. deep. This gives access to a small hexagonal court, on the western side of which a triple gateway opens into the Great Court, which is a vast quadrangle about 450 ft. long by 400 ft. broad, with ranges of small chambers or niches on three sides, some of which evidently had at one time beautifully groined roofs. At the western end of this court, on an artificial elevation, stand the remains of what is called the Great Temple. This was originally 290 ft. long by 160 ft. wide, and had 54 columns supporting its roof, six only of which now remain erect. The height of these columns, including base and capital, is 75 ft., and their diameter is 7 ft. at base and about 6 ft. 6 in. at top; they are of the Corinthian order, and above them rises an elaborately moulded entablature, 14 ft. in height. Each of the columns is composed of three stones only, secured by strong iron cramps; and indeed one of the most striking features of this group of buildings is the colossal size of the stones used in their construction. The quarries from which these stones were hewn are close at hand, and in them is one stone surpassing all the others in magnitude, its dimensions being 68 ft. by 14 ft. 2 in. by 13 ft. 11 in. It is difficult to imagine what means can have existed for transporting so huge a mass, the weight of which has been calculated at 1100 tons.
Other smaller temples exist in the vicinity, all of which are lavishly decorated, but on the whole the ornamentation shows an exuberance of detail which somewhat offends a critical artistic taste.
Circular temples were an elegant variety, which seems to have been originated by the Romans, and of which two well-known examples remain—the Temples of Vesta at Rome and at Tivoli. The columns of the temple at Tivoli (Fig. 128) form a well-known and pleasing variety of the Corinthian order, and the circular form of the building as shown on the plan (Fig. 127) gives excellent opportunities for good decorative treatment, as may be judged of by the enlarged diagram of part of the peristyle (Fig. 129).
Among the most remarkable of the public buildings of Roman times, both in the mother-city and in the provinces, were the Basilicas or Halls of Justice, which were also used as commercial exchanges. It is also believed that Basilicas existed in some Greek cities, but no clue to their structural arrangements exists, and whence originated the idea of the plan of these buildings we are unable to state; their striking similarity to some of the rock-cut halls or temples of India has been already pointed out. They were generally (though not always) covered halls, oblong in shape, divided into three or five aisles by two or more rows of columns, the centre aisle being much wider than those at the sides: over the latter, galleries were frequently erected. At one end was a semicircular recess or apse, the floor of which was raised considerably above the level of the rest of the building, and here the presiding magistrate sat to hear causes tried. Four of these buildings are mentioned by ancient writers as having existed in republican times, viz. the Basilica Portia, erected in B.C. 184, by Cato the Censor; the Basilica Emilia et Fulvia, erected in B.C. 179 by the censors M. Fulvius Nobilior and M. Æmilius Lepidus, and afterwards enlarged and called the Basilica Paulli; the Basilica Sempronia, erected in B.C. 169 by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus; and the Basilica Julia, erected by Julius Cæsar, B.C. 46. All these buildings had wooden roofs, and were of no great architectural merit, and they perished at a remote date. Under the Empire, basilicas of much greater size and magnificence were erected; and remains of that of Trajan, otherwise called the Basilica Ulpia, have been excavated in the Forum of Trajan. This was about 360 ft. long by 180 ft. wide, had four rows of columns inside, and it supposed to have been covered by a semicircular wooden roof. Apollodorus of Damascus was the architect of this building. Another basilica of which remains exist is that of Maxentius, which after his overthrow by Constantine in A.D. 312, was known as the Basilica Constantiniana. This structure was of stone, and had a vaulted roof; it was 195 ft. between the walls, and was divided into three aisles by piers with enormous columns standing in front of them.
One provincial basilica, that at Trèves, still stands; and although it must have been considerably altered, it is by far the best existing example of this kind of building. The internal columns do not exist here, and it is simply a rectangular hall about 175 ft. by 85 ft., with the usual semicircular apse.
The chief interest attaching to these basilicas lies in the fact that they formed the first places of Christian assembly, and that they served as the model upon which the first Christian churches were built.
Theatres and Amphitheatres.
Although dramas and other plays were performed in Rome as early as 240 B.C., there seems to have been a strong prejudice against permanent buildings for their representation, as it is recorded that a decree was passed in B.C. 154 forbidding the construction of such buildings. Mummius, the conqueror of Corinth, obtained permission to erect a wooden theatre for the performance of dramas as one of the shows of his triumph, and after this many buildings of the kind were erected, but all of a temporary nature; and it was not till B.C. 61 that the first permanent theatre was built by Pompey. This, and the theatres of Balbus and Marcellus, appear to have been the only permanent theatres that were erected in Imperial Rome; and there are no remains of any but the last of these, and this is much altered. So that, were it not for the remains of theatres found at Pompeii, it would be almost impossible to tell how they were arranged; but from these we can see that the stage was raised and separated from the part appropriated to the spectators by a semicircular area, much like that which in Greek theatres was allotted to the chorus: in the Roman ones this was assigned for the use of the senators. The portion devoted to the spectators—called the Cavea—was also semicircular on plan, and consisted of tiers of steps rising one above the other, and divided at intervals by wide passages and converging staircases communicating with the porticoes, which ran round the whole theatre at every story.
At Orange, in the South of France, are the remains of a very fine theatre, similar in plan to that described. The great wall which formed the back of the scene in this building is still standing, and is one of the most magnificent pieces of masonry existing.
Although the Romans were not particularly addicted to dramatic representations, yet they were passionately fond of shows and games of all kinds: hence, not only in Rome itself, but in almost every Roman settlement, from Silchester to Verona, are found traces of their amphitheatres, and the mother-city can claim the possession of the most stupendous fabric of the kind that was ever erected—the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre, which was commenced by Vespasian and finished by his son Titus. An amphitheatre is really a double theatre without a stage, and with the space in the centre unoccupied by seats. This space, which was sunk several feet below the first row of seats, was called the arena, and was appropriated to the various exhibitions which took place in the building. The plan was elliptical or oval, and this shape seems to have been universal.
The Colosseum, whose ruins still remain to attest its pristine magnificence—
Collecting the chief trophies of her line,
Would build up all her triumphs in one dome”—
was 620 ft. long and 513 wide, and the height was about 162 ft. It was situated in the hollow between the Esquiline and Cælian hills. The ranges of seats were admirably planned so as to enable all the audience to have a view of what was going on in the arena, and great skill was shown both in the arrangement of the approaches to the different tiers and in the structural means for supporting the seats, and double corridors ran completely round the building on each floor, affording ready means of exit. Various estimates have been made of the number of spectators that could be accommodated, and these range from 50,000 to 100,000, but probably 80,000 was the maximum. Recent excavations have brought to light the communications which existed between the arena and the dens where the wild animals and human slaves and prisoners were confined, and some of the water channels used when mimic sea-fights were exhibited. The external façade is composed of four stories, separated by entablatures that run completely round the building without a break. The three lower stories consist of a series of semicircular arched openings, eighty in number, separated by piers with attached columns in front of them, the Doric order being used in the lowest story, the Ionic in the second, and the Corinthian in the third; the piers and columns are elevated on stylobates; the entablatures have a comparatively slight projection, and there are no projecting keystones in the arches. In the lowest range these openings are 13 ft. 4 in. wide, except the four which are at the ends of the two axes of the ellipse, and these are 14 ft. 6 in. wide. The diameter of the columns is 2 ft. 8Ÿ in. The topmost story, which is considerably more lofty than either of the lower ones, was a nearly solid wall enriched by Corinthian pilasters. In this story occur two tiers of small square openings in the alternate spaces between the pilasters. These openings are placed accurately over the centres of the arches of the lower stories. Immediately above the higher range of square openings are a series of corbels—three between each pair of pilasters—which probably received the ends of the poles carrying the huge awning which protected the spectators from the sun’s rays. The whole is surmounted by a heavy cornice, in which, at intervals immediately over each corbel, are worked square mortise holes, forming sockets through which the poles of the awning passed. The stone of which the façade of the Colosseum is built is a local stone, called travertine, the blocks of which are secured by iron cramps without cement. Nearly all the internal portion of the building is of brick, and the floors of the corridors, &c., are paved with flat bricks covered with hard stucco. These amphitheatres were occasionally the scene of imitations of marine conflicts, when the arena was flooded with water and mimic vessels of war engaged each other. Very complete arrangements were made, by means of small aqueducts, for leading the water into the arena and for carrying it off.
Apart from theatrical representations and gladiatorial combats, the Romans had an inordinate passion for chariot races. For those the circi were constructed, of which class of buildings the Circus Maximus was the largest. This, originally laid out by Tarquinius Priscus, was reconstructed on a larger scale by Julius Cæsar. It was circular at one end and rectangular at the other, at which was the entrance. On both sides of the entrance were a number of small arched chambers, called carceres, from which the chariots started. The course was divided down the centre by a low wall, called the spina, which was adorned with various sculptures. The seats rose in a series of covered porticoes all round the course, except at the entrance. As the length of the Circus Maximus was nearly 700 yards, and the breadth about 135 yards, it is possible that Dionysius may not have formed an exaggerated notion of its capacity when he says it would accommodate 150,000 spectators.
In the Roman provinces amphitheatres were often erected; and at Pola in Istria, Verona in Italy, and Nîmes and Arles in France, fine examples remain. A rude Roman amphitheatre, with seats cut in the turf of a hill-side, exists to this day at the old town of Dorchester in Dorset, which was anciently a Roman settlement.
Nothing can give us a more impressive idea of the grandeur and lavish display of Imperial Rome than the remains of the huge Thermæ, or bathing establishments, which still exist. Between the years 10 A.D., when Agrippa built the first public baths, and 324 A.D., when those of Constantine were erected, no less than twelve of these vast establishments were erected by various emperors, and bequeathed to the people. Of the whole number, the baths of Caracalla and of Diocletian are the only ones which remain in any state of preservation, and these were probably the most extensive and magnificent of all. All these splendid buildings were really nothing more than bribes to secure the favour of the populace; for it seems quite clear that the public had practically free entrance to them, the only charge mentioned by writers of the time being a quadrans, about a farthing of our money. Gibbon says, “The meanest Roman could purchase with a small copper coin the daily enjoyment of a scene of pomp and luxury which might excite the envy of the kings of Asia.” And this language is not exaggerated. Not only were there private bath-rooms, swimming-baths, hot baths, vapour-baths, and, in fact, all the appurtenances of the most approved Turkish baths of modern times, but there were also gymnasia, halls for various games, lecture-halls, libraries, and theatres in connection with the baths, all lavishly ornamented with the finest paintings and sculpture that could be obtained. Stone seems to have been but sparingly used in the construction of these buildings, which were almost entirely of brick faced with stucco: this served as the ground for an elaborate series of fresco paintings.
The baths of Caracalla, at the foot of the Aventine hill, erected A.D. 217, comprised a quadrangular block of buildings of about 1150 ft. (about the fifth of a mile) each way. The side facing the street consisted of a portico the whole length of the façade, behind which were numerous ranges of private bath-rooms. The side and rear blocks contained numerous halls and porticoes, the precise object of which it is now very difficult to ascertain. As Byron says:
Pronounce who can.”
This belt of buildings surrounded an open courtyard or garden, in which was placed the principal bathing establishment (Fig. 133), a building 730 ft. by 380 ft., which contained the large piscina, or swimming-bath, various hot baths, dressing-rooms, gymnasia, and other halls for athletic exercises. In the centre of one of the longer sides was a large semicircular projection, roofed with a dome, which was lined with brass: this rotunda was called the solar cell. From the ruins of these baths were taken some of the most splendid specimens of antique sculpture, such as the Farnese Hercules and the Flora in the Museum of Naples.
The baths of Diocletian, erected just at the commencement of the fourth century A.D., were hardly inferior to those of Caracalla, but modern and ancient buildings are now intermingled to such an extent that the general plan of the buildings cannot now be traced with accuracy. There are said to have been over 3000 marble seats in these baths; the walls were covered with mosaics, and the columns were of Egyptian granite and green Numidian marble. The Ephebeum, or grand hall, still exists as the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, having been restored by Michelangelo. It is nearly 300 ft. long by 90 ft. wide, and is roofed by three magnificent cross vaults, supported on eight granite columns 45 ft. in height. (Fig. 134.)
There is one ancient building in Rome more impressive than any other, not only because it is in a better state of preservation, but because of the dignity with which it has been designed, the perfection with which it has been constructed, and the effectiveness of the mode in which its interior is lighted. We allude to the Pantheon. Opinions differ as to whether this was a Hall attached to the thermæ of Agrippa, or whether it was a temple. Without attempting to determine this point, we may at any rate claim that the interior of this building admirably illustrates the boldness and telling power with which the large halls forming part of the thermæ were designed; and, whether it belonged to such a building or not, it is wonderfully well fitted to illustrate this subject.
The Pantheon is the finest example of a domed hall which we have left. The building, which forms the church of Santa Maria ad Martyres, has been considerably altered at various times since its erection, and now consists of a rotunda with a rectangular portico in front of it. The rotunda was most probably erected by Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus, in B.C. 27, and is a most remarkable instance of clever construction at so early a date. The diameter of the interior is 145 ft. 6 in., and the height to the top of the dome is 147 ft. In addition to the entrance, the walls are broken up by seven large niches, three of which are semicircular on plan, and the others, alternating with them, rectangular. The walls are divided into two stories by an entablature supported by columns and pilasters; but although this is now cut through by the arches of the niches, it is at least probable that originally this was not the case, and that the entablature ran continuously round the walls, as shown in Fig. 137, which is a restoration of the Pantheon by Adler. Above the attic story rises the huge hemispherical dome, which is pierced at its summit by a circular opening 27 ft. in diameter, through which a flood of light pours down and illuminates the whole of the interior. The dome is enriched by boldly recessed panels, and these were formerly covered with bronze ornaments, which have been removed for the sake of the metal. The marble enrichments of the attic have also disappeared, and their place has been taken by common and tawdry decorations more adapted to the stage of a theatre. But notwithstanding everything that has been done to detract from the imposing effect of the building by the alteration of its details, there is still, taking it as a whole, a simple grandeur in the design, a magnificence in the material employed, and a quiet harmony in the illumination, that impart to the interior a character of sublimity which nothing can impair. The rectangular portico was added at some subsequent period, and consists of sixteen splendid Corinthian columns (Fig. 138), eight in front supporting the pediment, and the other eight dividing the portico into three bays, in precisely the same way as if it formed the pronaos to the three cells of an Etruscan temple.
Bridges and Aqueducts.
The earliest Roman bridges were of wood, and the Pons Sublicius, though often rebuilt, continued to be of this material until the time of Pliny, but it was impossible for a people who made such use of the arch to avoid seeing the great advantage this form gave them in the construction of bridges, and several of these formed of stone spanned the Tiber even before the time of the Empire. The finest Roman bridges, however, were built in the provinces. Trajan constructed one over the Danube which was 150 ft. high and 60 ft. wide, and the arches of which were of no less than 170 ft. span. This splendid structure was destroyed by his successor, Hadrian, who was probably jealous of it. The bridge over the Tagus at Alcantara, which was constructed by Hadrian, is another very fine example. There were six arches here, of which the two centre ones had a span of 100 ft.
The Roman aqueducts afford striking evidence of the building enterprise and architectural skill of the people. Pliny says of these works: “If any one will carefully consider the quantity of water used in the open air, in private baths, swimming-baths, houses, gardens, &c., and thinks of the arches that have been built, the hills that have been tunnelled, and the valleys that have been levelled for the purpose of conducting the water to its destination, he must confess that nothing has existed in the world more calculated to excite admiration.” The same sentiment strikes an observer of to-day when looking at the ruins of these aqueducts. At the end of the first century A.D. we read of nine aqueducts in Rome, and in the time of Procopius (A.D. 550) there were fourteen in use. Of these, the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus were the grandest and most costly. Those were constructed about the year 48 A.D., and entered the city upon the same arches, though at different levels, the Aqua Claudia being the lower. The arches carrying the streams were over nine miles long, and in some cases 109 ft. high. They were purely works of utility, and had no architectural decorations; but they were most admirably adapted for their purpose, and were so solidly constructed, that portions of them are still in use. Some of the provincial aqueducts, such as those of Tarragona and Segovia in Spain, were more ornamental, and had a double tier of arches. The Pont du Gard, not far from Nîmes, in France, is a well-known and very picturesque structure of this character.
These comprise triumphal arches, columns, and tombs. The former consisted of a rectangular mass of masonry having sculptured representations of the historical event to be commemorated, enriched with attached columns on pedestals, supporting an entablature crowned with a high attic, on which there was generally an inscription. In the centre was the wide and lofty arched opening. The Arch of Titus, recording the capture of Jerusalem, is one of the finest examples. Later on triumphal arches were on a more extended scale, and comprised a small arch on each side of the large one; examples of which may be seen in the arches of Septimius Severus and of Constantine (Fig. 139). The large arched gateways which are met with in various parts of Europe—such as the Porte d’Arroux at Autun, and the Porta Nigra at Trèves—are monuments very similar to triumphal arches. There remain also smaller monuments of the same character, such as the so-called Arch of the Goldsmiths in Rome (Fig. 1).
Columns were erected in great numbers during the time of the Emperors as memorials of victory. Of these the Column of Trajan and that of Marcus Aurelius are the finest. The former was erected in the centre of Trajan’s Forum, in commemoration of the Emperor’s victory over the Dacians. It is of the Doric order, 132 ft. 10 in. high, including the statue. The shaft is constructed of thirty-four pieces of marble joined with bronze cramps. The figures on the pedestal are very finely carved, and the entire shaft is encircled by a series of elaborate bas-reliefs winding round it in a spiral from its base to its capital. The beauty of the work on this shaft may be best appreciated by a visit to the cast of it set up—in two heights, unfortunately—at the South Kensington Museum. The Column of Marcus Aurelius, generally known as the Antonine Column, is similarly enriched, but is not equal to the Trajan Column.
The survival of Etruscan habits is clearly seen in the construction of Roman tombs, which existed in enormous numbers outside the gates of the city. Merivale says: “The sepulchres of twenty generations lined the sides of the high-roads for several miles beyond the gates, and many had considerable architectural pretensions.” That of Cecilia Metella is a typical example. Here we find a square basement surmounted by a circular tower-like structure, with a frieze and cornice. This was erected about B.C. 60, by Crassus. The mausoleum of Augustus was on a much more extensive scale, and consisted of four cylindrical stories, one above the other, decreasing in diameter as they ascended, and the topmost of all was crowned with a colossal statue of the Emperor. The tomb of Hadrian, on the banks of the Tiber—now known as the Castle of Sant’ Angelo—was even more magnificent. This comprised a square base, 75 ft. high, the side of which measured about 340 ft.; above this was a cylindrical building surmounted by a circular peristyle of thirty-four Corinthian columns. On the top was a quadriga with a statue of the Emperor. These mausolea were occasionally octagonal or polygonal in plan, surmounted by a dome, and cannot fail to remind us of the Etruscan tumuli.
Another kind of tomb, of less magnificence, was the columbarium, which was nothing more than a subterranean chamber, the walls of which had a number of small apertures in them for receiving the cinerary urns containing the ashes of the bodies which had been cremated. In the eastern portion of the Empire, in rocky districts, the tombs were cut in the rock, and the façade was elaborately decorated with columns and other architectural features.
Of all the palaces which the Roman emperors built for themselves, and which we know from historical records to have been of the most magnificent description, nothing now remains in Rome itself that is not too completely ruined to enable any one to restore its plan with accuracy, though considerable remains exist of the Palace of the Cæsars on the Palatine Hill. In fact, the palace of Diocletian at Spalatro, in Dalmatia, is the only remaining example in the whole of the Roman empire of the dwelling-house of an emperor, and even this was not built till after Diocletian had resigned the imperial dignity, so that its date is the early part of the fourth century A.D. This palace is a rectangle, measuring about 700 ft. one way and 590 ft. the other, and covers an area of nearly 10 acres. It is surrounded by high walls, broken at intervals by square and octagonal towers, and contains temples, baths, and extensive galleries, besides the private apartments of the Emperor and dwellings for the principal officers of the household. The architect of this building broke away from classical traditions to a great extent; for example, the columns stand on corbels instead of pedestals, the entablatures being much broken, and the arches spring directly from the capitals of the columns (Fig. 149).
The private houses in Borne were of two kinds: the insula and the domus. The insula was a block of buildings several stories high, frequently let out to different families in flats. The ground-floor was generally given up to shops, which had no connection with the upper parts of the building; and one roof covered the whole. This kind of house was generally tenanted by the poorer class of tradesmen and artificers. The other kind of house, the domus, was a detached mansion. The excavations at Pompeii have done much to elucidate a number of points in connection with Roman dwellings which had been the subject of much discussion by scholars, but we must not too hastily assume that the Pompeian houses are the exact counterpart of those of ancient Rome, as Pompeii was what may be called a Romano-Greek city.
The general arrangements of a Roman house were as follows: next the street an open space was frequently left, with porticoes on each side of it provided with seats: this constituted the vestibule, and was entirely outside the house; the entrance-door opened into a narrow passage, called the prothyrum, which led to the atrium, which in the houses of Republican Rome was the principal apartment, though afterwards it served as a sort of waiting-room for the clients and retainers of the house; it was an open court, roofed in on all the four sides, but open to the sky in the centre. The simplest form was called the Tuscan atrium, where the roof was simply a lean-to sloping towards the centre, the rafters being supported on beams, two of which rested on the walls of the atrium, and had two other cross-beams trimmed into them. The centre opening was called the impluvium, and immediately under it a tank, called the compluvium, was formed in the pavement to collect the rain-water (Fig. 142). When the atrium became larger, and the roof had to be supported by columns, it was called a cavædium. At the end of this apartment were three others, open in front, the largest, in the centre, called tablinum, and the two side ones alæ; these were muniment-rooms, where all the family archives were kept, and their position is midway between the semi-public part of the house, which lay towards the front, and the strictly domestic and private part, which lay in the rear. At the sides of the atrium in the larger houses were placed small rooms, which served as sleeping chambers.
From the end of the atrium a passage, or sometimes two passages, called the fauces, running by the side of the tablinum, led to the peristylium, which was the grand private reception-room; this also was a court open to the sky in the centre, and among the wealthy Romans its roof was supported by columns of the rarest marbles. Round the peristyle were grouped the various private rooms, which varied according to the size of the house and the taste of the owner. There was always one dining-room (triclinium), and frequently two or more, which were arranged with different aspects, for use in different seasons of the year. If several dining-rooms existed, they were of various sizes and decorated with various degrees of magnificence; and a story is told of one of the most luxurious Romans of Cicero’s time, that he had simply to tell his slaves which room he would dine in for them to know what kind of banquet he wished to be prepared. In the largest houses there were saloons (æci), parlours (exedræ), picture galleries (pinacothecæ), chapels (lararia), and various other apartments. The kitchen, with scullery and bakehouse attached, was generally placed in one angle of the peristyle, round which various sleeping-chambers, according to the size of the house, were arranged. Most of the rooms appear to have been on the ground-floor, and probably depended for their light upon the doorway only; though in some instances at Pompeii small windows exist high up in the walls.
In the extreme rear of the larger houses there was generally a garden; and in those which were without this, the dead walls in the rear were frequently painted so as to imitate a garden. The houses of the wealthy Romans were decorated with the utmost magnificence: marble columns, mosaic pavements, and charming pieces of sculpture adorned their apartments, and the walls were in all cases richly painted (Fig. 143), being divided into panels, in the centre of which were represented sometimes human figures, sometimes landscapes, and sometimes pictures of historical events. All the decoration of Roman houses was internal only: the largest and most sumptuous mansion had little to distinguish it, next the street, from a comparatively humble abode; and, with the exception of the space required for the vestibule and entrance doorway, nearly the whole of the side of the house next the street was most frequently appropriated to shops. All that we are able to learn of the architecture of Roman private houses, whether from contemporary descriptions or from the uncovered remains of Pompeii and Herculaneum, points to the fact that it, even in a greater measure than the public architecture, was in no sense of indigenous growth, but was simply a copy of Greek arrangement and Greek decoration.
The passage in Varro, which is the sole authority for the Basilica Opimia, is generally considered to be corrupt.
This does not occur in the Pompeian houses.
Marked a, a, on the plans.
Vitruvius, however, seems to use the terms atrium and cavædium as quite synonymous.
Marked respectively c, and f, f, on the plan of the House of Pansa.
Marked b, b, on the plans.
At the Crystal Palace can be seen an interesting reproduction of a Pompeian house, which was designed by the late Sir Digby Wyatt. It gives a very faithful reproduction of the arrangement and the size of an average Pompeian house; and though every part is rather more fully covered with decoration than was usual in the originals, the decorations of each room faithfully reproduce the treatment of some original in Pompeii or Herculaneum. | <urn:uuid:514cf1f0-260b-47ff-b9ff-db89d13d74ca> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://history.intellichristian.com/architecture/architecture-classic-and-early-christian/page-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.981448 | 7,673 | 3.84375 | 4 |
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Ion transport ATPases are enzymes with many critical functions in the body. The Membrane Biology Lab does research on the fundamental structure and biology of two ATPases and their specific regulators.
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by uncontrolled, twisting movements, and it can be devastating in its worst forms. The sodium pump, Na,K-ATPase, plays critical roles in regulating nervous system activity, and so it came as no surprise that mutations in some ATPase genes caused seizures and other epilepsy-related disorders. It was more of a surprise that mutations in the neuron-specific form of the ATPase causes a dystonia that is brought on by stressful events: Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP).
A mouse model of the disease with one copy of the gene knocked out had mild motor problems and enhanced sensitivity to stress. However, it did not develop dystonia. Current research is aimed to produce a Na,K-ATPase mutant mouse with greater sensitivity and clear symptoms, and to understand how stress can trigger an irreversible change in motor system control mechanisms. We are also characterizing a new spontaneous mutant mouse that exhibits dystonia, to use for investigating treatment options.
Scientists in this department did some of the original work back in the 1960s and 1980s showing that an ATPase was critical for the secretion of CSF. Hydrocephalus is usually caused by structural defects that block the flow of CSF out of the brain, and currently-available drugs can temporarily slow down the secretion while surgeons prepare to install a shunt to drain it. This lab discovered that phospholemman (FXYD1) regulates the ATPase in CSF secretion. The current research is to understand how the regulation is controlled and whether the regulation can be enhanced. A knockout mouse and a hydrocephalic mouse are being used to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the physiology.
Molecular modeling of protein structure is a useful tool for understanding how proteins such as ATPases interact with their environment and how mutations achieve their effects. The availability of atomic structures of ATPases and some of their regulators allows this lab to develop hypotheses and predictive models of regulatory protein-protein interactions, using computers. Massachusetts General Hospital maintains a distributed computer network for computation-intensive molecular modeling used in this lab.
Finally, when using mutant mice, sometimes problems develop that lead to unforeseen new discoveries. A FXYD2 knockout mouse was expected to have kidney symptoms and to have greater sensitivity to stress, but the mouse proved to be very difficult to breed and had unpredictable random deaths. Persistent detective work led to the discovery that it has pancreatic islet cell abnormalities, and the observations may lead to beneficial strategies for treatment of diabetes.
Dr. Kathleen J. Sweadner, PhD
Edwards Research Building
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:a1225c1a-965e-4e54-b4da-4f1a3a25d511> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.massgeneral.org/neurosurgery/research/researchlab.aspx?id=1467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398465089.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205425-00347-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942091 | 583 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Rubber-Pad Forming and Hydroforming
This article focuses on the three basic groups of flexible-die forming methods: rubber pad, fluid cell, and fluid forming. It provides information on the Guerin process, the Verson-Wheelon process, the trapped-rubber process, the Marform process, the Hydroform process, the SAAB process, and the Demarest process. The article provides a discussion on the procedures of these processes, as well as the presses and tools used. It describes the methods of hydraulic forming of thin metal parts, namely, hydraulic forming with diaphragm, hydraulic forming with gasket and pressure control, and hydrobuckling.
Rubber-Pad Forming and Hydroforming, Metalworking: Sheet Forming, Vol 14B, ASM Handbook, Edited By S.L. Semiatin, ASM International, 2006, p 375–385, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005124
Download citation file:
ASM International 2021 Catalog: Issue 1
View new, upcoming, and best-selling ASM Handbooks, technical books, and databases. | <urn:uuid:e4f7b315-1d37-4738-a0f7-f2f8db9a1ce5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/35/chapter-abstract/467566/Rubber-Pad-Forming-and-Hydroforming?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923044248-20210923074248-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.788049 | 244 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The book begins in 1950s in Topeka, Kansas but spread to many cities and towns as discriminatory laws mandated that black children could not attend the same schools as white children. Black children would often have to cross whole cities to reach their schools, passing schools for white children along the way. But in 1951, the Topeka NAACP filed a lawsuit that would forever change schools - and the relationship between blacks and whites.
Brown was much more than a case about one little girl - it was about a whole nation of people who had grown tired of injustice. Brown v. Board of Education represented more than 200 plaintiffs and 12 different attorneys and community activists. Integration did not take place overnight, but Brown v. Board of Education marked the milestone when the notion of equality moved away from just being an idea and took the first steps toward becoming reality.
A partial list of the Table of Contents include:
A Timeline of Events
I Want To Go To School! Brown v. Board of Education
Equal Protection under the Law
"Jim Crow" Laws
Who Was Brown?
This fun-fill activity book includes:
Write About It!
Do The Math
Decipher The Code
Answer the Questions
And Much More! | <urn:uuid:9d4dc58e-620a-48f2-a1ba-aeb5f3faaae4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.teachersparadise.com/c/brown-v-board-of-education-i-want-to-go-to-school-p-59199.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315618.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820200701-20190820222701-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.966579 | 248 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Words nearby west
Idioms for west
Origin of west
Definition for west (2 of 3)
OTHER WORDS FROM Westan·ti-West, adjectivepro-West, adjective
Definition for west (3 of 3)
Example sentences from the Web for west
There is, however, a separate wing of AQAP designed to inspire their followers to conduct attacks against the West.U.S. Spies See Al Qaeda Fingerprints on Paris Massacre|Shane Harris, Nancy A. Youssef|January 8, 2015|DAILY BEAST
The need for an Ebola vaccine in West Africa has never been greater.
With Ebola still raging in West Africa, the race to find a vaccine is heating up.
I meet Otis J. the night he arrives at “The Castle,” a West Harlem halfway house for newly-released convicts.His First Day Out Of Jail After 40 Years: Adjusting To Life Outside|Justin Rohrlich|January 3, 2015|DAILY BEAST
A gifted marketer, he sent samples of the hat to merchandisers all over the West, asking for a minimum order of a dozen.
The Fort Riley troops are always called on when there is trouble in the West.My Native Land|James Cox
A small silver coin of the West Indies, six of which make a bitt.The Sailor's Word-Book|William Henry Smyth
By this time the sun was low in the west, and a short time afterward it dipped under the rim of the prairie.Bert Wilson in the Rockies|J. W. Duffield
The sky was still red in the west and the evening star hung directly over the Bergsons' wind-mill.O Pioneers!|Willa Cather
We could drive down there in a little while to the mouth of the West Fork, but I think we can get better fishing somewhere else.The Young Alaskans on the Missouri|Emerson Hough
British Dictionary definitions for west (1 of 3)
- to be lost or destroyed irrevocably
- to die
Word Origin for west
British Dictionary definitions for west (2 of 3)
noun the West
- that part of the US lying approximately to the west of the Mississippi
- (during the Colonial period) the region outside the 13 colonies, lying mainly to the west of the Alleghenies
- of or denoting the western part of a specified country, area, etc
- (as part of a name)the West Coast
British Dictionary definitions for west (3 of 3)
Idioms and Phrases with west
see go west. | <urn:uuid:926fbb15-915b-4142-a9fd-04e24194f087> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/west | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146647.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227033058-20200227063058-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.876893 | 550 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Life is all about passing into several stages. Human beings are intended to pass through three stages in life, infant stage, adolescent stage, and adult stage. It is mandatory to face some challenges and learn some lessons in these stages. Our current life has been determined by our past life that was likely accompanied by challenges and learned lessons. Lessons are learned by everyone at each stage. To be focused or non-focused in life is mostly determined by your past challenges. Your past learned lessons may be important in solving problems in your future. It is likely to judge an individual basing on their past life.
It is most likely for people to experience challenges in their life due to their past encounters. For example, a person can have a worse health record. This may prevent them from being employed. It is most likely for some companies to inquire clean medical history as part of job requirements. Some other institutions even reject physically challenged individuals. Every individual has their story to give. It is obvious for everyone to base their story on the past. For example, we have been seeing prominent icons interviewed in social media. They usually tell of their past.
It is likely for such stories to attract the attention of the intended listeners. It have been known for listeners to emulate prominent figures by hearing their autobiography. You may be such a history teller. It may have such an idea to write and print your past life. It is obvious for you to wonder on how to write such an autobiography. It is crucial to have a reason for why you are writing your personal biography. Giving your life experience or your legacy may be your agenda. This is an importance factor to consider before you start your work. It is important to outsource knowledge and advice on such a writing. Expect such information to aid you in your writing. Your friend’s advice is also important in such writing.
What Has Changed Recently With Novels?
It is good to have a clear plan on what to include in your writing. Some of the things you may include in your writing are: stories, photos, journals, emails, and letters. It is likely for such things to captivate the intended audience. Expect some of your audience to get attracted in reading your letters and stories. Simplicity is very important when writing such facts. You should have in mind the kind of audience you are writing to. Two groups of people may be ready to read your biography; the young and the elderly. This may make you decide on how to design your personal biography. You should use timeline or outline mode. It is allowed to skip some stages of your life in outline mode.A Quick History of Books | <urn:uuid:52630ee5-4cb4-4049-84b1-e8fa61be5c0d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://calligraphy-art.com/incredible-lessons-ive-learned-about-authors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.975462 | 535 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Simone de Beauvior in her book “The Second Sex” says that “one is not born a woman, but becomes one.”
She explains that gender differences are set in a hierarchical position such that men are superior and women are subordinate. Gender here, is an overarching category – a major social status that has emerged out of the social institutions of the society such as economy, ideology, polity, family and so on.
This concept of gender is very well reflected in the 20th century Indian tragic romantic movie “Devdas” directed by Sanjay Leela Bansali. ‘Devdas’ is a saga of unrequited love revolving around the doomed inter personal relationships between each of the three pivotal characters – Parvati, Devdas, and Chandramukhi – whose love for each other is never mortally realized. The movie is a vivid description of how the society ascribes gender-specific roles to men and women, under the umbrella of patriarchy by putting women under the control of men, where they are supposed to be the holders of family values The first half represents Devdas as a sadist who resorts to erotic domination over Paro in order to organize his masculinity. Devdas is infantilized in private domain by the authority of his aristocratic father. Similarly, in public realm he is emasculated by the manly ‘Englishman’. Hence, it is only through violence upon the ‘Other’ that the powerless colonial subject can salvage and articulate his sense of masculinity and heroism.
Therefore, the character Devdas seems to be most vulnerably gendered within the factions of colonialism, class, caste, social roles. Devdas was sent to London for higher studies by his father. But even his legal training in law could not prepare him to confront his father. However, he seems ineffectual; unable to express his love in the face of paternal opposition and one who himself seems to be a victim of patriarchy. However, the powerless colonial subject who lacks an ability to stand up for his lover against the societal barriers considers his right and control over Paro through his love.
Gender not only has dooms in it for women, but for men as well by influencing their attitudes, behaviors and belief systems. On the eve of Paro’s marriage, in an iconic sado-masochistic gesture, Devdas strikes Paro, inflicting a scar on her forehead stating it as remembrance of their love (pyaar ki nishaani) further inflicting the ‘desire for control’ within men where women are subsumed to find comfort within their subordination by men (husbands or elderly males). Unfortunately, it is the woman who is always supposed to bear the scars of love by men, as remembrance of their love. Why not men? The answer lies within the boundaries of patriarchy which regard women as upholders of values and tradition.
A.K. Ramanujam identifies action and quest as male narrative elements but defines female elements in terms of sufferings to protect traditional values (marriage). This is vividly reflected in the movie where the male rejected self-destructive lover unable to have union with her beloved (Paro), gets addicted to alcohol, leaves his family, wanders here and there in search of some solace within himself while, in the meantime also gets habituated by the caring and loving nature of the courtesan Chandramukhi. But, the cinematic expressions of the movie leave the audience to sympathize with the male protagonist (who lacked the heroism to stand up for his lover against paternal opposition, and turns into a violent sadist) while the female lovers are left to fit into the societal definitions of a woman whose sufferings seem to be minimally focused in the movie.
Paro, in the later part of the movie, is seen bounded by her worldly marriage and it’s duties which are sincerely performed by her. But her fate causes her to stay virgin, where she is already told by her husband about his unforgettable love for his first wife (who is no more). But, the husband fails to accept his wife Paro’s first love for Devdas and even punishes her by restricting her to stay in the house and to not step out of it, for her lifetime. Therefore, the marriage puts a societal obligation that Parbati cannot escape; yet she largely avoids its entrapment. It is a reflection of the male dominated cage, where women are supposed to stay, leave all her desires, passions, interests, individual agency, sexual agency-all under the control of men, in order to give her consent to their obedience and subordination.
Chandramukhi, as a tawaif, in the movie emerges as a very strong character possessing great levels of independence and assertiveness by having a control on her personal and sexual consent. As Devdas’ film hero even explains it to Chandramukhi, “a woman is a mother, a sister, a wife or a friend; when she is nothing, she is a tawaif.” The movie tries to project an ideal woman as the silent, self-sacrificing married woman, bound to a lifetime of service to her husband and his family, without meeting with other men or construing her own needs; while the bad and the immoral woman was the prostitute, who remained independent maintaining her individual and sexual agency, which is beyond the control of men.
The song-driven narrations in the movie further, seem to contribute to the relationship between the gender constructions of men and women, within the society. The movie set in a backdrop of colonialism and patriarchy, reflects the vulnerability which ‘gender’ brings to men, women and their relationships with each other by caging them into worldly institutions (i.e. family, marriage, etc.). Hence, the public-private dichotomy is central to such implications of gender constructions that not only restrict the thinking and acting ways but also prioritize some over another. Rest its up to us to decide whether to get caught in this gendered trap or to make every bit of an effort to come out of it and rethink ‘what should our belief systems be?’ and ‘what do I believe in?’. | <urn:uuid:c463e8db-5182-4458-91a1-c4bda2934b82> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.indiafellow.org/blog/2016/12/gender-construed-identities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122720.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00263-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973586 | 1,296 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Past Extra Credits|
How No Child Left Behind is Helping States Make Schools Safer
A Washington Post article yesterday reported on Virginia's efforts to rid schools of "bullies, drugs and weapons" and described how the No Child Left Behind law is driving the state's attempt to identify the best programs to accomplish that goal.
Here's part of what the Post had to say:
"When President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act last year, educators were told that they would have to find programs that not only worked but worked based on scientific research. In addition, the law provided that students who attend schools determined to be 'persistently dangerous' could be transferred by their parents, no questions asked.The complete article is available from the Washington Post online archive for a fee.
"So the effort to make schools safer has picked up pace, while the search for successful programs has grown more intense."
About Extra Credit
NCLB Extra Credit is a regular look at the No Child Left Behind Act, President Bush's landmark education reform initiative passed with bipartisan support in Congress.
If you would like the NCLB Extra Credit emailed to you, please send a request to Geoff Goodman at NoChildLeftBehindUpdate@ed.gov or call (202) 205-9191.
The full article is available from the Philadelphia Inquirer online archive for a fee.
Last Modified: 06/08/2007 | <urn:uuid:dd756b0f-79be-4c97-8886-26fef1958ad3> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www2.ed.gov/news/newsletters/extracredit/2003/0425.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00267-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957754 | 290 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Huntington Central Park
Shipley Nature Center
School tours for grades K-6, birding, butterfly and hummingbird gardens, walking trails, Redwood trees, meadows, Sycamores, Blackbird Pond, and interpretive center.
Opened in 1974, the Shipley Nature Center is an 18-acre fenced natural area within Huntington Beach Central Park. Named after former Mayor Donald D. Shipley, the center is owned by the City of Huntington Beach. The Nature Center includes 4,000 feet of trails that meander through several habitats, including oak woodlands, Torrey pines, meadows, and Blackbird Pond, a natural freshwater wetland with mature willows, and sycamores.
- Each area in Shipley Nature center is organized by habitat.
- Run by the Friends of Shipley Nature Center, a non-profit organization, who manage, operate and take care of the natural landscape.
- At least 22 animal species have been spotted at the nature center.
- In the year 2002, the nature center was overgrown with invasive non-native plants which had taken over the habitats killing the Redwood trees and choking the pond. The Friends have worked hard to restore the natural CA native environment.
Central Park Attractions
Did you know?
Solar energy has been used for over 2700 years. In 700 BC, glass lenses were used to make fire by magnifying the sun’s rays. Learn more about solar. | <urn:uuid:b0c66c59-d79b-46c6-8be5-69ed37182b0d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/parks_facilities/parks/huntington_central_park/Shipley_Nature_Center.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920120835-20180920141235-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.915215 | 303 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|The Somali Conflict (Oxfam)|
|Part I: Introduction|
|1. Background to report|
|2. Executive summary|
|Part II: Background to the Somali war|
|1. Introduction to Somalia|
|2. The Somali civil war|
|3. Understanding the conflict|
|Part III: Mogadishu: peace-enforcement|
|1. The internationalisation of the Somali conflict|
|2. The politics of UNOSOM II|
|4. District councils|
|5. Humanitarian issues: NGOs and UNOSOM II|
|Part IV: Kismayo: peace-making|
|1. Background to the Kismayo wars|
|2. The Kismayo peace conference|
|3. A fragile peace|
|4. Conclusions and recommendations|
|Part V: Somaliland: peace-building|
|1. Secession and cessation|
|2. The Boroma conference|
|5. Shir Nabadeedka ee Sanaag: 'The Sanaag grand peace and reconciliation conference'|
|6. Conclusions and recommendations|
|A: Agencies and individuals involved in peace work in Somalia and Somaliland|
|B: Somaliland communities security and peace charter|
|C: Jubaland peace agreement|
Prior to May 1988, the SNM were estimated to have had some 3,000 trained fighters. In 1988, when the war escalated and the Barre government took fierce reprisals against the Issaq, there was a general mobilisation of the male Issaq population. Like other political factions in Somalia, the SNM was based upon a coalition of allied clans and sub-clans. The SNM military was recruited along clan lines and fought in small clan-based units (jabhad), supported by their clans. Since the ending of the war, many of the SNM guerrillas have laid down their arms and returned to civilian life. Many have remained together as military units with a clear command structure. The current figure used by the Somaliland government for numbers of armed militia in Somaliland is between 40,000 and 50,000. Others have turned to banditry in order survive.
In Somaliland people now make a distinction between the SNM mujahid and the deydey or budhcad. The majahid are the proper long-term SNM fighters, some of whom had been fighting with the SNM since 1981. They are also known more generally as mana gaaho, taking their name from a road called gaaho, in Ethiopia, behind which the SNM had its rear bases. Another category of mujahid are the jama rah ('went on Friday'): those who joined the SNM on the Friday in May 1988 when the SNM first attacked Burco.
The deydey44 or budhcad are the armed bandits. The word deydey means 'searching' and originates from the idea of 'tine lost ones', that is those who got separated during the war and whose parents are looking for them. It has now come to have a second meaning of 'those who do the searching', meaning the looting. In a situation where there are few employment opportunities, war-hardened youths have resorted to banditry to survive. Indeed, a common explanation given in Somaliland is that deydey are a 'disease born of poverty'. Another common name used to describe the deydey is malin dagal, 'million a day', the idea being that they need to make a million shillings a day in order to pay for ammunition, alchohol, women, and kat. Another name used to describe the bandits is hadaba marido, 'those who start shooting now', that is those who picked up arms after the war. Many of these deydey know no other life.
Attitudes towards these deydey are ambiguous, for one clan's 'army' can be another clan's deydey. Like the SNM majahid, a group of deydey will generally come from the same clan. In a conflict these gangs can be your means of protection, and are therefore your 'army' or 'militia'. At the same time, the concept of corporate responsibility means that your clan can be held accountable for the activities of your deydey. The deydey can therefore be a threat to your own security. In some places where deydey have become a threat to their own clan's interests, elders have taken extreme measures and killed them.
It is suggested that probably 25 per cent of the militia fall into the category of deydey. In principle, people say it is the majahid who should be helped first. However, it is the deydey who continue to cause much of the insecurity. Any demobilisation programme needs to address ways of disarming these gangs and reintegrating them into society.
4.2 A Framework for Security
After the war the first government of Abdulrahman Ali Tuur made a cursory attempt to integrate the militia into a unified army. This failed, and energy was squandered on factional disputes among politicians and military officers, which led to an outbreak of fighting in Burco and Berbera.
The Peace Charter, adopted by the elders at the Boroma Conference in March 1993, sets out to rectify the mistakes of the previous government by establishing a framework for future security in Somaliland. The Charter recognises that lack of security was the single most important factor that led to the failure of the previous Somaliland administration. The Charter also recognises that the militarisation of society continues to cause destruction of assets, undermines peaceful co-existence of communities and commercial enterprise, encourages banditry, disrupts humanitarian, rehabilitation and developmental activities, and leaves the population in a state of perpetual fear and insecurity. The Charter therefore seeks to address this by setting out the principles on which security of the individual, community and nation should be based, and the responsibilities incumbent on each community to ensure such security.
The future stability and economic recovery of Somaliland will depend on the ability of the new administration to carry out a comprehensive programme of demobilisation and disarmament, coupled with the formation of a police force and a judiciary. Through the Peace Charter the elders made it incumbent upon the Egal administration to formulate a plan for demobilisation and disarmament.
4.3 Plan for Demobilisation
In contrast to the former administration, the policy of Egal's government and the military commanders is that there should not be a national army. The commanders
say that they do not have the resources to build an effective army that could prevent an invasion. They are now convinced that disarmament is an important step for Somaliland towards achieving autonomy. Without disarmament, they contend that there will be no peace, and without peace Somaliland cannot maintain its independence. Their best security, they assert, is therefore in disarmament. 'Next time the clans quarrel, it must be in Parliament.45
By 31 July 1993 Egal had reached had reached an agreement with the militia commanders and elders on a plan for the collection of militia in cantonment sites. The government would provide rations for ten days, and the militia would leave their arms with the clan elders and move to camps to commence separate training programmes. This was to be the first step in the demobilisation programme.
The disarmament and demobilisation programme comes under the responsibility of a Ministerial Committee on Security and Demobilisation, comprising the Vice President, Ministers of Interior, Defence, Education, Finance and Information. The planning and implementation of the programme will be carried out by a 12-member Technical Committee, comprising both military and civilians in cooperation with regional Security Committees.
The programme will involve the demobilisation of 50,000 militia.46 Estimates of militia by region are: Awdal 8,500, North West 24,450, Togdheer 7,400, Sanaag 5,400 and Sool 4,250. From these, 9,000 will be trained as police, 3,000 as border guards, 5,000 as coastal guards, and 1,000 as prison warders. It is envisaged that the remaining 42,000, who include 10,000 disabled men, will be trained in farming, fishing and vocational training programmes to last from three to six months.
In August, two Zimbabwean consultants (Paul Nyathi of the Zimbabwe Project and Jeremy Brickhill, a former ZIPRA officer and former member of Oxfam UK/I's Africa Advisory Committee) were seconded by UNDP-OPS to the Egal administration to advise the administration and UNOSOM on planning a programme for the disarmament and demobilisation of the militias. At the beginning of September, consultations produced an outline plan for demobilisation and reintegration of the militias.
The demobilisation plan envisages the training of police forces from all six regions in Mandera Camp, between Berbera and Hargeisa. The police, as envisaged, will comprise:
special police force
4.4 International Response
In drawing up the plan for demobilisation, Egal had anticipated that assistance would be forthcoming from UNOSOM for its implementation. When SRSG Howe visited Hargeisa in May 1993, he had promised assistance from UNOSOM for demobilisation In early July the UNOSOM Director of Policy and Planning, Omar Halim, visited Hargeisa and agreed that, once procedures had been finalised, UNOSOM would provide the wherewithal for the establishment and maintenance of assembly camps. Halim reported to UNOSOM in Mogadishu that the disarmament programme in Somaliland was voluntary and should be accorded the 'highest priority'. Futhermore, he stated that the assistance which the Egal administration was requesting for demobilisation the police, and judicial system was consistent with UN resolution 814 (1993), and affordable within UNOSOM's $18 million budget for demobilisation The attitude of UNOSOM Zone Office in Hargeisa was equally supportive of the proposed plans.
Some support had been secured from UNOSOM for the police in Hargeisa (500 uniforms, rations and equipment). UNICEF were installing water for the prisons. Under the auspices of UNOSOM, a Dutch and Canadian police adviser had been seconded to the Hargeisa police and two British police advisers were expected in September. UNOSOM had also assisted in transporting some ICRC food from Djibouti to Mandera police training camp. World Food Programme, USAID, UNOSOM and the Ministry of Planning had discussed a further $1.5 million worth of food vouchers, to provide food for some 9,000 militia for six months.
Other agencies were also involved. UNDP-OPS seconded two consultants to the demobilisation Technical Committee (see above). Rimfire were proposing to hire a further 800 militia to train for the mine-clearance programme. CARE had supported Sooyaal, the SNM veterans' association, to build a vocational training centre for excombatants.
Events moved more quickly than planned. In mid-August 1993 there were some 200 militia from Berbera in Mandera camp undergoing police training. By 4 September the number had increased to 800, and by the 7th to between 2,000 and 3,000. It was expected to increase to 5,000. With insufficient shelter, food, water or medical facilities for the 6,000 militia, the situation was potentially explosive. The sudden rush of militia to the camp had arisen because the clans were anxious not to miss out on the benefits of retraining and employment in the new security forces.
On 31 July, when Egal wrote to UNOSOM Zone Director in Hargeisa, informing him that his government had reached an agreement with the militia leaders and clan elders on the cantonment of militia, he requested assurance from UNOSOM that assistance would be available. By the end of August UNOSOM had given no indication that the promised assistance would be forthcoming. Angry at their failure to respond, Egal sent a letter to UNOSOM on 9 September, requesting them to cease their operations and leave Somaliland.
The immediate reason for Egal's action had been a diplomatic incident involving the Deputy SRSG Kouyate (see 3.2 above). However, Egal has largely staked his presidency and the success of the government on being able to disarm the militia. While UNOSOM Hargeisa stated that the demobilisation programme had the full support of UNOSOM Mogadishu, there was little material evidence of this. Without the promised resources, the demobilisation programme would be difficult to implement.
At the time Egal made this request for assistance, UNOSOM's attention was focused on the conflict in Mogadishu. This undoubtedly restricted its ability to respond with any speed. It is suggested, however, that UNOSOM is unwilling to provide the resources asked for unless they are able to exert some control over the process. In this respect, they have continued to insist on the need to send uniformed and protected (armed) advisers to Somaliland if they are going to support the process. The most cynical critics suspect that UNOSOM assume that without their support the demobilisation programme will fail, and this will justify a military intervention.
The extension of UNOSOM military operations to Somaliland would be disastrous. Although Howe and UNOSOM Hargeisa have publicly stated several times that they will not deploy troops unless invited, this has not quelled fears among the population. The disregard shown to the authorities in Hargeisa by Kouyate has not helped in that matter. Even if UNOSOM were to extend their military operations to Somaliland for purely humanitarian purposes, there is little confidence that they would be able to handle a demobilisation programme in a sensitive manner, especially given their recent actions in Mogadishu. Such is the concern that the military commanders in Somaliland say they would be forced to resist militarily if in Somaliland say they would be forced to resist militarily if UNOSOM attempted to deploy troops.
4.5 Recommendations for the Support of DemobilisationSecurity - stable central and regional government and the successful demobilisation of armed militias - has been identified as the key to the rehabilitation and development needs in Somaliland. As agencies' programmes change from relief to development, the emerging emphasis of the programmes will also change. There are two groups on which programmes should, for the mean time, have a strategic focus: refugee returnees and demobilised militia. The latter is a recognition that insecurity is an inhibition to economic development in Somaliland. There is a strong argument for agencies to develop a further 'sectoral' activity that focuses exclusively on demobilisation.Demobilisation should be seen as a long-term process, requiring a substantial commitment of resources. Such a programme, if supported by agencies, should be placed firmly within the framework of a comprehensive plan initiated by the Somaliland government and implemented, as much as possible, through local non-governmental or community-based organisations. Given their previous experience in this field, Oxfam and others could make a major contribution to such a programme.The Somaliland Peace Charter clearly identifies demobilisation and disarmament as a fundamental building block for peace and stability in Somaliland Assistance with demobilisation therefore provides agencies with a clear oportunity to support peace-building in Somaliland. The following are some recommendations on how they might support demobilisation and disarmament in Somaliland.Planning and Preparation: Agencies should be prepared to make an immediate provision of resources to the Technical Committee, to enable it to gather the data needed to prepare a plan for demobilisation.Advocacy: Demobilisation has been identified as the priority issue by the Egal administration. The administration is convinced that voluntary demobilisation is preferable to assisted (or forced) demobilisation by UNOSOM, and that UNOSOM should not take control of the process. The administration needs support for this strategy. Agencies should make it an essential part of their strategies to lobby their governments to fund this process, and to put pressure on UNOSOM to refrain from acting other than as funders or monitors.
Agencies might explore, with their governments, acceptable ways of monitoring and verifying the process. This would not only be useful for advocacy purposes, but it might also help internally to have an independent body for verification. If it was acceptable to the government, agencies might consider funding an appropriate international body to visit Somaliland on a regular basis to do this. A team might be combined with elders and local NGOs.
Publicity Campaign: Public communication, civic mobilisation, confidence building, and cultural activities will be key to the success of the demobilisation process. The rehabilitation of Hargeisa Radio could be an essential contribution to this.
Peace-Building/Conflict-Resolution Training: Somaliland women have played an important role in the peace process in: Somaliland as a community pressure group. Organisations of women (Somaliland Women's Organisation, Committee of Concerned Somalis, Somaliland Women's Development Organisation) have all mobilised women at peace conferences. Agencies might help to strengthen this work, where appropriate, by supporting a series of training workshops and seminars for women extensionists/mobilisers.
Agencies should consider commissioning a Somali women's NGO to look at what role women might play in assisting with demobilisation, and the possible effects on women of the process.
Agencies should look for ways to ensure that elders are fully involved and consulted in the demobilisation process. Community support for the programme Will be critical to its success. Their authority, as will as their skills in mediation and trouble shooting, should be fully utilised.
Vocational Training: Some agencies have developed proposals to support the establishment of a Technical Training Institute in Hargeisa with the Ministry of Education. This might provide training opportunities for demobilised militia, and should be pursued. Agencies might also consider funding the Ministry to design and undertake education programmes for the ax-combatants while in the camps, such as basic literacy, numeracy, and Koranic education. This would also provide increased training opportunities for unemployed teachers. Agencies might also consider ways of supporting education development in the region, to assist in general rehabilitation and development to fulfil the huge need for education provision.
Agencies should also consider contracting local, private training institutions in Hargeisa to provide training for the militia, as required. They might consider contracting these institutions to consult with the militias and government to identify their training needs. This would have the advantage of both developing the capacity of the training institutes and providing the required training.Trauma: The Somali psychiatrist, Dr Omar Duhod, estimates that as many as 5 per cent of the ax-combatants will be in need of psychiatric counselling. Agencies should consider ways in which they can support the reintegration of excombatants into society through counselling programmes. Agencies might consider consulting agencies such as the Medical Foundation for the Victims of Torture or consultants such as Dr Derek Summerfield, Dr Twi, and Dr Duhod.Cultural Programmes: Agencies should also consider funding cultural activities - bands, artists, poets, etc. - to provide entertainment both for the ax-combatants, as part of their psychological rehabilitation, and also more generally in Somaliland. This would probably require identifying Somali artists outside the country and sending them on tour.Disabled War Veterans: Agencies might consider commissioning Action on Disability and Development, or others, to assess ways of strengthening the formation of an association for disabled veterans.International Media: Agencies should use their resources to generate international media interest in the demobilisation process in Somaliland.Disarmament 'Think Tank': Agencies should consider ways of integrating/linking this work with that of the Conrad Grebel College, Canada, and its 'think tank' on disarmament in the Horn.Demobilisation Fund: Agencies should consider contributing to a demobilisation fund for Somaliland, for an initial two-year period. It would be used to employ on a full-time basis an individual (expatriate or Somali) to coordinate agencies' work in this field, and be used for funding any or all of the above activities. A sum of approximately 500,000 would probably be needed. | <urn:uuid:a064535f-f2e8-4b98-907b-cb6941777045> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0aedl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL1.4&d=HASH018018c600064e78c5b1edf2.7.4&gc=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.946747 | 4,418 | 3.046875 | 3 |
“Sacred Blood and the Body’s Rich Legacy in Julius Caesar"
by Dr. Louise Geddes, Dominican College
(June 2010 Issue / PDF)
Standing across Caesar’s body in the marketplace, Antony follows his famous oration with the claim that his power of speech has not the power to “stir men’s blood” (3.2.224). As much as listening to his words, Antony wants to encourage the plebeians of Rome to look once more upon the piteous sight of the slain Caesar’s corpse. The assumption that underpins Antony’s observation is that the blood of Caesar can “speak” more to the citizens than any words the orators might use. By presenting the body of Caesar onstage, Shakespeare is capitalizing on the appeal of bloodshed, and Antony’s decision to make a relic of the corpse evokes the resistance to iconography that characterized England’s religious revolution. Shakespeare was keenly aware of the controversy surrounding iconoclasm, as it was also a source of anti-theatrical prejudice. Jonas Barish discusses the way in which Medieval antitheatrical writers viewed with disgust the “feigned recreation” (69) that the plays offered, drawing attention to the clerical resistance to spectacle that threatened to redirect the public gaze from a church that employed many of the same visual tactics, but for different ends, therefore blurring the boundaries between “true” and “false” spectacle.
Antitheatricalists argued that staged performances reinforced the notion of unthinking belief in what is seen, and mirrored the practice of venerating church idols and material objects. In Julius Caesar, this power to dazzle is manipulated and exploited, revealing the extent to which the ‘truth’ of an image is dependent on its successful manipulation. The image of Caesar’s carcass recalls the alarming spectacle of Christ’s mutilated body, previously found on crucifixes and rood screens, which although now banished from churches, re-emerged in texts such as Actes and Monuments. The bloody body of Caesar that Antony unveils is one of the play’s most arresting sights and incites the watching crowd to explode in violent fury. Through Antony's manipulation of powerful images, Shakespeare's play exploits violent spectacle at the same time it critiques the manipulation of images.
Literary critics have long been aware of the ceremonial nature of Julius Caesar, explaining Brutus’ attempts at creating ritual as an example of a self-delusional attempt to justify the slaughter of his friend. Over the years, a critical consensus has emerged to suggest that Rome is a place where “words and rituals have dangerously lost their meaning” (Danson 53). However, even though the Roman populace may have lost touch with the "real sacramental import of ritual" (Conn Liebler 98), one cannot assume that ritual has no place in Shakespeare's Rome. Instead, the play shows an awareness of the importance of political violence, both to Caesar's Rome and sixteenth-century England.
The play is located within a world of piety, one that values sacrifice, something that early modern reformers might insultingly characterize as Catholic. The opening act is littered with events and observations that carry religious undertones, and mix ancient Roman rites with allusions that would have been noticeably relevant to a contemporary Elizabethan audience, such as the statues of Caesar that the citizens deck with garlands, and the mocking of the shoemaker as a mender of "bad soles” (1.1.14). Like Puritan preachers, the tribunes propose that instead of participating in a ritual in which meaning buckles under the weight of spectacle, the people “run to your houses, fall upon your knees, / Pray to the gods” (1.1.53-4) for wisdom, privileging introspective prayer over noisy public ceremonies. Brutus takes an extremist stance, viewing all aspects of traditional religion as archaic, superstitious and primitive. However, even as he rejects idolatry in his speeches, his actions validate the impact it holds over the citizens of Rome and mark him as susceptible to the same idolatrous tendencies.
The extreme desire of Brutus to subjugate everything around him to the power of words sets him apart from the ways in which the citizens of Rome communicate, and he is left foolishly surprised when he fails to present a sacrificial image that will be accepted by no other authority than an invocation of his honor. Brutus does indeed sanctify the killing of Caesar but it is because his actions unwittingly acknowledge that the power of spectacle is far greater than his language could ever be. Standing in the marketplace, Brutus mistakenly assumes that his rationality can recontextualize Caesar’s death, and that he can simultaneously ritually kill and deny the ceremony’s validity. Because of the space of uncertainty that Brutus creates, Antony is able to usurp and manipulate the impact that the murder has on the Roman masses. In spite of the conspirators' efforts to prevent the worship of living Caesar as a god-on-earth, Caesar’s corpse becomes a consecrated object, and the citizens fall into idolatrous worship of Rome’s deadmonarch. Through a consideration of the analogous contradiction found in Reformation theology and culture, we might read Julius Caesar as a play that simultaneously exploits and undermines the theatrical nature of early modern belief.
The manner of one's death mattered in ancient Rome, primarily because of the political currency that a well-executed (pun intended) death could afford. During the Roman Republic, devotio became a well-known tradition of embracing death, as a means of honoring the Gods of the underworld, but, under the Empire, it became a symbolic self-slaughter in honor of the Emperor. Occasionally, too, life was offered up as an act of defiance. Cato for example, was so determined to die as a statement against Caesar, that he fell on his sword, and then, while under guard, managed to pull out his stitches and bled to death. Historian Paul Plass suggests that these acts were committed on the premise that “violence was meant to be seen because it was meant to convey a message” (146), rendering life and death as political commodities.
During the English Reformation, martyred bodies become a locus of epistemological, doctrinal and political struggle, as martyrologists attempted to appropriate the testimonies of the dead as a means of propagating a particular agenda. Martyrs were used as figures of inspiration, to galvanize a religious community, or, in this case, a Protestant nation. William Haller explains that “persecution gave its victims the opportunity to dramatize their faith in the Word by embracing martyrdom, and its survivors the opportunity to exploit the testimony of the martyrs by the classic device of a martyrology” (50) – everyone benefits. The spectacles of martyrs going to their deaths were intensely popular, and therefore a terrific medium for political propaganda. In many ways, executions stood as a form of mass entertainment, and thousands of people might turn out to see the death of a high-profile recusant. Unsurprisingly, there were people willing to exploit this captive audience. Even if Reformers wished to realign the focus of the Eucharist, they could not turn their backs on the powerful image of the sacrifice, and the popularity of martyrdom attests to this. The sight of such suffering had the power to spark interest and even conversion, and this suggests that the Reformation is drive to strip ritual of its hold over the common people was at most, muted in its success.
John Foxe's famous book The Actes and Monuments of Christian Martyrs, or Book of Martyrs as it is known, is a case in point. In his account of the martyrdom of John Hooper, Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester, we can see the sensationalism implicit in such narratives. Foxe describes in detail how Hooper burned, which includes him speaking until his lips charred, and beating his breast until one of his arms fell off, while his other hand hung down, dripping gore. Although many critics argue that Foxe deliberately shied away from the Medieval worship of the saints, instead choosing to emphasize the ordinariness of Protestant martyrs (Knott 45), the theatrical nature of some of the martyrdoms he describes complicates such a claim.
Instead of rejecting the theological point of contradiction that martyrdom offers, Shakespeare’s play embraces it. As Caesar’s shattered body is turned into a sacred relic, a “rich legacy” left to the Roman citizens, it is possible to see that ceremony in Rome is a deeply contested site of meaning in which the popular voice battles against the Senators’ re-interpretations of traditional ideas. The elevation of Caesar’s bloodied flesh evokes the Catholic iconography so deeply feared by Protestant Reformers, and looks back to a more medieval form of worship, evoking the popular veneration of the saints’ bodies and holy relics. Antony is able to exploit this latent power, and his belief that Caesar’s wounds “like dumb mouths do ope their ruby lips” (3.1.260) attests to this potency. The reaction of the people, and the raw, violent emotion that Brutus inadvertently unleashes in Rome, serves to validate the presentation of sacrificed flesh – through Antony’s superior performance Caesar’s body is consecrated in the way Brutus most feared, and this ultimately drives him to suicide.
The response to Caesar's body implies a belief in an intercessionary divine power ascribed to the persecuted body, cementing a Roman sense of the world in which religion is conflated with more scientific and logical phenomena. Casca’s discussion of the strange sights he has encountered in the streets, including the slave with the burning hand, the prowling lion and hundred ghastly women, creates an environment in which superstition is justified because the world is a prophetically mysterious place. The discussions of omens, the garlanding of statues and the desire to see Caesar return, all indicate the way in which the visual is privileged over the verbal, and what the conspirators dismiss as the foolish infatuations of the common man is a symbolic power that is integral to Roman belief. In spite of Caesar’s protestation, “I am ashaméd I did yield” (2.2.106) to the power of Calphurnia’s dreams, his first response to his wife’s visions was to bid his priests to sacrifice an animal to the gods, in order to create a sense of security.
As opposed to plays such as Hamlet or Macbeth in which portents and omens are used to explore an individual’s psyche, the characters of Julius Caesar rarely meditate on the implications of the inexplicable phenomena they face. Aside from the second act musings of Brutus, the characters refrain from revealing their innermost thoughts in private monologues, and instead are restricted to observations that give little more than glimpses into their underlying feelings. This rejection of any real interiority in favor of dramatic spectacle creates an environment that is clouded with symbols ripe for interpretation, establishes Rome as a “fundamentally mysterious” (Rose 262) place, in which ceremony has an important role. Cinna’s foreshadowing of his own demise, Ligarius’ assertion that Brutus “like an exorcist, hast conjured up / [His] mortified spirit” (2.1.323-4), and Portia’s assumption that the vision of her on her knees can “charm” her husband into revealing his innermost thoughts, suggests a Rome that blends together a belief in magic and the divine.
In sixteenth-century England, celestial phenomena, such as the comet spied over Rome in Julius Caesar, were frequently exploited for religious and political purposes. Two comets were sighted over England during the late sixteenth century; one in November, 1577 and another that was visible over the course of several weeks during 1582. In the late 1570’s and early 1580’s a flurry of pamphlets circulated in an attempt to address recent celestial happenings. The least overtly political of these documents, written by an author known only as F.K., in 1583, addresses scientific approaches, before he reminds his reader that comets are a reminder from God “to pray that he may turne from us what evyl soever his comettes signifie” (F.K.) continuing the popular path of viewing comets as a celestial omen of doom. Keith Thomas, in his landmark study Religion and the Decline of Magic, firmly locates “sciences” such as astrology, prophecy and superstitions in the Catholic domain, suggesting that Protestantism rejected the appeal of popular magic as part of its doctrinal drive against the efficacy of ceremony. Yet, his proposal that “the century after the Reformation thus constituted a transitional period, during which a variety of magical agencies continued to offer their services to those for whom the Protestant notion of self-help was too arduous” (Thomas 639), implies the similarity in appeal to what he calls the “unsophisticated mind” (638) between the cunning man and religious leader. Thomas’ observation that during this time period, “holy relics became wonder-working fetishes” (26), further suggests the difficulty of this transitory moment. In order to reach a culture steeped in these pseudo-scientific ways of reading the world, the reformers had to rely on similar rhetorical techniques and strategies of propaganda. The tension between doctrinal dismissal of magical beliefs, and the need to invest Protestantism’s own martyrs and leaders with a sense of the sacred, became a characteristic of the English Reformation.
Shakespeare incorporates this sense of uncertainty into Rome, declining to focus on the popular opinion of a comet as an event that foreshadows princely death, and choosing to acknowledge the comet only in act one, scene three, as viewed by the conspirators. Casca, having witnessed the “tempest dropping fire” (1.3.10) attributes it to the more conventional meanings, proposing to Cicero that “either there is civil strife in heaven/ Or else the world, too saucy with the gods, / Incenses them to send destruction” (1.3.11–3). Casca and Cicero’s fear echoes the popular early modern interpretation of these occurrences, but Cassius’ immediate entrance, unbraced, and his subsequent declaration that he had “bared [his] bosom to the thunderstone” (1.3.49) shows the desire of the conspirators to reinterpret traditional symbols and turn their back on the fears and superstitions of Rome. Cassius, like Brutus, attempts to reject what he views as a superstitious approach, privileging his own opinion that when interpreting these natural events, the evidence suggests that “heaven hath infused them with these spirits / To make them instruments of fear and warning / Unto some monstrous state” (1.3.69–71). Cassius cannot entirely reject the rhetoric of superstition, but simply demands credit for his ability literally to stand in defiance of the traditional meaning.
In general, the play is littered with Christian iconography, from the three and thirty wounds, to the idolatrous statues of Casear that are “decked with ceremonies” (1.1.65), and trouble the politicians so greatly. The wound display, for example, carries Eucharistic undertones, most notably evoking the most potent symbol of Renaissance Christian thought – the Passion. The play goes to great lengths to reject the notion that Caesar can be seen as quasi-divine by an emphasis on Caesar’s physical flaws. Moreover, the invocation of Christ imagery that arises from such instances as Brutus’s famous demand that the conspirators be “sacrificers and not butchers” (2.1.166) and Cassius’ proposal that his men wash their hands in the slain Caesar’s blood to purify their recent deed, is raised precisely to elicit a comparison that will leave Caesar wanting.
Cassius marks Caesar out as undeserving of becoming a monarch because he is physically weak, having previously been bested by Cassius in a swimming race, but more important is Shakespeare’s choice to include scenes that highlight Caesar’s physical flaws – his epilepsy, deafness, and inability to father children. Brutus focuses primarily on what “the common eyes” (2.1.179) will see, recognizing that in his Rome, idolatry is not necessarily contingent upon the selection of a worthy object of veneration, but the selection of what appears to be the most obvious choice of veneration placed in front of the people. This awareness creates a problem for the conspirators: how to make the citizens understand a “purpose necessary, and not envious” (2.1.178), and because Shakespeare resists giving us any real insight into Caesar’s motivations, the conspirators are left incapable of adequately explaining the burning need to sacrifice Caesar for Rome. The closest Brutus comes to a rationalization is at the beginning of the second act, when he wonders:
Th’abuse of greatness is when it disjoins
Remorse from power; and, to speak truth of Caesar,
I have not known when his affections swayed
More than his reason. But ‘tis a common proof,
That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder
Whereto the climber-upward turns his face;
But when he once attains the upmost round,
He then unto the ladder turns his back,
Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend: so Caesar may; (2.1.18–27)
Even though Brutus’ rhetoric evokes the divine, with the image of Caesar climbing into the heavens to sit among the gods, the crucial word here remains “may.” Brutus’ eloquent theory is based entirely around conjecture of what Caesar may turn into, admitting that he has yet to see such qualities in Caesar when he acknowledges “I have not known when his affections swayed /More than his reason.” Cassius exacerbates his sense of inevitable future injustice by indignantly declaiming Caesar’s right to even presume greatness, due to his physical limitations, ambiguously asking “should Rome et cetera” (2.1.47, my italics), feeding Brutus’ imagination, yet never giving any more reason than the personal rancor and jealousy. It seems that what angers the conspirators most is that Caesar is not divine, that he is one of them, chosen over them by the popular voice for adoration, because of his superior ability to manipulate theatrics, not his god-like characteristics.
Although Caesar may be less than divine, he knows how to entertain a crowd. His rejection of kingship is a political display that centers around the awareness of the power of the people to elevate and lionize whomever they choose. Furthermore, Caesar himself publicly rejects any image of himself as a divine entity, by refusing (for the present time, at any rate) to accept the crown, which would distinguish him as King, and distance him from the people of Rome. Casca explains how Caesar, upon perceiving that “the common herd was glad he refused the crown, he plucked…ope his doublet and offered them his throat to cut” (1.2.262-4). Such stage-managed humility gives the citizens what they wish to see, leading Cassius to dryly note, “if the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him according as he pleased and displeased them, as they use to do the players in the theatre, I am no true man” (1.2.226-8). Caesar understands the way in which his city operates, and gives the citizens not only spectacle, but a sense of control over spectacle, as evidenced by the stage managed offering of the crown. Even Caesar’s seizure cannot quell the passion of the crowd. Furthermore, Caesar’s concern that Cassius “thinks too much” (1.2.196) illustrates his awareness that spectacle can override rational thought, and control the emotions in such a way as to cloud the judgment.
Considering the skepticism shown towards ceremony in the play, it is no wonder that there is confusion in Brutus’ claim that they be “sacrificers and not butchers” (2.1.165). Brutus’ actions throughout the play reveal a surprising ambivalence towards the notion of sacrifice, and this uncertainty is the reason he is unable to exploit the body of Caesar in the way that Antony does. Trying to make sense of a political system that is so easily manipulated, Brutus’ thoughts are continually at odds with each other, and this conflict becomes manifest both in his actions and speech. His suggestion that the conspirators maintain lofty goals is immediately undercut by his insistence on not making a pledge together. He recoils from the idea that their “performance / Did need an oath” (2.1.135-6), rejecting the idea of consecrating the murder in promises, before immediately attempting to recast the death as a sacrifice, declaring that Caesar will be carved “as a dish fit for the gods” (2.1.173). He acknowledges Caesar’s symbolic representation of the Roman Empire by breaking up his body into parts, and allocating parts to public figures when he calls Antony “but a limb of Caesar” (2.1.165), strengthening the traditional link between sacrificial victim and social body. His concern for the way Caesar’s death will be constructed, combined with the continual references to hewing and hacking found in Brutus’ speech, contradicts the common assumption that Brutus is a man trying to invest meaning in empty ceremony.
In spite of his words, Brutus is fully aware of the symbolic potential of such gestures, and tries to manipulate this meaning for his own purposes, even as he strives to downplay its potency. His insistence that the conspirators “bathe [their] hands in Caesar’s blood / Up to the elbows, and besmear our swords” (3.1.107-8) is a ceremony in itself, and we must question the extent to which the conspirators are willing to recognize this. Cassius musings suggest his greater political acumen when he wonders, “how many ages hence / Shall this our lofty scene be acted over, / In states unborn and accents yet unknown (3.2.112-4).
Cassius hopes that in years to come, the murder will be invested with the same symbolic potency as the crown they so fear Caesar wearing. By the physical act of washing his hands in the blood, he simply further sanctifies the spilt blood. His actions are a recognition of the symbolic power that blood holds, but even if he is aware of this, Brutus attempts to downplay the image he will create by his conviction that eloquent speeches will prevail in the popular mind. Brutus hopes to present Caesar as a sacrifice to Rome, but his dependence on the crowd to validate his ceremony as such, diminishes the power of the spectacle he has created. His glib insistence he alone can employ logic to explain away the murder, is undermined by his decision to present the body to the waiting crowd.
Having experienced the vast popularity of public bloodshed, both secular and religious, in England, Shakespeare understood the significance of elevating the visceral over the verbal, and the shock of Caesar’s body is the centerpiece to the scene in the marketplace. If further proof of Shakespeare’s investment in the dramatic power of visual imagery is needed, we might only consider act three’s revelation of the body. Shakespeare’s citizens respond thus:
O piteous spectacle!
O noble Caesar!
O woeful day!
O traitors! villains!
O most bloody sight! (3.2.199-203)
This list both begins and ends emphasizing the extraordinary shock at what is seen by the common eyes. Brutus’ concern has been proven right. Brutus has deeply underestimated the extent to which the citizens of Rome respond to what they can see and touch, but Antony astutely realizes that to show "Caesar’s wounds, poor poor dumb mouths” is to “bid them speak” (3.2.226-7). The spectacle of Caesar’s body is one that will reverberate in the public imagination, and what is at stake during the scene in the marketplace is who can most convincingly appropriate this image.
Antony is quick to exploit the body of Caesar, in order to sanctify it not an emblem of tyranny, but an icon of the Rome that is under threat by senators who are out of touch with the common people. The most valuable commodity in this war of propaganda is the corpse of Caesar, and Antony understands the need to state-manage this spectacle. In the famous third act, Antony’s superior performative ability is immediately illustrated by the way in which the men address the crowd. Brutus remains in the pulpit, above and away from the common people, offering an eloquent but impersonal oration, symbolic of his separation from the people he is supposed to represent. He challenges the lower class citizens of Rome to step forward and “censure [him] in [their] wisdom” (3.2.16) and stand up to him in public debate. Antony, however, offers a more emotional response, coming down into the marketplace to place Caesar’s body firmly amid the crush of citizens, as one of them. He is even forced to beg the masses of Rome to “stand far off” (3.2.168) in order to maximize the impact caused by the revelation of the body. Antony may lack the lofty aspirations of Brutus (or at least, the claim to lofty aspirations), but he excels in his ability to exploit the spectacle of Caesar’s corpse on a purely visceral level, and to beatify the corpse in a way that Brutus fails to anticipate and most certainly cannot contend with. The failure of Brutus, then, is not his inability to sanctify a political killing, but his unwillingness to recognize that the death of Caesar turns his body into a static icon left open to multiple interpretations, or that he has created a sacred object for the people of Rome to revere.
In the marketplace, the flesh of Caesar passes from the body of slain tyrant to Roman martyr, and whips the people into a frenzy of violence that cannot be contained. In this moment, Shakespeare offers his most critical dissection of the processes of idolatry and reveals the ruthless personal agendas that underpin each perspective. In Shakespeare’s Rome, poised between Republic and Empire, the beliefs of the crowd are used as political tools, and similar to Brutus’ earlier scenes of deliberation, we are encouraged to maintain a detached view of Antony’s performance, but without ever losing sight that we are watching exactly that – a performance. In spite of his claim, “I am no orator as Brutus is” (3.2.211), Antony succeeds in contextualizing the vision of Caesar’s corpse in order to maximize the potency of what the citizens will see, as a means of inciting their passion. For a “plain blunt man” (3.2.212), Antony demonstrates an ability to stage manage a public occasion that could rival Caesar’s, and his exploitation of this relic suggests a wariness in the play of trusting too wholeheartedly in iconic visions.
Antony offers three lengthy speeches that anticipate the revelation of the body. In his first speech, he surreptitiously challenges Brutus’ reshaping of the murder, calling attention to the way in which language can be subject to interpretation, presumably, in advance of offering a sight that would appear to need no contextualization. Like Brutus, he appeals to the rationality of the citizens, but unlike Brutus, begs the masses to invoke their own sense of Roman history, and remember what they have themselves witnessed as examples of Caesar’s ambition. In his first speech, he destabilizes words, calling attention to Brutus' rhetoric through parody and open critique. He simplifies Brutus' esoteric "friends, Romans and lovers! Hear me for my cause and be silent that you may hear" (3.2.13) into the famous "Friends, Roman countrymen, lend me your ears" (3.2.72) further showing his capacity to appeal to the common man. He goes on to say:
When the poor hath cried, Caesar hath wept.
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff.
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,
And Brutus is an honourable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,
And sure he is an honourable man. (3.2.91-99)
Antony, like Brutus, invokes this selective memory of Rome, but asks the citizens to privilege what they have seen over what they hear. Underlying his repetition of the phrase that Brutus “is an honourable man” is a direct challenge to Brutus’s logocentrism, asking his audience to believe, not the words that they hear, but what they themselves have seen in his behavior. If Brutus calls himself honorable, but looks like a butcher, then it follows that what is termed a sacrifice cannot be more than a savage murder. In fact, Antony rejects the very idea that honor can be something discursively created. Honor is the “scutcheon” (5.1.137) that Falstaff claims it to be in 1 Henry IV, a shield that advertises the nobility of its bearer, but to Antony, it is a badge made of wounds, valor embodied in blood and scar tissue, not in serpentine speeches and declarations of honor.
Theatrics, in the shape of spectacle, becomes necessary, because the audience cannot distinguish between the two arguments. The citizens themselves affirm this, by asking each other:
Marked ye his words? He would not take the crown,
Therefore ‘tis certain he was not ambitious. (3.2.112-3)
Here, Antony’s words become material signs, to be marked or observed. The fifth plebeian’s comment does not invoke his own memory of what he saw, but his understanding is dictated by Antony’s explained remembrance of what was a highly public spectacle, and translated into a logical equation dictated by visual signs. While the citizens struggle to evaluate what they have heard, Antony stands before them, weeping, as a visual reminder of the love that Caesar inspired. His quiet tableau appears to validate his words, and once the citizens have noticed that “his eyes are red as fire with weeping” (3.2.115), their immediate response is to decide that there is “not a nobler man in Rome than Antony” (3.2.116), showing the extent to which public perception is inspired by theatrical visions, even if they are as unreliable as the words used to explain them.
Like a confident showman, Antony drives his audience to beg – first for the will, then for the body of Caesar. The will, Antony implies, is the marker that shall turn Caesar’s body into a sacred relic, and turn his death into a sacrifice that will strengthen the social body of Rome. He says:
‘Tis his will.
Let but the commons hear this testament –
Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read –
And they would go and kiss dead Caesar’s wounds,
And dip their napkins in his sacred blood,
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
And, dying, mention it within their will,
Bequeathing it as a rich legacy
Unto their issue. (3.2.129-137)
The use of a will neatly encapsulates the idea of intention buried in corporeal forms, operating as both a desire and a material object that can symbolize intent. In this moment, Antony drives home the consecration that Brutus began when he smeared his arms in Caesar’s blood, and he takes control of an image that Brutus never fully understood and frames it in a manner suitable for his purposes.
It is Antony who takes the image of blood that is already smeared across the stage, covering the bodies of the conspirators, and directly suggests that this vision is seen as a holy one, piquing the curiosity of the citizens of Rome. Through the consecration that Brutus began, Antony shapes the citizen’s response to the body. Furthermore, he pretends to resist their curiosity, by proposing:
It is not meet you know how Caesar loved you.
You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;
And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,
It will inflame you, it will make you mad. (3.2.141-4)
As if the sight of Caesar’s body were not arresting enough, he turns the body into a coveted holy relic, evoking the Catholic veneration of such objects. Antony’s skillful rhetoric anticipates what his audience will see and infuses it with the appropriate Eucharistic undertones. He reveals the body only after he has whipped the crowd into a frenzy, to ensure that the sight will incense them even more. In fact, the will becomes forgotten in the outcry that Caesar’s body inspires, and Antony must restrain the angry citizens, reminding them “You have forgot the will I told you of” (3.2.232).
Antony's final speech is framed even further by an appropriation of Brutus’s vision of the murder as a sacrifice for the benefit of the social body, by placing the myth of the man as part of a collective Roman history. Standing over the body, he draws attention to its covering, and uses the props to anticipate the spectacle and to create a history fresh in the minds of the citizens. He declares, “if you have tears, prepare to shed them now. /You all do know this mantle. I remember /The first time ever Caesar put it on” (3.2.166-169), forcing attention onto the covered body allowing the audience to imagine what lies beneath. His speech offers a clear illustration of the way in which Antony frames the spectacle, by forcing his audience to imagine the death of Caesar before the body is revealed. He says:
Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through.
See what a rent the envious Casca made.
Through this the well-belovéd Brutus stabbed,
And, as he plucked the curséd steel away,
Mark how the blood of Caesar followed it,
As rushing out of doors to be resolved
If Brutus so unkindly knocked or no.
For Brutus as you know, was Caesar's angel.
Judge O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all,
For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms,
Quite vanquished him. Then burst his mighty heart,
And in his mantle muffling up his face,
Even at the base of Pompey's statue,
Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell. (3.2.172-87)
This speech is worth quoting at length, as it offers a clear illustration of the way in which Antony forces his audience to imagine the death of Caesar and to therefore incorporate his version of the death (which he was not present to witness), into the myth of Cesar as holy martyr. This revisionist history, combined with the wound display, will elevate Caesar to glory. The blood that the audience sees on the cloak marks a transitionary point between history and ritual, and Antony uses it to mythologize his version of events, conflating it with the blood of Pompey that, stigmata-like, ran from his statue at the fall of Caesar. Antony promotes his imagery even further, lamenting, “I, and you, and all of us fell down” (3.2.188) with Caesar, denying Brutus his intended meaning of the sacrifice and challenging the citizens to right this wrong by using Caesar’s death to strengthen the social body of Rome. Only, at the end of his oration, when he asks that his audience, the “kind souls” merely weep when they “but behold / [Their] Caesar’s vesture wounded?” (3.2.192-3), does he remind us that the Roman citizens have yet to see the actual body of slain Caesar. His observation further clarifies the power of theatricality on the people. It is at this point, once Antony feels sure that it would be impossible to misread the sight in favor of the conspirators, that he uncovers the corpse and the consecration is complete. Instead of mollifying the need for a scapegoat, Brutus’ misunderstood act of violence has simply inflamed the crowd, and Antony, by exalting Caesar, has turned the ‘good’ violence that would purge the city of a tyrant into ‘bad’ violence, which merely leads to more brutality. The conspirators hoped to control the Roman mob by using their bloodstained arms as a statement of democratic oblation, but by failing to satisfactorily validate their claim to sacrifice, simply created an anger that Antony deftly channels in their direction.
Antony is able to succeed where Brutus fails, because the tribunes repeatedly underestimate the appeal that spectacle holds for the people of Rome, and misunderstand the way in which their city operates. In the first scene, despite their indignant stance, the politicians are reduced to angry chaperones, scurrying in the wake of the citizens of Rome, stripping the idolatrous statues, and driving away the vulgar from the streets, where Caesar’s triumph is eagerly awaited. In Shakespeare’s Rome, neither the Senators nor Caesar represent the needs of the people, who insist on their right to ceremony. Brutus’ decision to deny the crowd of citizens their opportunity to participate in the veneration of Caesar’s flesh destabilizes the ritual he has unwittingly created, which results in chaos.
The brutal death of Cinna, which immediately follows the revelation of the body, serves to reinforce Shakespeare’s cynical view of the crowd as an easily swayed mob. Led by their frenzied emotions, the crowd is unable to distinguish between the right and wrong labels – or even more chillingly, they do not care. They accost Cinna, demanding to know whether he is friend or foe of the late Caesar. Already, we can see that the nuanced projection by Brutus of himself as a friend forced to turn to violence has been eradicated. At this point, the issue of sacrifice has become so clouded that the mob’s act of butchery is offered in the intent of salvaging the social body. When Cinna announces his name, civility vanishes, and the plebeians call for the mob to “tear him to pieces” (3.3.27). Even though their mistaken assumption that he is a conspirator is corrected, and accepted as truth, they continue to demand blood, crying en masse, “Tear him for his bad verses! Tear him for his bad verses! (3.3.29). Hysteria that has taken over the crowd, and the idea of purging the city through the blood of the conspirators, has taken an ugly turn.
Through this indiscriminate violence, we see how Brutus’s attempt to validate the murder of Caesar has obliterated all binaries of “good” and “bad” violence, leaving simply violence, which Antony has redirected towards the conspirators. Cinna’s attempt to distinguish himself from the politicians falls flat when the mob jeers, “It is no matter. His name’s Cinna. Pluck but his name out of his heart and turn him going” (3.3.31-2). The plebeian’s directive to “pluck but his name out of his heart” illustrates the ugly response to such manipulation and the belief that violence can obliterate manipulative and untrustworthy words. This latest murder by the mob is a cruel parody of sacrifice, tearing the poet apart in a futile attempt to undo the damage caused by the conspirator and appease a collective bloodlust.
For all of Brutus’ and Cassius’ rhetorical maneuvering, their deaths ultimately reaffirm the Roman values that are so frighteningly reinforced by the public response to Caesar’s death. During the quarrel between the two men, Cassius offers Brutus the opportunity to “revenge [himself] alone on Cassius” (4.3.93) through murder. Although Brutus rejects Cassius melodramatic offer of his heart “that denied [him] gold” (4.3.105), the gesture is enough to reinforce their broken bond of friendship, showing their continued belief in the purging power of sacrifice. Brutus, in true Roman fashion, firmly believes, “It is more worthy to leap in ourselves / Than tarry till they push us” (5.5.23-4). He predicts that his own death will “have glory by this losing day / More than Octavius and Mark Antony / By this vile conquest shall attain unto” (5.5.36-8). Brutus, in a tacit acknowledgement of his earlier error in judgment, makes a ritual out of his own death, embracing the Roman way of thinking that he had previously rejected. When begging Strato for assistance, he calls upon him as someone whose “life hath had some smatch of honour in it” (5.5.46), to hold a sword for him. Such action is immediately rewarded, by Antony, who offers Brutus an effusive eulogy:
The noblest Roman of them all.
All the conspirators save only he
Did that they did in envy of great Caesar.
He only, in a general honest thought
And common good to all, made one of them.
His life was gentle and the elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, “This was a man.” (5.5.67-74)
Interestingly, neither Antony nor Octavius acknowledge Brutus’ act as honorable, but Antony does offer a conciliatory description of the nobility of Brutus’ gesture. These descriptions of “noble” and “gentle” allude just as much to Brutus’ social status as his nature, and hint at a more muted celebration of this gesture.
Succumbing to the influence of otherworldly phenomena, Brutus declares that because of the presence of the ghost, “[he] know[s] [his] hour is come” (5.5.18). Throughout his career, Shakespeare demonstrates an ongoing mistrust in the reliability of ghosts, either as genuine spirits or dependable theatrical devices. The unclear purpose of Caesar’s ghost merely confirms the ambivalence that has dominated his play. Shakespeare cannot offer his audience any certainty that the ghost is real, which would validate the world of mystery he has created in Rome. The ghost represents a tradition; it is an embodiment of a belief that Brutus could never overcome – in his own mind, much less in the minds of others. Brutus dies in an attempt to reclaim his Roman honor – a conceit that Shakespeare ultimately renders suspect by the theatricality that is necessary to maintain it. In the same way that the crowd is diverted by the presence of Caesar's bloodstained body, the audience is distracted by Brutus' act of falling upon his sword. Brutus' death offers something of a conventional finale to this intriguing play – it is tragic, yet edifying. The play presents Brutus's suicide as a sacrifice that confirms his nobility of purpose and ends the civil strife in Rome.
In the final lines of the play, both Antony and Octavius posthumously recognize Brutus as "the noblest Roman of them all." Yet, his death is the final in a long line of obfuscating theatrics, offered to avoid the stigma of defeat and an attempt to preserve the dignity of his family name. Brutus’s dying declaration, “Caesar, now be still. / I killed not thee with half so good a will” (5.5.49-50) links his death to Caesar, revealing Brutus’s awareness of the veneration that martyrdom can create. His enthusiasm for death ultimately privileges preservation of his public legacy over the desire to stay and fight for what he had previously viewed as the corrupt social body. For the people of Rome, Brutus’ posthumous nobility is not found through his pious life, but through his violent death. He tells Volumnius “It is more worthy to leap in ourselves / Than tarry till they push us” (5.5.22-3), revealing the extent to which he continues to be invested in a system of honor that has proven to be little more than a political tool for the pursuit of personal glory. Brutus’ sense of nobility ultimately means nothing to him without a crowd to concur, and he would rather kill himself to maintain this meaningless badge for his family name. His willingness to create himself as a martyr is the height of his ambivalence towards spectacles of death. His suicide pays homage to the Roman view of honor, yet his enthusiastic welcoming of death suggests a weariness that questions whether Rome is worth such a sacrifice.
It would be presumptuous to presume that Julius Caesar promotes a specifically Catholic agenda – certainly, the violence evoked in response to Caesar’s sacrifice quashes any idea that this play could be a nostalgic look back at Catholic times – but the play indisputably establishes Caesar’s Rome as steeped in more traditional ways of reading the world, ways that are shared by everyone but the politicians. In Julius Caesar, there remains a potent emphasis on the popular interpretation of what is seen. This dependence on visual spectacle that Shakespeare is exploring within the play could be read to suggest that there exists an unresolved Protestant frustration with Catholic idolatry within the play, before going further to imply the futility of attempting to stand up against the roar of tradition. Certainly, the conspirators suffer greatly for failing to take into account the reaction of the citizens, and the appeal that public spectacle holds over the citizens of Rome is not to be underestimated.
Furthermore, Barish proposes in his discussion of sixteenth century anti-theatricalism, that there is an element of collusion between spectator and performer, which effectively renders an audience member complicit in the creation of false spectacle. His reading of Renaissance resistance to theatrical spectacle builds on the principles outlined in his discussion of Medieval theatre, and applies the popular label of “idolatry” onto theatrical spectacle, but focuses his analysis primarily on attacks of the mimesis enacted by players, and assuming the response from the audience that is outlined in the earlier chapter. See Barish, The Antitheatrical Prejudice.
The discussion of ceremony is one of the more popular approaches to the play, matched only by discussions of the politics that underpin the text and Shakespeare’s representations of Rome. For examples of the political approach, see Paul Cantor, Shakespeare's Rome, Republic and Empire and Wayne A. Rebhorn. “The Crisis of the Aristocracy in Julius Caesar.”
As he flees the Plebeians who will ultimately kill him, Cinna exclaims, "I dreamt to-night that I did feast with Caesar / And things unluckily charge my fantasy. / I have no will to wander forth of doors, / Yet something leads me forth" (3.3.1 - 4).
Falstaff asks “Can honor set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. Honor hath no skill in surgery then. No. What is honor? A word. What is in that word “honor”? What is that “honor”? Air. A trim reckoning! Who hath it? He that died o’Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. ‘Tis insensible, then? Yea, to the dead. But will it not live with the living? No. Why? Detraction will not suffer it. Therefore I’ll none of it. Honor is a mere scutcheon. And so ends my catechism” (Henry IV, Part One, 5.1.130–7).
1. Barish, Jonas. The Antitheatrical Prejudice. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
2. Cantor, Paul. Shakespeare's Rome, Republic and Empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976.
3. Conn Liebler, Naomi. Shakespeare’s Festive Tragedy: The Ritual Foundations of Genre.
London, New York: Routledge, 1995.
4. Danson, Lawrence. Tragic Alphabet: Shakespeare’s Drama of Language. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1974.
5. F.K. Of the Critical Starre, Which Appeareth, This October and November, 1580. London, 1583.
6. Haller, William. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.
7. Knott, John. Discourses of Martyrdom in Early English Literature, 1563 - 1694. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
8. Plass, Paul. The Game of Death in Ancient Rome. Wisconsin: The University of
Wisconsin Press, 1995.
9. Rebhorn, Wayne A. “The Crisis of the Aristocracy in Julius Casear.” Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 43, No.1 (Spring, 1990): 75-111.
10. Rose, Mark. “Conjuring Caesar: Ceremony, History and Authority in 1599.” English Literary Renaissance 19.3 (Autumn 1989): 291-304.
11. Shakespeare, William. The Arden Shakespeare Complete Works, third series. Richard Proudfoot, Ann Thompson and David Scott Kastan, eds. London: Arden, 2001.
12. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971. | <urn:uuid:01e60d81-c4d0-42b9-aee6-7bcac19a01ca> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.thisroughmagic.org/geddes%20article.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446231.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00052-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956529 | 10,831 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration views violence in the workplace as “violence, or the threat of violence, against workers.” The OSHA Field Safety and Health Manual elaborates on this when discussing workplace violence against OSHA employees with a description that ranges from malicious comments and verbal abuse to harassment and physical violence of all kinds. Still, OSHA lacks specific policies for other employers and employees.
Effects of Violence
OSHA says 2 million workers suffer workplace violence every year. Those at highest risk are convenience store workers, taxi and delivery drivers, people who carry or exchange money with the public while alone or in small groups, those who work late night or in high-crime areas, health care or social workers, including probation officers, and visiting nurses or psychiatric workers. Workplace violence is the leading cause of death for women in the workplace, reports OSHA. While OSHA is specific in defining violence in the workplace as an "act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior,” its commentary on workplace violence doesn’t constitute an enforceable policy. OSHA only recognized workplace violence against its own employees, as of 2011.
An "Unsafe Condition"
OSHA calls a workplace unsafe if harassment, intimidation or threats occur, and notes that employees who complain about those conditions are protected under Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act of 1970. Employers can be cited if they are aware of unsafe conditions, including harassment, threats, malicious comments and physical violence, if those conditions affect workplace safety. OSHA recommends employers establish a zero-tolerance policy for worker-on-worker violence, including demeaning or malicious comments. Violence in the workplace can also include outside threats, such as ex-husbands or disgruntled ex-employees carrying out thefts, beatings or homicides.
OSHA stated in a letter dated Dec. 10, 1992, the "overall issue of violence in the workplace is under review.” As of November 2012, there is still no specific OSHA policy; however, violence in the workplace can constitute a failure on the part of management to provide a safe and healthy workplace in accordance with the “General Duty” clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA is charged with ensuring that whistle-blowers in government and the financial industry are protected from workplace harassment and intimidation, but only insofar as their whistle-blowing activities are concerned.
OSHA offers specific suggestions to prevent violence, including physically securing work areas and providing a money drop program for those who handle money at retail locations. The agency recommends that companies provide company cell phones or noisemakers so employees in distress can make contact or attract attention. It recommends employers establish a buddy system for traveling personnel and that employers should advise employees that it’s acceptable to avoid areas employees consider unsafe.
- Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:e234ef76-41ff-492e-80c4-1948d5380e1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://work.chron.com/considered-workplace-violence-13657.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.943953 | 598 | 3 | 3 |
Many of the climate change issues addressed by the IFAD-IFPRI Partnership Program will be the subject of discussions at a major agriculture and rural development event to be held on December 3 in parallel to the COP17 in Durban, South Africa.
The third-annual Agriculture and Rural Development Day 2011 is a one-day gathering of policymakers, negotiators, rural development practitioners, farmers, journalists, and representatives of civil society and the scientific community that will focus on “climate-smart” agriculture, using case studies from Africa—but also Asia and beyond—to demonstrate ways in which smallholder farmers can adapt to and mitigate climate change through, for example, more sustainable crop production, livestock rearing, and management of soils, water, fish, forests, agroforestry species, and other biodiversity.
In addition to knowledge sharing, the goal of the event is to draw the attention of climate change negotiators to agriculture, which has yet to be explicitly addressed in international climate agreements. Greenhouse emissions (direct and indirect) from the sector account for more than the energy and transport sectors combined, about one-third of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. ARDD hopes to reiterate the message that any serious effort to reduce GHG emissions must include agriculture. | <urn:uuid:9d8fba88-f67b-430f-b3d7-6cb25d1e7189> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://ifadifpri.wordpress.com/2011/09/01/agriculture-rural-development-day-at-the-cop17/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936969.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419130550-20180419150550-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.926835 | 257 | 2.84375 | 3 |
, also known as the Continent of Imagination, is a fictional continent within L. Frank Baum
universe on which the Land of Oz
is located. It is located in the fictional Nonestic Ocean
and contains the countries of Oz, Ev
, The Forest of Burzee
and the Laughing Valley of Hohaho
, the unidentified Kingdom of Dreams and many others. Due to the course of Dorothy's shipwreck in Ozma of Oz
on her way to Australia
, it has been speculated that Nonestica might be imagined to be located in the Pacific Ocean
and Australia in geographical position, but this is impossible to verify. It does, however, appear to be in the same hemisphere as Kansas.
The name 'Nonestica' derives from the Latin phrase "non est", meaning "it does not exist". The name does not appear in any canon Oz book; however, "Nonestic Ocean" does. The name "Nonestica" was proposed by Robert R. Pattrick for the name of the continental mainland in his book of essays, Unexplored Territory in Oz. He proposed "Ozeria" as the name of the entire continent, including its islands. | <urn:uuid:7fd9af14-24a8-42d1-aa79-6ed24c668aff> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.reference.com/browse/Nonestica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654292.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00122-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968967 | 247 | 2.53125 | 3 |
are the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. The
probability that an organism will be preserved as a fossil is very low.
Geological processes such as erosion, weathering, sedimentation, and
leaching constantly "attack" the fossil, and may destroy it before
anyone sees it.
There are two main types of fossil preservation, with
alteration and direct preservation. Most common is fossil
preservation with alteration; the original organic material is partially to
fully changed into new material. There are several types of preservation
- carbonization, a chemical reaction where water transforms the organic
material of plant or animal to a thin film of carbon. Nitrogen,
hydrogen, and oxygen are driven off as gases, leaving an outline of the
organism. Organisms often preserved by carbonization include fish,
leaves and the woody tissues of plants.
- permineralization or petrifaction takes place in porous materials such
as bones, plants and shells. The material is buried; later, groundwater
percolates through its pore spaces. A solution, commonly supersaturated
in either calcium carbonate or silica, precipitates minerals in the
spaces. The original wood or shell like material preserved.
- recrystallization occurs when a solution or precipitate changes the
internal physical structure of a fossil. Recrystallization changes the
microstructure of the original minerals; they often reform as larger
crystals. The composition of the mineral does not change, only the
crystal structure. For example, many shells originally composed of
calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral aragonite recrystallize
into the more stable form of calcium carbonate called calcite.
- replacement involves the complete removal of original hard parts by
solution and deposition of a new mineral in its place. The Petrified
Forest in Arizona is an excellent example of this type of preservation.
Here the original organic material (wood) has been wholly replaced by
The second type of fossil creation is direct
preservation of original organic materials. The most common
directly preserved fossils are unaltered hard parts of a living
organism, like shells, teeth, and bones. This material is unchanged,
except for the removal of less stable organic matter. Other examples of
this type of preservation include fossil corals, shells, sponges,
microscopic fossils and a host of other organisms with hard parts. In
rare circumstances, preservation of the soft parts of an organism may
occur. An example is an insect which has become "stuck" in
tree resin. When the resin fossilizes to form amber, it preserves the
- Show the students different examples of living material, such as
chicken bones, leaves, or tree bark. If you have a live animal in the
classroom, you may also want to use it as an example. Ask the students
what will remain after the organism dies. Lead them into a discussion
about why hard parts such as shells or bones are more likely to be found
in the fossil record then are the soft parts of an organism.
- If you have fossil specimens go over whether they are direct
preservation or with alteration. You may even ask students to
bring in a fossil that they may have at home.
- The Eyewitness Book on Fossils by P. Taylor has wonderful
pictures of fossils for the students to examine. They will see examples
of many of the modes of preservation presented above. | <urn:uuid:3d3a259f-5155-4f66-b5fb-18a3de3e075a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/rc/pastlife/3/rcpl3_1a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997869778.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025749-00106-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918092 | 738 | 4.03125 | 4 |
U of M team using biotech to cut fracking impacts
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — A University of Minnesota team has won a $600,000 federal grant to develop biotechnology for purifying wastewater from hydraulic fracturing.
The practice, commonly known as fracking, uses hydraulic pressure to release natural gas and oil, but it carries possible environmental and public health risks.
The three scientists are using naturally-occurring bacteria to break down contaminants in the wastewater, a technology they originally developed to remove agricultural pesticides from soil and water. Their goal is to make the water suitable for re-use in hydraulic fracturing and significantly reduce the industry's water consumption.
The team will work with two companies on technologies for encapsulating the microbes.
If the project is successful, the team will be eligible for additional National Science Foundation funding.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. | <urn:uuid:43b8df2b-126c-4500-8229-04cd66a2131b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/content/u-m-team-using-biotech-cut-fracking-impacts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053252010.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012732-00066-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922834 | 174 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Scilla has most recently been classified as belonging to the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae; the subfamily was formerly treated as a separate family, Hyacinthaceae. Prior to that it was placed in the Hyacintheae tribe of the Liliaceae family.
The precise number of Scilla species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted. For a discussion of the relationship of Scilla to the closely related genus, Chionodoxa, see that page. Other proposals separate particularly the Eurasian species into a number of smaller genera such as Othocallis Salisb., e.g. Scilla siberica would become Othocallis siberica.
Scilla peruviana is of interest for its name; it is a native of southwest Europe, not of Peru. When Carolus Linnaeus described the species in 1753, he was given specimens imported from Spain aboard a ship named Peru, and was misled into thinking the specimens had come from that country. The rules of botanical naming do not allow a scientific name to be changed merely because it is potentially confusing.
Cultivation and uses
Many species, notably S. siberica, are grown in gardens for their attractive early spring flowers.
^Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x | <urn:uuid:51291118-7318-4c4b-bf6a-b3bc0b3ae787> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://blekko.com/wiki/Scilla?source=672620ff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657119220.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011159-00243-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9265 | 363 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The monument of Jacob Laith Saffari's tomb is of an inlet and separates the interior of the tomb from its outer surface. Around the tomb is a large cemetery in which the existence of the old tombstones is indicative of the ancient history of the building as well as the existence of arable land, rice The work of the conarter trees beside the building has doubled the beauty of it.
Jacob Laith Safari proclaimed Persian language the first time after the arrival of Islam into Iran again as the official language of Iran, and he made many attempts to leave parts of Iran from the hands of the Abbasid caliph, and eventually in 165 AH in Jandi city Shapur Dezful died.
The Tomb of Jacob is a jagged dome that is in the form of a cone whose architecture is a combination of Iranian and Roman architecture. The main building of the building is the raw clay, with gravel and mortar and plaster, and with two small fortresses and traditional Iranian bricklaying style. It has made the building more sophisticated.
The exterior of the Tomb of Jacob Laith Safari, despite its size, is suitable for creating traditional safaris and shops for the display of arts and crafts, and the heritage of several thousand years of this ancient city, but also with the revenues of this, the nightmare of repetitive sentences of lack of credibility can be released. And by creating jobs for the people of the region, they can have a good prospect for tourism development.
Tomb of Tomb of Jacob Laith Safariyet Four arches with conic and dome domes are formed during the Seljuk period. The northern porch of its tomb is related to the Timurid period, which was closed to the porch in the Qajar period and is embedded in the main building. The main domes of the mosque are two shells inspired by the shape of the palm trunk.
According to locals, about 20 to 25 years ago, there was a script on the wall of the dome in the old Arabic script, in which the name of Jabal Laith, the great ruler and first Iranian prince (after Islam), was clearly written. The tomb of Jacob Laith Saffiry is not suitable and the tomb iron is used to connect the different parts of the fruit basket, and on the bricks and the old wall of the shrine, the rustling nails and the spider grab attention. The tomb building has an entrance and separates the interior of the tomb from its outer surface. The main structure of the building is the raw clay, with highlights and plaster mortar. | <urn:uuid:84bcf0fe-3c5b-4155-92d4-f7baf79f28f5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.en.bezanimbiroon.ir/place/Jahab-Leith-Safari/15387 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717101524-20190717123524-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.966996 | 521 | 3.046875 | 3 |
During his short tenure on the Supreme Court, Clarke opposed the Court’s nullification of social and economic regulatory legislation.
The son of a prominent Ohio attorney, Clarke graduated from Western Reserve College in 1877 and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1878 after studying law at Western Reserve and with his father. Clarke practiced law for nearly twenty years in Youngstown, where he was part owner of the Youngstown Vindicator and was active in state Democratic politics. Clarke moved to Cleveland in 1897, where he served as counsel for railroads. Meanwhile, Clarke became an outspoken advocate of such progressive measures as the initiative and referendum, the recall of public officials other than judges, regulations of the hours and conditions of labor, woman suffrage, and civil service reform. Clarke made unsuccessful bids for the U.S. Senate in 1904 and 1914.
John H. Clarke
Clarke’s record on the Court was consistent with Wilson’s expectations. During his six years on the Court, Clarke regularly voted with the Court’s Progressive bloc to sustain the constitutionality of social and economic regulatory legislation and to support vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws. In some cases, Clarke cast the swing vote to sustain regulatory legislation. Clarke dissented in various cases in which the Court struck down such laws. In Hammer v. Dagenhart
In cases involving free speech, Clarke espoused the same broad view of state power that he expressed in cases involving social and economic regulations. Most notably, Clarke broke with Holmes and Brandeis to write the majority opinion in Abrams v. United States
Increasingly bored by what he perceived as the triviality of much of the Court’s work and frustrated by what he perceived as his inability to promote his progressive philosophy on an increasingly conservative Court, Clarke resigned from the Court after only six years in order to work for world peace. After retiring from the Court, Clarke spoke and wrote widely on behalf of U.S. entry into the League of Nations
Bader, William H., and Roy M. Mersky, eds. The First One Hundred Eight Justices. Buffalo, N.Y.: William S. Hein, 2004. Renstrom, Peter G. The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2003. Shoemaker, Rebecca S. The White Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2004. Warner, Hoyt Landon. The Life of Mr. Justice Clarke: A Testament to the Power of Liberal Dissent in America. Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University Press, 1959.
Abrams v. United States
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
Hammer v. Dagenhart
Resignation and retirement | <urn:uuid:83babdea-bcdd-4717-bdda-1962260b066a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wikisummaries.org/clarke-john-h/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.943823 | 599 | 2.671875 | 3 |
(covers information from several alternate timelines)
An environmental suit, also known as an EV suit or pressure suit, is a special form of clothing designed to be used for protection or life support in inhospitable environments.
For Humans, with the advent of space travel came the need to perform tasks outside the controlled atmosphere of space vessels. Consequently, the EV suit was developed. As planets and other stellar objects came within the reach of Human space explorers, their EV suits became necessary for them to explore environments with different atmospheric conditions than those on Earth. (TOS: "The Naked Time", et al.) Other cultures also used EV suits. (ENT: "Silent Enemy", "Breaking the Ice", et al.)
20th century Edit
In 1969, the first men to set foot on Earth's moon, Luna, wore space suits. Astronauts continued to use space suits for space walks in Earth orbit. (Star Trek: Enterprise title sequence, TOS: "The Cage")
21st century Edit
During the initial flight of the Phoenix in 2063, noted inventor Zefram Cochrane and his copilots – Geordi La Forge and William T. Riker – did not wear any pressure or flight suits. Cochrane made history by making First Contact with an alien species, the Vulcans, after the Phoenix had ended its flight. (Star Trek: First Contact)
22nd century Edit
In the 2140s, Vulcan EV suits were relatively large. Jonathan Archer once commented that the experience of wearing one was "like you're flying around inside your own little starship." (ENT: "Breaking the Ice")
A new NX-class EV suit was introduced as standard issue on Enterprise NX-01, the first ship of the NX-class. These suits were copper colored with gray padding, and were comprised of several components, including a helmet. (ENT: "The Catwalk") Military Assault Command Operations (MACOs) had their own type of EV suit. (ENT: "Anomaly", et al.)
The design of the helmet allowed an almost normal field of view to the wearer. Though the vertical field of view was limited to eight degrees, the amount of room inside the helmet allowed the wearer to compensate by simply moving his or her head. The helmet had a clear visor integrated into the front that could not be opened separately. It featured two outside lights, one on either side, and two ambient lights inside to illuminate the wearer's face. When the helmet was sealed, the ambient lights would activate. A small earphone was attached to the helmet, which the wearer could insert in his or her ear, making it possible to stay in contact with a ship or other space vehicle.
Located on the back of the helmet were air hoses to an oxygen supply, and an electrical connector for light, communication, and propulsion units. The helmet connected to the life support and propulsion unit via a secondary connection ring and not to the EV suit directly. Padding within the helmet made sure the wearer could not touch the visor with his or her face.
EV suit Edit
The EV suit was made as one full piece that closed at the front via a zip fastener and ended just below the elbow. The suit was self-sealing, meaning that if it were punctured or damaged in some way, sealant would be automatically applied to prevent the suit from decompressing. Although the suit was solid enough to protect its wearer from the rigors of space, a hypospray could still penetrate it in case of an emergency. Even with the heavy padding and protection, the suit could only protect its wearer against a neutronic wavefront for about twenty-two minutes (inside a starship, at that).
Life support and propulsion Edit
The life support and propulsion unit (or "LSPU") consisted of a hard upper torso body-shell and a harness. This unit contained the essentials for survival in space: communication equipment, oxygen, propulsion unit, EV controls, and the power supply. It was padded to give the wearer some extra comfort. The LSPU also held an extra oxygen hose for refilling or sharing the oxygen supply. This extra hose allowed oxygen to be replenished from any device that held liquid oxygen, provided the physical connection would fit.
On the front of the unit, the following switches were present: communications, oxygen transfer, lighting and propulsion activation.
On the back were the incoming and outgoing oxygen connections. These hoses were fastened via a bayonet joint to prevent accidental release. Below one of the oxygen connections was an air supply indicator, divided into eight equal parts. This indicated the level of oxygen by means of color coding – green, yellow, and red. In 2154, this air supply indicator was removed and replaced by an analog indicator on the right side of the LSPU. The back of the unit also contained an electrical cord, which transferred power and communications from the LSPU to the electrical connector at the back of the helmet.
The harness consisted of two leg bands that were connected to each other via a belt that was also used to hold small tools as necessary. The LSPU was secured to the harness at four attachment points to keep the unit in place.
The gloves had five digits and were connected to the EV suit via a zip fastener just below the elbow. They were also self-sealing.
Starship use Edit
On each NX-class starship, at least six EV suits were present. Senior officers and some security personnel had their own suits, while the rest of the suits were shared for general use. (ENT: "The Catwalk", "The Crossing")
23rd century Edit
During the 23rd century, the EV suit had considerably advanced from the primitive suits of the century before. There were different types of suits for different environments, but only one of them was standard issue for Federation starships and various Federation facilities like the Elba II asylum. These EV suit were significantly more flexible than their predecessors before and less bulky. Late in the 23rd century, the standard issue EV suit changed dramatically.
The helmets of the standard-issue EV suits were taller and more spacious, yet still smaller than their 22nd century counterpart. The clear, fixed visor was much more vast and took up a majority of the helmet. It stretched from the front of the helmet, all the way to the back. A strange ambiguous light emanated from the bottom of the helmet and upward for the occupant to see. Late in the 23rd century, the helmets became more domed with the visor facing forward. These helmets were also spacious and allowed a lot of head room.
EV suit Edit
The EV suit was a chromo-metallic and form-fitting one-piece suit with a white belt that fastened around the waist. A phaser could be either holstered or attached to the white belt, depending on the severity of the away mission. The helmet was detachable and the name tag of the occupant could be seen on it. The upper chest and neck area of the suit had a built-in communicator. Late in the 23rd century, the EV suit generally remained the same except the color varied.
Thruster suit Edit
A thruster suit was an environmental suit, that could be equipped with a detachable thruster pack for use to travel short distances, and has been in use among other Starfleet personnel at the Epsilon IX station as well as the drydock where the upgraded USS Enterprise was refurnished.
A short time later, Spock utilized such a suit with a thruster unit, when entering and exploring the V'ger entity in the early 2270s. James T. Kirk subsequently used a thruster suit to retrieve Spock. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture)
Life support and propulsion Edit
All life support and propulsion systems were interwoven together as part of the EV suit in order to function better in hostile environments. Later in the 23rd century, propulsion relied upon a jet propulsion pack that was placed on the back of the EV suit. The jet propulsion pack was detachable.
The gloves had five digits and were connected to the EV suit. They were detachable and fastened just below the elbow.
Each EV suit came with magnetic boots made out of the same material as the EV suit.
Alternate reality Edit
In the alternate reality created by Nero's incursion, there was at least one type of EV suit in use in the 2250s. The suit was available in all three division colors with a Starfleet insignia displayed prominently in the center of the chest piece and featured breathing equipment, including a helmet and oxygen, for use outside of Class M environments. It could also be equipped with a parachute for orbital skydiving missions. (Star Trek)
A similar, copper-colored suit was highly heat-resistant. It could even be worn inside a volcano. (Star Trek Into Darkness)
During special emergencies, officers employed special suits with maneuverable propulsion thrusters to facilitate travel through open space. These suits also contained a holographic navigation module in the helmet visor. (Star Trek Into Darkness)
24th century Edit
By the 24th century, the EV suit had changed into a white tight-fitting suit. Some pieces of the suit were gender-specific, allowing a more customized fit than some of the previous suits. Some suits could be folded for storage in a container inside a cargo bay. (TNG: "The Hunted")
The helmet was smaller than its 22nd century counterpart but retained the clear and fixed visor. Inside, two ambient lights were present on each side of the helmet to illuminate the wearer's face. Audio equipment, like a microphone and speaker, were integrated.
EV suit Edit
The EV suit was made as one part and was not self-sealing.
Life support Edit
The life support unit consisted of a hard upper-torso body-shell, which was different for men and women. This unit contained the essentials for survival: communication equipment, oxygen, EV controls, power supply, and again an extra oxygen hose that made it possible to share oxygen. Alerts were available visibly via the color-coded EV controls and also by audio.
The gloves had five digits and were connected to the EV suit via a self-sealing mechanism.
Back-up system Edit
Tom Paris and Harry Kim were kept alive by the backup system of their environmental suits, by "keeping their vital functions going" while unconscious. The system kicked in due to an environmental seal in their suits had been compromised, depleting the oxygen. (VOY: "Demon")
In 2366, the escaped Angosian prisoner Roga Danar hid a pressure suit he found inside a cargo bay container to cause USS Enterprise-D personnel to think he would use it to leave the starship through an airlock or torpedo tube. Security chief Worf, however, was not fooled and waited for Danar to reappear. Danar fought with Worf and escaped anyway, assisted by prior acts of sabotage on Danar's part. (TNG: "The Hunted")
- Star Trek films:
- TNG: "The Hunted"
- DS9: "Empok Nor"
See also Edit
Background information Edit
- For further information on the design and miniature used in The Motion Picture,
- see: Thruster suit model
- The EV suits seen in Star Trek: First Contact and several episodes of Star Trek: Voyager were created and provided by Christopher Gilman and his prop company Global Effects, Inc.; the helmet was provided from another company.
- With the beginning of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine's fourth season the opening sequence was changed and included a cargo management unit and three repairmen in EV suits. These elements were executed as CGI effects by ILM's John Knoll, who, while preparing for the pre-production of Star Trek: First Contact, pitched in with the work for the sequence out of courtesy, "I made about half a dozen little bits and pieces for the sequence, including a generic alien ship with blue glowy engines." (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion, p.335) | <urn:uuid:dc701f82-c7ef-4365-a9a7-4ddafe8e217a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://memory-alpha.wikia.com/wiki/Environmental_suit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158429.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922123228-20180922143628-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.971459 | 2,501 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Can you really study martial arts from a self protection video? Arts & Studying. This work is the primary to show objectively the kinds of considering skills and dealing styles taught in arts classes. An appropriate set of standardized measures and vocabulary for learning how non-professionals discuss and describe different side of the humanities must be developed.
It is vital that community and business leaders support arts training for Oklahoma Metropolis colleges’ college students as properly. No matter what the age or grade level that’s taught, lecturers are efficient by means of feelings and concepts on how one can spark the students curiosity in studying.
An example of the benefits of educating the arts could be the examine of a trainer who taught the water cycle lesson by means of motion and music. Understanding how we symbolize our expertise, how we use symbolic kind to organize our psyches, and what are the neuroanatomical corollaries to those processes, may have apparent implications for learning.
Via the humanities, college students learn essential pondering, effective communication and collaboration, and creative drawback solving. Arts Learning tasks must occur over an prolonged period of time with repeat or multiple studying alternatives. Advantageous arts increase the boundaries of studying for the scholars and encourage creative thinking and a deeper understanding of the core subjects, which are language arts, math, science, and social studies.
Sesame Street is a great program for kids to observe and this program is completed in a fashion what children, as young as 12 months, donÂ’t understand that they’re learning. Modern research is beginning to explore new neuroscientific hypotheses concerning the effects of learning in activities reminiscent of musical performance, drawing, visible esthetics, and dance, on studying in non-inventive domains. | <urn:uuid:8e2a1cea-a85a-4550-a8d1-4e0ebb03b19c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.dizplays.com/illinois-artwork-requirements-initiative.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.938112 | 356 | 2.90625 | 3 |
22 Jul Tips to protect your electronic systems from storms
As many of you notice around the valley were some pretty spectacular storms. But storms and electrical surges can be deadly to many electrical systems providing just enough of a spike in voltage to cause problems with your systems. These problems can range from corrupted data to blown power supplies or bad systems in general.
Below are a few tips to keep your systems safe in conditions like these.
1) Keep all video system powers supplies on a surge protector switch.
What is a surge protector? Simply it is an appliance designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes by attempting to limit the voltage supplied by blocking or shorting to ground an unwanted voltage that are above a safe threshold.
2) Do not plug one surge protector into another surge protector.
3) Make use of a UPS/Battery backup system. This device will sustain power to your device for a few hours giving time for power to restore to the area.
4) Disconnect your system from any services including power (as applicable), internet or telephone lines. All services can provide some level of spiked voltage running to the system.
5) Check systems for loose, damaged or poor connections and make sure you replace them. | <urn:uuid:01b1247c-79a4-4bde-bff8-1d02306ef7c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.boltsecurityguard.com/2015/07/22/tips-to-protect-your-electronic-systems-from-storms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.946513 | 247 | 2.703125 | 3 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. or Long Hundred: One hundred and twenty (120), 12 x 10; usually defined as six score to the hundred (hundred= 100, five score to the hundred). Is mainly found in Northern England, Scotland, for counting wood and cloth. Also common in Icelandic sagas and land taxation.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. the cardinal number that is the product of ten and twelve
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found. | <urn:uuid:eae90b23-bdd3-4906-8b2b-64c7a4420c38> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/great%20hundred | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866937.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624121927-20180624141927-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.812303 | 128 | 3.25 | 3 |
Encouraging Creativity. By having your children take part in coloring activities such as online coloring or printable coloring sheets you are encouraging their creativity. Helping a child develop their imagination and creativity will help them learn to express themselves. Some children may have a difficult time expressing themselves but as they continue to be creative they will often start to open up more readily. Neuropsychologist Dr. Stan Rodski and brain scientist Dr. Joel Pearson both agree. In an interview, Dr. Rodski shares his belief that coloring for adults can encourage a relaxed state as the coloring individual focuses their attention on the detail and intricacies of a particular image. Similarly, Dr. Pearson explains that the therapeutic effect can be further understood by considering that the image you are coloring replaces any negative ones you may be harboring. Kitty has not got older or grown-up in the many years since she first arrived, but her popularity has constantly increased. Many famous celebs have been seen carrying her merchandise, such as motorcycles, fax machines, bicycles, cellphone cases, alarm clocks, diapers and much, much more. So it is a happy, positive and popular Hello Kitty that your kids will enjoy seeing on their coloring pages. It is amazing to see that when your little ones know the character so well they can then try to use the correct colors to fill in the page. Your child will see benefits in many ways if using coloring pages. Let me tell you about a couple of these.
I grew up during the time of doodle art - remember those? You got a pack of felt markers and elaborate black line drawings on a number of themes. I would spend hours coloring these in! Little did I know then that coloring pages were a benefit to my well-being. You can even make greeting cards at Disney coloring pages. You can choose which character you would like, and even pick your own greeting from choices such as: Thank you, have a nice day, and congratulations. Another fun activity your child will enjoy is making their very own calendar. You can choose a character, and drag and drop stickers onto the calendar. After you print the calendar, your child can color and decorate it any way they want to. Disney coloring pages will keep your kids busy and happy for hours. To expand those intellectual capabilities and help the brain grow coloring pages are a very good form of intellectual exercise. Teachers and parents can find an abundance of reinforcement for things they are teaching in educational coloring pages. Children can be instructed in their colors, the alphabet, shapes, seasonal occasions, as well as spiritual education to be strengthened in church or at home.
The parents can inspire their children the love for books and discovering the beautiful stories that they include, starting from the simple coloring books. Mario coloring pages offer, beyond this, the chance to get into one of the most famous animated characters world discover all its adventures. Between trying to feed the children and provide them with sufficient entertainment, it is little wonder then that children birthday parties are given the same degree of consideration and precision as a military operation in order to ensure that they run smoothly and without too much difficulty. In order to win any battle and indeed war, the commander must be aware of the most effective and efficient methods by which they should deploy and utilise their resources. This approach has many benefits. First of all, kids enjoy coloring each of the alphabet letters, so they will learn without realizing it, because they are enjoying themselves. Digital coloring books allow you to print multiple copies of the same page. You only need to print the pages your child likes. This means less waste, and you are doing your bit for the environment. There is no need to worry about storing coloring books when kids are finished. Everything is in digital format and stored on your computer or storage device. Children are very curious so while coloring any picture they will ask many questions about the drawn subjects. And all the information kids get during this enjoyable activity they absorb as a sponge. | <urn:uuid:d385e4fd-83ce-4790-8508-fcb4a548fc8a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://leydetransparenciaya.info/running-in-front-of-train-clipart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.961832 | 799 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Rich world eating its way to an early grave
The obesity epidemic sweeping through the world’s richest countries has left more than half of all adults overweight or obese and shows no sign of abating.
In an alarming assessment, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has reported that Australia has the fifth highest rate of obesity among its 34 member countries, exceeded only by the United States, Mexico, New Zealand and Hungary.
More than one in every three adults in Mexico, the US and New Zealand are obese, while in Australia the rate is 28.4 per cent – well in excess of the OECD average of 17.9 per cent.
In a particularly worrying development, the OECD found that Australia was one of just a handful of countries – along with Mexico and Switzerland – where waistlines were continuing to expand at a significant pace. By contrast, in Italy, England and the US rates of overweight and obesity have all-but stabilised.
That said, “there is no sign of retrenchment of the [obesity] epidemic,” the OECD intoned in its Obesity Update June 2014, warning that this was likely the harbinger of accelerating health costs and morbidity.
It said that for much of human history increasing weight was associated with better health and longer lives, but “an alarming number of people have now crossed the line beyond which further gains are dangerous”.
The OECD warned that for every extra 15 kilograms above normal weight that people gained, the risk of premature death increased 30 per cent, and obesity was responsible for up to 3 per cent of health spending in most countries (but up to 10 per cent in the US).
In a sobering prospect for the Abbott Government, which has set itself the task of putting health spending on what it considers to be a sustainable trajectory, the OECD has warned that the full impact of the obesity epidemic is yet to be felt: “Costs will rise rapidly in coming years as obesity-related diseases set in”.
Governments confronted with such a serious health issue have adopted a range of measures and tactics. In the US, Medicaid co-payments are waived for patients who meet specific ‘wellness’ targets, while in the UK the Government sets targets and priorities which businesses voluntarily sign up to.
Several countries have looked to taxes, food labelling and advertising regulations to slow weight gain, with varying degrees of success.
In late 2011, Denmark introduced a tax on saturated fats, which saw many shoppers transfer their custom from higher-priced supermarkets to discount stores. The levy was scrapped after a year. In Hungary, a tax on certain food ingredients pushed the cost of some foods up almost 30 per cent, with a consequent plunge in sales, and about half of food manufacturers responded by simply reformulating their product.
Another approach has been to improve food labelling. The UK has introduced a voluntary, front-of-packet traffic light system, and the EU has made information about energy content, fats, sugars, salt and other ingredients compulsory. Australia’s own five-star Healthy Food Rating system was due to begin next month, but has become mired in controversy after a Government staffer who ordered a website for the system to be taken down was forced to resign over links to the food industry.
Marketing unhealthy food to children has also been the focus of action in some countries. Several nations including Slovenia, Iceland, Norway, Turkey and Chile have imposed bans or restrictions on food ads during child programs.
The OECD said the most comprehensive policy action has been taken by the Mexican Government, which has imposed an 8 per cent tax on high-energy food, a levy on soft drinks, food labelling requirements, and a ban on the marketing of junk food on television and radio during child viewing times.
So far, though, evidence on the effect of such measures is only just beginning to emerge, the OECD said. | <urn:uuid:1668e9c1-12c6-486f-9e5c-422373632c5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.doctorportal.com.au/rich-world-eating-its-way-to-an-early-grave/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00096-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96925 | 800 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Giardia -- ever hear of it? Probably not, but you'd more than likely be surprised to know that it is the most common nonbacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States. Learn how to care for your pet with help from VetVid. See how to prevent and treat giardia in pets with this video tutorial.
Giardia is a protozoan parasite that can infect people as well as pets. Learn how pets get exposed to Giardia, symptoms, & treatments. Giardia a one-celled microscopic parasite that is found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. Transmission can occur by accidentally swallowing the parasite. When this parasite produces a diarrheal disease in animals, it is called Giardiasis.
VetVid's videos assist pet owners in making informed decisions on healthcare issues for their animals. Their veterinary advice is for consumers around the world! But... this information is not meant to replace the advice of your regular veterinarian.
VetVid = Good advice for healthier pets! Check out more VetVid videos on WonderHowTo.
Want to master Microsoft Excel and take your work-from-home job prospects to the next level? Jump-start your career with our Premium A-to-Z Microsoft Excel Training Bundle from the new Gadget Hacks Shop and get lifetime access to more than 40 hours of Basic to Advanced instruction on functions, formula, tools, and more. | <urn:uuid:2b12e0ca-a24c-4224-950e-1a929e59d074> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://dogs.wonderhowto.com/how-to/prevent-and-treat-giardia-pets-327110/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.929319 | 306 | 3.125 | 3 |
By Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience Senior Writer
Earth is rapidly headed toward a catastrophic breakdown if humans don’t get their act together, according to an international group of scientists.
Writing Wednesday (June 6) in the journal Nature, the researchers warn that the world is headed toward a tipping pointmarked by extinctions and unpredictable changes on a scale not seen since the glaciers retreated 12,000 years ago.
“There is a very high possibility that by the end of the century, the Earth is going to be a very different place,” study researcher Anthony Barnosky told LiveScience. Barnosky, a professor of integrative biology from the University of California, Berkeley, joined a group of 17 other scientists to warn that this new planet might not be a pleasant place to live.
“You can envision these state changes as a fast period of adjustment where we get pushed through the eye of the needle,” Barnosky said. “As we’re going through the eye of the needle, that’s when we see political strife, economic strife, war and famine.” [Top 10 Ways to Destroy Earth]
The danger of tipping
Barnosky and his colleagues reviewed research on climate change, ecology andEarth’s tipping points that break the camel’s back, so to speak. At certain thresholds, putting more pressure on the environment leads to a point of no return, Barnosky said. Suddenly, the planet responds in unpredictable ways, triggering major global transitions.
The most recent example of one of these transitions is the end of the last glacial period. Within not much more than 3,000 years, the Earth went from being 30 percent covered in ice to itspresent, nearly ice-free condition. Most extinctions and ecological changes (goodbye, woolly mammoths) occurred in just 1,600 years. Earth’s biodiversity still has not recovered to what it was.
Today, Barnosky said, humans are causing changes even faster than the natural ones that pushed back the glaciers — and the changes are bigger. Driven by a 35 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the start of the Industrial Revolution, global temperatures are rising faster than they did back then, Barnosky said. Likewise, humans have completely transformed 43 percent of Earth’s land surface for cities and agriculture, compared with the 30 percent land surface transition that occurred at the end of the last glacial period. Meanwhile, the human population has exploded, putting ever more pressure on existing resources. [7 Billion Population Milestones]
“Every change we look at that we have accomplished in the past couple of centuries is actually more than what preceded one of these major state changes in the past,” Barnosky said.
Backing away from the ledge
The results are difficult to predict, because tipping points, by their definition, take the planet into uncharted territory. Based on past transitions, Barnosky and his colleagues predict a major loss of species (during the end of the last glacial period, half of the large-bodied mammal species in the world disappeared), as well as changes in the makeup of species in various communities on the local level. Meanwhile, humans may well be knotting our own noose as we burn through Earth’s resources.
“These ecological systems actually give us our life support, our crops, our fisheries, clean water,” Barnosky said. As resources shift from one nation to another, political instability can easily follow.
Pulling back from the ledge will require international cooperation, Barnosky said. Under business-as-usual conditions, humankind will be using 50 percent of the land surface on the planet by 2025. It seems unavoidable that the human population will reach 9 billion by 2050, so we’ll have to become more efficient to sustain ourselves, he said. That means more efficient energy use and energy production, a greater focus on renewable resources, and a need to save species and habitat today for future generations.
“My bottom line is that I want the world in 50 to 100 years to be at least as good as it is now for my children and their children, and I think most people would say the same,” Barnosky said. “We’re at a crossroads where if we choose to do nothing we really do face these tipping points and a less-good future for our immediate descendents.” | <urn:uuid:52743323-47ea-4813-b154-35512620f035> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://majfud.org/tag/tipping-point-climatology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812855.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219231024-20180220011024-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.937591 | 917 | 3.453125 | 3 |
A graph refers to the plotting of different valves of the variables on a graph paper which gives the movement or a change in the variable over a period of time. Diagrams can present the data in an attractive style but still there is a method more reliable than this. Diagrams are often used for publicity purposes but are not of much use in statistical analysis. Hence graphic presentation is more effective and result oriented.
Diagrams can present the data in an attractive style but still there is a method more reliable than this. Diagrams are often used for publicity purposes but are not of much use in statistical analysis. Hence graphic presentation is more effective and meaningful.
According to A. L. Boddington, “The wandering of a line is more powerful in its effect on the mind than a tabulated statement; it shows what is happening and what is likely to take place, just as quickly as the eye is capable of working.”
Advantages of Graphs
The presentation of statistics in the form of graphs facilitates many processes in economics. the main uses of graphs are as under:
- Attractive and Effective presentation of Data: The statistics can be presented in attractive and effective way by graphs. A fact that an ordinary man can not understand easily, could understand in a better way by graphs. Therefore, it is said that a picture is worth of a thousand words.
- Simple and Understandable Presentation of Data: Graphs help to present complex data in a simple and understandable way. Therefore, graphs help to remove the complex nature of statistics.
- Useful in Comparison: Graphs also help to compare the statistics. IF investment made in two different ventures is presented through graphs, then it becomes easy to understand the difference between the two.
- Useful for Interpretation: Graphs also help to interpret the conclusion. It saves time as well as labour.
- Remembrance for long period: Graphs help to remember the facts for a long time and they cannot be forgotten.
- Helpful in Predictions: Through graphs, tendencies that could occur in near future can be predicted in a better way.
- Universal utility: In modern era, graphs can be used in all spheres such as trade, economics, government departments, advertisement, etc.
- Information as well as Entertainment: Graphs help us in entertainment as well as for providing information. By graphs there occurs no hindrance in the deep analysis of every information.
- Helpful in Transmission of Information: Graphs help in the process of transmission as well as information of facts.
- No Need for training: When facts are presented through graphs there is no need for special training for these interpretations.
Rules for the construction of Graph
The following are the main rules to construct a graph:
- Every graph must have a suitable title which should clearly convey the main idea, the graph intends to portray.
- The graph must suit to the size of the paper.
- The scale of the graph should be in even numbers or in multiples.
- Footnotes should be given at the bottom to illustrate the main points about the graph.
- Graph should be as simple as possible.
- In order to show many items in a graph, index for identification should be given.
- A graph should be neat and clean. It should be appealing to the eyes.
- Every graph should be given with a table to ensure whether the data has been presented accurately or not.
- The test of a good graph depends on the case with which the observer can interpret it. Thus economy in cost and energy should be exercised in drawing the graph.
Following are the main drawbacks/ limitations of graphs.
Limited Application: Graphic representation is useful for a common man but for an expert, its utility is limited.
Lack of Accuracy: Graphs do not measure the magnitude of the data. They only depict the fluctuations in them.
Subjective: Graphs are subjective in character. Their interpretation varies from person to person.
Misleading Conclusions: The person who has no knowledge can draw misleading conclusions from graphs.
Simplicity: Graph should be as simple as possible.
Index: In order to show many items in a graph, index for identification should be given.
How to choose a scale for a graph?
The scale indicates the unit of a variable that a fixed length of axis would represent. Scale may be different for both the axes. It should be taken in such a way so as to accommodate whole of the data on a given graph paper in a lucid and attractive style. Sometimes data to be presented does not have low values but with large terms. We have to use the graph so as it may present the given data for comparison even.
Define various types of graphs.
Types of Graphs
There are two types of graphs.
- Time series Graphs or Historigrams.
- Frequency Distribution Graphs.
Time series graphs may be of one variable, two variables or more variables graph. Frequency distribution graphs present (a) histograms (b) Frequency Polygons (c) Frequency Curves and (d) Ogives. | <urn:uuid:077a1719-cf40-4c91-8924-15cdd8b8c9da> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/statistics/graphic-presentation-of-data/1104/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.941533 | 1,051 | 3.71875 | 4 |
We know that power can be generated from tidal energy using conventional technology using dam type structures or from non-conventional procedures which utilize special turbines. Here is one such equipment namely the helical turbine.
You must be familiar with the fact that turbines are used to convert the kinetic energy of flowing water (actually the word gushing would be more appropriate). The conventional turbines are useful for structures involving dams, but utilizing the energy of free unconstrained tidal currents requires a different design concept. If you ask why it is so, the reason is pretty simple. In dams, the water is stored and then passed on through the turbines in a controlled fashion and in a particular direction and angle of motion, but inside the ocean surface where a turbine simply lies bare to the tides and ocean currents, the turbine has to be versatile to handle all sorts of flow conditions, hence the reason for special design considerations. Helical turbines are one of these special types of turbines used in tidal power plants which do not utilize conventional dam structure to store water but make use of the random tidal currents to generate electricity.
The Helical Turbines
The word helical refers to something which is in the shape of a helix, which means to say that it is in the form of a wound spiral. You can see the figure 1 below which depicts the mathematical description of a helix. So you must have understood by now that the helical turbine is having some similar type of shape, and you are right in guessing so. Helical turbines come in different makes and designs but the basic principle of operation is the same. We will talk about one such turbine namely the Gorlov Helical turbine, which was designed and patented by Professor Gorlov of Boston.
Design of the Gorlov Turbine
The design of the blades of the Gorlov helical turbine can be seen in figure 2 in this article. You can easily compare this shape to that of the shape shown in figure 1, and figure out the helical shape. The blades are shaped like the threads of a screw which run over a cylinder and it is a cross flow turbine. Due to the shape of the blades a reaction thrust is exerted on the turbine which means that the turbine can rotate faster than what the normal flowing speed of water would make it to spin at, had there been no reaction thrust.
The requisite feature of this turbine is that the axis of rotation should be at right angles to the direction of flow of current. This means that for a given setup the turbine will rotate in the same direction even if the flow of water is reversed in direction. Since this is exactly what happens in case of tides and tidal currents, it is ideal for use in such situations.
Although two blades are shown in the figure, normally there could be more and these turbines that have been approved for use in Uldolmol Strait tidal power plant project in Korea consist of three such helical blades. | <urn:uuid:e2f066ec-f6de-41c6-aa02-a27927d95469> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/3231-helical-turbines-as-a-component-of-non-conventional-tidal-power-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121865.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00119-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944462 | 592 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Over the past 10 years, the negative effects of climate change have become vastly more apparent. Superstorms, extreme heat, floods and tornadoes are all complications caused by a planet that’s warmer and more polluted than ever before.
Few parts of the earth show these effects as clearly as the ocean. Warming seas affect marine health, alter fish migration patterns, and most recently, bleach coral reefs into oblivion. New research suggests that seeding marine clouds could help regulate ocean temperatures, shielding vulnerable coral reefs and protecting the essential ecosystems they make possible.
“When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white (see above). This is called coral bleaching,” explains the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. Bleached coral isn’t dead, but it’s extremely vulnerable.
New research, published recently in Atmospheric Science Letters, proposes the artificial “brightening” of marine clouds. The researchers behind this study suggest that by adding additional clouds, they may be able to reduce sea surface temperatures in areas that face a particular threat of bleaching, thus giving the coral time to recover naturally.
“To brighten clouds unmanned vehicles are used to spray tiny seawater droplets, which rise into the cloud, thereby increasing their reflectivity and duration. In this way, more sunlight is bounced back into space, resulting in a cooling sea surface temperature,” explains a press release.
The researchers believe that this a “targeted version of the geo-engineering technique could give coral a fifty year ‘breathing space’ to recover from acidification and warming.”
Coral bleaching is an extremely dangerous and costly phenomenon, especially in cultures that depend on fishing and tourism for their livelihoods. In the study, which focused on the Caribbean, French Polynesia, and the Great Barrier Reef, computer modeling was used to predict theimpact of seeding marine stratocumulus clouds.
Results showed that projected increases in coral bleaching could be eliminated when sea surface temperature cooled to pre-warming levels due to marine cloud brightening.
However, geoengineering of any kind is considered very controversial, since it depends on altering the natural weather patterns of the planet. While the desired result may be achieved in the short term, there’s almost no way to predict how the long-term effects. Not to mention that it fails to address the root causes of climate change, which is the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of vital ecosystems due to human development. | <urn:uuid:eb97f423-a83e-4e0a-9964-da43e9eae293> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://earthtechling.com/2013/07/can-geo-engineered-clouds-protect-the-coral-reefs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504790.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221132217-20190221154217-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.928594 | 533 | 4.21875 | 4 |
one week from today! The Big Buna Bash: One little girl's story about being different and the Ethiopian coffee ceremony
One week from today, on February 5th, I'll be launching my new diverse children's book, The Big Buna Bash. I can't wait for you to meet Almaz!
Kids notice differences. As the world becomes increasingly small, it is essential to show children that it feels good to value the things that make a person different.
I once heard of an extremely creative activity that a 1st grade teacher did with her class. She asked parents to send a tiny piece of hair from each of her students. The teacher pasted each one on an index card and put them in a box. Then the kids drew them out, one by one, and discussed the differences. What color was it? Was it straight or curly? Coarse or fine?
That little exercise speaks loudly…. "It's fun to explore differences!"
Research shows that after age 9, racial attitudes tend to stay the same unless there is a life-changing experience. The more awareness of different groups of people leads to greater acceptance, and prevents ethnic stereotypes.
We need to allow children to see outside of their own little worlds!
Here's a few ideas to help open up new worlds for your child and start a great discussion:
1. Learn about traditional celebrations from other cultures
2. Listen/sing/dance to music of a different culture
3. Read a story or see a movie from another country
4. Eat food from other cultures
5. Visit a cultural museum
6. Look at the atlas
7. Create art using techniques from another culture
8. Visit a place of worship that is different from yours
These activities can help kids visualize how other people live, cultivating cultural understanding. Don't forget to talk about what was experienced and how they felt afterwards!
If you can't decide between coffee or tea...…
Yuenyeung is your answer!
Originating in Hong Kong, this drink was originally a mixture of three parts coffee and seven parts milk tea! Here is the version that I tried:
Bring 3 cups water to a boil and add 5 black tea bags (I used flavored tea)
Simmer 3 minutes and stir in a 12 oz. can of sweetened condensed milk (I used regular milk and added Splenda)
Simmer another 3 minutes and stir in 3 cups strong coffee
Add sugar to taste……..serve hot or cold!
chī hǎo hē hǎo” 吃好喝好 Drink up!
Coffee drinking is a universal pastime!
In my next few posts I'm going to share some interesting coffee recipes from around the world.....starting with an extravagant Swedish combination of coffee and cheese called Kaffeost. The Swedes love their coffee breaks, and are surpassed only by Finland and the Netherlands in coffee consumption.
One of my grandmothers was Swedish, so this amazing country is close to my heart. I have been fortunate to visit Sweden twice!
The name of this unique coffee means 'coffee and cheese'. It is often prepared in Northern Sweden and Finland, originating from the Swedish Laplands.
Simply pour hot black coffee over cheese cubes, or dip the cheese cubes into the hot coffee with a spoon.
The cheese used in Sweden is leipäjuusto, also called “bread cheese” or Finnish squeaky cheese. It is made mainly from cow’s milk, but in some cases also from sheep’s milk or reindeer’s milk. It's taste is neutral and delicate.
Kaffeost is served in birch wood cups as a sign of hospitality.
I had so much fun writing The Big Buna Bash, and I want to share it to inspire cultural pride in kids who might feel like they don't fit in because of their differences. I believe in diversity and inclusion; that's why I wrote The Big Buna Bash! | <urn:uuid:fa3afbf9-3213-4842-99c3-4e24a2428653> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.saraarnoldbooks.com/coffeetalk/archives/01-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.959576 | 873 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mist-Netting on the Pacific Flyway
The Palomarin Field Station, tucked into a wooded area on the southern tip of Point Reyes National Seashore, sits on an international biodiversity hotspot. The San Francisco Bay, which is the largest estuary on the west coast, is a critical stopover point for birds migrating along the Pacific Flyway, which extends from Alaska and Patagonia.
The station has served as a premier songbird research facility since 1966. Scientists and interns at the station track migrating songbirds and nests along the Pacific Flyway. Because of the long-standing dataset collected at this location, biologists from all over the world have used the data in a wide range of studies. Recent studies have focused on understanding the effects of climate change on songbird populations. Here, an intern examines a Wrentit. This particular bird, labeled KWB/S for her color band combination, has a breeding territory on Palomarin's research plot.
The station also serves as an educational facility. Members of the public and students can watch bird banding demonstrations first-hand. Birds are measured, weighed, and banded before being released.
A series of six mist nets are situated near the station. Each hour, scientists check the nets for birds and bring them back to the lab for banding and measuring.
As the oldest station on the west coast, lab techniques perfected at the Palomarin Field Station have been adopted by scientists worldwide.
A bird specimen collection is on display for visitors to view. Specimens pictured are common to the area. An interactive graph on Point Blue's website shows the number of nesting birds by species since 1985. The graph reveals that long-term Western Tanger populations have been increasing while White-crowned Sparrow populations have been decreasing.
The coastal oak woodland surrounding the station serves as habitat for songbird species. Visitors can take a walk along the nature trail to see the mist nets up-close. | <urn:uuid:b6bdfd2e-5487-4ab4-8a04-5b134fbe4633> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.growingwild.co/blog/1652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684425.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018181458-20191018204958-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.947525 | 400 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Laser technology is incredibly important to what we do at Leveltek, and the mental image that probably elicits is a red beam cutting through metal. Lasers are a LOT more Complicated than just a glorified Star Trek phaser! Interested to know more? Then let’s spend a few blog entries explaining just how lasers work, starting with the various types of lasers, straight from your high school physics class!
There are many types of lasers available for research, medical, industrial, and commercial uses. Lasers are often described by the kind of lasing medium they use – solid state, gas, excimer, dye, or semiconductor.
Solid state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix, e.g., the ruby or neodymium-YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers. The neodymium-YAG laser emits infrared light at 1.064 micrometers.
Gas lasers (helium and helium-neon, HeNe, are the most common gas lasers) have a primary output of a visible red light. CO2 lasers emit energy in the far-infrared, 10.6 micrometers, and are used for cutting hard materials.
Excimer lasers (the name is derived from the terms excited and dimers) use reactive gases such as chlorine and fluorine mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton, or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudomolecule or dimer is produced and when lased, produces light in the ultraviolet range.
Dye lasers use complex organic dyes like rhodamine 6G in liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths.
Semiconductor lasers, sometimes called diode lasers, are not solid-state lasers. These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, e.g., the writing source in some laser printers or compact disk players.
Lasers are also characterized by the duration of laser emission – continuous wave or pulsed laser. A Q-Switched laser is a pulsed laser which contains a shutter-like device that does not allow emission of laser light until opened. Energy is built-up in a Q-Switched laser and released by opening the device to produce a single, intense laser pulse.
CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW) lasers operate with a stable average beam power. In most higher power systems, one is able to adjust the power. In low power gas lasers, such as HeNe, the power level is fixed by design and performance usually degrades with long term use.
SINGLE PULSED (normal mode) lasers generally have pulse durations of a few hundred microseconds to a few milliseconds. This mode of operation is sometimes referred to as long pulse or normal mode.
SINGLE PULSED Q-SWITCHED lasers are the result of an intracavity delay (Q-switch cell) which allows the laser media to store a maximum of potential energy. Then, under optimum gain conditions, emission occurs in single pulses; typically of 10(-8) second time domain. These pulses will have high peak powers often in the range from 10(6) to 10(9) Watts peak.
REPETITIVELY PULSED or scanning lasers generally involve the operation of pulsed laser performance operating at a fixed (or variable) pulse rates which may range from a few pulses per second to as high as 20,000 pulses per second. The direction of a CW laser can be scanned rapidly using optical scanning systems to produce the equivalent of a repetitively pulsed output at a given location.
MODE LOCKED lasers operate as a result of the resonant modes of the optical cavity which can effect the characteristics of the output beam. When the phases of different frequency modes are synchronized, i.e., “locked together,” the different modes will interfere with one another to generate a beat effect. The result is a laser output which is observed as regularly spaced pulsations. Lasers operating in this mode-locked fashion, usually produce a train of regularly spaced pulses, each having a duration of 10(-15) (femto) to 10(-12) (pico) sec. A mode-locked laser can deliver extremely high peak powers than the same laser operating in the Q-switched mode. These pulses will have enormous peak powers often in the range from 10(12) Watts peak. | <urn:uuid:7c5ca294-8a0d-401c-be56-4cb3ed434ebd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://leveltalk.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/types-of-lasers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820466.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016214209-20171016234209-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.92417 | 932 | 3.90625 | 4 |
In its second annual study of lgbt representation in studio films was the only studio film tracked that was nominated for a glaad media award. Racism and the media: a textual analysis behavior and emotional representation this paper is going to also discuss media representations of africa american men. After studying this section, you should be able to understand: mass media representations of gender theoretical perspectives on media representations of gender mass. Representation of homosexuals in the mediafor this essay i have chose the theme of the representation of homosexuality in the media i have chosen this subject. Portrayal of lgbt in the media in the united states, a recent major media event that affected homosexuals positively was in the presidential election. Un-african representations of homosexuality in two this ruling made sensational news in western media and the benefits of comparison in analysis.
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“the coast is queer”: media representations of the lgbt community and stereotypes’ homophobic reinforcement. An analysis of media and heterosexuality/homosexuality transcript of positive representation of homosexuals - it's all the same love positive representations. How things have changed in thirty years: more than ever before, queer people have a media presence no longer relegated to the realms of innuendo and secrecy, we now. Queer representation in film and and would provide a public service by challenging the prevalence of stereotypical media portrayals of gays and.
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This study on the perception on the portrayal of homosexuals in bollywood media representation analysis of the perception of the homosexuals. Electronic journal of human sexuality, volume 2 media representation of more likely to support the statements that the media glorifies homosexuality. Analysis of the homosexual agenda the homosexual propaganda campaign in america's media the powerful, sophisticated psychological techniques that the homosexual movement has used to. Peace institute – institute for contemporary social and political studies publications media representation of homosexuality an analysis of the print media in. Loughborough university institutional repository association football and the representation of homosexuality by the print media: a case study of antonenhys. In this area of study students focus on the relationship between society’s values and media texts media representations homosexuals for two years if. | <urn:uuid:bb469839-5cc0-4458-be39-f30c76e51a87> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://xvcourseworkcmpw.fieldbee.us/an-analysis-of-representation-of-homosexuals-in-media.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.900224 | 794 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This is a previously recorded Webinar.After purchase, access this webinar through Webinar on Demand on your log-in screen.
Although children with visual impairments are being included into general physical
education on a consistent basis, many professional preparation programs do not cover this disability in
the detail necessary to properly include them. This webinar covers the types of visual impairments,
along with teaching strategies, instructional modifications, products, equipment, websites, books, and
sport opportunities to use with children who are visually impaired.
TOPICadapted physical activity, physical education | <urn:uuid:75d4c032-787a-4b92-9f60-4b6be4f6ac7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://iweb.shapeamerica.org/iweb/Purchase/ProductDetail.aspx?Product_code=302-RW102 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861700245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164140-00159-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920113 | 118 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Inverary Castle and Loch Fyne
File Type:JPEG image
cgjc0659.jpg (JPEG image) 339.2Kb
Description:Inveraray Castle, seen in this painting, was originally designed in 1720 by the architect Sir John Vanbrugh. It was completed in 1789 for John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll and his wife Elizabeth. The castle lies approximately one mile north of the village of Inveraray, near the shore of Loch Fyne, also depicted in this painting.
Dimensions/Extent:110.5 cm x 146 cm
Type of material:Image
Availability:Full text available | <urn:uuid:f90c1d8f-8c44-4292-b766-118b44e3965b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tara.tcd.ie/handle/2262/12302 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924276 | 141 | 2.625 | 3 |
Homeschooling for autistic children makes a lot of sense for a variety of reasons. It is not necessarily less stressful than sending your child to school. But for many families the stresses that come with home schooling their autistic children are welcome as parents see the needs of their children truly being met in a loving and compassionate way.
At the request of a couple individuals I have begun compiling information from various sources about homeschooling with kids with autism spectrum disorders.
Most experts seem to feel that the beginning of home schooling for a child with an ASD is to “deschool”. The technical definition of this would be for your child to ‘unlearn’ all the negative socialization experiences he had had in school. Many home schooling veterans point to this as a time for you to observe your child and for your child to really explore areas that interest him. Learning must again become fun.
2. Keep a journal
You might want to consider taking notes at this time. What helps your child focus? What are his favorite things and what is he doing when happiest? Where does he excel?
While deschooling, contact local organizations, and support groups. Try to make contact with other parents who understand both autism and home schooling.
4. Read books beyond autism!
Many people have sited this an a very helpful and important step. A few favorites are: The 7 Kinds of Smart, and The Way They Learn
5. Ditch your preconceptions
Try to approach the process with an open mind. Think about your end goal and then work backwards: What will get you to your end goal with your child? It is likely to look different than traditional schooling would be and that’s just fine!
6. Determine where your child is on checklists and evaluations.
Set a goal and then work towards that goal. On the other hand. . .ditch the checklist if it is too frustrating. In states where there is a lot of paperwork, you can document your child’s progress towards the goal and why you stopped pursuing it.
7. Locate needed therapies and services for your child.
There are a variety of resources available and with a little leg work at the library, I’ve heard of many parents providing needed therapy at home as appropriate.
Remember that this is a journey. You are allowed to change course. You need to let your child show you how he’ll learn best and chances are you’ll see him soar! | <urn:uuid:2e8ef193-cf48-4668-bd0c-05c58702c99f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.families.com/blog/7-tips-for-beginning-to-homeschool-a-child-an-autism-spectrum-disorder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928864.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00153-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970345 | 513 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Bible: 5 Things You Didn't Know
1- There are multiple versions of creation in the BibleDespite more than a century of creationism-versus-evolution debates, few are aware that there are actually several different accounts of creation scattered throughout the Bible, and they don’t all agree. In the first chapter of Genesis, God starts big, on the cosmic level, then does plants and animals and then culminates with human beings, created in the plural, male and female. In the second chapter of Genesis, which immediately follows, God begins by creating a single human. Then come plants and animals. Then, when no animal fits the bill as lifelong companion (sorry, dogs), God divides the one human into two, male and female.
There are even more creation stories. In Psalm 104 and Job 38, God begins by setting the Earth on foundations in the sea, like a huge oil rig. In Psalm 74, monsters are on the scene: God first slays Leviathan and the sea dragons, monstrous forces of chaos, in order to create the cosmos as a safe, orderly place. In Proverbs 8, God has a divine cohort, Wisdom (Hebrew Hokmah), who says she was there before the work of creation began. These and other biblical visions of beginnings don’t add up to a single, coherent account. The Bible doesn’t seem to have a problem with that.
2- God of Breasts? It's biblicalThe Bible uses many different names for God. The most common is the Hebrew Elohim, which is the plural form of the generic word for deity. It’s usually translated “God” but it literally means “gods.” The most common name in the New Testament is the Greek Theos, “God,” from whence we get “theology.” How about “God of Breasts”? You probably haven’t heard that one before, but it’s biblical. The Hebrew is El Shaddai. Translators typically take shaddai, “two breasts,” figuratively as a reference to mountains and translate it “God Almighty.” Interestingly, this name is often used with reference to fertility, as in this blessing from Genesis: “May the God of Breasts bless you, make you fruitful, and multiply your numbers.” (That’s our translation, anyway.)
3- The Bible is not all about GodIn fact, two biblical books never mention God. The first is the book of Esther, a story of Jewish survival in the face of an attempted genocide. The second is the Song of Songs, also known as the Song of Solomon, which is essentially a collection of erotic love poetry involving a young woman and a young man. Both books were controversial additions to the biblical canon, and one thing that helped them make the cut was reading religion back into them. Thus many interpreters have seen God working behind the scenes and between the lines in the story of Esther, whose name in Hebrew can mean “I am hiding.” And many have interpreted the Song of Songs as an allegory about the loving relationship between God and Israel, or Christ and the church. That said, you can still read them literally if you want.
Read on for more things you didn't know about the Bible... | <urn:uuid:6d32e96d-c985-4642-9ccf-e45535856da0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.askmen.com/entertainment/special_feature_400/457_the-bible-5-things-you-didnt-know.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.961443 | 698 | 3.078125 | 3 |
(05 April 2016) – Since February, fifteen young African asylum seekers have been learning about beekeeping as part of a project supported by the Leone Rosso cooperative in Châtillon, Valle d’Aosta, Italy. Three key words: solidarity, reciprocity and social innovation.
“Brave Bee” is a beekeeping training project that combines theory (introduction to basic beekeeping techniques) and practice (building hives and other tools).
Even if a little French and English is still used to be understood, classes are taught in Italian, which allows participants to learn the language faster and thus accelerate their social integration.
It is common sense and a spirit of reciprocity – ‘do ut des’, ‘return what you have been given’ – which inspired the project. In addition to teaching new skills to these young people in despair, and getting them out of the inactivity engendered by their asylum seeker status, Bee Brave also allows the cooperative to increase its production, and therefore the project should be self-sustaining this year and maybe also next year. | <urn:uuid:0ba99094-b853-407c-86fe-0d28dd2bc877> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.aeidl.eu/news/news/young-migrants-trained-in-beekeeping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.948956 | 226 | 2.640625 | 3 |
plant quick find clear
A jewel in the water garden but invasive in waterways, water hyacinth is a pond fish's best friend, providing shelter and feeding area. Rosettes of glossy green leaves float leisurely across a pond, gradually covering the surface and sending down thick roots that shelter fish. In warm weather, the plants send up lavender bloom spikes that last about a day. It should be planted early in the season so its spread outpaces algae, and thin out old plants every year to reinvigorate growth. Because it's a tender plant, it requires overwintering indoors in an aquarium to survive from year to year.
Note: This plant can be invasive in warm-weather areas. Check local restrictions before planting it.
Upload your photo here. | <urn:uuid:e3ef0e6f-54a1-4f6f-ac65-99de4b2b65f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/water/water-hyacinth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817151157-20170817171157-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.879505 | 157 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(i18n, globalisation, enabling, software enabling) The process and philosophy of making software portable to other locales.For successful localisation, products must be technically and culturally neutral. Effective internationalisation reduces the time and resources required for localisation, improving time-to-market abroad and allowing simultaneous shipment. In orther words, internationalisation abstracts out local details, localisation specifies those details for a particular locale. Technically this may include allowing double-byte character sets such as unicode or Japanese, local numbering, date and currency formats, and other local format conventions. It also includes the separation of user interface text e.g. in dialog boxes and menus. All the text used by an application may be kept in a separate file or directory, so that it can be translated all at once. User interfaces may require more screen space for text in other languages. The simplest form of internationalisation may be to make use of operating system calls that format time, date and currency values according to the operating system's configuration. The abbreviation i18n means "I - eighteen letters - N".
Last updated: 1999-06-28 | <urn:uuid:bbd115cb-f8f2-4f7b-9500-4a3b85525c99> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://foldoc.org/i18n | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526506.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720091347-20190720113347-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.813166 | 233 | 3.84375 | 4 |
A commodity is a type of product of uniform quality that has high-enough demand to be traded across multiple markets. Commonly found in the futures market, commodities are usually traded by speculators and investors who seek only to make a profit, and hedgers who are usually manufacturers of a particular commodity trying to hedge their positions against adverse risk.
There are two main types of commodities: hard and soft. Hard commodities consist of natural resources, such as oil or gold. While soft commodities are agricultural goods or livestock that must be grown and cared for in order to be produced. Both markets trade on supply and demand, and are heavily influenced by macroeconomic events.
The Hard-Commodity Market
Hard commodities are usually the ones that make headlines, or are referred to as a basis for economic health. Because the production and supply of these assets can be predicted fairly accurately, they are used to gauge global-economic health. Copper and oil, in particular, are often looked at to determine where the economy is headed by observing total-worldwide demand for these products.
The majority of this market is made up of energy goods like oil and natural gas. It also includes metals like gold, silver, copper, aluminum, steel and other commonly-used materials. Countries that rely heavily on the exportation of commodities may also have their currency tied to its value. Chile’s economy, for example, is heavily dependent on copper exports, which make up 49% of the country’s total exports, while the state-owned CODELCO exists as the largest copper-production company in the world.
Metals can be used for a variety of purposes. Gold trades as an inflation hedge and wealth preservation asset for investors who seek a safe haven during times of high-market volatility. Industrial metals like copper, steel and aluminum on the other hand are reflections of global economic growth through future supply and demand curves.
Read the previous week’s article to understand How Dr. Copper Measures Economic Health.
The Soft-Commodity Market
On the other side of the commodities exchange are the soft commodities like agricultural goods and livestock. Unlike hard commodities, these goods can fluctuate quite a bit and are subject to additional forces that determine their overall supply and demand.
Weather plays a large role in the soft commodity space. Unseasonably warm summers, cold winters or strong storm seasons impact crop production and livestock, making it nearly impossible to accurately predict where prices will go and giving soft commodities a high level of volatility.
Crop production can also vary due to many other factor. Bumper crops, or crops that produce more than anticipated, can depress prices by creating a surplus. Unlike hard commodities that can be found in various regions around the world, soft commodities can only be produced in specific regions that are ideal (temperature, humidity, soil quality, etc.) for a particular crop.
Commodities have very low – and in some cases negative – correlation with other asset types. When currencies, bond prices and stocks are up, commodities may often be down, and vice versa. Right now, commodities are at a multi-year low, while the US dollar and stocks are near all-time highs.
Investors looking to invest in commodities have options other than trading on the futures exchange. Many companies operate in the commodities space, such as oil drillers, mining companies and food producers. ETFs and mutual funds are other ways investors can partake in this space without subjecting their portfolios to undue risks. | <urn:uuid:617f2f8e-1185-4930-9469-9a15d8c0936b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://commodityhq.com/education/understanding-the-difference-between-hard-and-soft-commodities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890893.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121214857-20180121234857-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.955065 | 711 | 3.34375 | 3 |
An Introduction to Data Warehouses and Data Warehousing
Part 1 - Aims of the Data Warehouse
The terms Data Warehouse and Data Warehousing are used frequently today but can cover a wide range of concepts and processes. This series of articles aims to give an introduction to the various aspects of the world of Data Warehousing. In Part 1 of this series we identify why Data Warehouses are now in high demand and what their aims are.
Today companies record a large amount of data for different reasons such as sales, supplies, payroll, marketing, research etc. Often when a company has data collected for different purposes the data is collected and recorded in different systems such as: online shopping cart, call centre applications, spreadsheets, Oracle / Access / SQL Server databases etc.
The diversity of the data sources makes it hard for these different areas of data to be analysed together. The modern business requires its data to be analysed and summarised in order for it to observe patterns of behaviour that will help the company identify problem areas and areas that they are doing well in.
It is this identification of trends in their business operations then helps them make decisions on how to develop the business to increase benefits / productivity / efficiency etc.
This enabling of the summarising and analysis of data is the aim (end product) of Data Warehousing.
The end users of the data warehouse are company managers who can view its summary reports / graphs / charts etc and use them to quickly make decisions on how to carry the business forward.
Although it is the end result, front end analytics is not all that data warehousing is. In order to achieve the end aim a number or processes must be undertaken in order to achieve accurate and useful analysis.
These processes can be summarised in the following steps:
- Identifying analytical requirements of the company
- Identifying appropriate data sources
- Data Cleansing (extraction from original data sources, transformation of this data into formats that follow company business rules)
- Loading the cleansed data into the Data Warehouse storage
- Front end Analytics (reporting, charting, data-mining, OLAP)
In the remaining articles in this series we will look at these different stages of Data Warehousing and with simple real world examples see how they are ongoing processes that are constantly evolving in order to satisfy the companies business needs.
In Part 2 we look at what considerations should be given to the business requirements of the Data Warehouse. | <urn:uuid:dc9794cf-564a-4a8c-901b-2cc8dcb68f2c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://sqlbook.com/data-warehousing/an-introduction-to-data-warehouses-and-data-warehousing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585215.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018221501-20211019011501-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.921912 | 497 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dendera Temple is a unique architectural masterpiece in the city of Dendera in Egypt. This ancient temple houses a rich history and has been standing for thousands of years, dating back to the Greco-Roman period.
The temple is known for its elaborate decoration, detailed depictions of ancient gods, mystifying hieroglyphs, and stunning astronomical ceiling paintings. The temple was dedicated to the goddess Hathor, who was worshipped as the goddess of love, fertility and music.
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The earliest known reference to the Dendera Temple comes from a Greek historian named Herodotus, who wrote about it in his Histories in 450 BC. He described it as a "magnificent temple" with a "great court" and "many statues". In the following centuries, many other travelers and scholars wrote about their visits to the temple, including Roman historian Strabo and Greek geographer Pausanias.
The temple was likely built during the reign of Ptolemy VI Philometor (180-145 BC). His successors expanded it, including Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (80-51 BC), who added a large hypostyle hall with four columns decorated with Hathor's head at each corner. The walls of this hall are covered with reliefs depicting various gods and goddesses such as Isis, Osiris, Horus, Anubis, Thoth, Maat, Ra-Horakhty, Ptah-Sokar-Osiris and Hathor herself.
In addition to these deities are images of Cleopatra VII Philopator (69-30 BC), one of Egypt's last Pharaohs before it became part of the Roman Empire in 30 BC. She is depicted offering incense to Hathor at her temple at Dendera - a sign that she had great respect for this goddess.
The Dendera Temple also contains an astronomical ceiling, which modern astronomers have studied extensively. This ceiling contains images of stars and constellations, which ancient Egyptians used for navigation and predicting seasonal changes such as floods or droughts.
One particularly interesting feature of this ceiling is an image known as "the zodiacal light", which appears during certain times of the year when sunlight reflects off particles in Earth's atmosphere, creating an eerie glow around certain stars or constellations. This phenomenon was observed by ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago but was formally documented in 17th-century Europe when Galileo Galilei first noted its existence in 1609 AD!
The Dendera Temple has been studied extensively by archaeologists and historians who have uncovered many secrets about its past inhabitants and their beliefs about life after death - which has fascinated people since antiquity! For example, several reliefs depict scenes from Egyptian mythology, such as Osiris' journey through Duat (the underworld) or Isis' search for her husband's body parts after he was killed by his brother Set. These scenes provide insight into how ancient Egyptians viewed death and what they believed happened after someone passed away - something we still ponder today!
The Zodiac of Dendera is an ancient Egyptian astronomical chart that dates back to the 2nd century BC. It is among the most famous and well-known examples of ancient Egyptian astronomical knowledge. The chart contains a representation of the constellations and stars in the night sky and symbols for various gods and goddesses associated with them. It was discovered in the temple complex at Dendera, Egypt, and is now housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
The Zodiac of Dendera is a circular chart that measures about 5 feet in diameter. It comprises a series of concentric circles, each with its own set of symbols and figures. In the center of the chart is a representation of Nut, the sky goddess believed to be responsible for creating the universe. Surrounding her are 12 figures representing 12 zodiac signs: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Each sign has its own unique set of symbols and figures associated with it.
The Zodiac also contains several other symbols believed to represent various gods or goddesses associated with each sign. For example, figures depicting Isis (the goddess of fertility), Hathor (the goddess of love), Thoth (the god of wisdom), Ra (the sun god) and Anubis (the god who guided souls to their afterlife). There are also representations of stars and constellations, such as Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) and Orion's Belt.
In addition to these symbols associated with each sign, there are also hieroglyphs which tell stories about each sign or provide information about them. For example, there is a hieroglyphic story about how Isis created mankind using pieces from her body to form humans out of clay.
Scholars have studied the Zodiac extensively to understand ancient Egyptian astronomy and mythology better. It has been used to know how Egyptians viewed their world and their place within it. It has also provided insight into how they viewed time - for example, some scholars believe it may have been used to calculate lunar cycles or even predict eclipses!
The Zodiac remains an integral part of our understanding of ancient Egyptian culture today - not only does it provide us with insight into their beliefs and an important reminder that our ancestors were capable thinkers who could observe and record their environment in great detail!
The Dendera Temple complex is located in the small town of Dendera, situated on the west bank of the Nile, about 60 kilometers north of Luxor. This ancient temple is a well-preserved example of Greco-Roman architecture, with its main temple, the Temple of Hathor is considered one of the best-preserved temples in Egypt. A wall surrounds the temple complex, and visitors enter through a large gateway, which leads to the first courtyard. From there, visitors can see the Temple of Hathor, the complex's largest and most impressive temple. Several other smaller temples, shrines, and structures comprise the Dendera Temple complex. The temple has been religiously significant for more than 4,000 years. It is known for its exceptionally well-preserved carvings and hieroglyphics, which provide a fascinating insight into ancient Egypt's culture and daily life.
The Temple of Mammisi, also known as the Birth House of Horus, is an ancient Egyptian temple in Dendera, Egypt. It was built during the Ptolemaic era and is dedicated to the goddess Hathor and her son Horus. The temple is well known for its beautiful reliefs and sculptures depicting various gods and goddesses.
The temple was built to commemorate the birth of Horus, the god of kingship, born from Hathor's womb in Dendera. The temple has two main parts: a hypostyle hall with four columns and a sanctuary with three chambers. The walls are decorated with reliefs depicting various gods and goddesses associated with childbirth, such as Isis, Hathor, Taweret, Bes, Neith and Khonsu. In addition to these figures are depictions of Pharaohs offering sacrifices to the gods and scenes showing the birth of Horus.
The Temple of Mammisi is closely related to the nearby Dendera Temple. Both temples were dedicated to Hathor and her son Horus, both important deities in ancient Egyptian religion. The two temples shared many similarities in architecture and decoration but also some differences. For example, while Dendera Temple was dedicated to Hathor alone, Mammisi Temple was dedicated to both Hathor and her son Horus. In addition, while Dendera Temple had a large hypostyle hall with many columns, Mammisi Temple had only four columns in its hypostyle hall.
The relationship between these two temples can be seen in their shared iconography, which includes depictions of Pharaohs offering sacrifices to the gods and scenes showing Horus's birth from Hathor's womb. This iconography suggests that both temples were part of a larger religious complex that celebrated Horus's birth from his mother's womb at Dendera Temple.
In addition to its religious significance, the Temple of Mammisi has great historical importance as it provides insight into ancient Egyptian culture and beliefs about childbirth and fertility. The reliefs on its walls depict various gods associated with childbirth, such as Isis, Hathor, Taweret, Bes, Neith and Khonsu, all important deities in ancient Egyptian religion. These reliefs provide us with a glimpse into how ancient Egyptians viewed childbirth and how they believed it could be made easier through offerings made to these deities or through rituals performed at these temples or other places associated with them.
The Dendera Temple is a cultural and historical gem all travelers should consider visiting. It offers a unique glimpse into the ancient Egyptian civilization's religious practices and architectural achievements. The temple is renowned for its exquisite artwork, which offers a glimpse into the stories and myths prevalent in ancient Egyptian culture.
Visiting the Dendera Temple offers an opportunity to experience the grandeur and majesty of ancient Egypt, a civilization that spanned over 3000 years. The temple boasts impressive architecture that speaks to the ingenuity and skill of ancient Egyptian builders. Furthermore, visitors can gain insight into the temple's religious significance, which was dedicated to Hathor, a deity revered for her association with love, fertility, and feminine power.
The temple is home to some of ancient Egyptian art's most intricate carvings and paintings. The well-preserved artwork tells the story of Egyptian mythology and offers insight into the daily life of ancient Egyptians. Travelers interested in ancient history, art, and architecture will be in awe of the intricate details and depictions at the Dendera Temple.
Moreover, the Dendera Temple offers a serene and peaceful atmosphere where visitors can disconnect from the hustle and bustle of modern life. The temple is surrounded by beautiful palm trees and landscaping, offering a perfect backdrop for meditation and reflection.
Visiting the Dendera Temple is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to witness ancient Egypt's cultural and historical significance. It allows travelers to learn about ancient civilizations, appreciate beautiful art and architecture, and immerse themselves in a peaceful and serene environment.
The Dendera Temple is not only a remarkable testament to ancient Egyptian architecture and religion but also a place where travelers can engage in some thrilling activities. While the temple site is primarily a renowned historical and spiritual site, there is more to explore here than just impressive structures and ancient artifacts.
One of the most popular activities at the Dendera Temple is guided tours. These tours allow visitors to explore the temple complex and gain insight into its history, architecture, and religious practices. Knowledgeable tour guides can provide in-depth explanations of the temple's many sacred spaces and their significance, offering a deeper appreciation of ancient Egyptian culture.
Another exciting activity at the temple is the chance to witness the daily rituals performed by the resident priests. These rituals, which involve lighting candles and incense, chanting prayers, and carrying sacred objects, help visitors get a sense of the temple's spiritual significance and the importance of religious practice in ancient Egyptian culture.
For the adventurous traveler, there is the unique opportunity to take a hot air balloon ride over the temple site. This thrilling experience provides a breathtaking bird's eye view of the temple's many structures and surrounding landscape. It is an unforgettable way to take in the sheer immensity and beauty of the site, and it is sure to be an experience that visitors will remember for years to come.
Lastly, the Dendera Temple also serves as a venue for cultural events and festivals throughout the year. These events allow visitors to immerse themselves in the vibrant world of Egyptian culture through dance, music, food, and traditional dress. Travelers who attend these events will have an opportunity to learn more about the customs and traditions of the Egyptian people and gain a deeper understanding of the country's history and identity.
The best time to visit the Dendera Temple is during the winter months, from November to February. This is because the weather is mild, with pleasant temperatures and low humidity, which makes exploring the temple and its outdoor areas comfortable. In the summer months, from June to September, temperatures can reach 40°C, making it very hot and uncomfortable to be outside for long periods. Additionally, there is a higher chance of sandstorms during the summer, which can hinder visibility and disrupt your experience at the temple.
Visiting the Dendera Temple during the winter also means that you can witness the Temple of Hathor Festival, which takes place in August. The festival celebrates the goddess Hathor, believed to bring joy, love, and motherhood. During the festival, visitors can witness processions, music, and dance performances and enjoy local food and drinks.
Apart from the weather and the festival, visiting the Dendera Temple in winter also means enjoying the temple without large crowds. The summer attracts more tourists, making it difficult to appreciate the temple's serene atmosphere and intricate details fully. Visiting during the winter months means that you can take your time exploring the temple without the disturbance of large crowds.
The Dendera Temple is ideal for travelers who appreciate art, architecture, and history. Those who have a fascination for ancient Egyptian mythology and religious practices will find this temple to be a fascinating place to visit. The temple accurately represents Egyptian civilization, and all the diverse eras of the country's history are intertwined in its walls. It is a place where individuals can explore the intricacies of Egyptian culture, symbolism, and mythology.
Additionally, the Dendera Temple is perfect for travelers eager to explore lesser-known and off-the-beaten-path destinations. It is tucked away in a quiet corner of Egypt and is not as frequented as other popular tourist sites, such as the Pyramids of Giza or the Valley of the Kings. The lack of crowds makes it a peaceful place to visit, which allows travelers to explore the temple at their own pace and connect with the history of the place on a more personal level.
Furthermore, the Dendera Temple is an ideal destination for photography enthusiasts. The temple's unique and distinctive architectural design, which includes representations of animals, star patterns, the Zodiac, and other symbols, makes it an excellent place to capture some stunning photos. Additionally, the use of light and shadow throughout the temple and the intricate carvings and artwork will provide photographers with endless opportunities to experiment with composition, color, and contrast.
Finally, the Dendera Temple is an excellent choice for those who enjoy outdoor activities or adventure. The temple is in the heart of rural Egypt and surrounded by miles of open, unspoiled desert. Visitors can stroll around the temple and enjoy the serenity of the landscape or book a camel ride through the desert. Adventurers can also book a hot air balloon ride over the temple or embark on a guided tour of the local area, which includes visits to nearby villages, historic ruins, and ancient tombs.
The cost of visiting the Dendera Temple is modest, making it an accessible destination for tourists on a budget. The entrance fee for foreigners is approximately 150 EGP, and for locals, it is 15 EGP. The additional cost of hiring a tour guide is recommended as the temple has a rich history, and a guide can provide additional insights and information about the site. The cost of hiring a tour guide varies, but it generally ranges from 100 to 200 EGP.
It is important to note that the cost of visiting the Dendera Temple varies depending on the time of year you visit. During peak tourism season (November to March), prices tend to increase, with tour guides charging a premium for their services. Thus, travelers must factor in these costs when planning their visit.
When planning a visit to the Dendera Temple, one of the most important pieces of information is its opening time and days. The temple is open every day of the week from 6 am to 5 pm, except for some religious holidays when it may close earlier. This schedule provides visitors ample time to explore the beautiful temple complex and learn about its rich history.
Visiting the temple in the morning is advisable as it tends to get crowded during the day, and the harsh Egyptian sun can make the experience less enjoyable. However, the temple is well-equipped with shaded areas and seating options, a welcome respite from the heat.
It is worth noting that some areas of the temple may have restricted access due to ongoing restoration work or renovations. Additionally, the temple may periodically close for maintenance work or special events. It is advisable to check the temple's website or social media channels for any updates or alerts before planning a visit.
The Dendera temple is renowned for its distinctive architectural style, which portrays a combination of different cultures, including Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences. The temple has several unique features, including its façade, which is decorated with large columns, intricate carvings, and detailed reliefs. The columns are topped with elaborate and finely detailed Hathor heads, interspersed with intricate floral patterns.
Another notable feature of the temple is its hypostyle hall, which boasts an impressive ceiling of intricate, star-patterned carvings. The hall also houses an eye-catching relief of Cleopatra VII and her son, Caesarean, who were believed to have been temple patrons.
Further inside the temple lies the sanctuary of Hathor, considered the most sacred part of the temple. It features a large black granite shrine, which is said to have once housed a gold statue of the goddess. The sanctuary's walls are adorned with elaborate carvings and hieroglyphics dedicated to the goddess and the pharaohs who contributed to the temple's construction.
Regarding safety, the Dendera Temple has generally considered a safe place to visit. As with any tourist destination, it is always important to be aware of your surroundings and take basic safety precautions, such as keeping an eye on your belongings and not wandering alone in unfamiliar areas. However, there have been no reports of major safety concerns or incidents at the temple.
The area around the temple is generally very peaceful, with little to no crime reported. The temple is located in a rural area of Egypt, far away from the hustle and bustle of urban areas. This means that visitors are less likely to encounter any crime or danger.
When planning to visit the Dendera Temple in Egypt, it is essential to consider the recommended dress code to ensure that you are adequately dressed for the occasion. The temple is a sacred site, and visitors are expected to dress modestly out of respect for the site's religious significance. This means clothing should cover the shoulders and extend to the knees or beyond.
It is recommended to wear loose-fitting clothing that allows for easy movement and air circulation, especially during the hot months when temperatures can soar. Visitors should avoid tight-fitting clothes that cling to the body, as well as shorts, short skirts, tank tops, and sleeveless shirts. Clothing with offensive or graphic prints, as well as revealing clothing, should be avoided.
Both men and women are expected to dress modestly when visiting the Dendera Temple. Women should wear long skirts or dresses that cover the knees and shoulders, with a scarf or shawl to protect the head if needed. Alternatively, they can wear loose-fitting pants with a tunic or long blouse that extends below the hips. Men should wear long pants with a shirt that covers the shoulders.
When planning a trip to the Dendera Temple, it is important to consider the recommended level of fitness required to fully enjoy and explore this ancient Egyptian marvel. The Dendera Temple is a sprawling, complex structure that has stood for thousands of years, with many areas that require some degree of physical exertion to navigate. Visitors should aim to be in relatively good shape and be prepared to do some walking and climbing to experience all the temple fully has to offer.
While many parts of the temple are easily accessible, several areas may be more challenging for those with limited mobility or physical fitness. For example, the roof of the main temple is accessible via a steep, narrow staircase, while some of the chambers within the temple require visitors to crouch or crawl through tight spaces. Additionally, the temple complex covers a relatively large area, and visitors may need to walk considerable distances to move between different structures and features.
It is worth noting, however, that while some areas of the temple may be more challenging for some visitors, there are also plenty of areas that are accessible to all. For those with limited mobility, many sections of the temple can still be explored and enjoyed without the need for extensive walking or climbing.
If you're planning a visit to the Dendera Temple and are wondering how to get there from nearby landmarks, a few options are available. Situated in the small town of Dendera, the temple is located on the west bank of the Nile, around four kilometers southeast of the city of Qena in Upper Egypt.
If you're already in Qena, the easiest way to get to the temple is by road. You can hire a taxi or private car to take you directly from your hotel in Qena to the temple. The journey takes around 20-30 minutes and costs roughly 200-300 Egyptian pounds. Alternatively, if you prefer public transport, you can take a microbus or minibus from the local bus station in Qena.
If you're coming from Luxor, around 70 kilometers northwest of the temple, you can also take a taxi or private car. The journey takes around 90 minutes and costs roughly 500-700 Egyptian pounds. Alternatively, you can take a public bus to Qena and then change to a microbus or minibus to bring you the rest of the way.
Another option is to take a Nile River cruise from Luxor to Aswan or vice versa, which often includes a stop at the Dendera Temple as part of the itinerary. This is a popular way to see multiple sites along the Nile, including other temples, tombs, and museums, while enjoying the scenery and comfort of a cruise ship.
It's worth noting that if you're traveling during peak tourist season, typically from October to March, booking your transport in advance is advisable to avoid disappointment or delays. Also, be prepared for some hassle from touts and hawkers when arriving at the temple, as this is common at many tourist sites in Egypt.
Overall, getting to the Dendera Temple from nearby landmarks is relatively easy, with multiple options available depending on your budget and preferred mode of transport. Whether traveling solo or in a group, the journey will surely be an enjoyable and memorable part of your visit to this beautiful and ancient site.
At the stunning Dendera Temple in the heart of Egypt, visitors are greeted by Hathor's majestic presence. But what's truly fascinating is what she wears on her head - a crown adorned with sun disks and cow horns. What does it mean? Historians and archaeologists have long debated the significance, with some believing it represents her divine nature, while others argue it symbolizes her association with the stars and sky.
The temple of Dendera in Egypt was primarily constructed out of sandstone and limestone, with some parts also made of mud brick.
Dendera Temple, also known as the Temple of Hathor, is around 2,000 years old. The construction of the temple complex began during the reign of the Pharaoh Ptolemy VIII in 54 BC, and it continued to develop over the subsequent centuries.
This fun family adventure tour of Egypt includes the famous Pyramids & Sphinx in Cairo, the spectacular temples & tombs in Luxor, a short camel ride, beach time by the Red Sea, and a traditional felucca cruise along the Nile.
Need some travel inspiration or looking for some handy travel tips? Our blog provides excellent insight into our travel destinations - from tour updates to country guides, packing lists to little known things to do, you'll find it all in our travel blog.
The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is an ancient Egyptian monument dedicated to Queen Hatshepsut, the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is an ancient Egyptian antiquity & one of the seven wonders of the world. If you're wondering what's inside its hidden corridor, or would like to experience it yourself, read this guide.
The Khan el-Khalili Bazaar is one of the oldest markets in Egypt, selling Egyptian souvenirs, antiques & more. If you're planning a trip to Cairo, exploring the Khan el Khalili Market is a must.
The Saqqara Pyramid located southwest of Cairo was the vast necropolis of the Ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis. Learn more about Egypt's oldest pyramid & the burial ground of the Pharaoh Djoser.
Looking for things to do in Hurghada? This guide will provide you with everything you need to know before visiting this Red Sea resort town.
The Jerash Ruins in Jordan near Amman is one of the best preserved Roman ruins on the planet. If you're planning on heading to this ancient city to see the ruins of Jerash, this guide is for you.
Kerak Castle is one of the largest Crusader Castles in Jordan. This guide will tell you everything you need to know about this once famous Crusader stronghold. | <urn:uuid:e513f6bf-dc37-4b52-ac75-0bb576b01ff3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.encounterstravel.com/blog/dendera-temple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.957619 | 5,240 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Goos's father, Abraham Goos (1590-1643), is known for globes, land and sea maps. In the beginning Pieter was mainly working for Petrus Kaerius, C.J. Visscher, John Speed, Henricus Hondius and Johannes Janssonius. His first own work, De Lichtende Columne ofte Zee-Spiegel, was published in 1650. verscheen in 1650.
This is an early depiction of Hokkaido and the Islands to the North of Japan. It is based mainly on the findings of the expedition under de Vries in 1643 during which the socalled "Compagnies Land" was claimed. | <urn:uuid:f6944e24-6aff-47db-860e-916e60c7b2a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://wolfgangmichel.web.fc2.com/serv/eujap/maps/goos/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.957509 | 146 | 2.875 | 3 |
The 33 Chilean miners who were trapped underground after their mine collapsed in August 2010 spurred an impromptu experiment, of sorts, into treatments for fungal foot infections.
Socks containing copper particles treated the fungal infections the workers suffered better than anti-fungal creams, suggests a report published today in the journal Archives of Dermatology.
Within two weeks of living in the hot and humid conditions, many of the miners began to experience skin problems in their feet. The socks, made by Cupron, Inc., were donated to the miners after antifungal cream failed to relieve their skin problems. Many of the miners reported their skin problems completely resolved within a week of trying on the socks, according to the report.
The sock fibers were "impregnated" with copper oxide, a known anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent.
The socks may be useful in preventing athlete's foot, particularly in miners, who have high rates of the condition (upward of 90 percent), the researchers say. The socks may also benefit policemen, soldiers, sailors and others whose feet are exposed to harsh environments, they say.
However, experts say the results are preliminary, and more rigorous work is needed to demonstrate the socks' benefit.
One of the study researchers is employed by Cupron, Inc.
Preventing foot fungus
The Chilean miners received the socks after being trapped for 36 days, and were rescued from the mine after 69 days.
Upon rescue, three of the miners had athlete's foot, seven had dry skin on the soles of their feet, two had fungal infections on their skin, three had itchy blisters on their hands and feet and one had nail fungus.
"Overall, their skin condition, especially on their feet…was extremely good despite 69 days of exposure to an environment that promoted the growth of skin-damaging microbes," the researchers wrote in their report.
Nineteen of the miners later completed a questionnaire regarding their experience with the Cupron socks.
Those miners reported a significant reduction in discomfort, dry skin, irritation and scaling after wearing the socks. For instance, 13 out of 14 miners who said they had previously experienced dry skin while in the mine said that the condition disappeared after wearing the socks.
More work needed
"The findings are encouraging," said Dr. Shasa Hu, assistant professor of dermatology and cutaneous surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study. But a number of issues with the study prevent researchers from knowing whether these socks are really effective.
For one, the miners were not assessed during the study, so the researchers can't say for sure the skin discomfort and irritation experienced in the mine were in fact related to a fungal infection, Hu said. Normally, a patient's skin can be evaluated and tested for fungus infection, Hu said, but this was not possible while the miners were trapped.
In addition, the results are based on the miner's recollections of their experience, which may not have been what actually happened, Hu said.
Future studies would also need to compare a group of people treated with the socks to a group that receives a different treatment, or no treatment, Hu said.
The study was published in the January issue of the journal Archives of Dermatology.
Pass it on: Socks that contain copper particles may ward off foot fungus, but more rigorous studies are needed to prove this. | <urn:uuid:c7431da8-9671-43c6-9b60-23bf2405a4ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.livescience.com/17970-copper-socks-foot-fungus-prevention.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889567.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120102905-20180120122905-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.982497 | 706 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Emancipation Proclamation, the document that called for the abolition of slavery and changed the course of U.S. history, is on view for the first time in its entirety.
The faded and brittle document will only make a brief public appearance. Unlike the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, which are on permanent display, the Emancipation Proc-lamation has been viewed by the public only once before in the past 60 years.This time it will be displayed at the National Archives for less than 40 hours. Conservators say this is because the earlier documents were drafted on parchment, or animal skin, while the proclamation was written on paper, which is vulnerable to heat and light.
Archives officials predict 30,000 people will view the five-page document during its five-day display.
Issued by President Abraham Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared that "all persons held as slaves . . . shall be thenceforward and forever free."
The document earned Lincoln the title the Great Emancipator. In fact, his famous proclamation did not free anyone. But it was the catalyst that ignited the move to dismantle the institution of slavery. It wasn't until two years later, in 1865, that Congress passed the 13th Amendment outlawing slavery.
Scholars agree Lincoln made the decision to issue the proclamation on practical, not moral, grounds. Faced with a devastating civil war, Lincoln had a serious political dilemma. If he freed the slaves he might lose the pro-slavery border states to the Confederacy. If he didn't, he'd risk losing the support of Britain and France, where anti-slavery sentiment was high.
As it was written, the document had little impact on the well-entrenched slave system. | <urn:uuid:7c216fa4-3746-4134-bfb9-52d43708a266> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.deseret.com/1993/1/1/19024481/emancipation-proclamation-is-on-view | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.966795 | 370 | 4.125 | 4 |
There are two ways in which States can support this new system for the promotion of peace through criminal justice: by ratifying the Kampala amendments, and by implementing them.
Current and future States Parties to the Rome Statute should ratify the amendments to facilitate the activation of the Court’s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. There is no reason to wait with ratification, in particular as domestic ratification procedures can be very lengthy. Every ratification sends a signal about the importance of the amendments to other States Parties and thus contributes to a global momentum to ratify. The ICC can only take up its functions with respect to the crime of aggression if States empower it to do so through at least 30 ratifications, and through a one-time activation decision in 2017.
All States, not just States Parties to the Rome Statute, should also consider including the definition of the crime of aggression in their domestic criminal codes, thereby empowering their own judiciary to help deter acts of aggression. Some two dozen States already had such criminal provisions prior to the Kampala Conference. Since then, some States have added such provisions in their criminal codes or aligned their domestic criminal codes with the internationally agreed and negotiated definition of aggression in the Rome Statute, and others are in the process of doing so.
Setting up domestic laws to help prevent the worst crime under international law should be a priority for all States that wish to promote the rule of law. Future acts of aggression must be deterred, and future perpetrators should not go unpunished due to missing or insufficient domestic legal standards. All leaders should have to consider the legality of their actions carefully before deciding to use force against another State. | <urn:uuid:742b7e63-b4fe-44dc-b5ae-d6e387ee9be6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://crimeofaggression.info/the-role-of-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464054915149.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524015515-00219-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956066 | 334 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is a paradigm shift?
The idea of a paradigm shift has been hijacked by advertising agencies and used to describe everything from a new smartphone, to a lower fat cheese. But in science, the idea of a paradigm shift has a slightly more nuanced meaning.
Physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn coined the term in 1962 in his book “the structure of scientific revolutions”. He argues that science does not progress in a linear fashion, gradually increasing knowledge, actually science progresses through leaps followed by periods of consolidation.
Science progressing through the development of theories, which describe all observable phenomena. The great thing about scientific theories is that they make predictions which can be tested. The better the theory, the more accurate the predictions. Unfortunately, the better we know an area, the more we push our theories to the very limits of their applicability, and then something strange but predictable happens; the theories start to fail around the very edges of knowledge.
A few unusual findings do not fundamentally alter a theory, but when scientists see a pattern of new knowledge not fitting a known theory it is a clear sign that their theory is either wrong, or at best incomplete.
Ptolemaic cosmology had served mankind brilliantly for millennia, it has survived the rise and fall of dozens of empires, and fueled all of these empires by allowing their farmers to know when to plant crops due to its precise and accurate predictions of the seasons and the months. Unfortunately, it’s prediction of the movement of other objects in the heavens was flawed, leading Copernicus to realise that the Sun, not the earth was in fact at the center of the solar system.
Similar paradigm shifts have occurred with Pasteur’s germ theory of disease, Einstein’s general relativity, Mendel’s understanding of genetic heritability, and a host of others.
Psychotherapy: stuck for 60 years.
It is my contention that psychotherapy research is sitting on the precipice of a paradigm shift that needs to happen. It seems like almost every other week we as therapists are hit with another piece of research evidence that does not neatly fit into our known worldview and theory as to how therapeutic change occurs. These results do not appear to be fabrications and are not driven by shoddy science, yet our current theories are not adequate to explain them.
The evidence-based practice paradigm that I believe we are currently nearing the end, has served psychology well since its inception at the Boulder conference in 1949. In brief, this theory argues that psychological disorders can be categorised, these disorders can then have targeted treatments developed to treat them, these interventions can then be rigorously evaluated using the scientific method in order to determine their effectiveness.
It is this paradigm that has given us the dominant model of cognitive and behavioural therapy (CBT), but it is also this paradigm that has given us Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Schema Therapy, Dialectic Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) and about 150 others.
When i say, this paradigm has served us well, I mean it. Thanks to the rigorous evaluation work of literally thousands of researchers in psychotherapy, we are now able to quantify the effectiveness of psychotherapy. We are able to demonstrate how effective therapy is compared to drugs (often as good, sometimes better), and we as practitioners are able to consult a canon of evidence-based resources that give us a basic foundation of how to treat just about any client presenting with any known disorder.
The problem is that the paradigm is starting to break down around the edges as new findings emerge. There are now a number of indisputable truths in psychotherapy research that do not neatly fit within the evidence-based practice paradigm and are robust enough to not be easily explained away as idiosyncratic results due to experimental error.
Problem 1 – Technique does not seem to matter
Evidence-based practice (EBP) worked brilliantly when we were only comparing one technique to either wait-list, no treatment, or medication. CBT seems to nearly always deliver the goods. When we introduced other techniques EBP still worked really well, they worked too. As therapists, we seemed blessed with an abundance of riches. Where things started to go wrong was when we started comparing treatments to each other. The result was nearly always the same; a statistical dead heat.
Problem 2 Even non-techniques seem to work
Surely I am not the only one who finds it troubling that some of the non-techniques that we have used as comparison groups in our research seem to work just as well as the actual technique they are being compared to. Of course the most famous of these is Interpersonal Therapy, which emerged from its status as a placebo sham therapy in the collaborative depression research trial (CDRP) into full-blown evidence-based treatment in its own right. But for depression, in particular, it seems that nearly anything works, whether it has a scientific underpinning or not.
Problem 3 – Our techniques don’t seem to always work for the reasons that they should work
For our theories to be valid, then the mechanism of change should be predicted by the theory. EMDR is one of the best examples of the failings of process research in our field. Supposedly, the eye movement during trauma exposure allows the brain to reprocess trauma in a less overwhelming fashion. Unfortunately, it seems to work whether or not you include the eye movement. But before we get on our high horse and start attacking EMDR, try looking at the process research in some of the other therapies in the canon of evidence-based practice, and tell me how often can they demonstrate that they work for the reasons they should.
Problem 4 – Diagnosis doesn’t seem to matter
In medicine, diagnosis is critical. Some types of cancers respond better or worse to some types of cancer treatments. Getting the diagnosis correct is a critical part of the treatment protocol, and can literally be the difference between life and death. However, in our largest treatment studies, diagnosis doesn’t seem to predict outcome, and despite a significant investment of time and research into the idea of treatment matching, it doesn’t look as though we can predict which clients respond to which treatments with any degree of consistency.
Problem 5 – Placebo is huge (both placebo and allegiance)
If our EBP paradigm were correct, it would predict that exposure to an evidence-based treatment would be one of the leading contributors toward a positive outcome. However, our research seems to indicate that the degree to which patients believe therapy is going to be beneficial is at least as important and possibly more important than exposure to treatment.
This is not to denigrate placebo effect. One of my favourite papers is titled “If the placebo effect is all in your head does that mean you only think you are getting better”. We know that placebo is real and is a real contributor to outcomes right across the health professions. However, the comparative size of placebo in psychotherapy should give pause if nothing else.
There is also another type of placebo effect called allegiance effects, which is whether the therapist believes in the treatment or not. When the therapist believes in a treatment type, it is more likely to work. Both of these findings should be hugely troubling for our current paradigm.
Problem 6 – Outcomes are stuck and have been for 60 years
The beauty of a functioning paradigm is that it allows progress to be made. When JFK said we would put a man on the moon, no one had any doubt that it was possible; the physics worked, the material science worked, the computers worked. There was a question as to whether we could do it that quickly, but there was no question it could be done. Can we put a man on Mars? Absolutely. Can we send a man to Alpha Centauri? …
Well, now we are reaching the limit of that paradigm. Until someone comes along and figures out a new propulsion mechanism, and figures out a solution to the speed limit imposed by general relativity (and the time dilation effects that go with it) we are stuck pretty close to our sun for now.
In psychotherapy the equivalent questions are; are you sure that psychotherapy works? Absolutely. Can you tell me how to make therapy more effective for more people? …
Again we bump into the limit of what is currently known.
The outcome research suggests that we have not improved our overall effectiveness since the 1950s. This screams of hitting the limits of our current paradigm and waiting for the new innovation that will carry us forward.
Problem 7 – Inconvenient findings keep coming up from other disciplines that don’t fit with the model
LIke many psychologists, I had happily accepted the received wisdom that stomach ulcers were caused by an acid build up caused by stress. I will be the first to put my hand up to say that in the late 1990’s and early 2000s, I along with thousands of others delivered stress management programs to ulcer sufferers.
In 2005, two Australian researchers from Perth, Marshall and Warren were awarded a Nobel prize in medicine for their pioneering work demonstrating that actually most ulcers were caused by the Helicobacter Pylori bacteria, and were far more efficaciously treated with antibiotics than therapy.
There is currently mounting evidence that the disorders we commonly know as anxiety and depression are strongly linked with the type of good bacteria living in your gut (the microbiome theory), and that is without even beginning to scrape the surface of the findings that are coming out almost weekly from our colleagues in neuroscience, genetics, and epigenetics.
So what is the place for psychotherapy going forward
Clearly, psychotherapy works. The data is too voluminous and the methodology too rigorous to refute that canon of research. However, the problems listed above have created more than a healthy skepticism, and for some have led to downright cynicism.
Too often when I am presenting workshops, I hear a downright dismissal of the scientific method. In these scenarios, a therapist will typically point out that the approach they use “might not be scientific, but I just see how helpful it is with all of my clients”. When I try and call them back to the body of science, they will point to any one of the recognised limitations listed above, and point out that clearly, scientific method is wrong-headed and that i’m standing on shaky intellectual ground defending it.
While I can understand this type of reasoning, it is fundamentally flawed. The scientific method is not flawed, but our EBP paradigm is showing its age, and currently, there is nothing better to replace it.
I dont have the answer, and am not writing this paper to propose what the next paradigm should be. But if you are a smart young PhD student right now, I wouldn’t mind you at least considering taking this on as a challenge, because one of you is going to come up with a theory of psychopathology and of therapeutic change that both deepens our understanding of how therapy is so successful, but also allows us to understand the reasons it doesn’t seem to work exactly as our current theory would predict.
Rather, I write this paper to consider the best course for the professional therapist right now. We know we are working within a paradigm that has probably reached its used by date, but we also know that there is nothing new to replace it on the immediate horizon.
“Technique doesn’t matter, and it’s all about relationship” is, in my opinion, a misreading of the data, and i fear that we are entering a period where unprofessional, unscientific and in some cases unethical treatments are being offered by well meaning therapists simple because they have thrown the baby out with the bathwater. Because the current paradigm is failing around the edges, it doesn’t mean it is fundamentally wrong, it simply means that more work is needed to get a more complete understanding and develop a theory of therapeutic change that can incorporate the current limitations of the model
In the meantime, “practice based evidence” has become more important now than ever. If you don’t trust the current research findings, great, conduct your own research. It is my contention that in the current uncertainty it is now more important than ever to conduct routine outcome evaluation.
Just because our current paradigm has reached its practical limits, it doesn’t mean that the scientific method has. | <urn:uuid:af19258e-d2a8-4ff7-97b7-87b5ff946c86> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.aaronfrost.com.au/psychotherapy-waiting-for-a-paradigm-shift/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880243.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702205206-20200702235206-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.965288 | 2,555 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Teachers plan lessons every day, considering their curriculum, the topics they will address, and what has worked well with their students in the past. Teachers can choose from different instructional approaches, such as direct instruction, open discussion, and others, but which approach is the most effective? Does the best instructional approach depend on the subject?
An NBER working paper by Simon Burgess, Shenila Rawal, and Eric Taylor seeks to link teacher's choices of instructional practices with student achievement by observing classrooms in public secondary schools.
The experiment was straightforward: observers in 2,700 secondary classrooms in England were given a list of activities, such as "open discussion among students and teacher" or "use of white board by teacher," and noted how often teachers used them during a 15-20 minute observation. These specific activities were grouped under categories of instructional approaches (e.g., "open discussions among students and teacher" was grouped under "student-peer interaction"). Each teacher was typically observed eight times over two years and scored by three different observers, who were all also teachers participating in the study. They compared this data against General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) test scores and longer-run measures like future earnings for evidence of student outcomes.
Overall, the observations showed teachers' choice of instructional activities are largely unrelated to the subject being taught or the characteristics of students being taught. In math, teachers used more practice and assessment, and in English they used more activities related to student-peer interactions, but both types of approaches were frequently used in both subjects.
While the choice of instructional approaches appeared somewhat haphazard, the instructional activity chosen by teachers does lead to better outcomes in different subjects. For instance, in math, more time spent on practice and assessment was associated with better achievement outcomes, while in English, more student-peer interactions produced stronger student outcomes. These outcomes were "educationally and economically meaningful," as they contributed significantly to a student's GCSE scores and predicted future earnings and college going.
The study also found instructional activities chosen by a teacher could predict student achievement, independent of their teaching skills, as measured on a Danielson observation rubric. Therefore, even less-skilled teachers (as measured by observations) may help their students achieve greater outcomes if they spend their time on the right activities.
The study also found that factoring in student characteristics (e.g., prior academic performance or exposure to poverty), the relationship between teachers' instructional activities and students' outcomes held, suggesting that the choice of instructional activity matters regardless of student characteristics.
While this study was completed in a secondary context, the findings suggest homing in on specific pedagogical choices can have a lasting impact on student outcomes. However, we need to be cautious when applying the study's findings to an elementary context, where explicit, systematic instruction in foundational skills may be critical. This methodology of linking instructional approaches to student outcomes is an exciting one; researchers and curriculum developers should consider how it may be applicable to specific subjects, grades, and curricula to determine the best approaches to teaching various aspects of a subject or course. | <urn:uuid:67810a8b-863e-41de-a250-b01a365a88e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.nctq.org/blog/Linking-teachers-instructional-choices-to-student-success | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.971279 | 627 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Monday, December 23rd, 2013
About a month ago, I was teaching my ancient art students about the Colosseum in Rome. I pointed out the exits located the certain seating sections, embedded within the tiers of seats. This exit, I explained to my students, is called a vomitorium because it is the place where the crowd can “spew forth” and exit the arena. In a way, I think vomitoria are a good example of how Romans were thoughtful engineers, even down to crowd control.
After explaining this term, though, I had a student raise his hand and explain that he learned in high school that a vomitorium is a specific room where Romans would go to vomit during a meal, so that the Romans could continue to eat more food afterward. Another student chimed in and mentioned that she learned this same information in a History of Theater class. I had never heard of this type of Roman room or an alternate definition of vomitorium apart from what I already knew in relation to the exits in an ampitheater, so after class I went online to check.
I quickly learned that these two students were familiar with a popular definition vomitorium that is incorrect. There are several sites which mention this misconception of the term, and THIS ONE seems to be the most concise in its explanation. More scholarly and detailed discussion is located in an archived webpage from the American Philological Association (a group dedicated to Greek/Roman classical studies). For a greater history of this term and its use, see the comment left by Bruce at the end of this post. Bruce points out that Macrobius (in his work “Saturnalia” from the 5th century CE) uses vomitoria to describe places where men “pour forth” to their seats.
It’s interesting that to date we do not have an example of the word vomitoria (or one of its variants like vomitorium) in earlier examples of Roman architectural writing. Perhaps later writers and historians, starting in the 17th and 18th centuries, latched onto this term because it also could wittily reference Roman dining habits. We do know that excessive eating and vomiting was sometimes described as part of the dining experience in ancient Rome (found in writings of Seneca, Suetonius, Cicero; see some more details HERE). There is even a BBC show for children includes a discussion of Roman dinner habits (see 1:21 in particular), although luckily the there isn’t a misuse of the term vomitorium here:
The American Philological Association pinpoints why the incorrect definition of vomitorium has become popular over recent centuries: “The prevalence of the [incorrect definition of] ‘vomitorium,’ attests to the flexibility of its appeal: a vivid metaphor for decadence, a proud emblem of emancipation from the conventions of society, an attempt to associate a new field with the prestige of antiquity. Although some authors do cite references, in each separate field the earliest source refers to the ‘Roman vomitorium’ as something that ‘everybody knows.'”
There is concern that it is hard to combat this incorrect definition of the myth with the widespread amount of information available online. On one hand, I can see how this is true, because I did come across inaccurate information. I do hope, though, that commonly-checked sites like Wikipedia (which currently discusses the misinterpretation of the term) can help to dispel these misconceptions. Any other thoughts on how to help clarify this widespread vomitorium myth and teach the correct meaning of the term? On one hand, I’m a little disappointed that I am out-of-touch enough with pop culture that I was not familiar with this myth before this quarter (even my husband said that he had heard of the “vomiting room”), but I’m also really pleased that I only was familiar with the correct definition of the term! | <urn:uuid:f0bd9828-794f-48f9-abbc-daef306db4e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://albertis-window.com/2013/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.96651 | 819 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Article: article from journal or magazin.
Evolution of isochores in rodents.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
The most deviant isochore pattern within mammals was found in rat and mouse; most other mammals possess a different kind of isochore organization called the "general pattern." However, isochore patterns remain largely unknown in rodents other than mouse and rat. To investigate the taxonomic distribution of isochore patterns in rodents, we sequenced the nuclear gene LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase) from 17 rodents species (bringing the total of LCAT sequences in rodent to 19) and compared their GC contents at third codon positions and in introns. We also analyzed an extensive sequence database from rodents other than rat and mouse. All murid LCAT sequences are much poorer in GC than all nonrodent LCAT sequences, and the hamster sequence database shows exactly the same isochore pattern as rat and mouse. Thus, all murids share the same special isochore pattern--GC homogenization. LCAT sequences are GC-poor in hystricomorphs too, but the guinea pig sequence database indicates that large changes in GC content occur without an overall modification of the isochore pattern. This novel mode of isochore evolution is called GC reordering. LCAT sequences also show that the evolution of isochores in sciurids and glirids is nonconservative in comparison with that in nonrodents. Thus, at least two novel patterns of isochore evolution were found. No rodent investigated to date shared the general mammalian pattern.
Animals, Chickens/genetics, Cricetinae, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, Genetic Markers, Guinea Pigs/genetics, Mammals/genetics, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Multigene Family, Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics, Phylogeny, Rats, Rodentia/classification, Rodentia/genetics, Sciuridae/genetics, Species Specificity
Web of science
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Exoplanet discoveries have been coming fast and furious for several years now, thanks in large part to increasingly power telescope technology that allows us to study the heavens in greater detail than ever. Many of the exoplanets that astronomers spot are very clearly inhospitable to life due to their distance from their star, or the chemical signatures we are able to detect from afar, but Ross 128 b, located just 11 light years away, is much different.
Ross 128 b is a planet orbiting the star Ross 128 (see how that works?), and it’s within what is known as the “goldilocks” zone, which is the distance from its host star that would make its surface neither too not nor too cold to support life. Scientists have known about Ross 128 b’s location for some time already, but new research is giving even more weight to the theory that the planet could indeed be an Earth-alike.
Because Ross 128 b is such a rare case — orbiting a bizarrely inactive red dwarf star that is calm enough to potentially allow life to take root on its nearby planet — scientists wanted to figure out what the planet is actually made of. In order to do that, they took a closer look at the star that it orbits. The work was published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.
In a planetary system, the star and the planets that surround it are largely made of the same kind of material. The chemical composition of the star is a good indicator for how much of various elements is present within the planets that surround it, and scientists can study the light that the star produces to get a rough idea of what’s inside. Ross 128 is looking very, very promising.
The star is smaller than our Sun, but it has comparable levels of iron. Combining that with a measurement of the star’s magnesium levels, the team was able to determine that its nearby planet is almost certainly rocky, like Earth, and it might even be larger than our own planet. Using size estimates, the planet’s levels of heat and light exposure were also calculated, and the planet falls well within the limits to support life as we know it on Earth.
“It’s exciting what we can learn about another planet by determining what the light from its host star tells us about the system’s chemistry,” lead researcher Diogo Souto explains. “Although Ross 128 b is not Earth’s twin, and there is still much we don’t know about its potential geologic activity, we were able to strengthen the argument that it’s a temperate planet that could potentially have liquid water on its surface.” | <urn:uuid:27d19c26-3b0a-4c68-a8c0-f7374fa1328e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.techheadlines.us/nearby-exoplanet-ross-128-b-is-looking-more-and-more-like-earths-bigger-cousin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583508988.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015080248-20181015101748-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.971929 | 550 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Do you remember how you used to do your revisions in school and after? Which way was the most effective for you? Do you commit everything to memory, use mindmaps, make a recording of your teacher or lecturer’s lessons or carry around note cards to read on the way to school and back? Well, it turns out that the way one student studies may differ from the way a classmate does because there are different styles of learning we are individually adept for.
There are essentially four types:
- visual learners,
- auditory learners,
- read and write learners, and
- kinesthetics learners.
Each function is clearly illustrated and explained in today’s featured infographic by onlinecollege.org. You will get learning suggestions and find out which tests you are likely to excel better in than others. This will also be a helpful guide to today’s educators, especially those who are adamant that there is only one way to revise.
Tell us which is your learning style.
Spot an infographic you think will be a perfect fit here? Send the link to us with relevant details and we’ll credit you with the find. | <urn:uuid:6a3f6559-8422-47b2-b353-25b65f60834d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/type-of-learner-infographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.957042 | 236 | 3.6875 | 4 |
What Does Cannabidiol Do?
What does cannabidiol do? In this article, you will learn where you can get cannabis, what is in cannabis, and whether it’s good for you. Cannabis is a wonder plant that can have many benefits for your mental health and physical well-being. In addition, it contains a substance that can boost your immune system.
where can you get cannabis
Cannabidiol is a compound that is found in the cannabis plant. It is extracted from cannabis and hemp. Cannabis is legal in the United States if the THC content is 0.3% or less. You can find CBD in a variety of forms, including food, tinctures, and oils. While THC is the most famous ingredient of cannabis, there are other cannabinoids in the plant that have medicinal properties.
Some products are sold without a prescription, so check the label. Some contain a lot of THC. Be aware that high-THC cannabis can lead to panic attacks, hallucinations, and other symptoms. Also, remember that the drug laws of your state may prohibit the sale of cannabis products that contain THC.
There are some cases in which medical marijuana can reduce seizures, especially in those with epilepsy. There is still much research to be done, but some people with epilepsy have reported relief. Medical cannabis may be the best option for patients with seizures that have become uncontrollable with traditional medication. Providing access to medical cannabis is an important step in promoting research and allowing individuals to take advantage of its medicinal benefits.
what does cannabidiol do
Cannabidiol is a chemical found in cannabis that is used in a wide variety of products. It is widely used as a natural alternative to traditional medications and is especially helpful in treating arthritis and inflammatory skin disease. It is non-psychoactive and is often combined with other prescription drugs for pain management.
Studies have shown that cannabidiol has therapeutic benefits in a wide variety of conditions, including fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and migraines. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, and anti-anxiety properties. It also regulates the production of white blood cells, which helps the immune system fight off infections. This is very important in today’s world, where we need our immune systems to function optimally.
In addition to its many benefits, CBD is widely available in many forms. It can be found in food and supplements. It is extracted from hemp or marijuana, and can be used in tinctures or oils for various health problems.
how can cannabis help mental health
There’s a growing body of research into how cannabis can help mental health. One recent study published in the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine showed that most participants in the study saw a short-term antidepressant effect from cannabis. This study was the largest of its kind, and measured the effects of cannabis flower on self-reported depression symptoms. The study also found that participants reported improved sleep and quality of life, and a reduction in pain.
In the modern world, mental health is just as important as physical fitness. However, mental health was long overlooked and has only recently been given much attention. More recent research has shown that medical cannabis has several beneficial effects on human health, including reductions in pain, muscle spasticity, and chemotherapy-induced nausea. It has also been shown to be a neuroprotective substance that can alleviate symptoms of intractable childhood epilepsy. Yet, its full potential as a therapeutic drug is still unknown.
Cannabis’ anti-inflammatory properties are also helping to treat neuroinflammatory diseases. Stress puts tremendous pressure on the body, causing blood pressure to rise, pupils to dilate, and heart rate to accelerate. Cannabis can also help people suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a condition that stems from a traumatic event in the past. It can help people suffering from insomnia, recurrent nightmares, and other mental disorders by boosting the production of serotonin in the brain.
how can cannabis be good for you
Marijuana has numerous health benefits, and is often considered a natural cure for various ailments. The chemical compound CBD found in cannabis works with neuroreceptors in the endocannabinoid system, which regulates our movement, mood, and homeostasis. It can also help control the fight-or-flight response. Cannabis is widely available as a topical supplement, and is used in many medical practices. Among its health benefits, CBD has been shown to reduce inflammation. It can also help regulate insulin and reduce blood pressure.
While it’s important to remember that different people react differently to cannabis, there are many benefits. For instance, it can reduce stress and help relieve anxiety and depression. It can also enhance your workouts and improve your recovery from workouts. It can even make you feel more motivated to exercise. Long-term use of cannabis has also been linked to a decreased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of cannabis on human health.
Cannabis is commonly used for medical reasons, such as chronic pain. Although it’s not powerful enough to relieve severe pain, it can be effective in alleviating symptoms. It’s safe to use and has fewer side effects than opiates, which are addictive. It can even be used to replace the use of NSAIDs. | <urn:uuid:12a84a51-7f9a-4303-97a3-6ee733cbbc67> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://grainedecannabis.net/2022/10/03/what-does-cannabidiol-do-32/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.965554 | 1,102 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Welcome to the New Year! It’s a great reminder for us to practice HealthBarn USA’s seven healthy habits. Practicing these good habits everyday will help you and your family be happy, strong, and of course, healthy!
- Eat fruits and vegetables. They have a lot of color that comes from vitamins and minerals, so when eating these colorful fruits and vegetables everyone gets strong and healthy.
- Exercise. Kids at HealthBarn say they like to ride a bike, clean their rooms, walk their dogs, and chase their brother or sister around the backyard. Sitting in front of the TV and computer doesn’t count for exercise — but gardening does and it burns a lot of calories, too!
- Eat breakfast. The most important meal of the day! Kids who eat breakfast do better in school and don’t get in as much trouble. If you are in a hurry, grab an apple, a banana or make the double thumbs up Sweet Potato Pancakes from Appetite for Life to make sure you are ready for the day.
- Get a good night sleep. Depending on their age, kids need approximately 10 hours of sleep each night. Many kids tell us that they have trouble sleeping because of nightmares, pets, or siblings. Families need to work as a team to help kids get the sleep they need. Being really tired can make it hard to concentrate in school and makes kids more likely to have accidents.
- Family meals. Do you eat a meal and watch TV at the same time? It’s important to eat at the table, turn-off all “devices” and of course, practice your manners! It’s a great time to tell parents, siblings, grandparents and babysitters about the day. If the TV is on, the lines of communication are not open with the most important people in our lives.
- Brush and floss teeth. Washing hands is important to get rid of germs, but your mouth can really load up with germs and bad bacteria if you’re not brushing and flossing everyday! Bonus: your heart benefits, too!
- Recycle. Being healthy includes looking after the planet, too! We are all about practicing the 4 R’s — reduce, reuse, recycle and respect at HealthBarn USA. We love to compost our fruit and veggie scraps to make healthy soil because it creates strong and nutritious plants for people to eat and to get healthy, too – how cool is that?
Practicing all of these healthy habits isn’t easy. Many kids tell us that eating fruits and vegetables and sleeping are their most challenging to do everyday. Being honest and talking about these habits is the first step to living a healthy lifestyle.
What habit do you find the most challenging? | <urn:uuid:7deb1ee3-c8fb-441f-b7b9-873fe1491341> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.healthbarnusa.com/practice-7-healthy-habits-everyday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499949.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201180036-20230201210036-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.949519 | 574 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Architectural Services play a significant role in the construction of any building or some other infrastructure. Such providers are best utilized within the industry of building for promotion purposes.
There is the wide range of services which aids in creating best layouts to improve buildings, landscape etc.. Right from conceptual phase till the time construction is assembled architectural services play a significant part.
Conceptual Architectural Layout
Conceptual Architectural Layout is the initial phase of any construction or Infrastructure construction stage. Conceptual Layout is usually created by means of an Architect in which he designs a construction conceptually. You can call Roger Ferris through http://www.ferrisarch.com/.
Construction Drawing and Drafting
After Profession designing is completed, a procedure of producing Construction Drawings for your construction begins. Construction Drawings are put of drawings made to ease construction stage. It is made of complete drawings constituting the entire building.
Building Information Modeling
Architectural Building Information Modeling is the main phase of any Structure undertaking. This procedure makes building significantly less time consuming and reduces costs. BIM basically means the collection of elements and information associated with construction of construction in one model.
Architectural 3D Modeling and Rendering
Architectural 3D Modeling and Rendering can be utilized for visually improving any design or construction picture. These versions are rendered to provide a photo-realistic feel utilizing V-RAY, Scanline etc.. These pictures can then be utilized for promotion purposes. | <urn:uuid:1dae865f-ac31-4156-ac12-0e798d93b8f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://atrealway.com/phases-of-architectural-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.895649 | 302 | 2.609375 | 3 |
To get the best results, your child should use an external mouse, not the touch pad on a laptop, and have headphones which fully cover their ears. If using an iPad then the exercises are accessed via the touch screen.
If using a laptop then it is essential to use an external mouse rather than the touch pad.
Why are these important? Clarity in auditory processing is essential. Students need to wear headphones when doing the programme. High quality Stereo Headphones with a padded headband and ear cups should cover the student’s ear fully. NB Do not use noise cancelling headphones OR wireless headphones. You should connect the headphones directly to the computer. Also, do not connect the headphones to the monitor; the sound may be degraded.
Any of the sets of headphones recommended for The Listening Program are suitable for use with Fast ForWord. These are: Sennheiser HD559, AKG K240 MKII or AKG K72.
NB you may need a plug adapter jack to connect the headphones to the loudspeaker socket on your device
‘‘Y’ Adaptor Plug
A stereo headphone Y’ adaptor/plug should be used to enable two headphones to be connected to the one port. This allows coaches/parents to listen without interrupting the child’s program.
A different set of headphones is required for Reading Assistant – we recommend Logitech H390 (ClearChat Comfort USB) headsets (note this headset is not suitable for use with Fast ForWord)
All headphones are widely available. | <urn:uuid:bf5648c1-17e1-4d52-9abd-852a3e8341ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://smartprocessing.co.uk/fast-forword/more-about-fast-forword/student-equipment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314721.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819093231-20190819115231-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.873015 | 317 | 2.625 | 3 |
Our kids are growing up in a technology driven world that we never imagined growing up. Cell phones, virtual reality, and laptops were some sci-fi fantasy for us. However, for our children it is all reality.
So, how do we prepare our children for this new world? The key to unlocking the mystery of technology today is coding. Coding is the language computers, apps, devices, etc. use to communicate. If we know that language, we can understand how technology works.
There are lots of resources available to teach kids from a very early age to code. We have used several and have been happy with them. My children have learned the very basics of coding because of them. However, these resources had limitations.
Recently, I was introduced to a new resource that actually addresses the limitations of the other coding resources we have used and makes the learning fun, as well.
Root is a robot that actually teaches coding. It be programmed to draw, erase, play music, and explore its world using over 50 sensors and actuators. Root itself does not do the teaching. That magic happens when you use Root Squared, Root’s programming interface.
Root Squared allows Root to work for any coding skill level and any age programmer. It uses three levels of coding proficiency — graphical blocks, computational constructs, and text programming. The user can use whichever level they feel comfortable at and switch between each level as their coding skills increase.
This building of knowledge makes Root unique. Users can start at a low level of programming basic commands, move up through using “if-then” sequences, and finally learn to actually write text code.
The other great thing about Root is the hands-on application of code. Users can immediately see their coding in action with the Root robot. With over 50 sensors and actuators to use with Root, users will always be challenged to do something new. Root will not be a resource that gets used once and put on the shelf.
Check out this video of how Root can be used to teach kids to code.
Help make Root a reality. Visit the Root kickstarter page to learn more and to be sure you are one of the first to get a Root robot of your own! | <urn:uuid:be43cd9c-dda4-45f8-945f-b31880bb6972> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://thehomeschoolscientist.com/coding-robotics-ages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304835.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125130117-20220125160117-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.951233 | 464 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The article is devoted to the development of a technique for determining the content of amylose and amylopectin, effective for potato starch. Since potato starch is an important renewable raw material for a number of industries, it is important to have a throughput approach that allows potato starch samples to be tested quickly for the content of its constituent polysaccharides for potato breeding for starch properties and for starch industrial application. The developed technique includes elements of previously disjointed procedures for dissolution and spectrophotometric determination of amylose in starch, and combines the following advantages: 1) starch samples dissolve in an organic solvent (0.5 % solution of lithium bromide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS)); 2) measurement of light absorption is performed at two wavelengths, 550 and 510 nm, and 3) the technique is adapted for use with a plate spectrophotometer. This procedure allows starch polysaccharides to avoid to avoid hydrolysis during dissolution, allows the precise spectrophotometric determination of the concentration of amylose complex with iodine in solution, and opens the possibility of using this technique for throughput phenotyping. Applying a certain dissolution procedure, it is also possible to avoid the formation of gelled starch clots in solutions for spectrophotometry, which is important for the preparation of solutions containing amylose and amylopectin in the same proportions as in the original starch. The technique was tested on starch isolated from potato tubers varieties Lina, Velikan, Golubizna, Favorit of domestic selection. The technique developed can be used for phenotyping starch of an extended set of potato varieties (determining the content and composition of amylose in potato starch samples) to identify “trait-genotype” associations.
- 4 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
- 3 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
- 1.06 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES | <urn:uuid:4c6431c0-ae34-4f62-9943-e502c3bdd185> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/a-modified-procedure-for-the-evaluation-of-the-amylose-and-amylop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.898438 | 403 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pediatricians at the University of Michigan firmly believe that immunizations are one of the most important medical breakthroughs of the last century. Vaccines are important for your child’s health. Vaccines save lives.
We are a Pro-Vaccine Practice. We expect parents to immunize their children according to the schedule recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Parents who refuse to vaccinate their children according to the recommended schedule will be required to sign a waiver and may not be a good fit for our practice.
The AAP and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) both recommend a vaccine schedule administering multiple immunizations at scheduled intervals and not “splitting” vaccines. Multiple shots and combination vaccines are utilized for three main reasons:
- to provide broad immunologic protection to children when they are young and most vulnerable to these serious diseases
- to minimize the absolute number of shots needed
- to minimize the number of office visits which could potentially expose children to other illnesses in the waiting room
Administration of simultaneous immunizations has been extensively studied and determined to be safe and effective. There is no negative effect on the childhood immune system. There is no medical benefit to splitting shots (and there is increased potential for harm by doing so).
We strongly support these recommendations. Non-standard vaccine schedules may lead to medical errors and increase risk to the under-vaccinated child. In addition, they pose a risk to other children who may come into contact with your child.
Parents who decline the recommended vaccine schedule will be required to sign a waiver stating that they are aware of the potential risks inherent in doing so (including, but not limited to, decreased immunity to potential life-threatening infections), as well as the lack of medical benefit from splitting shots. Families that choose to deviate from the recommended schedule should expect that we will discuss vaccination at every visit.
We are happy to provide you with evidence-based literature about vaccinations and direct you to reputable websites on vaccines. We are also available to answer any and all questions you may have about vaccinations. We ask that you schedule additional appointment time for these discussions if necessary. | <urn:uuid:7e6638b9-2f23-43a4-b0b4-7bc4f6f31178> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.mottchildren.org/conditions-treatments/general-peds/vaccines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589251.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716095945-20180716115945-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.950318 | 437 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Domenico Montagnana, Venice, c. 1730
The cello played by Alisa Weilerstein was made by Domenico Montagnana in Venice in around 1730. Dubbed the ‘Mighty Venetian’ by the novelist Charles Reade, Montagana has long been a favourite of leading cellists, including Emanuel Feuermann, Heinrich Schiff, Yo-Yo Ma, Misha Maisky and Boris Pergamenschikow. Cellos by Montagnana are slightly shorter in body length than the standard Stradivari model, but they are considerably broader in the bouts and waist, giving them exceptional manoeuvrability in higher positions while maintaining all the power and resonance needed to fill the largest halls.
In the 17th century, instrument making in Venice was dominated by foreign workers mostly hailing from Bavaria as evidenced by their surnames: Kaiser, Railich, Seelos and Straub. Originally from the town of Lendinara, Montagnana was the first significant Venetian maker to come from the Veneto region. During his reign as the leading maker in Venice, other talented makers were recruited from Cremona (Pietro Guarneri) and Bologna (Carlo Tononi).
Montagnana had access to the highest quality materials: deeply flamed maple, fine-grained spruce and an exceptional dark red-brown craquelled varnish. The 40-odd cellos of his that survive are as much a pleasure for the eyes as for the ears.
Commentary by Jason Price
Alisa Weilerstein, Wigmore Hall, Monday 28 October | <urn:uuid:885162a9-d2f2-480d-8a35-947a41e4dfb7> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://tarisio.com/digital_exhibition/alisa-weilerstein-montagnana-1730/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.960422 | 344 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Scenes are complex, but not random. We know that keyboards tend to be found below monitors, and that chimneys are not found on the lawn. While many vision scientists believe that this contextual knowledge aids recognition, we cannot understand the extent to which it helps without first measuring how much redundancy there is. Though mining a large, fully-labeled scene database, I have provided a first set of contextual statistics, including object frequency and conditional frequencies based on scene category (Greene, Frontiers in Perception Science, 2013).
The next logical step is to understand how human observers internalize these contextual statistics. I asked observers to rate the frequency with which various objects could be found in various scenes. Across six experiments, I found that object frequency was systematically over-estimated by an average of 32% (Greene, Cognition, 2016). | <urn:uuid:8e087672-01cd-4263-8bd0-71996eaee85f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.michellegreene.org/context/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479885.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216045013-20190216071013-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.95727 | 170 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Any word used in the definition of another word may be used in any of the senses by which it is defined. In most cases, the exact sense in which a word is being used in the definition should be able to be determined by the context of the definition as a whole. Sometimes more than one sense of a word used in an entry for another word will be applicable. This usually occurs if a word has two more closely related senses (such as an original literal sense and a figurative sense derived from it).
If it is not actually possible to determine the intended sense of a word from the context of the definition in which it appears, then this could be the result of a definition which is not as well-crafted as intended. When composing definitions, a considerable amount of effort is put into ensuring that they are as precisely and clearly worded as possible so that there is little chance for ambiguity or misunderstanding. | <urn:uuid:97ed695d-1a1f-4771-baf9-313363a888f5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://m.hackers.co.kr/?m=bbs&bid=TOEIC_QA&uid=8371 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.970569 | 183 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The number one reason why guppies stay in the corner of the aquarium is that the guppy fish are stressed. When stressed, guppies can huddle in a corner, stay at the bottom, or float at the top of the tank and stay completely still.
Reason Why Guppies Stay in the Corner of Tank
- Moving to a new habitat.
- Poor water temperature. A heater is good to keep temperatures steady.
- Small or overcrowded aquarium.
- Lack of plants and hiding places.
- Aggressive tank mates.
- Poor water condition (toxic, dirty).
- Sickness or diseases.
Reason Why Guppies Float At The Top of Tank
When guppies keep swimming at the top of the aquarium it is because they are struggling to get oxygen in the water. Warm water, above 86 °F (30 °C), lowers the oxygen level in the water. In this situation, your guppies will gasp for air at the surface.
You can get a pump or adjust the water temperature accordingly. Overcrowding and pollution also cause oxygen levels to decrease. Filters help in purifying the water so they would help to improve the water conditions.
Things To Consider
Ammonia burns are a very common problem in new aquariums. The tiniest amount of ammonia can harm and eventually cause your guppy fish to die.
Adding guppies to a brand new aquarium is not a good idea. You need to cycle the tank first. To speed up the process add nitrifying bacteria like API Quick Start.
Cycle refers to the nitrogen cycle which is where you allow enough good bacteria to grow on the filter media to break down ammonia and nitrite into nitrate. The process takes 4~6 weeks.
The only way to remove nitrates and other compounds from the water is through water change. So, do 30-50% water changes every week. A water conditioner like Seachem Prime can also be used to remove chlorine and other substances from tap water.
A note on female guppies. More than likely, the female guppy is about to give birth to her fry. Thus, if you see a female in the corner, it might be a good idea to remove her from the main tank and transfer her to a breeding box or solitary tank so that you can save the baby fry.
- Guppy Staying In Top Corner Of My Tank, Why? | My Aquarium Club
- Why are my guppies sitting in corners? – Aquarium Advice
- Guppies Sitting In Corner – Freshwater Beginners – Fishlore
- Fish Gathering At Surface In The Corner Of The Tank | Fish Forums
- What Causes My Guppies to Swim at the Top of the Tank? | Nerd Aquarist | <urn:uuid:764fa4de-101e-4fe8-be66-e8990625ba47> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://drguppy.com/guppies-stay-in-corner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.908236 | 579 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The last research on the wealth of waters in countries throughout the world, conducted by the Institute for Water Resources (WRI) from Washington, showed that all Balkan countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, are found in the group of countries that have the biggest water potential, as well as a very small risk of water shortages in the future, announces Anadolu Agency.
The online newspaper ‘Huffington Post’ published this research according to which 37 countries in the world already face an ‘extremely high’ risk of water shortages.
Otherwise, an extremely high risk of water shortages means that more than 80 percent of water users in one country have the need to use an amount of water that is really not available in the area where there is a high risk of total water shortages. The text says that global warming and a rise in population in the world significantly endangers the existing water quality.
Balkan countries, including BiH, are found in the group where the risk for water shortages is at the lowest level. | <urn:uuid:c0d6873d-5b23-4dd4-a65d-71a055437a7f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.sarajevotimes.com/bosnia-and-herzegovina-is-among-the-countries-with-largest-source-of-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369420.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304143817-20210304173817-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.954588 | 214 | 3.015625 | 3 |
3D printing has really come into its own in the last year or so. From guns to cars, many researchers are now focused on using 3D printing to improve and tweak existing technology. We’ve been able to aid the body’s own repair of damaged bones for a relatively long time, but now we’re ready to use 3D printing to completely replace damaged bone. Now, 75% of a patient’s skull has been successfully replaced with 3D-printed material, and this is just the beginning.
Back in February, the FDA officially gave the go-ahead for use of the OsteoFab Patient Specific Cranial Device (OPSCD) in the United States. First, the bone in question is scanned to create a CAD file. Then polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is put down in countless layers by the Oxford Performance Materials (OPM) company in Connecticut to create a replacement part that fits perfectly. Unlike metallic materials, this plastic is radiolucent, allowing X-rays to pass through. When the OPSCD is in place, doctors will still be able to X-ray the patients. In addition, the OPSCD is osteoconductive, so it can work as scaffolding for growth of the patient’s own bones. (See: What is 3D printing?)
On March 4, the first surgery using this method in the United States was completed successfully. OPM estimates 300 to 500 patients in the US need skull replacements every month, and the use of 3D printing to offer custom replacement parts would be a godsend. Injured soldiers, accident victims, and cancer patients could all benefit from the OPSCD going forward. These researchers aren’t satisfied with just the skull, though.
OPM is currently prepping other bone manufacturing processes for submission to the FDA, and it’s easy to see why. Each new bone replacement type could net the company upwards of $100 million if it passes FDA scrutiny. Obviously, the skull is a difficult body part to work with, so OPM’s president Scott DeFelice is optimistic that his company will get approval for less crucial areas of the body. If a skull replacement fails, the results could be catastrophic. An elbow replacement? Less so.
Who would have thought manufacturing processes and living tissue would work so well together? From human hearts to stem cells to lungs, 3D printing and related technologies are offering patients and doctors options where there were none just a few years ago. Obviously, keeping healthy tissue healthy is still our best bet. However, the lifespan and quality of life of the injured continues to skyrocket. Replacing damaged tissue is becoming more reliable and survivable. At this point, it’s only a matter of time before every part in our bodies becomes effectively replaceable.
Now read: The first 3D-printed human stem cells | <urn:uuid:07bb71d6-26b3-4c06-9a7a-ccec24e6737a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/150354-75-of-a-human-skull-replaced-with-3d-printed-material | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038461619.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417162353-20210417192353-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.950696 | 592 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Foot and Ankle Injuries
Foot and ankle emergencies happen every day. Broken bones, dislocations, sprains, contusions, infections, and other serious injuries can occur at any time. Early attention is vitally important. Whenever you sustain a foot or ankle injury, you should seek immediate treatment from a podiatric physician.
This advice is universal, even though there are lots of myths about foot and ankle injuries. Some of them follow:
- "It can't be broken, because I can move it." False; this widespread idea has kept many fractures from receiving proper treatment. The truth is that often you can walk with certain kinds of fractures. Some common examples: Breaks in the smaller, outer bone of the lower leg, small chip fractures of either the foot or ankle bones, and the often neglected fracture of the toe.
- "If you break a toe, immediate care isn't necessary." False; a toe fracture needs prompt attention. If X-rays reveal it to be a simple, displaced fracture, care by your podiatric physician usually can produce rapid relief. However, X-rays might identify a displaced or angulated break. In such cases, prompt realignment of the fracture by your podiatric physician will help prevent improper or incomplete healing. Often, fractures do not show up in the initial X-ray. It may be necessary to X-ray the foot a second time, seven to ten days later. Many patients develop post-fracture deformity of a toe, which in turn results in a deformed toe with a painful corn. A good general rule is: Seek prompt treatment for injury to foot bones.
- "If you have a foot or ankle injury, soak it in hot water immediately." False; don't use heat or hot water on an area suspect for fracture, sprain, or dislocation. Heat promotes blood flow, causing greater swelling. More swelling means greater pressure on the nerves, which causes more pain. An ice bag wrapped in a towel has a contracting effect on blood vessels, produces a numbing sensation, and prevents swelling and pain. Your podiatric physician may make additional recommendations upon examination.
- "Applying an elastic bandage to a severely sprained ankle is adequate treatment." False; ankle sprains often mean torn or severely overstretched ligaments, and they should receive immediate care. X-ray examination, immobilization by casting or splinting, and physiotherapy to ensure a normal recovery all may be indicated. Surgery may even be necessary.
- "The terms 'fracture,' 'break,' and 'crack' are all different." False; all of those words are proper in describing a broken bone.
If an injury or accident does occur, the steps you can take to help yourself until you can reach your podiatric physician are easy to remember if you can recall the word "rice."
- Rest. Restrict your activity and get off your foot/ankle.
- Ice. Gently place a plastic bag of ice wrapped in a towel on the injured area in a 20-minute-on, 40-minute-off cycle.
- Compression. Lightly wrap an Ace bandage around the area, taking care not to pull it too tight.
- Elevation. To reduce swelling and pain, sit in a position that allows you to elevate the foot/ankle higher than your waist.
- For bleeding cuts, cleanse well, apply pressure with gauze or a towel, and cover with a clean dressing. See your podiatrist as soon as possible. It's best not to use any medication on the cut before you see the doctor.
- Leave blisters unopened if they are not painful or in a weight-bearing area of the foot. A compression bandage placed over a blister can provide relief.
- Foreign materials in the skin-such as slivers, splinters, and sand-can be removed carefully, but a deep foreign object, such as broken glass or a needle, must be removed professionally.
- Treatment for an abrasion is similar to that of a burn, since raw skin is exposed to the air and can easily become infected. It is important to remove all foreign particles with thorough cleaning. Sterile bandages should be applied, along with an antibiotic cream or ointment.
- Wear the correct shoes for your particular activity.
- Wear hiking shoes or boots in rough terrain.
- Don't continue to wear any sports shoe if it is worn unevenly.
- The toe box in "steel-toe" shoes should be deep enough to accommodate your toes comfortably.
- Always wear hard-top shoes when operating a lawn mower or other grass-cutting equipment.
- Don't walk barefoot on paved streets or sidewalks.
- Watch out for slippery floors at home and at work. Clean up obviously dangerous spills immediately.
- If you get up during the night, turn on a light. Many fractured toes and other foot injuries occur while attempting to find one's way in the dark.
35010 Chardon Rd., Ste. #101A
Willoughby Hills, OH 44094-9011
Phone: (440) 953-3668
Fax: (440) 953-3556
99 Northline Circle, Suite #200
Euclid, Ohio 44119-1481
Phone: (440) 953-3668
5000 Rockside Road, Suite 260
Independence OH 44131
Phone: (440) 953-3668
- Arch Support
- Cosmetic Surgery
- Diabetic Foot Problems
- Tailor's Bunions
- Toe Tuck
- Toe Shortening
- Foot Facelift
- Heel Pain/Plantar Fasciitis
- Heel Pain Surgery
- Laser Treatment For Nail Fungus
- Nail Surgery
- Removal of Soft Tissue Masses
- Removal of Painful Soft Corns
- Wart Surgery
- Primary Care / Non-surgical Services
- Diagnostic Ultrasound
- MRI / CAT Scan | <urn:uuid:e4743f85-a3c6-4673-82de-109917e53cfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://mysoleperfection.com/foot-and-ankle-injuries.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.895391 | 1,253 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Pre-Production for Stop Motion
In preparation for the production of your stop motion animation, you must produce the following paperwork:
- List of potential ideas: Styles, characters, content, subject, production methods
- A synopsis (brief summary of final idea)
- A treatment, outlining target audience, film content, potential styles and techniques
- A script
- A storyboard
- A mood board
- Concept art work: Character designs, set designs, prop designs, visualisation styles
- Technical designs: Methods of creating movement, making of characters/sets/props, exploitation of format potential, camera movement, lighting design, colour, materials.
- Equipment and materials required
- Production plan
- production roles
Task Begins: 7th November 2014
Task deadline: 14th January 2015
All artwork will be produced in your sketch books. Final images can then be scanned and compiled in your blog.
LO2 Be able to devise a stop motion animation with soundtrack
To Achieve a Pass
Learners will provide an indication of how the proposed animation will be produced and how the style is appropriate to the content. The intended audience will be briefly described, together with possible screening plans. Drawings and designs for models and sets will be required although they may not be totally clear. Storyboards will indicate storyline, camera movement and soundtrack but may fall short of a completely detailed approach. A production schedule will also be required.
To Achieve a Merit
Learners will offer competently presented drawings and designs for models and sets, a script and a storyboard. This might demonstrate a consideration of movement and continuity, perspective, point of view and transitions. Evidence of timing and synchronisation to a soundtrack will be produced but it will not always be precise. Learners will be aware of industry conventions used in storyboard production and will use them with clarity. They will still be working within recognisable generic conventions, but there will be some imaginative thought behind the work. The production schedule will be clear and realistic.
To Achieve a Distinction
Plans will show a full consideration of movement and continuity, perspective, point of view, transitions and special effects. Precise and workable planning of timing and synchronisation to a soundtrack will be produced. It will be clear at this stage, from the documentation, what the finished piece will look and sound like. Learners will follow industry conventions and terminology used in storyboard production correctly. Plans for the construction of models, sets and props will be realistic and clear. Drawings, script and storyboard will all show a creative interpretation of the idea. For example, a channel ident for a new TV station would demonstrate not only a sense of audience address in keeping with the channel content and appeal but would also be based on original and clever ideas. | <urn:uuid:fb4a5529-40a3-4667-8ee0-30f238aae614> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://boa-tv.co.uk/coverage/mr-skinner/unit-33/unit-33-task-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119210640-20171119230640-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.901828 | 568 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Canoe freestyle (also knows as playboating) is a discipline of whitewater kayaking or canoeing where people perform various technical moves in one place (a playspot), as opposed to downriver whitewater canoeing or kayaking where the objective is to travel the length of a section of river (although whitewater paddlers will often stop and play en route). Specialised canoes or kayaks (boats) known as playboats are often used, but any boat can be used for playing. The moves and tricks are often similar to those performed by snowboarders, surfers or skaters, where the athlete completes spins, flips, turns, etc. With modern playboats it is possible to get the kayak and the paddler completely airborne while performing tricks. The competitive side of playboating is known as freestyle kayaking (formerly called rodeo).
Playspots are typically stationary features on rivers, in particular standing waves (which may be breaking or partially breaking), hydraulic jumps, 'holes' and 'stoppers', where water flows back on itself creating a retentive feature (these are often formed at the bottom of small drops or weirs), or eddy lines (the boundary between slow moving water at the rivers' edge, and faster water).
Basic moves consist of front- and back-surfing, spins through any of the three axes; air screws, cartwheels and air loops (invented by Clay Wright), stalls with the kayak vertical on either end, and getting airborne (bouncing the boat on a wave, or submerging part of the kayak so that it pops out when it re-emerges). The playboater usually aims to stay surfing the feature after performing each move (as opposed to being washed off). More complex moves are made up of combinations of these moves.
These moves were more popular before short playboats were invented, but remain the foundation of several current moves.
|Original (old school) play and squirt moves[note 1]|
|Ender||An ender is performed by sinking the bow of the boat deep into swift moving water, causing the boat to go vertical.|
|Popup||A popup is an ender, followed by quickly leaning back to cause the boat to pop up out of the water like a cork.|
|Pirouette||A pirouette is when the boater turns during an ender, with the boat as the axis.|
|Squirt||A basic squirt is performed when crossing a strong eddyline. As soon as the body crosses the eddyline, a back sweep is performed while dropping the upstream edge of the stern. The stern of the boat should sink, and the boat will rotate in the direction of the currents. You can then develop this into a cartwheel.|
|Double pump||This is the move at the beginning of a cartwheel making the boat go up on its side and on the front into a bow stall.|
|Mystery Move||The paddler completely submerges the kayak and themself.|
|Front Surf||A front surf involves remaining on a feature of the river (such as a wave or a hole) without being washed downstream. From this position, many moves can be initiated.|
|Back Surf||A back surf is identical to the front surf, but with the boat facing downstream. This is most often accomplished by transitioning through a move such as a spin, cartwheel, or blunt. Back surfing is slightly harder than front surfing.|
|Side Surf||A side surf is done with the boat oriented perpendicular to the current. The paddler must lean downstream and raise their upstream edge to maintain this position. This move is easier to learn because it is the natural position a kayak will move, due to its buoyancy if a wave or hole has any shape to it.|
|Carving||Carving involves moving back and forth across the face of a feature. This is accomplished by tilting the boat at an angle while using the paddle to press against the water near the downstream end of the boat. Carving may be gentle or aggressive, depending on the intended result.|
|Carpet Roll / Window Shade||The paddler catches an edge while surfing and flips over unintentionally no matter how much they claim they were attempting an orbit.|
|Grind||On a very large wave the kayaker turns sideways into a side surf, but slips down the face of the wave to the trough or up the oncoming water.|
|Basic Spin||Involves rotating the boat parallel to the surface of the water while surfing a feature. The rotation must be greater than 180 degrees to count as a spin. Performing a 180 degree spin is similar to beginning an aggressive carve, transitioning through a side surf, and ending in a back surf.|
|Clean Spins||A clean spin involves using a single stroke to spin through multiple ends.|
|Flatspin / Super Clean Spin||A flatspin / super clean spin involves lifting the upstream edge of the boat from the water during the spin. This is accomplished by beginning the spin with a slight angle to the water.|
|Shuvit||A 180 degree spin then a 180 degree spin back the way the paddler came from. It is considered less difficult than a 360 degree spin.|
|Double Pump||A double pump is the basic move to sink, or initiate, one end of the boat. The boater begins by simultaneously putting the boat on edge, making a quick forward power stroke, and leaning backwards. Immediately after this stroke, the boater leans forward, switches the blade from a forward to a back stroke at the stern and pushes down hard using the core muscles on the same paddle blade. The boat should now be perpendicular to the surface of the water, with the bow down in the water and the stern up toward the sky.|
|Basic Cartwheel||A cartwheel is a move performed while surfing a hole or on flat water, in which the boat rotates perpendicular to the surface of the water. The paddler's torso functions as the axis. The move is initiated with a double pump, though on more powerful features little initiation will be necessary. Once vertical, the paddler continues the rotation, alternating ends. The paddle is used to press down on the water on the downstream side of the boat, alternating hands as the boat changes direction.|
|Flatwheel||A flatwheel is a cartwheel performed on flat water. The move is usually initiated with a double pump, but may also be initiated from a stall.|
|Wavewheel||A wavewheel is a cartwheel initiated at the top of a wave while the paddler is quickly moving downstream.|
|Clean Cartwheel||A clean cartwheel is performed without using the paddle to press down on the water, and instead using body weight transition, balance, and core body strength to execute this move.|
|Splitwheel||A splitwheel is done while cartwheeling, and involves using a half pirouette to transition from one edge to another while vertical, usually when the bow is down. For example, if the boater is using the right edge of the bow and left edge of the stern while cartwheeling, they will rotate to the right when the bow is down and begin using the right edge of the stern, followed by the left edge of the bow.|
|Tricky Whu||A tricky whu starts out as a splitwheel, however, it adds an additional 180° pirouette on the stern end. The entire sequence is done using only one paddle blade.|
|Airwheel||An airwheel is performed when the boat is forced unusually deep into the water as in the loop technique and shot clear of the water, at that point, the boat is rotated through 180 degrees around an edge (as distinct from the loop which rotates about the deck of the boat), as to land on the opposite end and potentially continue cartwheeling.|
|Blunt||A blunt is similar to a cartwheel in appearance, but is performed on a wave, and it is uncommon to link more than one end at a time. The boater begins at the top of the wave, moving downward with forward momentum. When the boater nears the trough, they place the boat on edge, lean forward, and press down on the downstream blade. The current will sweep the bow downstream, quickly rotating the boat 180 degrees to land in a back surf.|
|Poo Turn / Roundhouse||Similar to a blunt, a poo turn / roundhouse is also performed on a wave, however with the boat rotating at an angle lower than 45 degrees. It scores lower than a blunt in competition.|
|Air-Blunt||An air-blunt is similar to the blunt in set up but a much bigger move in magnitude. On a smaller wave the kayaker will start at the top of the wave and then while accelerating into the trough they will give an aggressive forward stroke on one side of their boat while driving their bow down into the water on the same side. After this drive and push the kayaker will lean back to neutral and over to the other side of their boat putting their paddle under their bum on the side of the boat opposite from the previous forward stroke. This action will force the bottom of their boat into the air, and if the initial bow drive was hard enough their toes will resurface, and the entire boat will be airborne, giving it the distinction of an Air-Blunt. The finishing of the move is for the kayaker to move the bow of their boat towards the blade that is currently engaged in the water. The bow of the boat will hit the water and the stern of the boat will come from over the kayakers head, to behind him is a quick motion, leaving the kayaker back surfing. If the kayaker keeps rotating the boat over their body they Pan-Am. On a larger wave the blunt can be initiated by a bounce, without forward stroke or carve.|
|Pan-Am||A pan-am is similar to an air blunt but the kayak is over 90 degrees of verticality.|
|Backstab / Back Blunt||A backstab is identical to a blunt, but is performed backwards. The boater begins from a back surf and initiates the stern, ending in a front surf.|
|Back Pan-Am||A back pan-am.|
|Switch Pan-Am||A switch pan-am.|
|Airscrew||The airscrew is the easiest of the total vertical axis rotation wave moves. It begins with the same set up as a blunt with a drive down from the top of the wave to the bottom usually accompanied with an aggressive forward stroke and strong initiation of the bow on the side of the boat opposite to the direction of the move. After the bow is driven down on the off side it will begin to shoot back up, during which time the kayaker rotates his entire body to face the water hands outstretched in front of his head while they rotate their hips to get the back deck of their boat as close to their back and head as possible. In essence, it is an airborne back-deck roll with the prime objective being hopping the boat into the air and rotating it over the body before it lands.|
|Back Airscrew / Switch Airscrew||This is the same as a Donkey Flip / Airscrew, but the back of the paddler is pointed upstream the entire time. Some people claim they can do one, but it turns out to be a relatively straight back pan-am, (yet not straight enough to be a Back Airscrew) though they try to cover it up by quickly moving into a straight angle at the end. But with good practice, one can actually perform one.|
|Pistol Flip||The pistol flip is like a back panam combined with a McNasty with the difference being the boat comes right over the kayakers head, much like a Pan-Am. It is often initiated with a bounce to rotate the boat over the head, with the front to back axis only being rotated when the kayaker is upside down, where they engage one paddle blade and use the stern of the boat to right themselves.|
|Sidekick||Begins much like an airscrew, however at the moment of inversion (anywhere between 90 and 180 degree, with more being better) the paddler reverts the boat back down the same way, reversing the boats momentum.|
|Helix||A helix is a full 360 degree trick, of which 180 of which must be fully upside down and aerial.|
|Felix||A felix is the same as a helix except not airborne.|
|Flip Turn||The Flip Turn is very like a helix, and needs air. However, instead of being fully inverted, the paddler is between 90 and 150 degrees inverted.|
|Front Loop||In a loop, the boater does a complete flip, landing in the same direction that the move was initiated. Loops are unlike most other moves in that the bow is initiated flat to the water, with no edge. The move is begun like a popup, with the paddler driving straight and flat into the most powerful part of the current on a feature. The boater leans forward, and the bow is swept down and the stern up. Once vertical, the paddler quickly leans backward to pop up out of the water, then powerfully drives forward to intentionally cause the boat to become over-vertical. If done properly, the stern should catch in the current and the boat will return to its starting position.|
|Back Loop||A back loop is identical to a front loop, but is performed backwards, both starting and ending in a back surf.|
|Flat Loop||A flat loop is a loop done on flatwater. To accomplish this, the paddler stops in a front stall, before bouncing on end and "plugging" the hull deep in the water, and using the pop to throw the boat clear of the water and subsequently loop.|
|Mad Hatter/Hat Trick||Invented by David Silk, the paddler leaves a helmet floating upside down in the water next to them, then performs a flatwater loop into the helmet, coming back up with the helmet on. Only usable as a "party trick", as it requires the paddler to not be wearing a helmet to do.|
|Space Godzilla||An off axis front loop, tweaked to either side. A space godzilla is initiated like a loop by plowing the bow into the oncoming water but as the bow pops out of the water the paddler turns 90 degrees then does what looks like a midair inverted cartwheel.|
|Phonics Monkey||Was invented by Billy Harris and named by his kayak school students at New River Academy, refined at the Kaituna Hole in New Zealand.
The Phonics Monkey is a combination of two moves. Performed within a hole or "stopper" in which the paddler begins a bow end through a crossbow stroke and turns it into a pirouette, eventually facing back upstream. At this point instead of dropping into a regular surf upon facing upstream again, the paddler uses the pop created during the pirouette to perform a loop. Kelsey Thompson does a great video
|Back Phonics Monkey||Beginning in a back surf the paddler drives the stern into the oncoming water, does a pry stroke of the stern which aids in a 360 degree pirouette, and finishes with a back loop to a back surf.|
|Wave Monkey||A move that is part blunt and part mcnasty. It is performed on a wave. First the paddler performs an air blunt, but before the paddler lands the paddler takes the blade used for the blunt out of the water and put across their bow to the other side of the kayak. As the paddler lands in a back surf the blade that was put across the bow catches the water to perform a 180 degree pirouette by the time the oncoming water brings the paddler to the top of the wave. From the top of the wave, the paddler performs a front loop. This move is considered a trophy move.|
|McNasty||A combination of a spin and a loop. The paddler begins in a back blast or a back surf and begins a flat spin, but once the spin is commenced the bow is driven under water and the stern gradually rises out of the water during the spin. The paddler uses the pop coming out of the spin to complete a loop.|
|Orbit||An orbit is pretty much a front surf to a stern squirt to a front surf. The paddler starts in a front surf then carves to about 45 degrees dips the upstream edge into the water letting the current catch the stern while doing a pry stroke on the down stream side. This will put the paddler into a stern squirt where the paddler will take another with the same blade to bring the boat back around to a front surf. This is also one of the excuses used for a window shade (see window shade/carpet roll).|
|Lunar Orbit||It is the same as a 180 orbit except it ends with a front cartwheel end or back loop. From the point of the paddler being in a stern squirt the paddler throws bow down into the water to do a bow end or back loop.|
|The Slim Chance||Invented by Bren Orton, this is a back loop to loop out of the hole. It isn't on a scoresheet. Variations include the "Lunar Leap" (Lunar orbit to loop out of the hole).|
|Jedi Flip||Invented by Stephen Wright, this trophy move involves plugging for a loop, but instead of throwing forward, twisting around 180 degrees to do a sort of areal pooturn or roundhouse in the hole. The paddler then immediately plugs the stern and throws a back loop.|
|Yoda Flip||Like a Jedi Flip, this Jason Craig invention involves doing the crossbow pirouette for a Phonics Monkey, and then instead of going over vertical and looping, once again twisting an extra 180 degrees to plug the stern and back loop.|
|Bread and Butter||Invented by Patrick Camblin, the Bread & Butter is widely recognized as the first combo move. The paddler completes a Pan Am and uses the bounce created from landing the move to throw a backstab or possibly back Pan Am.|
|Kay Y||Invented by Anthony Yapp, the Kay Y is when a paddler completes a blunt or possibly clean blunt and uses the coinciding bounce coming from the landing to throw a pistol flip or Mcnasty.|
|Flashback||The flashback is completed by beginning to perform a spin and midway through driving in one of the outer edges of the kayak into the wave and using the coinciding pop to complete a clean backstab. It is the easiest way to perform a clean back roundhouse or backstab but also more fun.|
|Splats||A splat is performed by getting vertical against a solid object in the water like a rock or wall, then stalling in place. Commonly a "pillow" wave formed in front of the obstruction allows the paddler to get vertical by paddling hard at the obstruction and leaning backwards.|
|Grinding||Grinding is splatting a large boulder or wall while remaining in the downstream current, and subsequently "grinding" along the face of the obstruction.|
|Rock Spins||Mounting a rock so that the boat is clear of the water, then placing the paddle into the water and pulling on it to rotate the boat through 360 degrees or greater before sliding into the water|
|The Boof||Boofing is when there is a large rock right beneath the surface of the water, with a great deal of water going over it, the playboater then uses this rock to project himself into the air by first leaning forward and down, and then upwards and backwards when coming over the rock. It is named for the sound the boat makes on the landing when done right.|
|Stalls||A stall is a flatwater move where the boat is stopped while vertical, and the boater balances, using their body and the paddle for control. A stall may be performed from any move that gets the boat vertical, usually either a flatwheel, a double pump, or by simultaneously leaning forward and paddling forward. A stall may be performed on either the bow or the stern.|
|Kickflips||A kickflip can best be described as an aerial roll performed off the crest of a wave while moving downstream. It is similar to a wavewheel in that it is performed at the top of a wave while moving downstream, but the techniques are very different. For a kickflip, the paddler does a forward stroke and leans back, so that the boat is beginning to go vertical at the crest of the wave. As they pass the crest, they use the paddle to pull the boat upside down and around, which places the paddle in position for a back deck roll. Once the roll is performed, the boater will end upright, facing downstream, with the opposite blade in the water than the beginning of the move.|
|Macho Move||The kayaker enters and sustains a bow stall while drifting towards a wave or hole. As their boat enters the trough of the feature they pull down, driving their boat vertically into the water. As they move to the peak of the wave or hole the boat will also be rising from their pull down and they can perform a loop over the feature itself. Timed correctly the kayaker can achieve a higher trajectory loop than in flat water because the feature helps launch the boat.|
|Soaring Eagle||Invented by Holden Dewey on the Main Salmon River, the Soaring Eagle is performed identically to the Macho Move, but the kayaker faces upstream during the bow stall, throwing their loop off the crest of the feature and looping towards it. The soaring eagle can often elicit greater air than the Macho Move, but it is harder to set up because you are looping into the back of the feature.|
|Entrance Moves||Kayakers can perform a variety of moves as they begin a surf on a wave if they are approaching it from upstream. It is considered an entrance move if the trick is the initiated or completed using the first contact with the feature and they stay on the feature afterwards. Entrance moves include, front loops performed by hitting the hole stern first, back loops initiated by hitting the hole bow up, and a variation of the kick-flip, the wingover, as the paddler paddles aggressively into the foam pile of a hole at an angle and uses the elevation difference to throw their boat over their body often landing in a side surf.|
|Dock Stall||A kayaker performs a bow stall while their hands are on a dock. Then, pushing on the dock the kayaking creates momentum to propel themselves upwards and out of the water to get on the dock. The best way to do this is to twist your body and jump towards the dock. The kayaker then ends up sitting flat on the dock. The main purpose of this is to easily remove the kayaker from the water.|
|Pogo Flip||The Pogo Flip is a move performed off a dock, rock, or platform that is a few feet over the water. A kayaker then leans forward while sliding off, catches their bow, and performs an aerial front flip.|
Playboating has grown in popularity in recent years due to innovations in boat design. Modern playboats are made from plastic which is much more robust than glass fibre or wood. Playboats typically have much less volume in the bow and stern than dedicated river-running kayaks. This allows the paddler to easily dip either end underwater.
Despite sales of playboats increasing, it is regularly claimed[by whom?] that participation in playboating events is decreasing (that "rodeo is dead"). However, events such as the National Student Rodeo have seen entries increasing year on year, and that interest in the sport is as high as it ever was.
Playboating is mainly done for fun, but competitions are also popular. Paddlers have a set time to perform as many moves as possible, and score additional points for style.
Visiting a playspot where you do not need to commit to a full river run to get there (which involves shuttling cars to the bottom of the river) is often referred to as 'Park and Play'. Playboating can often be more convenient and can in some circumstances can be considered safer than river running - in particular if the play spot is in an accessible area as opposed to numerous whitewater runs which exist in remote and inaccessible (in case of injury or rescue) areas.
Playboaters still generally follow right of way conventions that are commercially established. The vessel upstream of a feature has right of way over a vessel in the feature. This means that if a kayaker is surfing a wave, and a kayaker or a raft is coming downstream, the surfing kayaker should give way to the upstream paddler[s].
This general convention however is disregarded in many scenarios present in playboating:
Playboaters are a very diverse crowd, primarily because of the wide range of skill levels playboating can accommodate. Generally in regions where playboating is more popular than creeking or river running due to the surrounding rivers, beginners will enter the sport of kayaking in a playboat, or a cross over boat. This group of kayakers if often supported by either a paid instructor, club, or skilled paddling friend who often supplies instruction, gear, safety and clean up support. Beginners, club paddlers and lesson groups are generally friendly and welcoming to newcomers, and typically only paddle in warm weather months to avoid the need of buying expensive cold water gear.
The culture of playboaters also encompasses a group of kayakers who are called 'pro boaters' short for professional kayakers. These kayakers generally aspire to, or do, make money off of competitions, sponsorships, or media created on their playboating skills. There is a stereotype of 'pro boaters' to be elusive, self indulged, and wild; a stigma often enforced by the media the group produces. Professional kayakers generally range between the ages of 16 to 35, and generally do not make more than average income per year.[clarification needed]
The last major facet of playboaters that do not belong in the beginner / group culture, or the 'pro boater' culture is the local playboater. This type of playboater is usually good to advanced in skill level, and generally is a graduate of the beginner or group culture scene. They are identified by a tighter knit group of friends, and their knowledge of the play waves in their area. It is not uncommon to see local boaters and pro boaters surfing advanced waves, with a distinct differentiation between the two cultures identified by their equipment, their lack or presence of media equipment, and general attitude around the feature. | <urn:uuid:394d4b52-ef54-4b98-88ea-64ab3e131887> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.knowpia.com/knowpedia/Canoe_freestyle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.942169 | 5,744 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dec 14, 2016. William Penn (14 October 1644 – 30 July 1718) was an English Quaker, entrepreneur, philosopher and founder of Philadelphia. Penn was an.
Martin Luther King On Education Quotes Although the speech is King’s most frequently quoted, the civil rights legend gave many speeches on a range of topics – and they aren’t all about "dreams" and "mountaintops." Here are some of King’s. So since this would have been Dr. King’s 87th birthday, here are 87 inspiring quotes from the life of Martin Luther
American History I Final Exam Review American History Final Exam Review 1) Explain how the successes American foreign policy, between the 1940’s and 1960’s, contributed to the nation’s confident character. (15 marks) 2) From colonial America to post civil war America to cold war America, describe The Ted Cruz campaign plans stops all across Indiana today in a final push for.
Oct 24, 2011. William Penn and the first settlers of Pennsylvania sailed across the. My direct line to the English Quakers who came with William Penn on.
Many Quakers moved to North America settling in the Massachusetts Bay Area. William Penn started a Quaker colony on land given to him by King Charles II and this became Pennsylvania. It was governed.
A woman breaks the silence by wondering out loud what messages our children are getting about resolving conflict with nasty bickering coming from Washington over the federal budget. A younger women.
But everyone, from grade-schoolers to pensioners, from East Coast to West, knows who founded Philadelphia: William Penn. Love and the man who built it. It follows Penn from his early days as a.
. William Penn Middle School and two William Penn high schools. And there are many schools and school districts with Penn names, such as Penn Hills, Pennsbury and Penn Manor. Peggy Morscheck,
English settlement of Pennsylvania, with the grant to William Penn and the establishment of Philadelphia and first Assembly.
As a Quaker, the idea of such an egotistical move was abhorrent to him. As fate would have it, Penn’s fears have largely been proven correct in that department. Pennsbury Manor was built in 1683, but.
Discover librarian-selected research resources on William Penn from the Questia. William Penn, 1644–1718, English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania, b.
Apr 13, 2015. Penn was a close friend of George Fox, the founder of the Quakers. These were. William Penn portrayed in suit of armor at age 22 (1666).
The University’s first provost, William Smith, was not a Quaker, but rather an Anglican minister. Even after Penn gained its Quaker moniker, the fact did not influence the University’s ability to.
Dec 31, 2015. William Penn adopted, at best, a paternalistic attitude towards black slaves ' looking upon a slave not as the property of the master but as a.
Most people think of William Penn as a pious, contemplative man, a peace-loving Quaker in a broad brim hat and plain drab clothes, who founded Pennsylvania.
Quakers’ need for more land did not end well To avoid arrest in England, many fled to North America where they became rich and influential. William Penn, a rich Quaker convert, got the gift of.
William Penn did the planning himself. yet still remains the symbolic logo of Philadelphia the Quaker City. As originally planned, the city would have embraced 10,000 acres. Penn curtailed this to.
The town was originally laid out by William Penn’s appointed Surveyor General, Thomas Holme, who was, like Penn himself, a.
William Penn, the Quaker founder and proprietor of Pennsylvania, died 300 years ago this year. Foremost among Penn’s plans for Pennsylvania was to conduct a “holy experiment”: he wished to establish a.
The Quakers had remarkable success in attracting a number of socially prominent. Among these, none was more important than William Penn (1644- 1718).
What to look for on Smart Talk Friday, March 8, 2019: Sunday is Charter Day in Pennsylvania — marking the day when the Commonwealth’s founder William. Penn was looking to establish a place in the.
Dec 1, 2003. The story of William Penn and his sword is deeply embedded in Quaker mythology; so deeply, it seems, that it must tell us something about how.
Jan 3, 2017. 15. No, the Quaker Oats guy wasn't modeled after him.
Aug 25, 2016. With teacher's guide. Another issue. b&w. Collaborator, Ralph W. Cordier Describes the Quaker's struggle for freedom of worship in 17th.
This precociousness is in keeping with the pioneering spirit in which it was founded by William Penn, a Quaker who, having experienced religious persecution, wanted the city to be a tolerant place.
With the death of William Penn, his sons took over. One of them, Thomas, became an Anglican; the others remained Quakers in name only. The Proprietary faction took the side of Penn’s governor in.
Hidden Faith Of The Founding Fathers What the mandarins share — ours and theirs — is faith in radical nostrums. Wolf is inclined to overlook the legendary inflation that turned the US Founding Fathers against fiat currency. A fine one. He stated that “now the election is over, politicians in the state should invoke their Christian faith, go back and unite
Andrew Jackson Academy Ehrhardt Sc 7054 Broxton Bridge Road Ehrhardt, SC, USA (803) 245-4810 Website. Team Pages – Andrew Jackson Academy. Cancel OK. Articles with Andrew Jackson Academy. No articles here. Trending on MileSplit SC. MileSplit South Carolina Editor: John Olson, [email protected] Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to: Andrew Jackson Academy, P.O. Box 98, Ehrhardt, SC
William Penn University is a private liberal arts institution in Oskaloosa, Iowa, US. It was established in 1873 by the Society of Friends of the Quaker communities with which it is still associated.
William Penn is known, of course, as the founder of Pennsylvania. Also, Penn only became a Quaker in his twenties, shortly after posing for his only painted.
FEATURED VIDEO: Exploring the legacy of William Penn, Quaker leader and Pennsylvania's founder. July 28, 2014. 1 Min Read. By: Mary Herndon. Share This!
a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers). Word Family. William Penn.
The group — the student body, faculty and staff of William Penn Charter School — gathers. And we’re not the only Quaker school with football.” In the Pocket: How Tom Brady and Matt Ryan Pass Under.
William Penn arrived on American soil in 1682 to take possession of lands which had been. Penn was a Quaker himself, but was able to deflect any personal.
Czechoslovakia Usa History Czech Culture. National culture has specific characteristics such as language, religion, ethnic and racial identity, history, and traditions. National culture influences family life, education, economic and political structures, and, of course, business practices. The Czech nation possesses a distinctive culture. CZECHS. Cleveland’s Czech community forms one of the city’s oldest and largest ethnic groups. Approximately
Down the Delaware, across from Trenton, New Jersey, Pennsbury was the home of the Quaker governor of Pennsylvania colony, William Penn. The Penn family occupied this stone dwelling during the late.
William Penn was born in London and attended Oxford where he became acquainted with the Society of Friends (Quakers); his association with this highly.
The Delaware colony; freedom, Quakers, tolerance and harmony with Indians.
William Penn established our state to be a place where Quaker values of equality, religious freedom, and open democratic processes could be put into practice in ways that seemed impossible in Europe.
William Penn (1644 -1718) was an English Quaker and nobleman, best known for his associated with colonial America. As a Quaker, Penn advocated for religion freedom and the unification of the British.
William Penn, born in 1644 in England, is best remembered as the founder of Pennsylvania, which is named in his honor. Penn was a Quaker who believed firmly in religious freedom. William Penn was. | <urn:uuid:0ac79e82-a07a-423a-ae75-9defa445f8a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.emotionaliching.com/was-william-penn-a-quaker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.957972 | 1,798 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This article was originally published in Reuters. Author: Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway
In April 2015, over a quarter of a million people flocked to the National Mall in Washington for the Global Citizen Earth Day concert. They urged leaders to take action to protect our planet and its people from the devastating effects of climate change.
This call to action is timely as the United Nations begins the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established 15 years ago, to a new global sustainable development agenda be adopted by world leaders at the UN General Assembly in September, and as it prepares for the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in December.
These conversations are also relevant as the United Nations has just finished hosting the Indigenous Peoples’ Forum, followed by the United Nations Forum on Forests. Close to 1.6 billion people – more than 25 percent of the world’s population – rely on forests resources for their livelihoods. Approximately 1.2 billion use trees on farms to generate food and cash. Of these an estimated 60 million are indigenous peoples.
Indigenous people are, by definition, outsiders, due to their geographic and political remoteness. They make up anywhere from 5 per cent of the world’s population and anywhere from 10 per cent to 30 per cent of the world’s poorest people, according to the UN. Yet they hold the vital knowledge of generations on how to live with nature and be in balance and harmony with the natural world.
While preparing for these summits we must address the unfinished business and refocus development planning on the most vulnerable. We must leave no one behind, and this includes building a strong framework for sustainable forests and including indigenous peoples in the decision-making process.
Recently, I went on a mission to Indonesia and Vietnam accompanied by fellow members of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s MDG Advocacy Group, Dho Young-Shim and Stine Bosse. The purpose of these visits was to highlight and investigate promising examples of climate and forest cooperation between Indonesia and Norway. It was also to call attention to the fact that indigenous peoples need to be included in the final year of MDG efforts and subsequent global development frameworks and to listen to their experiences in their own words.
We visited the exquisite Bujang Raba rainforest ecosystem on the island of Sumatra where the Orang Rimba live, one of Indonesia’s most vulnerable indigenous tribes. Their worldview, like that of most indigenous communities, was of a sacred obligation to bequeath a healthy forest fully capable of providing life to its human inhabitants to future generations.
The culture and livelihood of these people are intertwined with the forest ecosystem. They make an average of between $1.30 and $1.80 per day; yet their biological adaptation, together with their spiritual beliefs, demands that they utilise the forest in a sustainable manner.
Threats to their forest and livelihood include logging, and palm oil and rubber plantation development. These lead to deforestation, soil degradation and erosion that causes chemical run-off into local waterways and poisons drinking water.
Coal mining has also caused a great deal of biodiversity loss and their traditional land tenure rights are in conflict with rubber and palm oil companies’ interest in the area. Despite this, for the first time in Indonesia, indigenous communities have been given legal rights to forest areas through a ruling of the constitutional courts in the customary forest area (Hutan Adat).
This is a small, but significant success story made possible by the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) project work over the past five years. Moreover, a meeting we had with business leaders within the palm oil industry on Sumatra was promising in terms of a shift towards sustainable production.
From Sumatra, we traveled to Vietnam, one of the great success stories of the MDGs. In Lao Cai province, they have succeeded in reducing emissions from the forest sector to prevent negative effects of climate change through forestry projects, including the UN-REDD+ Programme.
We met with forest rangers, local authorities and representatives of the local community who help protect watersheds, prevent landslides and provide livelihoods for local communities, thus contributing to sustainable development. One local man said he learned the importance of forest preservation, and that assistance with alternative building materials received from project partners was very welcome.
Through its diligence, Vietnam has managed to increase its forest coverage from 27.8 per cent in 1994 to 40 per cent in 2010.
Today we know that with rapid climate change, one-fourth of Earth’s species could be headed for extinction by 2050. Climate change has already transformed life on Earth. Around the globe, seasons are shifting, temperatures climbing and sea levels are rising at alarming rates.
We have the knowledge needed to turn the situation around. At the global level, the New York Declaration on Forests coming out of the UN Climate Summit in September last year was an important milestone, with its focus on joining forces internationally and to act now. At the local level, promising examples such as those we saw in Indonesia and Vietnam prove we can turn environmental degradation around to build greener, more sustainable futures.
We must each do our part as global citizens to ensure that we use the opportunity of the new global sustainable development agenda to advocate for and set policies that include all people on our one planet. We must return to our roots, and nurture an environment that promotes sustainable growth. We must protect those who have lived in harmony with our planet, protecting it for our future.
As one of our greatest dreamers, Herman Melville, reminded us, “We cannot live only for ourselves. A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men; and among those fibers, as sympathetic threads, our actions run as causes, and they come back to us as effects.”
Erna Solberg is Prime Minister of Norway and co-chair of the U.N. Secretary General’s Millennium Development Goals Advocacy Group. This piece is based on her reflections, together with those of Ambassador Dho Young-shim and Stine Bosse who are both MDG Advocacy Group members. | <urn:uuid:5633058c-f1c8-4a38-8eb8-1a6619fc2418> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/05/what-role-do-indigenous-people-and-forests-have-in-a-sustainable-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.951652 | 1,264 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The ancient Greeks are one of the oldest known human civilizations to mankind. These people have left many archaeological artifacts behind which have led the researchers to discover more about this civilization. Ancient Greeks expanded so much that they ruled the majority parts of Europe and Western Asia, mainly during the rule of Alexander the Great. The modern subjects of science, math, arts, governance and several others have been inspired and influenced by Ancient Greeks. With the help of the following graphs, we can evaluate more about the earliest Greek civilization by the Numbers.
Ancient Greece Population
The Ancient Greeks had a massive population which kept on increasing from time to time. As of the 8th Century BC, the total population of Greek Inhabitants was around 800,000 people which increased to 8 – 10 million inhabitants in the 4th Century BC. This huge increase was noticed because of the rapid expansion of the Greek empire. As of the 4th Century, the estimated population in Athens was around 500,000 people of which 60,000 were natives. In the 5th Century, the Greek-speaking population in Hinterland and Islands rose to somewhere between 800,000 and 30,000,000 people. Exact figures are not known because there were no proper records kept at that time.
The Battle of Thermopylae
The Battle of Thermopylae is considered to be one of the biggest battles in the Ancient Greek Civilization. While the facts and figures are not known to date, there have been several numbers that are unanimously agreed upon. In the battle, Spartan soldiers, ancient Greeks, and the Persian army participated. There were 300 Spartan soldiers, 7000 ancient Greeks, and between 100,000 and 300,000 soldiers in the Persian army. Some sources say that the soldiers in the Persian army were more than 2 million. | <urn:uuid:c0961087-e3ed-4e80-a829-aa5703e7da6c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://illuminatingfacts.com/the-ancient-greeks-by-the-numbers-graphs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.976966 | 363 | 3.828125 | 4 |
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