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The topic of empathy is repeated throughout all of ” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?” as a way to differentiate humans from androids. It is believed that androids do not have emotion, and therefor cannot connect to organic life. Humans have made animals a symbol of morality, encouraging each other to care for them in an public, congratulatory way. This way of expressing empathy leads to the Voight-Kampff test, used to determine who is human and who is not. The focus on emotion isolates in-organics. Rick Deckard, a hunter of androids, is obsessed with having a live, organic animal. Society has put so much emphasis on feeling for others that Deckard believes he does not feel empathy the way he should. He buys an electric sheep to replace his deceased one, but is not satisfied. Deckard does not think he can connect to electric animals or androids because they do not express emotion like humans. He uses his lack of a ‘real’ animal as an excuse for his dispassion with those around him. This idea is challenged later when Deckard has sex with Rachel Rosen, an android. She tries to prove to him that androids are not just machines, but do in fact have emotion. When humans display behavior that would suggest they lack empathy, Deckard begins to question his idea of what it means to be human. At the end of the novel Deckard gains an electric toad, and is unphazed by the fact that it is not organic.	<urn:uuid:1dc41e7c-df78-4fcf-8470-48679035dd25>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/scifi/tag/androids/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00507.warc.gz	en	0.973413	320	3.015625	3
Those of us who have used Google before (everybody on the planet, right?) can say that once you Google, you will Google again and again. And again. It has become a daily habit. I know I Google at least six to ten times a day.The survival rate of Google addicts without the magnificent search engine would be scary low. Although Google has its amazing and addictive perks, were you aware that Googling certain names, places or things could put your computer at risk for a nasty virus? The way Google works starts with you. You type in a name, a phrase a place, or a question on last night’s history homework, hit search and watch the magic happen as thousands of websites pop up for your convenience. How does Google do that? Google uses the words you type into the search bar such as Miley Cyrus or Syria, and it pulls from a database loaded with trillions of endless websites on the internet. All of them — even the websites that are loaded with malware. Unknowingly, you click on the first link that appears on your screen after searching for the cheapest place to get gas, and it happens. Your computer goes black, and the next day Geek Squad is repairing your device. Although there are few ways to deviate from getting sneaky viruses, there are some helpful things you can do to prevent a virus attacking your computer. Here is a list of the most credible virus protectors available for you as well as a list of the most dangerous names to search for, including Lily Collins and Avril Lavigne. Prevention is possible, Googlers! Protect yourselves with a malware defender and don’t click on sketchy links. Happy Googling, friends.	<urn:uuid:226c88d6-dbef-4312-b4b5-30af5a40cd1c>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://houstoniannews.com/2013/09/17/searching-on-google-could-lead-to-a-virus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153854.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729074313-20210729104313-00597.warc.gz	en	0.945183	353	2.71875	3
Wechsler intelligence scales Definition: continuously revised and updated standardized scales for the measurement of general intelligence in preschool children (Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence), in children (Wechsler intelligence scale for children), and in adults (Wechsler adult intelligence scale, the successor to the Wechsler-Bellevue scale). Disclaimer: This site is designed to offer information for general educational purposes only. The health information furnished on this site and the interactive responses are not intended to be professional advice and are not intended to replace personal consultation with a qualified physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. You must always seek the advice of a professional for questions related to a disease, disease symptoms, and appropriate therapeutic treatments. Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc. © Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review Date: Sep 19, 2016.	<urn:uuid:509cfcf8-fe71-4595-99ac-f575d8bec748>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://www.drugs.com/dict/wechsler-intelligence-scales.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00189.warc.gz	en	0.867449	195	2.640625	3
War between the The burning of South Carolina truth is", wrote Union Gen. William T. Sherman shortly before leaving Savannah, "the whole army is burning with an insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South Carolina. I almost tremble at her fate, but feel she deserves all that seems in store for her." The destruction Sherman's army had caused on its way to Savannah had surely made Georgia howl, but it was mild compared with what detested South Carolina was to face. Here the war had started, and now the first secessionists were to get retribution. One of its soldiers wrote home: "If we don't purify South Carolina, it will be because we can't get a light." After leaving Savannah on February 5, 1865, Sherman's 60,000 men took a direct line toward Columbia, the capital. Able South Carolina men had long since left for the Confederate armies in distant states, and the Union soldiers faced only token resistance from any organized Rebel troops. Sherman's men foraged liberally upon the native population, and everywhere left little more than clusters of black chimneys to mark the sites of where towns had been. One soldier joked that the name of the town of Barnwell should now be changed to Burnwell. Still, the march was grand and spectacular. By the night of February 15, the first of the Union soldiers had reached the Congaree River across from Columbia. The next day they sighted their cannon on the State House across the river and fired shells into the heart of the city. Other members of their forces laid pontoon bridges and crossed the river. On the morning of February 17, the advancing blue horde was met by the mayor of Columbia, who surrendered the city and was in turn assured by Sherman that the city and its inhabitants would not be harmed. Even so, as the blue soldiers marched into Columbia, some could be heard to sing, "Hail, Columbia, happy land. If you don't burn, I'll be damned." Return to Civil War Index	<urn:uuid:cc68e3dc-c129-4fe0-a422-ec9de380f114>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.electricscotland.com/history/america/civilwar/cw44.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696681.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926193955-20170926213955-00174.warc.gz	en	0.970791	438	3.5	4
History of Minnesota The history of the U.S. state of Minnesota is shaped by its original Native American residents, European exploration and settlement, and the emergence of industries made possible by the state's natural resources. Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later through railroads, and iron mining. While those industries remain important, the state's economy is now driven by banking, computers, and health care. The earliest known settlers followed herds of large game to the region during the last glacial period. They preceded the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native American inhabitants. Fur traders from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans, moving west during the 19th century, drove out most of the Native Americans. Fort Snelling, built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the area. Early settlers used Saint Anthony Falls for powering sawmills in the area that became Minneapolis, while others settled downriver in the area that became Saint Paul. Minnesota gained legal existence as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. After the upheaval of the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862, the state's economy started to develop when natural resources were tapped for logging and farming. Railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by St. Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, and the innovative milling methods gave it the title of the "milling capital of the world". New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to an expanded role for state government and a population shift from rural areas to cities. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations but New Deal programs helped the state. After World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a regional center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra, and the Walker Art Center. - 1 Native American inhabitation - 2 European exploration - 3 Territorial foundation and settlement - 4 Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862 - 5 Economic and social development - 6 Modern Minnesota - 7 See also - 8 References - 9 Further reading - 10 External links Native American inhabitation The oldest known human remains in Minnesota, dating back about 9000 years ago, were discovered near Browns Valley in 1933. "Browns Valley Man" was found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types. Some of the earliest evidence of a sustained presence in the area comes from a site known as Bradbury Brook near Mille Lacs Lake which was used around 7500 BC. Subsequently, extensive trading networks developed in the region. The body of an early resident known as "Minnesota Woman" was discovered in 1931 in Otter Tail County. Radiocarbon dating places the age of the bones approximately 8,000 years ago, approximately 7890 ±70 BP or near the end of the Eastern Archaic period. She had a conch shell from a snail species known as Busycon perversa, which had previously only been known to exist in Florida. Several hundred years later, the climate of Minnesota warmed significantly. As large animals such as mammoths became extinct, native people changed their diet. They gathered nuts, berries, and vegetables, and they hunted smaller animals such as deer, bison, and birds. The stone tools found from this era became smaller and more specialized to use these new food sources. They also devised new techniques for catching fish, such as fish hooks, nets, and harpoons. Around 5000 BC, people on the shores of Lake Superior (in Minnesota and portions of what is now Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada) were the first on the continent to begin making metal tools. Pieces of ore with high concentrations of copper were initially pounded into a rough shape, heated to reduce brittleness, pounded again to refine the shape, and reheated. Edges could be made sharp enough to be useful as knives or spear points. Archaeological evidence of Native American settlements dates back as far as 3000 BC; the Jeffers Petroglyphs site in southwest Minnesota contains carvings thought to date to the Late Archaic Period (3000 BC to 1000 BC). Around 700 BC, burial mounds were first created, and the practice continued until the arrival of Europeans, when 10,000 such mounds dotted the state. By AD 800, wild rice became a staple crop in the region, and corn farther to the south. Within a few hundred years, the Mississippian culture reached into the southeast portion of the state, and large villages were formed. The Dakota Native American culture may have descended from some of the peoples of the Mississippian culture. When Europeans first started exploring Minnesota, the region was inhabited primarily by tribes of Dakota, with the Ojibwa (sometimes called Chippewa, or Anishinaabe) beginning to migrate westward into the state around 1700. The economy of these tribes was chiefly based on hunter-gatherer activities. There was also a small group of Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Native Americans near Long Prairie, who later moved to a reservation in Blue Earth County in 1855. Though highly controversial, an inscribed stone known as the Kensington Runestone suggests that a group of Norse explorers may have ventured as far inland as Minnesota as early as 1362. Many consider it a hoax. It was a few more centuries before contact between Europeans and Native Americans of Minnesota could be confirmed. In the late 1650s, Pierre Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers were probably the first to meet Dakota Native Americans while following the southern shore of Lake Superior (which would become northern Wisconsin). The north shore was explored in the 1660s. Among the first to do this was Claude Allouez, a missionary on Madeline Island. He made an early map of the area in 1671. Around this time, the Ojibwa Native Americans reached Minnesota as part of a westward migration. Having come from a region around Maine, they were experienced at dealing with European traders. They dealt in furs and possessed guns. Tensions rose between the Ojibwa and Dakota in the ensuing years. In 1671, France signed a treaty with a number of tribes to allow trade. Shortly thereafter, French trader Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut arrived in the area and began trading with the local tribes. Du Lhut explored the western area of Lake Superior, near his namesake, the city of Duluth, and areas south of there. He helped to arrange a peace agreement between the Dakota and Ojibwa tribes in 1679. Father Louis Hennepin with companions Michel Aco and Antoine Auguelle (aka Picard Du Gay) headed north from the area of Illinois after coming into that area with an exploration party headed by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. They were captured by a Dakota tribe in 1680. While with the tribe, they came across and named the Falls of Saint Anthony. Soon, Du Lhut negotiated to have Hennepin's party released from captivity. Hennepin returned to Europe and wrote a book, Description of Louisiana, published in 1683, about his travels where many portions (including the part about Saint Anthony Falls) were strongly embellished. As an example, he described the falls as being a drop of fifty or sixty feet, when they were really only about sixteen feet. Pierre-Charles Le Sueur explored the Minnesota River to the Blue Earth area around 1700. He thought the blue earth was a source of copper, and he told stories about the possibility of mineral wealth, but there actually was no copper to be found. Explorers searching for the fabled Northwest Passage and large inland seas in North America continued to pass through the state. In 1721, the French built Fort Beauharnois on Lake Pepin. In 1731, the Grand Portage trail was first traversed by a European, Pierre La Vérendrye. He used a map written down on a piece of birch bark by Ochagach, an Assiniboine guide. The North West Company, which traded in fur and competed with the Hudson's Bay Company, was established along the Grand Portage in 1783–1784. Jonathan Carver, a shoemaker from Massachusetts, visited the area in 1767 as part of another expedition. He and the rest of the exploration party were only able to stay for a relatively short period, due to supply shortages. They headed back east to Fort Michilimackinac, where Carver wrote journals about the trip, though others would later claim the stories were largely plagiarized from others. The stories were published in 1778, but Carver died before the book earned him much money. Carver County and Carver's Cave are named for him. Until 1818 the Red River Valley was considered British and was subject to several colonization schemes, such as the Red River Colony. The boundary where the Red River crossed the 49th parallel was not marked until 1823, when Stephen H. Long conducted a survey expedition. When several hundred settlers abandoned the Red River Colony in the 1820s, they entered the United States by way of the Red River Valley, instead of moving to eastern Canada or returning to Europe. The region had been occupied by Métis people, the children of voyageurs and Native Americans, since the middle 17th century. Several efforts were made to determine the source of the Mississippi River. The true source was found in 1832, when Henry Schoolcraft was guided by a group of Ojibwa headed by Ozaawindib ("Yellow Head") to a lake in northern Minnesota. Schoolcraft named it Lake Itasca, combining the Latin words veritas ("truth") and caput ("head"). The native name for the lake was Omashkooz, meaning elk. Other explorers of the area include Zebulon Pike in 1806, Major Stephen Long in 1817, and George William Featherstonhaugh in 1835. Featherstonhaugh conducted a geological survey of the Minnesota River valley and wrote an account entitled A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor. Joseph Nicollet scouted the area in the late 1830s, exploring and mapping the Upper Mississippi River basin, the St. Croix River, and the land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. He and John C. Frémont left their mark in the southwest of the state, carving their names in the pipestone quarries near Winnewissa Falls (an area now part of Pipestone National Monument in Pipestone County). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow never explored the state, but he did help to make it popular. He published The Song of Hiawatha in 1855, which contains references to many regions in Minnesota. The story was based on Ojibwa legends carried back east by other explorers and traders (particularly those collected by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft). Territorial foundation and settlement All of the land east of the Mississippi River was granted to the United States by the Second Treaty of Paris at the end of the American Revolution in 1783. This included what would become modern day Saint Paul but only part of Minneapolis, including the northeast, north-central and east-central portions of the state. The wording of the treaty in the Minnesota area depended on landmarks reported by fur traders, who erroneously reported an "Isle Phelipeaux" in Lake Superior, a "Long Lake" west of the island, and the belief that the Mississippi River ran well into modern Canada. Most of the state was purchased in 1803 from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Parts of northern Minnesota were considered to be in Rupert's Land. The exact definition of the boundary between Minnesota and British North America was not addressed until the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which set the U.S.–Canada border at the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods (except for a small chunk of land now dubbed the Northwest Angle). Border disputes east of the Lake of the Woods continued until the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the northeastern portion of the state was a part of the Northwest Territory, then the Illinois Territory, then the Michigan Territory, and finally the Wisconsin Territory. The western and southern areas of the state, although theoretically part of the Wisconsin Territory from its creation in 1836, were not formally organized until 1838, when they became part of the Iowa Territory. Fort Snelling and the establishment of Minneapolis and Saint Paul Fort Snelling was the first major U.S. military presence in the state. The land for the fort, at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, was acquired in 1805 by Zebulon Pike. When concerns mounted about the fur trade in the area, construction of the fort began in 1819. Construction was completed in 1825, and Colonel Josiah Snelling and his officers and soldiers left their imprint on the area. One of the missions of the fort was to mediate disputes between the Ojibwe and the Dakota tribes. Lawrence Taliaferro was an agent of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. He spent 20 years at the site, finally resigning in 1839. In the 1850s, Fort Snelling played a key role in the infamous Dred Scott court case. Slaves Dred Scott and his wife were taken to the fort by their master, John Emerson. They lived at the fort and elsewhere in territories where slavery was prohibited. After Emerson's death, the Scotts argued that since they had lived in free territory, they were no longer slaves. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court sided against the Scotts. Dred Scott Field, located just a short distance away in Bloomington, is named in the memory of Fort Snelling's significance in one of the most important legal precedents in U.S. History. By 1851, treaties between Native American tribes and the U.S. government had opened much of Minnesota to settlement, so Fort Snelling no longer was a frontier outpost. It served as a training center for soldiers during the American Civil War and later as the headquarters for the Department of Dakota. A portion has been designated as Fort Snelling National Cemetery where over 160,000 are interred. During World War II, the fort served as a training center for nearly 300,000 inductees. After World War II, the fort was threatened with demolition due to the building of freeways Highway 5 and Highway 55, but citizens rallied to save it. Fort Snelling is now a historic site operated by the Minnesota Historical Society. Fort Snelling was largely responsible for the establishment of the city of Minneapolis. In an effort to be self-sufficient, the soldiers of the fort built roads, planted crops, and built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls. Later, Franklin Steele came to Fort Snelling as the post sutler (the operator of the general store), and established interests in lumbering and other activities. When the Ojibwe signed a treaty ceding lands in 1837, Steele staked a claim to land on the east side of the Mississippi River adjacent to Saint Anthony Falls. In 1848, he built a sawmill at the falls, and the community of Saint Anthony sprung up around the east side of the falls. Steele told one of his employees, John H. Stevens, that land on the west side of the falls would make a good site for future mills. Since the land on the west side was still part of the military reservation, Stevens made a deal with Fort Snelling's commander. Stevens would provide free ferry service across the river in exchange for a tract of 160 acres (0.65 km2) at the head of the falls. Stevens received the claim and built a house, the first house in Minneapolis, in 1850. In 1854, Stevens platted the city of Minneapolis on the west bank. Later, in 1872, Minneapolis absorbed the city of Saint Anthony. The city of Saint Paul, Minnesota owes its existence to Fort Snelling. A group of squatters, mostly from the ill-fated Red River Colony in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba, established a camp near the fort. The commandant of Fort Snelling, Major Joseph Plympton, found their presence problematic because they were using timber and allowing their cattle and horses to graze around the fort. Plympton banned lumbering and the construction of any new buildings on the military reservation land. As a result, the squatters moved four miles downstream on the Mississippi River. They settled at a site known as Fountain Cave. This site was not quite far enough for the officers at the fort, so the squatters were forced out again. Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant, a popular moonshiner among the group, moved downriver and established a saloon, becoming the first European resident in the area that later became Saint Paul. The squatters named their settlement "Pig's Eye" after Parrant. The name was later changed to Lambert's Landing and then finally Saint Paul. However, the earliest name for the area comes from a Native American colony Im-in-i-ja Ska, meaning "White Rock" and referring to the limestone bluffs nearby. Minneapolis and Saint Paul are collectively known as the "Twin Cities". The cities enjoyed a rivalry during their early years, with Saint Paul being the capital city and Minneapolis becoming prominent through industry. The term "Twin Cities" was coined around 1872, after a newspaper editorial suggested that Minneapolis could absorb Saint Paul. Residents decided that the cities needed a separate identity, so people coined the phrase "Dual Cities", which later evolved into "Twin Cities". Today, Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota, with a population of 382,618 in the 2000 census. Saint Paul is the second largest city, with a population of 287,151. Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor a metropolitan area with a population of 2,968,806 as of 2000, with a total state population of 4,919,479. Early European settlement and development Henry Hastings Sibley built the first stone house in the Minnesota Territory in Mendota in 1838, along with other limestone buildings used by the American Fur Company, which bought animal pelts at that location from 1825 to 1853. Another area of early economic development in Minnesota was the logging industry. Loggers found the white pine especially valuable, and it was plentiful in the northeastern section of the state and in the St. Croix River valley. Before railroads, lumbermen relied mostly on river transportation to bring logs to market, which made Minnesota's timber resources attractive. Towns like Marine on St. Croix and Stillwater became important lumber centers fed by the St. Croix River, while Winona was supplied lumber by areas in southern Minnesota and along the Minnesota River. The unregulated logging practices of the time and a severe drought took their toll in 1894, when the Great Hinckley Fire ravaged 480 square miles (1,200 km2) in the Hinckley and Sandstone areas of Pine County, killing over 400 residents. The combination of logging and drought struck again in the Baudette Fire of 1910 and the Cloquet Fire of 1918. Saint Anthony, on the east bank of the Mississippi River later became part of Minneapolis, and was an important lumber milling center supplied by the Rum River. In 1848, businessman Franklin Steele built the first private sawmill on the Saint Anthony Falls, and more sawmills quickly followed. The oldest home still standing in Saint Anthony is the Ard Godfrey house, built in 1848, and lived in by Ard and Harriet Godfrey. The house of John H. Stevens, the first house on the west bank in Minneapolis, was moved several times, finally to Minnehaha Park in south Minneapolis in 1896. Stephen A. Douglas (D), the chair of the Senate Committee on Territories, drafted the bill authorizing Minnesota Territory. He had envisioned a future for the upper Mississippi valley, so he was motivated to keep the area from being carved up by neighboring territories. In 1846, he prevented Iowa from including Fort Snelling and Saint Anthony Falls within its northern border. In 1847, he kept the organizers of Wisconsin from including Saint Paul and Saint Anthony Falls. The Minnesota Territory was established from the lands remaining from Iowa Territory and Wisconsin Territory on March 3, 1849. The Minnesota Territory extended far into what is now North Dakota and South Dakota, to the Missouri River. There was a dispute over the shape of the state to be carved out of Minnesota Territory. An alternate proposal that was only narrowly defeated would have made the 46th parallel the state's northern border and the Missouri River its western border, thus giving up the whole northern half of the state in exchange for the eastern half of what later became South Dakota. With Alexander Ramsey (W) as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and Henry Hastings Sibley (D) as the territorial delegate to the United States Congress, the populations of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony swelled. Henry M. Rice (D), who replaced Sibley as the territorial delegate in 1853, worked in Congress to promote Minnesota interests. He lobbied for the construction of a railroad connecting Saint Paul and Lake Superior, with a link from Saint Paul to the Illinois Central. In December 1856, Rice brought forward two bills in Congress: an enabling act that would allow Minnesota to form a state constitution, and a railroad land grant bill. Rice's enabling act defined a state containing both prairie and forest lands. The state was bounded on the south by Iowa, on the east by Wisconsin, on the north by Canada, and on the west by the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River, Lake Traverse, Big Stone Lake, and then a line extending due south to the Iowa border. Rice made this motion based on Minnesota's population growth. At the time, tensions between the northern and the southern United States were growing, in a series of conflicts that eventually resulted in the American Civil War. There was little debate in the United States House of Representatives, but when Stephen A. Douglas introduced the bill in the United States Senate, it caused a firestorm of debate. Northerners saw their chance to add two senators to the side of the free states, while Southerners were sure that they would lose power. Many senators offered polite arguments that the population was too sparse and that statehood was premature. Senator John Burton Thompson of Kentucky, in particular, argued that new states would cost the government too much for roads, canals, forts, and lighthouses. Although Thompson and 21 other senators voted against statehood, the enabling act was passed on February 26, 1857. After the enabling act was passed, territorial legislators had a difficult time writing a state constitution. A constitutional convention was assembled in July 1857, but Republicans and Democrats were deeply divided. In fact, they formed two separate constitutional conventions and drafted two separate constitutions. Eventually, the two groups formed a conference committee and worked out a common constitution. The divisions continued, though, because Republicans refused to sign a document that had Democratic signatures on it, and vice versa. One copy of the constitution was written on white paper and signed only by Republicans, while the other copy was written on blue-tinged paper and signed by Democrats. These copies were signed on August 29, 1857. An election was called on October 13, 1857, where Minnesota residents would vote to approve or disapprove the constitution. The constitution was approved by 30,055 voters, while 571 rejected it. The state constitution was sent to the United States Congress for ratification in December 1857. The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Southerners had been arguing that the next state should be pro-slavery, so when Kansas submitted the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, the Minnesota statehood bill was delayed. After that, Northerners feared that Minnesota's Democratic delegation would support slavery in Kansas. Finally, after the Kansas question was settled and after Congress decided how many representatives Minnesota would get in the House of Representatives, the bill passed. The eastern half of the Minnesota Territory, under the boundaries defined by Henry Mower Rice, became the country's 32nd state on May 11, 1858. The western part remained unorganized until its incorporation into the Dakota Territory on March 2, 1861. Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862 Minnesota strongly supported the Union war effort, with about 22,000 Minnesotans serving. The 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was particularly important to the Battle of Gettysburg. Governor Alexander Ramsey happened to be in Washington D.C. when Ft. Sumter was fired upon. He went immediately to the White House and made his state the first to offer help in putting down the rebellion. At the same time, the state faced another crisis as the Dakota War of 1862 broke out. The Dakota had signed the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota in 1851 because they were concerned that without money from the United States government, they would starve, due to the loss of habitat of huntable game. They were initially given a strip of land of ten miles (16 km) north and south of the Minnesota River, but they were later forced to sell the northern half of the land. In 1862, crop failures left the Dakota with food shortages, and government money was delayed. After four young Dakota men, searching for food, shot a family of white settlers near Acton, the Dakota leadership decided to continue the attacks in an effort to drive out the settlers. Over a period of several days, Dakota attacks at the Lower Sioux Agency, New Ulm and Hutchinson, as well as in the surrounding farmlands, resulted in the deaths of at least 300 to 400 white settlers and government employees, causing panic in the settlements and provoking counterattacks by state militia and federal forces which spread throughout the Minnesota River Valley and as far away as the Red River Valley. The ensuing battles at Fort Ridgely, Birch Coulee, Fort Abercrombie, and Wood Lake punctuated a six-week war, which ended with the trial of 425 Native Americans for their participation in the war. Of this number, 303 men were convicted and sentenced to death. Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple pleaded to President Abraham Lincoln for clemency, and the death sentences of all but 39 men were reduced to prison terms. On December 26, 1862, 38 men were hanged by the U.S. Army at Mankato—the largest mass execution in the United States. Many of the remaining Dakota Native Americans, including non-combatants, were confined in a prison camp at Pike Island over the winter of 1862–1863, where more than 300 died of disease. Survivors were later exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation, then later to a reservation near Niobrara, Nebraska. A small number of Dakota Native Americans managed to return to Minnesota in the 1880s and establish communities near Granite Falls, Morton, Prior Lake, and Red Wing. However, after this time Dakota people were no longer allowed to reside in Minnesota with the exception of the meritorious Sioux called the Loyal Mdewakanton. This separate class of Dakota did not participate in the Dakota War of 1862, since they were assimilated Christians and instead decided to help some of the missionaries escape the Sioux warriors who chose to fight. Farming and railroad development After the Civil War, Minnesota became an attractive region for European immigration and settlement as farmland. Minnesota's population in 1870 was 439,000; this number tripled during the two subsequent decades. The Homestead Act in 1862 facilitated land claims by settlers, who regarded the land as being cheap and fertile. The railroad industry, led by the Northern Pacific Railway and Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, advertised the many opportunities in the state and worked to get immigrants to settle in Minnesota. James J. Hill, in particular, was instrumental in reorganizing the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad and extending lines from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area into the Red River Valley and to Winnipeg. Hill was also responsible for building a new passenger depot in Minneapolis, served by the landmark Stone Arch Bridge which was completed in 1883. During the 1880s, Hill continued building tracks through North Dakota and Montana. In 1890, the railroad, now known as the Great Northern Railway, started building tracks through the mountains west to Seattle. Other railroads, such as the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad and the Milwaukee Road, also played an important role in the early days of Minnesota's statehood. Later railways, such as the Soo Line and Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway facilitated the sale of Minneapolis flour and other products, although they were not as involved in attracting settlers. Oliver Hudson Kelley played an important role in farming as one of the founders of the National Grange, along with several other clerks in the United States Department of Agriculture. The movement grew out of his interest in cooperative farm associations following the end of the Civil War, and he established local Grange chapters in Elk River and Saint Paul. The organization worked to provide education on new farming methods, as well as to influence government and public opinion on matters important to farmers. One of these areas of concern was the freight rates charged by the railroads and by the grain elevators. Since there was little or no competition between railroads serving Minnesota farm communities, railroads could charge as much as the traffic would bear. By 1871, the situation was so heated that both the Republican and Democratic candidates in state elections promised to regulate railroad rates. The state established an office of railroad commissioner and imposed maximum charges for shipping. Populist Ignatius L. Donnelly also served the Grange as an organizer. Saint Anthony Falls, the only waterfall of its height on the Mississippi, played an important part in the development of Minneapolis. The power of the waterfall first fueled sawmills, but later it was tapped to serve flour mills. In 1870, only a small number of flour mills were in the Minneapolis area, but by 1900 Minnesota mills were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain. Advances in transportation, milling technology, and water power combined to give Minneapolis a dominance in the milling industry. Spring wheat could be sown in the spring and harvested in late summer, but it posed special problems for milling. To get around these problems, Minneapolis millers made use of new technology. They invented the middlings purifier, a device that used jets of air to remove the husks from the flour early in the milling process. They also started using roller mills, as opposed to grindstones. A series of rollers gradually broke down the kernels and integrated the gluten with the starch. These improvements led to the production of "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour, which it replaced. Pillsbury and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of General Mills) became the leaders in the Minneapolis milling industry. This leadership in milling later declined as milling was no longer dependent on water power, but the dominance of the mills contributed greatly to the economy of Minneapolis and Minnesota, attracting people and money to the region. At the end of the 19th century, several forms of industrial development shaped Minnesota. In 1882, a hydroelectric power plant was built at Saint Anthony Falls, marking one of the first developments of hydroelectric power in the United States. Iron mining began in northern Minnesota with the opening of the Soudan Mine in 1884. The Vermilion Range was surveyed and mapped by a party financed by Charlemagne Tower. Another mining town, Ely began with the foundation of the Chandler Mine in 1888. Soon after, the Mesabi Range was established when ore was found just under the surface of the ground in Mountain Iron. The Mesabi Range ultimately had much more ore than the Vermilion Range, and it was easy to extract because the ore was closer to the surface. As a result, open-pit mines became well-established on the Mesabi Range, with 111 mines operating by 1904. To ship the iron ore to refineries, railroads such as the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway were built from the iron ranges to Two Harbors and Duluth on Lake Superior. Large ore docks were used at these cities to load the iron ore onto ships for transport east on the Great Lakes. The mining industry helped to propel Duluth from a small town to a large, thriving city. In 1904, iron was discovered in the Cuyuna Range in Crow Wing County. Between 1904 and 1984, when mining ceased, more than 106 million tons of ore were mined. Iron from the Cuyuna Range also contained significant proportions of manganese, increasing its value. Dr. William Worrall Mayo, the founder of the Mayo Clinic, emigrated from Salford, United Kingdom to the United States in 1846 and became a medical doctor in 1850. In 1863, Mayo moved to Rochester, followed by his family the next year. In the summer of 1883, an F5 tornado struck, dubbed the 1883 Rochester tornado, causing a substantial number of deaths and injuries. Dr. W. W. Mayo worked with nuns from the Sisters of St. Francis to treat the survivors. After the disaster, Mother Alfred Moes and Dr. Mayo recognized the need for a hospital and joined together to build the 27-bed Saint Marys Hospital which opened in 1889. The hospital, with over 1100 beds, is now part of the Mayo Clinic, which grew out of the practice of William Worrall Mayo and his sons, William James Mayo (1861–1939) and Charles Horace Mayo. Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer joined the Mayo Brothers' practice in 1901. Plummer developed many of the systems of group practice which are universal around the world today in medicine and other fields, such as a single medical record and an interconnecting telephone system. Urbanization and government As a result of industrialization, the population became more concentrated into urban areas. By 1900, the Twin Cities were becoming a center of commerce, led by the Minneapolis Grain Exchange and the foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank with its ninth district in Minneapolis. Many of the businessmen who had made money in the railroad, flour milling, and logging industries lived in the Twin Cities and personified the gilded age. They started to donate money for cultural institutions such as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra (now the Minnesota Orchestra). The parks of Minneapolis, under the direction of Theodore Wirth became famous, and the new Minnesota State Capitol building and the Cathedral of Saint Paul attracted attention to Saint Paul. The role of government also grew during the early 20th century. In the rural areas, most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally. As industry and commerce grew, goods such as food, materials, and medicines were no longer made by neighbors, but by large companies. In response, citizens called on their government for consumer protection, inspection of goods, and regulation of public utilities. The growth of the automobile spurred calls to develop roads and to enforce traffic laws. The state officially started its trunk highway system in 1920, with the passage of the Babcock Amendment that established 70 Constitutional Routes around the state. New regulation was necessary for banking and insurance. The safety of industrial workers and miners became an increasing concern, and brought about the workers' compensation system. Since government was getting more complex, citizens demanded more of a role in their government, and became more politically active. Wilbur Foshay, an owner of several utility companies, built the Foshay Tower in 1929, just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The building was the tallest building in Minnesota at the time. It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until 1973, when the IDS Tower surpassed it. The tower was a symbol of the wealth of the times, but when the stock market crashed, Foshay lost his fortune in the crash. The Great Depression had several effects on Minnesota, with layoffs on the Iron Range and a drought in the Great Plains from 1931 through 1936. While the Depression had several causes, one most relevant to Minnesota was that United States businesses in the 1920s had improved their efficiency through standardizing production methods and eliminating waste. Business owners were reaping the benefits of this increase in productivity, but they were not sharing it with their employees because of the weakness of organized labor, nor were they sharing it with the public in the form of lowered prices. Instead, the windfall went to stockholders. The eventual result was that consumers could no longer afford the goods that factories were producing. Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party was elected as the governor in the 1930 election. In his first term, he signed a bonding bill that authorized $15 million ($210 million as of 2016) for highway construction, in an effort to provide work for the unemployed. He also signed an executive order that provided for a minimum wage of 45 cents per hour for up to 48 hours weekly. This effort predated the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 that established a nationwide minimum wage. By 1932, with the Depression worsening, the Farmer-Labor Party platform was proposing a state income tax, a graduated tax on nationwide chain stores (such as J.C. Penney and Sears, Roebuck and Company), low-interest farm loans, and a state unemployment insurance program. The progressive 1933 legislative session saw a comprehensive response to the depression including a moratorium on mortgage foreclosures, a reduction in property taxes for farmers and homeowners, the state income tax, and chain store taxes, tavern reform, ratification of a child labor amendment, a state old-age pension system, and steps toward preserving the area that later became the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Meanwhile, formerly quiet labor unions began asserting themselves rather forcefully. The Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 turned ugly, with the union demanding the right to speak for all trucking employees. As a result of this strike and many others across the nation, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. Government programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration brought much-needed work projects to the state. Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934, giving Minnesota's Ojibwa and Dakota tribes more autonomy over their own affairs. Arts and culture The Minnesota Orchestra dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building, Orchestra Hall, in downtown Minneapolis in 1974. The building has a modern look with a brick, glass, and steel exterior, in contrast to the old-world look of traditional concert halls. The interior of the building features more than 100 large cubes that deflect sound and provide excellent acoustics. Later the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra became the second full-time professional orchestral ensemble in the cities. The Walker Art Center was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest. In the 1940s, the museum shifted its focus toward modern art, after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by Pablo Picasso, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, and others. The museum continued its focus on modern art with traveling shows in the 1960s. The Guthrie Theater, opened in 1963, was the brainchild of Sir Tyrone Guthrie, who wanted to found a regional theater without the commercial constraints of Broadway. The high cost of staging Broadway productions meant that shows had to be immediately successful and return a high amount of revenue. This discouraged innovation and experimentation, and made it difficult to stage important works of literature. These ideas were first disseminated in a 1959 article in the drama section of the New York Times, and citizens in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area were eager to support the idea. The theater served as a prototype for other resident non-profit theaters. Minnesota in World War II Like other U.S. States, Minnesota made its contributions to the effort of World War II in wartime manufacturing and other areas. The United States Navy contracted with Cargill to build ships after seeing their success in building ships and barges used to haul grain. Cargill built facilities in Savage, Minnesota on the south bank of the Minnesota River and turned out 18 refueling ships and four towboats in four years. After the war, the Cargill facilities became a major grain shipping terminal. Honeywell built airplane control systems and periscope sights for submarines, and also developed a proximity fuse for anti-aircraft shells. The United States government built the Twin Cities Ordnance Plant to produce munitions. The plant employed 8,500 workers in 1941, and since there was a shortage of male workers during the war, more than half of the workers at the munitions plant were women. The plant also employed nearly 1000 African American workers, as President Roosevelt had issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in defense industries. Native American workers also found opportunities due to workforce shortages in wartime. During the wartime years, Savage was also the home of Camp Savage, a school designed to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese-American soldiers and to train them in military intelligence gathering. The school was originally established in San Francisco, but moved to Minnesota after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Eventually, the school outgrew its facilities in Savage and was moved to Fort Snelling. Fort Snelling itself served a major role as a reception center for newly drafted recruits after the Selective Service Act was passed in 1940. New recruits were given a physical exam and the Army General Qualification Test to determine their fitness for service in a particular branch. The most intelligent recruits, about 37% of Minnesotans going through Fort Snelling, were assigned to the Army Air Corps. Recruits were also issued uniforms and sent from the fort to other training centers. Over 300,000 recruits were processed through Fort Snelling during the World War II years. Agriculture evolved from an individual occupation into a major industry after World War II. Technological developments increased productivity on farms, such as automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting also became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, fertilization, and mechanical equipment such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to this knowledge as part of the Green Revolution. Large canneries such as the Minnesota Valley Canning Company fed the country from Minnesota's productive farmland. The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) was founded in 1902 in Two Harbors, Minnesota, and was later moved to Duluth, Saint Paul, and then Maplewood. The founders of 3M got their start by manufacturing sandpaper. Under the leadership of William L. McKnight, the company established product lines such as abrasives for wet sanding, masking tape and other adhesives, roofing granules, resins, and films. Suburban development intensified after the war, fueled by the demand for new housing. In 1957, the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This became the Metropolitan Council in 1967. Northwest Airlines, the dominant airline at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, was founded in 1926 carrying mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago. The airline, long headquartered in Eagan, merged with Delta Air Lines in October 2008. The company will keep the Delta name and will be headquartered in Atlanta. The digital state More than any other Midwestern state, Minnesota attracted engineers, especially in the computer industry, and became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the intelligence community. It soon merged with Remington Rand, and later became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC). Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also was founded in the Twin Cities in 1949. Honeywell was a national player as well, until 1999 when it was bought out and its headquarters moved to New Jersey. National firms, such as International Business Machines, operated large branch offices. IBM also operated a substantial manufacturing and development site in Rochester starting in 1956. State government and powerful politicians such as Hubert Humphrey maintained a favorable climate. The University of Minnesota trained many computer specialists who decided to stay in the Minnesota rather than move to sunny California. By the 1960s Minnesota thus became a successful precursor to Route 128 around Boston and Silicon Valley. Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long-term pattern of Minnesota politics. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads, with the Republicans dominant in the small towns, and the Democrats on the farms. Numerous left-wing groups and third-parties emerged, such as the Anti-Monopolist party in the 1870s, the Populists in the 1890s, the Non-Partisan League in the 1910s, and the Farmer-Labor party in the 1930s. Isolationism was strong, Atkins argues, because of the fear that Eastern bankers and industrialists forced the United States into World War I to enlarge their profits. Business fought unions, and the unions fought back, and with the governor on their side unions won some violent battles in the 1930s. In recent decades, however, the liberal coalition has weakened. Labor unions are a shadow of their old strength. Most farmers have left for the towns and especially the Twin Cities, where half the people live. The state high income tax is troublesome, and complaints are often heard about to generous welfare benefits. The New Right has mobilized social conservatives, especially those from traditional religious backgrounds, with abortion a furiously contested issue. State government has become much more friendly toward growth and the needs of business entrepreneurship. Environmentalism has split left and right, with the industrial workers in the Up North and Iron Range districts demanding that their jobs be protected from environmentalists. Atkins finds that: - What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion, beauty, isolation, quiet, clear water, and absence of development. The preservationists have tried to limit or prohibit roads, hydroelectric generators, sawmills and lumbering, resorts, power boats, airplanes, and snowmobiles…. The tensions between development and preservation, restraint and grows, beauty and jobs runs deep and strong. Hubert Humphrey was a Minnesotan who became a nationally prominent politician. He first ran for mayor of Minneapolis in 1943, but lost the election to the Republican candidate by just a few thousand votes. As a Democrat, Humphrey recognized that his best chance for political success was to obtain the support of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party. Other members of the Farmer-Labor Party had been considering the idea, as encouraged by Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the merger only became reality after Humphrey traveled to Washington, D.C. to discuss the issue. Rather than simply absorbing the Farmer-Labor party, with its constituency of 200,000 voters, Humphrey suggested calling the party the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. He was elected mayor of Minneapolis in 1945, and one of his first actions was to propose an ordinance making racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine. This ordinance was adopted in 1947, and although few fines were issued, the city's banks and department stores realized that public relations would improve by hiring blacks in increasing numbers. Humphrey delivered an impassioned speech at the 1948 Democratic National Convention encouraging the party to adopt a civil rights plank in their platform. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1948 and was re-elected in 1954 and 1960. In the early 1960s, the topic of civil rights was coming to national prominence with sit-ins and marches organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress, based largely on the ideas that Humphrey had been placing before the Senate for the previous fifteen years. The bill passed the House in early 1964, but passage through the Senate was more difficult, due to southern segregationists who filibustered for 75 days. Finally, in June 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law. Humphrey called this his greatest achievement. Lyndon B. Johnson recruited Humphrey for his running mate in the 1964 presidential election, and Humphrey became Vice President of the United States. Governor Karl Rolvaag (DFL) appointed Walter Mondale to fill Humphrey's Senate seat. Humphrey voiced doubts about the 1965 bombings of North Vietnam, which alienated him from Johnson. He later defended Johnson's conduct of the Vietnam War, alienating himself from liberals, who were beginning to oppose the war around 1967. In the 1968 presidential election, Humphrey ran against Richard Nixon and Independent candidate George Wallace and lost the popular vote by only 0.7%. Humphrey later returned to the Senate in 1971 after Eugene McCarthy left office. Eugene McCarthy (DFL) served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 through 1959 and in the United States Senate from 1959 through 1971. He gained a reputation as an intellectual with strong convictions and integrity. In 1967, he challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the presidential nomination, running on an anti-war platform in contrast to Johnson's policies. His strong support in the New Hampshire primary convinced Johnson to leave the race. Democrat Walter Mondale also achieved national prominence as Vice President under Jimmy Carter. He served in the Senate from his appointment in 1964 until becoming Vice President in 1977. In 1984, he ran for President of the United States, choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. The election proved to be a landslide victory for popular incumbent Ronald Reagan. In 2002, just 11 days before election day, when incumbent Senator Paul Wellstone was killed in a plane crash, Mondale stepped into the race as the Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate. He lost the bid by two percentage points to the Republican, Norm Coleman. In 1970, Wendell Anderson (DFL) was elected as governor of Minnesota. He spent two years working with a split Minnesota Legislature to enact a tax and school finance reform package that shifted the source of public education funding from local property taxes to state sales taxes, as well as adding excise taxes to liquor and cigarettes. This achievement, dubbed the "Minnesota Miracle", was immensely popular. In the next few years, the Legislature enacted other facets of their "new liberalism", including ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, strong environmental laws, increases in workers' compensation and unemployment benefits, and elimination of income taxes for the working poor. Time Magazine featured Wendell Anderson and the state in an article entitled, "Minnesota: A State That Works". In 1976 when Mondale resigned his Senate seat to become Jimmy Carter's running mate, Anderson resigned the governor's seat and turned it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the "Minnesota Massacre". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991. Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer, describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda. He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the "Democratic wing of the Democratic Party". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots. Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of Brooklyn Park, and a radio and TV broadcaster. He left office after one term. 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Retrieved 2006-07-21. - "IBM Archives: Harvest in the heartland: IBM Rochester". 03.ibm.com. Retrieved 2016-04-25. - Thomas J. Misa, Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry (2013) - Annette Atkins, "Minnesota", in James H. Madison, ed., Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States (1988) pp 12-24, quote on 24 - Risjord pp. 211–4 - "History Topics: Hubert H. Humphrey". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-09-24. - Risjord pp. 219–21 - Risjord pp. 221–2 - "History Topics: Eugene McCarthy". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-09-24. - "History Topics: Walter Mondale". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-09-24. - "Mondale Concedes to Coleman". You Decide 2002. Fox News. 2002-11-06. Retrieved 2007-03-14. - Risjord pp. 222–3 - "Minnesota: A State That Works". Time Magazine. August 13, 1973. Retrieved 2007-01-31. (see cover) - Risjord p. 225 - "Former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean". National Public Radio. 2003-07-02. Retrieved 2007-02-15. - "Sen. Paul Wellstone". StarTribune.com. October 29, 2002. Retrieved 2007-02-14. - "Governor's Information: Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura". National Governors Association. Retrieved 2007-03-15. - "Independence Party of Minnesota History". Independence Party of Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-03-15. - Abler, Ronald, John S. Adams, and John Robert Borchert. The twin cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis (Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976) - Blegen, Theodore C. Minnesota: A History of the State (U of Minnesota Press, 1975) - Carroll, Jane Lamm. "Good Times, Eh? Minnesota's Territorial Newspapers". Minnesota History (1998): 222-234. - Folwell, William W. History of Minnesota (4 vol. Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1930) - George, Stephen. Enterprising Minnesotans: 150 Years of Business Pioneers (U of Minnesota Press, 2003) - Gieske, Millard L. and Edward R. Brandt, eds. Perspectives on Minnesota Government and Politics (Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1977) - Gilman, Rhoda R. (1991). The Story of Minnesota's Past. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-267-7. - Gilman, Rhoda R. "Territorial Imperative: How Minnesota Became the 32nd State". Minnesota History (1998): 154-171. in JSTOR - Gilman, Rhoda R. "The history and peopling of Minnesota: Its culture". Daedalus (2000): 1-29. - Lass, William E. Minnesota: a history (WW Norton & Company, 2000) Short introduction - Meyer, Sabine N. We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota (U of Illinois Press, 2015) - Misa, Thomas J. Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry (2013) - Lass, William E. (1998) . Minnesota: A History (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04628-1. - Olsenius, Richard. Minnesota travel companion: a guide to the history along Minnesota's highways (Bluestem Productions, 1982) - Radzilowski, John. Minnesota (Interlink Books, 2006), story of ethnic groups - Risjord, Norman K. (2005). A Popular History of Minnesota. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87351-532-3. - Shapiro, Aaron. The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest (University of Minnesota Press, 2015). \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Minnesota.\|	<urn:uuid:a39f67de-ca73-4aeb-a3dd-ce3ba51ea6d2>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_in_the_American_Civil_War	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00159-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953208	13,987	3.84375	4
A GROUP ASSIGNMENT ON CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION on the topic GROUP F MEMBERS OSIGBEMHE PENGARSUS ----- PG/13/14/222644 EJEBE JOY OMENA ----- PG/13/14/222424 OKROTOR FAITH O. ----- PG/13/14/222676 ONOHARIGHO FESTUS DAFE ----- PG/13/14/222541 AGBAGWU AUGUSTINE OGONNE ----- PG/13/14/222761 AYENI URUEMUVERERE ----- PG/13/14/221768 OMUTA A. CHARLES ----- PG/13/14/222829 AKORODA O. LUCKY ----- PG/13/14/222720 FACTORS THAT TRIGGER CURRICULUM REFORM Nigerian educational system has gone through various developments and reforms viz-a-viz curriculum issues. But these issues cannot be discussed in toto without first and foremost bring to fore what curriculum reform connotes. DEFINITIONS OF CURRICULUM AND REFORM The term reform is etymologically derived from the Latin root reformare which means “to shape, to reconfigure, to make different”. It is a verb that refers to improvement by alteration, a correction of error or removal of defects (Yahoo Education, 2007). But mere change does not mean improvement but this must be geared towards changing something into a better form or condition. The term curriculum is shrouded in definitional controversy, so much so that it would require a book-length treatment to begin to deal with it (Schubert 1986). As a course of study offered in school, college and other institutions, Longman Group (1987), defines curriculum as a set of learning experiences planned to influence learners to bring about the objectives of education. But for the purpose of this discussion, Curriculum is defined as a structured plan of action that guides the process of education. BRIEF HISTORY OF CURRICULUM REFORM IN NIGERIA Educational or Curriculum reforms emanate from the basic conviction that considerable progress...	<urn:uuid:6acc8085-ff73-4503-94ab-39ee8752c2ce>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.brainia.com/essays/Curriculum-Reforms-In-Nigeria/352944.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00651-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.867744	478	3.28125	3
To Produce Good Health, Bite Into Fruit and Veggies Imagine a drug that could whittle your waistline, control blood pressure, keep you regular, protect your heart, strengthen your bones, cut the risk of stroke and possibly help you sidestep some types of cancer. And what if this drug were also easy to obtain and inexpensive, and it even tasted good? It would be hard to beat, wouldn't it? There's no pill with those benefits, but there is food that hits those high nutritional notes. I'm talking, of course, about fruit and vegetables. Scientists are just beginning to fully understand the power of produce. And the start of summer provides a great opportunity to expand your nutritional horizons by sampling the foods that will come into peak season during the coming months. Seasonal fruit and vegetables cost less than produce available at other times of year, so they can help stretch your food dollars. Plus, if you pick or grow your own, you can also save money and maybe even burn a few extra calories along the way. What many people don't know is that it isn't only fresh fruit and vegetables that provide health benefits. Studies show that canned, dried and frozen produce have nearly all the same attributes as fresh -- provided that you choose products that don't come slathered with added sugar or laced with lots of extra salt. Eating more fruit and vegetables sounds like a no-brainer, the kind of common-sense advice that mothers have dished out for generations. Now, 21st-century scientists are beginning to fathom why these foods provide so many benefits. It has to do with an array of essential vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytonutrients --plant-based substances with tongue-twisting names such as anthocyanins and lycopene. Don't worry about pronouncing them. All you need to know is that these antioxidants are found in red and deep-pink fruit and vegetables. That means pomegranates, red cabbage, cherries, red peppers, watermelon, red grapes and more. They appear to help reduce the risk of some tumors, including prostate cancer. And that's just for starters. Green fruit and vegetables, from avocado, pears and limes to okra, green beans and zucchini, are rich in carotenoids. These substances help preserve vision by protecting the retina and gobble up free radicals to help thwart cancer and aging. Yellow and orange produce is rich in beta carotene, which is converted by the body into Vitamin A. It boosts immunity and protects vision. Count apricots, bananas, papayas, peaches, carrots and butternut squash in this group, which also packs other nutrients. Pineapple, for example, has bromelain, an enzyme that aids in digestion and reduces bloating. White vegetables and fruit, from jicama to litchi nuts, contain allicin, which helps control blood pressure and cholesterol and may bolster immunity. But the superstars seem to be cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, arugula, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, rutabaga, turnips, bok choy, horseradish, wasabi and watercress. These vegetables contain potent substances that seem to protect against cancer and appear to have antimicrobial activity. In April, scientists reported that substances extracted from broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables thwarted (in the laboratory, at least) the bacteria that cause stomach ulcers as well as 23 of 28 other common microbes and fungi. There's also evidence that eating cruciferous vegetables may help counteract the suspected cancer-causing chemicals found in grilled food.	<urn:uuid:4c41c54b-2594-48ad-9168-31b92be58f0d>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/20/AR2008062002600.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00122-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953742	766	2.921875	3
Aim: To conduct reactions between various metals and oxygen,water,dilute water and dilute alkali to make decisions about their reactivity. * 5 Small pieces of each of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, zinc and aluminium * 35mL dilute (1 mol/L) hydrochloric acid (HCl) * 10ml conc (8 mol/L) hydrochloric acid (HCl) * 35ml dilute (1 mol/L) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) * 10 ml dilute (1 mol/L) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) * 14 test tubes * test tube rack * test tube holder Part A: Reaction With Oxygen Caution: Steps 1 and 2 are best done as a teacher demonstration 1. Place a piece of calcium on a gauze mat on a tripod and direct a hot bunsen flame onto it. Observe And Record Results Warning: Magnesium burns with a bright light so do not look directly at burning magnesium 2. Using Metal Tongs hold a clean piece of magnesium ribbon in a Bunsen flame until it ignites 3. Clean pieces of iron, copper, aluminium and zinc with sandpaper. Repeat step 2 with each of these. Not any changes in appearance Part B: Reaction With Water 1. Clean a small piece of each of the metals listed using sandpaper, except calcium which can be used without cleaning 2. Place each piece in a separate test tube and add about 5mL of distilled water to each. Observe and record any change. 3. If Reaction occurs collect the gas by inverting another test tube over the one in which the reaction I occurring. Test the hydrogen by placing a lit taper near the mouth of the test tube. A 'pop' shows hydrogen is present. 4. If, after a couple of minutes, no reaction occurs heat the test tube in a...	<urn:uuid:62d3f4ec-b74d-4a0c-8322-a61a6fc8fbc3>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://www.writework.com/essay/experiment-prac-writeup-reactions-between-metals-and-oxyge	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444209.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00186-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.838402	402	3.96875	4
Here's What You Should Know About Energy Star Guidelines October 4, 2016 Winter or summer in Des Moines, efficient HVAC equipment helps you save on utility bills. But how does a homeowner know what to shop for when replacing an air conditioner, a furnace or a heat pump? One of the best ways is by looking for the distinctive blue Energy Star logo and comparing similar models. The products will bear labels that tell on average how much energy the products use, as well as calculated annual savings. Buying energy-efficient appliances, electronics, and equipment for your home can be a little overwhelming as you try to sort through all of the available information. Energy Star-certified products are an easy answer to this dilemma, providing certifications that indicate household products that are as energy efficient as possible. The following is a brief explanation of the Energy Star program and what those certifications mean. The Background of the Energy Star Program The Energy Star program started in 1992 as a voluntary labeling program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The program provides education and information on energy conservation and efficiency and helps consumers understand the best energy-saving options available to them. The Energy Star certification program tests a variety of electronics and appliances for energy efficiency. The most efficient of them are granted the right to display the Energy Star logo, which indicates the highest possible level of efficiency. Further, the Energy Star Most Efficient label identifies products that are the most efficient among their category. Computers, heating and cooling equipment, household appliances, office equipment, lighting, water heaters, and pool pumps can all be granted Energy Star certification. The Energy Star label now appears on more than 50 types of products, including furnaces, air conditioners, air cleaners, boilers, ductless heating and cooling, heat pumps, ventilation fans and water heaters. Homeowners can be sure that by choosing products bearing the Energy Star label, they are choosing equipment that will save them money on energy bills and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Meaning of Energy Star Guidelines These guidelines of the Energy Star program ensure that the products granted certification will provide a high level of energy efficiency. - Energy efficiency of the product must be demonstrable through testing. - Product must offer features and performance that consumers want in addition to efficiency. - The product must offer efficiency and significant energy savings nationwide. - If the device costs more than a comparable low-efficiency model, the monthly savings it provides must be sufficient to allow the purchaser to recover the cost of the product through savings alone over a reasonable span of time. - Labeling of the product will sufficiently distinguish it from similar models. Benefits of Energy Star Products HVAC equipment consumes more energy than any other appliance in your home, so it's crucial that it is efficient. Energy Star-rated products are 15 to 20 percent more efficient than their counterparts without the rating. Rigorously tested in EPA-approved laboratories and reviewed by third party certification, Energy Star-rated products must provide a level of performance and the same in-demand features that consumers look for in other models available in the marketplace. Also, Energy Star-rated products, which may cost more than less efficient models, should be efficient enough so that homeowners can expect to recover the difference in purchase costs through energy savings over a reasonable period of time. Another important benefit is that Energy Star-rated products help reduce a household's carbon footprint. The EPA says that since the Energy Star program was launched, the environment has been spared an estimated 2 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. To learn more about how the Energy Star logo can help you make better HVAC equipment choices, contact Lozier Heating and Cooling. We serve the heating and cooling needs of central Iowa. Our goal is to help educate our customers in the greater Des Moines, Iowa area about energy and home comfort issues (specific to HVAC systems).	<urn:uuid:6e9323e2-904a-421d-87eb-040b6a29d52b>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.lozierheatingcooling.com/blog/heres-what-you-should-know-about-energy-star-guidelines	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00780.warc.gz	en	0.938476	798	2.53125	3
Gamification means applying game dynamics and mechanics in different contexts, such as web services, education and work life. Gamification plays an important role in many ongoing research projects at UCPori: - The significance of gaming in education and learning is explored at the Tampere university of Technology, Pori department (read more) - The Ludification of Culture and Society project funded by the Academy of Finland is ongoing at the University of Turku, a degree programme in Cultural Production and Landscape Studies (read more) - A game to assist in the student–teacher encounter is being designed by the University of Tampere, Pori Unit A joint professorship in gamification will be established at UCPori in 2016, administered by Tampere university of Technology and University of Turku. Ask for more information:	<urn:uuid:6fe43d6a-3ea6-496f-906b-2dbecf9fe507>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	http://www.ucpori.fi/en/gamification	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156622.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920214659-20180920235059-00535.warc.gz	en	0.942448	170	2.734375	3
The Obligation of Contract Clause is a provision in the U.S. Constitution that prohibits states from passing any law impairing contractual agreements. Article I, Section 10, clause 1 states, "No State shall ... pass any ... Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts ...." Many states have similar protections in their own state constitutions. For example, the Florida constitution states, "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed." Art. I, Section 10. Founder James Madison wrote in The Federalist No. 44, "Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, and laws impairing the obligation of contracts, are contrary to the first principles of the social compact, and to every principle of sound legislation." This clause prevents states from passing laws that interfere with existing contracts between private parties, or contracts between a private party and the state. In two early Supreme Court decisions, Chief Justice John Marshall used this clause to invalidate state laws that interfered with prior grants by the state in Fletcher v. Peck (1810) and Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819). These decisions held that a state could not abrogate (nullify) its own prior contracts with private parties. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court began allowing states to interfere with prior contracts in the interest of safety, health, morals and the general welfare. The leading case was Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell (1934), which allowed a state to impose a moratorium (suspension) on mortgages in combating deflation during the Great Depression. The Supreme Court later expanded governmental power to interfere with contracts in Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (1983), when a "broad societal interest" was the basis for government to prevent Exxon Corp. from enforcing a contractual right to pass an increased tax onto consumers. An interesting question is whether the Obligation of Contract Clause has only a retroactive effect in protecting contracts already formed, or also has a prospective application to protect the right to enter into future contracts. The view of prominent Professor Richard Epstein is that states may change the rules governing future contracts only to provide greater stability and security in contractual obligations. Examples include a statute of limitations, a statute of frauds and recording acts.	<urn:uuid:1f8206fe-344c-48e4-8296-201a0c2965db>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.conservapedia.com/Contract_Clause	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00274.warc.gz	en	0.930191	473	3.0625	3
Three themes emerged as follows: (i) Variability in sources of health information and claims, and general understanding of their creation and accuracy of content, (ii) The use of substitute indicators to assess health information and claims and make judgements about their trustworthiness, (iii) Uncertainty about, and literal interpretation of, the language of health claims. Despite general scepticism of health claims and admitted uncertainty of research terminology, many students were generally convinced. Students had poor understanding about how health claims are generated and tended to rely on substitute indicators, such as endorsements, when evaluating the believability of claims. , , , . A qualitative study exploring high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, health information and claims. Health Expect. 2017;00:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12562	<urn:uuid:6139e5f6-0ba9-4c79-a42d-e2747443ceef>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	https://www.pifonline.org.uk/exploring-students-understanding-attitudes-towards-health-information-qualitative-study/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922073800-20190922095800-00478.warc.gz	en	0.929865	177	2.953125	3
Amelia Earhart was an American aviation pioneer and first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She was an advocate for women's political rights and supported other female pilots by helping to found the Ninety-Nines, an organization dedicated to promoting women in aviation. Though Earhart disappeared over the Pacific Ocean during her attempted circumnavigation of the globe in 1937, her legacy inspired a new generation of female aviators. For more stories about notable female pilots, visit our Planes section within Transportation. For planes and other vehicle toys to entice your future pilot, visit our Vehicle Toys section within Toys / Games.	<urn:uuid:2fa0d123-8ddc-4f5f-b1ae-caad4e2ea527>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://www.amightygirl.com/character-collection/historical-characters-1/amelia-earhart	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655864.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015032537-20191015060037-00086.warc.gz	en	0.957052	127	3.5	4
It was about ten years from the first flight by the Wright brothers to the beginning of the First World War in 1914, and few understood at the time just how important a part aviation would play in the war. Balloons and aircraft were used to observe the battlefield below, and report back to commanders on the ground such vital strategic information as troop movements and the placements of artillery. This information was critically important, but as time passed the aircraft became an important weapon, bombing or firing at troops or other enemy ground targets below, or shooting down enemy scout or attack planes in the air. As aircraft became more important to the conduct of war, the need for pilots increased. The two British air services, the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps, looked to their allies—countries such as Canada—to provide the expertise necessary to train new pilots. Canadians played a crucial role in these wartime developments. Many Canadian volunteers obtained their air pilot training in the United States, or from newly established schools like Aero Club of British Columbia or the Curtiss Aviation School in Toronto. These schools were replaced with larger and more advanced centres as the demand for trained pilots rapidly increased. The Royal Flying Corps came to Canada and established many successful flying schools. Alberta made an extraordinary contribution of mechanics and pilots to the war effort. Many of the top Canadian airmen during the war came from a distinguished list of Alberta volunteers that included aces like Captain Wilfrid Reid (Wop) May of Edmonton, and Roy Brown, Donald McLaren and Fred McCall of	<urn:uuid:33bd2142-7770-433d-8938-15d560057724>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208165436/http:/www.abheritage.ca/aviation/history/history_ww1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637902725.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025822-00110-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954037	358	3.890625	4
The lowdown on elevated hemidiaphragm "What can cause an elevated right hemidiaphragm?" asks SUSAN AU, MD, of Toronto, ON. "I see this occasionally on chest x-ray reports for patients who seem asymptomatic." Normally, lung volumes can be evaluated by observing how much the lung tissue extends to the periphery and the diaphragm moves to the level of the 9th-11th ribs posteriorly. The left hemidiaphragm is normally located lower than the right because the presence of the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen elevates it slightly. In healthy patients, the lung volumes should be assessed on the posterior-anterior chest x-ray performed at full inspiration. The dome of the right hemidiaphragm is typically situated at the level of the 6th rib anteriorly +/- one rib interspace, although it can be slightly higher in women and in most people over age 40. The right hemidiaphragm usually sits 1-2.5 cm higher than the left. The normal excursion of the hemidiaphragms between full inspiration and full expiration views is 1.5-2.5 cm. The most common cause of a significant discrepancy between the two sides is focal or diffuse eventration of the higher hemidiaphragm. Eventration occurs when the diaphragm's muscular sheet is replaced by a thin membranous sheet, causing local or broad elevation, or mounding, of the affected hemidiaphragm, due to upward pressure from the subjacent abdominal viscera liver, colon, spleen, stomach, omentum, etc. Typically, one-third to one-half of the hemidiaphragm is affected. The pattern is either a smooth single bulge or multiple wavy contours. Diffuse eventration of the hemidiaphragm, more often on the left side, can simulate true elevation. In such cases, acquired paralysis of the hemidiaphragm should be considered and ruled out. Other pathologic processes simulating hemidiaphragm paralysis can include subphrenic abscess, peritonitis, distended gas-filled stomach or colon, or pulmonary infarct with volume loss. If elevation of a hemidiaphragm is shown to be a new finding, when comparing previous chest radiographs, true phrenic nerve pathology must be ruled out. The most common cause of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is a malignancy invading the mediastinum, affecting the phrenic nerve. Another is nerve root impingement secondary to cervical spine degenerative disease, with lateral foraminal narrowing. Other less likely causes would include blunt or penetrating mediastinal trauma, aortic aneurysm, viral infection and neurologic disease such as polio or herpes zoster. Patients with unilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis without underlying lung disease are often asymptomatic at rest, developing moderate dyspnea with exertion. Diagnosis of unilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis can be made by a radiographic 'sniff test,' a fluoroscopic real time assessment of diaphragmatic excursion during deep inhalation and exhalation. A paralyzed hemidiaphragm won't move. Ultrasound can also be used to assess diaphragmatic excursion. Perhaps the best diagnostic test, though, is electromyographic stimulation, which can isolate the affected cervical nerve roots, along with other potential causes. MM Nchimi A et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184(1):24-30. MacIntyre NR et al. Respir Care 2002;47(1):69-90. Nicolas JM et al. Chest 1998;113(6):1715-7.	<urn:uuid:0797c8ee-2abc-46b1-b10f-3f17253abe12>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.parkhurstexchange.com/imaging/2006-09-04	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043921-00111-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.883521	808	2.796875	3
Mexican and Latin Works from Plaza Books By Michael Stillman Arriving in our mailbox a short time ago was List 18 from Plaza Books of Santa Rosa, California. Plaza specializes in books from south of the border. While anything from Tijuana to the Straits of Magellan is fair game, and so even are items from within the USA with a Latin connection, most of the books in this catalogue pertain to Mexico. The linguistic mix is fairly even here, between English and Spanish language works, with a few in French. The time period covered ranges all the way from the days before the Spanish conquest to the Mexican Revolution. It offers a most worthy selection for collectors of Mexicana and Central America. Here are a few samples. Item 4 is a contemporary work concerning the Mexican Revolution, though it would only have covered the initial stages. Author Henry Baerlein was a correspondent for the London Times who published his book in 1912: Mexico, the Land of Unrest: Being chiefly an Account of what produced the Outbreak in 1910, together with the Story of the Revolutions down to this Day. In 1910, Mexicans overthrew the longstanding dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and installed Francisco Madero as President. He would still have been in office at this time, but by 1913, Madero too was overthrown, executed, and a series of other leaders would come and go until the PRI would gain control. That control was not relinquished until the most recent Mexican presidential election. Priced at $115. Item 31 relates to an earlier change of government in Mexico, though this was more invasion than revolution. During the 1860s, France invaded Mexico and established Emperor Maximilian on the thrown. It didn't work out. However, in 1863, a year before Maximilian's installation, John de Havilland could not foresee what would transpire. De Havilland was an ultra-conservative royalist who believed that an emperor was just what Mexico needed. At the time, he could point to America, engaged in its civil war, as proof of the failure of democracy. De Havilland recalled that Americans had appreciated France's involvement in their revolution against the British, and concluded the Mexicans would feel the same. What he failed to notice is that the Americans were fighting a foreign power, not each other. A year later, de Havilland got his wish, but within three years, Mexicans united to throw the French out of the country, and Maximilian lay dead in front of a firing squad. The book, in French, is Le Mexique sous la Maison de Habsbourg. $500.	<urn:uuid:8ed6fc17-bf20-43ea-a380-257183491fa0>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://www.rarebookhub.com/reviews/325	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313436.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817164742-20190817190742-00521.warc.gz	en	0.975327	540	2.625	3
Cinnamon is a popular spice that has been used for centuries in various cultures for its medicinal properties. It is derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the genus Cinnamomum and is known for its distinct sweet and spicy flavor. While most people are familiar with cinnamon as a spice used in cooking and baking, it is also commonly consumed as a tea. Cinnamon tea is made by steeping cinnamon sticks or powder in hot water, and it has gained popularity in recent years due to its numerous health benefits. In this article, we will explore the benefits of cinnamon tea and why you should consider incorporating it into your daily routine. - 1 History of Cinnamon Tea - 2 Nutritional Profile of Cinnamon Tea - 3 Health Benefits of Cinnamon Tea - 4 How to Make Cinnamon Tea - 5 Precautions and Side Effects History of Cinnamon Tea Cinnamon has a long history of use in traditional medicine, dating back to ancient Egypt and China. It was highly valued for its medicinal properties and was used to treat a variety of ailments, including respiratory and digestive issues. In Ayurvedic medicine, cinnamon is considered a warming spice that can improve digestion and circulation. The use of cinnamon tea can be traced back to the 16th century when it was introduced to Europe by Portuguese explorers. It quickly gained popularity and was used as a remedy for various health conditions.Read:What are the benefits of red light therapy Nutritional Profile of Cinnamon Tea Cinnamon tea is a rich source of antioxidants, which are compounds that help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. It also contains essential oils, such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool, which give cinnamon its distinct aroma and flavor. Cinnamon tea is also a good source of minerals like manganese, iron, and calcium, as well as vitamins B1, B2, and C. It is low in calories and does not contain any fat, making it a healthy beverage choice. Health Benefits of Cinnamon Tea Cinnamon contains compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation has been linked to various health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. By incorporating cinnamon tea into your diet, you can help reduce inflammation and potentially lower your risk of developing these diseases. Regulates Blood Sugar Levels Cinnamon has been shown to have a positive effect on blood sugar levels. It can help improve insulin sensitivity, which is essential for people with diabetes. Studies have also shown that cinnamon can lower fasting blood sugar levels and improve glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Drinking cinnamon tea regularly can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing diabetes.Read:What are the benefits of eating cabbage? Boosts Immune System Cinnamon is rich in antioxidants, which can help boost the immune system and protect the body from infections and diseases. It has also been shown to have antimicrobial properties, which can help fight against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Drinking cinnamon tea can help strengthen your immune system and keep you healthy. Cinnamon has been used in traditional medicine to improve digestion and relieve digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. It can help stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, which aid in the breakdown of food. Cinnamon tea can also help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, making it beneficial for people with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Crohn’s disease. Promotes Heart Health Cinnamon has been shown to have a positive effect on heart health. It can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease. Studies have also shown that cinnamon can improve blood flow and reduce the risk of blood clots. By drinking cinnamon tea, you can help improve your heart health and reduce the risk of heart disease. Relieves Menstrual Cramps Cinnamon has been used in traditional medicine to relieve menstrual cramps and other symptoms of menstruation. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, which can help reduce pain and discomfort during menstruation. Drinking cinnamon tea can help alleviate menstrual cramps and make periods more manageable.Read:what are the benefits of walking Aids in Weight Loss Cinnamon has been shown to have a positive effect on weight loss. It can help regulate blood sugar levels, which can prevent cravings and overeating. Cinnamon also contains compounds that can help boost metabolism and burn fat. By incorporating cinnamon tea into your weight loss journey, you can potentially see better results. How to Make Cinnamon Tea Cinnamon tea is easy to make and can be enjoyed hot or cold. Here’s a simple recipe to make cinnamon tea at home: - Boil 1 cup of water in a saucepan. - Add 1 cinnamon stick or 1 teaspoon of cinnamon powder to the water. - Let it simmer for 10-15 minutes. - Strain the tea into a cup. - You can add honey or lemon for added flavor. You can also make a larger batch of cinnamon tea and store it in the fridge for a refreshing iced tea option. Precautions and Side Effects While cinnamon tea has numerous health benefits, it is essential to consume it in moderation. Excessive consumption of cinnamon can lead to liver damage and other adverse effects. It is also not recommended for pregnant women as it may stimulate contractions. If you are taking any medications, it is best to consult with your doctor before incorporating cinnamon tea into your diet. Cinnamon tea is a delicious and healthy beverage that offers numerous health benefits. From reducing inflammation to promoting heart health, this spice has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. By incorporating cinnamon tea into your daily routine, you can improve your overall health and well-being. So, the next time you reach for a cup of tea, consider trying cinnamon tea for a flavorful and nutritious alternative.	<urn:uuid:dd84a929-ef43-4f49-b98a-109eedeb4110>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://digitalpopcorn.net/what-are-the-benefits-of-cinnamon-tea/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00019.warc.gz	en	0.946707	1,213	2.640625	3
Thyme is a widespread herb worldwide used in various fields (culinary, traditional medicine, perfumery, landscape design). Planting plant combines pleasant with useful - blooming thyme (this is the second name of the herb) gives freshness to garden plantations, and can additionally be used in home treatment. Further details should be considered peculiarities of growing thyme in the Moscow region, which also applies to all regions of Central Russia. Features of growing thyme in the Moscow region Regardless of where the thyme grows, you must follow the basic rules for the successful cultivation of the bush. The conditions of the Moscow region are moderate, so the characteristics of self-planting and care can be applied throughout Central Russia. The key points for successful plant growth include the following points: - it is required to pick a fertile soil - the plant is unpretentious, but rooting will not occur in an acidic environment, - during the summer it is necessary to carry out 2 times fertilizing plants with mullein, - every month, for an attractive flowering, a solution of eggshell or calcium is poured under the bush, - since thyme is an ornamental shrub, it needs to be pruned — in early spring new shoots are removed to the stiffened parts, and in the fall, the buds have faded, - soil drainage is required annually - this plant is afraid of excessive moisture, therefore it is necessary to use expanded clay to ensure moisture removal. As for the wintering of thyme, there will be no problems in this matter. The suburbs are not distinguished by severe winters, frosts here are rare. As a result, the bush does not have to cover for the winter or sprinkle with fallen leaves. In the spring the plant will resume its growth and flowering to the full. How does this plant breed? Thyme can breed in the following ways: - independently - unplanned rooting of the stems occurs, which is why the plant quickly spreads throughout the suburban area, drowning out the growth of other plants, - seeds - not used by gardeners due to a certain complexity and duration, - cuttings - a common breeding method, if necessary, to plant additional several bushes, - dividing the bushes - is used when necessary to reduce the size of the bush, it is required to dig out the bush fully and divide it into several parts without damaging the root system. The division of the bush is often used in case of need to reduce its size. Several shoots that have not yet gained strength and are not stiff are removed from the common stacks, get rid of them in a convenient way. You can plant them separately in a suitable soil for thyme and wait for their rooting - you get a new bush plant. How to choose a place for landing? To grow an ornamental shrub, you want to plant it in a place where the sun is always present. If thyme is placed in the ground in a shaded area, the shoots will lengthen and the number of buds will decrease. It is recommended to “hide” the bush from gusts of wind, which occur frequently in the Moscow region. Therefore, the plant should be planted near the house, farm building or near the fence. Thus, most of the day the sun will shine on the bush, respectively, it will help to form a bright and colorful bouquet. Choice of soil for thyme You can not plant a bush in heavy soil - this will lead to stagnant moisture, even with annual drainage of the soil. As a result, the root system of the plant will rot, the leaves will turn yellow and gradually become black. It is also impossible to plant a plant in a marshy area or in a lowland of a summer cottage - during the rainy season, the land in such plots dries the longest. Properly planted thyme in open suitable soil does not require additional manipulations - it is enough to choose a place for planting sand and even stones in the soil. It would be better if you put thyme in sandy soil - this contributes to the better formation of bright buds. In the wild, you can find successful flowering and growth in rocky soil. It is necessary to consider carefully all the details of planting, so as not to harm him. Features and recommendations will be presented for the Moscow region. After a landing site is found, follow these guidelines: - the whole area where the bush is planned to be placed is to be dug up in spring, - the root system will feel comfortable only when the soil is heated to 13 degrees, - seedlings are planted when it reaches two months, - the box with seedlings is preliminarily required to be taken out into the air and left for 2 weeks. During this time, the seedlings will harden, and will feel comfortable in the open field. Next, it is planted in the ground, digging a hole in size in accordance with the root system. It is impossible to overwet the plant, the root system is not afraid of drought, therefore it will be enough to water the bush as the topsoil dries. In hot weather, it will be enough to water once a week, if necessary - twice. The rest of the time, watering is sufficient once a week, especially if a layer of expanded clay or river sand is laid out around the bush. Such actions will help moisture to remain longer in the ground, without exposing the roots to harmful effects. Thyme is recommended to feed, to get a healthy crown and buds. Provided that before planting fertilization was carried out with organic matter, fertilizing is required to be made in the spring, even before germination. In subsequent years, use urea or ash during pruning. You can not use fresh manure, because the plant from such feeding is saturated with organic matter and fade. Diseases and pests As part of the thyme contains a large number of different essential oils, so the pests are reluctant to use the bush as food - they do not like the smell. The bush is also resistant to diseases, so it is rare to find powdery mildew and other problems here. With improper cultivation of other crops located near the thyme, can be found on the leaves of the weevil, aphids or meadow moths. Fighting them should be based on using traps or spraying an insecticide solution. With the stagnation of water in the ground can detect the development of fungal diseases. To fight it means to stop watering for several days and use the solution for the treatment of fungus. To prevent the formation of fungal diseases, it is necessary after each watering to loosen the ground. Collection and storage Thyme grown in the suburbs is suitable for use throughout the entire growth and flowering period - from spring to autumn. Collect it in accordance with the following purpose: - shoots are used for making tea and decoctions, - young shoots are recommended to use fresh - they can relieve inflammation, using in the form of compresses, or in dried and crushed form, for cooking, - flowers are torn down for self-made perfume. Collected parts of the bush are required to be laid out on a newspaper and dried. Thus, you can store the collection for a long time. Thyme or thyme is a “multifunctional” plant, suitable for trouble-free cultivation in areas of the Moscow region. Feel free to start planting, asking for cutting from familiar gardeners - next year you can plant a shrub in the open ground. Description and useful properties Thyme is the popular name for creeping thyme. This perennial plant reaches 20-30 cm in height. Shrub stalks thin, spread along the surface of the earth, forming a dense carpet of fragrant green with numerous inflorescences. Depending on the variety, thyme flowers may be light pink, lilac or saturated lilac color. Creeping thyme blooms throughout the summer. The fruits of the shrub resemble small boxes. The unique composition of the leaves of the plant allows its use in several directions at once: - In cooking. Thyme seeds are used as spicy seasoning. Young greens perfectly complements the taste of fish and meat dishes, is part of various sauces. - In perfumery. Essential oils contained in the leaves and flowers of thyme, are widely used in the creation of perfumery and cosmetic products. - In medicine. Thyme is known for its healing properties. It is an excellent antiseptic, has expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects. Used as a sedative and diaphoretic. In addition, it contains tannins and organic acids. Features of cultivation in the Moscow region Shrub is valued for the fact that it combines the properties of a beautiful flowering ground cover, fragrant spicy greenery and decorative decoration of portable pot and pot plant. Features and methods of growing thyme in the Moscow region depend on what goals the gardener pursues: - On the windowsill. This method of cultivation allows you to provide fresh spice on the table all year round. Thyme is grown on the southern window-sills, pinching the inflorescences, in order to form as much of the green growth as used in cooking. - In containers and bowls. Some varieties of thyme are capable of forming dense caps of bright inflorescences. Neat, bright bushes of the plants serve as a wonderful decoration of portable beds. - In the open ground. The most common method of growing thyme. As a ground cover shrub, it is used to create mixborders, soloist or serves as a bright backdrop on alpine slides, spreads along the tracks. Most actively, creeping thyme multiplies on its own. Creeping stems of plants have the ability to quickly rooting, which allows the shrub with each year more and more spread on the site. Because of this feature, gardeners artificially limit its growth in organized flower beds. In the case when it is necessary to artificially propagate thyme, resort to the following methods: You need to plant seeds 70 days before the soil in the area warms up above 15 degrees. In early or mid-March, planting material is sown in containers with moist soil (a mixture of equal shares of peat and sand). Small seeds lightly sprinkled with soil, cover with a film and placed in a warm place until germination. It takes from 1.5 to 2 weeks. When the first sprouts hatch, transfer capacity to a bright place. As the seedlings grow, it is necessary to thin out the shoots and monitor the humidity of the earth. At the age of 70 days, the seedlings are ready for planting in open ground. Reproduction by cuttings Creeping thyme is easily propagated by cutting. To do this, select strong, developed shoots that have reached a length of 10-12 cm. There should be no inflorescences on the trunks. They are neatly trimmed with sharp shears and placed in river sand. Pre-moistened soil from the spray, the cuttings covered with a film. Within 2 weeks, the formation of roots and the plant can be planted in a permanent place. In the process of rooting it is necessary to weed the soil from weeds and not to allow the overmoistening of the soil. Reproduction by dividing the bush An adult bush of thyme is dug out of the ground and part of the plant is separated along with the roots. The division should be carried out with caution, seeking to minimally damage the small processes of the roots. For better survival, you can handle the root system root. This should be done strictly according to the instructions. The separated part of the shrub is planted in the ground under a special coating or glass jar. Features of cultivation in the open ground Thyme can safely be classified as unpretentious and easy to grow perennial plants. Requirements for the conditions are minimal. A shrub can grow any gardener. And yet it is necessary to adhere to certain rules of landing. The place where the culture will grow should be well lit. In the shade the shoots of the plant will lose their decorative effect, stretch out and will bloom badly. The soil for creeping thyme should be good to pass moisture, have a neutral level of acidity, be light and moderately fertile. Well-growing shrub on sandy and sandy soil. The optimal distance between the thyme bushes is 30-35 cm. Young seedlings need timely thinning. Easily tolerates drought, because it does not need additional watering. The danger is an overabundance and stagnation of moisture, as this damages the root system of the plant. Frost-resistant On the territory of the Moscow region, you can leave to winter without additional shelter. In order to provide the culture with the most comfortable growing conditions, it is recommended to pay attention to preparing the soil, watering, fertilizing and pruning perennials. In autumn, the place where the planting of thyme is planned is carefully dug up to a depth of 20-30 cm. It is freed from weeds and remnants of old roots. If the soil is oily, heavy, then it is necessary to dilute its composition with river sand and peat. Thyme responds well to the introduction of wood ash into the soil, it helps to maintain the desired level of acidity and prevents the development of root diseases. Watering thyme is necessary only in a period of prolonged drought or heat. Usually it suffices moisture obtained in a natural way. You can provide additional watering during the active growing season, but this should be done carefully, not allowing moisture to linger in the roots. Experienced gardeners mulch the soil around the shrub. For these purposes, fine gravel, straw, compost or large river sand is suitable. Mulching will help in weed control and reduce labor costs for thyme care. Pruning a perennial plant is carried out to give it a decorative look. It is recommended to subject bushes to this procedure twice a year. Spring shorten the stems by two thirds, leaving the odesnevevuyu part. Young shoots will increase neat, dense hat. In the fall, prune old, damaged stems, remove faded shoots. Use with a sharp pruner. Diseases and pests In compliance with the basic rules of agrotechnology, creeping thyme is highly resistant to diseases and pest damage. Essential oils scare away most insects. In rare cases, it affects: - sandy slow skin - meadow moth, To combat these pests use shrub treatment with an insecticide solution. As a preventive measure, you can use various insect traps. Among the possible diseases of thyme can be identified fungal diseases. Their appearance contributes to the stagnation of moisture in the soil, prolonged rain. Proper watering and periodic loosening of the soil around the plant will avoid these problems. Why is thyme so popular? Thyme is appreciated not only for its beautiful look and flavor, but also for excellent healing properties. Thyme is applied: In folk medicine. Pleasantly smelling, rich thyme tea, rich in beneficial vitamins, active substances, is able to calm the nervous system, eliminate pain, cope with colds and many other diseases. From its leaves and flowers make decoctions, infusions, essential oil. Dried thyme herb is added to the pillow so that sleep is deep and healthy. In the old days with the help of thyme fumigated premises to get rid of germs and pests. In the perfume industry. Flowers and leaves are processed, and essential oils are added to creams, perfumes, toilet water, soap. In cooking. The leaves of this plant are added to food as a seasoning to give it a special taste and unique aroma. Thyme seasoned and meat, and fish dishes. As a spice, it is added to baking. Thyme in landscape design. Sometimes thyme is used to decorate the plot in the country. Thyme is believed to be a wild plant that grows in the southern regions. But amateur gardeners have been cultivating thyme for a long time in those corners where the summer is not so hot and long. The plant is fairly easy to adapt to a different climate, and feels great. Thyme: cultivation of which species is popular? Despite the fact that there are more than 300 species of this plant, only four are grown in garden plots. Their healing and decorative properties are most pronounced: Thyme Marshall. Used as a remedy for eye disease. Creeping thyme. Planting and care will subsequently be useful for treating colds and coughs, from abdominal pain, to improve digestion. Common Thyme. This species has been specially cultivated. Used to treat rhinitis, colds, gastritis, pancreatitis. Tea from thyme is an excellent antiseptic. Planted this type of thyme in the flower beds to decorate the site. Lemon Thyme. The leaves have a greenish-yellow color, the plant has a pleasant lemon smell. Feel free to choose any of them! Cultivation of thyme in the open field in the Moscow region Decided to have thyme? Посадка и уход не займут много времени, а растение легко приспособится к любым погодным условиям и почувствует себя довольно хорошо.However, in order for the plant to decorate the site and be pleasing to the eye for many years, it bloomed abundantly, was healthy and suitable as a seasoning and first-aid kit on the garden bed, it is necessary to take care of it, water it in a timely manner, weed it. How to grow thyme? To grow thyme in the open field no extra effort and application of special knowledge is required. Thyme perfectly tolerates the conditions of a dry summer and a snowy winter. For its rapid growth and development, abundant flowering requires a lot of moisture, so the climate of the Moscow region creates the best conditions for it. Thyme was bred from wild varieties, it grows well on any soil, except for acid clay. Not afraid of this plant and strong frosts. Thyme will be healthy and will grow quickly if you plant it in warm sunny places garden plot. So that the stems do not over-wet and do not rot during the off-season, the soil next to the stem is covered with a drainage from small pebbles or gravel. Thyme looks good, as an element of decorative trim garden paths. Planted at the edges of the path, it gives it a well-groomed look. This plant is suitable for rose gardens and alpine hills, will serve as a wonderful decoration of an ornamental pond. And if you plant it next to the house, you can not only get aesthetic pleasure by watching its intricate buds, but also inhale the scent of flowers both in the early morning and late evening. It is possible to strengthen the decorative effect by planting thyme of a different type on the flower beds. What soil does thyme grow best on? It is important not only to think about which side the plant will be planted on, but also take care of the ground. In its natural habitat, thyme grows on stony or sandy soils. If the land at the dacha does not meet the specified characteristics, it can be improved by preparing more favorable conditions for thyme. This plant does not release its root very deeply, so it will not take extra effort to prepare the soil. Enough surface treatment. The soil must be mixed with river sand, gravel, small stones. You can add a shell. If you plan to plant a thyme on a rocky alpine slide, the best solution would be to place it on its top, so that it would not be flooded with water after watering. Caring for Bogorodskaya grass Thyme care is not burdensome at all: - Watering. The plant can do for a long time without watering. But in the dry summer it will still have to be watered. - Top dressing. In the spring they produce top dressing with a solution of cow dung. He also needs ash, which is added to the soil, pre-mixed with the ground. - Rejuvenation. To make the bush look better, they dig out the ground from its shoots. The shoots are placed in pits and sprinkled with fresh, enriched soil. For greater reliability, you can press them with special brackets. Over time, new roots are formed, and regrown plants can be planted in other areas. Cut thyme during flowering. At this time, the concentration of essential oils in its leaves and flowers is highest. After pruning, plants are covered with loose soil and watered. Cut the stems, flowers and leaves dried in the shade, then packaged in canvas bags. Thyme: Cultivation in open ground seed The genus Thyme has about 214 species and is distributed not only throughout Eurasia and the northern part of the African continent, but even in Greenland. Of the vast diversity of these undersized shrubs, creeping thyme, which is also called “thyme” or “Bogorodskaya grass”, is most widely distributed in the culture. Thyme forms a low (no more than 15 cm) fragrant carpet on the surface of the earth. Landscape designers highly appreciate this plant for its ability to bloom almost all summer, forming vertical pink-purple inflorescences at the tips of lying shoots. The plant is resistant to trampling, therefore it is perfect for planting between stone paths and as an alternative to grass lawn. As a ground cover perennial, it is indispensable for creating rockeries and rock gardens, as well as for vertical gardening. Thyme must be planted in open ground in the spring only after a stable warm (not below + 13 ° C) air temperature has been established. Place for landing should be open and well lit by the sun. The most comfortable plant feels on loose and moderately fertile soils: sandy loam or loam. It is better to prepare the site in the fall, digging the soil with the introduction of humus or compost. If the soil is too dense, it should be loosened a little by adding peat or sand. Thyme does not like soils with high acidity, therefore, when preparing the site for autumn on such soils, it is necessary to additionally carry out liming with the help of lime, dolomite flour or crushed chalk. Wood ash is less suitable for this purpose, but it will serve as an additional mineral fertilizer for plants. In the spring, the flower bed must be re-dug up and sowed seeds, mixing them with river sand for convenience. In addition, you will provide additional shoots for young shoots and prevent moisture stagnation. Grown up seedlings should be thinned out, leaving a distance of at least 30 cm between plants. For an earlier start of flowering, thyme can be grown through seedlings. To do this, the seeds should be sown in prepared pots with a substrate as early as March. It is possible to accelerate the appearance of seedlings by creating a greenhouse effect with the help of glass or film. Watering seedlings should be moderate. A month later, after the first shoots hatch, you can begin hardening the plants, and after a couple of weeks - plant thyme in open ground. Variety of varieties The following varieties of creeping thyme are most common in our gardeners. In addition to the thyme in the gardens of the middle lane, three more of its varieties are well established: common thyme, lemon-scented thyme and early thyme. Thyme (thyme): features of cultivation in the apartment and conditions of Moscow region Both names - thyme and thyme - are equally familiar and used by the people. The plant is known in almost all continents of the globe. Pleasant aroma, small inflorescences found their application in various industries: food, perfumery, pharmaceutical. Gardeners prefer to grow thyme on their own, so that the healthy plant is always there. Both names - thyme and thyme - are equally familiar and used by the people. How does thyme look and where does thyme grow? The plant has been known for many centuries. In ancient Greece, he was given special honors, considering that it gives life. Antibacterial, antiviral and fungal abilities surprised people of past epochs and contemporaries. Grass has common signs: The second name - thyme (citriodorus) - translated from Latin means “incense” or “plant that publishes incense.” Types and varieties of thyme More than 300 species of plants are known and openly by scientists, in Russia there are more than 120 of them. At different times, the grass was called differently by different peoples. He is known as boron pepper, incense, lemon smell, swan. But among the variety of the most popular three: The common variety has been developed by breeders for decorating personal plots, medical uses. As part of all parts of the thyme many essential oils and minerals useful for the human body. It is recommended to strengthen the human body: - cleansing the airways - strengthening the nervous system - microbial withdrawal. There is a belief that if you sleep on a pillow filled with healing grass, then colds will remain on the sidelines, and life time will increase significantly. Thyme decorated icon of the Virgin. She gave health, defended from the black forces, hence another name for thyme, Bogorodskaya grass. Thyme is not replaceable in cooking. Seasoning has its own smell and special distinctive properties. They are added to taste to meat dishes, in bread, preparations for the winter. All parts of thyme contain many essential oils and minerals useful for the human body. Perennial bush is afraid of frost. A low thyme changes color gradually as it matures. At first it is yellow, then it becomes light green. It seems that the greens sneak around the yellow field, filling the leaves from the inside. The edges of the leaves remain yellow. The name "lemon" is explained not only by color. The plant gives a pleasant lemon scent. Seasoning refresh drinks, add spice to dishes. Inflorescences of another tone, they are purple. Moreover, a bouquet of inflorescences opens gradually, so the center is made up of unopened flowers of a dark purple brown shade, and light purple flowers run along the edges, it seems as if the leaves are cast in a burgundy tone. Flowering time - immediately after the snow melted. Sometimes small drifts still lie on the site, and thyme is already pleased with its bright shine. The early variety is suitable for alpine slides, flower beds, paths. He loves the bright sun, but can be placed in the shade. Then the stems with inflorescences begin to reach out to the light, pulling interestingly towards the sun's rays. Buds can move tens of centimeters from foliage. Flowering in such places will be less. Buds pale pink, close to purple. Stems with leaves can be compared with a young spruce branch, only the needle is slightly bulky. The shrub is a member of the Cluster family. It is short with stems that grow up or recline. The leaves are oval, flat and long. In the streaks of foliage contains oil of ether. From May, thyme begins to bloom. The buds are connected to one outlet of numerous inflorescences. Purple and pink buds cover the greens, creating a beautiful carpet. Flowering lasts until September. You can meet the plant in its natural environment, it likes sandy steppe expanses, coniferous forests. Interestingly clings to the slopes of the rocks. Features grade: - unpretentious and grows on any soil, - not afraid of drought - resistant to frosty climate. If there are climbs, slopes or elevations on the plot or in the garden, it is good to strengthen them with a creeping plant. It will descend in an original direction to where the host will direct it. Foliage will merge with inflorescences, you get a solid purple hat. This is the lowest grade, it covers the ground with a dense veil only 1 cm high. The leaves are very small - 3 mm. They are dark green with a pleasant aroma. The shoots are so tightly intertwined that it is very difficult to separate one shoot from another. The name suggests what distinguishes the variety from others - the similarity with mosses. Thyme bushes can be decorated with stones, if you put a container with the ground between them. Thyme grows very quickly, for the season it can reach far enough. Fans of domesticated mosses often replace this type of plant with thyme. Inflorescences have a delicate purple hue with fluffy stamens rising high above the petals. The plant rises to 40-50 cm. The rhizome is strong and branched. The rod goes down, allowing the bush to sit tightly on the ground. Variety stems have a tetrahedral shape, they are spicy and directed upwards. The part close to the soil is woody. Leaflets cover the stems. The foliage is small, up to about 1 cm. The shape of the leaflet is not completely flat, along the edges there is a gentle bend. Thyme bloom begins in June. Buds originally change color: inside the petals are bright white, outside - purple. Closed buds in the form of panicles hide the white color, the opened ones resemble small whorls. Dried spice gives a bitter-hot taste. Characteristic differences of a grade: The inflorescences create individual bouquets, so it will seem that there are many vases on the ground. Part of inflorescences are collected in precise geometric cubes. This variety looks great on the alpine hills, beloved gardeners. Buds attract a large number of bees and butterflies. Around the flower bed in the country will always be fun and fragrant. To feel the whole scent of the bush, you can just touch the inflorescences, stroke the buds. Clouds of pleasant smell spread with extraordinary ease, filling all around. Dense greenery closes the alpine structure with a dense pillow. Rainbow variety has the second name - vegetable. The leaves are advised to use as a seasoning for vegetables, they will change the taste, will bring novelty and zest. Preparing thyme seeds for planting Seeds are planted in a greenhouse or mini greenhouse for seedlings. Sometimes containers are prepared for this. When shoots appear, they are separated from the weeds. The soil that best fits the grass should consist of peat and sand. Small shoots watered gently with a spray gun. Seeds with proper care will give strong seedlings that will bloom in the first year. Thyme seeds are planted in a greenhouse or mini greenhouse for seedlings Timing and technology of planting thyme in open ground Technology planting thyme in the suburbs: Shoots appear at air temperatures above 18 degrees. We will have to wait 2 weeks. That is why the seeds are advised, first to plant at home, to prepare seedlings. Then start working with her in the open field. The age of seedlings for transplanting to a permanent place is 70 days. Seedlings take root well after vegetable crops. Change the place of growth is necessary every 5 years. Rules for the care of thyme in the open field Rules and secrets of gardeners: You should know that the thyme has practically no pests, but it is afraid of excessive moisture, it begins to subside, the stems and roots are dying. Уход за тимьяном в Подмосковье не сложен. Климат позволяет проводить все мероприятия, получить красивые пышные кусты, обеспечить себя полезной приправой и лекарственным сырьем. У чабреца практически нет вредителей, но он боится излишней влаги Секреты выращивания тимьяна лимонного в домашних условиях Растение можно вырастить дома. This will require the usual flower pot. Stages of work: The pot is covered with a film or a piece of covering material; it can be closed with glass at home. Put a container with seeds in the apartment on the windowsill so that the direct rays do not fall on the seeds. The first part of the work is completed. Further waiting for the emergence of shoots. As soon as they appear, the cover is removed. After 2 months you can make a picking, that is, choose the strongest seedlings and separate them. The extra ones are transplanted to other pots, just thrown away. To get delicious greens, the plant is constantly pruned. It is important not to allow the plant to bloom. Seasoning is always on hand. Thyme is waiting to be looked after, then he will give a great seasoning. The plant will help to cure pathological diseases, will become a prophylactic. Thyme can be grown at home Options for using thyme in landscape design Thyme is combined with flowering shrubs of the site, will find its neighbors, he will become the center of attention. The main thing is to find him a place. The beauty and convenience of the grass is that it covers the soil with a dense carpet, preventing the weeds from breaking through and spoiling the appearance of the charming fragrant shrub. Options for using thyme in decorating the garden: In landscape design, thyme has found application in different countries in its own way, sometimes they emphasize nationality and mentality. How to collect thyme (video) - Planting a plant around the arbors, you can not be afraid of annoying mosquitoes. Shake the flowers and the fragrance will scare away the annoying garden dwellers. - Thyme lawns (English). They are formed in the spring, later they begin to change flowering from the variety. Lawns often have different color buds. The main thing is not to place them along the way, so as not to trample beautiful leaves. - Compositions with other varieties. They are planted under tall, among low flowers. Originally combined with carnation, dahlias, peonies. - For the basics of the rosary. Thyme carpet will shade the main plant, which will be located in the center. Thyme can be grown at home or on the plot, a perennial bush will create an unusual mood and fill the garden with a pleasant aroma and incense. The healing effect of the bushes has not been disputed for many centuries, therefore both experienced and novice owners of summer houses and houses are willing to grow it. The plant will decorate the site, give it a unique appearance and attract an abundance of flowers. Thyme, outdoor care and cultivation The people have long known about the medicinal and aromatic properties of this wonderful plant, and official medicine has adopted a green doctor. It is believed that thyme is exclusively a southern plant. And indeed in the wild, it can easily be found in the steppe and forest-steppe. However, fragrant leaves and inflorescences entered our first-aid kit and cooking in such a way that cultivating it no longer presents difficulties even in far from southern regions. For example, thyme, cultivation in the open field in the suburbs, feels perfectly fine, but people should take care of its durability. If you have long been in love with a beautiful fragrant plant, and do not want to cook fish without thyme, and you do not have a large plot of land, you just need to plant thyme. In order to grow this plant, you can buy a bag of seeds, sow in a tub, wait for shoots, grow and then transplant into open ground. And you can plant already own-rooted plant. You can buy thyme from amateur growers, in the market or in the store. When buying a rhizome with an open root system, you need to carefully look at the roots, stems, and leaves. If the plant does not inspire confidence, give up the purchase. Thyme root system should be well developed, but even if it is not so, do not despair, because it leaves the roots off the stems, but do not need to allow pests to enter your plot. The plant that you buy should have a healthy appearance, the leaves are dense, shiny, elastic. A withered plant can of course be reanimated, but it will take time and may not succeed. If you purchased in a specialized store, with a closed root system of thyme, planting and care will not present any difficulty at all. The plant is removed from the container, the root system is carefully inspected for root rot, cleaned, straightened, and planted in a hole prepared in the ground. Choosing a plot, give preference to the south side, sunny, warm. Shadowing thyme survive, but the bush will be loose, the cuttings will stretch, the leaves will become smaller, the internodes will increase. The plant, planted in the shade, is not able to accumulate the desired concentration of essential oils, so you will not be delighted with the smell of it. Thyme growing on a sunny plot has the form of a compact shrub. If you really like teas, spirits, culinary products with Bogorodsky grass and often tearing off its branches and leaves, then you provoke fouling side shoots. By the fall your pet takes the form of a ball. This plant looks very nice in the garden and can easily decorate a flower garden. A plant planted in an openwork shadow will follow the ground. In other years, it “braids” the ground in such a way that it turns into a low, green, shaggy carpet. When the plant blooms, the carpet becomes mauve, and above it a lot of bees. This picture looks very wonderful, and the slightest touch to the "carpet" is simply a fragrant cloud that scatters throughout the estate. Choosing a landing site for thyme, take care of the soil. In nature, he prefers sandy, rocky soils. If your lands are far from natural, improve them to please the fragrant plant. Thyme root system is completely shallow, so there is no need to select a lot of soil. It is enough that the upper ball is well loosened and mixed with coarse-grained river sand, pebbles, rubble, and shellfish. If you have a place for thyme on an alpine hill, it will be the most successful solution. However, it is not necessary to carry out his landing at the foot of the hill. Flowing from the tops of the water does not really like thyme. Planting thyme for culinary purposes provides proximity to the kitchen, so do not “evict” thyme in the backyard. If thyme grows close when the soup is ready you can instantly “tweak” a handful of green leaves and throw it into the pan. The aroma of this plant is very strong, adding to culinary and confectionery products you must remember that it is a semitone, and it will give your dishes both refinement, piquancy and unforgettable. Growing thyme in the open field will not burden even the busiest person. The plant is excellent without irrigation. If your soil is completely “lean”, then spring dressing with a solution of cow or pig manure diluted 1:10 or chicken litter 1:20 will not interfere with thyme. But what he really needs from fertilizers is ash. Mix the ashes with the soil 1: 1 and pour under the laid cuttings. Slight alkalinization will be enjoyed, thyme foliage will acquire a rich green color, and the aroma will increase. Thyme, planting and care in the open field for which are easy and understandable, also ages, like all other plants. Over time, and this is on different lands in different ways, mostly 3-6 years, the plant will begin to thin. The middle of his bare, the leaves will begin to go to the periphery and he will need rejuvenation. To rejuvenate the bush, you need to dig out the ground from the shoots, lay the stretched shoots into the pits and sprinkle it with fresh soil. For reliability, shoots can be pressed to the ground with specially made wire clips. After some time, roots will form on the shoots laid in the ground. After 1-1.5 months, rooted shoots can be planted in new places. Thyme preparation is carried out during budding and flowering. At this point in the shoots, leaves, buds accumulate the greatest amount of essential oils. Pruning plants carried out early in the morning, leaving the shoots above the surface of the plant at least 5-8 cm long. "Bouquet" is tied up and suspended for drying in a well-ventilated room, without access to direct sunlight. After pruning the bush spud loose and fertile ground, watered. After some time, the plant releases new shoots and becomes green and leafy. Despite its southern origin, thyme is a fairly cold-resistant plant. If, nevertheless, you are afraid of losing the plant, then, preparing it for winter, spend hilling with sawdust, and cover it with non woven material. How to grow fragrant thyme on the windowsill - the secrets of experienced flower growers In this article we offer you information on how to grow thyme on the windowsill with your own hands - tips and tricks. This spice is very common in cooking, and in traditional medicine, and in cosmetology. She has a decent use everywhere, she is highly appreciated. And for good reason. Thyme on the windowsill - how to plant and how to grow From this article you will learn: Thyme , also to chabre? c and chebre? c (lat. Thymus from dr. grech. . or . ) - genus of the family Luminous ( Lamiaceae ), one of the largest and taxonomically complex genera of this family. Useful properties of thyme For those who love this amazingly smelling spice, growing it at home is just a godsend! Moreover, it is a very short and compact bush, which will not take you much space or time to care. But on your table there will always be the famous Provencal spice, which you will use at your discretion - both in dishes, in cough tea, and in cosmetic personal care. It is believed that sleep on a pillow filled with thyme grass brings health and longevity. How can thyme be used? Grown in a pot, this spicy grass feels great on a sunny window sill or loggia, where there is good ventilation. It has a small root system, so it does not require large pots. Thyme blooms very beautiful! So it is also a decorative ornament for your home, nice looking. In general, the perfect spice in every sense! How to grow from seed? Tip: until the first seedlings appear, it is better to lightly pot the seed pot, and not to keep it in open sunlight. Sometimes it happens that too strong rays of the sun ruined shoots. So it is better to make a moderate access of light, do not be too zealous in this. Germination of thyme seeds is very good, the first sprouts appear within 10-20 days, and in a couple of months you can leave the strongest shoots, and weaker ones can be transplanted into other pots or distributed to friends-acquaintances. How to grow from cuttings? This method is also used quite often. This is usually done in the fall. The action plan is as follows: Thyme on the windowsill - Proper watering of plants and other methods of care It is recommended to water very moderately, trying to re-moisten the plant, but do not plant it too. The best choice for growing thyme at home is the south window of the apartment. In addition, if thyme has enough sunlight to grow, it will not stretch to a height and will not wither.	<urn:uuid:b10e41c2-0267-4d72-87bf-7e86a01bdcd5>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://au.lacroixx.com/517-how-to-grow-thyme-in-the-country-in-the-suburbs.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928020513-20220928050513-00783.warc.gz	en	0.940661	9,769	2.75	3
Smoking is known to be a leading contributor to disease and death among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. A new study has now put a number on it, finding that smoking causes 50 per cent of deaths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults aged 45 years and over, and 37 per cent of deaths at any age. The study, from the Australian National University, reveals Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who smoked died 10 years earlier than non-smokers. “The results are shocking – smoking is killing one in two older adults, and we found smokers have four times the risk of early death compared to those who have never smoked,” says study lead Katie Thurber, from ANU. “This is the first time we have had data specific to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Our findings show that we have underestimated the impact of smoking. It causes nearly double the deaths that we previously thought.” Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are smoking at about 2.5–2.6 times the rate of Australia’s non-Indigenous population – about 40% of Indigenous Australians are smokers, compared to about 13–14% of non-Indigenous Australians. Thurber says it’s well known in Australia and internationally that people who are disadvantaged or have poor mental health are more likely to be smokers. “And we know that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are disproportionately likely to have been excluded from education due to systemic barriers and also to experience poor mental health,” she says. “So it’s not about being Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander that makes people more likely to smoke; we have a concentration of the factors that we know are linked to smoking use and some of these go back all the way to British colonisation.” The study analysed data from 1,388 people followed over 10 years, starting in 2006. The researchers highlight that no amount of smoking is safe in their paper published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. While the prevalence of smoking is dropping in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, experts say more action still needs to be taken to reduce this even more. “Our national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander tobacco control program currently doesn’t reach the whole population,” says co-author Tom Calma, national coordinator for the Tackling Indigenous Smoking programs. Co-author Raymond Lovett, also from ANU, says that now it’s understand that the burden of smoking mortality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is probably double what was previously thought, “a natural conclusion would be that we need to at least double the resources, programs and services that we have dedicated to tobacco control in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population”. “So, at the moment we have a national program that we think only covers about 50% of the population, so rolling or extending that out to the whole population would be a good start. And that’s in addition to what the states and territories are already doing under the Closing the Gap arrangements.” Ian Connellan is editor-in-chief of the Royal Institution of Australia. Read science facts, not fiction... There’s never been a more important time to explain the facts, cherish evidence-based knowledge and to showcase the latest scientific, technological and engineering breakthroughs. Cosmos is published by The Royal Institution of Australia, a charity dedicated to connecting people with the world of science. Financial contributions, however big or small, help us provide access to trusted science information at a time when the world needs it most. Please support us by making a donation or purchasing a subscription today.	<urn:uuid:41badab5-48d5-4d56-b62c-f20a8546b226>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/spotlight-indigenous-health/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710974.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204140455-20221204170455-00875.warc.gz	en	0.952177	773	3.125	3
In our organizations, people are working virtually more and more often. Despite distances, team members need to work together effectively and productively, sharing and combining their insights and knowledge. Everyone needs to be clear about who knows what so they can rely on each other and work together effectively. Sharing and integrating knowledge is essential for creating innovative products and services. To be effective, teams need to use collaborative technology AND they need to communicate clearly and often, interacting in ways that develop relationships and attain results. At the intersection of technology and teamwork, people come together and, as they generate and share knowledge, their dynamic interactions become a creative force. As teams develop strong relationships, collective energies are put into action. Technology focuses and streamlines how work is accomplished, ensures accountability for actions and results, and provides systems that can help teams continually improve. Good conversations align actions and develop relationships that move the work forward smoothly. IT systems and collaboration technologies provide the framework for knowledge generation and sharing. Real gains in productivity are realized when collaborative technology plus effective team communications are interwoven, open, and responsive. Globally-dispersed teams struggle to work together well and accomplish their goals. Risks can develop when teams have conflicts or misunderstandings that inhibit collaboration. Lack of collaboration delays products and services from getting to market on time and on budget and makes development more confusing, complicated, and costly. Collective practices for learning, knowledge creation, and knowledge sharing can under-gird team processes, enabling effectiveness whenever cultural, geographic, or generational differences exist. Here are four ways knowledge workers can improve how their collaboration: - Externalize and share knowledge. Individuals need to express what they know and share it rather than hoard or own it, distributing their knowledge among dispersed team members in conversations and through collaboration technologies. - Interpret and analyze information. Team members take in new knowledge and information from each other and associate it with what they already know, linking what they are learning to their cognitive maps and frameworks. This is both an individual and collective effort. When teams gain the capacity to think together, they develop shared understanding, which enables them to create and align more effective actions. - Negotiate and revise collective understandings. In this step, team members bounce ideas around, question each other’s assumptions, and search for shared meaning. Through this process they redefine what they know, create innovative solutions, and collaborate to implement their solutions. - Combine and create new knowledge. Team members create new neural connections and cognitive maps as they spark each other’s thinking. This is a generative space of co-creation that is a collective process of combining and integrating knowledge. This space generates innovation. When teams are able to synthesize and integrate knowledge, their collective capacity to think together begins to hum with excitement and potentiality. All of these steps are dependent on productive and skillful team communications. Team members need to listen well to actively advocate and support their ideas, stating their perspectives and making a case for them. Teams need to learn how to inquire, seeking understanding and knowledge by asking questions and pursuing a dialogue. They also need to practice reflecting together, carefully considering where they are, what is happening, or what has occurred during the conversation. As teams practice and learn how to think together, they increase their innovative potential. By using technology to track agreements and decisions, action items and accomplishments, and to host and share written documents, teams are able to increase their collaboration. When teams use technology well and are able to think together, they are able to continually improve relationships and results. Helping diverse and dispersed teams to be successful is important and challenging work. Effective team communications and collaborative technology create a potent field of innovation as teams and technology interweave and connect dispersed team members.	<urn:uuid:a1b8eca4-35ae-4a80-b936-5009ce0198a6>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	https://www.saybrook.edu/rethinkingcomplexity/rc-posts/teams-technology/?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607813.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524112717-20170524132717-00351.warc.gz	en	0.952787	768	3.28125	3
You might have heard about the massive wildfires that are burning in the Amazon rainforest at the present moment. The Amazon generates more than 20% of the world’s oxygen and 10% of the world’s known biodiversity. It is often referred to as the “lungs of the planet”, so when it is threatened, it becomes an international issue. Leaders around the world have expressed their concern about the fires, and on Friday, Foreign Minister Heiko Maas declared that Germany is ready to help. “When the rainforest burns for weeks on end, then we cannot remain indifferent,” Minister Maas said. “We cannot allow fires to destroy the green lungs of the world. Protecting the unique natural heritage of the Amazon rainforest is an international task that concerns us all. Germany stands ready to offer help and support for tackling the fires.” While Germany is known for its mountainous landscapes, quaint villages and picturesque castles, not many people travel to the region to see the country’s wildlife. While Germany may not have as much wildlife as, say, Ecuador, the country is still home to a number of species worth seeing (if you’re lucky, that is)! If you’re hiking at a high elevation in the Alps, you might stumble across an Alpine ibex (commonly referred to as a Steinbock in German). This is a species of wild goat that is an excellent climber and lives in rough terrain near the snow line. So in order to spot one, you have to be pretty high up! One of Germany’s most famous inhabitants is the red fox – and if you spend a lot of time in nature, you have a good chance of seeing one! Red foxes are common throughout Europe, and you’ll be able to spot one easily due to its red-orange fur. According to one study, there are about 600,000 red foxes living in Germany. So bring your telephoto lenses and start looking! One of the most immediate culture shocks of traveling to Germany, especially if you grew up in the United States, is Germany’s seeming obsession with recycling. Whereas in the U.S. you are lucky if you can locate a recycling bin in public areas like parks or street corners, you’ll have the opposite problem in Germany, where you’ll find a sometimes confusing plethora of multi-colored bins. If you have been in this situation, looking around desperately to strangers or waiting to see what items other drop in each bin, we feel you. You are not alone. Even Germans sometimes question which bin is appropriate for which items. Due to this common culture shock and the often harsh punishment one receives for a wrong move, we thought we’d give you the lowdown on German recycling. Step 1: Prevent creating waste in the first place Germany has created and continues to develop a culture of minimal waste. This is true for projects big and small: here are a few examples of major reducers of waste. Many Germans are conscientious about recycling – and the German Pfandsystem makes it easy to do so. Since 2003, Germany has had a system (the Pfandsystem or “deposit system”) that regulates the sale and return of plastic and glass bottles and aluminum cans. When someone buys a bottled beverage, they pay a deposit on that bottle (for example, 15 extra cents). If, however, they bring that empty bottle to a return station (often located in supermarkets), they get that money back. Imagine how much money you could get back if you return 50 empty bottles! This is why you sometimes see individuals voluntarily collecting used bottles in Germany. The bottles that are eligible for Pfand (the “deposit” cash) are usually multi-use, refillable bottles. Plastic bottles in Germany can be reused up to 25 times and glass bottles can be reused up to 50 times. It is much more environmentally friendly to sterilize recycled bottles than to produce new, single-use bottles. The Pfand is an incentive to have those bottles returned, rather than thrown in the garbage. Most bottles in Germany are eligible for Pfand, but there are always exceptions. Single-use bottles occasionally find themselves onto grocery store shelves and these are usually not eligible. Imported bottles from other countries may also not be subject to German laws and thus not be eligible for a deposit. But overall, the German Pfandsystem is quite effective; last year, British company Eunomia named Germany as the world’s best recycler. In Germany, 97.9 percent of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were sold with a deposit on them and 93.5 were recycled in 2015, according to a report by the German Society for Packaging Market Research. Most PET bottles end up as new PET bottles, but some are recycled into other products (plastic sheets, textile fibers, etc.) Many Americans who visit Germany (or other Europeans with similar systems) rave about the Pfandsystem. Because after all – it’s efficient and it works. The German Embassy endorsed e-mobility with its very own stand at the Washington Auto Show this winter. The German government supports the use of electric cars, offering incentives for consumers and investing in infrastructure and R&D. This year, we are proud to announce that the German Embassy will be converting its entire fleet of cars to electric or hybrid cars and install charging stations on Embassy grounds. This switch will create an environmentally friendly transportation option for diplomats and staff that avoids emissions and protects public health. German companies have long stated their plans to switch over to electric vehicle production. Car manufacturers like Volkswagen, BMW, Smart and Daimler are working to produce many new models of e-cars. Some of these were on display at the Washington Auto Show. By the year 2025, VW and Daimler expect that 25 percent of their sales will consist of e-cars alone, the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported last year. This fast progression of the transition to e-cars is aided by the tax incentives put forth by the German government. In 2015, the German government dedicated 600 million Euros for e-car subsidies. In Germany, those who buy an electric car receive a 4,000 Euro subsidy, while those who buy a hybrid car receive 3,000 Euros. The car owners are also exempt from car ownership taxes for 10 years. To make e-car ownership easier, the German government also plans to install at least 7,000 fast-charging points throughout the country, mostly along the Autobahn, by 2020. With more than 129,246 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany between 2010 and 2017, the future looks electric! We hope you all had a wonderful transition to 2018! Looking back at 2017, it is clear that Germany again made strides in its production of renewable energy – and this is bound only to rise even more. A whopping 33.1 percent of Germany’s electricity generation came from renewable energy sources last year according to preliminary data. In fact, Germany experienced many days in which its supply was greater than its demand, causing some German companies to get paid, in a sense, to use it. In Germany, there are some days where the supply of renewable energy produced is actually greater than needed, usually due to the weather. Examples includes particularly warm or sunny days, some weekends (when businesses and large factories are closed) and days with strong breezes. On such days, large energy consumers (such as factory owners) are occasionally paid to take the power, when the excess power cannot be stored. (This “payment” usually comes in the form of a reduction on a future electricity bill.) During days when Germany had excess power in 2017, it also often exported this power to neighboring countries. Throughout last year, Germany broke several renewable energy records. On April 30, for example, 85 percent of its electricity came from renewables, thanks to windy, sunny and warm weather. In the first half of 2017, Germany had generated 37.6 percent of its electricity from renewable energy. Of course, the fact that Germany produced so much renewable energy is good news. It also highlights the challenges that we face as we make the transition to renewable energy. The extension and adaptation of the power grid to the needs of larger shares of intermittent renewable energy such as sun and wind as well as more storage options are solutions for the future power system. Germany’s Transport Minister Alexander Dobrint once called self-driving cars the “greatest mobility revolution since the invention of the car.” In 2015, the minister even took a test drive in an autonomous Audi A7 on the Autobahn A9. The German vehicle industry is rapidly changing; just a few weeks ago, German railway company Deutsche Bahn sent its first fully autonomous bus on the road to drive around passengers in Bad Birnbach, Bavaria. (Have no fear: the bus only drove at a speed of 9.3 mph and a human was able to take control of it at any time.) Now, German car manufacturer Daimler delivered its first fully electric lorries to companies across Europe. These so-called “green trucks” can carry loads as heavy as 4.5 tons. Six batteries allow the zero-emission buses to travel 100 km at a time. Other car manufacturers have also stated their plans for fully electric trucks. And in general, most car manufacturers have big plans for the future, whether it’s related to intelligent vehicles or zero-emission vehicles. Only a few, however, have sent self-driving cars or fully electric trucks to the streets. But one thing is clear: Germany is quickly adopting the new technologies emerging in the marketplace. Electric car sales were up 137% from July 2016 to July 2017, while Diesel car sales were down by 14%. Will your next car be an electric vehicle? Or will you wait until the self-driving cars hit the roads?	<urn:uuid:e6c067f2-8c6e-4dc4-9266-376f821c2d0a>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	http://germanyinusa.com/category/topics/environment/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00198.warc.gz	en	0.965309	2,066	3.203125	3
Harvesting and Eating Sunflower Seeds I’ve noticed the birds are eating the seeds from our sunflowers growing in our child care center. Can the children eat them too? The birds are attracted to sunflowers in your garden because they benefit from the high nutritional value sunflower seeds provide. They are also preparing for the winter months when there will be less food for them to eat. Sunflower seeds are an excellent source of minerals like potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron as well as vitamin B complex, and a valuable source for protein, fiber and polyunsaturated fat. Sunflower seeds are a healthy snack for children as well. Harvesting and eating the seeds is a great way to celebrate the season and bring the harvest to the table as a snack or as part of an ingredient in a meal for the children. Research shows that harvesting and cooking from the garden is a successful strategy for enhancing children’s healthy eating habits. Preparing sunflowers seeds for eating is simple. According to Kids Gardening of the National Gardening Association, (http://www.kidsgardening.org/node/59315) sunflowers that are ready for harvest will look like they are dying: the flower head will start to turn from green to yellow and flop over from the weight of the seeds. To prevent birds and squirrels from harvesting the maturing seeds, cover the heads of your sunflowers with cheesecloth, or with a brown paper bag. You can also cut the seed head with at least 12 inches of the stock and bring it indoors to dry. When completely dried, which will take from one to four days, the seeds will easily fall from the seed head. The sunflower seeds can then be washed and eaten as is, or lightly toasted in the oven. Sunflower Houses: Inspiration from the Garden-A Book for Children and Their Grown-Ups, Sharon Lovejoy. National SunFlower Association (http://www.sunflowernsa.com) Watch a video on harvesting sunflower seeds. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oumO0BIy7Z4) \|Harvesting and Eating Sunflower Seeds.pdf\|\|341.45 KB\| - Affordable settings and elements (21) - Children's Books (4) - Community engagement (4) - Curriculum (3) - Design guidance (12) - Edibles (10) - Insects (7) - Installation (17) - Latest (16) - Management (7) - Materials (7) - Outdoor play (17) - Pathways (9) - Physical Activity (6) - Plant of the Month (5) - Plantings (30) - Programming (8) - Stones and boulders (3) - Welcome to the Green Desk (1) - Wildlife (8)	<urn:uuid:9fee29be-bd6a-4d15-9230-95cd5aa229d1>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://naturalearning.org/content/harvesting-and-eating-sunflower-seeds	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770742.121/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00022-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920882	613	3.3125	3
According to the research, diabetes cases are increasing from 23.7 million in 2009 to 44.1 million in 2034. "If we don't change our diet and exercise habits or find new, more effective and less expensive ways to prevent and treat diabetes, we will find ourselves in a lot of trouble as a population," said the study's lead author Elbert Huang. "Without significant changes in public or private strategies," the authors wrote, "this population and cost growth are expected to add a significant strain to an overburdened health care system." The alarming prediction is even based on the assumption that the prevalence of the overweight and obese in the United States will remain relatively stable. Although obesity levels have gone up steadily for many years, the authors predict that the obesity levels for the non-diabetic population will top out in the next decade, then decline slightly, from 30 percent today to about 27 percent by 2033. "Despite recent trends in obesity rates," Huang explained, "we anticipate that the population will reach equilibrium in obesity levels, since we cannot all become obese." The 2009 Diabetes Care study places increased emphasis on changes in demographics, advances in treatment, and the natural history of this disease, including the timing and frequency of its costly complications. Much of the increase in cases and in costs will be driven by aging "baby boomers," the 77 million Americans born between 1946 and 1957 who are approaching the age of retirement, diabetes complications, and federal health insurance. Various characteristics of the modern natural history of diabetes and its treatments contribute to increasing the costs of diabetes for the population. People with diabetes are now being diagnosed at younger ages. Thanks to better treatments, they are living longer. This leads to a longer history of disease, opportunities for more aggressive therapies, and time to accumulate complications, which are costly to treat. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, end-stage kidney disease and amputations. MEDICA.de; Source:University of Chicago Medical Center	<urn:uuid:633e6c5a-6f98-44ce-96ad-f4b70c12b647>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Cases_to_Double_Costs_to_Triple_by_2034.html?oid=29953&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657555.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116154927-20190116180927-00453.warc.gz	en	0.951402	402	3.1875	3
Earlier this summer, to great fanfare, Pope Francis apologized for the Catholic Church’s role in the colonial invasion of the Western Hemisphere and the violent subjugation of its indigenous inhabitants. “Many grave sins were committed against the Native people of America in the name of God,” he told a gathering in Bolivia. “I humbly ask forgiveness, not only for the offense of the church herself, but also for crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America.” On the issues of climate change and economic inequality, and to a lesser extent on issues related to sexuality and social mores, the so-called “radical pope” has made immense progress in improving the tone of the Catholic Church’s communications with the rest of the world. He has brought a new relevance to the church by emphasizing the ongoing nature of the exploitation he admitted to and denounced in Bolivia, and by refocusing the notoriously Italocentric institution’s orientation to Latin America and the Global South. Yet when he visits the United States next week, the pope will commit a grievous and historical error, one for which some super-“radical” pope of the future will have to apologize in turn. On Wednesday, at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC, Francis will canonize Father Junípero Serra, the founder and most famed symbol of the system of missions in the Spanish colony of Alta California. Born in Spain, Serra arrived in Spanish-held Mexico in 1749 and quickly set about working for the Inquisition, citing by name several natives who refused to convert to Christianity; they were guilty, he wrote, of “the most detestable and horrible crimes of sorcery, witchcraft and devil worship.” Serra soon gained control of the missions of Baja California, but he found that the native population had already been nearly extinguished by contact with the Spanish. Looking for fresh converts, he led expeditions up the coast into the present-day state of California, where he settled at Monterey and set up ten new missions to spread the gospel through the new land. From their establishment in the late 1760s until Mexico declared independence and secularized them in the 1820s, the California missions formed a network of forced-labor camps and, in effect, slaughterhouses, where the once-vibrant native peoples of California were systematically reduced to mere shadows of their former selves: Under the mission system, the overall indigenous population of Southern California declined by nearly 1,000 every single year. If they were lucky enough not to be killed by European diseases spread largely through sexual violence on the part of the Spanish, many natives at the missions sought to run away, not terribly unlike African slaves on the East Coast in the United States. According to Carey McWilliams (editor of The Nation from 1955 to 1975), in his classic 1945 book Southern California: An Island on the Land, the missionaries didn’t even much mind runaways, because that gave them a reason to go on fugitive-hunting expeditions to distant villages from which they could round up more natives and bring them back to the missions. “With the best theological intentions in the world,” McWilliams wrote, “the Franciscan padres eliminated Indians with the effectiveness of Nazis operating concentration camps.” Some defenders point to a smattering of evidence that Serra was not the most sadistic Spanish colonial overlord in California at the time—Pope Francis is likely to argue or imply as much at the canonization ceremony—but there is just as much proof pointing in the other direction. “That spiritual fathers should punish their sons, the Indians, with blows appears to be as old as the conquest of these kingdoms,” he wrote to one governor of the territory. In the early 1780s, according to McWilliams, another governor actually filed a complaint against Serra for sanctioning the harsh treatment of native converts. Another typical argument in favor of Serra’s canonization is that we shouldn’t judge the misdeeds of the past according to the standards of the present. But this too is rubbish: Anyone who makes that argument regarding the renaming of schools and other public sites to rescind tributes to slaveholders and white supremacists is properly labeled a racist and an apologist for the worst that humans have ever done to other humans. Should Pope Francis get a free pass to canonize a man directly responsible for the brutalization and ultimately the near-extinction of an entire people simply because it is, in some warped public-relations sense, a tribute to Hispanic Americans, a growing constituency in the Catholic Church? The summer that is ending saw the beginning of what many of us only a few months ago thought impossible: a serious and fairly intelligent national debate about the legacy of slavery and the Civil War. The proposed canonization of Serra has gained some attention on the West Coast, but almost none in the East. That is because in their grade-school history classes the students of California learn something the rest of us do not: There was not one form of slavery in the territory that is now the United States. There were at least two. How absurd it would be to congratulate ourselves on the removal of the Confederate battle flag from state capitols and Walmart shelves and to permit the pope to sanctify a man complicit in, and responsible for, the eradication of entire cultures and civilizations. “So far as the Indian was concerned,” McWilliams wrote, “contact with the missions meant death.” Some radical, to make of Satan a saint.	<urn:uuid:69e568da-5c6d-4f77-86cf-804089a153bd>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.thenation.com/article/why-is-the-radical-pope-about-to-canonize-a-priest-who-helped-enslave-and-murder-native-americans/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805008.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118171235-20171118191235-00387.warc.gz	en	0.963544	1,165	2.984375	3
Don’t be fooled by the name. Although runner’s knee is a common injury in runners, it can happen to anyone. If you want to avoid being sidelined with persistent knee pain, here is what you should know about runner’s knee: What is Runner’s Knee? Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), or runner’s knee, is a broad term that describes pain felt in the knee. Most people who experience runner’s knee report a tender feeling around or behind the kneecap and feel their symptoms worsen after they finish an activity. The knee may be the body’s largest joint, but it’s also extremely complex and easy to injure. Made up of four main bones, the knee’s main movements occur between the tibia, patella, and femur. The cartilage in the knee acts as a shock-absorber and when this cartilage is worn, it can cause the knee to become inflamed. What Causes Runner’s Knee? As its name suggests, runner’s knee is extremely common in runners, but it can affect individuals in any sport and for many different reasons. For some, it’s just a matter of fixing their form. If you have poor running form, you are most likely putting extra stress on your knees and joints. To fix this, you might consider having someone watch your form or record you running so that you can make corrections. Another cause of runner’s knee is overuse. Some activities such as running and biking involve a significant amount of repetitive motion, which can irritate the knee joint. Incorporating cross-training exercises into your fitness regimen can help reduce stress on your knees. Other reasons an athlete might develop runner’s knee include patellar malalignment (where the patella is out of alignment), and weak thigh and calf muscles. To get to the bottom of your knee pain, see a doctor for a physical examination. Treatment and Prevention The treatment for runner’s knee will vary depending on the cause, which is why seeing a doctor for a physical examination is important. Based on your diagnoses, you may need to perform physical therapy exercises regularly or use orthotics. Fortunately, surgery is rarely needed for patellofemoral pain syndrome, but it is essential that you follow your treatment plan carefully so that your knee pain doesn’t return and become worse.	<urn:uuid:18c3a26b-fb43-456c-b348-e3f22acaf0db>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://lafayettesurgical.com/runners-knee-common/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00395.warc.gz	en	0.946504	515	3.265625	3
\|ICD-10\|\|E752 (ILDS E75.230)\| Niemann-Pick disease is an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism (the breakdown and use of fats and cholesterol in the body) in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene must be altered for a person to be affected by the disorder. Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene. If both parents are carriers, there is a one in four, or 25%, chance with each pregnancy for an affected child. Genetic counseling and genetic testing is recommended for families who may be carriers of Niemann-Pick. Types A and BEdit Type A Niemann-Pick disease begins during infancy and is characterized by an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), failure to thrive, and progressive deterioration of the nervous system. Children affected by this condition generally do not survive past early childhood. Niemann-Pick disease, type A occurs more frequently among individuals of Ashkenazi (eastern and central European) Jewish descent than in the general population. The incidence within the Ashkenazi population is approximately 1 in 40,000 people. The incidence for other populations is unknown. Type B disease may include signs of hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, and problems with lung function including frequent lung infections. Other signs include blood abnormalities such as abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels, and low numbers of blood cells involved in clotting (platelets). People affected by this type of Niemann-Pick disease usually survive into adulthood. Niemann-Pick disease, type B occurs in all populations. Mutations in the SMPD1 gene cause Niemann-Pick disease, types A and B. This gene carries instructions for cells to produce an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase. This enzyme is found in the lysosomes (compartments that digest and recycle materials in the cell), where it processes lipids such as sphingomyelin. Mutations in this gene lead to a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase and the accumulation of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and other kinds of lipids within the cells and tissues of affected individuals. Type C is characterized by onset in childhood, although infant and adult onsets are possible. Other signs include severe liver disease, breathing difficulties, developmental delay, seizures, increased muscle tone (dystonia), lack of coordination, problems with feeding, and an inability to move the eyes vertically. People with this disorder can survive into adulthood. The incidence of Niemann-Pick disease, type C is estimated to be 1 in 150,000 people. The disease occurs more frequently in people of French-Acadian descent in Nova Scotia. Mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene cause Niemann-Pick disease, type C. The NPC1 gene produces a protein that is located in membranes inside the cell and is involved in the movement of cholesterol and lipids within cells. A deficiency of this protein leads to the abnormal build up of lipids and cholesterol within cell membranes. The NPC2 gene produces a protein that binds and transports cholesterol, although its exact function is not fully understood. The molecular basis for this disease is extremely complex due to the role that endosome formation has on affected patients. Recently, three theories have attempted to explain the buildup of cholesterol in the lysosomes of affected patients of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C due to the malfunction of the protein NPC-1. The contention by Neufel et al (J Biol. Chem 274:9627-9653) is that the buildup of Mannose 6 Phosphate Receptors (MPRs) in the late endosome suggests that the retrograde breakdown of cholesterol via the Trans Golgi Network cannot occur. Another theory suggests that the blockage of retrograde cholesterol breakdown in the late endosome is due to decreased membrane elasticity and thus the return vesicles of cholesterol to the Trans Golgi Network cannot bud and form. The support of these theories has considerable evidence using mutant proteins in vitro to determine the buildup of cholesterol in the lysosomes. Researchers have also discovered that the NPC-1 protein may function as a pump of cholesterol (Davies et al, Science 290:2295–2298). The overall effect of a malfunction in NPC-1 is that low levels or an absence of the protein lead to the abnormal accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in the cells of people with this condition. See also Edit - This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine amino-acids Phenylketonuria - Alkaptonuria - Ochronosis - Tyrosinemia - Maple syrup urine disease - Propionic acidemia - Methylmalonic acidemia - Isovaleric acidemia - Primary carnitine deficiency - Cystinuria - Cystinosis - Hartnup disease - Homocystinuria - Citrullinemia - Hyperammonemia - Glutaric acidemia type 1 carbohydrates Lactose intolerance - Glycogen storage disease (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V), Fructose intolerance, Galactosemia Lipid storage disorders Gangliosidosis - GM2 gangliosidoses (Sandhoff disease, Tay-Sachs disease) - GM1 gangliosidoses - Mucolipidosis type IV - Gaucher's disease - Niemann-Pick disease - Farber disease - Fabry's disease - Metachromatic leukodystrophy - Krabbe disease - Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis - Batten disease - Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis - Wolman disease - Cholesteryl ester storage disease List of fatty acid metabolism disorders - Hyperlipidemia - Hypercholesterolemia - Familial hypercholesterolemia - Xanthoma - Combined hyperlipidemia - Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency - Tangier disease - Abetalipoproteinemia mineral metabolism Disorders of calcium metabolism - Hypophosphatemia - Hypophosphatasia - Wilson's disease - Menkes disease - Hypermagnesemia - Hypomagnesemia - Hypercalcaemia - Hypocalcaemia fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance Electrolyte disturbance - Hypernatremia - Hyponatremia - Respiratory acidosis - Metabolic acidosis - Lactic acidosis - Hypervolemia - Hypokalemia - Hyperkalemia - Mixed disorder of acid-base balance - Hyperchloremia - Hypochloremia - Dehydration porphyrin and bilirubin Acatalasia - Gilbert's syndrome - Crigler-Najjar syndrome - Dubin-Johnson syndrome - Rotor syndrome - Porphyria (Acute intermittent porphyria, Gunther's disease, Porphyria cutanea tarda, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, Hereditary coproporphyria, Variegate porphyria) glycosaminoglycan Mucopolysaccharidosis - Hurler syndrome - Hunter syndrome - Sanfilippo syndrome - Morquio syndrome glycoprotein I-cell disease - Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy - Aspartylglucosaminuria - Fucosidosis - Alpha-mannosidosis - Sialidosis other Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency - Cystic fibrosis - Familial Mediterranean fever - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome - es:Enfermedad de Niemann-Pick \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	<urn:uuid:57a5d190-0ec6-4cd3-8c0a-cac9b3d60081>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Niemann-Pick_disease	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832538.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00027-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.843653	1,675	3.40625	3
What is impact testing? Impact testing is used to analyze the resistance of a material. The test involves looking at the material when it experiences a shock that causes the sample to fracture, deform, or break. Impact testing is used to study the hardness of a materials; in other words, how it behaves when it experiences an impact and its ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation. As such, impact testing is used to determine the fragility of a material based on the degree of plastic deformation that it can withstand without breaking. Types of impact testing The three most frequent types of tests are: - Drop testing: this is one of the most commonly applied tests in the transport simulation industry, and it can be used to know how vertical and rotational drops will affect the integrity of the package and the products within. These tests are performed using drop testers that are especially designed to simulate flat, edge or corner drops using the latest in testing technology combined with a modern design. The choice of drop tester will depend on the size and weight of the package that you want to test. - Inclined and horizontal impact testing: the purpose of this process is to simulate the prevailing shocks and impacts that affect the safety and stability of a load. These impacts can be simulated by means of an inclined impact test, where the load to be tested is placed on a dolly that travels on a surface that is sloped at 10°, ultimately impacting the impact surface. For the horizontal impact test, the load is placed on the dolly and accelerated in a controlled manner until it strikes the high-rigidity impact surface. Horizontal impact tests can also be performed using a horizontal impact tester, which enables impacts to be controlled and for how the load behaves to be analyzed, leading to economic savings for companies. The three tests determine the same characteristics and differ in the orientation of the test sample. Purpose of impact testing The purpose is to determine the material’s ability to absorb impact energy. This energy determines the tenacity, the resistance and its characteristics. Why is impact testing important? The impact simulation tests are very important to check the resistance of the goods to these possible impacts that might occur during the distribution process. To carry out these simulation tests, the load is subjected to different tests, such as dropping the goods from a certain height, placing the load on a cart and making it collide or leaving it fixed and crash into a mobile part. Safe Load Testing Technologies has developed two machines that perform impact tests: inclined impact tester and horizontal impact tester. Both simulate the horizontal shocks that affects stability and safety of the load, produced by various means of handling and transportation. Although the testing procedure is different, the purpose of both machines is to predict the damages that goods may suffer during the transport and thus avoid losses and reduce costs. Inclined Impact Tester installed in a Technological Institute of Packaging, Transport and Logistics. An impact simulation must meet with these regulations > ASTM D880: Standard Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems. This testing standard includes two methods to perform the impact testing on loaded containers and palletized unit loads. > ASTM D4003: Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems. The testing methods included in this standard measure the ability of a package to withstand horizontal impact forces. Rail Switching and Pallet Marshalling Impact Tests are also included. > ISO 2244: Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads — Horizontal impact tests. This international package testing standard outlines impact methods on a ready-to-ship unit load sample. It is presented both as a single test and as a sequence. > ASTM D5277 Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester. 4.1 By following this method, it is possible to compare how different configurations and samples react, and observe the progressive failure of a system. Benefits of performing an impact test: > Reduce waste during the distribution process: through impact testing, companies access information that is necessary to optimize the packaging that protects a load. In this way, it is possible to avoid over-packaging, designing solutions that generate less waste and, in turn, testing new eco-friendly materials to find more sustainable packaging solutions. Some examples include Stretch film manufactured using non-oil based resins; reusable bags, packages or pallets; recyclable corrugated cardboard used to divide the contents of the packaging and inflatable biodegradable pouches, among others. In addition, companies are investing in R&D to find new packaging materials en widen the sector’s possibilities, addressing consumers’ concerns, who increasingly demand more environmentally-friendly products. Thanks to impact tests and other testing protocols, any company wishing to incorporate these new materials to the design of their packaging can test their protective ability under laboratory conditions before deploying their products to the real distribution cycle. > Reduce the economic cost: the information offered by impact testing makes it easier to achieve economic savings in at least two fronts: on one hand, it avoids shrinkages during the distribution cycle resulting from a poor packaging; on the other, it enables packaging to be made lighter and to use less material so as to achieve a more efficient and economical transportation. > More rigorous analysis about the risks that the goods or their packaging may suffer: thanks to impact testing simulation machines, accurate and reliable data can be obtained in relation to the fragility of a load and the types of impacts that it can withstand. The company does not leave the protection of its products to chance, but rather thoroughly studies the types of contingencies that might endanger them and is capable of acting with foresight and knowledge. In Safe Load we designed innovative packaging testing solutions to simulate the forces suffered by the loads during the distribution cycle. If you want more information about how can optimization packaging for your business, contact us. We create technology adapted to your needs.	<urn:uuid:330a5145-cc05-457b-87ba-f63bb638c390>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.safeloadtesting.com/impact-testing-all-you-need-to-know/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00225.warc.gz	en	0.927737	1,239	3.75	4
Today’s post is first in a series on a recent CPR white paper, Reclaiming Global Environmental Leadership: Why the United States Should Ratify Ten Pending Environmental Treaties. Each month, this series will discuss one of these ten treaties. Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels Adopted and Opened for Signature on June 19, 2001 Entered into Force on February 1, 2004 Number of Parties: 13 Signed by the United States, June 19, 2001 Sent to the Senate on September 26, 2008, and January 16, 2009 Albatrosses and petrels are oceanic birds with a unique natural history: they typically breed on remote, barren islands and spend most of their time flying long distances over the ocean. Some species may not return to land for many years after birth and then only briefly to reproduce. This highly migratory natural history means that these birds spend little time in any single country’s territory; most of their life is spent in international waters, where they are threatened by industrial fishing practices and marine pollution. For example, an estimated 300,000 seabirds are killed each year as by-catch in the long-line fishing industry. The Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels aims to enhance international cooperation for protecting these vulnerable species, including all 22 of the world’s species of albatrosses and seven species of petrels. Parties to the Agreement commit to take a wide range of conservation measures, such as: - conserve and restore breeding habitat; - eliminate or control non-native species; - prohibit the deliberate taking of, or harmful interference with, the birds, their eggs, or their breeding sites; - prohibit the use of or trade in the birds; and - reduce or prevent incidental mortality from commercial fishing operations. The Agreement also calls for increased capacity building, exchange of scientific information, and efforts to increase public awareness of the threats to albatrosses and petrels. The Agreement establishes a separate Secretariat and a periodic meeting of the Parties. The United States initially signed but did not ratify the Agreement, effectively declining to participate in it. However, both the George W. Bush and Obama Administrations have supported ratification by transmitting the Agreement to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification. The Bush Administration concurrently proposed the Albatross and Petrel Conservation Act, which was intended to implement the Agreement and mirrors much of its language. The Act would authorize the Departments of Interior and Commerce to implement conservation and management measures for protecting albatross and petrel species. The Act would also prohibit the deliberate taking of albatrosses and petrels and protect their breeding habitat and minimize the incidental killing of these birds from otherwise legal fishing activities. Ratifying the treaty would enhance U.S. efforts to promote international cooperation in conserving these iconic seabirds, does not require substantive changes to U.S. law, and would likely benefit commercial fishermen in the United States. Federal law already protects albatrosses and petrels and includes most of the Agreement’s obligations. Some of the target species breed in U.S. territory but forage throughout the world, well beyond U.S. jurisdiction or control, and effective conservation is impossible without the cooperation of other fishing and coastal states. Little opposition exists to the Agreement’s ratification, other than the general difficulty of achieving consensus in the US Congress for any environmental measure. The agreement is the latest in a long line of treaties aimed at the conservation of marine species that require international cooperation for their survival. Wildlife such as whales, fur seals, tuna, and sea turtles are all protected by international agreements. The United States is a party to all of these agreements, and we should continue our leadership for the conservation of marine wildlife by swiftly ratifying the Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, and both chambers of Congress should pass implementing legislation. For more information, please read the full CPR white paper, available here.	<urn:uuid:0965ebd8-83cd-498d-bb89-7e7164fa98cd>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://progressivereform.org/cpr-blog/extending-protection-to-wildlife-why-the-united-states-should-ratify-the-agreement-on-the-conservation-of-albatrosses-and-petrels/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00209.warc.gz	en	0.93921	836	3.3125	3
A team of researchers from the United States and Europe has identified a single genetic mutation in the CUBN gene that is associated with albuminuria both with and without diabetes. Albuminuria is a condition caused by the leaking of the protein albumin into the urine, which is an indication of kidney disease. The research team, known as the CKDGen Consortium, examined data from several genome-wide association studies to identify missense variant (I2984V) in the CUBN gene. The association between the CUBN variant and albuminuria was observed in 63,153 individuals with European ancestry and in 6,981 individuals of African American ancestry, and in both the general population and in individuals with diabetes. The findings are published in the March 2011 edition of JASN. Chronic kidney disease is a serious public health problem in the U.S. and around the world. Characterized by reduced kidney function or kidney damage, the disease affects approximately 10 percent of adults in the U.S. Elevated levels of urinary albumin (albuminuria) are a cardinal manifestation of chronic kidney disease. Higher levels of albuminuria, even within the low normal range, are associated with not only increased risks of end-stage renal disease, requiring kidney transplant or dialysis, but also cardiovascular disease and mortality. Important risk factors for chronic kidney disease include diabetes and hypertension, although kidney disease clusters in families. The hereditary factors underlying chronic kidney disease have been difficult to determine until recently, when new methods to search for risk genes became available. The CKDGen Consortium applied one of the new methods, called genome-wide association study. In 2008, Johns Hopkins researchers used similar methods to identify common variants for non-diabetic end-stage renal disease, gout and sudden cardiac death. "The significance of this finding is that even though the field has known about cubilin (the protein encoded by CUBN) function from experimental animal studies, our study was the first to establish the link between a genetic variation in this gene and albuminuria," said Linda Kao, PhD, MHS, associate professor in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the senior Johns Hopkins author on the study. "The identification of CUBN and its association with albuminuria will lead to a multitude of follow-up work that will help us begin to understand the mechanism behind albuminuria and, hopefully, will ultimately lead to novel treatment targets." Participating CKDGen Consortium studies include: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study (AGES); the Amish Study; the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC); the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study (ASPS); the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA); the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS); the Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF); the Family Heart Study (FamHS); the Framingham Heart Study (FHS); the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Atherosclerosis (GENOA); the Gutenberg Heart Study; the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (HABC); the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS); the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA); the Korcula Study; the Micros Study; the Nurses' Health Study (NHS); the Northern Swedish Population Health Study (NSPHS); the Orkney Complex Disease Study (Orcades) Study; the PopGen Study; the Rotterdam Study (RS); the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA); the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention program in subjects at High Individual Risk (SAPHIR); the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP); the Sorbs Study; the Split Study; the Vis Study; and the Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS) Study, as well as the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genome Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. The research was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Icelandic Heart Association and the Icelandic Parliament, the German Research Foundation, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, and the European Commission. The above story is based on materials provided by Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. - C. A. Boger, M.-H. Chen, A. Tin, M. Olden, A. Kottgen, I. H. de Boer, C. Fuchsberger, C. M. O'Seaghdha, C. Pattaro, A. Teumer, C.-T. Liu, N. L. Glazer, M. Li, J. R. O'Connell, T. Tanaka, C. A. Peralta, Z. Kutalik, J. Luan, J. H. Zhao, S.-J. Hwang, E. Akylbekova, H. Kramer, P. van der Harst, A. V. Smith, K. Lohman, M. de Andrade, C. Hayward, B. Kollerits, A. Tonjes, T. Aspelund, E. Ingelsson, G. Eiriksdottir, L. J. Launer, T. B. Harris, A. R. Shuldiner, B. D. Mitchell, D. E. Arking, N. Franceschini, E. Boerwinkle, J. Egan, D. Hernandez, M. Reilly, R. R. Townsend, T. Lumley, D. S. Siscovick, B. M. Psaty, B. Kestenbaum, T. Haritunians, S. Bergmann, P. Vollenweider, G. Waeber, V. Mooser, D. Waterworth, A. D. Johnson, J. C. Florez, J. B. Meigs, X. Lu, S. T. Turner, E. J. Atkinson, T. S. Leak, K. Aasarod, F. Skorpen, A.-C. Syvanen, T. Illig, J. Baumert, W. Koenig, B. K. Kramer, O. Devuyst, J. C. Mychaleckyj, C. Minelli, S. J. L. Bakker, L. Kedenko, B. Paulweber, S. Coassin, K. Endlich, H. K. Kroemer, R. Biffar, S. Stracke, H. Volzke, M. Stumvoll, R. Magi, H. Campbell, V. Vitart, N. D. Hastie, V. Gudnason, S. L. R. Kardia, Y. Liu, O. Polasek, G. Curhan, F. Kronenberg, I. Prokopenko, I. Rudan, J. Arnlov, S. Hallan, G. Navis, A. Parsa, L. Ferrucci, J. Coresh, M. G. Shlipak, S. B. Bull, A. D. Paterson, H.- E. Wichmann, N. J. Wareham, R. J. F. Loos, J. I. Rotter, P. P. Pramstaller, L. A. Cupples, J. S. Beckmann, Q. Yang, I. M. Heid, R. Rettig, A. W. Dreisbach, M. Bochud, C. S. Fox, W. H. L. Kao. CUBN Is a Gene Locus for Albuminuria. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2011; 22 (3): 555 DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2010060598 Cite This Page:	<urn:uuid:dbf980a2-4f32-40e9-92a0-e174232bc079>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309131946.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636213.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00240-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.82588	1,712	2.609375	3
There are plenty of compelling reasons to push MRI to be more powerful, but that’s one facet of advancing the field. Another is delivering it to the world. Last year, J. Thomas Vaughan joined Columbia as director of Magnetic Resonance Research, a new University-wide position. A pioneer in the field with 45 patents to his name, Vaughan designs and builds the MRI systems that produce high-resolution images of anatomical, metabolic and physiological systems and functions. His inventions, usually licensed by the biotech and medical industries, are found in most MRI systems. “He has designed some of the key technology for MRI that enabled extremely high-resolution images of brain structure and function at high field strengths,” said Biomedical Engineering Chair Andrew Laine, who was involved in the faculty search that brought Vaughan — known as Tommy — here from the University of Minnesota. “Tommy’s arrival is already changing the landscape of the MR community throughout Columbia.” MRI, invented in 1977, produces highly detailed images by scanning the body using strong magnetic fields, radio waves and field gradients, a measure of the rate of change in the electric field of an atomic nucleus that is generated by an electronic charge. The stronger the magnet, the better the image quality, resolution and speed. Vaughan is both a principal investigator at the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and a professor of biomedical engineering at the School of Engineering, as well as a professor of radiology at Columbia University Medical Center. “He has reached out to both clinical and basic science researchers and begun to formulate program project grants that will provide new resources and infrastructure to Columbia,” Laine said. Vaughan is working on the logistics of moving a 9.4 Tesla magnetic resonance system to Columbia. These systems are built with the highest field strength magnet ever used to image humans. It is not an easy relocation; the magnet alone weighs 50 tons, and the shield around it is comprised of 350 tons of welded steel plate. Only four such systems exist. “We’re not just engineers who will be testing equipment and building new toys,” Vaughan said. “We’re working hand in glove with the application scientists.” The intensity of Vaughan’s research is offset by his easy-going demeanor, which is especially evident when explaining the complexities of MRI to non-experts. Biking from his office on the Morningside campus to an interview at the Zuckerman Institute on the Manhattanville campus, Vaughan could, with his helmet and backpack, easily be mistaken for one of his graduate students. As an undergraduate at Auburn University, Vaughan could not decide on a major, so he took time off to cycle through 57 countries. He returned two years later to complete two BS degrees, in electrical engineering and in biology. After graduation, he joined Texas Instruments in Dallas to work in radar and simultaneously attended graduate school at the University of Texas Southwestern, finishing in 1984. “The general consensus then was that MRI would never find a clinical application,” he said. “The first machines that I built or worked on were seen as exotic research instruments.” Since he had taken organic chemistry and radar, Vaughan decided to take nuclear magnetic resonance as a required elective. The university had just received one of the first 1.8 Tesla whole body magnets, but it had no system to support it. A chance meeting with the professor who worked with the magnet led to a collaboration. “There’s very little difference between a radar set and an MR system, so it didn’t take long for us to put two and two together,” Vaughan said. He engineered the back-end for the MRI system, which allowed him to turn his master’s degree into a PhD. Although widely used in some countries, MRI is not available to 90 percent of the world’s population. Vaughan and a colleague from the University of Minnesota, Michael Garwood, developed a portable, remotely supportable system. In 2014, they received a National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative grant to demonstrate the feasibility of this system. “We threw out everything we knew about MRI and started to reinvent it with new constraints,” Vaughan said. It is lighter and more compact than traditional systems and uses new imaging physics. Data is transmitted by laptop to a satellite link in the cloud, eliminating a bulky console system. The scientists plan to collaborate with governments and industry to introduce the system. Here at Columbia, “I still have blue sky overhead, and that’s what I really need and like because I can dream as big as the world — that’s exactly what we’re doing here,” Vaughan said. “There are plenty of compelling reasons to push MRI to be more powerful, but that’s one facet of advancing the field. Another is delivering it to the world.” This piece first appeared on Columbia News. At Columbia’s MR Research Center, scientists from across the University are coming together to push the boundaries of imaging the brain and the body. This video introduces professor Tommy Vaughan, the mind behind the Center, and the cadre of researchers using this technology to tackle a wide range of challenges: from understanding how fat builds up in the body to revealing the origins of our emotions and behaviors.	<urn:uuid:26401f3f-b819-4daa-b180-d5a782f3e37c>	CC-MAIN-2021-25	https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/john-thomas-vaughan-phd	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488512243.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622063335-20210622093335-00222.warc.gz	en	0.958721	1,111	2.953125	3
Always use the "R1C1" reference format. Under the standard "A1" reference format in Excel, references to cells are by default relative: if B1 is a cell containing a reference to A1 (for example, =A1+1) and you copy it to B2, B2 will become "=B1+1". This is often sensible behavior, but it's ultimately an instance of the program trying to guess the users' intentions. If you do want to keep the reference to A1, you must sigil the column and/or line. A$1 will fix the line, but copying B1 to C1 will yield =B1+1 and B1 to C2 will yield =B1+1. $A1 will similarly fix the column, and $A$1 will hold the reference fixed. Under the R1C1 format, references to cells are by default absolute, and you get to specify relative references explicitly if you so desire. if R1C2 is =R1C1+1 and you copy it to R2C2, it will still be R1C1. On the other hand, if you did want to create a column that was a function of the other column, you can state R1C2 to be =R1C[-1]+1. Under A1 format, we must always keep mental operations on the semantics of relative references by subtracting line numbers and what's worse, column letters and combinations thereof. Before I realized A1 was the wrong way to go, I would often make my entire A: row a list of numbers and freeze panes so I could reason. You can switch to R1C1 reference format in Microsoft Excel clicking on Tools/Options/General. I just saved you considerable mental anguish.	<urn:uuid:bc41b621-5c70-4a2c-bc86-aebe11b0ebf5>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	https://everything2.com/title/spreadsheet	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648198.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323063710-20180323083710-00712.warc.gz	en	0.910815	378	2.578125	3
These sleeves are sensitive to physical contacts. When users flex or cross their arms, a sound is synthesized within the sleeves and output through miniature flat speakers. The idea is pretty straightforward: using very simple elements (metallic organza and conductive yarns) we created a flex and touch sensor made of hundreds of switches. The stripes of metallic organza are sequentially disposed so that they are connected either to ground or to a pin of the micro controlling unit. When a 'pin' stripe is grounded on a 'ground' stripe, it issues a signal to the mcu and the latter reacts accordingly. The whole circuit is stitched on fabric. We had to conduct many experiments to figure out what type of stitches were the most solid and less electrically resistive. The approach We adopted is a combination of fine and loose stitches overlapped with wide and stretched ones. The stitched circuit board connects every element to the very few 'hard' parts of the system: a PIC16F84A, a 3V watch battery and speakers. The connections to the PIC are done using conductive epoxy so there are no (fragile) solder connections anywhere. Same goes for the miniature flat speakers and the battery. We programmed the PIC using the CCSC compiler. Here is the C source of the program. It uses a library (v_tones.c) that I modified from CCS' tones.c. It also uses CCS' stdlib.h. We cannot distribute those due to copyright issues... Basically what the code does is sweeping from one frequency to another depending on the number of contacts made on the sleeves. There is an idle state (no sound) when the number of contacts doesn't change. Get in touch with Vincent for more info. Attaching Yarns to ICs	<urn:uuid:eeb5c6fe-0d60-4f76-9bbf-7df994b50c64>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://www.uttermatter.com/sleeev/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121569156.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174609-00078-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928635	373	2.53125	3
Linking Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security in ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) food security can be comprehensively governed by the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN Social and Cultural Community (ASCC). This paper reviews the ASCC Blueprint and argues that, within the ASEAN framework, it is imperative for the ASCC to address food security in relation to climate change and disaster risks. There are three main reasons for this: the larger scope of environment security, climate change, and disaster risks under the ASCC; food security from beyond an economic standpoint under the flagship of the AEC; and climate change that alters regional food systems, agriculture, and fisheries, which contribute significantly to the livelihoods and well-being of all people in the region. Although the distribution of impacts and risks of climate change will be different from place to place and household to household, marginal farmers, fisherfolk, and poor urban consumers are likely to be impacted disproportionately. Thus the need for a shared governance of food security and climate change under the ASCC and AEC to comprehensively consider the availability, accessibility, utility, and stability of food for populations from both an economic and socio-cultural perspective.	<urn:uuid:5603fdc4-e21b-4045-81ba-8e7768a66808>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://www.eria.org/research/linking-climate-change-adaptation-and-food-security-in-asean/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107892062.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026204531-20201026234531-00482.warc.gz	en	0.92677	252	2.578125	3
Get The Lesson In this lesson, we address the science behind wildfire and address some critical questions: is the season getting longer? Are fires getting worse? What should we do about that? Get this lesson: You can download the full packet here or read a condensed version of this unit below. Worksheet: Download just the worksheet or there’s a copy included in the packet. Wildland fire occurrence and suppression has had a long and varied history in our country. For most of the 20th century, any form of wildland fire, whether natural or human caused, was quickly suppressed for fear of uncontrollable destruction. Today policies have evolved to using fire as a tool, such as controlled burns. Climate change has increased the frequency and severity of wildfires creating “100 year” fires every couple years. Historically fire would help clean out the understory and dead plant matter in a forest, allowing native tree species to grow with less competition for nutrients. Native Americans would often burn woodlands to reduce overgrowth and increase grasslands for large prey animals such as bison and elk. When the US Forest Service was established in 1905 fire suppression became the only fire policy for the next 50 years. In 1968 the National Park Service changed its policy to recognize fire as an ecological process. Interactive map of fire alerts on world map – Global Forest Watch’s interactive map of global fire activity shows where in the world there’s been a fire in the past 24 hours. Why Are There So Many Fires? – A video from The Guardian with great visuals addressing why the amount of fires has increased so much. Fire tornado in Loyalton fire – A short video clip of a fire tornado caused by the Loyalton, California fire in August 2020. Sample Research Project: Matchstick Forest Demonstration: Students learn how wildfires behave and spread by placing matches in a variety of configurations. This sample experiment can be adapted for many grade levels. Sample Research Questions: - How does the fire change depending on the configuration of the matches - Is more smoke produced when the matches are close together or far apart? - How long does it take to burn all the matches when they are close together? - How far apart do the matches have to be to not burn when one is lit? - What happens when some matches are taller than others? MS-LS2-3; MS-LS2-4 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics HS-LS2-6; HSLS2-7; HS-LS2-8 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics - Analyzing and interpreting data - Constructing Explanations and designing solutions - Planning and carrying out investigations - Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information - Cause and effect - Stability and change - Systems and system models	<urn:uuid:8b683e59-80fb-48b8-ab44-2297116a55e7>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://headwatersscienceinstitute.org/wildfire-science/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00508.warc.gz	en	0.917952	591	4.28125	4
Naming warnings support adherence to the naming conventions of the .NET Framework Design Guidelines. This rule assumes that an enumeration member that has a name that contains "reserved" is not currently used but is a placeholder to be renamed or removed in a future version. Renaming or removing a member is a breaking change. The name of an event starts with "Before" or "After". To name related events that are raised in a specific sequence, use the present or past tense to indicate the relative position in the sequence of actions. A public enumeration has the System.FlagsAttribute attribute and its name does not end in "s". Types that are marked with FlagsAttribute have names that are plural because the attribute indicates that more than one value can be specified. The name of an externally visible identifier contains one or more words that are not recognized by the Microsoft spelling checker library. Identifiers for namespaces, types, members, and parameters cannot differ only by case because languages that target the common language runtime are not required to be case-sensitive. The name of an externally visible interface does not start with a capital "I". The name of a generic type parameter on an externally visible type or method does not start with a capital "T". The name of a parameter in an externally visible member contains a data type name, or the name of an externally visible member contains a language-specific data type name. By convention, only certain programming elements have names that begin with a specific prefix. By convention, only the names of types that extend certain base types or that implement certain interfaces, or types that are derived from these types, should end with specific reserved suffixes. Other type names should not use these reserved suffixes. Naming conventions dictate that a plural name for an enumeration indicates that more than one value of the enumeration can be specified at the same time. Consistent naming of parameters in an override hierarchy increases the usability of the method overrides. A parameter name in a derived method that differs from the name in the base declaration can cause confusion about whether the method is an override of the base method or a new overload of the method. A parameter name should communicate the meaning of a parameter, and a member name should communicate the meaning of a member. It would be a rare design where these were the same. Naming a parameter the same as its member name is unintuitive and makes the library difficult to use. Each word in the resource string is split into tokens that are based on the casing. Each contiguous two-token combination is checked by the Microsoft spelling checker library. If recognized, the word produces a violation of the rule. A resource string contains one or more words that are not recognized by the Microsoft spelling checker library. Type names should not match the names of namespaces that are defined in the .NET Framework class library. Violation of this rule can reduce the usability of the library. By convention, identifier names do not contain the underscore (_) character. This rule checks namespaces, types, members, and parameters. The name of a public or protected member starts with "Get" and otherwise matches the name of a public or protected property. "Get" methods and properties should have names that clearly distinguish their function. A namespace name or a type name matches a reserved keyword in a programming language. Identifiers for namespaces and types should not match keywords that are defined by languages that target the common language runtime. The name of an externally visible identifier includes a term for which an alternative, preferred term exists. Alternatively, the name includes the term "Flag" or "Flags". By convention, parameter names use camel casing, and namespace, type, and member names use Pascal casing. The name of an identifier contains multiple words, and at least one of the words appears to be a compound word that is not cased correctly. Names of enumeration members are not prefixed with the type name because type information is expected to be provided by development tools. By convention, the names of types that extend certain base types or that implement certain interfaces, or types derived from these types, have a suffix that is associated with the base type or interface.	<urn:uuid:7971429b-aaf6-4d8e-b303-313633c959c6>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms182232(v=vs.100).aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997880800.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025800-00150-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.891176	862	3.40625	3
When we think of smart cities, we tend to think in futuristic terms. We often use the language and iconography of futurism to express our visions of what a smart city should look like. But we should also look to the past for lessons and examples of how previous generations handled the challenges of planning and developing urban spaces. The world of urban mobility is changing fast, and cities are grappling with the impact on safety. Growth in urban populations, combined with more cars, trucks and public transport vehicles (e.g. increasing last mile delivery) sharing crowded streets with vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists), makes the task of providing safe mobility a complex challenge. The task is further complicated by unsafe driving behavior, demand for multimode transport options, the need for bicycle-friendly streets and the uncertain future of autonomous vehicles. Road fatalities are increasing in many cities and comprised 37 percent of European road fatalities in 2017. Taking steps to improve the safety of urban mobility fosters quality of life and yields opportunities to deliver transport sustainability. This article provides a perspective on policies and innovation regarding urban mobility safety solutions for smart cities.	<urn:uuid:93f7b011-456b-4c3a-9ee4-ff0c90b23acd>	CC-MAIN-2019-51	https://hub.beesmart.city/solutions/tag/safety	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540506459.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208044407-20191208072407-00354.warc.gz	en	0.916984	231	3.09375	3
- Author: Jackie Woods - Editor: Noni Todd Everything's coming up Roses! By Jackie Woods UCCE Master Gardener I love roses and would like to plant a few in my landscape. What basic information should I know before I begin this journey? Cynthia M., Paso Robles. Roses… a timeless symbol of love, sympathy or gratitude; an esthetically pleasing-to-the-eye flower that oftentimes produce intoxicating fragrances loved by many. There are over a hundred species of roses and thousands of different cultivars or varieties. Roses are easy to grow and, with a basic understanding of that they require, any garden enthusiast can be successful with growing them in their gardens. There are many different varieties of roses. Hybrid tea roses are a large bloom on a long stem. (Double Delight, Mister Lincoln.) Grandiflora are a combination of Hybrid tea and floribunda and can have one bloom per stem or cluster of blooms on a stem. (Gold Medal, Queen Elizabeth) Floribundas are shorter bushes with shorter cluster blooms but will sometimes bloom singularly. (Iceberg, Betty Boop.) Polyanthas are small bushes with clusters that are approximately one inch in diameter. (China Doll, The Gift.) Other varieties include miniature, miniflora, tree, shrub and climbing roses. Roses can be purchased in bare root or plant form. Bare root roses are dormant, soil-less, leafless plants that are usually packed in moist sawdust for ease of storage and shipment. With our mild Central Coast climate, the best time to plant roses is in early spring. Pruning of existing rose plants should be done at the end of winter or in January- February with clean, sharp pruners. Cuts should be made ¼ inch above the bud eyes. Throughout their growing months, prune off dead leaves, spent rose heads and sucker shoots as needed. Feed roses in early spring and again in early summer. If you want to know more about growing roses, please join us at the UCCE Master Gardener's Advice to Grow By workshop on Saturday, October 21, 2017 in our demonstration garden at 2156 Sierra Way, San Luis Obispo, 10:00 am to noon. Please visit our website to register at http://ucanr.edu/sites/mgslo/. If inclement weather, please meet in the auditorium. If you would like to walk through our demonstration garden, docents will be available after the workshop until 1:00 p.m.	<urn:uuid:92a3f195-d910-49d1-af4e-ac93271167ed>	CC-MAIN-2018-47	https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=25433&utm_source=RSS&utm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=RSS%2BFeed	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747215.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121052254-20181121074254-00457.warc.gz	en	0.915253	530	2.71875	3
The Adélie penguin is an Antarctic penguin, closely related to the gentoo and chinstrap penguins. Together, these three species are known as the brushtail penguins. The Adélie penguin is a relatively small species with a black back and head, a white front, and a characteristic white ring around the eyes. Though Adélie penguins live mostly on the continent of Antarctica (and a few associated islands), they mate and nest on rocky shores, rather than on the ice. Both parents take turns caring for a clutch of two eggs that are laid in a stone nest. While one parent incubates the eggs, the other parent feeds. Adelie penguins are foraging predators that will take many different prey items, but their preferred food source is krill. Their reliance on this particular prey source, however, is a relatively recent phenomenon that seems to align with the decline of other krill predators (e.g., fur seals and baleen whales) as a result of overhunting. Regardless, the Adélie penguin’s current diet consistently includes several krill species. When individuals are not nesting, they are known to undergo long, winter migrations in search of food, staying close to the expanding ice edge and using the ice to rest. One interesting behavior of the Adélie penguin is its reluctance to be the first individual that enters the water. This species is known to form dense groups at the water’s edge waiting for an individual to either fall or be pushed into the water. Only after that first individual is seen safely swimming away to feed do the others in the group follow. This behavior is thought to be used to avoid predation by leopard seals, killer whales, and other large animals. Adélie penguins have no natural land predators and are extremely curious about people. They often walk right up to researchers as if conducting their own studies. The Adélie penguin is the subject of numerous scientific studies and is generally considered to be one of the best studied penguins. Researchers have been studying Adélie penguin behavior for many decades. Unfortunately, continuing expansion of research facilities reduces nesting area, potentially contributing to this species’ status as near threatened with extinction. Though population trends are currently positive, scientists worry that overfishing of Southern Ocean krill and other prey species may threaten the Adelaide Penguin’s ability to maintain stable populations. Furthermore, even though this species does not reproduce on the ice surface, researchers predict that climate change will negatively affect the Southern Ocean food web, possibly counteracting any positive influence on Adelaide Penguin nesting areas that ice retreat may provide. Finally, this species spends much of the year in the Ross Sea and would undoubtedly benefit from adoption of the proposed marine protected area in that region that is currently being considered by world governments who have an interest in Antarctica. Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the world’s boating community. Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids.	<urn:uuid:38199729-38d4-46be-8bbd-bc625b26975c>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://oceana.org/marine-life/seabirds/adelie-penguin	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154500.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804013942-20210804043942-00475.warc.gz	en	0.945784	658	3.484375	3
Some deserts around the world lack rainfall entirely or lack water. The annual rainfall can be small of about 5 to 10 inches and is quite inconsistent. In some areas, torrential rains also occur which leads to destructive effects in the desert. Rainstorm can accompany several inches of rainfall within a few hours. This leads to destructive effects as these rainstorms drown the people camps in the desert and flood the houses made of baked muds in the oasis. These rainstorms along with the wind forms various features of the desert. Let’s have a look at them one by one. Wadi – It is an Arabic term used for a valley. These are also known as dry riverbeds as these areas are filled with water only when there is heavy rainfall. The wadi is different from other valleys because these are usually cut and eroded by water but inconsistent water supply due to the short rainy season makes them dry for most time of the year. The process of deposition is the main action force working in this region because of the fact that water tends to dry up and leave the sediments brought with it in this region. Playas – Playas are the regions of dry land found below the sea level. Fine grained sediments like salts are found in these flat regions. The surface of the lake is rough and hard in the dry season whereas it gets soft and wet in rainy season. The water forms a tiny hole depicting the presence of very shallow lake in the desert. Alluvial Fans – These are seen in the areas where flash floods occur periodically. A large funnel shaped basin is often present at the upper part which further forms a narrow stream. This stream then unfold into an alluvial fan at the end of its course. The alluvial fan also works as a habitat of flora and fauna. Most of the desert species are found flourishing near these fans due to the presence of the nutritional sediments and water. Bajada – The sediments from many alluvial fans when deposited in one place forms bajada. These also look like the merger of many alluvial fans. There is much more sediments and water in this region due to the gathering of all the alluvial fans. The distribution of water and sediments is also even in this region. Mesa – An upraised area of land that has a flat top and very steep sides. The tectonic activities of the earth are responsible for lifting the horizontally layered rocks which are weathered and eroded by water and form Mesa. The stronger rocks tend to remain at the top and the weaker rocks remain at bottom because hard rocks do not erode easily while the degradation of soft rocks make them lower quickly. Butte – This is a secluded hill with flat top and steep sides. It is almost similar to Mesa but unlike this mesa has a wider top than its height while butte has a height longer than its breadth. Canyon – A deep gorge between the cliffs often sculpted into a landscape by a river. This feature is formed when there is a stronger rock on the either side of the where water is doing its erosional activities. The river water cuts this area vertically but not horizontally. Bajada – The sediments from many alluvial fans when deposited in one place forms bajada. These also look like the merger of many alluvial fans. There is much more sediments and water in this region due to the gathering of all the alluvial fans. The distribution of water and sediments is also even in this region. Arch – Framed where there is delicate rock encompassed by hard rock. Profound splits enter into the sandstone layer and erosional activities of both wind and little rain uncover the stones layers and broaden the cracks on the surface of rocks. Gentler rocks easily broke down by wind and the little measure of downpour forms arches where the delicate rock being split away makes a gap in the harder rock. Salt Flats – These are formed where there are already present dry lake beds. These are very dry regions that are present below sea level. One such example of Salt flat is Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. Badland – Form where deep beds of easily eroded rock is exposed to erosion. The inconsistent heavy rainfall cut out stream channels resulting in the formation of carved hillsides, gullies and tall spires.	<urn:uuid:a5f8d29d-9550-496e-93ba-6c95f5f87412>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://geography-revision.co.uk/gcse/desert-features-created-by-water/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526337.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719182214-20190719204214-00281.warc.gz	en	0.948509	893	3.796875	4
Obesity Drops Life Expectancy For the first time in American history, children will not live as long or be as healthy as their parents, according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine published in March. In 1900, the U.S. life expectancy was 47.3, and a century of medical “progress” added 30 years to that figure. But according to the report, the trend is reversing, and we can expect the current generation to die two to five years earlier than today’s adults. Why? Because a third of American kids are fat. In the last 25 years, the rate of childhood obesity more than doubled, and now obesity impacts life expectancy more than cancer or heart disease. The report stated that the severity of the problem is so great that the diseases and complications associated with obesity are likely to appear at younger ages. Childhood diabetes, for example, has increased tenfold in the last 20 years. “It’s one thing for an adult of 45 or 55 to develop Type 2 diabetes and then experience the life-threatening complications of that—kidney failure, heart attack, stroke—in their late 50s or 60s. But for a 4-year-old or 6-year-old who’s obese to develop Type 2 diabetes at 14 or 16” raises the possibility of devastating complications before reaching age 30, said Dr. David Ludwig, who co-authored the study. “It’s really a staggering prospect” (Associated Press, March 16). Dr. S. Jay Olshansky, the report’s lead author, considers the projections of reduced life expectancy to be “very conservative, and I think the negative effect is probably greater than we have shown” (ibid.). The report also says obesity has already shortened the life expectancy of today’s adults by at least four to nine months, which is more than fatal accidents, homicides and suicides combined. Two thirds of American adults are overweight or obese. Ludwig admitted it would take a “fundamental change” in society to reduce obesity. His suggestions included setting aside time for healthy meals at home, encouraging physical activity, limiting tv viewing and renovating school lunch programs. Our strategy must involve uncovering the cause and dealing with it. Another study, published in the January issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, found that infants born to overweight mothers are 15 times more likely to be obese by age 6 than children of lean mothers. There’s our clue. Genetics are certainly a factor. But we can’t discount the fact that children are also mimickers—and many parents have not demonstrated the way to fitness.	<urn:uuid:96663ca4-bf41-4f51-860b-399135901fed>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	https://www.thetrumpet.com/1415-obesity-drops-life-expectancy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315551.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820154633-20190820180633-00011.warc.gz	en	0.955126	557	2.953125	3
The Picture of Dorian Gray is hardly new to the reviewing world, yet with each new phase of media (i.e. the Internet) we must announce the classics yet again. Thus, this article on Dorian Gray. The book takes place in late nineteenth century Britain, and revolves around the aristocratic scenes in which the author himself lived. The reader is first plunged into a number of abstract statements concerning art and the artist. These are views which Wilde himself proclaimed, and serve as a fitting introduction to the tone of the book. We are then introduced to Mr. Basil Hallward — a gruff but very talented painter — and Lord Henry Wotton — a verbose yet witty socialite. It is soon discovered that Hallward is painting a portrait of a young man, Dorian Gray. It is obvious that Gray has had an overwhelming effect on the painter and Lord Henry insists on meeting him. When this transpires, Lord Henry finds him so "innocent" that he instructs the young lord to keep his youth at whatever cost: "Time is jealous of you, and wars against your lilies and your roses. You will become sallow, and hollow-cheeked, and dull-eyed." This sets the stage for the revealing of the portrait to the subject: the work is absolutely perfect. So perfect, in fact, that young Gray gets quite jealous and boyishly wishes that the picture would get old and evil, and he would stay young and innocent. An awkward scene ensues, relieved only when Gray leaves with the irrepressible Lord Henry — his new mentor. Time passes, and Gray becomes dominated with Lord Henry's fascinating — and often completely immoral or contradictory — views on life. It is not until Gray falls in love that the story takes it's dark turn. She was a beautiful young actress, and Gray was enthralled with the way she could turn from Juliet to Portia to Cordelia performance after performance. Indeed, he loved her for it. Then, the night after their engagement, she commits the unpardonable sin of acting horribly — in her mind, a needed sacrifice to their love — and his "heart" is crushed: "You have killed my love." He storms off, and she is left sobbing despondently on the floor. When he returns home that night, he notices that his beautiful portrait has changed, for the once ideal young mouth has adopted a cruel twist of the lips. His wish was being granted. The actress dies — presumably from suicide — and young Gray commits himself to a life of no conscience. Indeed, he has had his conscience (in the form of his portrait) locked away from everybody's eyes but his own. His existence becomes one debauchery after another, even though society sees him all the while as young and innocent — incapable of the rumors circulating around him. The wish that he had uttered so long ago was becoming his ruin, and he struggles in vain to bear the unseen burden. Unfortunately for Gray, it is not long before Fate extracts from him the ultimate price for her "gift." This is a work that seems to grab hedonism by the throat and strangle it, while at the same time shaking its hand. It has been commented that the two main characters, Lord Henry Wotton and Dorian Gray, are two self-portraits of the Oscar Wilde himself: how he desired to be seen and what he feared to become.¹ Knowing this, I believe the reader would get much more out of the book if he or she has a working understanding of Wilde's biography. (For those who do, it should be noted that the seemingly parallel relationship of Lord Henry and Dorian Gray occurs BEFORE Wilde meets Lord Alfred Douglas¹) All in all, this is a fascinating book. However, a warning should be attached: One should not read it if one is easily bored or easily swayed by extensive but captivating dialogue. Neither should one read it if one doesn't care for Victorian scholarship, since at least the first portion of the book is soaked in it. Disregarding this, it is a masterful piece of writing and well deserves its place in the classics' hall of fame. Mr. Wilde should be humbly and heartily complimented. ¹ Information used here is taken from the Introduction of The Portable Oscar Wilde by Richard Aldington New York: The Viking Press, 1946 — 11th edition, 1965). This collection would be a very fitting introduction to anybody who seeks to learn of Wilde's life and works. Do movies change your personality, even for the moment? Is that so bad? Want a testament to your own insignificance? Watch a movie, especially an epic, saving-the-world piece. It'll get you every time. Sure, you enjoy watching those noblest of moments, those poignant good-byes, those resounding victories, but when it's all said and done, you're sitting in your basement, finishing up a brownie, and wondering where you've gone wrong. One thing we must remember, however, as we bemoan our listless fate: the people you've just watched save the world probably have no more clue how to rescue mankind than your local real estate agent. Actors and actresses have the singular pleasure of putting a face to nobility, or love, or sadism, or whatever characteristic the screenwriter chooses. Lindsey, you say, what are you going on about? We know all this. Of course you do! But it does help to be reminded. Movies, unlike any form of entertainment ever known to man, are entrancing. They almost totally absorb you in other, certainly more magnificent, lives. Many of them make you despise your own humdrum existence. Great, you're telling us we should boycott movies for our mental health, you reply. Don't be silly. I don't want the entire media monster on my tail. Movies are not, in and of themselves, evil or unhealthy. If you live in them, if you dream of them, if you hate your world because you've seen something flash across a screen that you want, then there's a danger. We are not made to live other's lives. Neither are we made to live in a story land. There is a living, breathing, existing world around us made of people who very much need us to be in the here and now. Love exists on this earth only in people, and people do not exist in movies. A movie may call us to higher aims, to greater goals, to loftier purposes, and that is all very good. Kudos to that film! Or a movie may remind us of the toils of human suffering, and stir pity in our hearts. They may teach us many things, and it is to our credit if we learn from these technological projections of the imagination. What is film but another multi-billion dollar form of entertainment? It can be a gift from God, or a tool of harmful distraction. It can exhibit right from wrong to our children, or it can muddy the waters into an unrecognizable, noisy blur. Like any other form of human endeavour, it can stir both the mind and spirit to good or to evil. So enjoy watching movies to your heart's content (although I think you'll find numerous other things that may content your heart better), but do so wisely, with an ear and an eye toward what you're absorbing. Because it is a scary fact that once an image or a sound enters your head, it's gonna stay there forever, and may pop up at the most inopportune times. To conclude, the next time you watch "Armageddon" or "ID4", remember this little article and feel better about your particular lot in life. You're needed, wherever you are, and you were put there for a purpose. After having one of the worst possible experiences while trying to relax and enjoy a movie I decided to share something with all of you readers. Face it. Americans have forgotten how to act at the Theatre. Dont blow me off here; I know what I am talking about. Lets just call it the art of cinemus:interruptus, we have all experienced it. Talking, crying babies, cell phones, the list goes on and on. It needs to stop now! Acting with proper etiquette while watching a movie at a theatre makes the show much more enjoyable, not only for you, but for all your fellow moviegoers. Here is my list of pointers! I hope that these help each and every experience to be much more pleasant! — Dont save seats. Laying your coat across one or two seats is acceptable; hoarding an entire row of prime seats is a big no-no. — If you MUST come in late, then do so QUIETLY. However, it is much better to be a few minutes early. — TURN off all phones and pagers PLEASE! Or at least turn them to vibrating mode. Common sense please. If you have a watch that beeps, chimes, or plays music, disengage this feature before the performance. You may not mean to hit the button that plays Its a Small World After all, but accidents do happen. — Parents should inform their child on theatre etiquette. If you bring your child with you to the Theatre, they should be briefed on how they should behave during the show. The best advice is to select shows that are appropriate and suitable for kids. Really, do YOU think Jurassic Park 3 is appropriate for a child that watches Barney on a regular basis? — Please dont bring babies to the theatre. They tend to cry and distract everyone. If you have too, for reasons I dont understand, then if/when the child does cry, please make a speedy exit with said child. Dont just sit in there and try to stop the crying. — Once the movie starts, please eat as quiet as you are able too. Dont eat cellophane wrapped candy or cough drops in the theatre. Unwrapping crinkly plastic bags and other noisy food packages are definitely a no-no. If you need one of these items (esp. the cough drops!) please unwrap some before the movie begins. — Dont put your feet on the theatre chairs, backs, or arms. Take off your baseball cap, or any hat, for that matter. Keep the aisle around you clear of feet, bags and small children. — Get up and down as little as possible during the movie. Please use the bathroom before the show starts. If you know that you will most likely have to visit the restroom during the show please sit in the back. — Keep seat switching to a bare-minimum, there may be short people behind you struggling to see. — If the theatre is crowded please move into the center of the row so latecomers can slip into the aisle seats, without causing many to have to move about. — The theatre is not the place to make-out with your loved one. I know it's dark but please leave that kind of activity until after you leave the theatre. Lets show some respect for others who may have come to the movie to see the MOVIE, not romancing audience members. — If you need to leave the show, for any reason, please do so quickly and quietly. — And last but definitely not least, Silence! Be quiet. Dont talk. How else do I have to say it? Save all discussion until after the show. Discussion and comments that you have about the show should be left till you leave the auditorium. Please remain quiet. It is all right to react to the show but chatting that causes distraction is considered rude. Besides, debating the finer points of a plot is always better accompanied by a post-movie coffee and dessert. Here is an example list of no-nos. I found this list on one of my sited sources and included it because I too, unfortunately, have heard many of these while trying to watch a movie. — Pointing out the obvious ("that's the wrong apartment number, there!") as though everyone else in the theater is a little slow, and you're offering a public service. — Pointing out the obvious, AND making moral observations, to children one is attending with.(See Bobby, this is why we dont steal). — Reading (out loud of course) signs on things ("do not enter") as though they were either great revelations or really funny jokes. — Asking stupid questions out loud ("is that the same guy who shot the bank clerk?"). — Answering stupid questions out loud ("no honey, that was the other guy...). To end this, here is something I found, said by a man named J.T. Bowen, Here's what I suggest. Next time you go to the theatre, take a second to think about how good it feels to have some leisure time. Then look at the people around you. They're nice people. Imagine if they were friends of yours. You'd want to make sure you didn't do anything to offend them. [Then the show starts. Watch it nicely please. After the lights come back up, quietly leave the theatre and maybe even think about what you just saw. Maybe talk about it with the person you just shared this experience with. Think about how your life is enriched because of the experience you just had. Then get on your cell phone if you feel you need to.	<urn:uuid:d2222950-91bc-4601-893d-a565732654cb>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://melsheffler.com/articles/shorties.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689615.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923085617-20170923105617-00364.warc.gz	en	0.966464	2,770	2.5625	3
The Quadriga Prize The ‘Quadriga’ is a German prize named after the statue on top of Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate. It was founded in 2003 in celebration of German re-unification and is awarded in an annual ceremony on 3 October (Reunification Day) to people ‘whose courage tears down walls and whose commitment builds bridges’ and whose ‘thoughts and acts are built on values which promote vision, courage and responsibility’, to quote the Quadriga website. Past recipients have included Mikahil Gorbachev, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Viktor Yushchenko and Vaclav Havel. This year the Award Committee nominated 4 laureates including the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority, Salam Fayyed, Mexico’s Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa and… Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. He was to have been honoured for his ‘service to the stability of German-Russian relations’, but the nomination provoked an outcry from both German politicians and others. Former recipients, including former president of Czech Republic Vaclav Havel, insisted that they would return their award, if the Russian leader were so honoured and the Committee took the difficult decision (‘in light of the growing and unbearable pressure and the danger of further escalation.’) to cancel the award for 2011. It was, however, not only international figures who protested so vigorously. There is another dimension to the matter, one rather nearer to Russia. A Circassian protest Immediately after the announcement, one of the leaders of the German Green Party, Cem Ozdemir, quickly stated that he had voted against the award and announced that he would leave the committee. Ozdemir’s behaviour was so unexpected that initially other committee members tried to reason with him, but subsequent national and international developments changed their view and the award was withdrawn. Cem Ozdemir is by origin a Circassian. He is one of the 5 million members of the diaspora, which resulted from 19th century mass deportations by the Russian Army of Circassians from their home in the North Caucasus to Turkey. The Circassian population inside Russia today is about 1 million, but Russia will not allow diaspora Circassians to return, so they remain scattered all over the world. Is it too far-fetched to imagine that Ozdemir could not countenance an award celebrating reunification being given to one of the leaders of a country which will not allow his people to reunite? Cem Ozdemir is the son of a Circassian gastarbeiter family from Turkey; in 1983 he acquired German citizenship. The announcement cancelling the award was made on 16 July, on the eve of high-level talks between Russia and Germany. Both sides assert that political relations are not affected. The Russian statement referred to ‘probable internal problems’ in the Award Committee. Circassian Days at the EU Parliament Ozdemir had not previously displayed any signs of anti-Russian feeling. He is a European MP and actively engaged in the Circassian movement, organising annual ‘Circassian Days at the European Parliament.’ He has even taken the Russian side several times, going against the main trend in Circassian and European politics. He did not, for example, support 20 Circassian organizations in their appeals to the Presidents of the European Parliament Josep Borrell Fontelles in 2006 and Hans-Gert Pottering in 2008 for recognition of the Circassian genocide. He sided with Russia after the 2008 Russian-Georgian war, inviting an Abkhaz delegation to the ‘Circassian Days at the European Parliament’ in October 2008 and organising a meeting for them with 30 members of the EU Parliament, including Jacek Saryusz Wolski, the head of the committee for international affairs. Such meetings were crucial for Russia, which was trying to legitimize its actions after its war with Georgia and recognition of Abkhazia. Ozdemir cannot be said to have taken the first step against Russia. It was actually the Russians who made the first move: in December 2010, six Circassian organizations from Russia unexpectedly signed a statement against ‘Circassian Days at the EU Parliament’. Extensive experience of European politics is hardly needed to work out who organized this anti-Circassian campaign. One of the signatories to the statement openly confessed to Caucasus Knot that the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was watching the 2010 ‘Circassian Day’ with great attention. Apparently, Russian diplomats had been so pleased by Ozdemir’s support for the Abkhaz question in 2008 that they made him an offer to turn his “Circassian Days at the EU Parliament” into a regular pro-Russian event. He refused and they had clearly decided to punish him by mobilizing the Russian Circassians. Russia and the Circassian question There is no doubt that Russian leaders analyzed the Quadriga situation from every angle, but they decided not to respond to the Circassian dimension of the situation. They took a similar decision in May 2011, when the Georgian Parliament recognized the 19th century Circassian genocide, which Russia has always refused to do. Circassian activisits visit Brussels regularly in connection with the annual event, Circassian Days at the EU Parliament. They would like the EU to support their struggle for Circassian civil and cultural rights. Today, the Russian authorities are unable or unwilling to resolve any of the three main components of the Circassian question – recognition of the genocide, the unification of the multiple Circassian regions into a single republic within the Russian Federation, and the repatriation of the Diaspora. After the wave of demonstrations against Caucasian ethnic minorities in Moscow, it was obvious that any decision in favour of Circassians could stir up Russian nationalism, which is far more dangerous than Circassian nationalism, so the Kremlin apparently decided just to adopt the ‘tactics of silence’ on the Circassian question. Thus, German politician Cem Ozdemir’s refusal to accept that Putin should receive the prestigious Quadriga award was his first anti-Russian action in public. What might lie ahead for him? In my opinion, he has more than one option. His success with Quadriga might lead to the formation of an anti-Russian lobby, which has not hitherto existed in Germany. Or he could initiate discussion of the Circassian genocide in the EU Parliament. He could easily do this himself, or via the German-friendly Estonian Parliament, which has recently received similar appeals from Circassian organizations. There is also the question of the 2014 Winter Olympics, which are to take place in Sochi, the last capital of independent Circassia in the 19th century, and which will coincide with the 150th Anniversary of the Circassian deportations. The anti-Sochi movement is fairly strong already and the situation could become immeasurably more complicated if an experienced and well-known politician like Cem Ozdemir were to decide to take matters further. "Today, the Russian authorities are unable or unwilling to resolve any of the three main components of the Circassian question – recognition of the genocide, the unification of the multiple Circassian regions into a single republic within the Russian Federation, and the repatriation of the Diaspora." Whatever strategy he chooses, he would certainly be able to cause Russia quite a headache if he acts in the same way, and with the same success, as in the Quadriga affair. At the same time it is clear that Russian leaders do not regard the problems with Cem Ozdemir as insoluble, as they are, for example, with the Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili. Given the pragmatism and flexibility of Russian diplomacy, a mutual understanding will probably be re-established with the national leaders of the Green Party. Might the Quadriga affair, which both sides continue to assert has not affected Russo-German relations, serve as a reminder to the international community that the Circassian question remains unsolved? Get our weekly email CommentsWe encourage anyone to comment, please consult the oD commenting guidelines if you have any questions.	<urn:uuid:3a282da2-f2ef-43f4-94e3-4d189028c170>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/quadriga-prize-circassian-dimension/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00518.warc.gz	en	0.969614	1,691	2.546875	3
Charts: Seasonal Variability of Vibrio cholerae Caption: The upper graph shows how numbers of vibrios, measured by FISH -- fluorescent DNA probes -- vary over spring to winter, from one week to the next. The lower graph shows the variation from week to week of the number of V. cholerae cells found on just one zooplankter such as a copepod. The highest measurement was 7,100 vibrios on a single copepod, which approximates an infectious dose -- a dose, based on human volunteer studies, that could cause cholera in a human being. We see how factors at scales large and small, seasonal and microscopic, might interact to shape populations of cholera bacteria. Source: Adapted from: J. Heidelberg, The Institute for Genomic Research NSF Funded: ?? NSF Permission to use: YES \|Previous slide\|\|Next slide\|\|Back to first slide\|\|View graphic version\|	<urn:uuid:914fb820-5a1d-475a-883c-5de5b8c9c140>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/colwell/rc03_usjapan/tsld022.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.892362	209	3.21875	3
In its education programs and activities, the Freshwater Bay Museum is committed to providing a window to the past and in the process developing a student’s imagination and curiosity. Our programs are designed and delivered in the context of the Australian Curriculum History with the aims of developing - an interest in and enjoyment of history - a knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the past - an understanding and use of historical concepts such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect - a capacity to undertake historical inquiry, to explain and communicate. The programs also link to cross curriculum priorities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures and sustainability. They also address aspects of the English, Mathematics and Geography curricula. The education program costs $12.00 per child. To book, please visit the How to Book page.	<urn:uuid:2e96d1c2-c3bb-43fe-82be-1e0c71b47c7b>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.freshwaterbaymuseum.com.au/education-programs/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00415.warc.gz	en	0.950337	173	3.0625	3
If you’re considering investing in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, many building owners wonder if their roof can support solar installation. While the answer is likely yes, there are a few important factors to consider as you are pondering this question. Know Your Angles In order to generate enough solar energy from your PV system to support such an investment, you may want to be sure that your roof can access the sunlight needed to create enough energy to save you money. With this in mind, you do not want your roof to be overly shaded, or at an angle where it will not see much sunlight year-round. The ideal angle for your roof is about 10 degrees, southward facing. The angle of your roof is of importance to consider in our region as we face storms often with high winds, and the tilt of the panels should not be excessive as it will lift with the wind. Durability is Key The main question a building owner must consider when considering solar installation is whether their roof can structurally support the system itself. The more durable the material is of the roof, the more of a load it can support (such as concrete tiles), whereas an asbestos or plastic roof may struggle to bear the weight of a PV system. A commercial unit is roughly 50 pounds. Including all the hardware, mounting equipment, and solar panels, the weight distribution of a PV system is about 3-4 pounds per square foot. Why should you invest in solar installation? When seeking to make an investment in renewable energy, an investment in our planet and youth's futures, solar is one of the best and most practical ways to go. Installing a PV system on your business is an option that is possible for the vast majority of buildings, and most of the complicated factors are covered by service personnel when considering installing a PV system, so the hassle for each customer is minimal if it exists at all. We hope this information has aided you in looking to install a PV system, and hope to hear from you as we can lower your operation costs, reduce your carbon footprint and develop renewable energy in our region. Naveco offers an innovative solution to provide energy savings at a lower cost while being a "one-stop-shop" for all of your solar needs. About the Author Oriana Cordido has a Bachelor of Arts degree with a double major in International Relations and Economics. She is currently responsible for providing knowledge and awareness about solar energy, and creating solar proposals for customers wanting to reduce their energy bills. You might be reading this blog if you're curious about how your business can save money. If this is something you've ever thought about, she's your go-to girl! She has considerable experience in the field of social entrepreneurship as she was the Team President and Co-Founder of Enactus UNB which is an international non-profit organization dedicated to inspiring students to improve the world through entrepreneurial action.	<urn:uuid:c0220a1d-1314-4bfc-bd07-150a5d2240be>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://naveco.ca/2020/03/25/solar-installation-will-your-roof-support-it/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711286.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208082315-20221208112315-00593.warc.gz	en	0.953086	612	2.53125	3
MILL PLAIN CHILDREN'S VILLAGE DAY SCHOOL 15301 SE Mill Plain, Vancouver WA AS YOUR CHILD TURNS 5 The emphasis is on countinuing emotional, physical and cognitive growth wile also developing social skills. Children are introduced to the idea of structured group learning for a portion of the day. Preschoolers learn letters, numbers, shapes, colors and skills such as using scissors and glue. Our goal is to create a positive learning experience and to prepare children for a positive future. We use the "play at learning" theory as our base. With respectful guidance and a familiar schedule, we negotiate this playful world with the goal of building self-esteem, free expression and pre-social interaction. The curriculum is based on open learning centers from which the children can choose activities. The curriculum includes: CHILDREN FROM 30 MONTHS TO FIVE YEARS The Team gives much thought to each child's readiness to "graduate" from one class to the next. We would like to expand the "window of time" during which children move up and focus more on issues of readiness than on chronology. Gross Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills: Responsibility for own actions Appropriate response to questions and comments Assertiveness (expressing feelings/emotions appropriately) General knowledge and comprehension of: * body parts * shapes * colors * numbers * letters * directional/positional concepts * fostering creativitiy * science and discovery Speech and Language: Being read to Exposure to Literature: FOR YOU & YOUR PRESCHOOLER	<urn:uuid:fc91553d-8924-4f16-83e3-11b163faa26e>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	http://childrensvillagedayschool.com/preschool	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590051.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718041450-20180718061450-00130.warc.gz	en	0.879816	340	2.59375	3
Question: We recently purchased a farm and will be housing our two Quarter Horses over the winter. They are trail horses who are not ridden during the winter. Because I’ve always boarded my horses, I’m not sure how to estimate how much hay I will need for the winter. Can you provide some guidelines? Response: An adult horse at maintenance will consume between 2-2.5% of their body weight in feed (hay and grain) each day. For example, a 1,000-pound horse fed a 100% hay diet would consume 25 pounds of hay each day. From October 15 to May 15 (when there is no pasture in Minnesota), the horse would consume about 5,350 pounds of hay or 2.7 tons. This would equal 107 fifty-pound small square?bales or six 900 pound round?bales during this time. For two horses, this amount would be doubled; 214 small square bales or 12 round?bales. It is critical to know the weight of the hay bales; not all bales weigh the same. If the same horse was receiving 5 pounds of grain each day, their hay needs would be reduced to 20 pounds each day. From October 15 to May 15 the horse would consume about 4,280 pounds of hay or 2.1 tons. This would equal 86 fifty-pound small squarebales or five 900 pound round bales during this time. For two horses, this amount would be doubled; 172 smallsquare bales or 10 roundbales. These estimates assume good quality hay is fed in a feeder to reduced hay waste. When feeding small squaresbales, hay waste when a feeder was not used (hay fed on the ground) was approximately 13% compared to only 1 to 5% when a feeder was used. When feeding large roundbales, not using a feeder resulted in 57% hay waste compared to 5 to 33% hay waste when a feeder was used. Its always best to purchase some extra hay since horses may require additional hay during the cold winter months (depending on their access to shelter). You can visit the University of Minnesota Extension website to sign up for their horse newsletter.	<urn:uuid:921915b1-34ac-457d-8337-1c27c481a00c>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://stablemanagement.com/articles/estimating-winter-hay-horses-30422/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474650.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226030734-20240226060734-00650.warc.gz	en	0.962601	452	3.109375	3
WHY IS NEXGEN LOW VOLTAGE ? Voltage Squared divided by resistance equals power which is measured in Watts. Most Carbon Film or Heating Cables are around 60 to 80 ohms resistance across a 60 cm sheet. NexGen is on average just between 4 and 8 ohms ! Resistance is exactly as it sounds to stop or resist flow from one thing to another. In this instance we are using heat. The advantages of using low voltage are obvious. What you may not realise is you can even cut holes in NexGen	<urn:uuid:0639c96a-2ce5-47c9-aaf0-9eb78766b35e>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://nexgenheating.com/benefit?bid=4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334987.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927033539-20220927063539-00451.warc.gz	en	0.967146	112	2.5625	3
To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness. Public health approaches to protecting the public. Home visit. The Basics of Public Health. 28,702 views. The community health care system includes multiple settings, such as physician offices, home health care agencies, community health centers, behavioral health centers, etc. Empirical data Obtained in unbiased manner Researcher chooses population, sample, setting. OBJECTIVES. Authentication failed due to a system error. Community Assessment and Nursing Diagnosis, Data Collection, Analysis and Synthesis. The file you searched for may not be found, deleted or removed due to copyright. 28,702 views. About Us. health of population. Epidemiological approach Problem solving approach. Figure 81 Problem Solving in Community Health Nursing. Fill in the following information and press the button below to continue. Epidemiological approach Problem solving approach. Strengths. problem solving approach in community health nursing ppt is not exists. Continuum. method of problem solving. Discuss the role of the community health nurse. Identify one way in which nurses use critical thinking in their practice. Nursing Diagnosis Requirements of Care 21 Nursing Problems Nursing is the use of problem solving approach with key nursing problem solving problem solving approach in community health nursing ppt in community health nursing ppt related to health needs of people (Abdellah et al. Please try the action again and if you continue to have problems reach out to 24x7 technical support. Nursing care of geriatric and Annotated bibliography grading rubric diseases. families, groups and the community through direct approach. What guides our practice. Home visit. A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow. It is synonymous with the PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH that directs the nurse and the client to determine the need for nursing care, to plan and implement the care and evaluate the result.1960). We are sorry but an error has occurred. Strengths. Kindly send this ppt for me thanks. Theories and Models in Community Health Nursing. blog carolchatmon. Community of Solution. Communication and Documentation in Community Nursing. Scientific method. If you decide. What is. Help. The file you searched for may not be found, deleted or removed due to copyright. Download ppt ROLES AND SETTING FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING Prof. Empirical data Obtained in unbiased manner Researcher chooses population, sample, setting. TEAM APPROACH Community health is a problem solving process and a team approach is very necessary to deal with varied and complex health needs problems at large. Preparing Nursing Research for the 21st Century Evolution, Methodologies, Challenges. 4)COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT. Community Health Nursing. Using the problem solving approach discuss the care, nursing interventions. Please close the browser and try again. 3)TEAM APPROACH Community health is a problem solving process and a team approach is very necessary to deal with varied. Download ppt ROLES AND SETTING FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING Problem solving approach in community health nursing ppt. If youre using a mobile phone or a tablet to browse, you may notice that the design is optimized to fit your screen. (McEwen Wills, 2007) 8 Nursing is the use of problem solving approach with key nursing problems related to health needs of. Of Community Health Nursing. Every New Copy of Precalculus A Functional Approach to Graphing and Problem Solving Includes Access to the Student Companion Website!. Nursing care of geriatric and Communicable diseases. Systematic. Problem solving approach in community health nursing ppt method. Lean in Health Care using A3 Problem Solving Presented By Problem solving bmw Pennington President PCI Associates Floyd C. Associate Professor. 5 Case study and case presentation. Many health issues require a community wide approach and a community involvement in solving them. Health. Dec 13, 2006. Community Health Nursing (Notes). Purposes. Sujatha M. Brenda M. Political Science. Continuum.	<urn:uuid:a9a1f291-bd19-4f0d-8820-f58d27b51d13>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	http://valleygirlgonecountry.com/problem-solving-approach-in-community-health-nursing-ppt.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00273.warc.gz	en	0.906664	884	2.8125	3
One of these following facts about Yoshiko Uchida might probably let you know more about her. As some people know, she was a Japanese American writer who was born into Japanese immigrant family and grew up in California, United States. Uchida was one of 120,000 Japanese Americans sent to internment camps during World War II. Her early books for children were retellings of Japanese folk tales, most of which were unknown to American readers. She has been really brave on publishing her works. To get to know more about her, here are some other facts about Yoshiko Uchida you might like. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 1: Family Yoshiko Uchida was the daughter of Japanese immigrants Takashi and Iku Uchida. Her father came to the United States from Japan in 1903 and worked for the San Francisco offices of Mitsui and Company. Yoshiko and her sister Keiko were both nisei, or second-generation Japanese Americans, born in the United States. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 2: UC Berkeley Yoshiko Uchida graduated early from high school in the 1940s and enrolled at University of California, Berkeley at sixteen. The Uchidas were living in Berkeley, California and Yoshiko was in her senior year at U.C. Berkeley when the Japanese attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1941. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 3: Internment Camps Soon after, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all Japanese Americans on the west coast to be rounded up and imprisoned in internment camps. Thousands of Japanese and Japanese Americans, regardless of their U.S. citizenship, lost their homes, property, jobs, civil liberties and human dignity. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 4: FBI Questioning In the camp, the Uchidas were not spared. Takashi was questioned by the Federal Bureau of Investigations and he and his family, including Yoshiko, were interned for three years, first at Tanforan Racetrack in California and then in Topaz, Utah. In the camps, Yoshiko taught school and had the chance to view not only the injustices which the Americans were perpetrating, but the varying reactions of Japanese Americans towards their ill-treatment. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 5: Journey to Topaz Her 1971 novel “Journey to Topaz” is fiction but closely follows her own experiences, and many of her other books deal with issues of ethnicity, citizenship, identity, and cross-cultural relationships. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 6: Book Publication Over the course of her career Uchida published more than thirty books, including nonfiction for adult and fiction for children and teenagers. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 7: Autobiography Uchida became widely known for her 1982 autobiography Desert Exile, one of several important autobiographical works by Japanese Americans who were interned that portray internment as a pivotal moment in the formation of the author’s personal and cultural identities. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 8: Journey Home Journey Home depicts the struggling family after their release from the camp, dealing with the issue of divided loyalty among the Japanese Americans through the emotional anguish of Yuki’s brother, Ken. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 9: Work Collections After Journey to Topaz, Uchida continued to focus on the experience of Japanese Americans in the United States; A Jar of Dreams (1981), The Best Bad Thing (1983), and The Happiest Ending (1985) take place during the Depression, and Samurai of God Hill (1972) follows the experiences of Japanese colonists in the 1860s who founded the Wakamatsu Colony in California. Facts about Yoshiko Uchida 10: East and West These works helped strengthen cultural understanding between East and West. Her stay in Japan during 1952–1954 on a Ford Foundation Foreign Study and Research Fellowship enabled her to study Japanese culture, which deepened her ethnic awareness and pride. Hope you would find those Yoshiko Uchida facts really interesting and useful for to read for your additional reading.	<urn:uuid:81a8ef2f-43d6-4073-9a97-96fc1b85852f>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://infactcollaborative.com/people/facts-about-yoshiko-uchida.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00468.warc.gz	en	0.96884	863	2.90625	3
Reasons for Deaccessioning an Object Among the reasons that the museum might consider deaccessioning an object are the following: - it does not relate to the museum’s teaching mission or is outside the museum’s collecting purview; - it duplicates or is secondary to a work already in the collection; - it is compromised by extensive restoration or is in inherently poor, irreparable condition; or - it is a forgery. In compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), the museum also repatriates objects linked to religious or funerary practice to federally recognized Native American tribes.	<urn:uuid:d4d64858-7667-4900-b891-88fabc42981a>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu/explore/collection/policies-image-requests/deaccession	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00001.warc.gz	en	0.940008	136	2.640625	3
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness, affecting more than 19 million Americans each year, with over 30% of the national mental health bill being spent to treat the effects of the disorders. Before any mental illness treatment begins, however, a full medical examination is required to rule out possible physical problems that may be causing the resulting anxiety. Normal anxiety is experienced by almost everyone before an important event, but Anxiety disorders overwhelm people’s lives, tormenting them with panic attacks, obsessive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, or countless other frightening physical symptoms. Some people even become housebound. Treatments vary according to the specific disorder or combination of disorders. Psychotherapy, specifically Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, has been clinically proven to be the most effective way to treat Anxiety disorders. Medications, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, are sometimes prescribed to enhance treatment and don’t work as well when not used in conjunction with psychotherapy. It’s common for an anxiety disorder to be accompanied by depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, physical problems, or other anxiety disorders. In these instances, all the disorders need to be treated. Panic disorder is the most common mental illness in the United States. More than 2.4 million adult Americans are affected each year. Panic disorder is twice as common in women as men and often begins during late adolescence or early adulthood. Panic disorder also appears to be inherited. If left untreated, Panic disorders can be extremely disabling and can lead to agoraphobia. The average person has at least one panic attack during their lifetime, and most never experience more than one. Panic disorder is characterized by episodes of terror that strikes suddenly, repeatedly, and without warning. The average episode peaks after ten minutes, but the symptoms that accompany these episodes can linger for hours. - palpitating heart, chest pain, or smothering sensation - profuse sweating - tingling or numbness in hands - flushed or chilled skin - sense of unreality - fear of impending doom or loss of control - belief in having a heart attack, loosing sanity, or being on the verge of death Panic attacks can occur anytime, even during sleep. Heightened anxiety between episodes contributes to the helpless feeling most suffers experience. This helplessness can lead to a pattern of avoidance of places or situations where attacks have occurred, as well as the development of phobias. Suffers may become housebound and withdrawn to avoid situations where they would feel helpless or embarrassed if they had an attack. The extreme form of this behavior is known as agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is intense anxiety about being in a place or situation from which escape could be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help may not be available in the event a panic attack or panic-like symptoms occur. Fears typically involve characteristic clusters of situations that might include leaving the home alone, being in a crowded situation, standing in a line, being on a bridge, or traveling in any public or private conveyance, be it an automobile, bus, train, or plane. Bipolar depression disorder is characterized by extreme emotional states of either high euphoria and recklessness, to low depression and listlessness. Bipolar depression disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, can be a serious and disabling mental illness affecting more than 2 million American adults. Often beginning in adolescence or early adulthood, bipolar disorder can persist for a lifetime. Its causes are elusive and there is no cure, but it can be managed. Left untreated, it invariably gets worse, flaring up for weeks or months at a time and disrupting the lives of those affected, as well as their family and friends. Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. Family history appears to exist in 60% of cases. Researchers are attempting to identify specific genes in DNA that may make people susceptible to bipolar disorder. Signs and Symptoms People with bipolar depression disorder often don’t recognize how impaired they are while experiencing an episode or how great their disorder is affecting their lives and the people around them. Often friends, family, and primary care physicians are factors in urging the person to seek professional help from a trained psychiatrist. Diagnosis screening includes asking friends and family what symptoms the person is exhibiting during the episodes, as well as ruling out other health conditions such as mood disorders, possible schizophrenia, ADHD, borderline personality disorder, substance abuse, or thyroid disorders. Bipolar disorder is characterized by an alternating pattern of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). The intensity of signs and symptoms varies from mild to severe. Signs and symptoms are divided into the mania and depression categories and are listed below. Essential features (must be present) - Social or occupational impairment - Mood swings from elated to irritable or hostile Core features (usually present) - Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, extreme optimism, feelings of euphoria - Decreased need for sleep - Impulsive or reckless behavior (i.e. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences, like buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments) - Over-talkative, rapid speech, racing thoughts, agitation - Hyperactivity or increase in goal-directed activity - Poor concentration (distractibility) - Suspiciousness or distrust - Economic problems - Poor personal self-care (may require hospitalization) - Increased impulsiveness - Criminal behavior - Physically violent - Increased additions to smoking, alcohol abuse, drug or medication abuse - Euphoria is mixed with depressive thoughts of sadness, apathy, generalized anxiety, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, suicidal thoughts or tendencies - May progress to a catatonic stupor or psychosis with memory impairment, intellectual impairment, and/or an impaired ability to communicate using language or emotions - Impaired or slowed response to stimulus - Delusions or hallucinations - Grossly disorganized speech or behavior - Poor insight Proven Treatments for Mania Illness Course for Mania - Untreated pure manic episodes usually lasting six weeks - Untreated mixed episodes of mania and depression usually lasting 17 weeks - If left untreated, multiple episodes of mania occur - Mania usually returns within 5 months after stopping lithium treatments - Prognosis: 41% have a good overall outcome and 4% have died - Women with bipolar disorder lose an average of 9 years of life expectancy, 14 years of productivity, and 12 years of normal health Essential Features (must be present) - Social or occupational impairment - Either sadness or depressed mood swings, apathy, irritability or hostility (if 18 or younger) Core features (usually present) - Fatigue and loss of interest in everyday activities - Sleep disturbances - Eating or appetite problems - Feelings of worthlessness or guilt - Recurring suicidal thoughts or tendencies - Trouble concentrating or paying attention - Either hyperactivity, or slowing of response to stimuli - Pain or discomfort - Sexual problems - Poor overall physical functioning - Suspiciousness or distrust - Economic problems - Dependent behavior with poor personal self-care (may require hospitalization) - Increased addictions to smoking, alcohol abuse, drug or medication abuse - Increased anxiety with phobias, panic attacks, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or generalized anxiety - May progress to “pseudodementia”, psychosis, or stupor with memory impairment, intellectual impairment, impaired ability to communicate using language or emotions, delusions or hallucinations, disorientation, mutism, negativism, posturing, and poor insight Proven Treatments for Depression Illness Course for Depression - Untreated depression episodes usually lasting 11 weeks. - Multiple episodes of depression occur if untreated. - Suicide probability is 15-22 times above the national average. - Suicide probability in the first year off lithium therapy is 20 times the rate when on lithium. - Suicide risk is especially high for patients with psychosis, a history of previous suicide attempts, a family history of suicide, or concurrent substance abuse. Depression, also known as Clinical Depression, is a serious medical illness that can interfere with an individual’s ability to function. Sadness, loss, or passing mood states are normal, but when the symptoms persist longer than two weeks and cannot be attributed to normal situations or to a medical condition, depression can be debilitating. Depression annually affects nearly 10% of the American adult population aged 18 and over. Evidence shows a predisposition to depression is hereditary and women are twice as likely to be affected by a depressive illness in any given year. Depression Disorder has several subtypes, including Unipolar Major Depression, Major Depression, and Dysthymia. Unipolar Major Depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States and worldwide, often beginning between ages 15 to 30, or even earlier. Bipolar Depression, also known as Manic-Depression, may include periods of depression but must include at least some “manic” symptoms. Manic symptoms vary from mild mania (chronic irritability, restlessness, insomnia, excessive talking) to severe mania (reckless behavior, poor judgment, inappropriate social behavior, explosive anger, spending sprees, impulsiveness, sleep disturbance, and grandiose thinking). A chronic but less severe form of depression called Dysthymia (or Dysthymia Disorder) is diagnosed when a depressed mood persists for at least two years and is accompanied by at least two other symptoms of depression. Individuals are diagnosed with Clinical Depression when five or more of the following symptoms are present nearly every day during the same two week period: - loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed - change in appetite or weight - difficulty sleeping or oversleeping - physical slowing or agitation - feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt - difficulty thinking or concentrating - recurrent morbid focus on death or suicide Depression can be devastating to all areas of an individual’s everyday life, including relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. Many people believe the emotional symptoms of depression is all in their head and can be easily shaken off if they just put their minds to it. This inaccurate belief causes many people to fail to seek treatment for this curable illness because of denial, shame, and the stigma attached to it. Unfortunately, untreated or inadequately treated depression frequently leads to suicide. Antidepressant medications are widely used as effective treatments for depression but need to be monitored because of the unfortunate side effects they have. Psychotherapy is also effective for the treatment of depression, but a combination of psychotherapy and medication therapy is particularly successful in the treatment of the different types of depression. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) or rituals (compulsions) that seem uncontrollable to the individual sufferer. About 2.3% of the United States adult population suffers from OCD each year, affecting men and women equally. OCD typically begins during adolescence or early childhood and costs the United States $8.4 billion to treat the social and economic losses incurred from this disorder. Obsessions are defined in four ways: - recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that the individual considers intrusive and inappropriate, resulting in anxiety or distress - thoughts, impulses, or images that go beyond normal worries about everyday problems - the individual attempts to counter those thoughts, impulses, or images by neutralizing them with some other action or thought - the individual realizes that these thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of their own mind and not based on reality Compulsions are defined in one of two ways: - repetitive behaviors used to counter thoughts, impulses, or images the individual believes to be intrusive or inappropriate - behaviors or ritualistic mental exercises aimed at preventing or reducing distress from perceived consequences of thoughts, impulses, or images Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behavior are varied and can manifest themselves in many ways. Examples of these are: - repetitive hand-washing - ordering and re-ordering items in a drawer or cabinet or on a desktop - checking and rechecking lists - repeating rituals unnecessarily, such as checking for locked doors, stove settings, or lights multiple times before being personally assured that everything is as it should be - repeating a mantra, praying, or counting to keep thoughts, impulses, or images from materializing - recurrent intrusive thoughts of hurting oneself or one’s children Symptoms of both obsessive and compulsive behavior are recognized by the individual as excessive or unreasonable, but they feel powerless to change the behavior for fear of the consequences of failing to counter the thoughts, impulses, or images. Many individuals feel heightened anxiety and a sense of doom and foreboding if they are unable to complete their rituals. They have to be helped to understand that no catastrophe will occur if their behaviors cease. The anxiety caused by obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming, taking more than one hour a day, and can significantly interfere with a person’s normal activities and relationships. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is believed to be caused by abnormal functioning of brain circuitry, probably involving the striatum area of the brain. It is not caused by environmental factors in childhood, such as family problems, inordinate emphasis on cleanliness, or belief that certain thoughts are unacceptable or dangerous. Proper medication with psychotherapy has been proven to actually produce changes in the striatum to correct this disorder. One of the most difficult problems in OCD is convincing family members that the individual is unable to simply stop the behaviors. Many OCD sufferers keep their symptoms hidden from doctors to avoid guilt, simply complaining of anxiety or depression, which sometimes accompany the disorder, along with eating disorders, substance abuse, ADHD, and other anxiety disorders. When other anxiety disorders are present, OCD is often difficult to diagnose and treat. Medical problems can coexist with OCD and must also be treated. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of other disorders are extremely important to the successful treatment of OCD. Phobias are intense, irrational fears of certain things or situations that are debilitating and agonizing to the sufferer. Unlike extreme fear, a phobia is characterized by its irrational nature. While you may be perfectly comfortable scaling the side of a mountain, going above the 5th floor in a building may be terrifying. Teaching to a full classroom may seem natural, but giving a speech to a small group might trigger extreme anxiety. Other phobias might include talking with an authority figure, dating, attending parties, talking on the phone, using a public restroom, eating out, writing in the presence of other people, fear of specific types of animals or insects, flying, injuries involving blood, highway driving, tunnels, closed-in spaces, heights. Phobias usually first appear in adolescence or early adulthood, starting suddenly, and are persistent for at least six months. Only about 20 percent of adult phobias vanish on their own, while childhood phobias tend to disappear as the child matures. Phobias have been found to run in families and are a little more prevalent in women than men. Phobias are classified into two main types: Specific Phobia, and Social Phobia. Specific Phobia is cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation, whereas Social Phobia is an intense fear of social situations, specifically fear of embarrassment or humiliation in front of other people. Both phobias interfere with normal activities and affect social interaction and lifestyle. Anticipation of exposure to or direct exposure to the phobic stimulus (whether specific or social) almost inevitably provokes an immediate anxiety response, which may take the form of a Panic Attack. In children, these reactions are expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging. Adults usually recognize that their feelings are irrational but seem unable to control their anxiety and thus go out of their way to avoid contact or exposure to the stimulus. Children usually don’t recognize their fear as being excessive or unreasonable. Psychotherapy, specifically behavioral treatments, are used, sometimes in addition to anti-depressant medications, to treat both Specific and Social Phobias. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that follows a traumatic incident. People with PTSD often have persistent frightening thoughts and memories of their ordeal and feel emotionally numb, especially with people they were once close to. PTSD was first recognized in war veterans and is often referred to as shell shock or battle fatigue. Kidnappings, serious accidents, natural disasters, violent attacks, torture, and captivity can cause PTSD. The event that triggers it may be something that threatens the person’s life or the life of someone close to them, or it could be something witnessed, like the burned-out remains of a home where people died, or the aftermath of a destructive plane crash. People with PTSD tend to relive the trauma in the form of nightmares and disturbing recollections and flashbacks during their waking hours. Flashbacks may make the person lose touch with reality and reenact the event for a period of seconds or hours or even days. Flashbacks can come in the form of images, sounds, smells, or feelings that seem so real that the person experiencing them believes that the traumatic event is happening all over again. PTSD sufferers may also experience sleep problems, depression, detachment, and hypersensitivity. They may lose interest in things they used to enjoy, have trouble with intimacy, feel irritable, aggressive, violent, anxious to the point of having anxiety attacks. Anniversaries of the event are often extremely difficult to get through. PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by depression, substance abuse, or anxiety. Symptoms vary from mild to severe. In severe cases, people may have trouble working or socializing. In general, PTSD symptoms seem to be worse if the event that triggered them was initiated by another human being, such as the case in rape versus a natural disaster like a flood. Not every traumatized person gets full-blown PTSD or experiences PTSD at all. PTSD is diagnosed only if the symptoms last more than a month, with symptoms usually beginning within three months of the trauma. Some people recover within six months, while others may have symptoms that last much longer. Occasionally, the illness doesn’t show up until years after the event. Specific Symptoms of PTSD The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which they experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of themselves or others and the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror in one or more of the following ways: - distressing recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, and perceptions - recurrent dreams of the event - flashbacks giving a sense of reliving the experience, possibly including illusions, hallucinations, and disassociation that occurs on awakening or when intoxicated - intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external triggers that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the event - physiological reactions on exposure to internal or external triggers that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the event Individuals with PTSD also have persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness, as indicated by three or more of the following: - efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the trauma - efforts to avoid activities, places or people that arouse recollections of the trauma - inability to recall important details of the trauma - markedly loss of interest and participation in significant activities - feelings of detachment or estrangement from others - restricted range of feelings (like intimacy) - sense of foreboding and doom (like not expecting to have a career, family, or normal life span) PTSD causes persistent symptoms of increased arousal that were not present before the trauma, as indicated by two or more of the following: - sleep disorders - irritability or outbursts of anger - difficulty concentrating - hypersensitivity (exaggerated startle response) PTSD which has lasted for at least a month will cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. PTSD is best treated with psychotherapy and medication therapy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Today, it seems like more and more children are being informally diagnosed with ADHD by teachers and parents. The symptoms of ADHD can be difficult for adults to handle and can cause major disruptions in a child’s life. However, the symptoms that a child exhibits may reveal only part of a larger picture and it can be difficult to spot underlying issues because of symptom presentation. Symptoms that seem to fall into the ADHD category may actually be anxiety, depression, a learning disability, or another issue. Therefore, clarification is needed. This is why it is important to have a professional intervene to help educate you and your child about the options that are available. Symptoms of Inattention - Overlooking details - Making careless mistakes - Inability to follow instructions - Inability to finish tasks - Unable to keep attention on tasks - Trouble organizing activities or belongings - Being easily distracted - Day dreaming - Difficulty listening when spoken to directly - Avoidance of things that require long periods of mental effort - Forgetting daily activities Symptoms of Hyperactivity - Fidgeting with hands and feet - Inability to remain seated when expected - Difficulty with quiet activities (though may be able to focus intensely on video games or other stimulating activities) - Feeling restless - Feeling driven like a motor - Talking excessively Symptoms of Impulsivity - Blurring out answers before question is finished - Unable to wait their turn - Interrupting other people’s conversations Oppositional Defiant Disorder (in youth) All youth can be difficult or go through a resistant phase, but for some kids, it is clearly more. Oppositional Defiant Disorder describes a collection of oppositional behaviors that have begun to cause significant problems at home and at school. These may include: - Often losing temper - Often easily annoyed by others - Often angry and resentful - Often argues with authority figures - Often defies requests or rules - Often deliberately annoys others - Often refuses to take responsibility for mistakes - Often spiteful or vindictive - Difficulty listening when spoken to directly Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be exacerbated by or even covering up other issues, like anxiety, depression, bullying, and low self-esteem.	<urn:uuid:c1fc9cda-f1b9-4407-beef-f5ba90ab401e>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://psycamore.com/resources/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00781.warc.gz	en	0.938806	4,848	3.609375	4
Positive thinking is perhaps the best way to deal with stress and cope with difficult situations. There are several practical ways through which we can bring positive feelings to our lives and 12 of them are described below. 1. Get involved in activities that bring pleasure Pleasure can reverse the negative feelings and makes us more resistant to them. Try out activities that calm the soul like hiking, taking a warm bath, listening to music, relaxing under the sun (the sunlight produces vitamin D which seems to be associated with seasonal depression), eating a nice meal, and hanging out with friends. We can also get pleasure through challenging activities like sports, music, art, dancing and voluntarism. 2. Believe in yourself Focus on your positive experiences, the present, the positive attributes of your character, the good things in your lives, to what you already have, to what you have achieved so far and to how well you feel with yourself. The more you feel that your contribution in this world is important, the more you can find a meaning in life. 3. Be happy and enjoy the positive experiences without guilt What does it mean to allow ourselves to enjoy the positive experiences without guilt? It simply means to: - Enjoy a good meal without having to think about calories or the extra fat. - To enjoy a trip to the country without thinking about the things we have to do tomorrow. - To play with our child and get dirty without worrying how we will get rid of the stain. 4. Smile as much as you can The human brain does not distinguish the difference between a genuine and a fake smile. Thus, when someone is faking a smile, his brain responds in the same way that it would have responded if he had been truly smiling! 5. Be creative! Explore your creativity and put it into action. Creativity brings greater satisfaction and mental exaltation. We need to recognize our creative dreams and follow them. It is necessary to find the practical ways through which we will live our dreams together with those we love and put them into practice. Someone can be creative by making a painting, preparing a beautiful dinner, planting flowers, decorating their home, etc. Of course the important thing is to enjoy what we are doing. 6. Hang out with positive thinkers Seek to socialize with people who are happy and have a positive approach and avoid all those who bring out a bad vibe. Sociability, in its positive meaning, and a wide network of friends increase the satisfaction levels in our lives. 7. Participate in groups that have common interests with you When we feel that we are part of a group, in other words that we belong somewhere, we have a greater sense of security, sharing and meaning in life. 8. Take care of your physical condition. A good and healthy diet combined with some mild exercise, increases the energy levels in the body, enhances vitality, improves the feeling we have for our body and therefore makes us happier. Healthy people love themselves enough to follow a healthy lifestyle. 9. Separate your needs from your desires 10. Say “stop” to the negative thoughts People who do not insist on unpleasant thoughts are certainly much happier. If you tend to stick to unpleasant things, you need to practice saying “stop” to the negative thoughts. 11. Set small realistic goals each day By managing to fulfill these objectives, we will get positive feelings and a positive perception of ourselves as well. We can also set bigger goals, the accomplishment of which will bring us happy feelings. The process towards achieving our goals can give us the feeling that we deserve it and also that the target we set was worth it. Our greater goal can be achieved through the accomplishment of smaller daily objectives. 12. Find personal sources of satisfaction and joy In this difficult time where values and modern lifestyle falter and are being reviewed, it appears to be an urgent need to redefine the meaning of life, to turn to personal sources of satisfaction and joy and to protect ourselves from daily difficulties.12 Positive Thinking Techniques by Alex Chris	<urn:uuid:ec8ff924-e6a0-4d7b-9ba2-966e56bb6d17>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.manageyourlifenow.com/12-positive-thinking-techniques/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461390.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00021-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960292	846	2.734375	3
Post Office engineer Ian Harris holds up old copper co-axial cable with its multitude of wires, and new fibre-optic cable. After the Second World War an upsurge in subscriber numbers created huge network demands, especially in Auckland. This was met by underground co-axial cabling plus ‘microwave’ technology (with its striking-looking pylons), which could span difficult terrain in the middle-North Island. From 1983 the co-axial cable was replaced by fibre-optic cable with a much greater capacity to carry video, data and voice signals. Fibre-optic cable enabled later digital networks. Te whakamahi i tēnei tūemi Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, must be obtained before any re-use of this image.	<urn:uuid:9f8fb524-694a-4a08-be13-d8abae0bf486>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://teara.govt.nz/mi/photograph/22020/co-axial-to-fibre-optic-cable	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00102.warc.gz	en	0.93761	187	2.875	3
Coding best practices There are code standards and conventions available depending on the language you are using and sometimes also conventions adopted for specific collaborative projects. These can be quite complex and out of scope if you are writing a code for your analysis, however there are a few things you can do to make your code much more readable and safer from bugs which are quite simple. In the video linked below, kindly provided by DataTAS, the presenter gives some useful tips which can be applied to any language: It is worth watching the video (the actual presentation is about half of the video ~35 minutes) to understand fully how valuable these tips are and also to get a perspective from someone who went from a science background to a commercial software engineering position. Below is a list of best practices discussed in the video. - Use descriptive names for variables and functions - Use consistent naming across the code - Avoid hard-coding values - Initialising variables - Use functions to organise your code - Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) code - One statement per line - Write explicit code - Keep your files a reasonable length - Clear flow: try to have only one exit point in a function - Test important parts of your code Writing Reusable Code There are many definitions of reusable code, and the details often depend on the use to which the code is being put. From wikipedia The key idea in reuse is that parts of a computer program written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time. Why write reusable code? This excellent article articulates what it takes to transform code into a fully fledged scientific contribution, and reusability is a key component: Making your program reusable means it can be easily used, and modified, by you and other people, inside and outside your lab The process of making your code reusable will also make it better, less error prone, saving time and increasing productivity. How do you write reusable code? There are levels of reusability, from re-using your own code to a fully published library/module for others to use. Start with the basics and with experience add more reproducible practices. If you're already doing the basics, try some of the intermediate or advanced ideas. The basics of code reusability involve easily readable code and DRY (don't repeat yourself) principles, so using functions/subroutines/procedures to avoid copying blocks of code and modifying each block. Ten tips for writing readable code (based on PHP but principles are universal): A good (python specific) section of a course from Software Carpentry about writing functions: For the beginner python programmer it can be difficult to know exactly how to go about reusing code, how to organise it and import it into your notebooks or programs. This is a short, clear article about the python specific details on reusing your code: In a similar vein (and also python specific), how and when to use a main function in python: Once code style, readability and DRY principles hace been mastered the next step is improving what you're already doing and using the more advanced language features. This is a really nice and clear (FORTRAN specific) explanation of how to move from a purely procedural approach, explaining progressively more advanced features of FORTRAN functions and subroutines, and finishing with a real-world scientific example program: Unfortunately the above link is to a book (Modern Fortran) only part of which is freely viewable. Ideally the book may be available institutionally, but if there is an equivalent freely available link let us know. Documentation plays a critical role for code reusability. Any effort to document code is worthwhile and will improve reusability, but it is likely a large effort in code documentation will only be made in advanced code reuse scenarios, like a published module or library. In that scenario this is an excellent introduction primarily about taking into account the audiences for different aspects of code documentation: - Python: pep8 Python Enhancement Proposal - Python reserved keywords - Julia: style guide - R style guide - R reserved keywords	<urn:uuid:248d0519-c0b5-42a0-8b96-6d4ca1c5ec37>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	http://climate-cms.wikis.unsw.edu.au/index.php?title=Coding_best_practices&oldid=3281&printable=yes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00053.warc.gz	en	0.90439	892	3.171875	3
Our study of the history of understanding of light will take us to visit so many topics that it will take us two days. That's good though, since that will give us a pause to reflect on what we're seeing. Beyond these two days we'll take one more day to study color and color vision, and another day to study image formation. I have chosen a timeline of history approach to the study of light because it illustrates the importance of models to the advance of science. Scientific models of light have changed over the years as more and better experiments were done. When an old model no longer explained all of the new experiments it had to be replaced by a newer model. However, the old model still worked for all of the original experiments and so was still somewhat useful. Thus, I still use Maxwell's 1870 model of light as electromagnetic waves even though it was supplanted by Feynman et.al.'s Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, in the 1950's. I only use QED when I am forced to by the failure of Maxwell's equations. When you ask me a question about light I'll try to answer with the simplest model that gives the correct answer. If you revise your question, I may have to switch my answer to a totally different model. Teachers and models One of the important skills of a teacher, is choosing the simplest model that helps a student toward understanding. Let there be light We'll start out in the dark with the words of Benjamin Franklin who said; " About light, I am in the dark." Hunters knew that if you tried to spear a fish by aiming where the fish appeared to be, you would miss. Anyone could see that the spear bent when it entered the water. Now we say that the spear doesn't bend when it enters the water, but that the light with which we see the spear bends as it leaves the water. The bending of light as it enters or leaves water is called refraction. One of the oldest tables of data is a Greek stone tablet into which are carved the angle of incidence and angle of refraction of light going from air to water. Here is an interesting experiment using refraction. I use this to get students interested in light and ask them , "What does it take to make something invisible?" Answer below. Please do the activity first. Disappearing glass rods snack When glass rods, Pyrex, are placed into a liquid with the same index of refraction, Wesson oil, they disappear. To be invisible, an object must not reflect light, it must not absorb light, and it must not refract light. To be more quantitative about light refraction, you can use two different activities: The first uses a bare filament light bulb to generate a beam of light, it is called a: The second uses a laser: Laser Jell-O snack Critical angle snack Math Root on refraction through layers Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light, circa 1600. He used lamps and men on mountain tops. He made several measurements and decided that light traveled so rapidly that he could not measure its speed. How would you have tried to measure the speed of light with Galileo's tools? Galileo had two men stand on hilltops, one would uncover a lamp, when the other saw the light he would uncover his lamp and be observed by first man. Galileo used hills separated by different distances and found that the distance between the hills did not change the timing. He was measuring human reaction time and not the travel time for light. He realized that this meant that light was very fast. However, Galileo's experiment will work for measuring the speed of sound. Science mulch: The speed of light is a foot per nanosecond. 0.3 meters per nanosecond, a nanosecond is 10-9 s. Huygens (1629-1695) developed an idea by Descarte that light was a wave. He published this in 1690. Wave theory predicted that light would refract because the waves would travel more slowly in glass. Robert Hooke, Newton's rival, supported the wave theory. (I still use Huygens wave model to explain why light travels in straight lines.)(Need image) Newton's theory was that light was a particle, published in 1704. This theory could explain why light traveled in a straight line. Light traveling as particles explained shadows and reflections, it even explained refraction &emdash; if the particles sped up in dense media, as if they were being pulled into the media by gravity. Reflection of light can be understood using Newton's particle model. The particles of light bounce off the mirror just like a ball would. This leads to the law: You can investigate reflection from one or more mirrors using a small pointer laser in the following exploration: Both the wave theory of Huygens and the particle theory of Newton explained refraction. In the wave theory the waves of light slowed down when they entered water from air. In the particle theory the particles of light sped up. (Actually, in the particle theory only the component of the velocity perpendicular to the surface sped up, the component parallel to the surface remained constant.) The actual experiment to decide between the two theories of refraction could not be carried out until 1849 when Foucault found that the speed of light in water was slower. The particle theory can not explain refraction if light slows down in glass. Newton knew that if light were a wave it would diffract, or bend, around corners. Since diffraction was not seen, then light couldn't be a wave. However, Newton saw and reported on the bending of light around a needle and he also saw Newton's rings both of which we now know are due to diffraction and interference. Although Newton saw the phenomena of diffraction he did not recognize it. He said instead that light was a particle that had "fits." Here is an activity in which you can see Newton's rings for yourself. Bridge light snack When you come to the Exploratorium visit the exhibit Chromatic Aberration. Here you will see that your eye cannot focus blue light and red light at the same time. You look at a sharp edged dot of light through a magenta filter which passes blue light and red light but no other colors Viewed at a distance the dot has a sharp red center and a fuzzy blue halo, viewed closer it has a sharp blue center and a red halo. This is because the index of refraction which determines the amount of bending of light by your eye is a function of the color (later we'll see that color is related to the wavelength of light.) Human eyes bend blue light more than red light. Most transparent things bend blue light more than red, this is known as dispersion. Aside: Newton knew about chromatic aberration and said that it could not be removed, later Chester Moore Hall (in 1733) discovered how to make lenses which could focus two wavelengths of light at the same time. These lenses were called "achromats." He did not patent his idea which would have required him to publish how it was done, instead he kept it secret, and so reserved the entire trade in achromatic lenses to himself for far longer than the patent would have. He made his achromatic lenses by combining two lenses with different dispersions. Modern lenses can focus three wavelengths at the same time, these lenses are called apochromats and were invented by Ernst Abbe in the 1860's. In 1801, Thomas Young passed light through two slits and observed interference. With one slit, a pattern of light was created, when a second slit was opened by itself the same pattern of light was created. When both slits were opened at the same time, darkness appeared where there had been light with either alone! Thus I say: Light plus light equals dark! You can easily project Young's experiment for a class of students using an inexpensive laser pointer. We'll create two slits and cover one of them, then shine light through the other. A band of light will appear on a distant screen. Next we'll uncover the first slit and cover the other. The light spreads into the same broad band. However if we uncover both slits and shine light through both of them, dark places appear on the wall where there had been light through either slit alone! Cover one slit and light appears, open that slit and dark is created. Light plus light equals dark, you've got to see this to believe it! The two slit experiment convinced Young that light was a wave. Newton's influence on the Royal Society was so strong however that it took Young years to convince the society that light was a wave. Two Slit Experiment Students can then figure out Young's model using waves drawn on paper: Model of interference There is much more to understand about interference of light, such as diffraction from large slits and interference by reflection from soap films and oil slicks. We'll return to study interference of light in detail later, during an entire day of exploration dedicated to Interference. While he was at it, Thomas Young also figured out that in order to perceive all of the colors that humans can see we needed to have three different color receptors. He was right, we have three different types of cone cells which give us our color perception. Augustin Fresnel (1788) entered in a competition to elucidate the nature of light. (Three of the judges were Poisson, Biot, and Laplace, all supporters of the particle model) Fresnel could write the equations for the wave model of light but he couldn't solve them! One of the judges however was a great mathematician,Poisson, who solved Fresnel's equations. Poisson pointed out that his solution predicted that there would be a spot of light in the middle of the shadow of a ball. Since there was no such spot of light, Fresnel was wrong. However the chairman of the judges, Arago, conducted the experiment and found the spot. Thereafter the spot was named: the Poisson spot. Later, as head of the lighthouse commission, Fresnel invented the lens that bears his name. At the Exploratorium you can see the Poisson spot in the exhibit Long Path Diffraction. Or you can make it yourself with a small pointer laser: Making a Poisson Spot. Arago discovered that light was polarized, this meant light was a transverse wave. This meant that light was not like sound which was a longitudinal wave. You can easily see that light is polarized by doing experiments with polarizers and plastic. We'll return another day to explore Polarization in more detail. If light was a wave, what was it a wave in? Maxwell found the equations that described light as a wave in electricity and magnetism, an electromagnetic wave. Tape demo of an electromagnetic wave For a while, it was thought that electromagnetic waves had to travel through the aether &endash; a thin stiff substance that permeated the universe. Michelson and Morley did an experiment to measure the speed of light in the aether. However their experiment showed that there was no aether! Einstein made sense of their data with his theory of special relativity. In Maxwell's wave model the color of light depends on its frequency, the brightness on its amplitude. Electromagnetic waves are created by accelerating electric charges, The electromagnetic waves then exert forces on the electric charges causing them to accelerate. More on the Maxwell model of light. Hot objects emit light. Hot objects glow red, they are red hot. Hotter objects glow white, they are white hot! Turn on an electric hot plate, or heat a nail in the flame from a torch and notice the color of the glow that results. As the plate and the nail heat up the color goes from deep red to orange to yellow, heat it enough and it would become white. (The nail will melt before becoming white however.) Planck was able to explain the color of light emitted by hot objects by modeling energy as existing in discrete chunks, quanta. Explained the photoelectric effect by extending the idea proposed by Planck. He suggested that light energy was quantized. Later, the quanta of light proposed by Einstein were named photons. So it looked like light behaved as a chunk of energy, as a particle. The Exploratorium has an exhibit on the at this exhibit you charge a zinc plate with negative electrons. Shining visible light on the plate does not change the charge. Shining ultraviolet light on the plate discharges it. Photo electric effect In particular Einstein found that the energy, E, of a photon was proportional to its frequency, f. E = hf where the constant of proportionality, h, is Planck's constant. It is easy to demonstrate the connection between the energy of a photon and its frequency (color) using light emitting diodes which convert the electrical energy change of one electron into one photon. Light Energy and Color In Schroedinger's model for light it is described as traveling as a wave and interacting like a particle. Light is a wave in "probability amplitude." In the quantum mechanical theory for light, color depends on the frequency of the light, the brightness on the number of photons per second. Quantum mechanics explained the spectrum of light emitted by atoms and molecules. The Exploratorium used to have a great exhibit called "Solar Spectrum" in which the spectrum of sunlight was spread across a meter. Maybe one day it will return. The spectrum of hydrogen can be derived from the Schroedinger equation for hydrogen, you can explore the spectrum of hydrogen and the energy levels of the electron in hydrogen using the wonderful program "Atom in a Box" available for payment of a small fee through the internet. DeBroglie modeled particles as waves too, and then Davison and Germer showed that electrons diffracted and thus had a wavelength. More on the quantum model of light. Quantum mechanics made some errors in predicting the colors of the spectral lines emitted by atoms, to get the right answer, quantum mechanics had to be combined with relativity. Feynman was one of the scientists who combined quantum mechanics and relativity to produce our current model of light known as Quantum Electrodynamics, or QED. Feynman said that If you understand the two slit experiment you understand all of quantum mechanics, but that unfortunately, no one understood the two slit experiment. In this model light travels as a wave, a wave which explores every path in the entire universe on its way from one point to another. The phase of this wave is changed as it interacts with charged particles. So as the wave passes an atom its phase can be slightly delayed. This slight delay gives rise to refraction. Recently scientists found a mathematical model that combined electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force. This combined model is know as the electro-weak force. Inverse Square law snack Return to the Summer Institute 22 May 2000	<urn:uuid:18b4b308-6f99-4ca1-9cc2-81ea7968c597>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://exo.net/~pauld/summer_institute/summer_day4+5light/day4_light.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813241.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00325-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964347	3,148	3.390625	3
The amount of alcohol in your drink is determined by the concentration of alcohol in the product you choose and the size of your drink. Drink strength. Drinks vary considerably in their alcohol concentration or strength. Different countries measure alcohol strength in different ways. In most places, the concentration is measured as the percentage of pure alcohol in the product by its volume. This measure is called alcohol by volume, or ABV. In some countries, this percentage is also called “degrees” of alcohol. In other countries, concentration is measured in a unit called “proof,” which is simply double the ABV. For example, a drink that is 40% alcohol by volume would be labeled “80 proof.” Alcohol strength can also be measured by weight. The percentage of alcohol by weight is a bit less than the percentage of alcohol by volume because alcohol weighs less than water. Serving size matters! Drink serving sizes differ widely by the local custom, occasion, glass size, and even depends on who does the pouring. Unless you are drinking from a pre-packaged bottle or can, or in a location where pouring size is regulated by law, you need to know your glass size and understand your pour. So, how do I know how much alcohol is in my drink? To answer this question, you need to know both the ABV and the size of your drink. Typically, beers are about 4 to 5% ABV, wines about 12 to 14% ABV, and distilled spirits about 40% ABV. But these figures may not be accurate for your drink. Different styles of drinks have very wide variation in alcohol content. To know how much alcohol is in your drink, start with learning the actual ABV. Often, the ABV is clearly marked on the package, is available on company websites, or you can ask your bartender or server. Because of the differences in strength, lower ABV drinks are often served in larger sizes than higher ABV drinks. For example, servings of beer are sometimes bigger than servings of wine, and distilled spirits are served in even smaller sizes and often mixed with other liquids. To calculate how much alcohol is in your drink, multiply the ABV by size of the drink, and the result is the volume of pure alcohol in your drink. In some countries, there is an official “standard” size for drinks. This standard is often used to: In many countries, 10g of ethanol is considered to be a drink or unit. However, in the United States, for instance, a standard drink contains 14g of ethanol, while a U.K. standard unit contains 8g of ethanol.	<urn:uuid:5215d16c-9feb-4f60-acb2-8b694da68ed2>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	http://www.responsibledrinking.org/what-are-you-drinking/how-much-alcohol-is-in-my-drink/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529406.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723130306-20190723152306-00071.warc.gz	en	0.968673	541	3.03125	3
Researchers from Tufts University School of Medicine have developed a protein-based inhibitor that could provide a topical treatment for HPV as an alternative to surgical and harsh chemical treatments (FASEB Journal, April 11, 2011). HPV affects about 20 million people in the U.S., making it the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are more than 100 types of HPV, of which more than 40 are sexually transmitted. These include two high-risk types, HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause the majority of cervical and anogenital cancers, and some portion of head and neck cancers, particularly oral cavity and oropharynx cancers. “Currently, there is no cure for HPV, and the available treatment options involve destroying the affected tissue. We have developed a protein inhibitor that blocks HPV protein expression in cell culture, a first step toward a topically applied treatment for this cancer-causing virus,” said senior author James Baleja, PhD, an associate professor of biochemistry at Tufts University School of Medicine. In their efforts to inhibit HPV, Baleja and his team zeroed in on the viral protein E2, which controls viral activities including DNA replication and the activation of cancer-causing genes. Using structure-guided design, the team developed a protein called E2R that prevents E2 from functioning normally. When the researchers applied E2R to a cell model of HPV biology, viral gene transcription was halted. Because HPV infects epithelial cells, the outermost layer of the skin, and the mucous membranes, protein inhibitors such as E2R could be applied in a topical form. Baleja and colleagues used biophysical tools including circular dichroism spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography to test the structure and stability of different inhibitors. The most stable inhibitor was then tested in mammalian cells and was found to inhibit the E2 protein of HPV-16, the high-risk strain that is most commonly associated with cancers. The data in this study suggest that the inhibitor may also be effective against another high-risk virus, HPV-18, as well as a low-risk virus, HPV-6a, which causes warts. “Vaccines are helping to lower the incidence of HPV, but vaccines will not help the millions of women and men who currently have an infection, especially those who have high-risk and persistent infections,” Baleja said. “Social and economic challenges make widespread administration of a vaccine difficult, particularly in developing countries. A topical treatment for HPV could provide an economical option,” he added.	<urn:uuid:cb0cde64-f3e4-4108-8e41-ef55f8471271>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://oralcancernews.org/wp/protein-inhibitor-may-supply-contemporary-hpv-treatment/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011143926/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091903-00058-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956131	530	3.203125	3
Men may have higher risk of allergies than women, study finds MADISON, N.J. — A recent Quest Diagnostics "Health Trends Report" released Wednesday raised the possibility that men have a higher risk for allergies than women or that men, as a function of their gender, require different reporting standards when evaluated for allergies with increasingly used blood tests. Prior research had suggested just the opposite — that women experienced allergies more frequently than men. "This landmark report … underscores that allergies are a major public health concern and that gender, age and region influence their impact on the health of Americans," Quest Diagnostics chairman and CEO Surya Mohapatra said. A study of nearly 14 million blood tests for aiding allergy diagnosis shows that men exhibited higher sensitivity to 11 common allergens than women when tested. The combined allergen sensitization rate for the 11 allergens evaluated in the study was approximately 10% higher for men than for women at all ages. The findings contradict other research, including a meta-analysis of 591 studies that found that women make up 65% of adults identified with allergies. "Our study suggests that allergies in men may not be less prevalent than in women, as suggested by other research, and men may be at risk for underdiagnoses of allergies," said study investigator Stanley Naides, medical director of immunology at Quest Diagnostics. "Additional research will determine whether men truly are at greater allergy risk or simply experience higher sensitization rates as a result of their gender, a finding which could affect physicians’ interpretation of increasingly used IgE blood tests." The Quest study evaluated results of ImmunoCAP specific immunoglobulin E, or IgE, blood testing to 11 common allergens, including common ragweed and mold, two dust mites, cats and dogs and five foods. IgE is an antibody in blood produced by the body’s immune system when an allergen is present. A high IgE sensitization level for a specific allergen tested is highly suggestive of an allergy, although physicians also evaluate symptoms, medical history and other factors in order to clinically diagnose an allergy, Quest stated. Earlier this month, Quest Diagnostics released preliminary results from the report, including growth rates of two environment-based allergens linked to climate change and associations between allergies and asthma in children. Allergies are one of the most common health conditions, affecting 1-in-5 Americans. To access the full report, visit QuestDiagnostics.com/HealthTrends. Walgreens makes changes to beauty, personal care merchant teams DEERFIELD, Ill. — Walgreens on Wednesday promoted Mike Spear to divisional merchandise manager of the retailer’s personal care division and announced that Lauren Vondrasek is transitioning to the company’s beauty merchandising unit, which is headed by Barbara Larson. Spear has more than 20 years of retail experience, most recently as director of category planning at Walgreens. Vondrasek will manage cosmetic bags, fragrances, sunglasses and trial/travel items, according to an internal memo distributed by Walgreens. Vondrasek is a 16-year Walgreens veteran, having started her career as a store manager in 1994. Pampers dresses up baby’s bottoms CINCINNATI — Pampers has introduced Prints, a limited-edition diaper line. Pampers limited-edition Prints are available in designs for both boys and girls, including floral and polka dot prints for girls, and argyle and toy car prints for boys. The diapers can be purchased at retailers nationwide through the summer and are available in sizes 1 through 4. “Pampers prides itself on being at the forefront of not only comfort and performance, but also style,” P&G Baby Care North America general manager Fama Francisco said. “A diaper is the foundation for your baby’s wardrobe, so naturally we want it to be special. While performance always comes first, we know that design is also important. Pampers limited-edition Prints combine form and function with stylish design suitable for this summer season.”	<urn:uuid:7ba139af-0d76-4ffc-88a3-e75604efe966>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	https://www.drugstorenews.com/article/men-may-have-higher-risk-allergies-women-study-finds/?ad=studies-and-surveys	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886792.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117003801-20180117023801-00333.warc.gz	en	0.94658	862	2.84375	3
Copyright 2005 Jane Oelke We know we need to eat a minimum of 5 servings of fruit and vegetables everyday. Actually now, to prevent cancer, 8 to 13 servings per day are recommended. A serving is one cup of raw fruits or vegetables, or ½ cup cooked. At a recent lecture I asked a lunch audience to raise their hand if they had at least one fruit or vegetable already that day. No one in that group raised their hand. This is not uncommon. Our processed and convenience foods contain very few fruits and vegetables. To prevent chronic diseases, fruits and especially vegetables are very important. Vegetables especially have antioxidants, minerals, and phytochemicals in correct combination that help keep blood sugar in balance, create better energy in body, and along with fruits build up immune system. Each color found in fruits and vegetables focus on building immune system in its own way. It is important to get a variety of colors, so that you will get a full range of phytochemicals (beneficial plant chemicals) in your daily diet. Research is finding that eating whole fruits and vegetables gives you many more nutrients than you could possible add to a vitamin and mineral supplement. There are over 12,000 phytochemicals, and I have yet to see a supplement, unless it has whole fruits and vegetables in it, have all of 180 different vitamins or minerals that are required by our body to function daily. The different colors in fruits and vegetables help our immune system react to different stresses in our daily life. So look at different colors in your diet. See if they include each of colors listed below. This is one way to know that you are getting full benefit of nutrients possible in your diet. Green Foods – broccoli, kale, leaf and romaine lettuce, spinach, cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Green foods are especially good for circulatory system. They contain many minerals and B-complex vitamins. Some phytochemicals found in green foods are sulforaphane and indoles that are very powerful anti-cancer compounds. Researchers have tried to use these as isolated phytochemicals but find that they only work while in whole food form. Red Foods – tomatoes, watermelon, red cabbage. Red foods contain many phytochemicals that reduce free radical damage. The phytochemical called lycopene is especially helpful to prevent prostate problems, and reduce effects of sun damage on skin. Lycopene is phytochemical that make red foods get their red color.	<urn:uuid:a3242c02-55d3-4176-ba7d-63446cd12631>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://improvehomelife.com/Trials_and_Tribulations_of_a_fitness_trainer-35898.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889677.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120162254-20180120182254-00630.warc.gz	en	0.956673	505	3.1875	3
Even an Octopus Needs a Home Written and illustrated by Irene Kelly 32 pages, ages 6 – 9 Holiday House, 2011 “There’s no place like home,” begins Irene Kelly. It doesn’t matter whether you’re a person or a penguin, everybody needs a home. From the highest branches of a tree to the ocean floor, Kelly shows the diversity of animal abodes. Chimps build a new sleeping platform every night – but they aren’t the only ones to sleep in trees. Parakeets construct complex condos, wasps build paper walls and weaver ants glue leaves together to make a place to sleep/ Kelly reveals the secrets of apartment dwellers – termites and corals. She illustrates simple homes: dens beneath tree roots or just enough space to roost. She talks about floating homes (canvas-backed ducks), mobile homes (hermit crabs) and bubble homes (underwater spider). “But all animals, including humans, need homes for the same reason,” she writes. “To have a safe and snug place to live and raise a family.”	<urn:uuid:e6c65da2-944b-4792-9134-9731f56c8ade>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://sallysbookshelf.blogspot.com/2012/11/even-octopus-needs-home.html?showComment=1353858258291	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987787444.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021194506-20191021222006-00081.warc.gz	en	0.887178	244	3.90625	4
An anti-fingerprint screen protector is a sheet of transparent material that limits scratches to a screen and also resists smudging and fingerprints. For devices with touch screens or small screens that are likely to be handled, like that of a cell phone, the anti-fingerprint protection can keep the screen cleaner and clearer. A number of manufacturers produce such products for various applications, and it is possible to buy custom-fitted products for particular devices, as well as larger sheets that can be cut down to size. The primary purpose of screen protection supplies is to limit damage to a screen. Scuffs and scratches can obscure visibility, and may damage the components of the screen. Protection keeps the screen clean, and provides a surface that is easy to dust or wipe down. Screen protectors are available for portable devices as well as computer desktops and similar equipment. Some may come with additional features like anti-glare protection to make them easier to use in bright conditions. Fingerprints are a common issue, particularly with handheld and touchscreen devices. Oils in the hands may leave smears and residue that, over time, can obscure visibility. An anti-fingerprint screen protector uses plastic treated with chemicals that resist oils. Fingerprints will not adhere to the surface, which should stay clean to the touch. Dust and other materials may build up over time, so it will still be necessary to periodically wipe the device down with a clean cloth. The anti-fingerprint coating typically costs slightly more because of the added complexity of production. Consumers looking for screen protection products may want to consider the working conditions when they decide on the best product for their needs. It is possible to combine multiple protection needs into one product, as for example in an anti-glare, anti-fingerprint screen protector that allows people to use their equipment in bright light without leaving fingerprints. Electronics stores typically carry screen protection products and accessories such as lint-free cloths for cleaning. When applying an anti-fingerprint screen protector, it is important to thoroughly clean the surface before applying the film, as dust, fingerprints, and debris can interfere with the adhesive. The sheet must be placed carefully and smoothly pressured to push out bubbles of air that may become trapped underneath. It is also advisable to leave the protective outer backing on until the screen protector is in place, as it can make the sheet of plastic easier to handle.	<urn:uuid:bbac6e54-4b27-4a81-9a2e-afa15444bab8>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.infobloom.com/what-is-an-anti-fingerprint-screen-protector.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584554.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016074500-20211016104500-00448.warc.gz	en	0.951696	484	2.640625	3
This year Black History Month observance coincides with challenges to human rights and human dignity emanating from the administration of President Donald Trump. The chaotic scenes at the airports, the denial of entry on dubious grounds to potentially thousands of human beings constitute a reminder of the importance and relevance of the African American struggle for equality and dignity to the US and the rest of the world. The struggle continues and the celebration of Black History Month connects with the ongoing struggle of Muslims, immigrants and the plight of the refugees. Black History Month, which begins on February 1 and ends on Feb 28, 2017, is a time to commemorate, recognize, highlight and celebrate the achievements of African Americans, achievements that have enriched all society- indeed the whole world. We celebrate our own humanity by recognizing and appreciating the many contributions of African Americans that have benefited the US and the world. Black History month serves an important educational role. While all Americans are familiar with African American luminaries such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and Muhammad Ali, many are not familiar with the many other contributions of African Americans in all fields of life. “African American history is American history. Black History Month is a great opportunity to learn about the many contributions of African Americans to America and the world,” said Dr. Opada Alzohaili, AHRC President. “The scenes at the airports and the mistreatment of fellow human beings for no fault of their own remind us that the struggle for human rights and human dignity continues,” said Imad Hamad, AHRC Executive Director. To learn more about African American contributions visit:	<urn:uuid:6ab29b02-935d-4c9c-b440-bfeaf2c11977>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://ahrcusa.org/ahrc-celebrates-black-history-month-urges-doubling-of-efforts-in-defense-of-human-rights-and-human-dignity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00648.warc.gz	en	0.917063	354	3.671875	4
\|Geneva, Uppsala—Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret, Per Teodor Cleve elements\| Delafontaine and Soret discovered its unique spectrographic absorption bands. They called it “Element X.” Cleve isolated from erbia oxides for it and thulium and named it after Holmia (Latin for Stockholm), where he had been born. Atomic number 67 Holmium has the strongest magnetic field than any metal including iron and nickel. Holmium lasers are used in medicine and dentistry. Holmium provides a yellow or red color for jewellery, glass, and optical calibration. Holmium chloride is yellow in natural light but turns bright pink in fluorescent light. Many known mineral species contain small percentages of holmium. We would like to form a committee to name yet undiscovered species. Hiddeninite would have the least percentage and noplacelikite would have the most. Hathookite and cantgobackite would never be found in the same rocks. Condoite and apartmentite would fiercely compete for your holmium buyer.	<urn:uuid:00198412-5b4e-40b0-910d-685647e469dc>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://sharpgiving.com/thebookofscience/items/e067.html?fragment=holmium	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00201.warc.gz	en	0.936862	234	2.734375	3
This online exhibition highlights selections from a rich collection of political cartoons in the Lilly Library. The caricatures depict times of turbulence in American history and range in date from the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812 and to the presidential elections of 1860 and 1864 which brought Abraham Lincoln to the White House. To facilitate browsing, the exhibition is divided by time period and includes a section on the history of caricature. As you visit the online galleries you will sample the works of notable artists and publishers who sought to portray and comment upon the events forging America's future. To navigate around the site select and click on a sidebar icon. Entering a gallery you will find information about the cartoons and artists of that period. When you click on the Picture Album icon preceding the text you will move to a page of thumbnail representations of the images residing in the gallery. The full size of the each image ranges from 25 to 70 KB and may be retrieved by clicking on the thumbnail. In the case of Abraham Lincoln, the caricatures have been divided into categories with links to each located at the foot of the introductory text. \|About Caricatures\|\|The Colonial Years\| \|The War of 1812\|\|Abraham Lincoln 1860-1865\|	<urn:uuid:c85c569e-6045-4498-b3ec-edeba6a8c7bc>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/cartoon/cartoons.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00357-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.884372	264	3.203125	3
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the conrnerstones of diagnostics in epilepsy and incorporates routine EEG, sleep recordings at daytime, EEG following sleep-deprivation, multiple sleep latency test and long-term video EEG (for several days). The latter includes intracranial EEG recording that may be necessary in presurgical assessment. Therefore, on the basis of personnel and organisation the EEG department is closely liased with presurgical epilepsy diagnostics and surgical epilepsy treatment. The well-trained EEG technicans record more than 3,000 EEGs annually. For routine EEG, two recording sites ar available. In addition, three recording sites for presurgical video-EEG-monitoring, four sites for long-term video-EEG-recording, two portable EEG-systems and one mobile EEG recorder for intensive care units are part of the facilities. EEG recording and reading is supervised by specialised and board-certified medical consultants. The EEG education programme allows physicians to qualify for the exams of the German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Klinische Neuropsychologie).	<urn:uuid:d036aaab-4564-430d-abec-86afac05e7e4>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.ezbb.de/index.php/functions/?lang=en	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00604.warc.gz	en	0.867632	237	2.671875	3
The lavish reception for the Doge of Genoa, held by Louis XIV in the Hall of Mirrors, was the first of its kind at Versailles. It demonstrated the political dimension the Palace had taken on under the king at the height of his power and glory. By the 17th century the Republic of Genoa was no longer the trade and maritime power it once had been. To preserve its independence against Savoy and especially against France, it had to remain allies with Spain. So bound, the Republic agreed to build four galleys for the Spaniards. Angered by this provocation and the humiliating treatment suffered by his envoy, Pidou de Saint-Olon, and by the Republic of Genoa’s refusal to allow French troops to cross its territory, Louis XIV dispatched an ultimatum. In May 1684 a squadron commanded by the Marquis de Seignelay and Duquesne was sent to Genoa to demand submission of the four galleys and that ambassadors be sent to Versailles to present the Republic’s apologies. The city refused, and a bombardment began. In ten days the city was struck by 14,000 bombs and cannonballs, which flattened half of it. The Genoese were forced to surrender. Despite the laws of the Republic of Genoa which prohibited the Doge from leaving the city on penalty of forfeiture, Louis XIV demanded that the Doge come in person to apologise. After long negotiations and multiple proposals which were rejected by the French king, the Republic decided to make an exception and send the Doge, accompanied by a lavish entourage. On 15 May 1685, Francesco Mario Lercaro thus made his solemn entry into the Hall of Mirrors, still incomplete but thronged with courtiers. To impress his guest Louis XIV had placed his magnificent solid silver furnishings throughout the series of State Apartments, right up to the Hall of Mirrors. Dressed in red velvet and flanked by four Senators wearing black, Lercaro bowed before the king, who stood on a platform at the end of the Gallery near the Peace Room, which was still being finished. After making his apologies, the Doge spent ten days touring Versailles. He was shown the apartments, the gardens, the animals in the Menagerie, the Grand Canal, Trianon, and the other sights. Faced with such splendour he declared, ironically, “A year ago we were in hell, and now we are about to leave paradise!” He attended the King’s getting-up ceremony on 23 May and took his leave on the 26th. On his departure Louis XIV presented him with a box covered with magnificent portraits, along with Gobelins tapestries. The four Senators also received Gobelins tapestries, although much less beautiful ones than the ones for the Doge, accompanied by a portrait of the king adorned with diamonds. Ostentation had become a political and diplomatic tool. The reception sent major waves rippling across Europe: France was the rising power to beat. But a new war was brewing, the War of the League of Augsburg, which would lead to the melting down of those solid silver furnishings. Reign of Louis XIV Are you a regular visitor? Avoid the queue at the entrance of the Palace and benefit from free and unlimited access to the Estate by signing up for the “A Year in Versailles” membership card.Membership options To be a patron of Versailles is to become part of this chain that links together the history of yesterday, today and tomorrow, passing down to the future generations the living memory of the history that has shaped us, maintaining the knowledge of rare craftsmanship.More information	<urn:uuid:04cde541-0ad1-490f-9a36-97ef221d0b67>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/reception-doge-genoa-1685	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999946.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625192953-20190625214953-00498.warc.gz	en	0.974758	771	3.1875	3
Industrialization and Economic Development Industrialization is the method of manufacturing consumer goods and capital goods in addition to creating social overhead capital so that you can provide services or products to these two individuals and firms. Consequently industrialization plays a substantial role inside the economic progression of LDCs (Less Developed Country). Industrialization can be a pre-requisite for economic development since the good status for advanced countries shows. For development, the proportion in the industrial sector should rise which in the farming sector decline. This can be only possible using a policy of deliberate industrialization. Consequently, the benefits of industrialization will “trickle lower” to a different sectors in the economy by way of the development of farming and repair sectors inducing the rise in employment, output and earnings. In overpopulated LDCs there’s overcrowding round the land, holdings are subdivided and fragmented, and maqui berries maqui berry farmers practice traditional agriculture. For rapid development, LDC’s can not afford to have to wait for modifications in farm practices to happen. Therefore. LDCs has to start with industrial development to supply fertilizers, farm machinery as well as other inputs to be able to increase efficiency round the farm. Again, industrialization is important so that you can provide employment for the underemployed and unemployed inside the farming sector. In overpopulated LDCs, many people are underemployed or disguised unemployed whose marginal technique is zero or minimal. They might be transferred from agriculture to industry with minimum decrease in farming output. Since the marginal product at the office is larger in industry when compared with agriculture, transferring such workers for the industrial sector will raise aggregate output. Thus overpopulated LDCs haven’t any choice but to industrialize. Industrialization may also be essential in LDCs because it brings growing returns and economies of scale while agriculture does not. “These economies reside in training, stimulating communication, interaction within industry (inter-sectoral linkages), demonstration effects being created and consumption, and so on. Rural society is generally stagnant, urban society dynamic. Since industrialization brings urbanization, it surpasses the stimulation of agriculture.” Further the LDCs need industrialization to free themselves in the side effects of fluctuations inside the prices of primary products and degeneration inside their regards to trade. Such countries mainly export primary products and import merchandise that. The expense of primary products are actually falling or remaining stable due to protectionist policies of advanced countries, because the prices of manufactures are actually rising. It’s introduced to degeneration inside the regards to trade in the LDCs. For economic development, such countries must eliminate their reliance upon primary product. They need to adopt import substituting and export-oriented industrialization. The problem for industrialization inside the LDCs also rests round the mental boost which this kind of polio provides inside their citizens in marching towards modernization. Industrialization could be considered like a mater of pride by every LDC, with this implies while using the new technology, new as well as other skills, bigger enterprises plus much more large urban centers. In addition incomes rise rapidly inside the industrial sector which are saved and invested to make more curiosity about services or products. Since industrialization is adopted by urbanization, employment options and incomes increase. Everyone loves the fruits of modernization using a quantity of services or products accessible in towns due to industrialization. These also customize the rural sector using the demonstration effect. Thus industrialization includes a inclination to boost the living standards and promotes social welfare. Finally, industrialization brings social transformation, social equality, more equitable distribution of earnings and balanced regional development while economic development. The insurance plan of industrialization adopted with the LDCs at the begining of phase from the development has not introduced the expected social and economic benefits. It’s unsuccessful to reduce in equalities of earnings and wealth, unemployment, and regional imbalances. The interest rate of development remains uneven while using neglect from the introduction of other sectors.	<urn:uuid:22781823-f2c1-4b87-8302-dffed3f5e7ef>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://pointonesystems.com/industrialization-and-economic-development/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301737.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120100127-20220120130127-00214.warc.gz	en	0.923948	829	3.203125	3
Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship (usually cordial) or social status (formal or informal) between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. Greetings are sometimes used just prior to a conversation or to greet in passing, such as on a sidewalk or trail. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures. A greeting, or salutation, can also be expressed in written communications, such as letters and emails. Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g. greeting a sovereign. Conversely, secret societies have often furtive or arcane greeting gestures and rituals, such as a secret handshake, which allows members to recognize each other.	<urn:uuid:7a90c3c1-5fce-4c76-a848-ebb76e892b86>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://pnglux.com/category/words-phrases-labels/good-morning/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123202547-20220123232547-00397.warc.gz	en	0.957301	223	3.296875	3
Social Media for PWDs by dana lewis Social media is not an obscure teenage Internet phenomenon as its name might suggest. In fact, social media is mainstream and just by virtue of the fact that you are reading this, you are already a user of diabetes social media. Social media is as simple as it sounds – it refers to any online medium that is social. Examples include blogs; microblogs (Twitter and other sites that allow small posts) social networks (Facebook or MySpace); event sites (Meetup.com); collaborative sites like wikis (Wikipedia) or social bookmarking tools (StumbleUpon); and even video, photo, and audio sharing (Flickr or YouTube). Anyone can use it regardless of age, occupation, or whether you have a Mac or a PC. Social media is basically the technology that supports our need for interaction, connection, and entertainment. In this “Learning Curve,” we want to provide an overview of some of the offerings social media and the Internet have for people with diabetes – but first, here's some information to help you get up to speed on the topic. for the social media skeptic The good news? The first generation of the Internet (Web 1.0) is still around. Web 1.0 is like a “read-only” version of the Internet, where you can search and access information; you can also choose not to interact. The bad news? Web 2.0 is also here and being improved upon, so now most people think of the cutting edge as “social media” versus the stagnant World Wide Web of the 1990s. the basic building blocks • A blog is a website where entries or posts are listed in chronological order • Microblogging is a form of blogging where users provide brief periodic updates (often on a frequent basis throughout the day) and publish them on a platform that can be shared publicly. You’ve probably heard of Twitter, which is a microblogging tool. Updates can be submitted via the web itself or via text messages – on Twitter, we use 140 characters to share a message. • And, a wiki is a collaborative website that allows users to contribute to and edit the content on the website. The most common wiki is Wikipedia. why social media? As Kerri explains, social media provides an opportunity to stay in touch with old friends, communicate with new connections, and even interact with your friends and family in a new way. Because social media has few barriers beyond the ability to access the Internet, everyone has the opportunity to build, create, and share content. For people with diabetes, we know how important it is to know there are other people in the world (and our communities) who have the same condition and are dealing with some of the same issues. Thanks to social media, we no longer rely on “support group” meetings that occur once a month in a public location. You can access and tap into a “support group” 24/7 with the help of a mobile phone or a computer. What's better than the ability to reach out virtually, share your highs and your lows, and get support when you need it? Or, the ability to lend your support to someone else who's high (and low, or low then high!)? If you're having a crummy diabetes day or want to celebrate a good trend on your CGM (and a matching CGM/meter reading), here are a few ways to get social about your experience: 1. Put up a “tweet” on Twitter – 140 characters to broadcast to the world 2. Update your Facebook Status 3. Post on the wall of a Facebook page or group on diabetes 4. Wordsmith your own blog post and/or write a comment on someone else's blog5. Create a “vlog” – a video of your celebration or expression that can be posted on your blog or on YouTube. The beauty of social media for patients can also be the main pitfall – there is so much out there that it can be difficult to discern what sources are reputable and trustworthy. Given that anyone can publish on the internet, this means that anyone can claim to be an expert and try to provide medical advice. How do you know where to find reliable information, and whom do you trust? A diabetes directory – if only it were that easy! If you're looking for diabetes facts, stick with well known and reputable organization sites like the American Diabetes Association, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation , Taking Control of Your Diabetes, Children with Diabetes or the International Diabetes Federation, which you know exist in real life. If you're reading a blog, check the author – it should be clear whether it's a patient or a doctor or “health expert” blogging. Even if it's a patient blogger sharing his or her own experience, take it with a grain of salt: just like your experience is not a one-size-fits-all prescription, neither is theirs! Also, look and see if they disclose their relationships with diabetes companies – many of the big bloggers have sponsorship, advertising, or other consulting agreements that could potentially affect their representation of a product or service. However, most are upfront about it so you should see disclosures with any specific post relating to such a product and on a separate “About” or “Disclosure” page. existing diabetes communities There are countless message boards, blogs, and sites, but here are some you can start with: • American Diabetes Association message boards (including message boards for kids & young adults): www.diabetes.org • Children With Diabetes message boards, chat rooms and mailing lists: www.childrenwithdiabetes.com • TuDiabetes forums: www.tudiabetes.com • dLife's Blogabetes has some all-star bloggers: www.dlife.com/diabetes-blog • Twitter: check out “#diabetes” using www.search.twitter.com • Juvenation, the JDRF's online community for people with type 1 diabetes I had a fantastic time at the Roche Diabetes Summit in July (see the photo of bloggers in attendance to the right). There were numerous superstars from the diabetes community, and most of them are active online and in social media. They blog on diabetes and how it touches every aspect of our lives. From blogging to tweeting to connecting with others on different diabetes communities, they play a huge role in raising awareness for diabetes. Here are some of the participants (and other people with diabetes!) who tweet away on a regular basis and have a TON of followers: Name - @username - # of followers DiabetesMine - @diabetesmine – 13,177 followers Kerri Morrone Sparling - @sixuntilme – 13,086 followers David Edelman - @diabetesdaily – 15,800 followers TuDiabetes - @tudiabetes – 2,759 followers American Diabetes Association - @AmDiabetesAssn – 50,186 Manny Hernandez – @askmanny – 8,460	<urn:uuid:59500527-d6ed-47bd-9ad7-a71553110568>	CC-MAIN-2015-06	http://diatribe.org/issues/17/learning-curve	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00099-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.913389	1,474	2.953125	3
In this page I have listed all the coding questions that have been solved in this website. Question 1: Given an array of integers in ascending order, return index of the two numbers such that they add up to a specific key provided. Question 2: Given two non empty Linked List with non negative numbers, and numbers are stored in reverse order having single digit. Add the two list and return the result as a linked list. Question 3: Count the number of ways a baby can reach the nth stair taking 1 or 2 steps at a time in C language. Question 4: Sort an array of 0s, 1s and 2s in C Question 5: Given an array, the difference between the elements is one, find if the “key” element is present or not. Question 6: Given an unsorted array, find the minimum difference between 2 elements. Question 7: Given an unsorted array, find the least difference between the element pairs. Display all the pairs present. Question 8: Given an unsorted array, and a key. Find 2 elements such that the difference between the elements is equal to the key. Question 9: Given an unsorted integer array, find the smallest missing positive integer. Question 10: Given an array, find all the repeated elements in C language Question 11: Given an integer value, convert it into roman number. Question 12: Given a string, and number of rows, write the string in zigzag pattern. Question 13: Given a string find the longest Palindromic Substring with detailed explanation and solution in C++. Question 14: Given an input string (s) and a pattern (p), implement regular expression matching with support for ‘.’ and ‘*’. Question 15: Find the Container with Most Water explanation with diagram and solution in cpp language Question 16: Given an array of non repeating numbers and a key, find all the unique combinations in that array, where the sum of those combination is equal to the key. Question 17: Given an array, find 3 elements such that [a + b + c] = 0. Find all the 3 unique elements. Question 18: Given an array of n integers and an integer “key”, find three integers in the array such that the sum is closest to key. Question 19: Given an array n integers and an integer key, are there four elements a, b, c, and d in the array such that a + b + c + d = key? Find all unique quadruplets in the array which gives the sum of key. Question 20: Given a linked list Remove Nth Node From End of List Question 21: Letter Combinations of a Phone Number, solution in C++ Question 22: You are given with n pairs of parentheses, generate all combinations of well-formed parentheses. Question 23: Merge two sorted linked lists and return it as a new list in C Question 24: Given linked list swap Nodes in Pairs, solution in C++ Question 25: Divide two integers without using multiplication, division and mod operator Question 26: Implement next permutation, which rearranges numbers into the next greater permutation of numbers. Question 27: Given an array sorted in ascending order and is rotated at some pivot, given a target value to search, if found in the array return its index Question 28: Merge k sorted linked lists and return it as one sorted list in C++ Question 29: Given a collection of candidate numbers and a key, find all unique combinations in candidates where the candidate numbers sums to target Question 30: Given a collection of distinct integers, return all possible permutations C++ solution Question 31: Given two non-negative integers num1 and num2 represented as strings, return the product of num1 and num2, also represented as a string Question 32: Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations in C++ Question 33: Given an n x n 2D matrix rotate it by 90 degrees (clockwise) in C++ in place Question 34: Group Anagrams when given an array of strings in C++ Question 35: Rain water trapping in C++ Question 36: Implement pow(x, n), which calculates x raised to the power n (x^n) in C++ Question 37: Given a matrix of m x n elements , print all elements of the matrix in spiral order in CPP Question 38: Given an array of non-negative integers determine if you are able to reach the last index in C++ Question 39: Merge overlapping Intervals solution in C++ Question 40: Reverse Linked List iterative and recursive in C++ Question 41: Given a positive integer n, generate a square matrix filled with elements from 1 to n^2 in spiral order in C++ Question 42: Wildcard Matching in C++ Question 43: Find Intersection of Two Linked Lists in c++ Question 44: Rotate linked list by k nodes in C++ Question 45: Find path from top right to bottom left with Solution in C++ Question 46: Find path from top right to bottom left with obstacles in C++ Question 47: Minimum Cost Path in CPP Question 48: Given an absolute path for a file (linux-style), simplify it CPP Question 49: Reach the end of the array with minimum jumps. Solution in C++ Question 50: Given a m x n matrix, if an element is 0, set its entire row and column to 0. Do it in-place in CPP Question 51: Given a 2D Matrix and a key element, search and return if element is present or not in C++ Question 52: Given an array with element colored red, white or blue, sort them in-place, with the colors in the order red, white and blue in CPP Question 53: Given two integers n and k, return all possible combinations of k numbers out of 1 … n in CPP Question 54: Given a set of distinct integers, nums, return all possible subsets in CPP Question 55: Given 2D matrix and a word, find if the word exists in the grid in C++ Question 56: N-Queens in CPP Question 57: Given a sorted array, remove duplicate elements in-place in CPP Question 58: you are given an sorted array with repeated elements that is rotated at some point, return true or false if you find the key element in C++ Question 59: Given a linked list with duplicates, remove the nodes with duplicates and keep only distinct numbers, with solution in CPP Question 60: You are given a linked list and a key “x”, partition the list in such a way that, all the nodes less than “x” comes before the nodes greater than or equal to “x” solution in CPP Question 61: You are given a positive number “n”, print the sequence of grey code solution in CPP Question 62: Given array of integers that might contain duplicates, return all the subsets. Solution in CPP Question 63: Check if a given string is a valid number in CPP Question 64: you are given a string having digits, convert into the string by looking at the table given below, solution in C++ Question 65: Reverse Linked List given 2 points m and n, solution in CPP Question 66: Given a string of integers, restore all valid IP addresses solution in C++ Question 67: Given an array of non overlapping integers, insert a new interval by merging them, solution in C++ Question 68: Given a positive integer, generate pascal triangle, solution in C++ Question 69: Given a positive number “k” return the row of that index of pascals triangle, solution in C++ Question 70: Check if the given board is valid Sudoku or not, explanation with solution in C++ Question 71: Find minimum path from top to bottom in a triangle solution with explanation in C++ Question 72: Optimum Time to Buy and Sell Stock for maximum profit explanation with solution in C++ Question 73: Word Ladder explanation with solution in CPP Question 74: Given a non-empty array, all the elements appears twice except for one, find that element. Question 75: Given a string return all the substring that is a palindrome, solution in CPP Question 76: Given a 2D board with X and O, get all the region surrounded by X, explanation in CPP Question 77: Check if there is a gas stations along a circular route, solution with explanation in CPP Question 78: Solve Sudoku, explanation in CPP Question 79: Given an array every element appears three times except for one. Find that single one. Solution in C++ Question 80: Given a linked list such that each node contains an additional random pointer which could point to any node in the list or null. Return the deep copy of the list, solution in C++ Question 81: Given a string s and a dictionary wordDict containing a list of non-empty words, determine if s can be seperated into a space-separated sequence of one or more dictionary words. Solution in C++ Question 82: Given a linked list, check if it has a cycle in it, solution in C++ Question 83: Given a linked list, if it has a cycle, get the node where the cycle begins else return NULL. Question 84: Given a sentence and maxWidth. Arrange the text in such a way that each line has exactly maxWidth characters, solution in C++ Question 85: Reorder list in to alternate nodes like first lowest and first highest. Solution in C++ Question 86: Given a linked list, sort the list using insertion sort. Solution with explanation Question 87: Create a data structure for n elements and constant operations Question 88: Given an array and a number n, rotate the array by n steps to its right solution in C++ Question 89: Given a string, reverse all the vowels in the string , solution in C++ Question 90: Given an array, check if it has any duplicate elements, 2 solutions in CPP Question 91: Given a sorted array, find the starting and ending index that matches the target – 2 solutions using C++ Question 92: Given an array that is sorted and a target, if the target is found, return the index. If not found, return the index where it would be if it were inserted, 2 solutions in C++ Question 93: Given an array, find the continuous sub array that has the largest sum, return the sum. 2 solutions in C++ Question 94: 1’s and 2’s complement of a Binary Number Question 95: Add and subtract 2 numbers using bitwise operators. C++ Solution Question 96: Calculate the square of a number and also check if that number is even or odd using bitwise operator. Question 97: Check if the number has bits in alternate pattern and also check if the same number has equal number of set and unset bits using bitwise operators. Question 98: Given 2 numbers check if one number is complement of another and also check if those two numbers are same using bitwise operators. Question 99: Perform below operations using Bitwise Operators Question 100: Perform below swapping operations using Bitwise operators Question 101: Perform multiplication operation using Bitwise operators Question 102: Perform binary search on a singly linked list, solution in C++ Question 103: Perform bubble sort on singly linked list, solution in C++ Question 104: Perform below operations on Circular Singly Linked List, solution in C++ Question 105: Perform below delete operations from single linked list, solution in C++ Question 106: Perform below delete operations from single linked list, solution in C++ Question 107: Given an unsorted linked list, sort the list using merge sort, solution in C++ Question 108: Given an expression in reverse polish notation, evaluate it and get the output in C++ Question 109: You are given a sentence, reverse the string word by word in C++ Question 110: Given an integer array, find the maximum product made from continuous elements in that array. Solution in C++ Question 111: Find the minimum element from an array that is sorted and is rotated, solution in C++ Question 112: Given an array, find the majority element, solution in C++ Question 113: Given 2 strings, check if they are isomorphic strings, solution in C++ Question 114: Given an array and a key element, find the number of continuous elements whose sum is greater than the key element, solution in C++ Question 115: Dynamic Programming: Longest Increasing Subsequence Question 116: Dynamic Programming: Longest Bitonic Subsequence Question 117: Dynamic Programming: Get Max Coin In Game problem. Question 118: Dynamic Programming: Rod Cutting Problem Question 119: Dynamic Programming: Box Stacking Problem Question 120: Dynamic Programming: Building Bridges Question 121: Dynamic Programming: Egg Dropping Problem Question 122: Dynamic Programming: Min Edit Distance Question 123: Bottom view of binary Tree Question 124: Boundary Traversal of Binary Tree Question 125: Top view of a binary tree Question 126: Left view and right view of a Binary Tree Question 127: Level Order Traversal Question 128: Vertical Order Traversal Question 129: Height or Max depth of a BTree Question 130: Spiral order or Zigzag traversal of a Binary Tree Question 131: Diameter of a Binary Tree Question 132: Lowest Common ancestor of a Binary Tree. Question 133: Check if 2 nodes are mirror of each other Question 134: Check if two binary tree are identical Question 135: Check if binary tree is a sum tree Question 136: Add all the node values in a Binary Tree or Sum of a Binary tree Question 137: Print the number of leaf nodes in a binary tree Question 138: Print all the paths from root node to leaf node Question 139: Print the nodes at k distance from the root of a binary tree Question 140: Reverse Bits Question 141: Count the number of set bits Question 142: Power of 2 Question 143: Missing Number Question 144: Counting set bits in a number Question 145: Hamming Distance Question 146: Bitwise and of number range	<urn:uuid:6f4e7bc4-0529-4876-b0c2-ccfdde7667a8>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://www.prodevelopertutorial.com/ajs-guide-to-interview-coding-questions/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00181.warc.gz	en	0.809206	3,037	3.015625	3
Creative Activities: Scientific Enquiry Level 1 Scottish Edition This product is not currently available. To help you find what you're looking for, see similar items below. This product has not been rated yet. 0 reviews (Add a review) Engage and motivate children with problems set in real-life contexts. - Edited by a Scottish Consultant. - Matches the science guidelines from ‘Curriculum for Excellence’ - Cater for different learning styles with visual and hands-on resources. - Ensure children learn scientific language – vocabulary highlighted throughout. - Enable children to apply their knowledge with follow-up suggestions for further work. - Encourages children to think independently and creatively. June 2nd, 2008 This product has not been reviewed yet.	<urn:uuid:0f1bb611-e3f1-4c08-824e-8731ee25f4d1>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://shop.scholastic.ie/products/Creative-Activities-Scientific-Enquiry-Level-1-Scottish-Edition-9781407100609	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518222121-20210519012121-00527.warc.gz	en	0.877712	165	3.421875	3
Sylvain Gouguenheim’s "Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel: Les racines grecques de l’Europe Chrétienne" reviewed by Thomas F. Bertonneau Long before the late Eduard Said invented “Orientalism” to exalt Arab culture and Islamic society at the expense of the West, bien-pensants like Voltaire inclined to express their rebellion against the dwindling vestiges of Christendom by representing Europeans as bigots or clowns and raising up exotic foreigners – Voltaire himself wrote about Turks and Persians of the Muslim fold – to be the fonts of wisdom and models of refined life in their tracts and stories. The sultan and dervish look with amused tolerance on the gaucheries of the European rubes. The rubes swing their elbows and knock over the pottery. It was the Eighteenth-Century philosophes and illuminati who coined the pejorative term Dark Ages to refer to the centuries immediately following the collapse of the Roman imperial administration in the West under pressure of the Gothic assertions of the Fifth Century. Liberal discourse often casually extends the same term to apply it to all of medieval European civilization up to the Renaissance. Specialist historians have, however, long since demonstrated that no such absolute discontinuity as the term Dark Ages insinuates ever existed, which means that the Enlightenment version of history is at least partly wrong. And yet the usual story retains its currency, as an item in a kind of liberal folklore. Part of that story is the motif of the Islamic middleman role in the transmission of classical knowledge to Christendom. According to this motif, the West in the Eleventh Century possessed no first-hand knowledge of the Greek and precious little of the Roman classics. Fortunately (so the story goes) the Muslims had translated Plato and Aristotle into Arabic, knew all about them, and bestowed the gift of their lore on the benighted monks of Italy and France. The benefactors under this notion behave suavely and generously, while the beneficiaries are – to paraphrase a line from a David Lean film – ignorant, barbarous, and cruel. In the spasm of western Islamophilia that followed the terrorist attacks of 2001, the myth of medieval Muslim learnedness and medieval European illiteracy gained strong new power for the Left whose acolytes have disseminated it with vigor from their ensconcement in the colleges and universities. Facts might have dispelled the myth had anyone cared to notice them. For one thing, Europeans never lost contact with the Byzantine Greeks, who blithely went on being scholarly classicists until Mehmet II bloodily vanquished Constantinople in 1453, slaughtering the literate elites and forcing the peasantry to submit to Allah. The Eighth-Century English church-chronicler Bede reports in his Ecclesiastical History that one of the first bishops of Canterbury, Theodore, was an educated Greek. The Twelfth-Century Icelandic myth-collector Snorri Sturlusson suggests in his Edda that the Norse gods were actually Trojan heroes escaping, like Aeneas, from Agamemnon’s destruction of their city – an interpretation that implies his knowledge of the theory called Euhemerism. Eighth-Century England and twelfth-Century Iceland were remote places, but, in Bede and Snorri, one can attest links to the classical tradition. Facts like these could easily be multiplied – and a man who multiplies them with muscularity and clear-sightedness is the French historian Sylvain Gouguenheim, who documents them in his remarkable new book Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel: Les raciness grecques de l’Europe Chrétienne (Seuil, 2008). [Aristotle at Mont Saint-Michel: the Greek Roots of Christian Europe.] The book is not as yet translated, but it deserves to be known to Anglophone audiences because it brings important truths to many a contemporary conversation. For American readers, Gouguenheim’s title will have a familiar resonance. Henry Adams called his study of medieval European civilization Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres. Adams took Gothic Christianity, as typified in the discourses of Aquinas and Abelard and in the architecture of the Lady Churches, to have begun its flowering in the monastery at Mont Saint-Michel on the French Atlantic coast that also figures in Gouguenheim’s account. Adams thought of the High Middle Ages as a dynamic, spiritually adventurous, and, in its way, modern period, directly the precursor of our own technically accomplished and intellectually audacious modernity. Gouguenheim has something of Adams’ view of the medieval world’s clear-sightedness and vigor and he begins by addressing the prevalent méconnaissance of those vital centuries, which in his judgment indeed established the kernel, or rather the “roots,” of our own. If, “for a long time, the cultural history of Europe in the High Middle Ages was presented in negative terms,” and if “the fall of the Roman Empire associated with the Germanic conquests had, in the course of the Fifth Century of our era, made a brutal rather than a progressive end to antiquity” – or if that is what people thought, Gouguenheim asserts: yet “in reality, recent work in ancient and medieval history has shown that the period of the Fifth to the Eighth Centuries was not so catastrophic, the effects of dislocation while quite real being mitigated by elements of continuity.” Greek Christendom constituted one such continuity, as already mentioned. It stood in somewhat aloof reserve, but it had the character of a resource capable of responding to western queries. Gouguenheim cites the fact that educated Latin-speaking westerners, even after Boethius, could command Greek as explaining in large part the dearth of Greek texts in Latin translation between 500 and 1100 AD. But Latin compendia of Platonist and Aristotelian teachings did circulate, as did medical handbooks in the tradition of Galen. The Latin-speaking Church Fathers thus undertook their reflections “with the help of the logical categories of Greek thought,” such that classical philosophy “impregnated” their arguments as a type of “intellectual matrix.” One could bolster Gouguenheim’s observations in this regard by a reference to Bryan Ward-Perkins’ recent study of The Fall of Rome (2005), in which he remarks that even among the Gothic usurpers of Roman sovereignty in Spain, Gaul, and Italy, civilized individuals emerged who prized classical learning and did their best to preserve it. Theodahad (he reigned as Ostrogothic king of Italy from 534 to 536) offers the outstanding case, having been “learned in Latin literature and Platonic philosophy,” even though he “kept his Gothic moustache.” In Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel, Gouguenheim points out that a Greek demographic presence linked the culminating period of Late Antiquity with the incipient phase of the Middle Ages in the West; and that presence persisted for centuries. “In the Europe of the High Middle Ages, many regions sheltered knots of ethnic Hellenes: Sicily, Southern Italy, and again Rome.” These communities supported literate elites, who contributed actively to the Latinate majorities among whom they lived, giving rise to such notable figures as Gregory of Agrigento (born 559), who became bishop in his native city later in life; George, Bishop of Syracuse, killed by the Arabs while on a mission to them in 724; Saint Gilsenus (mid-Seventh Century), a Greek-born monk living in a Roman monastery who evangelized in Hainault with Saint Armand; and Simeon of Reichenau, known as “The Achaean,” who belongs to the Tenth Century. In men like Simeon this Byzantine Diaspora reached well beyond Mediterranean Europe into the Rhine and Danube regions. Not only Greek but also Syriac Christians became additional mediators of the classical heritage at this time, driven from their homeland by the Jihad. “Paradoxically,” writes Gouguenheim, “Islam from its beginning transmitted Greek culture to the Occident by provoking the exile of those who refused its domination.” So, to be fair, did the Puritanical spasms of Byzantine court-theology in its regular iconoclastic moods. The persecuted iconodules, like the Syriac Christians, often sought refuge in Italy, Spain, or France. Gouguenheim makes clear the conscious and deliberate indebtedness of the Carolingian Renaissance to these sustained currents from the East; he emphasizes the importance of the Carolingian Hellenophile project to the preservation and recirculation of Neo-Platonic and Aristotelian thought before the school of Aquinas. “From the court of the Carolingians to that of the Germanic emperors of the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries, one does not cease to encounter men who interested themselves in Greek knowledge and culture.” Gouguenheim mentions how Pépin le Bref (reigned 751-768) petitioned the Pope for Greek texts and how Paul I responded by committing to royal custodianship various “liturgical books, manuals of grammar and orthography, of geometry [and] works of Aristotle and pseudo-Dionysius” along with “men capable of translating them.” Charlemagne himself employed an Italian of Greek background, Paul Diacre (720-799), “to teach Greek to the clerics” at a moment when a marriage seemed possible between his daughter Rothrude and a Byzantine prince. Charles the Bald (reigned 840-877) “was fascinated by Greek culture, to the point that he asked the Irish savant Duns Scotus Erigena to translate the work of [pseudo-Dionysius] towards 855.” With respect to Aachen, Gouguenheim senses an “irresistible attraction for the Greek authors,” which carries over into the Ottonian period and even intensifies. “The reputedly obscure centuries of the Middle Ages were in reality animated by multiple intellectual rebirths.” Gothic Christianity, far from being averse to or irreconcilable with antique philosophy, “succeeded in the task of integrating antique culture within the Biblical framework of which [Christendom] was the issue.” In addition to passing remarks, Gouguenheim devotes a separate chapter to the classicizing tendencies of the Syriac and Arab Christians, as distinct from their linguistic cousins and brethren in the Islamic faith. As part of Byzantium, of which their main region of Cappadocia was a province, Syriac Christians played a central role in constituting the Eastern theological discourse during the medieval centuries, continuing to do so even after they had fallen under the sway of the Caliphs, thereby assisting in the westward transmission of Attic and Alexandrian lore. Gouguenheim writes: “Insofar as one speaks of ‘Arabic-Muslim culture’ in the Seventh through the Tenth Centuries, one commits an anachronism… because the culture was at that time barely Muslim and was Arab only by displaced appellation.” Truly, “Syriac is closer to Hebrew than to Arabic,” and the elites of the Nestorian and Monophysite dispensations could generally boast bilingualism in their own tongue and the Koine of the Empire. The jolly idea of Muslim competence in classical learning, as Gouguenheim argues, rests on a misunderstanding: what Islam knew of Greco-Roman wisdom, which it possessed at no time extensively, it knew largely thanks to Syriac scholars. “The Syriac [Christians] were in effect the essential intermediaries of the transmission into Arabic of the philosophical texts of the ancient Greeks,” who generously gave far more than the reluctant takers took. Obtuse westerners betray their lack of discrimination and their poverty of real knowledge in failing to differentiate between Syriac culture and the Arabic-Muslim culture that, by means of the Jihad, conquered and cruelly stamped out Nestorian (and Coptic and Byzantine) society. Unlike their Muslim beneficiaries, however, the Syriac Christians could assimilate the full range of Greek logic and speculation. The Johannine Logos stemmed from the Greek Logos and the Christianity of the Patres – whether Greek, Latin, or Syriac – therefore comported itself as a rational theology; already in Late Antiquity, Cappadocians and Syrians stood out as the chief developers of Neo-Platonism; emperors both Pagan and Christian sought counsel from the professors of Antioch’s renowned Daphnaeum. In a chapter on “Islam and Greek Knowledge,” Gouguenheim notes that for Muslims, on the other hand, the Logos constituted an inassimilable scandal, subversive of the absolute submission to Allah’s commands, as articulated in the Koran, that the name Islam denotes. Islam kept of Greek thought “in general [only] that which could not come in contradiction with Koranic teaching.” Furthermore, “Greece – and so too Rome – represented a world radically foreign to Islam, for reasons religious, but also political”; and, unlike the Latinate and Frankish peoples, “Muslims did not interest themselves in the languages of those whom they had conquered” because “Arabic was the sacred language par excellence, and that of revelation.” More aggressively, “Muslim rejection – or indifference – to Greek knowledge manifested itself again through the destruction of the cultural centers that were the monasteries, the Muslims not acting in this way any differently from the Vikings.” One could remark here, however, that the Vikings at least had the decency after two centuries to cease their predatory behavior and settle down as members of Christendom. Multiculturalists and Islamophiles have pointed to the Abbasid establishment in Spain (Andalusia) called the Bayt al Hikma or “House of Wisdom” as proof of Muslim enthusiasm for classical learning. Gouguenheim demonstrates that this is another “seductive” misunderstanding, to which the fanciful eagerly yield. The “House of Wisdom” never functioned other than as a Koranic school, and even in that capacity it enjoyed only a truncated existence. Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel celebrates a central figure, Jacques de Venise (Twelfth Century), who, not only metaphorically, brought Aristotle to Mont Saint-Michel. Jacques was a cleric of Venetian origin, as his name tells, who studied in Constantinople before reestablishing himself in France. Jacques, as Gouguenheim phrases it, through his Herculean labor of scholarship and translation, supplies “the missing link in the history of the passage of Aristotelian philosophy from the Greek world to the Latinate world.” It is a matter of colossal importance that Jacques, as Gouguenheim reports, “translated a considerable number of Aristotle’s works directly from Greek to Latin, making him a pioneering figure.” (Emphasis added) According to the story prevalent today, Aristotle in his fullness returned to the ken of Christendom through a complicated chain of transactions, beginning with supposed Arabic translations out of Greek, and then, by way of Moorish generosity, from Arabic back into Latin and over the Pyrenees. But the story does not wash. It is plagued by linguistic problems, which Gouguenheim duly rehearses, but it is flatly demolished by what Gouguenheim has discovered concerning Jacques’ work. Jacques’ manuscripts, which are in almost every case the earliest attested for a given Aristotelian opus, swiftly gained a reputation, well founded, for being the most accurate and idiomatic. Jacques’ translations gained wide currency and formed the basis for an Aristotelian revival all across Western Europe. As Gouguenheim writes, “The two great names of theological and philosophical reflection in the Thirteenth Century, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, utilized [Jacques’] Greco-Latin translations.” In a manner, Jacques brought his project to too fine a point of perfection, reestablishing the Aristotelian tradition so effectively that his own pioneering status lapsed into oblivion, exactly in proportion as knowledge of The Metaphysics and the Analytics came to be taken for granted. Many of his original manuscripts lay unrecognized in the archives at Mont Saint-Michel until recent decades. Perhaps the most stimulating of Gouguenheim’s chapters is the antepenultimate one, under the title of “Problems of Civilization.” “Medieval Islam,” Gouguenheim notes, “had not developed any real curiosity for societies exterior to it.” While the magnum opus of Persian literature, The Thousand Nights and a Night, saw its first European translation early in the Eighteenth Century, neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey ever interested any Muslim translator. “This absence of curiosity explains in part why the Middle Ages seem to comprise a paralyzing confrontation of several centuries, more often violent than peaceful, which the shared monotheistic belief better sustained than it ameliorated.” But the notion of a common monotheism, while hopeful, might be misleading: To proclaim that Christians and Muslims have the same God, and to hold to that, believing thereby that one has brought the debate to its term, denotes only a superficial approach. Their Gods do not partake in the same discourse, do not put forward the same values, do not propose for humanity the same destiny and do not concern themselves with the same manner of political and legal organization in human society. The comparative reading of the Gospel and the Koran by itself demonstrates that the two universes are unalike. From Christ, who refuses to punish the adulterous woman by stoning, one turns to see Mohammed ordaining, in the same circumstances, the putting to death of the unfaithful woman. One cannot follow Jesus and Mohammed. Christianity was ready, moreover, to receive, not only the philosophy, but also certain basic political principles, of the ancient Greeks, particularly of the Athenians, such as “liberty, reason, and democracy.” Christian Europe in the medieval centuries was, indeed, in a position to admire from the ancient heritage – and to adopt critically – whatever might enhance its Gospel-based conviction of the free will of the individual. Thus the Attic achievement in particular lies at the elective root of a paradoxically self-identifying European culture. Islam knows only that it is Islam whereas Europe, when at its best, has always understood that it is itself and yet something else at the same time. A European sense of intellectual insufficiency and need gave unexpected strength to the progress and consolidation of the medieval mind. Europe would prove itself “permeable” in a way that Islam could not – convinced as it was of its own perfection ab origine. Thus, concludes Gouguenheim, “the Hellenization of medieval Europe was the fruit of Europeans,” who discovered, on their own, their filiations with the ancient societies. Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel is one of the most significant publications of the last few years. It is, I believe, destined to become a classic – not only in its original French, but also in the other European languages, once it has been translated. It dispels a myth, an invidious one that has long been central to the perverse palaver of western self-hatred. For those who, like me, command their French a bit unsurely, Gouguenheim’s prose is a miracle of balanced sentences and clear meaning. I would say that Gouguenheim’s study has a potentially large audience outside the academy and could become something of a popular success in the Anglophone nations.	<urn:uuid:39a4e793-ab9b-4a68-88e5-5c6067c2cd11>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	https://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/3732	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948597295.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217171653-20171217193653-00573.warc.gz	en	0.946692	4,222	2.546875	3
How to Draw Unicorn Head - Drawing Tutorials - Legendary Creatures - How to Draw Unicorn Head Start the tutorial by making two circles, a curve line & a triangle. Draw outline for the face as shown. Make eye & nose. Draw horn & hairs. Make ears & hairs over the neck. Make line over the horn and other head portions as shown. Finally, make necessary improvements to finish.	<urn:uuid:70183792-9af1-4dc9-8c00-a43ef298eb98>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	https://www.drawingtutorials101.com/how-to-draw-unicorn-head	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514005.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021115035-20181021140535-00273.warc.gz	en	0.853071	89	2.703125	3
Fruit flies are the world’s worst fruit pest. Fruit fly has the potential to threaten Australia’s $6.9 billion horticultural industry. Our region is particularly affected, with millions of dollars and hundreds of jobs at risk. Outbreaks in townships impact on growers’ ability to market and sell their produce, and there has been a recent dramatic rise in township outbreaks. Swan Hill Rural City Council is partnering with local commercial fruit growers and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning to control fruit flies in our region. We urge you to help reduce the threat that fruit fly poses to the region. If you suspect a neighbour or other community member has fruit fly in their backyard trees, please consider talking to them prior to making a report. However, should this approach not be successful, or the conditions are not favourable for a direct approach, you can complete and submit a report for Council to follow-up. The impact on your garden Fruit fly larvae (maggots) cause your fruit and vegetables to turn into a soft, mushy mess. Adult female fruit flies lay eggs in the flesh of ripening and ripe fruits and vegetables. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae feeds on the fruit, causing it to rot and drop to the ground. This damage will make your fruit inedible. Just one fruit fly can cause an outbreak Female fruit flies can lay 500 to 800 eggs in their six month life. Fruit flies emerge, feed and mate in two to four days in summer and they hatch in just six to eight days. This can translate in 700,000 flies in one season originating from just one fly. Help keep the Swan Hill region fruit fly free Fruit flies destroy fruit and vegetables grown commercially and in home gardens. Commercial growers have put strategies in place to control fruit fly in their crops, but they cannot control outbreaks in home gardens. Regularly inspect your home grown fruit and vegetable for larvae. Fruit and vegetables will need to be cut open to detect larvae. Common fruit fly host plants are: Remember than fruit fly activity is not strictly seasonal, and if you have host fruit trees on your property you should: Flyers and more information are also available the Council office in Swan Hill, at the Swan Hill Region Information Centre and the Swan Hill Regional Library. You can also contact Council’s Economic Development Unit – in certain cases, help might be available to collect fruit or remove fruit trees. Swan Hill Region Information Centre Phone: (03) 5032 3033 Freecall (in Australia): 1800 625 373	<urn:uuid:b552ff53-5c9f-4210-bed4-265a0453b069>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.swanhill.vic.gov.au/environment-and-waste/pest-management/fruit-fly/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257660.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524144504-20190524170504-00103.warc.gz	en	0.931742	535	3.171875	3
Question: Why did the big freeze-over happen during the eye of the storm, and why was it then safe for Dr. Hall to continue his journey north? Answer: Earlier in the film, Hall's team analyzes the Scotland helicopter incident and determines that it was caused by a new meteorological phenomenon like a reverse hurricane. Air from the upper atmosphere was pulled down to ground level, but remained at the temperature of the troposphere (-150 F). The eye of the storm is where the vortex from the troposphere to the surface terminates, with the air then moving outward with the storm and warming to ground temperature. This is why the freezing happens during the eye of the storm. Dr. Hall is safe continuing after the eye passes as conditions will get steadily better because he is passing out of the storm, until it abruptly ends overnight. Question: I noticed the librarian, Judith, never appears after the retrieval of penicillin, I say this because I missed a tid-bit of the film after they acquired it. Is she there just camera shy or did she freeze? Answer: She is indeed alive. Take a close look at the scene when Jack Hall arrives. Judith appears in that scene. Question: Shouldn't cold air which was severe enough to kill a person upon exposure, have been cold enough to freeze the liquid in an LCD display? Answer: It should. But perhaps Dr Hall carrys it close to himself, warming it with his own body heat, and only takes it out briefly to look at it. Question: In the part where Frank falls through the glass roof, you see Jack use his pick to stop them.where does he stick his pick into if it is all glass? He couldn't have stuck it into ice because you see him wipe away just snow to see Frank. Answer: The roof isn't one continuous piece of glass, it's many pieces fit together and separated by metal framing. The flat end of the pick can fit into the crack in the frame between two pieces of glass. Question: After all of the snow melts, wouldn't it go into the ocean and cause the same disruption as before? Answer: Who says it's going to melt? The point of the movie is that global warming has upset the ocean currents and triggered a new Ice Age. The snow is going to be there for a long time to come yet - say 10,000 years? Question: I read somewhere that Kirsten Dunst had a cameo in this film...does anyone know where it was? Answer: I've read it is when Sam calls his father to tell him the sewer has backed up into the school, she is supposedly standing at his elbow with a sweater pulled up over her nose and mouth. Question: What did the girl cut her leg on when she was squeezing between the two taxis? It looked like it was cut on the edge of a license plate, but that would have made a horizontal cut, not a vertical one. Answer: From what I saw the license plate rim was broken, exposing a sharp end. It looks like the moved her leg forward, the sharp peice cut into her leg and she moved her leg up which would create a near vertical wound. Question: Why was the ship that stopped in the front of the library empty? Did the crew abandon ship? Or was there something more sinister? Answer: Hard to tell why, it was not depicted. During heavy storms, most people would be on call, attending watches in the engine room and bridges. They probably died during the storm (several causes, as such heavy trashing, being swept away, the cold) etc., but their bodies were not shown, as it was irrelevant to the plot. Question: How is it possible that at the end of the film, when the helicopters are arriving to New York, many people is coming out of the buildings. Aren't they supposed to be frozen? Answer: The people in the library were able to survive by making fires and so on - obviously these other people were equally resourceful. Question: Most tsunami are caused by earthquakes underwater that trigger a huge wave. However, there are no earthquake-causing fault lines anywhere near New York City. So what caused the tsunami? Answer: That's not a tsunami - it's a catastrophic rise in sea level caused by the disruption in the ocean's balance. Same basic effect, different cause. Question: Why was only the Northern Hemisphere covered in ice? We see in the first scene of the film that Antarctica was affected too, so why didn't the Southern Hemisphere enter a new ice age too? Answer: Unlike the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere is mostly covered by ocean. Large water masses have a moderating influence on temperature, and are less prone to freezing. Question: At the beginning of the film, Jack Hall quickly explains how global warming could cause an ice age by altering the global ocean currents. The explanation is short and I didn't catch all of it. Could someone explain in more detail, preferably as simply as possible? Answer: Global warming melts the icecaps, releasing millions of tons of fresh water into the oceans. This upsets the delicate environmental balance of the oceans, leading to the ocean currents stopping. It's these currents that carry warm water up into the Northern Hemisphere, causing our temperate climate. The currents stop, everything cools down, fast. Question: Is the Statue of Liberty strong enough to survive that amount of water pressure, or should it have buckled/bent/been destroyed completely? Answer: The Statue of Liberty should have been knocked over by the tidal wave, but the director wanted to create a symbol of American values of "standing up" and persevering.	<urn:uuid:e9b6ac2d-7d92-4a1e-a464-5011e3597999>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://www.moviemistakes.com/film4178/questions/entry59622	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654114.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00298-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981538	1,178	2.59375	3
"...Applying a molecular clock to extrapolate times of origin of more divergent HCV variants, such as subtypes and genotypes, is clearly pointless, as the number of neutral sites or the limitations on sequence change at variable sites is not known, so there is no denominator with which to calculate and correct for multiple substitutions. The constriction of sequence space of viruses such as HCV with GORS implies that many of the branches that are evident on phylogenetic analysis of contemporary sequences that define virus species, genotypes or genera occurred at remote times in the past. In making the molecular clock-based estimates above of 350–1000 years for the time of divergence of genotypes, we are therefore in danger of telescoping a much longer period of virus evolution into an unrealistically short time-frame. A much longer time perspective on HCV evolution, provided by our understanding of GORS constraints, fits much better with the globally distributed nature of HCV and the concentration of specific genotypes with historically relatively isolated populations in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. As a potential comparison, GORS in the widely distributed human virus hepatitis G virus/GB virus C appears to have restricted sequence drift to 11–13 % nucleotide sequence divergence over the course of evolution of modern humans over the last 100 000–150 000 years (González-Pérez et al., 1997; Pavesi, 2001; Simmonds, 2001). The greater sequence diversity between HCV genotypes implies times of origin that occurred even further back in the evolution of humans..." So, probably during a mammoth hunt. I'm thinking it passed from mosquitoes to humans. No! the evidences of passing from mosquitoes to humans are not known That's really a great question. And like with so many other great questions there are only theories offered as answers. The one theory that I find the most compelling is the theory of descension or de-evolution to use another term. I've posted on this a few times in the past. This holds that a virus such as HCV may have first been an organism such as a parasite, or even an antibody. Whatever the answer there is one thing known for sure---HCV in its evolutionary past had to have been self-replicating on its own without using intracellular mechanisms. Here is a link with alot of useful information on the topic.	<urn:uuid:e9e6bad8-1883-4ac7-8a1d-b543d805f68c>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Hepatitis-C/If-the-HCV-is-infection--how-did-the-very-very-first-person-get-this-virus/show/943304	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986673250.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017073050-20191017100550-00330.warc.gz	en	0.937819	486	2.703125	3
While a team of researchers at Georgia Health Sciences University explored the connection between high blood pressure and stress last week, a team of doctors at Duke University says they've pinpointed another factor that puts African Americans at greater risk. Examining a group of 144 sedentary, overweight, and obese adults with high blood pressure, the researchers found that African Americans were less likely to adopt the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet compared to their white counterparts. According to previous research, the DASH diet, which promotes consumption of more fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grain, and less meats and sweets, has proven to be a highly effective approach to treating hypertension. But African Americans may not be reaping its full benefits, experts say. “After DASH dietary counseling, African Americans increased their consumption of DASH foods, but continued to lag behind whites in overall adherence to the DASH eating plan, consuming considerably more meat, sweets, and fat, and less fruit,” lead investigator James A. Blumenthal, PhD, Professor of Behavioral Medicine in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University Medical Center said in a release. In addition to adherence, researchers also evaluated potential predictors of why participants may or may not comply, including depression, anxiety, level of support from family and friends, and their beliefs about health and exercise. But some say African American culinary traditions are to blame. "I know grandma made that delicious Sunday dinner with love," writes ABC News' Dr. Khaalisha Ajala, in an analysis of the Duke University study. "But with its conventional ingredients, you will have a harder time getting your blood pressure under control." Blumenthal agrees, noting that "strong cultural influences on food preferences, food preparation, and perceptions about eating practices might make it more challenging for African Americans to adhere to the DASH diet.” With rates of hypertension-induced heart disease soaring among African-American adults and too few likely to have their condition under control, experts believe that greater cultural sensitivity (ie. modifying traditional recipes to meet current nutritional guidelines rather than recommending that they be eliminated altogether) is worth a shot. Watch as co-author and nutritionist Pao-Hwa Lin discusses the implications of the DASH study.	<urn:uuid:8849301d-4de9-4da8-af28-63262f0dde8a>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/19/blood-pressure-diet-african-americans-soul-food_n_1897503.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769596.116/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00080-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950213	470	2.78125	3
There’s no real difference between LED and WLED displays; in other words, it’s just a marketing gimmick. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, whereas WLED means White Light Emitting Diode. LCD: LED vs. CCFL LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) have two polarized glass layers. These liquid crystals block or pass the light to the display based on the picture. The crystals do not produce any light whatsoever; the light comes from a series of lamps at the display’s backside — the backlight. LCDs have either an LED or a CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps) backlight. LED TVs and monitors use less power, can be lighter and thinner, and can have a better image quality than CCFL LCD TVs and monitors. Nowadays, almost all modern LCDs utilize LED backlighting. The latest LED displays use mini LED or MicroLED backlights, which offer even better image quality. There are also OLED displays that don’t have a backlight but produce their own light, which allows them to create superior image quality with an infinite contrast ratio. LCDs also have different panels, including IPS, TN and VA, which you can learn more about here.	<urn:uuid:b0d62238-3781-411f-b972-e9cf5c9320b8>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://www.displayninja.com/wled-vs-led/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500392.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207071302-20230207101302-00184.warc.gz	en	0.909853	266	3	3
Trees and Vines Many types of climbing vines are found throughout the Charlotte area in managed landscapes and the natural environment. Some are easy to control and play nice with neighboring plants, while others can be problematic (Many species of climbing vines in the area that affect trees are also invasive and can spread from their original location during the growing season impressively fast). Depending on the species of vine, a fair amount of work can be required to keep it from overtaking a tree or entire corner of the yard. Regardless of the vine species, there is a limit to how well established it should be allowed to become in and around trees. A small amount of vines around the base of most trees or growing up the lower portion of the trunk is generally not cause for concern. Vines that have begun to overtake the area around a tree or cover the tree’s entire trunk and canopy can be cause for concern for several reason: - Increased competition for the same resources in the soil between trees and vines - Vines covering the entire base of a tree or trunk can obscure defects/issues that would otherwise be visible and possibly noticed earlier - Established vines in a tree’s canopy can restrict proper development of smaller branches and affect the overall architecture of the canopy - Many times a dead vine covered tree may be mistaken for a living tree due to the green leaves on many vines Cautiously severing the vine’s connection with the ground and allowing what remains above to die is generally the best course of action when they’ve made it into a tree’s canopy. It’s fairly easy to damage a tree if vines are cut with the wrong tool or with too heavy of a hand. Using hand pruners and a handsaw where needed are preferable to a chainsaw to prevent damage. Please contact Heartwood Tree Service with any additional questions about Vines and Trees. Tree, Vine or Cousin It?	<urn:uuid:a16afc94-1a3a-4bc3-a031-5e8c83674a96>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.heartwoodtree.com/blog/trees-and-vines/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369523.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304205238-20210304235238-00175.warc.gz	en	0.946483	396	3.015625	3
Pinpointing the total amount and forms of sources your assignment requires may help the right is chosen by you investigating online tools. Before starting looking the library catalogue and databases, you need to make clear a number of things in regards to the assignment: - What kind of project will it be? (analysis paper, essay, viewpoint paper, review, or other?) - Just how long does your paper should be? - exactly How numerous sources do you may need for the bibliography? - What kinds of information do you really need? (Statistics, webpages, books, articles, pictures, audio/video videos, or other?) - Do you want present or sources that are historical? Or both? If you should be not clear on some of the demands, ASK YOUR TEACHER ASAP! carrying this out early within the semester can save you stress in the future and certainly will show your teacher that you’re proactive. - How to pick a topicSometimes your subject is assigned by the teacher. Nonetheless, more often than not your teacher will provide you with the freedom to select your research that is own subject. (más…) This style could be the leading method that is american of and referencing. Sociological scholars apply the someone to write my paper ASA citation format to really have the punctuation that is proper associated with the footnotes, citing, bibliography. This is a brief guide to want to learn to write academic papers of high quality. American Sociological Association developed the standards of ASA to write them regarding the official site. You can examine it out to read information much more details. What exactly is ASA Format In line with the standards, scholars must apply ASA format to text associated with extensive research paper. With ASA formatting, the entire world accepted font is Times New Roman, 12 pt. Entire text, including reference list, must certanly be double-spaced; those standards also cover the text structure: - Title page. Includes information on the writer: his name, institution, acknowledgments, grant info & address (in a footnote, below the page) to list the whole word count about this page. - Abstract. That is a brief paragraph (a maximum of 200 words), which summarizes essay content that is entire. Begin this thing in the next page to start it from main title. Add 3-5 keywords to it. - Body. Main part of your paper, where in actuality the author does his research; proofs his opinion with help of data; references to your authoritative resources. Write the text in ASA paper format and divide it into titles and head titles. Read 10 useful tips on how to write the academic paper from the experts’ argument. - Notes. Additional information within the paper. You can easily take down notes below the page in a superscripted numbers order or create a separate section. - References. Citing when you look at the paper should really be listed in the order that is alphabetical. Find out more details about the ASA bibliography format below. - Appendixes. (más…)	<urn:uuid:c2c8cd9e-f0e8-44c7-bc53-2edff6c9ba57>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	http://lombana.com.pa/category/write-an-essay-for-me-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00527.warc.gz	en	0.91946	634	2.625	3
By James J. Barnes,Patience P. Barnes Famous generals like Edward Canby and James J. Reynolds are coated, but in addition many general Hoosier boys who went, suffered within the struggle within the battles and from disorder in camp and in Andersonville and Libby prisons yet stayed to aid retailer the nation. Read or Download 500 Strong:Wabash College Students in the Civil War PDF Similar american history books The existential query dealing with the antebellum presidents used to be how one can get to the bottom of the dichotomy among the freedoms assured within the statement of Independence and the safety of slavery verified by way of the structure. This paintings information how each one president handled this factor. It then ranks the presidents at the sole criterion in their skill to acknowledge slavery because the serious probability to nationwide team spirit, and to behave decisively to finish the evil and peacefully defend the Union. Fresh years have noticeable a resurgence of curiosity in sleek black nationalist leaders akin to Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X. yet what of the ideological precursors to those glossy leaders, the writers, and leaders from whose highbrow legacy glossy black nationalism emerged? Wilson Jeramiah Moses, whom the Village Voice known as one of many ultimate historians of black nationalism, has right here accrued the main influential speeches, articles, and letters that tell the highbrow underpinnings of up to date black nationalism, returning our concentration to black nationalism at its inception. The picturesque photographs and steadfast spirit of small-town the US thrive inside Bristol. One want merely to appear alongside its tree-lined streets and centuries-old waterfront and into its ancient houses and constructions to work out the romance of Rhode Island's previous mingling with its current. background and culture, in particular its long-running celebrations of the Fourth of July, are crucial in figuring out the nature and id of this little city at the bay. In Pennsylvania and the Federal structure, 1787-1788, John Bach McMaster, a professor of yank heritage, and Frederick D. Stone, librarian of the historic Society of Pennsylvania, assembled newspaper articles, editorials, and files in regards to the debates in Pennsylvania's ratifying conference. as well as speeches and essays by way of either supporters and competitors of the structure, noninterpretive editorial reviews also are awarded to introduce the files and place them within the applicable historic context. - The American Soul Rush: Esalen and the Rise of Spiritual Privilege (Qualitative Studies in Religion) - No Soap, No Pay, Diarrhea, Dysentery & Desertion:A Composite Diary of the Last 16 Months of the Confederacy from 1864 to 1865 - American Indians and the Urban Experience (Contemporary Native American Communities) - Norfolk County (Images of America) - The Graves County Boys: A Tale of Kentucky Basketball, Perseverance, and the Unlikely Championship of the Cuba Cubs - Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill (Images of America) Additional info for 500 Strong:Wabash College Students in the Civil War 500 Strong:Wabash College Students in the Civil War by James J. Barnes,Patience P. Barnes	<urn:uuid:38b95c83-ddbe-4172-9b98-17092bc104c8>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	http://mates.al/library/500-strong-wabash-college-students-in-the-civil-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201904.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319052517-20190319074517-00081.warc.gz	en	0.903486	654	2.640625	3
10:17 a.m., March 3, 2010----A University of Delaware scientist is waging an important battle to help protect a major resource in the world's food supply from a devastating fungal disease known as rice blast. Nicole Donofrio, assistant professor in the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences at the University of Delaware, said rice blast disease affects foods that many developing countries depend on, such as rice, as well as other members of the grass family including rye, wheat and barley. Donofrio explained that this disease is particularly destructive, saying, “The general statistic is that rice blast kills enough rice each year to feed 60 million people -- a number we definitely cannot afford, particularly in the face of the rapidly expanding world population.” Her work focuses on the complex nature of the interactions between the plants and fungal plant pathogens in trying to understand how certain fungi take advantage of a plant's “inner workings” to grow and reproduce. The difficulties in finding a solution to rice blast are many, Donofrio said, beginning with the problems that arise in trying to control the disease. “Applying fungicides over broad expanses of rice fields or paddies is neither economic nor environmentally friendly,” she said. Because of this, people who grow rice rely on both fungicides and what is known as host resistant -- strains of crops developed to resist the disease -- to stop the fungus. But Donofrio said the rice blast disease evolves quickly and can overcome these host resistances, as well as the fungicides. “Typically, a resistance line of rice only lasts a couple years out in the field before the fungus' genome changes to overcome this resistance, and infects its host once again,” she said. Rice blast disease is caused by a fungus known as Magnaporthe oryzae. This fungus asexually produces spores that infect the plant by landing on the surface, creating a little tube that runs along the surface of the plant and eventually creates a penetration structure. According to Donofrio, “This specialized structure is called an appressorium, and has been extremely well-studied. Without the appressorium, the fungus cannot attack the plant.” When the fungus gets inside the plant, it sucks the nutrients out of the plant cells and “eventually, after maybe about 4-5 days, lesions, or dead zones, appear on the rice leaf in a diamond-shaped form,” she said. “These disease symptoms give the disease its name, 'rice blast,' because the leaf eventually looks like it's been 'blasted' with some sort of gun.” The disease is also very flexible and can infect pretty much any part of the plant, including its roots. One of the worst ramifications of the disease, according to Donofrio, is “decreasing the amounts of rice to feed an increasing world population” as “many developing countries rely on rice as a staple food crop and without a cure for the disease, hunger concerns worldwide could very well increase.” Donofrio said she has been interested in researching ways to keep plants healthy since her doctoral studies at Cornell University and decided to focus on this part of plant pathology for her post-doctoral research at North Carolina State University. “Not to geek out or anything, but I pretty much fell in love with the fungi,” Donofrio said. Though the disease itself is a devastating one, the study of the disease reaps rewards for Donofrio, who said, “I love watching my lab personnel get really into their projects; it is so rewarding to witness how excited my students get when they make a new discovery, get a new technique to work, or just get a good result. “It is very exciting to be in such a challenging and important field of research. I am lucky to have had the opportunities and mentors I have thus far had in this field, and to be a part of such a vibrant research community.” Donofrio said she understands her students' excitement level, having been a student studying the disease herself, but she also understands the importance of continued study to try to find a cure for this harrowing disease. Article by Adam Thomas	<urn:uuid:30e0bc2d-7634-448d-85bc-3d86a8c2ac22>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2010/mar/donofrio030310.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00256-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96999	887	3.53125	4
LONDON The Large Hadron Collider housed at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) has been re-opened and two beams of protons have been brought into a collision with an energy of 7 tera electron-volts. The event happened at 13:06 Central European Summer Time today (March 30). The high-energy collision effectively marks the opening of Europe's LHC research project, which intends to recreate conditions at a time close to the origin of the universe and provide an experimental platform for the most advanced quantum particle physics research. The 7-TeV energy collision is three and a half times higher than previously achieved at a particle accelerator. The record-breaking achievement goes some way towards overcoming the disappointment that was felt when the LHC broke down soon after it was opened for the first time in September 2008. After more than a year repairing damage and verifying the demanding engineering the collider has been brought up gradually and two beams of protons have been circling in opposite directions around the underground particle accelerator for many days. Being a cryogenic machine operating at very low temperature, the LHC takes about a month to bring up to room temperature and another month to cool down. Now that the collider is chilled and running CERN will let it run for between 18 and 24 months with the objective of delivering enough data to a number of experiments to make significant advances across a wide range of physics. As soon as they have used the set up to "re-discover" the known standard model particles, the LHC experiments will start the systematic search for the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson is a particle predicted by the standard model not yet observed. The combined analysis of data from two experiments Atlas and CMS &@151; will allow experimenters to explore a wide mass range in the hunt for Higgs. If the Higgs boson has a mass near 160-GeV, it could be discovered relatively quickly, CERN said. If the Higgs boson is much lighter or very heavy, it will be harder to find in this first LHC run. "With these record-shattering collision energies, the LHC experiments are propelled into a vast region to explore, and the hunt begins for dark matter, new forces, new dimensions and the Higgs boson," said Fabiola Gianotti, a spokesperson for ATLAS, the proton collision experiment being hosted on the LHC. "We'll address soon some of the major puzzles of modern physics like the origin of mass, the grand unification of forces and the presence of abundant dark matter in the universe. I expect very exciting times in front of us," said Guido Tonelli, spokesperson of the CMS experiment (Compact Muon Solenoid). There are also plans to cause lead ion collisions, which is expected to provide insights into the nature of the strong interaction and the evolution of matter in the early universe. Following this run, the LHC will shut down for maintenance, and to complete the repairs and consolidation work needed to reach the LHC's design energy of 14-TeV.	<urn:uuid:617c25a4-4e39-45aa-bce8-4864a030d63c>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1173402	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924919.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00093-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937638	628	2.625	3
Soothing Boost Oil$8.99 (1) Blend Oat, Argan & Zi Cao 25 oz Seventh Generation is working to create more and more products that are sustainable, so it makes sense for consumers to stop and ask, "What do you mean by a sustainable product?" and, "Is it possible to produce products from plants in a sustainable way?" According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, a sustainable product is one that meets the needs and aspirations of one generation without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations. Since the products we make require both energy and material, how is Seventh Generation able to use resources today without reducing their availability in the future? The answer becomes clear if we simply take a giant step back to where we can see Spaceship Earth beautifully suspended in the darkness of space. Figure 1, Spaceship Earth Except for an occasional meteor or comet, the only thing reaching Earth on a regular basis is sunlight. There's no cosmic source of air, no universal river of water, no conveyor belt of minerals supplying the planet. The resources we have today are the ones that were here 4½ billion years ago when Earth was formed, and they are the ones that will be here a billion years in the future. Matter is not being created or destroyed, though it may be changed from one form to another. Even with a fixed supply of materials, Nature has sustained life on earth for 4 billion years, meeting the needs of each new generation by using and reusing the same materials over and over again. If we take a lesson from Nature and make products from materials that have been used before, and design the products so their materials can be used again, we will have come a long way toward increasing our quality of life without challenging the ability of future generations to increase their quality of life as well. One example of how Seventh Generation designs more sustainable products is our choice of plants, not petroleum, for ingredients. Plants are made from 4-billion-year-old carbon that has been cycled from carbon dioxide in the air to plants, to animals, and back to carbon dioxide in the air. When Seventh Generation makes a product with a plant-based (biobased) ingredient, we're borrowing carbon from the carbon cycle. But it isn't enough that we make our product ingredients from biobased materials. Those biobased materials must also be designed to degrade back to carbon dioxide (biodegrade). When the ingredient biodegrades, it is being returned to the carbon cycle, ready for reuse as a plant, animal, or perhaps another Seventh Generation product. Figure 2, The Carbon Cycle By working with Nature's cycles, Seventh Generation is caring today for the next seven generations – and beyond.	<urn:uuid:8ba95afe-9a1f-4013-aa4a-af9691a6a7d6>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://www.seventhgeneration.com/learn/blog/creating-sustainable-products-plants	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379466.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00160-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943719	570	2.859375	3
[Source: This is the lead story in the most recent issue of The Charon Space Central Daily, published electronically every 6th or 7th Earth day, since Pluto’s day lasts almost as long as our week. I simply translated it into English, after I intercepted the transmission, so that at least some other humans can read it.] Earth is the most massive of the inner rocky planets, with the mass of 459 plutos, according to the most accurate measurements relayed so far by Wizonn Shore, in recent days, on the robotic spacecraft’s approach to the giant rocky world. Earth’s radius, 5.5 times that of Pluto, gives it a volume of about 160 plutos, so it is almost three times as dense as either of our homeworlds. Its surface area, as the largest rocky body in the solar system, is almost 23 times greater than that of Pluto and Charon combined. However, as this chart shows, much of Earth’s surface is covered with deadly oceans, utterly useless for any form of life as it evolved in the Pluto / Charon system. These enormous accumulations of liquid dihydrogen monoxide are the largest yet discovered anywhere, so incredibly hot (averaging ~300 kelvins) that, at Earth’s high atmospheric pressure, that compound exists as a freely-flowing, highly-reactive liquid covering over 70% of earth’s surface, except for rare areas where it is frozen, mostly near the poles and/or at the top of Earth’s taller mountains. Unfortunately, 300 kelvins is about seven times what natives of Pluto, Charon, or our colonies are used to, in terms of temperatures above absolute zero, so Earth is believed by most scientists to hold no potential for colonization. It was this high temperature that prevented exploration of the inner solar system’s rocky planets — until recent developments in high-temperature adaptive technology made it possible for us to begin our exploration of the inner solar system, breaking the previously-inviolable heat-barrier at the asteroid belt, and sending our now more heat-resistant spacecraft into the previously “forbidden” region — first, Mars, which has been studied already with two separate mission; and now, finally, Earth. The exploration of Venus and Mercury by robot craft, however, at least for now, awaits further improvements in heat-resistant materials science. The first surface-reconnaissance rover, similar to those used on Mars, was sent to a place with relatively low large-alien population density, as estimated by artificial light-output from different parts of the land surface, during Earth’s night. However, of course, its landing position had to be somewhere in the 29.2% of Earth’s surface not covered with oceans — for a rover landing in liquid dihydrogen monoxide would instantly be destroyed, as it sank to ever-more-crushing pressures in a hot liquid often called, on decoded Earth voice-transmissions, “water.” On both Pluto and Charon, in all laboratory experiments, this dangerous “water” has quickly rendered inert any electronic components — of anything — to which it is exposed. (Indeed, this, as well as the numerous deaths which resulted, was the reason that such “water” experiments have largely been abandoned, except by Earth-colonization advocates who have, a few admit, no good answers to the questions about Earth already being inhabited, nor how to deal with the toxic oxygen gas making up nearly one-fifth of Earth’s atmosphere.) Despite the care given to choosing a landing-spot, this was still the first and only image sent before our spacecraft’s first rover was unexpectedly deactivated, for unknown reasons. These reasons are suspected to be related to the strange, pink alien creature dominating the image, although that is, at this point, speculation. With data transmissions from the first landing probe ceased, Pluto/Charon’s automated spacecraft Wizonn Shore, launched from Charon eight years ago, continues to take pictures, from Earth-orbit, as fast as it can, while waiting on instructions from Charon Space Central regarding when to risk launching a second landing rover. Transmission of the images taken from orbit is a secondary priority to actually taking the pictures, as is happening now, so our news services do not yet have images of Earth of any higher resolutions than those already sent as Wizonn Shore approached Earth over the last few weeks. While there has been some speculation in the press that the alien pictured in the one image sent from Earth might be the dominant species on Earth, that is not supported by visual transmissions decoded in the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum, most of which depict the activity of a relatively hairless biped which compensates for its nudity, for reasons unknown, by covering itself with “clothes,” the buying and selling of which is, judging from the transmissions we have decoded so far, a major activity for Earth’s bipedal inhabitants. It is these mysterious bipeds, and their activity as observed by our own devices, which all of Pluto, Charon, and our colonies on the outer moons are waiting to see images of, as taken by Wizonn Shore. Will it match what they beam out in all directions, using radio waves, with what seems to be careless abandon — or will the “as seen on TV” version of Earth prove to be an elaborate deception, on the part of Earth’s inhabitants? Of course, the computers processing these images do not care about our collective frustration, and so we continue to wait. Might “clothes” be adopted only at a certain age by Earth’s dominant bipeds? Might that single, naked, pink-skinned alien, photographed by our short-lived landing-rover, simply be an immature form of the same species? At this time, those questions, and more, remain open.	<urn:uuid:920ba439-d57d-4bb1-ae7b-e412fa63b81b>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://robertlovespi.net/2015/07/26/initial-transmission-after-arrival-from-the-first-automated-spacecraft-from-the-plutocharon-system-wizonn-shore-to-the-mysterious-planet-earth-surrounded-by-its-atmosphere-of-high-pressure-ni/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00574.warc.gz	en	0.954846	1,244	3.390625	3
Comet ISON is alive and kicking, according to recent observations, and one study released last week found it could likely remain intact through its close pass by the sun next month. That is good news for those hoping the comet will be visible from Earth at twilight late this year. Recent observations show the comet's nucleus -- the ball of rock, mineral and ice from which its tail emanates -- is substantial, at somewhere between about 2/3 of a mile and 4 miles across, National Geographic reports. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore says it's more like slightly more than a mile across, citing its expert, Dr. Jian-Yang Li of the Planetary Science Institute. That the comet has a large enough nucleus makes it less likely the sun's heat will split the comet into chunks, which might not shine as bright to be seen from Earth. A study released Wednesday found that ISON's pass through the sun's corona, an intensely hot layer of plasma and charged particles, is not likely to doom the comet. Researchers at the Lowell Observatory and Southwest Research Institute conducted numerical simulations to compare ISON to other sun-grazing comets and comets that were broken up by the sun, including comet Lovejoy in 2011, which put on a spectacular show regardless. Amateur astronomers' images of the comet have begun to appear as ISON nears the sun, and more images from the Hubble Space Telescope are forthcoming. The telescope, managed from the telescope institute in Baltimore, was slated to take a new round of images on Wednesday.	<urn:uuid:018cecb1-8872-44bf-9c71-43b870066c3f>	CC-MAIN-2016-36	http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/weather/weather-blog/bal-wx-comet-ison-likely-to-pass-by-sun-intact-scientists-say-20131015-story.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982947760.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200907-00231-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956334	317	3.59375	4
Nucs, or Nucleus Colonies, are small honey bee colonies created from larger colonies. The term refers both to the smaller size box and the colony of honeybees within it. The name is derived from the fact that a nuc hive is centered around a queen - the nucleus of the honey bee colony. Nuc Creation Edit The nuc box, also called a nuc, is a smaller version of a normal beehive, designed to hold fewer frames. The nuc box is smaller because it is intented to contain a smaller number of honeybees, and a smaller space makes it easier for the bees to control the temperature and humidity of the colony, which is vital for brood rearing. When using a Langstroth hive, a nuc is created by pulling two to five frames from an existing colony. These frames and the nurse bees clinging to them form the basis for the nuc colony. A nuc may or may not be given a queen at the time it is created. If the nuc does not contain a queen or queen-cell, but does contain eggs, the workers will create a new queen from one of the eggs. If the nuc is to be given a new queen, the queen will be introduced to the colony in her queen cage either at the time the nuc is split from the main colony, or after a period of queenlessness that increases the likelihood that the new queen will be accepted. Nucs are often used to prevent swarming in a larger colony, by removing frames with queen-cells from a larger colony and using them to provide the basis for a new colony. The removal of queen cells and reduction in population in the donor colony diminish the urge to swarm. This procedure may also be called a walk-away split. Care and feeding Edit A nuc is extremely vulnerable, as it possesses in some cases less than a tenth of the workers in a normal colony. Nucs are almost always fed using a boardman feeder or frame feeder. Feeding allows the worker bees to remain in the nuc, acting as nurse bees for developing brood. Because of their small population, Nucs are vulnerable to robbing, in which a stronger hive steals all the nectar, honey, or syrup from a weaker hive. The bees from a robbing hive will kill any bees that defend the nuc. Robbing can lead to starvation in days. A nucleus colony can be used to prevent overcrowding in a larger, healthy colony by splitting some of the population off to a new colony. A nuc can also be used to care for spare queens. The loss of a queen in a large colony can set the colony back by up to a month. A nucleus colony can be combined with the larger colony to re-queen it with a much smaller break in brood rearing. A nuc can also grow into a full sized colony, given proper time, favorable weather, and appropriate resources. The terms 'nuc' and 'split' are not strictly interchangeable. While a nuc may have a number of different uses, a split more often refers to dividing a colony for the purposes of growing the removed bees back to a full sized colony. A nuc is not normally intended for overwintering, as nuc colonies do not possess a large enough winter cluster to survive winter in harsher climates. Beekeepers often combine nucs together in the fall to produce a single, strong colony. This results in the loss of all but one queen, but provides a colony capable of surviving winter. In warm climates, nucs can overwinter. Nucs can also survive winter indoors, or in an observation hive. Mating nucs Edit Mating nucs are a special type of nuc that may be even smaller than nucs that use standard size frames. These tiny nucs are sometimes called mini-mating nucs. Mating nucs are used in a queen mating yard. A capped queen cell is put into a mating nuc together with a sufficient number of attendant worker bees. When the virgin queen emerges and matures (a process that takes around five to seven days from the point at which she emerges), she flies out and mates with up to 20 drones before returning to the mating nuc. When mating is successful a nice brood pattern can be seen on the frames of the mating nuc. Successfully mated queens are caged and shipped to be used as production queens by beekeepers. Queen breeders raise thousands of queens in this fashion.	<urn:uuid:7f913cf9-4024-4e0a-a7de-2a270d786232>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://beekeeping.wikia.com/wiki/Nuc	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608676.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526184113-20170526204113-00362.warc.gz	en	0.938245	935	3.703125	4
There is no right or wrong way to incorporate nutrition into your everyday life. Being healthy requires you to eat nutritious food to the best of your ability. The article below will provide you with some tips that you can use to achieve a nutrition filled lifestyle that will benefit you. The most important meal of the day, breakfast gives you the energy and motivation needed to lose weight. Breakfast foods naturally contain the carbohydrates, vitamins, and healthy sugars that everyone needs to function effectively and lose weight. Without breakfast, many people will find themselves overeating later in the day. So, never skip breakfast; it will haunt you later that day. If collagen lotion stretch marks are striving to live a healthier lifestyle, a balanced diet is one of the most vital ways to achieve it. Aim to consume around 20% of your calories in protein, around 30% of your calories in fats, and around 50% in carbohydrates. This will put you on the right track to a better lifestyle. No one maintains perfect nutrition. In fact, to set such a goal would be to set yourself up for failure. Instead, think of nutrition as a balancing act between what you want to eat and what you should eat. Focusing too heavily on the "should" side will set you up for failure and guilt, while focusing only on what you want will pile on the pounds and make you less healthy. Stick to all-natural foods instead of those produced and refined in factories. Many times those foods add items such as extra fats, oils, greases and preservatives that can really harm your body. Try shopping from the parts of the stores where you can purchase produce, healthy protein and other "from the earth" products. When you go to the grocery store, give your children a chance to pick out some of the foods. Allow them to pick the fruits and vegetables they would like to have. By doing this, they are going to be much more likely to consume these foods. Kids might even want to try out new things, like shiny and bright foods that get their attention. Whenever possible, avoid eating processed or pre-packaged foods. These types of foods tend to be high in refined sugar, sodium and fat. Not only that, but typically they don't offer much in the way of nutrition. Instead, focus on eating fresh, unprocessed foods that provide your body with the energy it needs to get through the day. You might buy ground turkey thinking that it's lower fat, and therefore better for you nutritionally. But you should always read the labels, and ground turkey is no exception. Ground turkey contains both white and dark meat, the latter being high in fat. And ground turkey, though certainly leaner than ground hamburger, is actually higher in fat than ground sirloin. https://www.kiwibox.com/karina72arlen/blog/entry/140734467/healthy-easy-food-to-contribute-to-your-diet-plan/?pPage=0 is to start serving seafood. Seafood is loaded with quality nutrients. It is a great source of lean protein, and it's also a great source of essential fatty acids. Just head over to the grocery store and stock up on some fresh seafood today. When looking to add more nutritious vegetables to your diet, make it easy by chopping a batch of vegetables to keep on hand for when time is short. Choose vegetables that are rich in color to maximize vitamins and minerals. Having the vegetables ready to add to soups and salads will make it more likely that you will actually eat them. While you do need to have a good amount of protein in your diet, it is not a good idea to eat too much meat, so you should try eating other protein-rich foods and eliminating meat sometimes. Good choices are peas, beans, tofu, and meat substitutes like seitan. Avoid starving collagen hydrolysate kids of nutrients by eating a healthy breakfast. Folks who skip breakfast end up going without ingesting nutrients for hours, and that's as unhealthy as it sounds. Without adequate fuel, you're putting both your body and your brain at a disadvantage. Don't try to take on a day by throwing away several good hours that could be more productive. You should allow yourself to have and indulgence every once in a while even if you are on a diet. This will stop you from spontaneously cheating on your diet. Schedule a day where you can eat something you have been craving, but make sure to be careful with the portion sizes. Upgrade the nutrition of your bread recipes by replacing 50 percent of the flour with a whole wheat variety. This gives your bread more nutrition while keeping the texture very light. You can also try substituting the shortening with applesauce and halving the called for amount of sugar. Make sure you're eating a balanced meal. 15-20% should be protein, 30% should be fats, and 50-55% should be carbs. This ensures that your body is getting everything it needs to function properly. Any diets that have high amounts or extremely low amounts of the nutrients deprive your body of what it needs. To get your kids to eat more fruits and vegetables make them fun. Use peanut butter and dried fruit to turn celery into ants on a log. Make a butterfly using a carrot as the body and apple slices as wings, decorate it with dried fruit. Add apple and banana slices to a peanut butter sandwich. Be creative and lead by example, the possibilities are endless. Rodan and Fields Skin Care - Adult Acne - Skin Care - DailyBeauty - The Beauty Authority - NewBeauty The number-one skin care brand in the United States was just announced, and surprisingly, it’s not one you can find in your local drugstore, Sephora or department store. The brand is so popular, in fact, that it has also already exceeded its goal of becoming a billion dollar brand, achieving more than $1 billion in revenue last year. This unique method is much different than traditional marketing, but it has helped the brand grow quickly, reaching more than a million customers. Rodan and Fields Skin Care - Adult Acne - Skin Care - DailyBeauty - The Beauty Authority - NewBeauty If you are pregnant and determined to raise the bar on your nutrition, make sure the salad greens you pick give you the most benefit. Iceberg lettuce is nutritionally the least beneficial in terms of nutrients. Pick romaine or spinach for a salad full of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, folic acid, potassium and calcium. Meal preparation is important to preventing bacterial infection, so always be sure that your food is thoroughly heated and properly cooled before storing and/or ingesting it. Stored food should always be kept below 40 degrees, and prepared foods should always be above 140 degrees. These safe zones eliminate the growth of bacteria. Don't let yourself think that good nutrition will just take care of itself. If you are ready to start making better food choices to prevent and manage disease, use the powerful information found in this article to get started making the right food choices every time you eat.	<urn:uuid:0d6a86ff-781f-4a1c-b671-083e0b7a6770>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	http://pigjury5imelda.full-design.com/Quick-Easy-Nutritious-Meal-Preparation-Tips-For-Busy-Moms-8287648	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864837.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522170703-20180522190703-00521.warc.gz	en	0.956005	1,468	2.78125	3
A comprehensive book by Hoover senior fellow Alvin Rabushka shows how newborn America found its financial footing. From the first settlement at Jamestown to the midnight ride of Paul Revere, the British colonies in North America grew from a few hundred adventurous souls, most of whom failed to survive the first winter in the New World, to nearly 2 million free colonists whose leaders chose to rebel against the strongest military power in the world. Many British subjects must have sensed a promising future in the New World. Despite the prospect of civil war between Britons and Americans, the largest migration from the British Isles to the American colonies during any five-year period of the colonial era occurred in 1771–75. The millennial edition of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present includes a survey by John J. McCusker on the story of the American colonies revealed in the numbers on economic growth, income and wealth distribution, agricultural activity, capital, and expansion. In his review of scholarly research, McCusker states that the economy of the thirteen colonies grew at the fastest rate of all known contemporary economies, affording its citizens the highest standard of living in the world (on average) on the eve of the Revolution. The long-term rate of growth of colonial America, although slow by modern standards and experiencing some thirty short-term cycles of expansion and contraction, exceeded, perhaps doubled, that of Great Britain. Even the poorest colonists enjoyed a steady rise in their standard of living. Colonial families married earlier and had more children than did their British counterparts. Of the 2,360,000 inhabitants of the thirteen colonies in 1775, only 97,500, a mere 4 percent, lived in the principal port cities of Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston. An additional 15 percent resided in communities numbering up to a few thousand people. The remaining four-fifths were engaged principally in agriculture. Agriculture was the dominant factor in the economy. Apart from domestic consumption, it provided numerous commodities for export, such as tobacco, wheat, corn, timber, rice, indigo, livestock, animal foodstuffs, and rum. Agricultural commodities fostered the development of grain and lumber mills. The growth of commerce was reflected in shipbuilding and investment in colonial cargoes that carried colonial products to Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean. Clearances and tonnage of vessels from colonial ports rose substantially during the third quarter of the eighteenth century. The supply of domestic investment capital, which was augmented with credit from British merchants, grew at an annual estimated rate of 1.6 percent between 1730 and 1770, a full percentage point faster than the 0.6 percent annual growth rate of the economy during the same years. Capital underwrote manufacturing and trade and the acquisition of land for the children of colonial farmers setting out on their own. The franchise was limited to white, free, adult males, qualified to vote on the basis of property or the amount of taxes they paid. Representatives elected to lower houses of colonial legislatures carefully deliberated every farthing raised in taxes and carefully examined every farthing approved for spending. By the mid-eighteenth century, the lower houses were largely in charge of the public finances in most of the colonies. Royal governors and their aides depended on elected assemblies for appropriations for their salaries, rent, and other provincial expenses. The Boston Tea Party is perhaps the most famous event preceding the American Revolution, symbolizing a refusal to pay a tax on tea. A mere three pence on the pound, the tax pales against modern levels of taxation, but it was not minuscule in the light of provincial taxes paid in peacetime in the colonies. The Americans endured only three episodes of heavy taxes in the colonial era, which took place during the Pequot and King William’s wars in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, Queen Anne’s War of 1702–13, and the two-decade-long war that began with Spain in 1740 and ended with the French surrender in Quebec in 1760. The Swedish botanist Pehr Kahn, who visited the colonies in 1750, recorded the following: “There is such an amount of good land yet uncultivated that a newly married man can, without difficulty, get a spot of ground where he may comfortably subsist with his wife and children. The taxes are very low, and he need not be under any concern on their account. The liberties he enjoys are so great that he considers himself a prince in his possessions” (emphasis added). The colonists were inventive. British law banned the minting of coins and the issue of official government money in America. To circumvent this restriction, the colonies issued quasi-official paper money, called “bills of public credit,” which fell outside the legal definition of official money. Bills of credit were backed with pledges of taxation to ensure their redemption or were loaned to individuals to secure land and property. Loan office bills generated enough interest in several of the colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century that no direct taxes were levied for up to thirty-eight years in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey and helped keep taxes low in New York and other colonies. To halt the issue of new paper money in the colonies, Parliament passed the Currency Acts of 1751 and 1764. Many colonial assemblies continued to issue, in one form or another, non-legal-tender paper money that was accepted in payment of taxes and between private merchants, thus limiting the need for postwar tax levies. Between 1770 and April 1775, every colony reduced its tax levies, some to the point of enacting no new taxes. The situation in the colonies was in marked contrast to that in Great Britain. British tax burdens were ten or more times heavier than those in the colonies. Whereas the colonists had largely cleared their public debts, British national debt reached record levels, meaning heavy taxes for years to come. To reduce the burden on Britons, especially the cost of maintaining British troops in America to prevent uprisings among the defeated French and Indian tribes, a succession of British administrations set out to levy an American tax. Of these, the Sugar Act of 1764, which lowered duty to the customary rate of bribery, produced considerable revenue in the decade preceding the Revolution. The Stamp and Townshend acts, in contrast, failed miserably, costing more to implement than they collected in revenue. America’s great friend and supporter William Pitt warned his colleagues in Parliament that they were putting 2 million pounds sterling in trade at risk for a hundred thousand pounds of taxes, which they were unable to collect. To paraphrase Shakespeare, for a failed tax, an empire was lost. LOW TAXES, SMALL GOVERNMENT The composition of internal taxes varied across the colonies. The economies of New England consisted of small farmers and traders in the port cities and towns. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire collected the bulk of their revenues from direct taxes on polls and property, including professional income, business inventory and turnover, and interest. These taxes were supplemented with small amounts of revenue from duties, excises, and tonnage. Between 1715 and 1753, Rhode Island financed its public expenditures almost entirely from loan-office interest, which obviated any need for substantial direct or indirect taxes. Apart from modest sums collected from duties and excises in the middle colonies, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware relied largely on interest from the first issue of loan office bills, until the outbreak of the French and Indian War required new sources of revenue that took the form of direct taxes on polls and property. New York relied on indirect taxes, resorting to direct taxes in wartime to support its issue of paper bills. Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, the latter collecting considerable revenue from duties on Negro slaves, extracted most of their revenue from export duties on tobacco, rice, furs, lumber, and other commodities. Quitrents generated considerable revenue in these three colonies. North Carolina, an economy of small farmers, relied on poll taxes. The composition of taxes in the colonies reflects the structure of their economies. The small farming communities of New England developed a comprehensive system of local assessment and collection of taxes on polls and property, with direct taxes on the income and wealth of urban dwellers in Boston, Newport, Providence, New London, and other port towns. The staple-exporting colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and South Carolina, along with the trading colonies of New York and Pennsylvania, relied on export or import duties, which were relatively straightforward, to collect at the point of loading or unloading. Quitrents were easy to impose on large landholdings in the middle and southern colonies, although compliance was often difficult to enforce. Internal politics also played a role in choosing what to tax. Rivalries between countryside and town, large plantations and small farmers, farmers and traders, and other social and economic divisions were reflected in tax burdens and levels of representation in colonial assemblies. Tax revolts, such as the Regulators in North Carolina, demonstrated that backcountry residents, who lived self-sufficient lives on the frontier, were discontented with taxes levied on them by low-country legislators. It is important to note that Negro slaves, more than a fifth of the American population in 1775, had little say over their lives and surroundings, with slave owners reaping the economic rewards. On the eve of the Revolution, free whites in the southern colonies were twice as wealthy as their counterparts in the middle colonies and three times richer than those in New England. Save in wartime, internal taxes in the colonies were light. Despite that, noncompliance and arrears were a chronic fact of fiscal life. The American Revolution was no accident, stumbled into by both sides on the basis of minor disagreements and misunderstandings. It was a tax revolt, first and foremost. Historians have written that taxes in the new American nation rose and remained considerably higher, perhaps three times higher, than they were under British rule. More money was required for national defense than previously needed to defend the frontier from Indians and the French, and the new nation faced other expenses. Nevertheless, reflecting its colonial antecedents, the scope of the federal government remained small, consuming only 3 percent of the national income as recently as 1929. The states remained the principal source of taxing and spending, consuming 7 percent of national income in 1929. It took the legislative measures enacted during the Great Depression to change the compact between the American people and their government, raising the share of taxes levied at all levels of government from a tenth to a third of the national income in peacetime, higher during wartime. The colonial roots of American taxation were lost in the transformation that took place in the twentieth century. Alvin Rabushka is the David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He is an expert on taxation. His books and articles on the flat tax, with Hoover fellow Robert Hall, have provided the foundation for numerous tax reform bills. His book Taxation in Colonial America was just released by Princeton University Press. His other research areas are economic development in Pacific Rim countries, Israel, and the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, notably Russia. Special to the Hoover Digest. Excerpted from Taxation in Colonial America, by Alvin Rabushka (Princeton University Press, 2008). Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press. Available from the Hoover Press is The Flat Tax, updated revised edition, by Robert E. Hall and Alvin Rabushka. To order, call 800.935.2882 or visit www.hooverpress.org.	<urn:uuid:0cb04a84-bfff-42d1-b2c6-ef533f621bcb>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/5789	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011150121/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091910-00011-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96708	2,388	4.125	4
Third Year Art pupils have created a sculpture to mark the 80th anniversary of the Kindertransport. The sculpture was put on display in a special assembly during which Hamptonians heard the personal story of Bea Green, who escaped from Nazi Germany in 1939. Mrs Green, whose grandson Ben is in the Fourth Year, spoke to a packed Main Hall about her memories of living in Germany as Hitler began his systematic persecution of German Jews. She recalled a narrow escape from capture during Kristallnacht, how her father was beaten and paraded through the streets, and the subsequent decision of her family to send her away on the Kindertransport. Warmly applauded by Hamptonians, Mrs Green was thanked by The Headmaster, Kevin Knibbs, who commented: There is much that we should take away from today, but among the most resonant things is your story’s lesson about the importance of maintaining our alertness to the threats of prejudice, intolerance and unkindness… even in societies like ours which consider themselves to be civilised and sophisticated, as indeed Weimar Germany was in the 1920s and early 30s. Following Assembly, Mrs Green met Third Year artists who have created a sculpture to mark the Kindertransport and the evacuation to the United Kingdom of 10,000 Jewish children from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Depicting a young girl and a boy on the point of departure to England, the sculpture is made of an aluminum armature, clad with newspaper and clothes soaked in PVA glue. The faces were modeled in clay, then cast in plaster. The whole sculpture is painted in acrylic paint to make it look like bronze.	<urn:uuid:36551f70-9fe5-4da1-8a1b-657673512bc2>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	https://hamptonschool.org.uk/2018/01/kindertransport-sculpture/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203326.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324043400-20190324065400-00167.warc.gz	en	0.972285	345	2.734375	3
An informative guide to the 'hows' and 'whys' of recycling. Written in a conversational style, this book offers children an approachable source of information on key subjects such as what materials can and cannot be recycled and why, how to make a compost heap and why it is essential to recycle. Publisher: Usborne Publishing Ltd Number of pages: 48 Weight: 236 g Dimensions: 229 x 156 x 9 mm Edition: New edition You may also be interested in... Simply reserve online and pay at the counter when you collect. Available in shop from just two hours, subject to availability. Thank you for your reservation Your order is now being processed and we have sent a confirmation email to you at When will my order be ready to collect? Following the initial email, you will be contacted by the shop to confirm that your item is available for collection. Call us on or send us an email at Unfortunately there has been a problem with your order Please try again or alternatively you can contact your chosen shop on or send us an email at	<urn:uuid:513b5ee6-3003-416d-9a5e-705198581361>	CC-MAIN-2018-47	https://www.waterstones.com/book/why-should-i-recycle/susan-meredith/christyan-fox/9781409599647	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746465.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120150950-20181120172950-00135.warc.gz	en	0.867762	225	2.78125	3
TRAINER: CINDY ROYAL Spreadsheets are a powerful productivity tool. A spreadsheet allows you to organize and analyze numbers and text. It is the foundational skill set of many jobs that require basic to advanced analysis. Knowing how to use a spreadsheet can be helpful in securing a job, but also in performing in a variety of positions. There are a few different spreadsheet packages, like Microsoft Excel, but Google’s productivity offering includes a free spreadsheet product. This guide will cover: •Hiding rows and columns •Formatting and labeling cells •Performing mathematical functions on cells Trainer Cindy Royal originally presented this tutorial at an IJJ’s data visualization workshop for nonprofits and journalists in San Jose, Calif., in Feb. 2014. Cindy is a 2014 John S. Knight Fellow at Stanford University, developing an online training platform for teaching coding and data skills to journalists. She is an associate journalism professor at Texas State University, teaching digital and data-driven media skills and concepts. She has been recognized with several teaching awards, including the Presidential Award for Excellence from Texas State University in 2013. Prior to earning a doctorate in journalism, she had a career in marketing at Compaq Computer (now part of Hewlett-Packard) in Houston and NCR Corp. in Dayton, Ohio.	<urn:uuid:622e36cd-1356-4ff0-949d-cd4a4a243103>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	http://migrahack.org/resources/2014/01/03/intro-to-data-spreadsheets/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00851.warc.gz	en	0.903648	305	2.84375	3
Learning to be an effective parent is a challenge. If your child has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sensory processing disorder, your task is much more difficult. Not every child with ADHD has SPD, but sometimes the two conditions are bundled together. Both can be treated to help your child function normally, but they are two different conditions and require different types of therapy. ADHD, according to Christine Petersen, author of the book, "Does Everyone Have ADHD?: A Teen's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment," is a "health and mental disorder that affects learning, behavior, and perception." Petersen states that more than 4 million children in the U.S. have some form of ADHD. It comes in many forms and is really a variety of conditions which can occur in various combinations. Children and adults with ADHD might have a hard time with learning, fitting in and managing their lives. SID: Sensory Integration Dysfunction Sensory Integration Dysfunction, now known as SPD or Sensory Processing Disorder, according to the SPD Foundation website, is a condition that occurs when information delivered through the child's five senses is not processed correctly by the brain. This can result in a variety of apparent behaviors, such as clumsiness, misinterpreting or failing to hear messages, and sensitivity to certain textures and tastes. Neuroscientist A. Jean Ayres describes the way someone with SPD receives information as a "traffic jam" of input. Recognized Therapy for ADHD and SPD There is therapy for both ADHD and SPD, but if your child has both, then the treatment for one will not correct the other. Accepted treatment for ADHD can include prescription medication, counseling, support groups, goal coaching or diet therapy. The accepted treatment for SPD is play-based therapy in a sensory-rich environment. Some children might also benefit from occupational therapy and listening therapy. The first step toward helping your child is an accurate diagnosis from a trained professional. Look for Help Your pediatrician and school counselor can help you locate the specialists your child might need. Including the educators, counselors, and administrators at your school in your child's professional team will help them to understand his needs and enable them to provide the right kind of instructional support to help him succeed in school. You might also seek out support groups. Other parents who have ADHD or SPD children might be able to provide ideas and information you might not think of on your own.	<urn:uuid:a8c7c7fc-5026-4776-b747-6a061d4da2e7>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	http://living.thebump.com/parenting-adhd-sensory-integration-dysfunctional-child-14318.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219109.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821210655-20180821230655-00166.warc.gz	en	0.958086	493	3.234375	3
Innovative nanotechnological RNA delivery systems targeting the direct cause of Alzheimer‘s disease instead of its symptoms Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s affect over 7 million people in Europe. Despite this fact, few treatments for this group of diseases are available so far. Nanomedical approaches can make a difference, providing new therapeutic options by helping drugs to enter the brain. Therefore, the multinational research project B-SMART sets out to provide an RNA-based therapy perspective for neurodegenerative diseases targeting the direct cause of the disease instead of its symptoms in the midterm. "Transferring RNA therapeutics to the brain crossing the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is a unique research endeavor. Finding a novel gateway to transport RNA to the brain will enable the development of causal therapies not only for Alzheimer’s, but for other diseases as well." Prof. Raymond Schiffelers (UMCU), Coordinator of B-SMART News & Events Collaborate, Connect, Innovate – The dynamic motto of the Controlled Release Society (CRS)...Read more María José Alonso was chosen among the 15 women in the Top of Honor on the list “Top 100 of the...Read more Lack of causal therapies and effective drugs RNA-based nanomedicines directly targeting the brain Secure in-vivo transport through nanocarriers Crossing the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier through ligands Basis technology for treatment of other diseases	<urn:uuid:b834d82a-1859-4936-ba3d-d95e74afcdd3>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://b-smart-project.eu/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00682.warc.gz	en	0.87208	312	2.640625	3
Germany is about 1.4 times smaller than Spain. Spain is approximately 505,370 sq km, while Germany is approximately 357,022 sq km, making Germany 70.65% the size of Spain. Meanwhile, the population of Spain is ~49.0 million people (31.6 million more people live in Germany). This to-scale map shows a size comparison of Spain compared to Germany. For more details, see an in-depth quality of life comparison of Germany vs. Spain using our country comparison tool. Other popular comparisons:	<urn:uuid:ef2e427d-c8cb-4961-a5a6-3b4aae74d276>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.mylifeelsewhere.com/country-size-comparison/germany/spain	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897168.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714145953-20200714175953-00407.warc.gz	en	0.931995	118	2.734375	3
Here are the answers to last Friday’s video, enjoy! Suggested ICAO level for video: 5+ - The original idea came from World War 2 and the fear that Britain could lose its airbases, so the US Air Force wanted a plane that didn’t need to refuel in a foreign airbase. - A straight-wing turboprop bomber. - It changed because the jet age had begun and the US Air Force wanted a jet bomber. - The new idea took shape in a hotel in Dayton, Ohio and it took a weekend. - The Air Force wanted speed, range, payload and low operating costs.	<urn:uuid:fbe5edad-a665-49c9-a308-68f9c3a0374e>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://www.flyhighenglish.com/video-answers-birth-of-the-b-52/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400249545.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926231818-20200927021818-00679.warc.gz	en	0.94844	137	2.953125	3
Visiting a museum can be an excellent hands-on educational experience. Whether you're a parent planning a family vacation or a teacher planning a field trip, there are things you can do beforehand to maximize everyone's enjoyment and enrichment. For parents, deciding where to go and what to see are key. For teachers, planning ahead isn't a luxury - it's essential. Going to a Museum?: A Teacher's Guide recommends teachers begin planning museum field trips as early as six to eight months in advance. At this point, teachers should call the museum to arrange a date, request buses or other transportation and begin a lesson plan. The site offers sample lesson plans in a number of subjects, including some for specific museums. The American Museum of Science and Energy offers a list of general tips for planning a field trip. One tip: plan to have at least one chaperone for every 10 high school or junior high school students, and one for every six elementary students. Pick a good time Many museums offer free admission on particular days of the week. This may sound appealing, but these days (and weekends) are usually the most crowded times to visit. "A lot of teachers don't want to take trips on Mondays because it's right after the weekend and kids will forget to bring the necessary items," said Jane Lee, school and outreach program coordinator at the Children's Museum of Manhattan. Certain months of the year are also busier than others. According to Lee, November and March through May are particularly popular months. Prepare for the day Get materials from the museum before the trip when possible. The National Gallery of Art offers teacher resources online. It also helps to visit the museum before the trip to familiarize yourself with the layout and exhibits. If that isn't possible, check out the museum's Web site. MuseumSpot.com and MuseumStuff link to thousands of museum sites and virtual exhibits. "Teachers forget to check to see if a museum has lunch facilities," she said. She also stresses the importance of nametags for younger students, adding that they should indicate what school the student attends in addition to his or her name. Young children and students should understand museum etiquette before has a simple list of guidelines. Remember that different museums have different rules - some museums encourage touching, while others strictly forbid it.	<urn:uuid:28d54f55-50dc-4eb5-87c5-2f872a1850a0>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://museumspot.com/features/trip.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00579.warc.gz	en	0.93759	513	3	3
Could You or a Family Member Have a Visual Processing Disorder? Trouble reading and writing or difficulty following instructions aren't always related to learning disabilities or behavioral issues. A problem with the way the brain processes visual information may be to blame for these and other challenges. What Are Visual Processing Disorders? Visual processing disorders (VPD) aren't caused by a problem with the eyes. In fact, you can have 20/20 vision and still have one of these disorders. VPDs occur when the brain struggles to process the information it receives from the eyes. When processing is slow, inefficient, or inconsistent, you or your child may have difficulty recognizing words, completing math problems, or copying a simple diagram. VPDs are often confused with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia (a reading disorder), dyspraxia (a coordination disorder), or dysgraphia (a learning disorder that affects handwriting). What Are the Symptoms of Visual Processing Disorders? If you have a VPD, you may: - Lose your place often when reading. - Read the same line more than once. - Struggle to recognize letters, words, or colors. - See words or letters backward or in the wrong order. - Read slowly and fail to remember what you read. - Have difficulty writing on lined paper. - Misunderstand the rules of a game or find it hard to follow step-by-step instructions. - Bump into things. - Struggle with sports and activities that require hand-eye coordination. - Not be able to distinguish an image from its background. - Have trouble with directions or distinguishing left from right. - Fail to copy words, numbers, or images correctly. - Find it impossible to recognize incomplete letters, numbers, or images. - Seem to have a short attention span due to your processing difficulties. - Have difficulty remembering phone numbers, passwords, or spelling words. - Write illegibly with odd spacing and poorly formed letters. Children and adults who have visual processing disorders may experience eyestrain, fatigue, and headaches as they struggle to read and make sense of the world around them. Although VPD is not a learning disorder, it interferes with your child's ability to learn and can lead to low self-esteem, depression, frustration, and behavioral problems. VPD symptoms vary depending on the type of processing disorder. If you have a spatial relations problem, you may have trouble recognizing the position of letters, numbers, and objects and determining the distance between them. The disorder can cause you to reverse letters and numbers or mistake letters that are similar. A visual memory issue may affect your ability to remember directions, recognize words, or even recall faces. How Are Visual Processing Disorders Diagnosed and Treated? During a comprehensive vision examination, your vision therapist will perform a variety of tests that will help him or her determine if you have a VPD, as well as diagnose a specific disorder or disorders. If you are diagnosed with a VPD, your therapist will recommend a therapy plan that will help your brain improve its ability to quickly and accurately identify, organize and process information received from the eyes. Vision therapy involves aids, devices, prisms, lenses, activities, and games designed to challenge your brain and enhance and expand its capabilities. For example, if you often confuse letters or numbers, you might play a matching game that helps you recognize like objects and distinguish between colors and shapes. With each therapy session, you'll retrain your brain and gradually improve your visual processing skills. Vision therapy can help you overcome the many challenges of a visual processing disorder. Contact our office to schedule an appointment for you or your child.	<urn:uuid:477439c2-e544-4c33-b441-b6b5f5f239d9>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://cornerstonevdc.com/articles/general/624560-visual-processing-disorder	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00065.warc.gz	en	0.917387	767	3.265625	3
Port Royal, Nova Scotia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Port Royal is a rural farming community in Annapolis County which was the site of a 17th-century French colonization effort known as the Habitation at Port-Royal. - Port Royal is a rural fishing community in Richmond County on Isle Madame. - Port-Royal (Acadia) (1632-1710) is present-day Annapolis, Nova Scotia \|This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. \|This Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:4675f399-fe10-48ba-a1af-637628ce4518>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal,_Nova_Scotia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00307-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.892615	152	2.640625	3

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