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Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic Services
Appropriate treatment of inherited cardiovascular diseases is most effective when directed by individuals who have expertise in this unique area of cardiovascular disease. Unlike more widely known forms of heart and vascular disease that may develop over time because of diet or other lifestyle factors, inherited cardiovascular disease may result from a gene mutation. Gene mutations can lead to weakness of the heart muscle, known as cardiomyopathy, irregular heart rhythms or vascular disease. Specialists at the University of Chicago have the focused knowledge and the resources to address these unique conditions in individuals who are known to have the condition and in family members who are at risk.
The program here combines the best of standard treatments and the latest in testing to diagnose and treat inherited forms of cardiovascular disease. With the use of genetic testing, we may be able to diagnose those who are at risk for heart disease before it has developed. We make therapy recommendations to prevent heart disease in those who are at risk. In addition, research-based studies may be available, if patients choose to participate.
Our comprehensive services include diagnosis/risk assessment, treatment and prevention/risk reduction.
Prior to your visit, we will work with you to gather medical record information, including results from prior imaging tests. We will then coordinate your visit so that comprehensive testing, if needed, can be offered on the day of your visit.
The first step in effective treatment is properly identifying the problem and its cause. The University of Chicago Medicine uses the latest findings to guide the use of genetic testing. Genetic testing can identify gene abnormalities associated with specific types of cardiovascular disease.
Diagnosis may include: Review of medical records, cardiovascular imaging and testing, gathering extensive family history to identify patterns of heart disease within the family tree. Based on the family tree and clinical diagnosis, genetic testing may be recommended to identify genetic mutations associated with cardiovascular diseases within a family. These analyses also help us identify family members who are at risk for inherited cardiovascular disease.
Once a diagnosis is established, we generate a treatment plan to reduce symptoms and the risk of future disease. This plan may include recommendations for managing heart failure, irregular heart rhythms and for treating vascular disease. In some instances where advanced-level care is required, we work in consultation with other cardiologists to recommend a treatment plan.
Genetic counseling and family education are important complements to the genetic testing process. We want to make sure that patients and family members clearly understand the results, and use the findings and all available medical information to make decisions they’re comfortable with regarding treatment or other interventions.
Preventing or reducing heart disease when possible is a key goal of this program. Because of the inherited aspect of these diseases, our approach welcomes the patient’s immediate or extended family members by encouraging prevention and treatment options when available. Where appropriate or desired, we also may perform genetic testing on family members to determine their risk for specific types of heart disease, so that we can recommend preventive steps to lower their risk.
- Services Offered
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A child's pre-academic or academic skills and progress.
Physical or behavioral signs of development or maturation of infants and children. Rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking are considered developmental milestones and provide important information regarding the child's development.
A review of existing information provided by the parents, and evaluations or observations by teachers and related services providers to determine what, if any, additional information is needed to find if a child is eligible for special education and related services. The Domain Review is conducted by the IEP Team and other qualified professionals. It covers all areas related to the suspected disability, including, if appropriate, academic achievement, functional performance, cognitive functioning, communication status, health, hearing/vision, motor abilities, and social/emotional status.
Early Childhood (EC):
Most commonly thought of as the age range from 3-5 years. Classrooms or programs that serve children with or without disabilities might be called Early Childhood Programs.
Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE):
Special education and related services provided by the public school district for children 3-5 years of age that have been identified as having a disability.
Early Intervention providers:
Professionals enrolled in the Illinois Early Intervention system that provide services and support to families who have children ages birth to 3 with special needs. Individual providers can include physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech language pathologists, developmental therapists, social workers/counselors, nurses, dietitians and others.
Extended School Year (ESY) services:
Special education and related services that are provided to a child with a disability beyond the normal school year of the public agency. The services are provided in accordance with the child's IEP at no cost to the parents of the child.
Skills or activities that are not considered academic or related to a child's academic achievement. "Functional" is used in the context of routine activities of daily living.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA, 2004):
The authorizing federal legislation that mandates special education and related services for individuals with disabilities, birth through 21.
- Part B:
The section of IDEA '04 that focuses on the requirements for providing special education and related services for children and young adults, 3 through 21 years.
- Part C:
The section of IDEA '04 that focuses on the requirements for providing services and supports for children birth to 3 years, and their families.
Individualized Education Program (IEP):
A written statement for a child with a disability that is developed, reviewed and revised by an IEP Team during an IEP meeting.
Individualized Education Program (IEP) Team:
A group of individuals that is responsible for developing, reviewing or revising an IEP for a child with a disability. The IEP Team includes: the parents of the child; at least one regular education teacher; at least one special education teacher; the representative of the public school; an individual who can interpret the educational implications of evaluation results; and others who have knowledge or special expertise regarding the child.
Identification of Needed Assessments Form:
The form that is used as part of the Domain Review process in reviewing information about a child in the areas of academic achievement, functional performance, cognitive functioning, communication status, health, hearing/vision, motor abilities, and social/emotional status.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE):
The requirement that children with a disability shall be educated to the maximum extent possible with their typically developing peers.
Local Education Agency (LEA):
The public school district or other entity that is responsible for providing education to children with and without disabilities.
Measurable Annual Goals:
Written by the IEP Team to indicate what specific academic and functional skills a child will learn through special education and related services over a 12 month period.
The packet of information about a child that is sent from Child and Family Connections to the public school district or community preschool. The referral packet can only be sent with informed written consent from the child's parent or legal guardian.
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Is there Such a thing as Weather in Space ?
Space is, famously, a pretty empty place. So, how is it possible to have weather there?
In March 2016, Britons enjoyed a rare treat: a display of the aurora borealis, better known as the Northern Lights, which could be seen as far south as Oxfordshire. Seekers after the Lights usually have to travel farther north to places like Scandinavia and Iceland to stand a good chance of seeing them.
These Lights are of interest to scientists as well as skywatchers, for they do not originate on Earth at all. They are caused by the interaction of the Earth’s magnetic field with charged particles streaming from the sun, and are the most famous example of what is known as “space weather”. That may seem a contradiction in terms: space is, famously, a pretty empty place. So, how is it possible to have weather there?
The reason is that space, particularly in the vicinity of stars and planets, is empty only by comparison with planetary surfaces…
- It has wind, in the form of the zillions of charged particles streaming from the sun.
- It has storms, in the shape of solar flares, enormous eruptions of plasma that spew charged particles out into space, and coronal mass ejections, which blast a quantity of the sun’s mass out into the solar system.
- Stretch the metaphor a little, and space even possesses something a little like precipitation, in the form of clouds of dust and rock that we see from Earth as meteor showers.
Astronauts aboard the International Space Station have special rooms in which to shelter from the high radiation levels caused by flares.
For almost all of history, space weather was a mysterious, occasionally pretty irrelevance. But as mankind has become a space-faring species, scientists and engineers have had to take its effects more seriously. Solar flares can damage satellites and spacecraft, as happened to Nozomi , a Japanese Mars probe which was short-circuited by a solar flare in 2002. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station have special rooms in which to shelter from the high radiation levels caused by flares . But the effects are not always bad: in 2005, a particularly big solar flare actually caused radiation levels in the Earth’s orbit to drop, as the magnetic fields generated by the cloud of ionised gas helped to deflect damaging cosmic rays from outside the solar system.
Trans-polar flights can be diverted southwards if a big solar flare hits
Space weather can also have effects on the ground. The charged particles that cause the aurora emit radiation too. That is not a concern on the ground, where the thickness of the atmosphere offers adequate protection. But it is a worry at the sorts of altitudes at which modern airliners cruise. Trans-polar flights (such as those from Europe to America) can be diverted southwards if a big solar flare hits.
it can interfere with radio transmissions and the signals broadcast by GPS satellites
The sun’s tantrums can also disrupt the ionosphere, a charged layer in the atmosphere that can interfere with radio transmissions and the signals broadcast by GPS satellites. In 1989 a geomagnetic storm (a disturbance in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by a coronal mass ejection) induced big electrical currents in Quebec’s electricity grid, cutting power to millions of people for 9 hours.
Space weather is less likely to disrupt your life than the terrestrial sort, but it is possible.
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Beeler, M., Gosper, R.W., and Schroeppel, R. HAKMEM. MIT AI
Memo 239, Feb. 29, 1972.
Retyped and converted to html ('Web browser format) by
FLOWS AND ITERATED FUNCTIONS
ITEM 126 (Schroeppel):
An analytic flow for Newton's method square root:
X + K
Define F(X) by ------ ; then
(X + sqrt(K)) + (X - sqrt(K))
F(F(F(...(X)))) = sqrt(k) ---------------------------------
(X + sqrt(K)) - (X - sqrt(K))
which = sqrt(K) (coth 2 (arccoth X/sqrt(K))).
ITEM 127 (Schroeppel):
P and Q are polynomials in X; when does P(Q(X)) = Q(P(X)) ? (That is,
P composed with Q = Q composed with P.)
Known solutions are:
- Various linear things.
- X to different powers, sometimes multiplied by roots of 1.
- P and Q are each another polynomial R composed with itself different numbers
- Solutions arising out of the flow of X^2 - 2, as follows:
suppose X = Y + 1/Y, then Y^N + Y^-N
can be written as a polynomial in X.
For example, P = the expression for squares = X^2 - 2 (N = 2) and Q =
the expression for cubes = X^3 - 3 X (N = 3)
- Replace X by Y-A,
then add A to the original constants in both P and Q. For example, P = X^2 and
Q = X^3, then P = 1 + (Y-1)^2 = Y^2 - 2 Y + 2 and Q = 1 + (Y-1)^3,
then P(Q) = 1 + (Y-1)^6 = Q(P). Similarly, replacing X with A Y + B works.
- There are no more through degrees 3 and 4 (checked with Mathlab); but are
there any more at all?
ITEM 128 (Schroeppel):
A map of the process n-> binary string -> interpret as radix -2,
iterated. To convert a number to base -2:
(n + ...101010) XOR (...101010) (reversible).
ITEM 129 (Schroeppel):
PROBLEM: Given F(X) as a power series in X with constant term = 0, write the
flow power series.
FLOW sub ZERO = X
FLOW sub ONE = F(X)
FLOW sub TWO = F(F(X))
NOTE (Gosper): If we remove the restriction that F has a power series, the
functions that satisfy an equation of the form F(F(X)) = sin X can be put into
one-to-one correspondence with the set of all functions.
ITEM 130 (Salamin):
If F(X) = X^N, the P-th
flow is X^N^P, which has a branch point if N^P is non-integer. Under the
hypotheses of the previous problem, it is possible to find the power series
coefficients for P rational, but there is no guarantee the series will
PROBLEM: Is the flow interpolation unique? If it is not, what extra conditions
are necessary to make it unique for natural cases like X^N ?
ITEM 131 (Schroeppel):
Taking any two numbers A and B, finding their arithmetic mean and their
geometric mean, and using these means as a new A and B, this process, when
repeated, will approach a limit which can be expressed in terms of elliptic
integrals. (See PI section.)
ITEM 132 (Gosper): LOOP DETECTOR
If a function F maps a finite set into itself, then its flow must
always be cyclic. If F is one step of a pseudorandom number
generator, or the CDR operation on a self referent list, or any
function where it is easy to supply former values as arguments, then
there are easy ways to detect looping of the flow (Knuth, The Art
of Computer Programming, volume 2, Seminumerical Algorithms, sec.
3.1, prob. 7, page 7). If, however, the process or iterated
application of the function is inexorable, (i.e., there is no easy way
to switch arguments to the function), then the following algorithm
will detect repetition before the third occurrence of any value.
Set aside a table TAB(J), 0 <= J <= log 2 (Largest possible period). Let
C = the number of time F has been applied, initially 0. Compare each new value
of F for equality with those table entries which contain old values of F.
These will be the first S entries, where S is the number of times C can be
right shifted before becoming 0. No match means F hasn't been looping very
long, so increment C and store this latest value of F into TAB(J), where J is
the number of trailing zero bits in the binary of C. (The first 16 values of J
are: 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 4, ...; Eric Jensen calls
this the RULER function.) A match with entry E means the loop length is 1 more
than the low E+2 bits of C - 2^(E+1).
ITEM 133 (Schroeppel, Gosper, Henneman & Banks) (from Dana Scott?):
The "3N+1 problem" is iteratively replacing N by N/2 if N is even or by 3 N + 1
if N is odd. Known loops for N to fall into are:
In the range -10^8 < N < 6 * 10^7, all N fall into the above loops. Are there any other
loops? Does N ever diverge to infinity?
- 1 the zero loop, 0 -> 0
- 2 a positive loop, 4 -> 2 -> 1 -> 4
- 3 three negative loops
(equivalent to the 3N-1 problem with positive N)
- -2 -> -1 -> -2
- -5 -> -7 -> -10 -> -5
- -17 -> -25 -> -37 -> -55 -> -82 -> -41 -> -61 -> -91 -> -136 -> -68 -> -34 -> -17
ITEM 134 (Schroeppel, Gosper):
Let N be iteratively replaced by (FLATSIZE (LONGHAND N)), the number
of letters in N written longhand (e.g., 69 -> SIXTY NINE -> 9
(10 counting blanks)). The process invariably loops at 4 = FOUR.
ITEM 135 (Gosper): The "C" Curve
A brilliant archeologist is photographing a strange drawing on the wall of a
cave. He holds the camera upright for some shots, moves it, and turns it 90
degrees for the rest. When he sees is prints he is amazed to find one of them
apparently taken with the camera turned 45 degrees. After a moment's
reflection, he correctly concludes that it is merely a double exposure.
What was the drawing?
Answer: It is a cousin to both the dragon and snowflake curves (and arose as a
bug in a spacefilling curve). It can be constructed as follows. Start with a
line segment. Replace it with the two legs of the isosceles right triangle of
which it is the hypotenuse. Repeat this for the two new segments, always
bulging outward in the same direction. We now have four segments forming half
a square, with the middle two segments collinear. Replacing these four
segments with eight and then sixteen, we find the middle two segments
superimposed. As the process continues, the curve crosses itself more and more
often, eventually taking on the shape of a wildly curly letter C which forms
the envelope of a myriad of epicyclic octagons.
A faster way to approach the same limiting curve is to substitute the curve
itself for each of its 2^2^n segments, starting with a 90 degree "<".
Yet another way to construct it is to iteratively connect opposite ends of two
copies at a 90 degree angle. (The archeologist did this with his double
exposure.) If we reduce the scale by sqrt(2) each time, the distance
between the endpoints stays the same. If the initial line segment is red and
there is some other blue shape elsewhere in the picture, the iteration will
simultaneously proliferate and shrink the blue shapes, until they are all piled
up along the red "C". Thus, no matter what you start with, you eventually get
something that looks like the "C" curve.
There are other pictures besides the C curve which are preserved by this
process, but they are of infinite size. You can get them by starting with
anything and running the iteration backwards as well as forwards, superimposing
all the results. A backward step consists of rotating the two copies in
directions opposite those in the forward step and stretching by sqrt(2)
instead of shrinking. David silver has sketched an arrangement of mirrors
which might do this to a real scene.
Figure 8. Two orders of the "C" curve.
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New analysis published by EIF this month (Early Invention Foundation) shows that children from less well-off families are more likely to experience emotional and behavioural problems at age 5, and that these problems predict reduced academic attainment later in life.
It is perhaps not surprising that children with higher levels of social and emotional problems at age 5 do less well in academic assessments at age 10 or 16. What our analysis highlights is that this relationship remains even when we account for family characteristics such as maternal wellbeing and parental education – these two factors together account for about half of the variation in academic attainment.
In short, poor behaviour at age 5 really is associated with lower test scores later on. Or, to put it another way, our analysis provides specific grounds to believe that addressing children’s social and emotional problems at an early age could have educational benefits down the line.
For more on the key findings and his view on how policymakers can respond, read the blogpost by report co-author Tom McBride.
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This is the third in a series of reports from the HI-SEAS simulated Mars mission. Read others in the series here.
I haven’t been sleeping well. Or at least not as well as I slept before the mission. I know because I keep track of my sleep with a device that straps to my forehead and sends data about my brain activity, eye movements and facial muscle twitches to a souped-up alarm clock near my bed. The system is called Zeo Personal Sleep Manager, and I’ve convinced my fellow crew mates to use it too. The sleep monitoring is for a research project I’m conducting while here on simulated Mars. The crew has also been filling out sleep surveys and will soon endure a dose of bright, blue-white light on various mornings throughout the mission. And they will take a computer-based cognitive assessment test once a month. To my relief, they’ve been real sports about the whole thing.
All of us came to HI-SEAS with our own projects. Research keeps us busy during the four months, and it mimics the activity of astronauts on an actual Mars mission, who’d likely be studying Martian geology, collecting psychological and physiological data, and keeping up with various engineering tasks. This week, as the main HI-SEAS food study ramped up, the crew also rolled out some of our own projects.
Yajaira Sierra-Sastre is the crew scientist and biologist. She’s interested in the microbes that grow on leftovers as well as surfaces in the habitat. Yajaira’s also exploring microbes on textiles. In one collection of studies, the crew will wear and fill out surveys about socks, gloves, underwear, sheets and towels, all with anti-microbial coatings, from a company called Cupron. In two other textile studies, which began a few days ago, Yajaira asked us to wear prototype exercise T-shirts and pajama tops, some with antimicrobial coatings and some without. We are to wear each garment for its intended use as long as we can stand it. All the while, we record our thoughts via surveys.
NASA is sponsoring the exercise- and sleep-wear studies. And one of the most exciting aspects about them, to me, is that they are identical to those that astronauts on the International Space Station are currently involved in. It takes less space, uses fewer resources, and costs less to send up one pair of super pajamas for a whole mission than to send multiple pairs that would need frequent laundering. NASA wants to know which are the best. I’ll let you know how long I can go with this particular pajama top, which, by the way, might be my favorite pajama top ever.
In another study, Simon Engler, crew engineer, has unleashed his pet robot Pleo on us. In the shape of a baby Camarasaurus dinosaur and loaded with sensors and fairly advanced artificial intelligence, Pleo acts a little like a dog and sometimes sounds like a cow. Throughout the mission, we each will have a chance to be Pleo’s primary caregiver and fill out surveys about the experience. Similar to the pajama and exercise wear studies, this experiment has an analog with one on the ISS. Later this year, Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata will fly with a small robotic companion. The idea is that the robot could detect stress using built-in cameras with facial recognition and then potentially relieve tension by making faces back at the astronauts and saying particular words.
Simon’s project aims to find out how well the crew bonds with a robotic pet. It’s unlikely a cat or dog will accompany future astronauts to Mars, but robots will most definitely be a part of the mission. And if some animatronic circuitry can help relieve astronauts’ stress and provide companionship, then all the better.
There are a number of other HI-SEAS studies that I’ll detail in later posts. But as for my sleep study, it was inspired by the fact that space is notoriously difficult place to get a good night’s sleep. One reason may be lack of cues from the sun. Morning light on Earth is bright and can effectively reset peoples’ circadian systems.
From previous stories I’ve written as a journalist, I knew that a growing number of researchers are trying to develop lighting systems that could help astronauts sleep better. Bright, blue-white light, in particular, seems to be a good candidate. Humans even have dedicated blue-light receptors that have a direct neurological connection to the part of our brain in control of our circadian rhythms. But, as of yet, there isn’t a lot of data on exactly how certain doses of blue light in the morning affect people’s sleep the subsequent night over the long-term.
So, in collaboration with George Brainard, director of the Light Research Program at Thomas Jefferson University, I developed an experiment that aims to fill in some gaps. I’m using a portable lighting device donated by a Canadian company called Litebook, which has been clinically tested for seasonal affective disorder, and the sleep monitors donated by Zeo. For part of the mission, the crew will get a 45-minute bright light bath shortly after they wake up. I’ll be looking at the Zeo data for any significant changes in individual sleep quality. If the data indicate improvement, this approach could be useful for more than just astronauts; insomniacs on Earth could also benefit from a dose of morning light.
I’ve always been a relatively good sleeper: quick to doze off and difficult to rouse until morning. But Mars has been a jolt to my systems. Everything’s different. I’m living with five other people where I usually live with just one (and a dog and a cat). I’m eating food made of ingredients I’m not used to. Before, I was freelance writer who spent my work hours writing, reading the Internet, and preparing for this mission. Now, I’m a scientist-writer-crew member who participates in daily meetings, troubleshoots equipment issues, manages projects, and has cooking, cleaning and habitat-maintenance duties dictated by a complex schedule. To top it off, these abrupt changes are happening in a place far away from my family and friends, 8,500 feet up on the side of a volcano. In light of all this, I’m not too worried about my sleep. As I get more used to life on Mars, I’m confident my body will adjust.
It also helps that my pajamas are prototype space pajamas and are extremely comfortable.
*Brainard has been integral in getting an entirely new lighting system for the ISS. As the fluorescent bulbs on the space station flicker out, they will be replaced with light-emitting diodes (more durable and more-energy efficient) that will have four modes: morning, daytime, evening and off. The morning light mode will have spectral characteristics similar to the lights I’m using in my experiment.
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L. acidophilus is the most prevalent probiotic (good bacteria) found in the intestine of the dog and cat. The good bacteria are present in order to protect against bad bacteria that cause disease. For example: When L. acidophilus breaks down food in the intestine, several substances are formed such as lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide that create an unfriendly environment for the bad bacteria.
Antibiotics are known for their ability to kill bacteria however, they don’t discriminate between the “friendly” and “unfriendly” organisms. Many things (disease and stress) can create an imbalance between the good and bad bacteria in the intestines. Restoring balance can be accomplished by providing probiotics (the good bacteria).
• Aids in digestion and suppressing disease-causing bacteria
• Inhibits the adhesion of pathogens to the digestive tract mucosal wall
• Treating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease
• Improves intestinal motility and strengthens mucosal barrier functions
• Improves lactose tolerance
• Enhances the immune system
Lactobacillus casei is a bacterium (probiotic) that offers protection against illnesses and disease by not permitting harmful bacteria to multiply and cause infections. L. casei improves an animal’s ability to produce Lactobacillus acidophilus the primary probiotic found in the canine and feline intestine.
Functions of L. casei:
• Digestion and absorption of food
• Diarrhea and constipation control
• Reduce gut inflammation
• Reduce lactose intolerance
• Improved immune function
The ability of L. plantarum to produce antimicrobial substances that have shown significant effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is beneficial to maintaining normal gut health.
L. plantarum also helps to maintain intestinal permeability. It is able to suppress the growth of gas producing bacteria in the intestines and may have some benefit in animals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.
As part of the Lactobacillus family, L. reuteri has many of the same broad ranging probiotic health benefits. In dogs, researchers have found that L. reuteri may be the most resistant probiotic and may especially be helpful in controlling canine intestinal infections.
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Equine embryo transfer has become a widely accepted technique in which a donor mare is mated and the resulting conceptus (embryo)
is removed from her uterus and transferred to a suitable recipient mare, where it will undergo suitable maturation and development.
The first successful embryo transfer in horses was performed in 1972, and since that time, the procedure has gained widespread
- Embryo transfer is used so:
- Multiple offspring from one donor mare can be used.
- Donor mares can continue in athletic competition without having to carry a foal.
- Offspring can be produced from mares at an earlier age than usual (i.e. 2 years old).
- Mares that have experienced various reproductive problems can breed or carry.
- Mares with physical disabilities that make it difficult for them to carry a foal to term can still breed.
- Researchers can learn more about various aspects of equine reproduction.
- Rare or endangered equines have a better chance prospering.
Most breed registries allow this technique, and some even allow the registration of multiple foals in any given year, such
as the Quarter Horse. The breed registry guidelines should be consulted. Using reproductively normal donor mares and stallions
of known, good fertility, an embryo can be recovered approximately 70 percent of the time a recovery attempt is made. In contrast,
mares with poor reproductive histories or aged mares (greater than 18 years of age) have poor recovery rates (less than 30
percent). Aged mares also have fewer normal oocytes, which contribute to poorer embryo recovery. Remember, embryo transfer
is not a cure for infertility!
In recent years, a purified eFSH product has come available to potentially increase the number of ovulations and recovery
of more than one embryo per attempt. The selection of the stallion for use in an embryo transfer program is also extremely
important. The use of fresh or fresh-cooled semen from a stallion of known good fertility can increase your embryo recovery
rate. In contrast, the use of poor-quality semen or frozen semen in general will lower your embryo collection rates. The worst-case
scenario is to breed older subfertile mares with poor-quality semen or frozen semen.
Initial mare exams
Each donor mare should undergo a complete reproductive examination prior to enrolling in an embryo transfer program to
help ascertain a realistic probability of harvesting an embryo successfully.
Donor mares should be cycling normally and in good physical condition. Any uterine pathology or physical abnormalities should
be corrected prior to the breeding season. For best results, donor, recipients and stallions should be on the same premises
and managed by the veterinarian in charge of the embryo transfer program to maximize embryo recovery.
Recipient mares ideally should be young, reproductively normal mares that have undergone a thorough physical and reproductive
examination. The proper selection and management of recipient mares may be the most important factors affecting a successful
embryo transfer program.
Both donors and recipients must be reproductively managed to be in synchrony with each others' reproductive cycles. Ideally,
two to three recipients should be available for each donor mare. Cycles usually are synchronized using a combination of progesterone-estrogen
(P and E) and prostaglandin. Ovulation usually is induced by the use of HCG or GnRH analog. The recipient should ovulate from
two days before the donor or up to three days after the donor. Ideally, the recipient should ovulate one day after the donor
mare. Alternatively, ovariectomized mares that are suitably prepared with hormones also can be used as recipients.
Embryo transfer procedure
The most common method of embryo recovery is the non-surgical transcervical uterine lavage technique. This procedure usually
is carried out on day seven post ovulation (where detected ovulation is day zero). Donor mares that are older (18 years of
age) generally are flushed on day eight because the embryo seems to be smaller and less developed in these older mares. Because
the equine embryo doesn't enter the uterus until about day six post ovulation, earlier attempts to recover the embryo may
result in not recovering an embryo. Recent work has indicated that the non-surgical transfer of day-nine embryos can be as
successful as day seven or eight post-ovulation embryos.
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Course No. ED451b, ED551b
This course meets OSPI's STEM requirements.
There is currently an increased emphasis on relevant and rigorous curriculum, using technology in and out of the classroom, differentiating and supplementing instruction and using open education resources. It is important, therefore, to review and evaluate the variety and effectiveness of on-line tutorials and open education resources in the area of math. In this course, secondary and elementary math teachers will look at Khan Academy from the perspective of both students and teachers. You will also find and evaluate other on-line math tutorial programs. The course will allow you to find relevant open education resources that can supplement any math curriculum. Teachers who desire 400 or 500 level credit, will use these resources to create several units of study that can be individualized or adapted for the classroom. For the 500 level, teachers will also be asked to present your findings to parents, faculty and/or administrators. Text is not required. All readings are online.
|We advise you to review and download the course syllabus before registering.||Syllabus|
1) A greater knowledge and appreciation of the diversity of supplemental math instruction that is available online and appropriate for their teaching situation.
2) Learned how to resource online math tutorials and successfully integrate them into classroom instruction.
3) Gained experience in using online math resources as part of student’s homework or remedial work.
All readings are online
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Lesson 5 of 5
Objective: Students will attend to higher level problem solving with the use of a math journal.
I have looked through numerous math journals that I could incorporate into my Kindergarten classroom. I finally came across some awesome monthly math journals from Ketchen's Kindergarten.
These journals include everything I have been looking for, and build on previous concepts each month. The best part is they are free! I have included a reflection on why I think math journals are important.
The math journals contain anywhere from 20-25 pages per each month. In my classroom, I have devoted a 15-20 minute period each Friday to cover 5 pages or so. The students take out their math journals, I display mine on the whiteboard, and we work together to solve the questions on each page. During this process, we are engaged in mathematical conversations; in which students are constructing viable arguments for their responses (MP3).
The last Friday of each month, we finish up our math journals and students take them home.
I have included a student video highlighting some of the pages in our November math journal.
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The disease-causing potential of healthcare risk waste (HCRW) is considered greatest at the point of generation and naturally tapers off after that point. Therefore, risk to the general public of disease caused by exposure to HCRW is likely to be much lower than risk to the healthcare workers.
Improper management of discarded needles and other sharps can pose a health risk to the public and waste workers. Used needles can transmit serious diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis.
Implementing special handling and specific safety procedures for waste handlers to follow, for the containment and segregation of HCRW at the point of generation, helps protect healthcare workers and the public from exposure to infectious materials. Proper management at generating sites expedites the transfer and treatment of HCRW. The quality of handling is affected by the design of HCRW containers.
Segregation is the separation of healthcare risk waste into designated categories. It is also the initial and crucial point in the waste handling process that determines the amount of waste and type of treatment process to which it will be subjected in the ensuing waste management process.
The structures that are used for the containment of HCRW can reduce the probability of transmission of infection. In addition, proper containment of HCRW protects workers from physical injury and greatly expedites the waste handling process.
Guidelines on correct containment and HCRW management:
- Clearly marked, easily accessible containers for each type of waste will encourage optimal segregation.
- The use of colour on a container serves to identify the category of waste that it contains.
- The containers should be located in the immediate area of use.
- These containers can include single use and reusables within the scope of hospital infection policy and liability concerns.
- Too many containers can confuse and discourage healthcare personnel in attempting to properly segregate the various wastes. Too few containers may result in all waste being designated for a costly and more involved process necessary for only certain types of waste.Routinely replacing the containers helps ensure that they do not become overfilled.
- Sealing all bags by lapping the gathered open end and binding with tape or a closing device (e.g. cable ties) so that that no liquid can leak.
- If containers are to be reused, ensure they are thoroughly washed and decontaminated by an approved method each time they are emptied. Include agitation (scrubbing) in the cleaning process to remove any visible solid residue, followed by disinfection.
- Select packaging material appropriate for the type of waste and treatment process. Use packaging that maintains its integrity during storage and transport.
- Clinical glass should be placed in rigid, leakproof containers to protect it from breakage.
- Use plastic bags that are impervious to moisture, puncture resistant, and distinctive in colour.
- Reusable containers should be constructed using heavy walled plastic. These containers are not to be used for any other purpose, unless they have been properly disinfected and have the HCRW symbols and labels removed.
For more detailed information on the correct management of HCRW one can obtain copies of the following applicable SANS codes:
The selection of containers, their availability and careful use is critically important to ensure both safety and minimal impact on the environment.
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Researchers have provided the most detailed map of routes and costings across Australia’s entire agricultural supply chain, potentially saving the industry millions of dollars annually.
The CSIRO researchers have applied the logistics tool TraNSIT (Transport Network Strategic Investment Tool) to 98 per cent of agriculture transport across Australia including commodities such as beef, sheep, goats, dairy, pigs, poultry, grains, cotton, rice, sugar, stockfeed, horticultural and even buffalo.
The information was presented in the final TraNSIT agricultural report, released this week.
Transport infrastructure is essential to moving over 80 million tonnes of Australian agricultural (including horticultural) output between farms, storage, processors and to markets each year and costs close to $6 billion annually.
The TraNSIT tool identifies ways to reduce travel distance and time, save fuel costs, cut down on wear and tear to vehicles and produce and minimise stress for both truck drivers and livestock.
“Farmers will be saving money on transport as well as being able to deliver food to the market faster and with less damage and disruption,” CSIRO’s TraNSIT project leader Dr Andrew Higgins said.
“We expect these savings will eventually be passed onto the consumers.”
In 2013, CSIRO developed TraNSIT to provide a comprehensive view of transport logistics costs and benefits based on infrastructure investments in agriculture supply chains in Australia.
An initiative of the Federal Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the tool was originally applied to the beef industry before being extended to all agriculture transport across Australia.
The first project under the $100 million Beef Roads program will be the sealing of 17km of the Clermont to Alpha Road in Central Queensland, which is due to start early next year.
The $8m works will improve road safety and access for oversize vehicles while reducing freight and maintenance costs.
Besides the latest TraNSIT agricultural report focusing on each agricultural commodity, it also features a flood case study and rail to road scenarios.
“Several case studies were identified by industry and government for this final report, representing TraNSIT’s diversity of applications across Australia,” Higgins said.
Researchers applied TraNSIT to evaluate the impact of road closures and detours on the transport of valuable crops and livestock during flood events, using Forbes in Central West NSW as an important case study.
From early-September to mid-October 2016 severe rainfall caused extensive road closures throughout NSW with Forbes becoming particularly isolated.
“The Forbes area is a diverse agricultural region of grain production, beef cattle, poultry, dairy and pigs,” Higgins said.
“There was about a $2m increase in transport costs created by the short term and long term road closures from this flooding event, and about another 500 vehicle trips that could not occur as there was no alternative routes.
“The cost would have been even greater if the floods had occurred during harvest season where more cotton and grain are being transported in large volumes on the roads.”
Using TraNSIT, researchers can analyse several ways to reduce the economic impact of floods in country regions and throughout Australia including upgrading or raising particular bridges to reduce the frequency of closures from flooding.
This will in turn reduce the occurrences where cattle or harvested crops cannot reach their market.
The rail to road hypothetical scenario looked at the impact of shifting all agriculture (grains, beef, sugar, cotton) that currently use rail to be road only.
Grains were more expensive ($208m) when transported by road while cattle (or beef) was much less expensive (about 70 per cent less). These differences were primarily due to rail wagon capacity versus semi-trailer capacity.
TraNSIT is now being applied overseas, particularly in Indonesia, Laos and Vietnam to address supply chain inefficiencies and cross-border bottlenecks.
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Alternatively known as the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary or the Dormition of the Most Holy Mother of God, this day is a celebration of the Virgin Mary’s assumption into Heaven by God. Christians believe that when the Virgin Mary died, her body did not undergo physical decay but was instead received into Heaven to be reunited with her soul.
In many European countries, such as France and Italy, the day is a public holiday and people take to the streets to watch processions and firework displays. In Sicily and rural areas outside Rome, a special bowing ceremony takes place in which a statue of the Virgin Mary is carried through the streets to the parish church. Here, a statue of Christ is held aloft under a ceremonial arch of flowers. The two statues are made to ‘bow’ to each other three times before the Virgin Mary follows her son into the church for a special benediction.
For more information about the Feast of the Assumption please click here
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There was a time (not too long ago) when the idea of a virtual reality helmet made everyone think of Robocop. But these days, digital tools are becoming an everyday reality in the workplace, and the building and construction industry is no exception. How will new technologies affect our working lives over the next few decades, and what impact will they have on employment?
Virtual reality at work
Man and machine: together at last. Last year we looked at emerging uses for drones in our industry, but they’re not the only tech that’s becoming a regular part of life on site. In a recent US survey, 65.3% of respondents named virtual reality as the next big technology trend in construction and design.
Businesses across the sector are starting to invest in virtual reality for on-the-job planning as well as education and OH&S training. The main application for this technology at the moment is the design ‘walkthrough’: a virtual tour of a building that can help identify layout and compliance issues before construction starts.
The use of immersive digital environments to simulate on-site situations is also taking off in education. UNSW Australia, University of Adelaide, University of South Australia and Western Sydney University all use a virtual tool called ‘Situation Engine’ to help students experience real-world construction scenarios. Developed by safety experts, it’s now also being adopted by Australian businesses for their OH&S training.
Beyond walkthroughs and simulations, one of the most exciting uses for augmented reality will be the ability to digitally combine 3D plans with GPS location data so workers can ‘see’ the next stage of an installation—or the location of underground wires and pipes.
A robot for every job?
Last year, WA-based company Fastbrick Robotics made news with its bricklaying robot, which can apparently build a house in two days. The company’s CEO Mike Pivac told the Financial Review that the idea was to have trades work alongside the robots, and to fill the skill shortage in the industry: “We have had many bricklayers come and see what we’re doing and they’re quite excited to work alongside a machine, which would take the heavy lifting out of their jobs and also give them the opportunity to extend their career.”
Investors responded enthusiastically when the company was listed on the ASX, but tradies weren’t so sure. Just a few months earlier, the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) had released a report predicting that technology would make almost 40 per cent of Australian jobs redundant within 10 to 15 years.
Responding to the CEDA report, Martin Loosemore, Professor of Construction Management at UNSW said: “The challenge for Australia is to position itself favourably for these changes and to shape the future rather than let it shape us.” This idea was echoed at the recent Construction Leaders Forum, which focused on creating industry growth through innovation.
In the short term, there are lots of ways technology is actually improving life for tradies and consumers. Rather than battling Google’s algorithms or worrying about your Yellow Pages listing, you can now register with trade-finder apps such as hipages, which lists more than 65,000 tradespeople and gives them access to more than $1.35 billion worth of jobs each year.
As CHOICE magazine found, there are still some issues with hipages and similar apps – namely that the fees to business for their listings can be quite high, and also that consumers aren’t always aware that by law certain jobs require a licensed tradesperson or building practitioner. These apps do have feedback systems that reward good service-providers though, which make them a solid reputation-building and work-finding tool for small businesses.
Business is booming
Amid all this change, and worry about technology displacing jobs, the latest numbers look really good for Australia’s construction industry. March data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) showed that demand for tradespeople is booming. As reported by Sourceable: “[…] The seasonally adjusted number of people employed throughout the construction sector in Australia grew by 18,300 in the February quarter to reach record highs of 1.065 million – around 35,600 more than the same period one year earlier and up by more than 60,000 over the past two years.”
Much of this demand for labour is happening in residential construction. Australia broke ground on 220,060 new homes in 2014/15—a record number—and the Housing Industry Association is expecting figures close to that for the current financial year too. Tech or no tech, it’s never been a better time to be a tradie.
Are you trialing any new technology at work? What’s the verdict? Let us know what you think over on our Facebook page.
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Camiguin Island’s Volcanoes
Camiguin is a volcanic island whose shape was formed thru centuries of volcanic activity. Rising up from the sea, the island was literally built with cinders, ash, and molten lava spewed out with steam and other gases by one or two volcanoes. Centuries of continuous activity may have led to explosions of these volcanoes and the formation of other outlets or vents. Molten lava and other materials flowed down around these vents, piled up and hardened, forming symmetrical volcanic cones typical of all volcanoes.
photo by benny_yap
In Camiguin, the cones identified were more or less in a group with only Mt. Guinsiliban far off. Most of the volcanic mountains that were identified were wide, gently sloping and enormously thick rock formations while others have a definite cone-shaped dome. Dubbed as composite cones or stratovolcanoes, Camiguin’s volcanoes are composed of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava sheets.
There are seven domes or mountain rock formations that were identified and believed to be volcanoes formed from past eruptions. One volcano, Mt. Hibok-Hibok, is still active although more than half a century has passed since it last erupted. It still continues to manifest seismic activity and only has a short repose period.
The other volcanoes are namely: Mt. Vulcan, Mt. Guinsiliban, Mt. Mambajao, Mt. Timpoong, Mt. Tres Marias and Mt. Uhay. There are also quite a number of smaller volcanic domes and parasitic cones such as Mt. Carling, Mt. Tibane and Piyakong Hill at the flanks of Mt. Hibok-Hibok; Campana Hill and Minokol Hill at the flanks of Mt. Mambajao. Mt. Tres Marias is likewise found at the flanks of Mt. Mambajao.
photo by benny_yap
Mt. Timpoong has the highest peak which rises 1,580 meters or 5,184 feet above sea level, followed by Mt. Mambajao which stands 1,420 meters or 4,659 feet above sea level. Mt. Hibok-Hibok is the 3rd highest at 1,240 meters or 4,068 feet above sea level. Being a volcanic island, there are several hot sulphur springs and geothermal vents in Camiguin.
Aside from Mt. Hibok-Hibok, the other six volcanoes are inactive, considered so since they no longer manifest any seismic activity and have no continued record of eruptions. These extinct volcanoes are slowly losing their shape due to erosion.
Erosion takes place when torrents of rain during storms mix with volcanic ash, which cover the dome and sides of the volcanoes, and form into volcanic mudflow or “lahar”. The ensuing heavy mud flows down the slopes of the volcano at such speed and brings with it rocks, trees and other debris, inundating everything on their path. These occurrences inflict much damage to crops, property and loss of life.
Eventually, what would be left of these extinct volcanoes are eerie rock towers and radiating out from them may be a number of tapering, sharp-ridged walls, or dikes, of solidified rock which mark the locations of rifts inside the mountain, up which the magma also flowed during past eruptions.
photo by benny_yap
At present, pending no further major eruption, Camiguin Island is pear shaped with its coastline dotted with black sand beaches with intermittent volcanic structures and fertile lands, all after-effects of past volcanic activity. Future eruptions will surely change the island’s contour again and again, extending its coastline and adding other volcanic cones.
In spite of past destructions to life and property and the threat of further eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hibok, the Camiguingnons still refuse to leave the treacherous lap of this volcanic peak. Some persistently stay to till quite fertile lands which are conducive to crops such as coconut, copra, corn, abaca and others. The volcanic soils may be the reason why Camiguin’s lanzones has been found to be the sweetest in the Philippines.
The volcanoes and most of the rugged terrain limit the potential land use of the island which affects greatly its economic development. Yet if the provincial government of Camiguin maximizes tourism development, it may flourish and become self sufficient.
photo by bong
For the past years, the volcanoes and its rugged terrain, the hot and cold springs, waterfalls, the black & white sand beaches, the underwater cemetery and dive sites rich in coral formations and marine resources plus countless other spots have attracted both local and foreign tourists. The influx of tourists to the island has steadily been increasing thru the years.
Now, more will visit Camiguin from Bohol for a Super Shuttle Ferry is servicing both islands daily and the trip takes only 4 hours. After the richness of Bohol’s terrain in terms of white sand beaches, dive sites, caves, springs & waterfalls, heritage houses and old churches, Camiguin’s volcanoes will be a welcome diversion.
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Talk is in the air again about paying reparations to Blacks for slavery. I am all for it, but only if we can have a grand final reckoning. The two-way nature of this issue seems to escape most of those who advocate paying Blacks for their sufferings. If Blacks suffered in this country, and have theoretical credits to their account, they also have benefited in important ways, and I at least would have them acknowledge certain debts. Since the Civil War and the end of slavery, the White portion of this nation has poured out immense treasure upon the hapless Blacks. In addition, Blacks have steadily imposed various costs upon society. If all the accounts are perused and balanced, I am confident that Whites will be on the positive side of the ledger.
I would like to offer a few thoughts on the problem that I find interesting or overlooked. This will not be a full treatment of reparations and costs, or the pros and cons of paying them. I know there are very good arguments against paying reparations.
I will begin by saying that I think that the Blacks did suffer a very great injustice in being transported to a far-flung continent and kept in chattel slavery. I used to recount the ways that slavery wasn’t really all that bad, but that’s sort of beside the point, isn’t it? They were slaves. This is not to point the finger at the slave-owners, either, for the institution of slavery was as old as mankind, nearly universal, and socially and legally accepted until the nineteenth century when White people (and only White people) ended it. When the time came to decide their post-slavery fate, however, the government—Republicans, really—unfortunately made matters far worse by emancipating them in the worst possible manner. They were not sent back to their ancestral home, but rather thrown onto their own devices in this highly competitive (alien, one could say) Western society and economy. If they had to remain here, they should have been placed in some sort of special political status until they rose to a level from which they could participate in our system on roughly equal terms. (Of course, whether they could effect that rise, with what we know about race and IQ, is highly doubtful.) Throwing them into equality and independence did them and us no favors; they too often became wards of various sectors of society, or lapsed into poverty. Even worse, they also became prey to the revolutionary designs of the Jews.
Thus, Whites shucked off all responsibility and launched the slaves into abrupt, stark independence — unjustly in my opinion. Therefore, I tentatively acknowledge a debt.
A recent study arrived at a figure of up to seventeen trillion dollars, which would include not only payment for their labor under slavery (with interest), but also their hardship since then. Even though this figure includes reimbursement for the spurious category of “lingering economic impact of Jim Crow and current discrimination that black people face,” I will credit them with the entire amount: seventeen trillion dollars. Seventeen thousand billions.
Let us now itemize the benefits that Blacks have enjoyed in this country. We will draw down their account.
There is the wide disparity between the races of contributing to the public treasury, versus drawing from the treasury. Whites fund the government at a far greater level than Blacks, and Blacks have a much greater dependence upon government benefits:
In the mid-1990s, Black use of AFDC was 518 percent higher than White; food stamps, 409 percent higher; housing assistance, 437 percent higher. “America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences.” (here)
As far as budgetary impact, one estimate (for 2014) has $4,529 billion in income tax paid by Whites and $486 billion paid by Blacks. When government services used is tallied, Whites had a budgetary surplus of $553 billion and the Blacks a deficit of $390 billion. (I rounded the numbers slightly.) “Fiscal Impact of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.” (here)
Ryan Faulk calculated that whites generate an annual $2,795 per person surplus for the government while blacks run an annual deficit of $10,016 per capita. In 1993 in Forbes, Peter Brimelow estimated the cost of affirmative action alone as 4 percent of GNP. That cost would presumably be far higher today, because there are far more people eligible for racial preferences. Quantifying such costs would be a very valuable service. I aim to liquidate the supposed debt, not the foundation for the claim.” (here)
Since the Great Handout began in the 1960s, the balance amounts to trillions of dollars in favor of the Blacks. I have seen three generations of hideously expensive public housing erected in Detroit, only to fall into ruin through neglect and outright destruction. This has also been the pattern throughout the country. Whites pay; Blacks destroy; repeat. In sum, a galactic geyser of cash, but all pissed away:
In 1962, two years before the passage of landmark civil-rights legislation and the Great Society program, the average wealth of white households was seven times greater than that of black households. Yet after decades of declining discrimination and the construction of a modern welfare state, that ratio remains the same [in 2019].
In the intellectual sphere, White society has censored and policed itself (at the behest of a shrill minority, as we know) to suppress the exploration of a vital and highly interesting topic: race and race differences, all so as not to “offend” or “damage” Blacks. This has resulted in a major loss to our common intellectual culture and prevented us from structuring our society in light of this knowledge. We have lost the potential to create social and political justice and stability in the arena of race, because we have committed ourselves to the denial of vitally important facts about human nature, and the distortion of many others. This is a tremendous loss.
Along similar lines comes the lowering of standards so that Blacks can participate in institutions made for Whites and White society. So-called “affirmative action” programs are officially mandated discrimination against Whites so that lesser-qualified minorities can slide into positions they would find very difficult to merit on their own. We have seriously degraded the armed forces, police, fire fighters, public service, and higher education. We have abandoned the merit-based system of advancement, a very grave error—one common to declining cultures—and endangered our entire society. Our nation would be significantly stronger and more cohesive had we avoided this course. How to calculate the financial value of that? It is immense.
The question must be broached, are Blacks really still suffering from slavery? There are strong indications that they are not. One activity they enjoy is procreation. A populace suffering genuine hardship procreates at a slower rate than normal, and commits suicide at a higher rate. In 1810, two years after the slave trade to this country was outlawed, there were 1,377,000 Blacks here. Now, there are roughly forty two million non-immigrant Black and part-Black people in this country. That is an increase of over 3,000 percent, much higher than the rate of increase for the White population. So, in this one pastime much savored by Blacks, there has been steady, robust activity. As for suicide, a good indicator of a population’s mental and emotional health, Blacks (according to one study) commit suicide at only 38.4 percent of the rate Whites do. These are indications—at a basic level—of a healthy populace.
It seems that the areas where Blacks “lag behind” coincide a great deal with areas in which they have not bothered to join the race: education, hard work, steady marriage and child-rearing, etc. Blacks seem to have no difficulty at all in obtaining, for example, drugs, which are expensive and illegal to boot; why do they have so much trouble finding a steady job? Why can’t they locate a marriage license? How have so many of them managed to acquire costly smartphones, but find it too hard get a diploma from free public schools?
Finally, the most precious gift we (rather, our rulers) have given Blacks is access to White women. I speak not only of legal marriage and procreation, but also of any intimate social contact. This was accomplished legally in 1967 (in the Supreme Court case Loving v Virginia) and socially after decades of propaganda from Hollywood and the media. The value of this gift is incalculable, and it will loom very large in the accounting.
Had Blacks simply intermarried with our women, the loss to Whites and the boon to Blacks would still have been enormous. However, they have not simply accepted this offering; they often mistreat or even destroy it. Here we move from a situation in which we charge them for an endowment, to charging them for something they have taken from us and destroyed. There are the myriad broken marriages and women never married but saddled with multiple mulattos and abandoned, but the transgressions rise sharply from there: beatings, rape, sex slavery, and murder. (If Blacks committed these crimes at rates similar to the White rate, there would be no reason to discuss it, but their crime rate is so disproportionate that it demands attention.) The offense rises to a pitch when Blacks perform these crimes from motives of racial revenge or hatred. Blacks frequently admit or even proclaim this motivation. Remember the notorious Missy McLauchlin rape and murder in 1992, whose Black perpetrators claimed they desired vengeance for “four hundred years of oppression”? That was patently a claim on behalf of the Black group as a whole. They admit that they are drawing on their account, so we shall charge them. A further consideration is the question of how many of their crimes have this unspoken motivation, or partial motivation. Surely, it is far more than those of which we have tangible evidence.
I will describe some horrifying episodes. The victims are the most precious and vulnerable possession of the White race: young girls and women. They are a nearly infinite treasure, for they are the ineffable, mystical source and root of the White race, its hallowed history, and especially—critically—its future. Unlike many other White victims of Black crime, they entered into the relationship voluntarily.
Our young women are an often maddening but always beguiling combination of blithe irrationality, beauty, and vulnerability. They share the creative potency of the Godhead: little White people miraculously emerge from their bodies. Every white person that ever existed was nurtured in the womb of a white woman. Let us pay homage to the victims, and let your blood boil at something we have allowed to go on far too long: the vile and brutal destruction of our women. Our society has let its innocent, young girls run free, ignorant of the danger. Nay, courting the danger.
White fathers especially will face a terrible reckoning in this regard. They have lazily but culpably accepted the modern assumptions of feminism, that most unnatural ideology: that White girls can and should do whatever they want in life, wherever they want, dressed as skimpily as they desire. (And they desire! Yet, heaven forbid anyone express concern for their female dignity and purity!) Then they send their girls off to integrated public schools and colleges. There they find young black men who struggle to control themselves amidst real-life, half-naked, attractive White girls. Girls who seem tantalizingly easy. Moreover, the fathers never told these girls a single realistic word about Black men.
This was Chelsea Brooks. She was a seventh-grader in Wichita, Kansas, when she met Elgin Ray Robinson. He was nineteen, a high school dropout, but she “fell in love” with him. (For that to happen, how many internal defense mechanisms have to be short-circuited, through parental neglect and societal brainwashing?) Soon she was pregnant. Her parents allowed her enough freedom, apparently, to meet with him privately for trysts. Her parents were “involved,” but there is no way in hell I’d allow my preteen daughter to run the streets in an area with appreciable numbers of racial minorities. In any case, the pregnancy made Elgin fear prosecution for statutory rape, so he did the only thing he could think of—no, that’s not contacting a good lawyer. It is arranging the murder of the fourteen-year-old carrying his own near-term baby. Chelsea’s strangled body was found partially buried in a field. She had gotten into a car with two black men who promised to take her to meet Robinson. One of them was forty-nine years old; he was the strangler. Requiescat in pace, Chelsea.
This was Sarah Coit. She had a Black boyfriend too. He was a decade older than she was, with a jealous, violent, and controlling personality. She finally broke up with him and began moving out of their apartment in Manhattan. In response, he initiated an argument that culminated in a prolonged and ghastly knife assault. Her agonized screams at 2:30 in the morning roused many neighbors who tragically couldn’t locate her in time to help. According to the New York Daily News,
The hotheaded Manhattan man accused of stabbing his girlfriend to death didn’t just try to cut off her head – he tried to destroy her face, too, police sources said.
“He didn’t want her to leave, and he didn’t want her to be beautiful for anyone else.”
Raul Barrera pulled several knives from a wooden butcher block early Sunday, cops said. Then, in a fit of rage, he used them to gouge Coit’s pretty face. He sliced her across the mouth and jaw, and with such force that one of the tips of the blades broke . . .
The blow that killed the 23-year-old blond was a stab to the left side of her back, an autopsy revealed. It left “a gaping stab wound to the left side of the torso from which internal organs were protruding . . .”
Sarah was left nearly decapitated, with a broken piece of knife blade lodged in her skull. Her chosen Black had spent half an hour sadistically slashing her face and torso, leaving the apartment littered with blood and broken kitchen knives. She died within the hour.
This was Stacey Beesley. She was engaged to Eric Knox, father of the child she was carrying. Police responded late one night to a disturbance at their suburban Oklahoma City apartment building. They found Knox outside naked to the waist and covered in blood. In a profound commentary on the depth of his feeling for her, he told them, “I just murdered someone — I call her the devil.” He confessed to punching and kicking her repeatedly in the face, choking her, and stabbing her. The blade of the knife was broken off in her mouth; the handle was entangled in her hair. News reports gave no indication of the reason for the attack. Stacey’s mother had been plagued by the fear that Knox would eventually kill her daughter. A court later found him not guilty by reason of insanity.
There are hundreds of such heart-wrenching cases in the past decade alone. My files bulge with them. (Blacks have murdered at least 5,000 White men, women, and children in the past decade.) I should like to memorialize all of them, for the loss and mourning must not be confined to the parents and family alone. They represent a loss to the entire White race. I demand gigantic reparations for every one of them.
This category of victimization—the abuse and murder of young White females—is, moreover, non-symmetrical. That is, there are very few incidents of Whites murdering young Black females. The debt is all on one side.
* * *
I hope I have demonstrated that, with all the considerations outlined above, Whites will enjoy a substantial dividend when we truly and justly allocate reparations. When we do, “reparations” will take on quite a different aspect than many expect.
I look forward to a detailed research effort by White patriots to identify, describe, and place a value on, the benefits afforded to Blacks by Whites in this country, and the depredations of Blacks that have damaged White interests. Perhaps it could garner some publicity, and serve to crystallize our thoughts and arguments on the issue. For better impact, it should honestly acknowledge our culpability and debt. It should be an earnest overall accounting, not simply a one-sided counter to their one-sided propaganda. History should be able to judge it a typically White endeavor: a sincere aspiration for truth and justice.
“The Jews . . . have already leaped en mass upon the millions of liberated Negroes and have already taken a grip upon them in their, the Jews’ own way . . . by taking advantage of the inexperience and vices of the exploited tribe … the Negroes have been liberated from the slave owners, but that will not last because Jews . . . will jump at this new little victim.” Fyodor Dostoyevsky in 1867, quoted in E. Michael Jones, The Jewish Revolutionary Spirit and its Impact on World History, p. 691. Many of the chapters in Jones’s book elaborate on this theme.
“U.S. Attorney General Bobby Kennedy . . . referred Mildred Loving to the ACLU after she asked for help. The ACLU contacted two very young Alexandria attorneys, Phil Hirschkop . . . and Bernie Cohen. Working as volunteers for the ACLU, and representing the Lovings without charge, they took the case all the way to its inevitable conclusion.” From the Virginia state ACLU website: https://acluva.org/en/news/looking-back-loving-v-virginia-52-years-later
1967’s pro-race mixing propaganda movie Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner was produced and directed by Stanley Kramer, a Jew. American White women would come to find that the Blacks showing up at their door did not look or act like the genteel Mr. Poitier.
Wikipedia, in “Interracial Marriage in the United States” (with a cited source): “White wife/Black husband marriages are twice as likely to divorce by the 10th year of marriage compared to White/White couples.”
Remember the Baylor football recruiting scandal, which brought to light the decades-long practice of dangling young White college women in front of inner-city Black football players in order to recruit them? See Paul Kersey in VDare. The White son of the Baylor coach told Black players “Do you like white women? Because we have a lot of them at Baylor and they love football players.” That bastard, I assure you, is at the very top of my list. (Of course I have a list. Don’t you?)
“A smart, smiling girl with a secret friends, teachers knew little about the older man Chelsea Brooks said was her unborn child’s father — a man now charged in her death.” Wichita Eagle:
“Robinson conviction upheld in 2006 murder of Wichita 14-year-old Chelsea Brooks.” Wichita Eagle: http://www.kansas.com/2012/03/02/2238558/elgin-robinson-conviction-upheld.html#storylink=misearch
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Posted by Vanessa on Monday, July 14, 2008 at 10:46am.
A population of 500 E. coli bacteria doubles every 15 minutes. Use this information to find an expression for this population growth. Using this expression, find what the population would be in 87 minutes. Use an exponential model.
so we're supposed to use P(t)= (Po)(e)^kt
so P(o) would be 500,
and then would t be 15 or 0.25 and wowhat would k be? 2?
- Calculus - Reiny, Monday, July 14, 2008 at 11:43am
in P(t) = 500 e^kt
it depends whether you want to to be in minutes or hours.
let's do it for minutes, then
1000 = 500 e^15k
2 = e^15k
15k = ln2
k = (ln2)/15
if you want t to be hours then use .25 for t in
1000 = 500 e^.25K
K = ln2/.25 or K = 4ln2
- Calculus - Vanessa, Monday, July 14, 2008 at 12:51pm
okay, so then in 87 minutes what would it be?
- Calculus - Reiny, Monday, July 14, 2008 at 1:42pm
let's use our first one, the one in minutes
P(87) = 500 e^(87*ln2/15)
= 500 e^4.020254
is our answer reasonable??
remember it doubles every 15 min
so after 15 min --> 1000
after 30 min ---> 2000
after 45 min ---> 4000
after 60 min ---> 8000
after 75 min ---> 16000
after 90 min ---> 32000
we could check to see if we get 32000 for 90 minutes
P(90) = 500 e^(90*ln2/15)
= 500(64) = 32000 YES!!!!
- Calculus - Reiny, Monday, July 14, 2008 at 7:18pm
e is one of these very strange transcendental numbers like pi
one defn of e is
1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + ... to infinitity
where something like 5! = 1*2*3*4*5
e = Limit (1 + 1/n)^n where n approaches infinitity
The Swiss/German mathematician Euler spent a lot of time with the concept of that number and e is often called Euler's number
- Calculus - Anonymous, Saturday, June 16, 2012 at 6:14am
e is approximately 2.71828
Answer This Question
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Ralph Waldo Emerson. (18031882). Essays and English Traits.
The Harvard Classics. 190914.
XVI. New England Reformers
A Lecture Read before the Society in Amory Hall on Sunday, March 3, 1844.
WHOEVER has had opportunity of acquaintance with society in New England during the last twenty-five years, with those middle and with those leading sections that may constitute and just representation of the character and aim of the community, will have been struck with the great activity of thought and experimenting. His attention must be commanded by the signs that the Church or religious party is falling from the church nominal, and is appearing in temperance and non-resistance societies, in movements of abolitionists and of socialists, and in very significant assemblies, called Sabbath and Bible Conventionscomposed of ultraists, of seekers, of all the soul of the soldiery of dissent, and meeting to call in question the authority of the Sabbath, of the priesthood, and of the church. In these movements nothing was more remarkable than the discontent they begot in the movers. The spirit of protest and of detachment drove the members of these Conventions to bear testimony against the church, and immediately afterward to declare their discontent with these Conventions, their independence of their colleagues, and their impatience of the methods whereby they were working. They defied each other, like a congress of kings, each of whom had a realm to rule, and a way of his own that made concert unprofitable. What a fertility of projects for the salvation of the world! One apostle thought all men should go to farming; and another, that no man should buy or sell: that the use of money was the cardinal evil; another, that the mischief was in our diet, that we eat and drink damnation. These made unleavened bread, and were foes to the death to fermentation. It was in vain urged by the housewife, that God made year as well as dough, and loves fermentation just as dearly as he loves vegetation; that fermentation develops the saccharine element in the grain and makes it more palatable and more digestible. No; they wish the pure wheat, and will die but it shall not ferment. Stop, dear nature, these incessant advances of thine; let us scotch these ever-rolling wheels! Other attacked the system of agriculture, the use of animal manures in farming, and the tyranny of man over brute nature; these abuses polluted his food. The ox must be taken from the plow and the horse from the cart, the hundred acres of the farm must be spaded, and the man must walk wherever boats and locomotives will not carry him. Even the insect world was to be defendedthat had been too long neglected, and a society for the protection of ground-worms, slugs, and mosquitoes was to be incorporated without delay. With these appeared the adepts of homoeopathy, of hydropathy, of mesmerism, of phrenology and their wonderful theories of the Christian miracles! Others assailed particular vocations, as that of the lawyer, that of the merchant, of the manufacturer, of the clergyman, of the scholar. Other attacked the institution of marriage, as the fountain of social evils. Others devoted themselves to the worrying of churches and meetings for public worship; and the fertile forms of antinomianism among the elder puritans seemed to have their match in the plenty of the new harvest of reform.
With this din of opinion and debate, there was a keener scrutiny of institutions and domestic life than any we had known, there was sincere protesting against existing evils, there were changes of employment dictated by conscience. No doubt, there was plentiful vaporing, and cases of back-sliding might occur. But in each of these movements emerged a good result, a tendency to the adoption of simpler methods, and an assertion of the sufficiency of the private man. Thus it was directly in the spirit and genius of the age, what happened in one instance, when a church censured and threatened to excommunicate one of its members on account of the somewhat hostile part to the church which his conscience led him to take in the anti-slavery business; the threatened individual immediately ex-communicated the church in a public and formal process. This has been several times repeated: it was excellent when it was done the first time, but, of course, loses all value when it is copied. Every project in the history of reform, no matter how violent and surprising, is good when it is the dictate of mans genius and constitution, but very dull and suspicious when adopted from another. It is right and beautiful in any man to say: I will take this coat, or this book, or this measure of corn of yoursin whom we see the act to be original, and to flow from the whole spirit and faith of him; for then that taking will have a giving as free and divine; but we are very easily disposed to resist the same generosity of speech, when we miss originality and truth to character in it.
There was in all the practical activities of New England, for the last quarter of a century, a gradual withdrawal of tender consciences from the social organization. There is observable throughout, the contest between mechanical and spiritual methods, but with a steady tendency of the thoughtful and virtuous to a deeper belief and reliance on spiritual facts.
In politics, for example, it is easy to see the progress of dissent. The country is full of rebellion; the country is full of kings. Hands off! let there be no control and no interference in the administration of the affairs of this kingdom of me. Hence the growth of the doctrine and of the party of Free Trade, and the willingness to try that experiment; in the face of what appear incontestable facts. I confess the motto of the Globe newspaper is so attractive to me that I can seldom find much appetite to read what is below it in its columns, The world is governed too much. So the country is frequently affording solitary examples of resistance to the government, solitary nullifiers, who throw themselves on their reserved rights: nay, who have reserved all their rights; who reply to the assessor, and to the clerk of court, that they do not know the State; and embarrass the courts of law, by non-juring, and the commander-in-chief of the militia, by non-resistance.
The same disposition to scrutiny and dissent appeared in civil, festive, neighborly, and domestic society. A restless, prying, conscientious criticism broke out in unexpected quarters. Who gave me the money with which I bought my coat? Why should professional labor and that of the counting-house be paid so disproportionately to the labor of the porter and wood-sawyer? This whole business of Trade causes me to pause and think, as it constitutes false relations between men; inasmuch as I am prone to count myself relieved of any responsibility to behave well and nobly to that person whom I pay with money, whereas if I had not that commodity, I should be put on my good behavior in all companies, and man would be a benefactor to man, as being himself his only certificate that he had a right to those aids and services which each ask of the other. Am I not too protected a person? Is there not a wide disparity between the lot of me and the lot of thee, my poor brother, my poor sister? Am I not defrauded on my best culture in the loss of those gymnastics which manual labor and the emergencies of poverty constitute? I find nothing healthful or exalting in the smooth conventions of society; I do not like the close air of saloons. I begin to suspect myself to a be a prisoner, though treated with all this courtesy and luxury. I pay a destructive tax in my conformity.
The same insatiable criticism may be traced in the efforts for the reform of Education. The popular education has been taxed with a want of truth and nature. It was complained that an education to things was not given. We are students of words: we are shut up in schools, and colleges, and recitation-rooms, for ten or fifteen years, and come out at last with a bag of wind, a memory of words, and do not know a thing. We cannot use our hands, or our legs, or our eyes, or our arms. We do not know an edible root in the woods, we cannot tell our course by the stars, nor the hour of day by the sun. It is well if we can swim and skate. We are afraid of a horse, of a cow, of a dog, of a snake, of a spider. The Roman rule was, to teach a boy nothing that he could not learn standing. The old English rule was, All summer in the fields, and all winter in the study. And it seems as if a man should learn to plant, or to fish or to hunt, that he might secure his subsistence at all events, and not be painful to his friends and fellow men. The lessons of science should be experimental also. The sight of the planet through a telescope is worth all the course on astronomy: the shock of the electric spark in the elbow outvalues all the theories; the taste of the nitrous oxide, the firing of an artificial volcano, are better than volumes of chemistry.
One of the traits of the new spirit is the inquisition it fixed on our scholastic devotion to the dead languages. The ancient languages, with great beauty of structure, contain wonderful remains of genius, which draw, and always will draw, certain likeminded menGreek men, and Roman menin all countries, to their study; but by a wonderful drowsiness of usage, they had exacted the study of all men. Once (say two centuries ago), Latin and Greek had a strict relation to all the science and culture there was in Europe, and the Mathematics had a momentary importance at some era of activity in physical science. These things became stereotyped as education, as the manner of men is. But the Good Spirit never cared for the colleges, and though all men and boys were now drilled in Latin, Greek, and Mathematics, it had quite left these shells high and dry on the beach, and was now creating and feeding other matters at other ends of the world. But in a hundred high schools and colleges this warfare against common sense still goes on. Four, or six, or ten years, the pupil is parsing Greek and Latin, and as soon as he leaves the University, as it is ludicrously called, he shuts those books for the last time. Some thousands of young men are graduated at our colleges in this country every year, and the persons who at forty years still read Greek can all be counted on your hand. I never met with ten. Four or five persons I have seen who read Plato.
But is not this absurd, that the whole liberal talent of this country should be directed in its best years on studies which lead to nothing? What was the consequence? Some intelligent person said or thought: Is that Greek and Latin some spell to conjure with, and not words of reason? If the physician, the lawyer, the divine, never use it to come at their ends, I need never learn it to come at mine. Conjuring is gone out of fashion, and I will omit this conjugating and go straight to affairs. So they jumped the Greek and Latin, and read law, medicine or sermons without it. To the astonishment of all, the self-made men took even ground at once with the oldest of the regular graduates, and in a few months the most conservative circles of Boston and New York had quite forgotten who of their gownsmen was college-bred and who was not.
One tendency appears alike in the philosophical speculation and in the rudest democratical movements, through all the petulance and all the puerility, the wish, namely, to cast aside the superfluous and arrive at short methods, urged, as I suppose, by an intuition that the human spirit is equal to all energies, alone, and that man is more often injured than helped by the means he uses.
I conceive this gradual casting off of material aids, and the indication of growing trust in the private, self-supplied powers of the individual to be the affirmative principle of the recent philosophy; and that it is feeling its own profound truth and is reaching forward at this very hour to the happiest conclusions. I readily concede that in this, as in every period of intellectual activity, there has been a noise of denial and protest; much was to be resisted, much was to be got rid of by those who were reared in the old, before they could begin to affirm and to construct. Many a reformer perishes in his removal of rubbishand that makes the offensiveness of the class. They are partial; they are not equal to the work they pretend. They lose their way; in the assault on the kingdom of darkness, they expend all their energy on some accidental evil, and lose their sanity and power of benefit. It is of little moment that one or two or twenty errors of our social system be corrected, but of much that the man be in his senses.
The criticism and attack on institutions which we have witnessed has made one thing plain, that society gains nothing while a man, not himself renovated, attempts to renovate things around him; he has become tediously good in some particular, but negligent or narrow in the rest; and hypocrisy and vanity are often the disgusting result.
It is handsomer to remain in the establishment better than the establishment, and conduct that in the best manner, than to make a sally against evil by some single improvement, without supporting it by a total regeneration. Do not be so vain of your one objection. Do you think there is only one? Alas! my good friend, there is no part of society or of life better than any other part. All our things are right and wrong together. The wave of evil washes all our institutions alike. Do you complain of our Marriage? Our marriage is no worse than our education, our diet, our trade, our social customs. Do you complain of the laws of Property? It is a pedantry to give such importance to them. Can we not play the game of life with these counters as well as with those, in the institution of property as well as out of it? Let into it the new and renewing principle of love, and property will be universality. No one gives the impression of superiority to the institution, which he must give who will reform it. It makes no difference what you say, you must make me feel that you are aloof from it, by your natural and supernatural advantages, do easily see to the end of itdo see how man can do without it. Now all men are on one side. No man deserves to be heard against property. Only love, only an Idea, is against property, as we hold it.
I cannot afford to be irritable and captious, nor waste all my time in attacks. If I should go out of church whenever I hear a false statement, I could never stay there five minutes. But why come out? The street is as false as the church, and when I get to my house, or to my manners, or to my speech, I have not got away from the lie. When we see an eager assailant of one of these wrongs, a special reformer, we feel like asking him, What right have you, sir, to your one virtue? Is virtue piecemeal? This is a jewel amid the rags of a beggar.
In another way the right will be vindicated. In the midst of abuses, in the heart of cities, in the aisles of false churches, alike in one place and in anotherwherever, namely, a just and heroic soul finds itself, there it will do what is next at hand, and by the new quality of character it shall put forth, it shall abrogate that old condition, law or school in which it stands, before the law of its own mind.
If partiality was one fault of the movement party, the other defect was their reliance on Association. Doubts such as those I have intimated drove many good persons to agitate the questions of social reform. But the revolt against the spirit of commerce, the spirit of aristocracy, and the inveterate abuses of cities, did not appear possible to individuals; and to do battle against numbers, they armed themselves with numbers, and against concert, they relied on new concert.
Following or advancing beyond the ideas of St. Simon, of Fourier, and of Owen, three communities have already been formed in Massachusetts on kindred plans, and many more in the country at large. They aim to give every member a share in the manual labor, and to give an equal reward to labor and to talent; and to unite a liberal culture with an education to labor. The scheme offers, by the economies of associated labor and expense, to make every member rich, on the same amount of property that in separate families would leave every member poor. These new associations are composed of men and women of superior talents and sentiments; yet it may easily be questioned whether such a community will draw, except in its beginnings, the able and the good; whether those who have energy will not prefer their chance of superiority and power in the world to the humble certainties of the Association; whether such a retreat does not promise to become an asylum to those who have tried and failed, rather than a field to the strong; and whether the members will not necessarily be fractions of men, because each finds that he cannot enter it without some compromise. Friendship and association are very fine things, and a grand phalanx of the best of the human race, banded for some catholic object. Yes, excellent, but remember that no society can ever be so large as one man. He, in his friendship, in his natural and momentary associations, doubles or multiplies himself, but in the hour in which he mortgages himself to two or ten or twenty, he dwarfs himself below the stature of one.
But the men of less faith could not thus believe, and to such, concert appears the sole specific of strength. I have failed, and you have failed, but perhaps together we shall not fail. Our housekeeping is not satisfactory to us, but perhaps a phalanx, a community, might be. Many of us have differed in opinion, and we could find no man who could make the truth plain, but possibly a college or an ecclesiastical council might. I have not been able either to persuade my brother, or to prevail on myself, to disuse the traffic or the potation of brandy, but perhaps a pledge of total abstinence might effectually restrain us. The candidate my party votes for is not to be trusted with a dollar, but he will be honest in the Senate, for we can bring public opinion to bear on him. Thus concert was the specific in all cases. But concert is neither better nor worse, neither more nor less potent than individual force. All the men in the world cannot make a statue walk and speak, cannot make a drop of blood, or a blade of grass, any more than one man can. But let there be one man, let there be truth in two men, in ten men, then is concert for the first time possible, because the force which moves the world is a new quality, and can never be furnished by adding whatever quantities of a different kind. What is the use of the concert of the false and the disunited? There can be no concert in two where there is no concert in one. When the individual is not individual, but is dual; when his thoughts look one way and his actions another; when his faith is traversed by his habits, when his will, enlightened by reason, is warped by his sense; when with one hand he rows, and with the other backs water, what concert can be?
I do not wonder at the interest these projects inspire. The world is awaking to the idea of union, and these experiments show what it is thinking of. It is and will be magic. Men will live and communicate, and plow, and reap, and govern, as by added ethereal power, when once they are united, as in a celebrated experiment; by expiration and respiration exactly together, four persons lift a heavy man from the ground by the little finger only, and without sense of weight. But this union must be inward and not one of the covenants, and is to be reached by a reverse of the methods they use. The union is only perfect when all the uniters are isolated. It is the union of friends who live in different streets or towns. Each man, if he attempts to join himself to others, is on all sides cramped and diminished of his proportion, and the stricter the union the smaller and the more pitiful he is. But leave him alone to recognize in every hour and place the secret soul, he will go up and down doing the works of a true member, and, to the astonishment of all the work will be done with concert, though no man spoke. Government will be adamantine without any governor. The union must be ideal in actual individualism.
I pass to the indication in some particulars of that faith in man, which the heart is preaching in these days, and which engages more regard from the consideration that the speculations of one generation are the history of the next following.
In alluding just now to our system of education, I spoke of the deadness of its details. But it is open to graver criticism than the palsy of its members, it is a system of despair. The disease with which the human mind now labors is want of faith. Men do not believe in a power of education. We do not think we can speak to divine sentiments in man, and we do not try. We renounce all high aims. We believe that the defects of so many perverse and so many frivolous people, who make up society, are organic, and society is a hospital of incurables. A man of good sense but of little faith, whose compassion seemed to lead him to church as often as he went there, said to me that he liked to have concerts, and fairs, and churches and other public amusements go on. I am afraid the remark is too honest, and comes from the same origin as the maxim of the tyrant, If you would rule the world quietly, you must keep it amused. I notice, too, that the ground on which eminent public servants urge the claims of popular education is fear: This country is filling up with thousands and millions of voters, and you must educate them to keep them from our throats. We do not believe that any education, any system of philosophy, any influence of genius, will ever give depth of insight to a superficial mind. Having settled ourselves into this infidelity, our skill is expended to procure alleviations, diversion, opiates. We adorn the victim with manual skill, his tongue with languages, his body with inoffensive and comely manners. So have we cunningly hid the tragedy of limitation and inner death we cannot avert. Is it strange that society should be devoured by a secret melancholy, which breaks through all its smiles and all its gayety and games?
But even one step further our infidelity has gone. It appears that some doubt is felt by good and wise men whether really the happiness and probity of men is increased by the culture of the mind in those disciplines to which we give the name of education. Unhappily, too, the doubt comes from scholars, from persons who have tried these methods. In their experience, the scholar was not raised by the sacred thoughts among which he dwelt, but used them to selfish ends. He was a profane person and became a showman, turning his gifts to a marketable use and not to his own sustenance and growth. It was found that the intellect could be independently developed, that is, in separation from the man, as any single organ can be invigorated, and the result was monstrous. A canine appetite for knowledge was generated, which must still be fed, but was never satisfied, and this knowledge not being directed on action, never took the character of substantial, humane truth, blessing those whom it entered. It gave the scholar certain powers of expression, the power of speech, the power of poetry, of literary art, but it did not bring him to peace, or to beneficence.
When the literary class betray a destitution of faith, it is not strange that society should be disheartened and sensualized by unbelief. What remedy? Life must be lived on a higher plane. We must go up to a higher platform, to which we are always invited to ascend, there the whole aspect of things changes. I resist the skepticism of our education, and of our educated men. I do not believe that the differences of opinion and character in men are organic. I do not recognize, beside the class of the good and the wise, a permanent class of skeptics, or a class of conservatives, or of malignants, or of materialists. I do not believe in two classes. You remember the story of the poor woman who importuned King Philip of Macedon to grant her justice, which Philip refused; the woman exclaimed, I appeal; the king, astonished, asked to whom she appealed: the woman replied, from Philip drunk to Philip sober. The text will suit me very well. I believe not in two classes of men, but in man in two moodsin Philip drunk and Philip sober. I think, according to the good-hearted word of Plato, Unwillingly the soul is deprived of truth. Iron conservative, miser, or thief, no man is, but by a supposed necessity, which he tolerates by shortness or torpidity of sight. The soul lets no man go without some visitations and holy-days of a diviner presence. It would be easy to show, by a narrow scanning of a mans biography, that we are not so wedded to our paltry performances of every kind, but that every man has at intervals the grace to scorn his performances in comparing them with his belief of what he should do, that he puts himself on the side of his enemies, listening gladly to what they say of him, and accusing himself of the same things.
What is it men love in Genius, but its infinite hope, which degrades all it has done? Genius counts all its miracles poor and short. Its own idea it never executed. The Iliad, the Hamlet, the Doric column, the Roman arch, the Gothic minster, the German anthem, when they are ended, the master casts behind him. How sinks the song in the waves of melody which the universe pours over his soul! Before that gracious Infinite, out of which he drew these few strokes, how mean they look, though the praises of the world attend them. From the triumphs of his art, he turns with desire to this greater defeat. Let those admire who will. With silent joy he sees himself to be capable of a beauty that eclipses all which his hands have done, all which human hands have ever done.
Well, we are all children of genius, the children of virtue, and feel their inspirations in our happier hours. Is not every man sometimes a radical in politics? Men are conservatives when they are least vigorous, or when they are most luxurious. They are conservatives after dinner, or before taking their rest; when they are sick or aged; in the morning, or when their intellect or their conscience have been aroused; when they hear music or when they read poetry they are radicals. In the circle of the rankest tories that could be collected in England, Old or New, let a powerful and stimulating intellect, a man of great heart and mind act on them, and very quickly these frozen conservators will yield to the friendly influence, these hopeless will begin to hope, these haters will begin to love, these immovable statues will begin to spin and revolve. I cannot help recalling the fine anecdote which Warton relates of Bishop Berkeley, when he was preparing to leave England with his plan of planting the gospel among the American savages. Lord Bathurst told me that the members of the Scriblerus Club being met at his house at dinner, they agreed to rally Berkeley, who was also his guest, on his scheme at Bermudas. Berkeley, having listened to the many lively things they had to say, begged to be heard in his turn, and displayed his plan with such an astonishing and animating force of eloquence and enthusiasm that they were struck dumb, and after some pause, rose up all together with earnestness, exclaiming: Let us set out with him immediately. Men in all ways are better than they seem. They like flattery for the moment, but they know the truth for their own. It is a foolish cowardice which keeps us from trusting them, and speaking to them rude truth. They resent your honesty for an instant, they will thank you for it always. What is it we heartily wish of each other? Is it to be pleased and flattered? No, but to be convicted and exposed, to be shamed out of our nonsense of all kinds, and made men of, instead of ghosts and phantoms. We are weary of gliding ghost-like through the world, which is itself so slight and unreal. We crave a sense of reality, though it come in strokes of pain. I explain soby this manlike love of truththose excesses and errors into which souls of great vigor, but not equal insight, often fall. They feel the poverty at the bottom of all the seeming affluence of the world. They know the speed with which they come straight through the thin masquerade, and conceive a disgust at the indigence of nature: Rousseau, Mirabeau, Charles Fox, Napoleon, Byronand I could easily add names nearer home, of raging riders, who drive their steeds so hard in the violence of living to forget its illusion: they would know the worst, and tread the floors of hell. The heroes of ancient and modern fame, Cimon, Themistocles, Alcibiades, Alexander, Cæsar, have treated life and fortune as a game to be well and skilfully played, but the stake not to be so valued, but that any time, it could be held as a trifle light as air, and thrown up. Cæsar, just before the battle of Pharsalia, discourses with the Egyptian priest concerning the fountains of the Nile, and offers to quit the army, the empire, and Cleopatra, if he will show him those mysterious sources.
The same magnanimity shows itself in our social relations, in the preference, namely, which each man gives to the society of superiors over that of his equals. All that a man has will he give for right relations with his mates. All that he has will he give for an erect demeanor in every company and on each occasion. He aims at such things as his neighbors prize, and gives his days and nights, his talents and his heart, to strike a good stroke, to acquit himself in all mens sight as a man. The consideration of an eminent citizen, of a noted merchant, of a man of mark in his profession; naval and military honor, a generals commission, a marshals baton, a ducal coronet, the laurel of poets, and, anyhow procured, the acknowledgment of eminent merit, have this lustre for each candidate, that the enable him to walk erect and unshamed, in the presence of some persons, before whom he felt himself inferior. Having raised himself to this rank, having established his equality with class after class, of those with whom he would live well, he still finds certain others, before whom he cannot possess himself, because they have somewhat fairer, somewhat grander, somewhat purer, which extorts homage of him. Is his ambition pure? then will his laurels and his possessions seem worthless; instead of avoiding these men who make his fine gold dim, he will cast all behind him, and seek their society only, woo and embrace this his humiliation and mortification, until he shall know why his eye sinks, his voice is husky, and his brilliant talents are paralyzed in this presence. He is sure that the soul which gives the lie to all things will tell none. His constitution will not mislead him. If it cannot carry itself as it ought, high and unmatchable in the presence of any man, if the secret oracles whose whisper makes the sweetness and dignity of his life, do here withdraw and accompany him no longer, it is time to undervalue what he has valued, to dispossess himself of what he has acquired, and with Cæsar to take in his hand the army, the empire, and Cleopatra, and say: All these will I relinquish, if you will show me the fountains of the Nile. Dear to us are those who love usthe swift moments we spend with them are the compensation for a great deal of misery; they enlarge our life; but dearer are those who reject us as unworthy, for they add another life; they build a heaven before us, whereof we had not dreamed, and thereby supply to us new powers out of the recesses of the spirit, and urge us to new and unattempted performances.
As every man at heart wishes the best and not inferior society, wishes to be convicted of his error, and to come to himself, so he wishes that the same healing should not stop in his thought, but should penetrate his will or active power. The selfish man suffers more from his selfishness than he from whom that selfishness withholds some important benefit. What he most wishes is to be lifted to some higher platform, that he may see beyond his present fear the transalpine good, so that his fear, his coldness, his custom may be broken up like fragments of ice, melted and carried away in the great stream of good will. Do you ask my aid? I also wish to be a benefactor. I wish more to be a benefactor and servant than you wish to be served by me, and surely the greatest good fortune that could befall me is precisely to be so moved by you that I should say, Take me and all mine, and use me and mine freely to your ends! for I could not say it, otherwise than because a great enlargement had come to my heart and mind, which made me superior to my fortunes. Here we are paralyzed with fear; we hold on to our little properties, house and land, office and money, for the bread which they have in our experience yielded us, although we confess that our being does not flow through them. We desire to be made great, we desire to be touched with that fire which shall command this ice to stream, and make our existence a benefit. If, therefore, we start objections to your project, O friend of the slave, or friend of the poor, or of the race, understand well, that it is because we wish to drive you to drive us into your measures. We wish to hear ourselves confuted. We are haunted with a belief that you have a secret, which it would highliest advantage us to learn; we would force you to impart it to us, though it should bring us to prison, or to worse extremity.
Nothing shall warp me from the belief that every man is a lover of truth. There is no pure lie, no pure malignity in nature. The entertainment of the proposition of depravity is the last profligacy and profanation. There is no skepticism, no atheism but that. Could it be received into common belief, suicide would unpeople the planet. It has had a name to live in some dogmatic theology, but each mans innocence and his real liking of his neighbor, have kept it a dead letter. I remember standing at the polls one day, and when the anger of the political contest gave a certain grimness to the faces of the independent electors, and a good man at my side looking on the people, remarked, I am satisfied that the largest part of these men on either side mean to vote right. I suppose considerate observers, looking at the masses of men in their blameless, and in their equivocal actions, will assent that in spite of selfishness and frivolity the general purpose in the great number of persons is fidelity. The reason why any one refuses his assent to your opinion, or his aid to your benevolent design, is in you; he refuses to accept you as a bringer of truth, because, though you think you have it, he feels that you have it not. You have not given him the authentic sign.
If it were worth while to run into details this general doctrine of the latent but ever soliciting Spirit, it would be easy to adduce illustration in particulars of a mans equality to the church, of his equality to the state, and of his equality to every other man. It is yet in all mens memory, that a few years ago the liberal churches complained that the Calvinistic church denied to them the name of Christian. I think the complaint was confession: a religious church would not complain. A religious man like Behmen, Fox, or Swedenborg, is not irritated by wanting the sanction of the church, but the church feels the accusation of his presence and belief.
It only needs that a just man should walk in our streets, to make it appear how pitiful and inartificial a contrivance is our legislation. The man whose part is taken, and who does not wait for society in anything, has a power which society cannot choose but feel. The familiar experiment, called the hydrostatic paradox, in which a capillary column of water balances the ocean, is the symbol of the relation of one man to the whole family of men. The wise Dandini, on hearing the lives of Socrates, Pythagoras and Diogenes read, judged them to be great men every way, excepting that they were too much subjected to the reverence of the laws, which to second and authorize, true virtue must abate very much of its original vigor.
And as a man is equal to the church, and equal to the state, so he is equal to every other man. The disparities of power in men are superficial; and all frank and searching conversation, in which a man lays himself open to his brother, apprizes each of their radical unity. When two persons sit and converse in thoroughly good understanding, the remark is sure to be made. See how we have disputed about words! Let a clear, apprehensive mind, such as every man knows among his friends, converse with the most commanding poetic genius, I think, it would appear that there was no inequality such as men fancy between them; that a perfect understanding, a like receiving, a like perceiving, abolished differences, and the poet would confess that his creative imagination gave him no deep advantage, but only the superficial one, that he could express himself, and the other could not; that his advantage was a knack, which might impose on indolent men, but could not impose on lovers of truth; for they know the tax of talent, or, what a price of greatness the power of expression too often pays. I believe it is the conviction of the purest men that the net amount of man and man does not much vary. Each is incomparably superior to his companion in some faculty. His want of skill in other directions has added to his fitness for his own work. Each seems to have some compensation yielded to him by his infirmity, and every hindrance operates as a concentration of his force.
These and the like experiences intimate that man stands in strict connection with a higher fact never yet manifested. There is power over and behind us, and we are the channels of its communications. We seek to say thus and so, and over our head some spirit sits, which contradicts what we say. We would persuade our fellow to this or that; another self within our eyes dissuades him. That which we keep back, this reveals. In vain we compose our faces and our words; it holds uncontrollable communication with the enemy, and he answers civilly to us, but believes the spirit. We exclaim, Theres a traitor in the house! but at last it appears that he is the true man, and I am the traitor. This open channel to the highest life is the first and last reality, so subtle, so quiet, yet so tenacious, that although I have never expressed the truth, and although I have never heard the expression of it from any other, I know that the whole truth is here for me. What if I cannot answer your questions? I am not pained that I cannot frame a reply to the question, What is the operation we call Providence? There lies the unspoken thing, present, omnipresent. Every time we converse, we seek to translate it into speech, but whether we hit or whether we miss we have the fact. Every discourse is an approximate answer; but it is of small consequence that we do not get it into verbs and nouns, while it abides for contemplation forever.
If the auguries of the prophesying heart shall make themselves good in time, the man who shall be born, whose advent men and events prepare and foreshow, is one who shall enjoy his connection with a higher life, with the man within man; shall destroy distrust by his trust, shall use his native but forgotten methods, shall not take counsel of flesh and blood, but shall rely on the Law alive and beautiful, which works over our heads and under our feet. Pitiless, it avails itself of our success, when we obey it, and of our ruin, when we contravene it. Men are all secret believers in it, else the word justice would have no meaning: they believe that the best is the true; that right is done at last; or chaos would come. It rewards actions after their nature and not after the design of the agent. Work, it saith to man, in every hour, paid or unpaid, see only that thou work, and thou canst not escape the reward: whether thy work be fine or coarse, planting corn, or writing epics, so only it be honest work, done to thine own approbation, it shall earn a reward to these senses as well as to the thought: no matter, how often defeated, you are born to victory. The reward of a thing well done, is to have done it.
As soon as a man is wonted to look beyond surfaces, and to see how this high will prevails without an exception or an interval, he settles himself into serenity. He can already rely on the laws of gravity, that every stone will fall where it is due; the good globe is faithful, and carries us securely through the celestial spaces, anxious or resigned; we need not interfere to help it on, and he will learn, one day, the mild lesson they teach, that our own orbit is all our task, and we need not assist the administration of the universe. Do not be so impatient to set the town right concerning the unfounded pretensions and the false reputation of certain men of standing. They are laboring harder to set the town right concerning themselves, and will certainly succeed. Suppress for a few days your criticism on the insufficiency of this or that teacher or experimenter, and he will have demonstrated his insufficiency to all mens eyes. In like manner, let a man fall into the divine circuits, and he is enlarged. Obedience to his genius is the only liberating influence. We wish to escape from subjection, and a sense of inferiorityand we make self-denying ordinances, we drink water, we eat grass, we refuse the laws, we go to jail: it is all in vain; only by obedience to his genius; only by the freest activity in the way constitutional to him, does an angel seem to arise before a man, and lead him by the hand out of all the wards of the prison.
That which befits us, embosomed in beauty and wonder as we are, is cheerfulness and courage, and the endeavor to realize our aspirations. The life of man is the true romance, which, when it is valiantly conducted, will yield the imagination a higher joy than any fiction. All around us, what powers are wrapped up under the coarse mattings of custom, and all wonder prevented. It is so wonderful to our neurologists that a man can see without his eyes, that it does not occur to them that it is just as wonderful that he should see with them; and that is ever the difference between the wise and the unwise; the latter wonders at what is unusual, the wise man wonders at the usual. Shall not the heart which has received so much, trust the Power by which it lives? May it not quit other leadings, and listen to the Soul that has guided it so gently, and taught it so much, secure that the future will be worthy of the past?
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The practice of Yoga was developed in ancient India around 3000-1800 BCE. The word yoga, from the Sanskrit word yuj means to bind/ "union".
Yoga is a sensible approach to mental and physical health that embodies more than poses and movements. It teaches us about and how to become one with our physical, mental, spiritual, psychic and transcendental selves.
Yoga has eight limbs - "guidelines for conscious living" to help us attain oneness and enlightenment: the yamas (social and ethical standards), niyamas (observances), asana (postures), pranayama (breath control and exercises), pratyahara (sense control/withdrawal), dharana (practicing concentration), dhyani (meditation), and samadhi (enlightenment).
As we practice Yoga and explore these eight limbs, we gain more control of our physical and metal bodies (we become more aware/woke), our behavior and perception of the outer world changes; we then become more capable of focusing on our inner selves until we attain samadhi/enlightenment.
Who can practice Yoga?
Yoga is for everyone and for all body types - It is the ideal cross-training activity for all of life's ups and downs. It can help the body heal from injury, and you will learn how to manage safe and effective workouts while strengthening your whole body.
Yoga is for all fitness levels (beginner, intermediate and expert). Lessons can be gentle, challenging or intense; it all depends on your current capabilities, the pace that you choose and the intention of class.
Yoga will improve your current ability to focus (till you can without distraction), control of the senses, breathing, posture, the core, overall balance - both internally and externally. Meaning your mind will become more flexible as well. You will be able to cope better with your minds flucuating thoughts and emotions.
Modifications are available for the poses that the body is not prepared or ready to perform comfortably. No need to worry about your current fitness level or capabilities - your endurance and range of motion will increase naturally once you start practicing consistently :)
Our Yoga styles
There are many styles and forms of Yoga. At African Zest you can explore and experience the following:
Ashtanga yoga - (guided) the aim of the series is to to purify the body and improve internal focus. The postures in the series are practiced in the same order each time. (*There are eight spiritual practices/"eight-limbs of yoga" as outlined by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras that help lead to samadhi/enlightment/ state of oneness with the universe.)
Mysore style Ashtanga Yoga - (self lead) each student practices what they know in the Ashtanga Yoga sequence series, at their own pace. The teacher instructions students one-on-one within the group class setting.
Hatha Vinyasa/flow - the aim of this practice is to balance our nadis/energy channels which include the left & right hemispheres of the brain. *The typical class will include a combination of body postures, chanting, breath-work and meditation. *Vinyasa - means linking breath to movement in continuous dance-like movements/flow
Thai-Yoga massage (gentle yoga with Thai massage - all in one class)
Pranayama/Breathwork and Meditation - breathing exercises/breath control and exercises to help with concentration - which will help the mind prepare for meditation
Yoga and wine - gentle yoga with a few sips of wine here & there... *acidic Yogi time
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A computer uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides backup power to a computer system during electrical power disruptions or outages. It offers several advantages that help protect your computer and data. Here are six advantages of using a computer UPS:
Power Backup: The primary advantage of a computer UPS is its ability to provide backup power when the main power supply fails. Power outages can cause data loss, damage to hardware components, and interruption to critical tasks. With a UPS, your computer system remains powered for a limited period, allowing you to save your work and safely shut down the system.
Surge Protection: UPS devices often include surge protection mechanisms. Electrical surges, caused by power fluctuations or lightning strikes, can damage computer components like the motherboard, processor, and storage devices. A UPS acts as a buffer against such surges, absorbing the excess voltage and safeguarding your computer.
Voltage Regulation: Voltage fluctuations can harm sensitive computer equipment. A UPS regulates the incoming voltage, ensuring a steady and consistent power supply to your computer. It prevents damage caused by overvoltage or undervoltage, which can cause system instability, data corruption, or equipment failure.
Data Protection: Sudden power loss can lead to data loss or corruption, especially if you are working on important documents or running critical applications. A UPS gives you sufficient time to save your work and shut down your computer properly. This helps prevent data loss and maintains the integrity of your files.
Increased Uptime: By providing backup power, a UPS increases the uptime of your computer system. It allows you to continue working during brief power interruptions or while transitioning to an alternate power source. This is particularly important in scenarios where uninterrupted power supply is critical, such as server rooms or environments that rely on continuous operation.
Equipment Longevity: Power disruptions and voltage irregularities can put a strain on computer components, potentially reducing their lifespan. The steady power supply and surge protection offered by a UPS help extend the life of your computer system. By minimizing the risk of damage and ensuring consistent voltage, a UPS contributes to the longevity of your equipment.
It’s important to note that the specific advantages of a computer UPS can vary depending on the model and features of the UPS itself. When selecting a UPS, consider the power capacity, battery runtime, surge protection rating, and other relevant factors based on your specific requirements.
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (v) keep up (maintain a required pace or level) "He could not keep up and dropped out of the race"
- S: (v) prolong, sustain, keep up (lengthen or extend in duration or space) "We sustained the diplomatic negotiations as long as possible"; "prolong the treatment of the patient"; "keep up the good work"
- S: (v) conserve, preserve, maintain, keep up (keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction) "We preserve these archeological findings"; "The old lady could not keep up the building"; "children must be taught to conserve our national heritage"; "The museum curator conserved the ancient manuscripts"
- S: (v) keep up, keep abreast, follow (keep informed) "He kept up on his country's foreign policies"
- S: (v) keep up (prevent from going to bed at night) "The anticipation of the trip kept the children up all night"; "I kept myself up all night studying for the exam"
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Before you write your essay it's important to analyse the task and the reference section of your essay essay writing guide for psychology students. Sample business and economics essay the reference list writing an essay research & learning online. Students produce a draft of their essay and or parents and have them type it into the learnzillion finalizing the essay for the culminating writing task. Get apa essay help on apa essay format and and especially when you cite them in the apa essay in-text references this may seem as an intimidating task.
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How to format essays using mla style read more about write my essay online service in-text citation writing an essay is a very tedious task. Buseco-annotated-essay-referencespdf it report: approaching the task it report: writing an essay structuring the essay.
Guide to referencing and citations for law essays accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work whenever you refer to either the work or ideas of someone, or are. Some examples of process essays include how to check email, how to make kool-aid and how to catch river crabs a process essay is a piece of writing that describes. 2 ii assignment types 1 essay writing 3. How to write an essay you can also ask a reference how-to essays explain the steps required for completing a task or a procedure with the goal of.
Reference to essays another section deals with the basics of report writing, incorporating sub-sections on another section deals with the basics of report writing, incorporating. Effective citing and referencing contents ni troduction 1 why cite 2 what to cite 3 when to cite 4 how to cite 5 definitions 11. When it comes to essay writing, an in-depth research is a big deal our experienced writers are professional in many fields of knowledge so that they can assist you with virtually any.
Essay about c200 task 1 essay about c200 task 1 4510 words jan 31st, 2015 19 pages show more as learned through the textbook and other references for this course the management theories. The task task 2 involves writing an essay on the given topic master ielts essays referencing and. A 6-step process for producing essays directly respond to the specific task requirements in-text referencing and reference list correctly. Referencing generators & guides if you are finding difficulties with referencing your essay and are looking for a professional research and referencing service. An academic essay should answer a question or task it should have a thesis statement (answer to the question) and an argument referencing the essay editing.
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noun, plural: sperms
A sperm is a cell consisting of a round or cylindrical nucleated cell, a short neck, and a thin motile tail. Its structure is vital to its mobility and function (i.e. sexual reproduction). The compacted nucleus contains half of the genetic information. It fuses with an ovum (the female gamete) to form a zygote. In mammals, the sex is determined by the sperm cell. If it bears Y chromosome, the resulting offspring is a male. If X chromosome, the offspring is a female.
Word origin: Greek, from sperma, spermat-, seed.
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Just like it’s important for humans to brush their teeth on a daily basis and see their dentist a couple times each year, it’s important for pets to have clean teeth and dental checkups by a vet.
February is National Pet Dental Health Month, which calls attention to the importance of regular checkups for pets, along with preventative dental care.
Fidelco Guide Dog Foundation’s Dr. RuthAnn Solomon, DVM, says preventive dental care can increase your pet’s overall health and potentially decrease future veterinary bills.
Located in Bloomfield, Conn., Fidelco is one of 12 accredited guide dog schools in the U.S. and five schools in the Canadian providences.
“Oral health maintenance is just as important as keeping your pets’ vaccinations up to date,” Solomon said. “Periodontal disease is the most common health problem that veterinarians see in their patients, and it can lead to serious systemic conditions, but it is preventable.
“Great advances have been made in veterinary dentistry and there’s a wide array of options available for pet owners.”
John Bruggeman, DVM from Springfield Veterinary Clinic, (248) 625-4144, says periodontal disease can cause bad breath, gum infection and may spread to other organs.
“Keeping your pets teeth clean and healthy goes along with yearly vaccinations. We check both teeth and gums at least on yearly visits along with every time we have a dog on an examination table,” Bruggeman said.
One way to clean your pet’s teeth is by using a piece of gauze on your finger along with a little baking soda.
“Maintaining your pet’s teeth can be a real value,” Bruggeman said. “Good chew exercises are also important by using natural bones or a product called Nyla Bone.” Pet shops will be able to assist you in what type of products to use.
Solomon offers the following tips for pet owners:
? Have your pet’s teeth examined by your veterinarian during your annual visit – Early detection and correction of dental disease is best. If needed, your vet can perform a thorough dental scaling and polishing to give you a head start on developing healthy dental hygiene for your pet.
? Try to brush your pet’s teeth on a daily or weekly basis – The easiest way to get your pet used to regular at-home brushings is to start when they’re young. Brushing can be gradually introduced to older pets. The American Veterinary Medicine Association offers a video (http://bit.ly/1e3xZzH) providing step-by-step instructions on how to brush your pet’s teeth.
? The ingredients can be toxic to animals. Ask your veterinarian which dental health products are appropriate for pets. Also, dogs can’t rinse and spit like humans, so the best toothpaste for dogs is one with enzymatic action – look for the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal of approval. Refer to the VOHC website for a list of approved products.
?Pay attention to signs and symptoms of dental disease – Untreated dental infections can spread to the heart and other organs and quickly become life threatening. Regular dental checkups are essential to help maintain your pet’s dental health. If you notice any of the symptoms below, take your pet into your veterinarian as soon as possible:
*Bad breath—If it’s beyond the usual “doggy breath,” it may be a sign that periodontal disease has already started.
*Frequent pawing or rubbing at the face and/or mouth.
*Reluctance to eat hard foods.
*Red swollen gums and brownish teeth.
? Treats – There are some dental chews on the market that are specifically designed to help control plaque and tartar buildup. Look for dental chews accepted by the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) and ask your veterinarian if they’re right for your pet.
? If you give your pet dental treats, chews, or toys: Consult with your veterinarian first to ensure they are safe and effective. Avoid toys that are abrasive and can wear down the teeth. If your dog is an aggressive chewer, choose softer toys, rawhide or other chews that soften to avoid possible tooth damage. Always supervise your dog when he is chewing on a toy.
To begin tooth care at home, let your dog smell or taste the paste for a week or so, praising it often.
Next put some paste on a dog toothbrush, slowly introducing it to the dog. Begin cleaning small sections on the outside of the mouth. Hold the lips back as you brush.
And remember, like introducing anything new to your dog; use plenty of praise and treats. Go slowly too, as the dog’s attention span is short.
Julie Unwin, chief operating officer of Fidelco says the foundation breeds its own dogs. “We use only German Shepherd because we believe they make superior guide dogs, have all the qualities for a true working dog like stamina and the desire to work. We’ve bred and used German Shepherds since 1960.
“Dogs that aren’t selected for guide dogs go on to other work like search and rescue, bomb detection, and police work. Some go to law enforcement all over the country. They do their own training,” she said.
Another reason the German Shepherd is preferred is an average working life of ten years.
“We pioneered in community placement that was a European model. Clients don’t come to the school and learn to work with the dog. We think it’s good for both dog and client to be familiarized where the dog will live and work.
“Instead, trainers go to wherever the client is and do the training, following up on a yearly basis. Training takes two to three weeks with clients and goes on seven days a week,” Unwin said. “If any problems arise, trainers are right there to help.”
Twelve trainers place approximately 40 dogs yearly. To become a trainer, candidates must go through a three- year apprenticeship at Fidelco before being certified.
“Some of our trainers have been here more that 20 years,” Unwin said.
For more information visit www.fidelco.org.
Roger Beukema writes a weekly outdoors column for 21st Century Newspapers. Email him email@example.com and read his blog at theoaklandpress.com.
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The Dhammasangani is the title given to the first book out of the seven book of the Abhidhamma Pitaka. A Study of Abhidhamma properly begins with a study of Dhammasangani the Pali word Dhamma varies in meaning according to context; here as part of the term dhammasangani, dhamma means ultimate realities. Sangani means collecting together or complete enumeration. The Dhammasangani deals with collecting and enumerating the ultimate realities by the method of triad (tikas) and dyads (dukas) as set out in its Matika.
The present book is complete English translation of Dhammasangani from the Pali.
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If they lived in an urban area, such as the present-day city of St. John's, you likely will be able to find theirrecords without much difficulty.
However, if they lived in a more remote area, where there were no roads and travel was difficult, vital records may be more difficult, if not impossible, to find. This was the case for both the island of Newfoundland, and on the mainland of Labrador, both of which are included in all discussions on this page.
Privacy Legislation and Newfoundland's Vital Records
Under this province's privacy legislation, the birth, marriage, and death records are not available to the public until the following time periods have elapsed:
Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths began in 1891. At that time, all clergymen were required to register all Newfoundland vital records with the government. Prior to this time, any records which were kept were (and still are) located in the churches.
If a birth was not registered within one year of its occurrence, a late-filed registration could be made. However, it had to be accompanied by the necessary paperwork, such as affidavits sworn by family members, friends, or acquaintances with respect to when the individual was born.
Newfoundland vital records are somewhat sparse. As previously noted, Newfoundland is located on an island in the Atlantic Ocean just off the coast of Canada, while Labrador is on the mainland, but along the Atlantic coast. Both are quite isolated areas.
Men of the cloth from different denominations would be assigned circuits, but travel was very difficult in these remote areas. Even today, many areas have no roads, and can only be reached by boat or float plane.
Some villages were visited every six months, with the clergyman travelling on the boats that brought supplies to the area. Marriages and christenings were performed during the short period that the visiting clergyman was there.
Other villages saw the clergyman whenever he could make it to their area, with the assistance of fishing boats, etc.
Most Newfoundland vital records start in the 1800s, with some as early as the 1820s, and some as late as 1949.
The majority of Newfoundland vital records are parish records, recorded in registers which the clergyman carried with him from place to place.
A number of these books were destroyed by fires; at least two of them were "reconstructed" by the clergyman, most likely with the assistance of the families involved.
The Archives do not have the parish records in their possession. Those records belong to the church where they were created. It is up to the particular church to determine the number of years of records it will make available for genealogicalpurposes.
A number of 'finding aids' have been compiled to assist with finding individuals christened, married, or buriedin Newfoundland and Labrador, both in the cities and in the various remote outposts and villages.
A number of religious groups were at work in the area. Those for which there currently are Parish Records Finding Aids are the following:
There are also two appendices to the Finding Aids, which could prove very useful in searching for Newfoundland vital records:
For general information about divorce records in Canada, see my page Canadian Divorce Records.
As previously noted, Newfoundland was a British colony until 1949, when it joined Canadian confederation.
All divorces prior to 1968 were handled by private Act of Parliament.
Divorce records are located in the different offices of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Trial Division)
The civil records listed above (births: 1891 - 1899; marriages: 1891 - 1922; and deaths: 1891 - 1949) are availableon microfilm. They can be searched at the Archives, and are also available to be ordered through your local FamilyHistory Centre of the Latter Day Saints.
Community Indexes are available for the civil registers. The index lists each town or village, and indicates whereits records are located, either in the registers, or on the microfilm.
The drawback, of course, is that you have to know where your ancestor was born, married or buried, as the case may be, before you can find them using the index, as it takes you to a particular village.
The Parish Records Finding Aids currently are not available online, and can only be searched at the Rooms. However, an online version is being developed.
The Rooms Provincial Archives are located at the following address:
Telephone: (709) 757-8000
The Rooms do not provide copies of documents. That service is available from the Vital Statistics Division. Their contact details are as follows:
Vital Statistics Division
The Rooms do provide a searching service, for those unable to travel to their location. They will search an 11-yeartime period for an individual record dated prior to 1892 for a fee, which will either produce a copy of the record or an indication that the search did not bear any fruit.
If a certified copy of the record is required, an additional fee is payable.
As of 2011, the fees were $22.60 for a search, and an additional $22.60 for a certified copy.
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which may be
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History of the CAVD
In the 25 years since HIV was identified, several vaccine candidates have been tested in humans, yet none have elicited the protective immune response needed to guard against infection.
Numerous vaccine candidates have been tested in humans, including two candidates that advanced through preclinical and early clinical trials only to fail in large-scale Phase III trials involving thousands of volunteers.
Vaccines strategies that were successful in preventing other diseases such as polio, small pox, and hepatitis B have failed when matched against HIV, a virus that compromises the immune system.
Given the expensive and highly visible failures, pharmaceutical companies became reluctant to take on HIV vaccine research and US federal funding was one of the few remaining sources of significant research dollars.
In the early 2000’s the HIV vaccine research community looked inward to find ways to improve the process of vaccine discovery. Science and policy leaders realized that the piecemeal approach to HIV vaccine discovery was insufficient to meet the challenges of developing an HIV vaccine.
These scientists, policy leaders, advocates, and funders realized that the best chance of developing such a vaccine would come from a coordinated and collaborative approach that could harness the collective strengths of vaccine researchers and developers worldwide. The evolution of this new approach was laid out in an article published in June 2003 in the journal Science. In the article, 24 leaders in HIV research called for the establishment of a Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, an international alliance of researchers, funders, and advocates dedicated to accelerating HIV vaccine development.
The Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise called for the development of a scientific strategic plan that would guide HIV vaccine research. It also called for the mobilization of significant new financial resources and greater collaboration so that researchers could share results and avoid duplication of effort.
The Enterprise’s initial Scientific Strategic Plan, released in February 2005, outlined key areas in vaccine research and development where attention needed to be focused. Of the six priority areas outlined in the plan, two of the top priorities were vaccine discovery and laboratory standardization. (Additional information about the Enterprise is available at
The Gates Foundation is committed to funding HIV vaccine development in accordance with Enterprise principles. In 2005 the Foundation began requesting proposals for research projects that adhered to the collaborative philosophy articulated by the Enterprise. The Foundation focused on three priorities identified in the Enterprise Plan: the rational design of immunogens capable of inducing broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies; the rational design of immunogens capable of inducing persistent high levels of T-cell immunity; and the creation of a robust global infrastructure of facilities that could develop, expand, and ensure broad access to laboratory assays and technologies that allow valid comparisons of data across pre-clinical and clinical trials worldwide. As proposals were received, it became clear that additional areas of expertise were needed: statistical analysis and mouse modeling, and an infrastructure for preserving and sharing the materials generated under these grants
On July 19, 2006 the Gates Foundation announced the creation of an international network of highly collaborative research consortia focused on accelerating the pace of HIV vaccine development. The Foundation awarded 16 grants totaling $287 million as part of a new Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery. In 2011-2012, the Foundation has since awarded seven additional grants to be included in the CAVD, for a total of $355 million to fund 23 consortia. Since then, the CAVD has grown to include an additional $99 million in grants to 13 new consortia.
See About the Grantees...
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Most people have already or will experience a headache in their lifetime. There are infinitive causes for them, such as stress, long-term poor posture, dehydration, sinus issues, rhinitis, poor diet, lack of sleep, prolonged exposure to blue light, vision issues etc. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. It can cause mild, moderate or intense pain behind the eyes, in the neck and head.
It is usually caused by tightness in the muscles around neck, under the skull, on the face and head. Approximately 75 percent of headaches are believed to arise from tension on trapezius, levator scapula, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, and rhomboid.
The most common forms of muscle tension-induced headaches are:
1. Pain Behind The Eyes, Above The Temples, Sensation Of Heaviness Like You Are Wearing A Helmet
This may be due to a tight trapezius, or the upper shoulder muscle. Another muscle that we need to look at is the levator scapula. It runs from the base of our skull to the superior angle of the scapula (shoulder blade). It can involve an effective trigger point that radiates headaches. Desk workers are more likely to get tight muscles in this area, due to long hours in front of a screen with bad posture.
2. Pain On Or Around The Face
The muscles that are likely to give this kind of headache are the sternocleidomastoid. This muscle is linked to the sternum (breast bone), clavicle (collar bone) and mastoid (jaw) and is responsible for moving the head and flexing the neck. It also involves the sub-occipital muscles, in the base of our skull. It can be an over active muscle or stress trigger point that reduces or prevents blood circulation in the neck and tightens this area creating pain.
3. Pain On The Temples And Above The Eyes
This area may be affected due to bruxism (teeth grinding) or stress. The muscles that could be tight in this instance are the muscles that assist in chewing you food – The masseter, the jaw muscle, and/or the temporalis on the temples. A good massage can relieve the tension in those muscles, and also helps to alleviate mental pressure such as stress and anxiety.
Most people seek alternative therapy, such as massage, which has a relaxing effect on the body and releases tension in the muscles influencing headache’s.
A treatment session for 30 minutes can have the same effect on headache relief as painkillers. These pills are a quick fix. They only make the pain go away and do not address the cause. Regular massage releases the tightness that is causing the headache, and also helps to treat it. Keep in mind: treating the pain is not treating the cause, and ignoring the cause creates a cycle of pain.
Once treated, it is very important to identify the causes of the tension headache to prevent it from coming back in the future. If you do suffer from it quite often, we recommend you to pay attention on which activities, foods, drinks or situations manifest it and adjust your lifestyle to avoid the triggers (where possible).
It is very rare that a headache on its own is a symptom of a very serious condition. If you have recurring headaches that accompany other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity and aren’t prone to migraines, always seek medical advice to find out what the underlying causes are.
Written by Isabella
Isabella is a graduated Physiotherapist back in Brazil and has Diploma in Remedial Massage in Australia. She has been working in the industry with Chiropractors and Physios for over 2 years, where she has been able to develop her skills in Remedial, Sports and Swedish massage. She has always been passionate about how powerful the human body is and how it can heal itself.
– Relaxation Massage
– Deep Tissue
– Remedial Massage
– Sports Massage
– Pregnancy Massage
To book in with Isabella call 0420 644 852 or click here.
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The automotive world is experiencing an intense evolution, an evolution that mainly leads to efficiency. Carbon fiber, also known as CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic), is one of the most talked about materials, increasingly used in series cars, and not only in high-performance sports cars. Its arrival in the market will be massive in the coming years, so we must know what carbon fiber is.
We must know what many qualify as the material of the future, and that it meets many of the requirements that manufacturers seek in the construction of new cars. With broad features, carbon fiber allows to reduce the weight at the same time that it can increase the rigidity of some pieces. Therefore, more and more manufacturers are betting on its arrival on the streets, not without a good deal of inconvenience for a material that is still expensive and complicated to produce.
What is carbon fiber?
Carbon fiber, as such, is a relatively simple material to understand, not to produce. It is a material composed of carbon atoms that form very thin fibers, from 5 to 10 microns, less than the diameter of a human hair. These fibers are braided together so that they create very strong and light threads. These threads are those that are usually joined with hundreds of other threads to create the carbon fiber fabrics that will be the base material of the piece to be built.
This cloth, as such, is not worth to create the resistant pieces you need, for example, the carbon fiber chassis of a car, nor a simple rigid piece really. You need a more elaborate process that consists of creating the pieces from some molds where the fiber cloth is placed. This is treated with a series of thermosetting resins (it is the most used method) that, through a vacuum process, removes air, adapts the fabric to the mold and compacts the resins. Then, once dry, we already have a piece of carbon fiber. Not only is the pressure and vacuum method used, but it is the most widespread for the use we know today. The piece must continue treating it by filing edges or even painting or protecting if required.
The origin of carbon fiber
Carbon fiber or CFRP has, like all material, an origin, although its mass knowledge has been relatively close. His first appearances date from the late nineteenth century, with the appearance of the incandescent lamp with carbon filament. But of course, that was not the carbon fiber that we know today. For this we must advance in the calendar and go back to the middle of the last century.
His first useful applications were in the world of aviation, still a very used material in this field. But seeing their results, the world of car racing became interested in the new material, and since then it has only increased. You only have to see elite motorsport, Formula 1, how it abuses carbon fiber, not only for lightness and durability, but also for safety.
Application in cars
Carbon fiber or CFRP is increasingly applied to the world of street cars, being one of the materials we see most in the latest releases. For manufacturers it is tremendously interesting for its properties to be stronger than steel and stronger than aluminum. In addition, it does not carry the same durability problems, such as corrosion in metals.
In street cars it is used in different pieces. Some carbon parts are simply ornaments, either for mirror housings or interior inserts. The weight saving is not that significant. On the other hand, some models use this material to replace body panels, such as the engine cover, the roof, or aerodynamic elements such as ailerons. The weight in these cases is drastically modified.
One of the latest developments in the application of carbon fiber in street cars is linked to internal elements. The carbon fiber chassis or with carbon fiber parts are already a reality in the range of some manufacturers, and not necessarily between sports. This application is expected to be more extensive in the future, and should also change to new elements such as suspension arms or subframe.
Carbon fiber wheels
One of the latest applications of carbon fiber or Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic in street cars has been on the tires. Ford, with its Shelby Mustang GT350R, is the first manufacturer to offer carbon fiber wheels in a large series car. It is true that Koenigsegg, in one of its sports, already offered it. Not in vain, the Mustang is of greater production, although also limited, and of a much lower price.
Ford, allied with the specialized company Carbon Revolution, offers tires that are lighter and more resistant than aluminum ones. Ford says they are more resistant than aluminum, but also are lighter, which reduces unsprung masses. So much so that Ford, when placing them in the Mustang, says that he had to recalibrate the chassis given the new reactions of the wheels.
Advantages and disadvantages
Carbon fiber, as such, has advantages and disadvantages. Starting with the first, the advantages, the best known of all is lightness. Precisely, the carbon fiber being so resistant, which is another of its virtues, allows us to use a smaller amount of material for the same resistance that a metal piece would need. By using less material, and to be of a low density, it allows to save a few kilos that will be subtracted from the global calculation.
On the other hand, it is also a material resistant to external agents. Logically, carbon fiber is treated with resistant resins and varnishes but has the advantage, for example, of a metal part, of not presenting corrosion. The modulus of elasticity against metal parts is also superior. Faced with temperature variations, it also retains its shape.
The disadvantages, not to mention the main disadvantage, is the price. It is a material that is complicated to elaborate, in addition to needing a still long elaboration process that does not match the current production requirements. On the other hand, using the thermosetting resins that are widely used, it is a difficult material to recycle. In the future, with the use of thermoplastic resins, this point will be simpler and more viable. Finally, carbon fiber is a good conductor of electricity.
Carbon fiber is used more for decorating than for a really useful function today. It is true that high performance cars, without counting the competition where the requirement is useful and not so much aesthetic, enjoy more clearly and simplicity of carbon fiber to increase rigidity and reduce weight. At the moment there are few street cars with carbon fiber chassis, and those who wear it can usually afford a higher price. As an example there we have the BMW i3, which without being sporting uses a carbon chassis.
But do not confuse the carbon fiber that can go in the chassis, or elements that really need lightness and strength, which only serves to decorate. In fact, on many occasions, for the latter type it is more frequent to use pieces of fiberglass, cheaper, with a carbon fiber cloth above to decorate. It is the case, for example, of many moldings that populate the interiors. It is something that we could also find, for example, in mirror housings or some aerodynamic appendages. The carbon fiber vinyls just mimic it.
What future does it have?
Carbon fiber, despite being expensive for manufacturers at the moment, is one of the materials that are being left wanting for an industry that seeks maximum efficiency. Its lightness allows the whole car to be less heavy and, therefore, it is not necessary to use mechanics of larger size and higher consumption. In turn, those smaller mechanics also result in a lower weight.
The future for carbon fiber or CFRP in the automotive world is assured, even more when it is possible to implement the use of thermoplastic resins, which will be the breakthrough in this matter. Its production will be faster, it will produce more and, consequently, the price will decrease. Therefore, carbon fiber will end up being democratized. As we have already mentioned, with this technique of thermoplastic resins, recycling will also be easier, something vital in the automotive world.
Likewise, the manufacturers of high performance cars have seen how carbon fiber is beneficial for their creations. Its rigidity also allows to create more rigid chassis that benefit the operation of the suspensions. We have already seen in some cases of sports cars not exaggeratedly expensive how these two advantages merge, as in the Alfa Romeo 4C.
Currently, BMW is one of the most advanced manufacturers of its carbon fiber conversion process, and it already markets two vehicles with carbon chassis: the BMW i3 and i8. The agreements of collaboration with specialized manufacturers are giving an economic respite to this material, which in a horizon of about 5-10 years should reach more widely the cars of great mass.
High strength steels are currently used to create lighter body styles. Being a more resistant material than conventional steel, less of it can be used to obtain the same rigidity. With less material lightens the weight of the whole. The CFRP should be the next step in the construction of chassis and bodywork of vehicles, almost completely replacing the metal parts. Currently, carbon fiber and aluminum are used in different parts to reduce weight, as in the aforementioned Alfa Romeo 4C.
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Human Anatomy – Teeth
- Human Anatomy – Tonsils
- Human Anatomy – Teeth
- Human Anatomy – Stomach
- Human Anatomy – Tongue
- Human Anatomy – Esophagus
- Human Anatomy – Liver
- Human Anatomy – Gallbladder
- Human Anatomy – Spleen
- Human Anatomy – Pancreas
- Human Anatomy – Appendix
- Human Anatomy – Intestines
- Human Anatomy – Colon
- Human Anatomy – Abdomen
- Human Anatomy – Penis
- Human Anatomy – Bladder
- Human Anatomy – Kidneys
- Human Anatomy – Prostate
- Human Anatomy – Vagina
- Human Anatomy – Heart
- Human Anatomy – Skin
- Human Anatomy – Aorta
- Human Anatomy – Thyroid
- Human Anatomy – Lungs
- Human Anatomy – Brain
- Human Anatomy – Eyes
- Human Anatomy – Ears
- Human Anatomy – Sinuses
- Human Anatomy – Trachea
- Human Anatomy – Blood
- Human Anatomy – Rotator Cuff
- Human Anatomy – Shoulder
- Human Anatomy – Feet
- Human Anatomy – Hair
- Human Anatomy – Achilles Tendon
By far the hardest part of the body is the teeth. These structures are very important for chewing and speaking.
A tooth is composed of the enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum and periodontal ligament. The enamel is the hard white “shell” of the tooth. Made of a hard mineral called calcium phosphate, the enamel encases the dentin, a layer of live cells. Underneath the dentin is the pulp, which holds nerves and blood vessels. A connective tissue called the cementum plants the root of the tooth firmly in the gums and binds it to the jawbone. Another tissue, the periodontal ligament, holds the teeth against the jawbone.
By age 13, you would have a complete (32) set of teeth. Eight of these would be the incisors, the middle teeth on the lower and upper jaws. You would also have four canines, the fang-like teeth beside the incisors; eight molars, flat-topped teeth deep in the mouth; and eight premolars, which lie in the middle of the molars and canines.
A wisdom tooth may appear later in life. Also known as the third molars, wisdom teeth are four extra structures that grow after age 18. They may cause displacement of other teeth, so a dentist may recommend their surgical removal.
Common teeth conditions
Good oral hygiene is part and parcel of a healthy lifestyle. If you do not brush your teeth regularly, you increase your chances of developing plaque and tartar.
Bacteria quickly collect together – especially after a particularly sweet meal – to form plaque, a sticky, transparent film on the teeth. But it is quick to remove (by brushing) as it is to build up.
Then again, if you do not remove plaque as soon as possible, minerals would set in to solidify it. Plaque then becomes the much harder tartar, which requires professional cleaning.
As dental cavities or caries, plaque and tartar can easily damage the teeth, particularly the molars and premolars. Tartar and plaque can lead to gingivitis or gum disease, wherein the gums become inflamed. Gingivitis can progress into periodontitis, where the inflammation becomes so severe it affects structures deep within the gums, e.g. the cementum, periodontal ligament and jawbone.
If your tooth is overly sensitive to hot and cold food and beverages, your dentin may already be showing through. Tooth sensitivity occurs because the nerves in the dentin are exposed.
Aside from sensitive teeth, another dental condition of note is bruxism or teeth grinding. People who suffer from stress and sleeping disorders are known to have this condition.
Still, other teeth conditions are congenital. For instance, you may be born with an overbite, wherein the upper teeth markedly project beyond the lower teeth. Conversely, an underbite is when the lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth.
Treating teeth conditions
Dentists may extract your tooth if it is too damaged to be saved by other means. Tooth extraction is almost always recommended for wisdom teeth.
Less drastic measures to save a diseased tooth include tooth filling and root canal. The former involves boring out the damaged part of the tooth and replacing it with a mineral filling. The latter entails hollowing out a damaged pulp and replacing it with an artificial substance.
If you want to spare yourself from the inconvenience of these methods, better brush teeth every day. Brushing teeth prevents plaque, tartar and other cavities.
Don’t forget to floss teeth too, as the toothbrush cannot reach all areas of the teeth. Alternatively, use a dentist-approved gum cleaner.
Also, it pays to invest in plastic dental sealants, which can keep bacteria from proliferating in tooth gaps. They also prevent cavities.
Have a dentist or a professional clean your teeth. Ideally, teeth cleaning must be done twice a year to prevent teeth and gum disease.
For cosmetic reasons, you may use braces to realign crooked teeth. Braces achieve this by placing your teeth in a prolonged state of tension.
In the same vein, you can buy Idol White to whiten your teeth. Zero Peroxide is a fast-working 20 minute home teeth whitening kit that is free from any side effects or irritations due to its non-peroxide formula which is fully compliant with all EU regulation.
Athletes should wear mouth guards or similar mouthpieces to protect their teeth from impact.
Tests for teeth conditions
Set regular dental checkups for your teeth. By a simple examination, the dentist can easily detect teeth conditions in the making. He or she may take X-ray films of your teeth to detect conditions not discernible to the naked eye or concealed by the gum surfaces.
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This is how I see it going: machine learning with corrective input from mechanical turks (humans) will get us pretty far, at least as far as very useful tools that can amplify our human intelligence (prime example so far: Google).
But building an actual AI will be much harder. Is the ontology that NELL is populating general enough? Was it hard coded, or does it grow in an automated way? What's the right general structure within which all this guided learning should occur?
I suggest the researchers build an "Ask NELL?" web interface, which also allows users to submit corrections.
NYTimes: ... With NELL, the researchers built a base of knowledge, seeding each kind of category or relation with 10 to 15 examples that are true. In the category for emotions, for example: “Anger is an emotion.” “Bliss is an emotion.” And about a dozen more.
Then NELL gets to work. Its tools include programs that extract and classify text phrases from the Web, programs that look for patterns and correlations, and programs that learn rules. For example, when the computer system reads the phrase “Pikes Peak,” it studies the structure — two words, each beginning with a capital letter, and the last word is Peak. That structure alone might make it probable that Pikes Peak is a mountain. But NELL also reads in several ways. It will mine for text phrases that surround Pikes Peak and similar noun phrases repeatedly. For example, “I climbed XXX.”
NELL, Dr. Mitchell explains, is designed to be able to grapple with words in different contexts, by deploying a hierarchy of rules to resolve ambiguity. This kind of nuanced judgment tends to flummox computers. “But as it turns out, a system like this works much better if you force it to learn many things, hundreds at once,” he said.
For example, the text-phrase structure “I climbed XXX” very often occurs with a mountain. But when NELL reads, “I climbed stairs,” it has previously learned with great certainty that “stairs” belongs to the category “building part.” “It self-corrects when it has more information, as it learns more,” Dr. Mitchell explained.
NELL, he says, is just getting under way, and its growing knowledge base of facts and relations is intended as a foundation for improving machine intelligence. Dr. Mitchell offers an example of the kind of knowledge NELL cannot manage today, but may someday. Take two similar sentences, he said. “The girl caught the butterfly with the spots.” And, “The girl caught the butterfly with the net.”
A human reader, he noted, inherently understands that girls hold nets, and girls are not usually spotted. So, in the first sentence, “spots” is associated with “butterfly,” and in the second, “net” with “girl.”
“That’s obvious to a person, but it’s not obvious to a computer,” Dr. Mitchell said. “So much of human language is background knowledge, knowledge accumulated over time. That’s where NELL is headed, and the challenge is how to get that knowledge.”
A helping hand from humans, occasionally, will be part of the answer. For the first six months, NELL ran unassisted. But the research team noticed that while it did well with most categories and relations, its accuracy on about one-fourth of them trailed well behind. Starting in June, the researchers began scanning each category and relation for about five minutes every two weeks. When they find blatant errors, they label and correct them, putting NELL’s learning engine back on track.
When Dr. Mitchell scanned the “baked goods” category recently, he noticed a clear pattern. NELL was at first quite accurate, easily identifying all kinds of pies, breads, cakes and cookies as baked goods. But things went awry after NELL’s noun-phrase classifier decided “Internet cookies” was a baked good. (Its database related to baked goods or the Internet apparently lacked the knowledge to correct the mistake.)
NELL had read the sentence “I deleted my Internet cookies.” So when it read “I deleted my files,” it decided “files” was probably a baked good, too. “It started this whole avalanche of mistakes,” Dr. Mitchell said. He corrected the Internet cookies error and restarted NELL’s bakery education.
His ideal, Dr. Mitchell said, was a computer system that could learn continuously with no need for human assistance. “We’re not there yet,” he said. “But you and I don’t learn in isolation either.”
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Some people mistakenly assume that teaching English is just about language grammar and vocabulary. However, as a teacher, you also act as a role model for your students. They look up to you, learn about the world from you and your material. That is why it is so important to be mindful of what books you use in your class and what messages these books convey. So we decided to make a handy list for you of LGBTQ+ books that bring such a heavy but important topic, like sexuality and gender identity, through whimsical stories and illustrations. We understand that sometimes as a teacher, you can feel overwhelmed by the pressure that is on you. That is why we picked books easily read by kids and adults. They simplify the concepts and actually can serve as a conversation starter in your class.
This Day in June – Gayle E. Pitman (Age 4+)
A book invites the reader to experience the day when we are all united in celebrating pride. You become a participant in the parade and get introduced to many marvellous people depicted in whimsical and unique illustrations. This book is an excellent starting point for a conversation about acceptance and equality because it is filled with facts about LGBTQ history and culture. Moreover, if you feel nervous and want some guidance in talking about it with kids, there is a helpful “Note to Parents and Caregivers” with recommendations on how to do it.
My Two Moms and Me – Michael Joosten (Age 4+)
Fashion, humour, and an accurate depiction of any family life create a must-have book. The author writes the book as a narration of a young kid with two moms talking about their daily routine. Through a single story and illustrations of different families with two moms, the book highlights the underlying similarity between families, thus smoothly teaching any reader to see alikeness and not differences. This book also has a companion – “My Two Dads and Me.” Even though we don’t mention it here, we highly recommend reading it as well.
Families, Families, Families! – Suzanne Lang and Max Lang (Age 4+)
There is no definition for the family. It may consist of a single parent, two moms, a squared dog, or a pink grandfather. Specifically, these kinds of families are represented on the walls of the rusty house in Suzanne and Max Langs’ book. The authors draw parallels between reality and the animal world by transforming people into differently shaped creatures. Size and shape do not matter there. There is just an identical underlying all-consuming love between family members and wonderful rhyme flowing through the book.
Daddy, Papa, and Me – Leslea Newman (Age 4+)
It is another fun depiction of love and family given to us. This time, an author chose a loving family of two dads and their happy toddler. Readers share one day with this family. They laugh with a baby while playing hide-and-seek, swim in the bubble bath and are tucked to sleep by two Papas. It is a short book that again educates kids on appreciating the difference instead of weaponizing them.
Pink is for Boys – Robb Pearlman and Eda Kaban (Age 4+)
Each of your students has most likely heard the phrase, “You cannot do it; it is not boyish/girly enough for you.” This book is an excellent introduction to teaching students to defy phrases like that and protect their identity. The book’s goal is to challenge binary stereotypes while showing that you can do anything. You CAN wear: pink, blue, green, or even purple with a mix of red and yellow dots with stripes. The requirement to do all of it is to be yourself. With simple text and cute illustrations, the authors reinforce the idea of non-binary by attempting to form a non-colour-coded world. It is not just a kid’s book. Adults, too, can find themselves hidden on the pages within letters. After all, people often tell us not to do something because we are [ fill in the blank].
Drama – Raina Telgemeier (Age 10+)
For older kids, we suggest a graphic novel, “Drama.” It is about drama on stage and behind the scenes. A middle-school girl loves theatre and becomes a set designer for the drama department. There she faces friendship, misunderstanding, more drama, and love. It’s a great piece of work because it does not focus on emphasizing the sexuality of characters. Instead, readers very naturally find out about different gender identities through the girl’s adventures. The book teaches perceiving the LGBTQ+ community as part of everyday life, as normality, not an exception.
Simon vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda – Becky Albertalli (Age 14+)
We could not talk about LGBTQ+ characters and not mention the life of Simon. A Netflix featured book talks about the school life of a closeted sixteen years old boy who, due to misfortune, has to force himself to come out before his identity is exposed. It features the struggles of the teenager trying to balance out friendships, the pressure of society, stereotypes, and love. With empathy, the author lets the reader watch how Simon attempts to define who he is and fights for his freedom. It is a fantastic book because, as a teacher, you can start many discussions with your students about what they would do if they were in Simon’s shoes or the shoes of his friends. There are so many different issues brought up in the book about acceptance, friendship, and misgendering that you will have a blast talking about it with your kids.
It is important to talk with your students about gender identity and sexuality. Even if they are too young to have a serious conversation about it, you can still teach them about equality through the books. By reading, they can broaden their worldview and understanding of others, defining how the kid will turn out in the future. Conversations like that don’t have to be serious and boring. They can be fun with a picture book or a smartly written, humorous story. In any case, this conversation should happen; at the end of the day, there are future bright minds in your classes, and you decide what the future will be.
Read more: Top Resources for LGBTQ+ TEFL Teachers
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Lithium profoundly prevents brain damage associated with Parkinson's disease
Lithium profoundly prevents the aggregation of toxic proteins and cell loss associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a mouse model of the condition.
Preclinical research is now underway at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging to determine correct dosages for a drug that continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of bipolar disorder. The Buck is currently working toward initiating a Phase IIa clinical studies of lithium in humans in conjunction with standard PD drug therapy. The research appears in the June 24 online edition of the Journal of Neuroscience Research.
"This is the first time lithium has been tested in an animal model of PD," said lead author and Buck Professor Julie Andersen, PhD. "The fact that lithium's safety profile in humans is well understood greatly reduces trial risk and lowers a significant hurdle to getting it into the clinic."
According to Andersen, lithium has recently been suggested to be neuroprotective in relation to several neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been touted for its anti-aging properties in simple animals. "We fed our mice levels of lithium that were at the low end of the therapeutic range," said Andersen. "The possibility that lithium could be effective in PD patients at subclinical levels is exciting, because it would avoid many side effects associated at the higher dose range." Overuse of lithium has been linked to hyperthyroidism and kidney toxicity.
PD is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1 million Americans and results in tremor, slowness of movement and rigidity. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. Between 50,000 and 60,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Age is the largest risk factor for the PD. Onset usually begins between the ages of 45 and 70 years.
Andersen's research focuses on lithium as a potential treatment for PD as well as its efficacy in combination with drugs currently used to control the symptoms of the disease. An internet search reveals stories from PD patients who are using lithium "off label" as part of their treatment regime; others report benefits from low dose lithium salts which are available as a supplement in some health food stores. "This finding gives us an opportunity to explore lithium as a recognized therapeutic for PD, in doses that are safe and effective" said Andersen.
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Beer was a staple in the Israelite diet, just as it was throughout the ancient Near East. Yet a search of most English translations of the Bible will produce few, if any, occurrences of the word “beer.” Ancient Israel’s affinity for beer has largely been ignored. I believe this is for three reasons: (1) confusion about the meaning of the Hebrew word shekhar (שכר), (2) a general snobbery in academia causing scholars to scorn beer drinking while celebrating wine culture, and (3) the unique challenges archaeologists have faced in finding (or identifying) beer remains in the Israelite material record.
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, beer was, in many ways, a super-food. By producing and drinking beer, one could dramatically multiply the calories in harvested grains while consuming needed vitamins; the alcohol was also effective at killing bacteria found in tainted water supplies. Given the difficulty of producing food in the ancient world, beer gave you a lot of nutritional bang for your buck.
Michael M. Homan, “Did the Ancient Israelites Drink Beer?”, Biblical Archaeology Review vol. 36, no. 5 (September/October 2010), 49-50.
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Tahquamenon Country, the area around Newberry, is a premiere destination for bird watching in Michigan. Tens of thousands of migrant birds travel through this area every spring and fall. The geology of this territory makes for a natural migrant corridor. Bird watchers have been viewing and documenting birds for years here in this great region. Birding lovers enjoy searching the sky for Spruce Grouse, Rough-legged Hawk, Jaegers, Great Gray Owls, Pileated Woodpeckers, Peregrine Falcons, along with many others. Several spots around us create the Superior Birding Trail.
Anchored by Whitefish Point Bird Observatory (WPBO) in the north and Seney National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) in the south, this 150-mile trail guides you through rugged and rare ecosystems. WPBO is a global “Important Bird Area" and the number one owl migration location in the world. In Tahquamenon River country, birding stops include climax forests, peat bogs, pothole lakes and jack pine plains. SNWR is 95,000 acres of lakes, wetlands and forests made accessible by driving trails. Safely explore these remote areas with great opportunities for rare sightings.
The Tahquamenon Logging Museum is one mile north of Newberry on the west side of M-123. There is a nature trail and restroom, and a fee to enter buildings. Here, you’ll find water-associated birds including Wood Duck, Sandhill Cranes, Northern Waterthrush, Common Yellowthroat, American Redstart, Yellow and Yellow Rumped Warbler. Greatcrested Flycatcher, Yellow Bellied Sapsucker and Hermit Thrush can also be found.
Skyline Road is seven miles north of Newberry on the east side of M-123. It is state land on both sides of Skyline Road 510. This area is noted for Boreal Chickadee, Black-backed Woodpecker, Gray Jay, Crossbills, and Pine Grosbeaks. Snipe and other water birds can be seen in the large adjacent bog complex. Palm and Yellow Rumped Warblers are often spotted here.
Camp 7 Road is 17 miles north of Newberry on the east side of M-123 — travel 2.4 miles east to enter state land on both sides of the road for two miles. This is one of the first places to see Forest Warblers including Black-throated Blue, Black-throated Green and Blackburnian Warblers. Barred owls and Northern Saw-whet Owls are found here.
Tahquamenon Falls State Park is 27 miles north of Newberry on the east side of M-123. Other than the famous Upper and Lower Falls, you’ll find nature trails, naturalists, restrooms, a brewery and pub, gift shop and camping (Lower Falls). There is an entrance fee or recreation passport sticker required to enter.
There are a multitude of habitats to explore! The Upper Tahquamenon Falls area offers a glimpse of Michigan's pre-settlement forests. This American beech, sugar maple, eastern hemlock and yellow birch old-growth forest encompasses 1,500 acres. In summer, songs of the Winter Wren, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Least Flycatcher, Rose Breasted Grosbeak, Red Eyed Vireo, wood thrush and veery fill the dense forest. This forest is also home to Barred and Saw-whet Owls, Northern Goshawk, Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker, Pileated Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Red-breasted and White-breasted Nuthatches, Chimney Swift, Scarlet Tanager and Swainson's thrush.
The Lower Falls area offers a variety of birding opportunities, too. Along the "Mainland Trail," a ¾-mile boardwalk through a narrow conifer lowland, river edge songbirds mingle with hardwood dwellers. Summer residents include American Redstart, Northern Water thrush, Mourning Warbler, Red-eyed Vireo and Scarlet Tanager. Bald Eagles fish the rapids below the falls early in the morning. In the evenings, common nighthawks swoop up emerging insects in mid air! Other species common in and around the pool below the Lower Falls include the Red-breasted and Common Mergansers, Great Blue Heron, Spotted Sandpiper, Belted Kingfisher, Osprey and Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Clark Lake/Tahquamenon Natural Area is just north of the Upper Falls entrance on the west side of M-123. The one-mile, two-track road to Clark Lake follows pine ridges along the edges of black spruce swamps and bogs. Be sure to look for Spruce Grouse along the way. Clark Lake trail is accessed at the end of the road where Palm Warbler, Pine Warbler, White-throated and Lincoln's Sparrows, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Gray Jay and Black-backed Woodpecker may be seen. Sandhill Crane, Brewer's Blackbird, Rusty Blackbird and Connecticut Warblers also nest in this area.
Whitefish Point is just under 10 miles north of Paradise on Whitefish Point Road. Whitefish Point Bird Observatory has an observation platform, trails, naturalists and gift shop. Restrooms and a snack shop are across the parking lot. Of all the destinations on this trail, this is one of the most important spring flight corridors for raptors in North America and is the perfect place to observe migrating birds. Tens of thousands of Sharp Shinned, Cooper's, Rough-legged and Broad-winged Hawks; Peregrine Falcons, Kestrels and Merlins; Golden and Bald Eagles and other raptor species pass here annually during spring migration to their northern breeding grounds, and in the fall to their wintering grounds. The Whitefish Peninsula, a tapered promontory, juts into Lake Superior, welcoming the concentrations of hawks, owls, songbirds and a myriad of waterfowl. Whitefish Point Bird Observatory is a Globally Important Birding Area. Of the 409 species of birds accepted by the Michigan Bird Records Committee, more than 300 have been documented here!
Tahquamenon River Mouth is five miles south of Paradise on M-123. You have access to a boat launch, pit toilet and campground here. There are also several habitats for a variety of birds. In the winter, featured birds are Bald Eagles, Bohemian Waxwings and Northern Hawk Owls. In migration and summer, featured birds are LeContes Sparrow, Winter Wren and Merlin.
Hulbert Bog/Basnau Road is 19 miles east of the intersection of M-123 and M-28. South of Newberry, turn right on Basnau Road, drive 1/2 mile east and find state land on both sides of the road. There is an accessible portion of a large bog complex from Basnau Road. Winter visitors hope to see the Boreal Chickadee, Gray Jay, Northern Hawk Owl and Great Gray Owl starting in November. Pine Grosbeak, Pine Siskins and Redpolls are seen here. Woodpeckers and Nuthatches are common, too!
Erickson Center for the Arts Nature Trail is 22 miles southwest of Newberry. To get there, take M-28 west to County Road 135/ Manistique Lake Road through Curtis on Main Street to the top of the hill and turn right on Saw-Wa-Quato Street. This nature trail has restrooms in the Art Center only during business hours, a boat launch and pit toilet at the end of the road.
The woodland nature trail brings possibilities of Black-throated Green Warblers, Black-throated Blue Warblers, American Redstarts, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Hermit Thrush and Veery. In the summer, Manistique Lakes have Common Loons, Great Blue Herons, Forster Terns and Ring Billed Gulls. Many warblers, vireos and orioles are found at the nearby boat launches at the north and south lakes.
Seney National Wildlife Refuge is 32 miles from Newberry. To get there, take M-28 west to M-77 south and drive 4.8 miles to the refuge entrance. They have a visitor center, nature trails, restrooms, driving loops, guided seasonal tours, gift shop and nature programs.
This is a great place for a driving tour. Migrants begin to move in as soon as the ice melts in April. Hooded Mergansers display here and Trumpeter Swans nest here. Many species of birds inhabit the upland and wetland interface. The pool is a great place to find migrating shorebirds in early spring or in August. Migrating Warblers and Vireos are found here both during spring and fall migration. Wigeons, Gadwalls and Goldeneyes migrate through Seney. Many waterfowl and wading species nest here, too. Osprey and bald eagle are common sights at Seney, as well as Caspian, Common and Black Terns. Guided hikes will show you Yellon Rail. In the winter, look for wintering owls, Black-backed Woodpeckers, Gray Jays and Boreal Chickadees.
The Tahquamenon River area north of McMillan is 13.5 miles from Newberry. To get there, take M-28 west to County Road 415 and travel north 1.5 miles to the river. You’ll see a parking lot and boat launch. Several flycatchers are seen here including the Alder, Least, Yellow-bellied and Olive-sided flycatcher. Yellow Warbler and Common Yellowthroat are frequently spotted, too. Swainson's Thrush are found in adjacent uplands. Crossbills, Redpolls, Nuthatches and Chickadees can be seen here in the winter.
Kak's Lake is seven miles from Newberry. Take M-28 west, go south on M-117 and take the first right into the parking lot where there is a pit toilet and boat launch. This is a good place to view eagles that visit quite often. Short-eared Owls have been seen in the nearby Alder/Sedge complex. Spotted Sandpipers often nest on the western shore. Many warblers are seen around this lake in the conifer and shrub edge. The Northern Saw-whet Owl has been seen here around December. Many migrating species stop off here!
From downtown Newberry, take west McMillan Avenue which becomes Dollarville Road/ County Road 405 for 1.8 miles, turn right onto Natalee Road and go 1.7 miles to the end. There is a parking lot, pit toilet, campground and boat launch. The Dollarville Flooding offers a mix of lowland aspen, spruce and open water marsh. Nashville, Magnolia and Chestnut-sided Warbler, Common Yellow-throat and American Redstart are often seen here. Waterfowl and shorebirds include American Bittern, Sora, Pied Billed Grebe, Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, Blue Winged and Green Winged Teal and others. Sedge Wrens and Savannah Sparrows can be found here, too, and Merlins, Bald eagles and Osprey often nest here.
From downtown Newberry, go 1.5 miles south on M-123 and turn right on Hamilton Lake Road. This nature trail is walkable from town. The Trails take visitors through several habitats. Wood and Hermit Thrush are heard here. Woodland Woodpeckers, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Several warblers (including Ovenbird, Yellow Rumped, American Redstart, Black-Throated Green, Black-Throated Blue and Nashville), Wood ducks, Mallards and Osprey all nest here.
As you can see, the choices are endless when it comes to bird watching in Tahquamenon Country regardless of when you visit! Plan your trip today to experience these species in person.
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Herniation describes an abnormality of the intervertebral disc that is also known as a "slipped," "ruptured," or "torn" disc. This process occurs when the inner core (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disc bulges out through the outer layer of ligaments that surround the disc (annulus fibrosis). This tear in the annulus fibrosis causes pain in the back at the point of herniation. If the protruding disc presses on a spinal nerve, the pain may spread to the area of the body that is served by that nerve. Between each vertebra in the spine are a pair of spinal nerves, which branch off from the spinal cord to a specific area in the body. Any part of the skin that can experience hot and cold, pain or touch refers that sensation to the brain through one of these nerves. In turn, pressure on a spinal nerve from a herniated disc will cause pain in the part of the body that is served by that nerve.Four Degrees of Disc Herniation:
Nuclear Herniation, Disc Protrusion, Nuclear Extrusion, and Sequestered Nucleus
Most disc ruptures will occur when a person is in their thirties or forties when the nucleus pulposus is still a gelatin-like substance. Oddly enough, most disc herniations will occur in the morning. The causes of this phenomenon are not entirely known, but are probably due to the physiology of the spine and the changes in the water content of the disc that occur throughout the day. The two most common locations for a herniated disc in the lower back are at the disc between fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra (L4-5) and at disc between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the first sacral vertebra (L5-S1). These two discs account for 98 percent of all painful disc herniations. A herniated disc can occur elsewhere along the spine, but low lumbar herniations are by far the most common.
Usually a patient's main complaint is a sharp, cutting pain. In some cases there may be a previous history of episodes of localized low back pain, which is present in the back and continues down the leg that is served by the affected nerve. This pain is usually described as a deep and sharp pain, which gets worse as it moves down the affected leg. The onset of pain with a herniated disc may occur out of the blue or it may be announced by a tearing or snapping sensation in the spine that is thought to be the result of a sudden tear of part of the annulus fibrosis.
A patient with a herniated disc will usually complain of low back pain that may or may not radiate into different parts of the body. They will often demonstrate a limitation in range of motion when asked to bend forward or lean backwards, and they may lean to one side as they try to bend forward. Patients will sometimes walk with an "antalgic" or painful gait, flexing the affected leg so as not to put too much weight on the side of the body that hurts. Straight leg raising may be positive indicating tension on the nerve root.
Abnormalities in the strength and sensation of particular parts of the body that are found with a neurological examination performed by a doctor provide the most objective evidence of nerve root compression. There are no laboratory tests that can detect the presence or absence of a herniated disc, but they may be helpful in the diagnosis of unusual causes of nerve root pain and irritation. An EMG or electromyographic test may help to determine which nerve root in particular is being pinched or is not working normally in the situation where several nerve roots may be involved. An MRI is the test of choice for diagnosis of a herniated disc, but a CT scan (CAT scan) may often be helpful because it provides better visualization of the bony anatomy of the spinal column, indicating where the source of pressure on the nerve root is located.
The treatment for vast majority of patients with a herniated disc does not normally include surgery. Eighty percent of patients will respond to conservative therapy when followed for a period of five years. Treatment is most effective when a patient and a doctor have a good relationship and the patient understands the rationale behind the prescribed treatment. The primary element of conservative treatment is controlled physical activity. Usually treatment will begin with very short period of bed rest followed by a gradual return to normal activities. Sitting is bad for this condition because the sitting posture puts a large amount of stress and pressure on the lumbar spine, which may increase the pressure on the affected nerve root. The appropriate use of medications is an important part of conservative treatment. This can include anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and muscle relaxants or tranquilizers. Additionally, the right doses of aspirin have been proven to help herniated discs. Surgical treatment is reserved for patients in whom conservative treatment options are not effective and a sufficient period of time has passed to indicate that the patient may need to have surgery in order to help them to get better.
Click here to find a doctor who treats herniated discs.
The materials on this Web site are for your general educational information only. Information you read on this Web site cannot replace the relationship that you have with your health care professional. We do not practice medicine or provide medical services or advice as a part of this Web site. You should always talk to your health care professional for diagnosis and treatment.
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Privilege has become a serious area of inquiry in recent years. White privilege and male privilege have hit the spotlight, as has racial disparities in police brutality and the #MeToo movement highlighting workplace harassment and sexual assault. Privilege is a complex phenomena to understand and even harder to teach. But, if we are really going to unravel racism or sexism, we know we have to include the privileges those problems support.
Environmental privilege is a related phenomena, and while it seems to be an understudied area of privilege (and not the only one) it is still important, probably more than we realize. One way I teach about privilege is through the lens of the Person in Environment perspective. Looking at any human being, we can see that their particular personhood—built on their age, gender, race, and wealth status—combines with their environment—a conglomeration of geography, culture, space and time—to create a type of privilege. This privilege reflects itself in a person’s lived experiences, including their experiences of nature’s bounties and burdens.
The best place to begin learning about any privilege is self-examination.
The best place to begin learning about any privilege is self-examination. Peggy McIntosh’s 1989 piece about white privilege, “Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack” was a groundbreaker for white readers. Yet, we know it doesn’t tell the whole story of privilege. As we consider environmental privilege, the lens provided by McIntosh provides a framework to view environmental privilege. Using similar statements, we can consider the many ways the environment provides privileges that we may no longer “see.” I list a few of them here knowing full well that geography, wealth, nation, as well as gender and race, all intersect and influence the experience of environmental privilege. For many people living in wealthy countries, their environmental privilege can look like the following list of privileges:
1) I use as much tap water as I choose for my daily activities, such as bathing and cooking, without thinking about it.
2) Year round, I eat fruits and vegetables that are not grown in the region in which I live.
3) I control the temperature of my home for my own comfort.
4) I own land.
5) I have access to beautiful views of nature where I live, work, or play.
6) I breathe clean air at home, school, and work.
7) My trash is hauled far away from my home.
8) I drink clean water.
9) I feel safe in the outdoors near my home.
10) When I go to parks or nature preserves, I see people who look like me.
Raising awareness on privilege—beginning with oneself—is one important way for students to learn about environmental justice. Coupling this reflection with data on environmental injustices—asthma rates, lead exposure, or proximity to landfills—is an important beginning place. This data brings to life the documented disparities for women and people of color in the United States. But this data is rarely enough. All of us can reflect on our own experiences and contributions to these systems to begin to imagine the possibilities of change.
Environmental justice is a key social problem of contemporary society, but like issues of race or gender, it is hard to teach about justice without recognizing the flip side: the privileges some people in society have. Like we have learned from our efforts to dismantle racism and sexism—where white people begin to identify the privileges of being white and men begin to recognize the privileges of being male—Black Lives Matter and #MeToo have brought what were once abstract concepts into the lived realities of people lives. Elevating the understanding of the injustices experienced by people, and simultaneously asking those with more privileges to reflect and consider ways to dismantle their own privileges, is one method of social change. Environmental justice is similar to social justice in this way. Dismantling the power structure includes recognition of privileges and the replacement of privileged behaviors with new behaviors focused on equity.
After all, we teach about environmental justice because we want to change the experiences of people, and we want our students to infiltrate and modify the institutions and organizations in which they will work and lead. When we reflect on our own privileges and see the data, we can begin to see the ways it can be changed, and even more importantly, that we have the responsibility to do the changing.
Featured image credit: Tree vs. concrete by Paweł Czerwiński. CC0 via Unsplash.
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1. Four balloons with the same size are dropped off from the same height on boards that have different numbers of nails. In which of the cases in the balloon will be the lowest pressure? 2. p=F/S 3. I am not sure about the correct answer, but I am saying my opinion about the right answer. By knowing the pressure as the force which acts onto a surface, I am saying that the board with more nails will have the biggest amount of pressure, because there are more nails in the same surface. Please, correct me if I am wrong. Thank you for your attention.
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Feature Article: Holidays
Creating healthier holiday food and recipes
Adapted by Jessica Kovarik, RD, LD, former Extension Associate, from material by Susan Mills-Gray and Tammy Roberts, Nutrition and Health Education Specialists, University of Missouri Extension
With a little bit of planning and modification, you can create a healthier version of many holiday foods and recipes.
A recipe is actually a chemical formula and each ingredient has a function that results in the taste, texture and appearance of the end product. It’s important to know what each ingredient does, how it can be changed and by how much in order to keep the final product as close to the original as possible.
Research has shown that when more fiber is added, when fat and cholesterol is reduced, and/or when less sugar and salt is used, most people either don't notice much difference between the original and healthier version or they accept the new product. So try out some of the suggestions below to makeover your favorite recipes, or try the recipes at the end of the article.
To add fiber
Adding whole grains may not be the first thing you'd consider changing in a recipe, but with the added nutrients such as fiber, potassium and magnesium, adding whole grains is one way to make a food more nutritious. To add more nutrients to your recipes, try baking with whole-grain flour. Be aware that whole grain flours can give a very dense, dry crumb, especially if you use too much.
Regular whole-wheat flour can be substituted for 1/4 to 1/2 of the all-purpose flour used in a recipe. Oat bran, oatmeal or 100% bran cereal (ground to flour in a blender) can replace up to 1/4 of all-purpose flour. Oats impart a hearty, chewy texture. Use whole-wheat pastry flour to replace 1/2 of the all-purpose flour called for in the recipe. This pastry flour is made from soft wheat berries and has a lighter, finer texture than regular whole-wheat flour, making it perfect for baked goods.
Other whole-grain flours to try include barley flour and cornmeal. If you're not sure how to use a whole-grain flour, review the suggestions that most packages offer on how best to use the product.
To reduce sugar
Sugar can affect the texture, color and flavor of a baked good. Decreasing the amount of sugar in a recipe may make it lower in calories, but it might also change the final product. Removing all the sugar may produce a tough, flat, dry, grey product.
When changing the amount of sugar in a recipe, keep in mind that sugar can be reduced by 1/3 with good results. When reducing sugar, make sure to use 1/2 cup of sugar for every 1 cup of flour in cakes and cookies, and to add 1 tablespoon of sugar for every 1 cup of flour in quick breads and muffins. To help off-set the change in flavor when you reduce the sugar, try adding or using extra vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg or another appropriate flavoring.
When using artificial sweeteners, don't replace more than 1/2 the sugar with an artificial sweetener. Acesulfame-potassium sweetener or sucralose sweetener are the best options for baked goods. Fruit purees and fruit juices can be used to replace sugar, but it becomes a challenge to get the correct liquid balance in the recipe.
To reduce fat and cholesterol
Fats alter the taste and texture of baked products. Because fat gives a moist, tender crumb, the more fat removed, the more the texture changes. Examples of fats include butter, oil, margarine and shortening. A good rule of thumb is to replace not more than 1/3 of the original fat called for in the recipe. For cakes and quick breads, you should have 2 tablespoons of fat for every 1 cup of flour.
Ways to reduce fat in a recipe include using 1/4 cup of canola oil or light olive oil instead of 1/2 cup of margarine (light olive oil has no detectable olive taste when baked with other ingredients). There are many reduced fat and fat-free products on the market. Because reduced-fat margarine has water added to it, the liquid in a recipe should be reduced when using this type of product.
You can also substitute unsweetened applesauce or pureed bananas or prunes for up to 1/2 half of the oil or margarine in the recipe. Because oil is a more liquid form of fat than margarine or butter, you can substitute less fruit puree or canola oil for butter or margarine (use about 1/4 less). For example, in baked breads, cakes and brownies with a recipe that calls for 1 cup of oil, you can substitute 1/2 cup of unsweetened applesauce for 1/2 cup of the oil.
Other ingredients that contribute to the fat content in a recipe include cream and eggs. If a recipe calls for cream, try replacing cream with non-fat evaporated milk or fat-free half-and-half. There are many fat-free or low-fat dairy options available. To replace eggs, substitute two egg whites for one whole egg or use a packaged egg substitute (directions can be found on the package).
To reduce salt
Salt adds to the overall flavor of a product, helps control the fermentation of yeast, and contributes to the strength of a product. However, salt should be used in moderation. Unless you are making a yeast-based muffin, you can omit the salt in most recipes. To reduce the salt in a recipe, use citrus juices, herbs and other salt-free spice blends instead.
Keep in mind, that whenever you start changing a recipe, start
small. Make one change each time you make the recipe. Once you like
the way the recipe turns out, experiment with other changes. Over
time, you’ll develop a new recipe that you enjoy.
With a few changes to your favorite recipes, you’ll be well on your way to a healthier holiday season.
Enjoy the following low-fat, low-sugar muffin recipes!
Carrot Oatmeal Muffins
1 cup skim buttermilk
1 cup dry oatmeal
¼ cup brown sugar
2 egg whites or ¼ cup egg substitute
1 cup finely grated carrots
½ cup raisins
1 teaspoon cinnamon
½ cup unsweetened applesauce
¼ cup nonfat plain yogurt
½ cup oat bran, dry
1 cup whole-wheat flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
Mix buttermilk and oatmeal and let stand until liquid is absorbed. Add sugar, egg, carrots, raisins, cinnamon, applesauce and yogurt. Mix well. Add remaining ingredients and mix well. Spray muffin tins with nonfat cooking spray and fill. Bake at 375 degrees for 20-25 minutes. Yield: 12 muffins
Per serving (1 muffin): 132 calories, 1 g fat, 5 g protein, 28 g carbohydrate, 0 mg cholesterol, 104 mg sodium, 3 g dietary fiber.
Chocolate Cherry Muffins
2 cups flour
½ cup sugar
3½ tablespoons cocoa powder
1 tablespoon baking powder
2 egg whites or ¼ cup egg substitute
1 cup skim milk
¼ cup canola oil
2½ cups fresh cherries
Mix dry ingredients together, set aside. Mix egg, milk and oil well. Add to dry ingredients until just moistened. Fold in cherries. Spray muffin tins with nonfat cooking spray and fill. Bake at 400 degrees for 20-25 minutes. Yield: 12 muffins
Per serving (1 muffin): 175 calories, 5 g fat, 4 g protein, 21 g carbohydrate, 0 mg cholesterol, 157 sodium, 2 g dietary fiber.
Applesauce Oatmeal Muffins
1½ cups dry oatmeal
2½ cups bran flakes, finely crushed (measure, then crush)
¾ teaspoon cinnamon
¾ teaspoon baking soda
2 tablespoons canola oil
1 egg white
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 cup unsweetened applesauce
½ cup skim milk
½ cup brown sugar
Combine all ingredients until moistened. Spray muffin tins with nonfat cooking spray and fill. Bake at 400 degrees for 20-25 minutes. Yield: 12 muffins
Per serving (1 muffin): 135 calories, 3 g fat, 3 g protein, 24 g carbohydrate, 0 mg cholesterol, 164 mg sodium, 3 g dietary fiber.
Last update: Wednesday, December 14, 2011
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On a June morning in 1923, Clarissa Dalloway is preparing for a party she is giving that evening. As she walks through London, her thoughts are of the past and her choice of husband. At the same time, and also in London, Septimus Smith is being driven mad by shell shock. At the party that evening, their stories come together.
- Format: Paperback
- Page Count: 128 Pages
With carefully adapted text, new illustrations, language practise activities and additional online resources, the Penguin Readers series introduces language learners to bestselling authors and compelling content. Titles include popular classics, exciting contemporary fiction, and thought-provoking non-fiction.
Mrs Dalloway, a Level 7 Reader, is B2 in the CEFR framework. The longer text is made up of sentences with up to four clauses, introducing future perfect simple, mixed conditionals, past perfect continuous, mixed conditionals, more complex passive forms and modals for deduction in the past.
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Do you take notes in class? Do you have exams coming up soon? Do you want to know how many times you have to review your revision notes until they stick in your long-term memory?
The answer is simple.
Five times repetition equals long term memory. Say that with me again. Five times repetition equals long term memory. It is as simple as that. My grandfather always taught me to stick with the K-I-S-S principles (keep it simple, stupid) and you know what, revision notes are as simple as that!
- The first repetition should be 24 hours after first learning the material.
- The second review should be one week later after the initial learning.
- The third review of your notes should be one month after the initial learning
- The fourth review should be six months after the initial note taking
- Then finally, the fifth repetition, one year after the initial learning.
Read carefully for this part, because this is the place that most people go wrong: When you first learn the material, you review your notes 24 hours after you learnt it. Then, you review your notes one week after you first learn it. Not one week after you review your notes the first time. Get it? One month after the initial learning, not the last review.
I know that if you are studying for an exam or something coming up soon, you will obviously not have the time to go over your revision notes one year after you learnt the material. However if this is something complicated that you really want to stick for the rest of your life, then do it. Or if you want to learn something off by heart (eg. a poem, or quote that you really like). Also if you have end of year exams covering the curriculum for the whole year.
If you follow these guidelines you will be able to transfer whatever you want from your short-term memory, to your long-term memory. Here is a real fact: Your brain has unlimited memory. You would have to live forever, twice, to fill up only half of it's memory capacity! Now isn't that nice to know. So remember: Five times repetition equals long term memory!
Now that you have it, you are more than welcome to take a look at the rest of my site, through the left navigation bar. Who knows, you might find a page that you really like!
Return from revision notes to note taking
Return from revision notes to how to mind map
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Costly punishment of cheaters who contribute little or nothing to a cooperating group has been extensively studied, as an effective means to enforce cooperation. The prevailing view is that individuals use punishment to retaliate against transgressions of moral standards such as fairness or equity. However, there is much debate regarding the psychological underpinnings of costly punishment. Some authors suggest that costly punishment must be a product of humans' capacity for reasoning, self-control and long-term planning, whereas others argue that it is the result of an impulsive, present-oriented emotional drive. Here, we explore the inter-temporal preferences of punishers in a multilateral cooperation game and show that both interpretations might be right, as we can identify two different types of punishment: punishment of free-riders by cooperators, which is predicted by patience (future orientation); and free-riders' punishment of other free-riders, which is predicted by impatience (present orientation). Therefore, the picture is more complex as punishment by free-riders probably comes not from a reaction against a moral transgression, but instead from a competitive, spiteful drive. Thus, punishment grounded on morals may be related to lasting or delayed psychological incentives, whereas punishment triggered by competitive desires may be linked to short-run aspirations. These results indicate that the individual's time horizon is relevant for the type of social behaviour she opts for. Integrating such differences in inter-temporal preferences and the social behaviour of agents might help to achieve a better understanding of how human cooperation and punishment behaviour has evolved.
Altruistic (costly) punishment refers to the readiness of humans to punish cheating group members at their own cost, even in one-shot interactions when no clear future returns are available. Such costly sanctions are a powerful instrument for protecting cooperation against exploitation by cheaters, and therefore help to sustain high cooperation levels [1–8]—a fact that puzzles scientists across the behavioural and biological sciences.
Despite increasing research interest, the mechanisms involved in costly punishment are poorly understood. Costly punishment of free-riders is supposed to be spurred by a moralistic drive to impose norms of fairness [2,3,5,7,9–15]. But what if the punishing individual is also a free-rider? Free-riders' punishment is unlikely to be driven by the same moral sentiments. More likely, the punishment by a free-rider could serve a competitive desire to achieve a higher pay-off than the other group members even at the punisher's own absolute cost [7,16–19]. Falk et al. described the different nature of punishment by free-riders versus the punishment by cooperators. Punishment by free-riders is very sensitive to the relative cost of punishment: when no improvement of relative standing is possible, free-riders no longer punish. By contrast, punishment by cooperators is barely influenced by the cost of punishment, as if cooperators were ready to teach cheaters a lesson at any cost, even if this means losing relative standing within the group.
This potentially fundamental difference in motivation must be kept in mind when investigating the possible drivers of punishment decisions. Moralistic punishment of norm violations is currently interpreted as either a product of humans' capacity for reasoning, self-control and long-term planning [9,10] or, at the opposite extreme, as a result of an impulsive, present-oriented emotional drive [11–15]. However, within the debate on the psychological roots of punishment, the possibility that some punishers (i.e. free-riders or norm-violators) may be guided by non-moralistic motives has not been deeply explored. This study focuses on the link between the punisher's inter-temporal preferences and the type of costly punishment she opts for, and explores whether the two antagonistic forces behind punishment may be partially predicted by this individual characteristic.
The relationship between inter-temporal preferences and punishment behaviour has so far been investigated only with the ultimatum game (UG). The UG is based on a stake that has to be shared between two individuals according to the proposal of one of them (proposer), which the second player (responder) can accept or reject. If the responder rejects, both players get nothing. Rejection of unfair offers is considered an act of costly fairness enforcement. In this game, impatient (present-oriented) individuals are more prone to reject low offers . This result seems to back other researchers' interpretation that costly punishment is driven by impulsive emotions [12–15]. According to this view, an ‘irrational’ impulse would lead the punisher to disregard the future consequences of punishing norm violations. However, the standard UG does not allow disentangling whether observed behaviour is driven by competition on relative outcome—envy, in psychological terms—or by moralistic reactions against unfairness, because both natures of punishment would result in the rejection of low offers (that is, the same observable behaviour) . In fact, some challenging neural evidence points to the involvement of self-control and long-term planning in rejection decisions [9,10].
We analysed the connection between inter-temporal preferences and the nature of punishment by cooperators and free-riders, using a one-shot public good game with punishment (PGP). The PGP makes it easier to disentangle different types of punishers by analysing their behaviour in the cooperation stage prior to punishment. Therefore, it allows determining whether the punishing individuals are in compliance with the norm or not—a dichotomy that has been found to have critical implications for cooperation and its evolution [4,8,16,21–23].
We used a one-shot procedure in order to elicit individuals' behavioural norms when punishing . In our PGP, four anonymous players endowed with €10 first decided how much money to contribute to a common group pot. The sum of contributions in the pot was then multiplied by two and shared evenly among the four group members, which incentivized free-riding on others' cooperation. Therefore, although the socially efficient outcome in this game is full cooperation, the Nash equilibrium based on narrowly defined selfish rationality predicts full defection. The results of the contribution stage were then made public, and participants were allowed to reduce other group members' earnings at their own cost (punishment stage). Participants were allowed to spend up to €3 to reduce other group members' earnings, with each euro spent reducing the target player's earnings by €3. This 1 : 3 ratio allows punishment to be implemented with competitive as well as moralistic goals. However, a selfish individual would never make use of punishment in our one-shot anonymous setting. We also asked participants how much punishment they expected to receive from the other group members (see §4).
Individuals' manner of discounting delayed outcomes (i.e. their inter-temporal preferences or impatience) is a stable personal attribute that unambiguously influences many fields of human behaviour . High delay discounting (DD), measuring the willingness to prefer smaller rewards to larger but more delayed rewards, has been related to different scales of impulsivity and to lessened self-control (however, see for neural evidence suggesting that self-control and the evaluation of delayed rewards might respond to different psychological processes). As DD can predict inter-temporal decisions , it constitutes a helpful method for disentangling whether individuals perceive a given behavioural strategy as linked to early or delayed psychological incentives (see below for a discussion on an alternative interpretation).
We obtained DD functions for each participant through a standard task computing their discounting parameter k from the hyperbolic characterization . The parameter k represents the steepness of the discount function. The higher an individual's k, the more she discounts delays, and therefore the higher her impatience.
We ran field experiments with 160 participants (mean age 46.8 years; 64% females) from all walks of life in southern Spain. By means of non-laboratory experiments, we expected to attain higher heterogeneity among individuals' discount rates . We indeed found important differences in DD among participants (see the electronic supplementary material, figure S4). The average k in our sample was 0.759 (±0.034, s.e.m.) in annual terms and related negatively to different income variables as in other field studies , but it was unrelated to individuals' contributions to the public good (see the electronic supplementary material, table S1). This lack of a relationship between DD and contributions might result from the incentives to strategically cooperate introduced by punishment (i.e. potential free-riders cooperate in order not to be punished), because others have found that DD and contributions are negatively correlated in one-shot public good games without punishment (see the electronic supplementary material).
Sixty participants (37.5%) used the sanctioning mechanism at least once. The total amount of money reduced through punishment was €496 (from €2585 earned by cooperation), with 124 instances of punishment in total (€124 paid by punishers caused a reduction of €372 to the punished group members). In figure 1a, we show how the individual's DD and her deviation from other group members' mean contribution (‘deviation’ henceforth) impact on her willingness to punish. Individuals contributing more than €1 below the others' mean (i.e. deviation < −1) are included within the ‘below average’ category, those around the others' mean contribution (deviation between −1 and 1) within ‘average’ and high contributors (deviation > +1) within ‘above average’ (same classification as used by Gächter & Herrmann ). To facilitate visual interpretation, DD is depicted in colours, with k increasing from blue to red. Three categories of DD are constructed, each with one-third of the sample. The probability of punishing, P(p), in the vertical axis represents the fraction of individuals using punishment. That is, P(p) captures the proportion of punishers within each category of figure 1a. Evident differences exist between the punishment patterns of the three DD categories. However, because DD and deviation are continuous variables, the proper method to estimate the existing link is through regression analysis, which also allows controlling for other personal characteristics given the field origin of data. That is, the probability of punishing—whether an individual implements punishment or not—is regressed as a function of the punisher's deviation and k (probit regression with robust standard errors clustered at the group level).
Neither the positive effect of the punisher's deviation (p > 0.5) nor the negative effect of k (p > 0.1) on P(p) reach significance (see the electronic supplementary material, table S2, model 2), but their interaction does (p < 0.01; model 4). The predictions of the model are shown in figure 1b. It is notable that the strong positive relationship between deviation and P(p) capturing the behaviour of low-DD subjects reverses its slope as DD moves closer to its highest value. Wald tests reveal that DD is negatively related to P(p) for extreme positive deviations (most cooperative individuals; p < 0.01), while for extreme negative deviations (strongly free-riding individuals), the sign of this relationship is positive (p < 0.05). In sum, punishment from the cooperative side is carried out by patient individuals, but those impatient individuals implement punishment when their own contributions are relatively low.
The next analysis is to explore who receives the punishment by patient cooperators and impatient free-riders. Figure 2 shows the predicted likelihood of punishing another group member depending on the punisher's and target's absolute cooperative levels (i.e. their raw contributions, from 0 to 10). Two different panels for the low and high categories of DD characterized in figure 1a are presented. For this model (see the electronic supplementary material, table S6), we use three observations per subject (one for each partner) with the likelihood of punishing each partner as the dependent variable (robust standard errors are clustered to account for correlation at the individual and group dimensions). The estimate of the interaction effect between the punisher's DD and cooperation is negative and significant (p < 0.01, model 4), thus supporting the previous result using the deviation variable. The axis in figure 2 representing the punisher's cooperation shows that low-DD, future-oriented individuals (figure 2a) are more likely to punish the more cooperative they are, whereas high-DD, present-oriented individuals (figure 2b) punish less the more cooperative they are. On the other hand, the target's cooperation always impacts negatively on the likelihood of her being punished (p < 0.01), meaning that lower contributions are more likely to get punished. However, the interaction between the punisher's DD and the target's cooperation is largely insignificant in our model (p > 0.6). Hence, although free-riding behaviour is most likely to receive punishment, looking at the behaviour of punishers, it is patient cooperators and impatient free-riders who head the retaliation.
Analyses based on the punishment expected by the subjects reveal that patient and impatient individuals do not have different expectations about what levels of contribution are more likely to get punished (see the electronic supplementary material, table S5). Also, scrutiny of the subjects' expectations on punishment suggests that, in the eyes of impatient free-riders, punishing other free-riders seemed to be adequate when it came to fighting for the relative position (i.e. to beat the rival). This insight is extracted from the fact that impatient free-riders did not expect to receive a sufficient level of punishment to put at risk the pay-off advantage they had over cooperators (see the electronic supplementary material).
These results indicate that both previous interpretations of costly punishment might be correct if applied to the right subpopulation of punishers. Patience is characteristic of cooperators who decide to punish free-riders. Impatience, however, links to the punishment of free-riders by other free-riders. It has been shown that moralistic punishment benefits the society only in the long run . Therefore, given its link with future orientation, it is possible that this kind of punishment is grounded in far-sighted collective motivations. On the other hand, the punishment implemented with non-moralistic goals by impatient free-riders seems to be characteristic of aggressive, ultracompetitive behaviour, which has previously been found to be related to present orientation .
In the light of recent research on the role of intuition versus reflection in social decision-making [34,35], one might wonder whether the decisions on punishment are also shaped by intuition. Indeed, impatient responses in DD tasks have also been related to individuals' predisposition to follow their intuitions . There might therefore exist an underlying common cognitive process leading individuals to choose smaller rewards that are received sooner (i.e. being impatient in DD tasks) and to behave intuitively without further deliberation. It would be interesting for future research to analyse response times of free-riders and cooperators when punishing in order to unravel whether our results are only due to individuals' inter-temporal preferences or instead driven by a more basic cognitive process [37,38].
From the results, we cannot reject the hypothesis that negative emotions spur moralistic punishment in the PGP but, if this is the case, these emotions must be founded in more far-sighted, pro-social sentiments than mere self-centred revenge or spite. Given that previous research has found that more impatient responders in the UG are more likely to reject low offers , this new evidence also suggests a potential difference between cooperators' punishment in the PGP and responders' rejections in the UG. This possibility should be explored in deeper detail in further research analysing, for instance, whether impatient responders who reject unfair offers are themselves fair or unfair. Indeed, Carpenter found that subjects with a competitive social value orientation rather than ‘fairmen’ were responsible for most rejections in his experiments.
Our findings indicate that inter-temporal preferences and social behaviour are inter-related with each other in a much more complex fashion than discussed so far. Future research has to elicit the exact role of impulse, habits and reasoning for cooperation and defection , as well as for punishment and reward decisions. A better understanding of the role of inter-temporal preferences (and their possible context dependence) for shaping social and anti-social behaviour of agents might be important to refine our understanding of how human cooperation and punishment behaviour has evolved.
One hundred and sixty inhabitants of small, semi-rural populations (1000–7000 inhabitants) in northern Granada (Andalusia, Spain) were invited to take part in experiments designed to elicit their DD and behaviour in a one-shot public good game with punishment. The participants, 103 of whom were female, were aged between 16 and 82 years (mean 46.8 ± 18.5 s.d.). The experiments were conducted in five sessions (32 subjects per session) at five different locations. Adapted standard instructions were read aloud, and several examples were illustrated on a whiteboard to ensure that the participants understood them. An experienced Spanish-speaking experimenter conducted all the sessions with an identical protocol (available in electronic supplementary material). The show-up fee was €5, and a drink and tapas after the experiment.
In the PGP, four anonymous players cooperated by contributing amounts of money from their endowment (€10) to a common pot. The sum of contributions in the pot was multiplied by 2 and evenly shared among the four group members. Hence, the individual returns of each monetary unit inside the pot, whatever their cooperative level, were α = 2/4, meaning that contributing one unit had a cost of 1 − α > 0. Thus, every euro invested in cooperation increased the group's earnings by €2, but cost the investor 50 cents.
The participants cooperated simultaneously and were informed ex ante about the possibility of reducing the other group members' pay-offs at a personal cost after the results of the first contribution stage had been revealed. The price of punishment was one-third of the total reduction in income imposed on the punished subject. Reduction through punishment was limited to a maximum of €9 (i.e. three punishment opportunities, without restrictions on their distribution among partners) to rule out negative pay-offs. The subjects also had to report their expectations regarding the punishment they would receive from their partners.
For the statistical analyses, we used the likelihood of punishing and not the intensity of punishment because the decision to punish and the decision about the amount are intrinsically different , and it was our aim to explore what is behind the decision of incurring any cost to punish others. Also, the existing limit for the amount of punishment implemented (max. €9) generates dramatically different decisions depending on the distribution of other group members' behaviours, and not only on their mean behaviour. However, the main results remain similar if we use the intensity of punishment as the dependent variable in the regressions (available upon request from the authors).
The discounting task for measuring participants' inter-temporal preferences was a simplified version of Harrison et al. involving real monetary incentives with a front-end delay procedure (both the sooner and the later reward are delayed). The task consisted of making 20 decisions on whether to receive €150 one month following the experiment or a higher amount (increasing from €151.50 to €225) after six extra months. The decision card contained a table with two columns (options A and B) and 20 rows. In each row, option A offered €150 to be received one month after the experiment, whereas option B offered a higher amount to be received seven months later. Thus, option B in the first row offered €151.50 and option B in the 20th row €225. The participants had to decide between option A and B in each of the 20 rows. The lower amount at which an individual was willing to wait half a year was considered her indifference point (between options A and B). We used the discounting parameter (k ∈ [0.02, 1.211]) from the hyperbolic characterization , calculated at the individual's indifference point, because it is the most commonly accepted functional form among behavioural scientists (see the electronic supplementary material, table S7 for analyses based on other discounting functional forms). Data available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r7c7p.
Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2010-17049), the Regional Government of Andalusia (PO7-SEJ-02547) and Fundación Ramón Areces (R+D 2011) is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank J. A. Abril, A. Cortés, J. Martín, E. M. Muñoz, L. A. Palacios, M. Parravano, L. E. Pedauga, A. Quesada, M. Román and J. F. Ruano for their research assistance, as well as M. J. Crockett, S. Gächter, E. Lafuente and D. G. Rand for their helpful comments. Special thanks to the authorities and inhabitants of Benalúa, Darro, Deifontes, Iznalloz and Pedro Martínez. A.M.E., P.B.-G., B.H. and J.F.G. designed research and wrote the paper; A.M.E., P.B.-G. and J.F.G. performed research; A.M.E. and B.H. analysed the data.
- Received August 30, 2012.
- Accepted September 26, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society
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This paper is meant to help you reflect not only on what you have learned in this class, but how it impacts you as a teacher. Research has shown that teachers (and professionals in general) who reflect on their practice contribute to the success of their students and themselves (Schön, 1983; 1987).
As a guide, you should think about these questions:
What type of teacher will I be?
How can I incorporate these ideas into my classroom practice specific to my domain of interest (e.g., math)?
You must address the diverse needs of the students in your class and this includes everything from socioeconomic status, cognitive and social issues, gender, race, and religion.
RUBRIC FOR Reflection
This paper should be, at minimum, 2-3 pages (double spaced, 12-point font).
Clarity is the key. I’m looking for your analysis using your words. The writing should be academic. I’m looking for your synthesis of the material using your words. The writing should be academic using appropriate citation (e.g., APA) guidelines. I’m less concerned with correctness and more concerned with your ability to interpret the readings and express your thinking.
If you choose to use outside sources, make sure they are properly cited (APA is the standard in Educational Studies/Research).
Proofread. There should be no misspellings, grammar errors, or colloquialisms used.
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Harewood, Leeds, LS17 9LG (Website)
A country house in Harewood near Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Designed by architects John Carr and Robert Adam, it was built between 1759 and 1771 for wealthy plantation owner Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood. The landscape was designed by Lancelot “Capability” Brown and spans 1,000 acres (400 ha) at Harewood.
Still home to the Lascelles family, Harewood House is a member of the Treasure Houses of England, a marketing consortium for ten of the foremost historic homes in the country. The house is a Grade I listed building and a number of features in the grounds and courtyard have been listed as Grade I, II and II*.
The Lascelles family claim to have arrived in England with William the Conqueror, during the Norman Conquest of England. The family had settled in Yorkshire by 1315 as the “de Lascelles”. Prosperous members of the county gentry, the Lascelles served as members of parliament and held prominent military positions. In the late seventeenth century the family purchased plantations in the West Indies, and the income generated allowed Henry Lascelles to purchase the estate in 1738; his son, Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood, built the house between 1759 and 1771
Edwin initially employed the services of John Carr, an architect practising in the north of England and previously employed by a number of prominent Yorkshire families to design their new country houses. The foundations were laid in 1759, with the house being largely complete by 1765. The fashionable Robert Adam submitted designs for the interiors, which were approved in 1765. Adam made a number of minor alterations to Carr’s designs for the exterior of the building, including internal courtyards. The house remained largely untouched until the 1840s when Sir Charles Barry was employed by the Henry Lascelles, 3rd Earl of Harewood, the father of thirteen children, to increase the accommodation. Barry added second storeys to each of the flanking wings to provide extra bedrooms, removed the south portico and created formal parterres and terraces.
1791 24′ X 24’7″
A large circle filling the whole square carpet. This and the ten roundels within it mirror the ceiling design, as do the bell flower chains and the ten sided scalloped central design. Main Field – Olive ground with ten roundels containing two alternating designs 1) an eight petalled formal flower in rose and blue enclosed within a double band guard of rose and blue. 2) the same flower, smaller, surrounded by rose, blue and buff fan-pantera, enclosed within a double band guard of rose and mid-mauve. Bell flower chains loop between them and the border. Central design, formal, eight petalled flower in rose and blue centre to distinguish it from the flowers in the roundels.
Yellow Drawing Room
1790s 16’10” X 23′
A carpet which really does mirror the ceiling, not only in the basic geometric design of the panels but also in the ornaments – eg the central roundel with its anthemion and lotus surrounds and peltoid shields. Main Field of buff ground with huge olive star with its points in each corner, and a large circular central desgn. Bell flower chains loop round the central circle and the spaces between the arms of the star are filled with twirling acanthus coming from four wonderful peltoid shields in tan shades
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In fourth grade, students are expected to perform more complex conversion and comparison operations. Math Games is here to make that process more enjoyable for pupils, parents and teachers alike, by integrating learning and reviewing math into visually stimulating games!
Fourth graders need multiple examples, charts, and other logical tools to help them make sense of these new tools. Math Game Time’s free videos help illustrate concepts such as the order of operations, working with fractions, and creating graphs, incorporating fun lessons from actual teachers who want children to learn these concepts just as much as you do.
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We also identified math-specific topics based on grade level appropriateness. Some are from the websites above, while others were found on other popular math websites. Grades K-1. ABCya! produces free interactive educational math games for elementary school children. Counting Fish is a counting game for kindergarten and first-grade students.
Free Online 4th Grade Worksheets. In 4th grade, 9 and 10 year olds are introduced to many new concepts in each subject. Parents and teachers can make use of JumpStart’s free, printable 4th grade worksheets to give students extra practice with important concepts in math, science, language, writing and social studies. Writing Worksheets for 4th Grade.
All free. Math Worksheets Weekly: Please wait. Worksheets are loading. Math Worksheets. Addition Division Fractions Graph Paper Hundreds Charts Math Review. 4th Grade Educational Resources: More 4th Grade Educational Resources. Free Educational Resources. Helping teachers get the best resources for the classroom. Always Free.
Welcome to our Free Printable Math worksheets page. Here is our selection of free printable randomly generated math worksheets which will help your child improve their mental calculation skills and learn Math facts. Make user generated sheets for each of the four operations and also to practice your times tables and money skills.
SplashLearn is an award winning math learning program used by more than 30 Million kids for fun math practice. It includes unlimited math lessons on number counting, addition, subtraction etc.
Discover thousands of math skills covering pre-K to 12th grade, from counting to calculus, with infinite questions that adapt to each student's level.
Free online math tests for elementary, middle school, and high school students. All tests come with an instant feedback and an overall score that you can see on the computer screen. Timed tests are available, as well as printable math worksheets.
Fourth grade is your child's biggest challenge yet, but with our curated selection of fourth grade games, it can also be the most exciting! Designed by education professionals to teach the skills fourth graders need most, our engaging fourth grade games will build your student's confidence in everything from fractions to grammar, typing to reading comprehension, and even the basics of coding.Fourth Grade Worksheets Fourth Grade Math Worksheets. You may also enjoy these Timed Math Drills. Addition and Subtraction Worksheets. Alien Addition Maze - Students will solve addition problems and color spaces containing the number 6 in the answer to help the alien find the spaceship. Addition Worksheet 11 - This addition practice sheet includes adding three 4-digit numbers with no carrying.Best Math Games for 4th Grade Math class can move pretty fast for some kids, and as they progress through more challenging concepts, it can help to have a fun way to practice at home. That's where our list of learning apps comes in!
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Illegal Dumping and Litter
Illegal dumping is the act of discarding waste in an improper or illegal manner; for example, throwing trash on the sidewalk or leaving a mattress or furniture on the street. Although this has been an issue in the community for many years, the County of San Mateo envisions a future that is free of litter and illegal dumping. Please continue reading to learn more about this issue and what you can do to keep our neighborhood clean!
Resource Guide to Prevent Illegal Dumping
Do you need to throw away large bulky items, such as mattresses, furniture, or electronics? Not sure how to get rid of them? Our resource guide provides information on what you can do to prevent illegal dumping, such as schedule a bulky item pick up, donate to a local thrift store, or visit the Shoreway Environmental Center.
County of San Mateo Illegal Dumping Ordinance
The San Mateo County Board of Supervisors recently adopted an ordinance that deems illegal dumping and littering against the law, and violations can result in fines up to $3,000. Enforcement of these new regulations will help to deter illegal dumping and littering and clean up our neighborhoods.
Please click here for more information on the disposal of Hazardous Waste, Illegal Dumping, and Litter: http://www.smcsustainability.org/hazardous-waste-illegal-dumping-litter/
Report It! SMC
Neighborhood Clean Ups
Annual NFO Clean Up day
Office of Sustainability: The San Mateo County Office of Sustainability focuses on bettering the community through their work on energy efficiency, resource conservation, alternative transportation, and greenhouse gas emission reduction. To learn more about the Office of Sustainability please visit http://green.smcgov.org/
Recology: Recology is a recycling program that strives to recover a variety of materials. For more information on Recology please visit http://www.recologysanmateo.com/
Code Compliance: The San Mateo County Code Compliance team enforces County zoning, building, and other land use regulations. This is accomplished by making sure that construction activities and other forms of development such as tree removal have received the necessary County permits and are being carried out in compliance with the terms of permit approvals. For more information visit http://planning.smcgov.org/code-compliance
Fair Oaks Beautification Association: The Fair Oaks Beautification Association (FOBA) is a non-profit organization made of volunteers who share the same goal: improving North Fair Oaks neighborhoods. FOBA helps improve our neighborhoods by taking care of trees, maintaining our parks and playgrounds amongst many other projects. For more information visit http://www.fobaneighbors.org/
We invite you to comment and welcome your remarks. To keep the conversation germane and constructive, we reserve the right to remove content if it includes the following:
- Obscene Language
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- Personal attacks
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A plasma coating is a common choice among industrial manufacturers, in which a plasma jet heated to 15,000°C is used to distribute a molten material (the ‘feedstock’) onto another surface (the ‘substrate’).
There are other thermal spraying methods out there, but plasma coating is the most versatile of these. The extremely high temperature means that it can be used to apply a huge number of materials as coatings.
It is often used to prevent corrosion and wear on structural materials – though it may also be used to create etchings and even for cleaning or aesthetic purposes.
How Does a Plasma Spray Gun Work?
Plasma spray guns are built from high-quality anodes and cathodes (positively and negatively charged, respectively).
A plasma gas such as argon or hydrogen flows around the cathode and towards the anode. A high voltage discharge causes a DC arc to form between these points, and this heats the gas to extreme temperatures, creating plasma.
The plasma is then directed down and out of a nozzle, and it’s at this point the gun is ready for use in the plasma coating process.
To prevent issues with overheating, the plasma spray gun is water-cooled.
What Happens During the Process?
Once the gas is heated, the plasma is used to heat a feedstock material, which is fed into the path of the plasma, and melts. The resulting droplets are then sprayed onto the substrate’s surface to create the desired plasma coating.
The droplets of melted feedstock which land on the substrate are called ‘lamellae’. While the spraying is taking place, these flatten and rapidly cool to form a very thin top layer on whichever item the spray is being applied to.
After cooling, the feedstock material will remain attached to the substrate. In some cases, the substrate is actually removed, and the cooled feedstock layer is retained for use as a component in another structure.
What Materials Can Be Used for This?
It is possible to use many feedstock materials, in either powder or wire form during the plasma spray process.
The plasma is capable of melting materials with a very high melting points, including refractory metals such as tungsten and ceramics – for example, zirconium. Normal combustion would be unable to achieve this, as it would not be hot enough.
The materials used may result in a hydrophobic (water-resistant) surface, reduced conductivity, or simply extra protection from the elements.
I’d Like to Learn More About Plasma Coating
Thermal spraying is a very common process in the industry, and plasma sprays offer many possibilities and many practical applications.
You may also consider regular flame spraying or arc spraying as an alternative, but particularly for specialist projects, plasma spraying is often the answer.
Talk to us to learn more about plasma coating, as well as other metal coating services we offer.
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Across much of the U.S., people age 16 and over are now eligible to be vaccinated for COVID-19. But what about younger children?
Children under 16 are not yet eligible to receive any of the COVID-19 vaccines that have been approved for emergency use in adults, and public health experts explain that children will need to be vaccinated for COVID-19 to reach herd immunity and stop the spread of the virus.
Clinical trials in adolescents and young children are underway on Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. This week, Pfizer reported promising early results. Johnson & Johnson also is exploring conducting clinical trials with children. This all begs the question: When will those under 16 be able to be vaccinated for COVID-19?
This edition of the Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast features an #AskMayoMom episode hosted by Dr. Angela Mattke, a pediatrician at Mayo Clinic Children's Center. Joining Mattke to discuss COVID-19, vaccines and children are Dr. Nipunie Rajapakse, a pediatric infectious diseases physician, and Dr. Emily Levy, a pediatric critical care and infectious diseases expert — both from Mayo Clinic.
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The Green Kitchen Handbook by Annie Berthold-Bond
Annie Berthold-Bond, an expert on green living, gives you everything you need to know about making your kitchen a healthier and more ecological place to live and cook, regardless of your food choices and eating habits, in The Green Kitchen Handbook.* Whether you know it or not, your kitchen is the heart of your home; it’s where your family and friends come together and sets the tone for the rest of your house. A more organized and environmentally friendly kitchen may seem a bit intimidating a first, but with a book like this it is an easy and exciting transition.
Berthold-Bond makes a green kitchen simple by breaking it all down step-by-step. And although you can jump around the book, instead of reading from start to end, you should at least start by reading the foreword (by Meryl Streep), preface (by Wendy Gordon, Executive Director, Mothers & Others for a Livable Planet) and the Introduction. The Intro gives a great overview of what to expect, how to prepare and how to succeed; making it a little less scary to a beginner in green living.
The base of having a healthy and green kitchen is eating organically and locally grown foods. When first thinking of the switch, one can become overwhelmed and feel like it will be too hard to find or too expensive and that maybe organic and local foods don’t make a difference. But the first four parts of the Handbook guide you through the reasons why it’s a better, healthier choice for you and your family, where to find these foods, how to pick them out and how to prepare and store them. Best of all, there’s an entire section on ways of preserving (freezing, drying, canning and root cellars) and their benefits.
The final section focuses on the most important part of having an entirely environmentally sound kitchen: what you use to clean and what equipment you’re using and how it can be harmful to your food, your body and your family. Berthold-Bond gives every detail on perfecting recycling and composting; two things you can do that not only benefit your kitchen, but help the world around you. She also covers energy savers, cleaning with baking soda and organic pest control.
The Handbook even includes a nutritional appendix, at the end, for beans, flours, grains, soy products and nuts and seeds.
Read these excerpts from Green Kitchen Handbook on VegKitchen:
- Read more of VegKitchen’s Book Reviews.
*This post contains affiliate links. If the product is purchased by linking through this review, VegKitchen receives a modest commission, which helps maintain our site and helps it to continue growing!
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Education In Parma and Hilton
The Town of Parma settlement began in 1796 with the arrival of the Atchinson family. The first school house in the town was erected near this settlement; the first teacher was Alpheus Madden in 1804. Prior to this, however, Daniel Arnold, a surveyor, taught school in a log house built and owned by Bezaleel Atchinson. School was also taught in one part of the home of Michael Beach at Hunt's Corners. In 1805, Jonathan Underwood was the first to settle in the area now known as Hilton, NY. These New Englanders came with the philosophy that "strength and stability of government stems from the education of the common people" and "education has a softening and elevating influence without which other labor is regarded as useless".
On April 6, 1813, three men were elected to serve as commissioners of the common school, and on August 24, 1813, the Town of Parma was divided into 10 school districts, with some districts later divided and subdivided into smaller districts. District #4 was finally designated to include only the Village of Hilton and a section of the township to the west.
In the Hilton area, the first school, an old log cabin, began sometime between 1813-1815 at the end of what is now Hazen Street. Jonathan Underwood became the school inspector in 1817. His influence came not because he was the first settler, but because he was a man of great character, kind, generous, industrious, honest, scholarly and very civic minded.
As the population grew, a larger school became necessary. A two-room frame school was erected on the west side of the village in 1835. From 1853 -- 1892 a four-room frame school on West Avenue housed the students; replaced in 1892 by a two story four room building. In 1896, the school came under the control of the Regents and in March 1896, District #4 became the North Parma Union Free School. Jennie Mitchell, lone graduate of the 1898 class, earned extra credits to receive the first Regents Diploma issued by the school in 1899. In 1904, four more rooms were added to the school. A brick, two-story school was erected on Henry Street in 1930.
North Parma Union Free School #4 prior to 1929
The one-room school houses throughout the now seventeen districts in the Town of Parma were all officially closed when the centralization of the school districts took effect in 1949. Building new schools to accommodate the influx of students became an even greater necessity: the West Avenue Junior-Senior High School, 1952; Hazel Jenkins Primary School, 1956; Jonathan Underwood Elementary School, 1960; Merton Williams Junior High School, 1964; Northwood Elementary School, 1967; East Avenue Senior High School, 1972. Hazel Jenkins Primary School and Jonathan Underwood Elementary School were physically combined in 1989 to form the Village Elementary School.
Today's school system reflects a global awareness as well as community involvement as evidenced by: the 20" anniversary of the Hilton Model UN on November 5, 6, 1999. This two-day event draws more than 600 students from the central New York State area. All Hilton students have had Internet access since 1998 which links them through research projects to students worldwide through the web.
Community service comes in the form of many projects: volunteering to help senior citizens; collecting funds for areas of natural disasters; aiding the Open Door Mission, and other spontaneous projects based on evident needs. The Service Corp. of the Village Elementary School was instituted for students to assist teachers, read to younger children and other projects.
The 50/100 Celebration of the Hilton School System commemorated the centralization of 17 country school districts into one on June 7, 1949 and receiving Regents accreditation on October 3, 1899.
The graduates of Hilton Central School have distinguished themselves in many fields, among them: medicine, teaching, nursing, politics, science, and law. Among the twenty-five candidates nominated for the first annual Hall of Fame, the following eight people were inducted during Bravo Awards Evening on June 7, 1999: Daniel D. Chiras, Ph.D. (1968) scientist, environmentalist, author; Lucille Collins, M.D. (1957) family
physician; David E. Day, Ed.D. (1948) educator, college administrator; Albert E. Hauck, Ph.D. (1970); Shirley Cox Husted, BA (1949) historian, author, journalist; Tony C. Lanzalaco, Ph.D. (1976) research scientist; Chris J. Marone, Ph.D. (1976) Professor of Geophysics; Kathleen M. Wolf, RN, MS (1966) Nurse practitioner, college professor).
From the humble beginnings in a log cabin with a few students, the six school buildings now house 4,575 students. The current mission statement of the Hilton Central School System: We will engage and support all students academically and socially in becoming self-directed, lifelong learners who think critically and creatively, and function as caring, productive citizens.
The story of a growing school system is not reflected by the number of school buildings, but by the many inspired people who teach, administer, transport, feed and care for the students who graduate to become useful, dedicated citizens; still reflecting the original philosophy of strength and stability of the government stemming from education of the common people.
A documentary video of the Hilton Central School District "Celebrating a Century" is available at the Historian's Office.
David H. Crumb
Hours: Wednesday’s 6:00 – 8:00 PM
Or by appointment 585-392-5848
Changing Faces of Hilton
Hilton Then and Now - John E. Cooper
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Neuro-Linguistic Programming, NLP for quick, is actually a procedure of communication in between a therapist as well as a customer or individual that is actually paid attention to what goals a participant has prepared and also what they are really efficient in.
Visit this: nlp therapy
Unlike other forms of therapy that need diagnosis as well as treatment of a problem, NLP is actually customer focused healing. There are no ‘problems’, no busted individuals as well as nothing at all that requires correcting. Rather, NLP specialists utilize targets created primarily by their clients to determine where therapy must head as well as just how prompt or slow it should relocate. Every little thing is actually geared to paying attention to the customer and also locating treatment and also procedure around each customer’s particular demands as well as capabilities.
The techniques of NLP have actually been in usage in different industries for some time, but were actually only realized as belonging to behavior patterning and also effective interaction after the industry of therapy started to acknowledge resemblances in prosperous folks. The same tactics utilized in NLP have been utilized in industries such as company and purchases, sports and also sports, and also interpersonal impact.
NLP can easily improve a person’s public speaking skills, as well as is a best-selling organisation control communication skill-set. Numerous key individuals in political and home entertainment fields presently make use of connection, apery as well as anchoring, all functional units of NLP, when speaking with sizable groups, giving lectures or even pep talks, or questioning and also delivering influential disagreements.
NLP made use of in the field of psychotherapy on its own can easily aid with a number of obstacles customers face. Since it focuses on recognition of what triggers particular habits, NLP techniques have the ability to alter customer reliance on unhealthful behaviors like smoking cigarettes or even over-eating. Customers are actually constantly the facility of any sort of NLP treatment, and whether they are concerning a specialist with a phobia of serpents or are desiring to permit go of a bad moment like little one abuse or even other childhood trauma, NLP provides them effectiveness.
Goal-setting helps in most cases; other times NLP indicates taking a past experience and altering it in the viewpoints of the customer. Through the identity of triggers as well as emotions encompassing a celebration or injury, habits or even thought, customers discover what type of ‘thinker’ they are as well as what cues they give when they are thinking poor or about to savour an unfavorable or unhealthy habits. Along with the advice of an NLP professional, customers may discover new means to envision a misfortune, making it lucky dull to their subconscious, as well as enabling all of them to allow go of the negative in favor of the good.
Through cautious research of eye action, verbal signals and also gestures, clients learn when they are about to perform one thing not a part of their objectives. New behavior is imprinted on the client, encrypted right into their assuming procedure. Clients no longer recall with concern, misery or temper at past experiences, but as an alternative have a brand new casual perspective in the direction of all of them.
New behaviors may be introduced making use of NLP techniques, and also clients can easily really feel an excellent amount of individual effectiveness at discovering to aid on their own. It is because of this personal goal setting and also customer centered attitude that NLP really works.
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Author: Andrew Baird
The SS Yongala is a world famous dive, known especially for the extraordinary fish life it supports, including large schools of giant trevally and barracuda and a couple of monstrous Queensland groupers. The Yongala is not so well known for its scleractinian corals, being a little too deep to support the abundance of corals typical of shallow reefs on the Great Barrier Reef. So, I was a bit surprised during a recent dive to find that the wreck supports an unusual and diverse assemblage of scleractinian corals, including a number of species rarely encountered on the Great Barrier Reef such as Micromussa lordhowensis (Veron & Pichon 1982) and Pseudosiderastrea tayamai (Yabe & Sugiyama 1935).
Of particular interest to me were a number of species of the Genus Alveopora, at least one of which is potentially new to science. The Alveopora are special for a number of reasons. They are beautiful animals, with long flowing polyps that waft gently in the surge.
They are also rare and often cryptic. The genus is also interesting taxonomically because its correct place in the order Scleractinia has long been debated. Most authors, including the last revision of the genus (Veron and Pichon 1982), place the Alveopora in the Family Poritidae. However, recent molecular and morphological work suggest the genus is sister to the Montipora in the Family Acroporidae (Richards et al. 2020). The Alveopora are also hermaphrodites, like all species in the family Acroporidae and unlike most species in the family Poritidae. Therefore, the weight of evidence definitely supports their position in the Acroporidae. The Alveopora is also one of the few genera with some species that brood larvae and other species that broadcast spawn their gametes (Baird et al. 2009); most other genera do one or the other. The species level taxonomy of the genus also needs to be revisited: there are approximately 32 nominal species only 16 of which are currently accepted.
I suspect that there are many more species that have yet to be described. In addition, many of the synonymies, based on qualitative morphological characters, are likely to be incorrect. Definitely a suitable taxa for further investigation by Project Phoenix!
Baird AH, Guest JR, Willis BL (2009) Systematic and biogeographical patterns in the reproductive biology of scleractinian corals. Annu Rev Ecol, Evol Syst 40:551-571
Richards ZT, Carvajal JI, Wallace CC, Wilson NG (2020) Phylotranscriptomics confirms Alveopora is sister to Montipora within the family Acroporidae. Marine Genomics 50
Veron JEN, Pichon M (1982) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part IV. Family Poritidae. Australian National University Press, Canberra
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Cause and Cure of Inflation
1. Inflation is an increase in the quantity of money and credit. Its chief consequence is soaring prices. Therefore inflation—if we misuse the term to mean the rising prices themselves—is caused solely by printing more money. For this the government’s monetary policies are entirely responsible.
2. The most frequent reason for printing more money is the existence of an unbalanced budget. Unbalanced budgets are caused by extravagant expenditures which the government is unwilling or unable to pay for by raising corresponding tax revenues. The excessive expenditures are mainly the result of government efforts to redistribute wealth and income—in short, to force the productive to support the unproductive. This erodes the working incentives of both the productive and the unproductive.
3. The causes of inflation are not, as so often said, “multiple and complex,” but simply the result of printing too much money. There is no such thing as “cost-push” inflation. If, without an increase in the stock of money, wage or other costs are forced up, and producers try to pass these costs along by raising their selling prices, most of them will merely sell fewer goods. The result will be reduced output and loss of jobs. Higher costs can only be passed along in higher selling prices when consumers have more money to pay the higher prices.
4. Price controls cannot stop or slow down inflation. They always do harm. Price controls simply squeeze or wipe out profit margins, disrupt production, and lead to bottlenecks and shortages. All government price and wage control, or even “monitoring,” is merely an attempt by the politicians to shift the blame for inflation on to producers and sellers instead of their own monetary policies.
5. Prolonged inflation never “stimulates” the economy. On the contrary, it unbalances, disrupts, and misdirects production and employment. Unemployment is mainly caused by excessive wage rates in some industries, brought about either by extortionate union demands, by minimum wage laws (which keep teenagers and the unskilled out of jobs), or by prolonged and over-generous unemployment insurance.
6. To avoid irreparable damage, the budget must be balanced at the earliest possible moment, and not in some sweet by-and-by. Balance must be brought about by slashing reckless spending, and not by increasing a tax burden that is already undermining incentives and production.
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Dangerous Business – Tapping Freshwater Resources Under The Ocean Could Have Serious Consequences·
The last place most people would expect to find fresh groundwater is tens to hundreds of kilometers offshore in the ocean. Yet not only is that exactly where freshwater can be found, in the ground of the continental shelf beneath the ocean, but simulations have shown that it could be a common occurrence across a range of geologic systems.
These offshore groundwater resources could be exploited for uses such as drinking, agriculture and oil recovery, but new research from the University of Delaware’s Holly Michael and Xuan Yu, who worked as a postdoctoral researcher at UD, suggests that tapping into those resources could lead to adverse onshore impacts.
The research was published in Geophysical Research Lettersand is part of Michael’s National Science Foundation CAREER Award.
Through simulations and computer modeling, the research explores how using offshore freshwater resources could threaten onshore aquifer systems, lead to diminished onshore groundwater availability and cause widespread land subsidence.
Coastal communities may consider using these offshore groundwater resources as populations increase and the limited freshwater resources are degraded by overuse and pollution, but a more immediate use of the offshore fresh and brackish groundwater is to enhance oil recovery.
Photo: Sarah Lee/Unsplash
To view the Creative Commons license for the image, click here.
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Usability Testing or Usability Engineering
Understanding Usability Engineering:
Usability Engineering is an empirical science and has quite a simple definition. It studies the human interaction and cognitive behavior of an individual with respect to performing a task. It could be as simple as a driving a vehicle or using a product. Users interaction in performing a task should be in synchronization with the workflow of the product. Usability Engineering as a science helps in achieving this goal.
Usability for a Product: A Product should be usable. It means that people can use a product easily and efficiently to accomplish their own tasks. A product, which is usable, enables workers to concentrate on their tasks and to do real work, rather than on the tools they use to perform their tasks.
Attributes of a usable product are:
� It’s easy to learn
� Efficient to use
� Provides quick recovery from errors
� Easy to remember
� Enjoyable to use
� Visually pleasing
Usability applies to every aspect of a product with which a person interacts (hardware, software, menus, icons, messages, documentation, training, and on-line help). Every design and development decision made throughout the product cycle has an impact on that product�s usability.
As customers depend more and more on software to get their jobs done and become more critical consumers, usability can be the critical factor that ensures that products will be used.
Usability testing is a technique used to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users.
Usability testing focuses on measuring a human-made product’s capacity to meet its intended purpose. Examples of products that commonly benefit from usability testing are web sites or web applications, computer interfaces, documents, or devices. Usability testing measures the usability, or ease of use, of a specific object or set of objects, whereas general human-computer interaction studies attempt to formulate universal principles.
Goals of Usability Testing:
During usability testing, the aim is to observe people using the product to discover errors and areas of improvement. Usability testing generally involves measuring how well test subjects respond in four areas: efficiency, accuracy, recall, and emotional response. The results of the first test can be treated as a baseline or control measurement; all subsequent tests can then be compared to the baseline to indicate improvement.
Efficiency – How long does it take people to complete basic tasks? (For example, find something to buy, create a new account, and order the item.)
Accuracy – How many mistakes did people make? (And were they fatal or recoverable with the right information?)
Recall – How much does the person remember afterwards or after periods of non-use?
Emotional response – How does the person feel about the tasks completed? Is the person confident, stressed? Would the user recommend this system to a friend?
Methods of Usability Testing:
1. User and task observations � observing users at their jobs, identifying their typical work tasks and procedures, analyzing their work processes, and understanding people in the context of their work.
2. Interviews, focus groups and questionnaires � meeting with users, finding out about their preferences, experiences and needs.
3. Benchmarking and competitive analysis � evaluating the usability of similar products in the marketplace.
4. Participatory design – participating in design and bringing the user�s perspective to the early stages of development.
5. Paper prototyping � including users early in the development process through prototypes prepared on paper before coding begins.
6. Creation of guidelines – helping to assure consistency in design through development of standards and guidelines.
7. Heuristic evaluations – evaluating software against accepted usability principles and making recommendations to enhance usability.
8. Usability testing – observing users performing real tasks with the application, recording what they do, analyzing the results and recommending appropriate changes.
Usability engineering provides important benefits in terms of cost, product quality and customer satisfaction. It can improve development productivity through more efficient design and fewer code revisions. It can help to eliminate over-design by emphasizing the functionality required to meet the needs of real users. Design problems can be detected earlier in the development process, saving both time and money. It can provide further cost savings through reduced support costs, reduced training requirements and greater user productivity. A usable product means more satisfied customers and a better reputation for the product and for the organization that developed it.
Today many leading corporations are incorporating usability engineering into their product development cycles. For them, usability is becoming a competitive advantage.
A usability test consists of following five characteristics:
- Each test has specific goals and concerns that are tested.
- The participants represent real users (6 to 12 participants are typical).
- The participants do real tasks.
- The participants are observed and recorded.
- The data is analyzed, problems diagnosed and recommendations made.
A usability test consists of following activities:
1. Planning the test, developing participant�s profiles, identifying participants from user pool, creating test materials, writing task scenarios and determining usability criteria and measures.
2. Preparing the test location, pilot testing materials and procedures.
3. Introducing the participant to the situation, the product and the procedure.
4. Running of the task-based test, where participants are asked to complete a series of tasks that address the specific goals and concerns being tested.
5. Participants are asked to “think aloud” (articulate their thoughts, feeling and actions). This data and the recorded video images, helps target areas that are confusing, unclear or misleading during the analysis stage.
6. Debriefing the participant to get final thoughts, subjective feelings about the product and suggestions for improvement.
7. Analyzing the data, making recommendations and documenting findings.
8. The deliverable from a usability test is a report that details the problems encountered by the participants and recommendations for chance based on known human factors, cognitive and behavioral principles and recognized best practices.
An expert on R&D, Online Training and Publishing. He is M.Tech. (Honours) and is a part of the STG team since inception.
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All over the world, people are migrating from rural or suburban areas to cities. Our urban areas today are larger than we have ever seen with the Tokyo metro area, the most populated city in the world, supporting a population of 37,435,191 million people (2021). As we talk about the changing ways people live, it is important for us to understand who the biggest urban players are.
It is difficult to define the biggest cities in the world for a few reasons. Do you define a city based on population, geographic area, or a combination of the two? Should you include the other municipalities or suburbs of the city? What happens if different areas have differing opinions on what constitutes a city in the first place? As we count down the 10 biggest cities in the world, we look at overall population for each city’s metro area.
Read on to see which cities made the list! Plus, if you are still curious about the greatest feats of human engineering, urbanism, and architecture, be sure to test your knowledge of the tallest buildings in the world and the seven wonders of the world.
The Largest Cities in the World (Based on Population)
1. Tokyo, Japan (Population: 37,435,191)
Tokyo is the largest city in the world with a population of 37,435,191 people. In fact, Tokyo has a population so large, it almost beats the entirety of Canada! Still, the city may not stay at the top of this list for long. Some believe that Tokyo has reached “peak urbanism” thanks to an aging population and limited room to expand compared to other cities on this list.
2. Delhi, India (Population: 29,399,141)
Delhi, or the National Capital Territory of Delhi, is the most populated city in India. Aside from its impressive size and population of 29,399,141 people, Delhi is also one of the oldest cities in the entire world. Delhi has been recognized as an important city center for much of its history since the 6th century BCE.
3. Shanghai, China (Population: 26,317,104)
China boasts some of the biggest cities in the world, the largest of which is Shanghai. With a population of 26,317,104, Shanghai is a global center for industry, finance, economics, research, science, and more. In some people's eyes, Shanghai may even be considered the biggest city overall because it is the most populous city proper—as defined by the geographic limits to the city.
4. São Paulo, Brazil (Population: 21,846,507)
São Paulo is the most populated city in all of South America with a population of 21,846,507. It is also the largest city proper in all of the Western Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Located in the state of the same name, São Paulo is a critical urban center with a history of scientific research.
5. Mexico City, Mexico (Population: 21,671,908)
Mexico City is the most populated city in all of North America with a population of 21,671,908. It is the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world and is the oldest capital city in both North and South America. Mexico City was originally founded by the Aztecs as the ancient city of Tenochtitlán, but was rebuilt under Spanish rule and design. Remnants of both histories are clear long after independence.
6. Cairo, Egypt (Population: 20,484,965)
Cairo is the largest city in Africa when the entire Cairo area is considered—though lists using other city population definitions will place Lagos, Nigeria over this Egyptian city. While Cairo is often still associated with the ancient world—thanks to the nearby Giza pyramids—it is a contemporary city with famous educational and entertainment institutions.
7. Dhaka, Bangladesh (Population: 20,283,552)
Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh and is home to 20,283,552 people. It is the economic and cultural center of the country and another historically populated city. It was also a major center for trade and commerce during the medieval period. Today, the city preserves architecture from its colonial and earlier history.
8. Mumbai, India (Population: 20,185,064)
Mumbai, also sometimes known as its old official name of Bombay, is the second Indian city to make this list with a population of 20,185,064 people. Much of its history was influenced by colonial rule from Portugal and Britain. Mumbai later became a critical center for the fight for Indian independence. Today, Mumbai is a commercial center of the world and home to Bollywood and other cultural industries.
9. Beijing, China (Population: 20,035,455)
The megacity of Beijing is the second largest city in China after Shanghai with a population of 20,035,455 people. It is often described as the billionaire capitol of the world since more billionaires live in Beijing than in any other city. Beijing is a center for culture, finance, economics, business, science, and tech—making it a cultural and financial hub for China and for the world.
10. Osaka, Japan (Population: 19,222,665)
Osaka is the second Japanese city to make it to this list with a population of 19,222,665 people. It is also considered an important center for Japanese culture, finance, and research. Osaka is also home to important areas of Japanese history including Osaka Castle and Shitennō-ji, one of the oldest Buddhist temples in the country.
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This 30-minute documentary is the first from an original series
of eight made for television in 1966.
They were the earliest sound-films of Krishnamurti speaking to audiences.
Jiddu Krishnamurti (Telugu: జిడ్డు కృష్ణ మూర్తి) or J. Krishnamurti (Telugu: జే . కృష్ణ మూర్తి, Tamil: கிருஷ்ணமூர்த்தி), (12 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was a writer and speaker on philosophical and spiritual issues. His subject matter included psychological revolution, the nature of the mind, meditation, human relationships, and bringing about positive change in society. Maintaining that society is ultimately the product of the interactions of individuals, he held that fundamental societal change can emerge only through freely undertaken radical change in the individual. He constantly stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.
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Introduction to Encapsulation in C++
Encapsulation means the process of wrapping up the data and functions in a single capsule. It also safeguards the data from other classes by limiting access. Basically it hides the data. If we take a real-world example of college, we have different departments like Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, etc. A situation may arise where in, the Head of the Physics department need some information from the Biology department, he can’t access the data from that department directly. First, he should contact the Head of the Biology department, then request him to give the data. This is how encapsulation works.
How to Use Encapsulation in C++?
In order to achieve this we have to follow the below steps:
- First, we need to make all the data members private.
- Then public getter and setter functions should be created for each data member in such a way that, get function gets the value of data member and the set function sets the value of data member.
Encapsulation and data hiding can be achieved in C++, by using user-defined types called Classes. The access specifiers in classes can be private, protected or public. By default all the items in a class are private. According to the need, we can change the access levels. Three levels of access specifiers are as below:
- Private: Members of the same class can access the data.
- Public: All the classes can access the data.
- Protected: Access of data is permitted to members of the same class or derived classes.
The best use of encapsulation is done only when we use either private or protected. When using public we have to make sure that, we know its proper need in the code.
To explain this we will take a look at the below class.
Here physics, chemistry, and biology are of the type double and are private variables. GetTotalMarks ( ) is a public method used to retrieve the total marks of all the three subjects. We can’t access each subject in another class because of its protection level. But we can access the method and can be used to retrieve the total marks by passing individual subject marks. We can set the marks of each subject by using the setter method, which we will look in the next example.
Example of Encapsulation in C++ with Steps
Below is the step by step instruction to implement the encapsulation.
1) Let us consider the scenario where we need to calculate the total marks of the student by calculating the sum in three subjects i.e. Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. But the condition is such that another class
2) First, include the iostream for the input and output functionality.
3) Use the name space std
4) Write a class to hold all the data and functions. Let it be Student.
5) Declare the private variables physics, chemistry, and biology. This tells that we can’t access the variables outside this Student class. But we can access them locally and modify the value if needed. In order to modify the value, we can write a public setter function and access it in another class.
6) Write a function called SetMarks, which will be used to set the values of the private variables. Since we can’t access the private variables physics, chemistry and biology outside the student class we need this function to set these values from the external class. This method will be public as we need to access it outside the class. We need three parameters to get the values for each subject. Inside the function, we will set the value of the private variables.
7) We need one more method to get the total marks from all the three subjects by adding the marks. This method is also public. Just call this method outside the class and we will get the sum of the marks of the three subjects.
8) Now outside this class, we will write the main function.
9) Inside the main function first, we will access the class student and create an object of the class.
10) In the next step, we will call the function to set the marks of the three subjects. Here we will pass the marks as parameters to the function. Below is the piece of code to achieve this.
11) Next, we will get the total marks and print the value. And return 0 at the end.
12) Can you guess the output of the code? You are right. The output is shown below.
13) Now we will analyze how we got this output. Since we could not access the private variables, we wrote a Setter function which takes values from other class and modifies the variables. Getter function fetches the variables, adds them and sends the total marks of the student. Each time when we pass three different values to setter function, we can see that total marks we get will also varies accordingly.
14) From this, we can say that encapsulation helps us to protect some of the needed data also setter and getter functions are used to alter their values. By doing this. Protection is also achieved without hampering our purpose.
In this article, we have learned about how encapsulation can be achieved in C++. By doing this we can achieve the following benefits.
- Classes after encapsulation increase the readability and reduce complexity.
- It helps in protecting the data.
- The privacy of the data in the class can be changed without modifying the whole code by using access modifiers.
This is a guide to Encapsulation in C++. Here we discuss the basic concept, how to use encapsulation in C++ along with an Example of Encapsulation in C++ with Steps. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
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No matter how sweet little ones are, when toddlers get together on a playdate it’s likely there will be some tense moments. But an angry toddler is usually just a frustrated one — he’s not happy about the situation at hand and may not have the words or means to change things. Sometimes fighting toddlers are experimenting with the concept of cause and effect (what’ll happen if I bop my playmate on the noggin?) or testing how you’ll react. Whatever the cause — and no matter whether your darling duke-ster is the instigator or on the defensive — here’s how to minimize toddler fighting and handle bouts that do break out between angry toddlers.
Before the next playdate
- Give lots of positive attention. It doesn’t take much for little ones to realize that acting out gets them a lot of attention. Counter this notion by showing your toddler that good behavior will earn him just as much or even more attention from you. Pour on the praise when he shares a toy, plays gently, or takes turns. He’ll soon see that doing the right thing gets him the right kind of notice.
- Talk about feelings. Little kids don’t yet have the words to say what they’re feeling, so they often resort to what they do know how to do (push, bite, and hit) to get their point across. So talk about emotions often — practice showing each other what a mad face looks like, or give a musical tip on what to do when tempers flare by singing, “If you’re angry and you know it, stomp your feet.” Once your tot understands what he’s feeling, he’ll be better able to cope when that emotion pops up.
- Talk about consequences in advance. On playdate morning, say something like, “We’re going to have fun today at Josh’s house. Just remember, the rule is no pushing. If you push, we’ll go home.” Most important: Be sure to follow through on whatever rule you set.
When angry toddlers start fighting
- Don’t jump in too quickly. Sometimes fighting toddlers find their own solution to a squabble, and that’s a good thing. As long as no one is getting physically hurt, give the children a minute or two to work things out — they just may surprise you.
- Get tough…with words. Let your child know in no uncertain terms that aggressive toddler behavior like hitting (or pushing or biting or pulling hair) is not okay. Say something like: “No hitting! You’ll give your friend a boo-boo.” Though your edict may not be heeded at first, repeat it as needed, even after you’ve removed him for breaking the no-hitting rule. One absolute no-no: Never hit him. Spanking fighting toddlers would not only send mixed messages about violence, but also undermine their feelings of security and their bourgeoning self-esteem.
- Remove and distract. No matter which one of the angry toddlers was the aggressor, after you’ve stopped the fight put some space between them. Introduce a new supervised activity to focus on, or offer a story or snack. Chances are they’ll be thick as thieves in no time.
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Introduce a lesson on computers with this eBook that goes over 12 parts of a computer, including both outside and inside components. Great for a warm up activity in the computer lab or classroom. Share the PDF with students for a paperless experience or print the nonfiction text out as a booklet.
In the file you’ll find:
- Instructions for printing – if you want physical copies of the eBook
- Comprehension questions (2 to a page and full-page options)
- Vocabulary for this eBook
- Higher order thinking questions to ask after reading
- 3 graphic organizers that can be used with the text (provided in PDF for printing and as PNG files that can be loaded into Seesaw or Google Slides for students to type their answers)
The PDF is designed to be used like an eBook, so you can project it onto your whiteboard and/or share it as a PDF in your learning management system for students to read through independently.
- Screen (monitor)
- Mouse or Trackpad
- Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Memory Cards
- Media Cards
WAYS TO USE THIS BOOKLET
• Whole-group introduction to this topic or a related lesson.
• Wrap-up activity when you have a few extra minutes.
• Full lesson with the book, vocabulary cards, graphic organizers, and questions.
• Back up plan for days that the internet doesn’t cooperate.
• Sub plans.
PLEASE NOTE that if you subscribe to my k5tech.net curriculum, the eBook is included already as an embedded Flipbook in the lesson page. The graphic organizers, vocab, and comprehension questions are not included, so if you want them and the booklet in PDF format then this is how to get them.
If you’re interested in connecting with other technology teachers, check out the Technology Teacher Talk Group on Facebook.
Connect with me on social media!
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Democracy has changed into a capitalistic machine for firms and politicians. More and more countries round the entire world have their own forms of presidency. Just lately, democracy continues to be portrayed since the ideally suited govt all nations should have. Surely every kind of governments have their advantages and disadvantages. To even get started discussing the issues with fashionable democracy, initial the issue of, “What is democracy?” should be answered. Every time a definition tends to be set up and agreed upon, then you really can explore the historical past of democracy and just how it's got become what it is always at present.
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Do Animals Display Morality
Animals appear to show morality in their behavior. Is this the source of human morality?
Do Animals Display Morality
Kevin Harris: Dr. Craig, we have done many podcasts on the moral argument. There’s something that just never seems to go away, and that is from time to time you'll see something in the popular press about research done on animals, and that animals tend to act in moral ways, exhibit moral behavior. Obviously in a Darwinian evolutionary paradigm it’s going to indicate that that’s where we got our morals.
CNN has done an interview with the author of a new book called The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. Frans de Waal, director of Emory University's Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Lawrenceville, Georgia, studies how our close primate relatives also demonstrate behaviors suggestive of a sense of morality. CNN recently spoke with De Waal about the book. He says,
Well, the reason I chose that title is, when I bring up the origins of morality, it revolves around God, or comes from religion, and I want to address the issue that I think morality is actually older than religion. So I’m getting into the religion question, and how important is religion for morality. I think it plays a role, but it’s a secondary role. Instead of being the source of morality, religion came later, maybe to fortify morality.
Let’s take that paragraph.
Dr. Craig: I think it’s very evident that when Dr. De Waal uses the word “morality” and “source” that he is using these words in a very different way than I have when I’m talking about the moral argument for God’s existence. When I talk about morality, I mean objective moral values and duties that are independent of human opinion, independent of human society. I don’t use the word “source” of morals, but I talk about the foundation for moral values and duties. What is their foundation in reality? Why do these objective moral values and duties exist?
Now, Dr. De Waal isn’t really concerned with that question at all. When he uses the world morality, he simply means certain behavior patterns that are exhibited by homo sapiens, and which he finds anticipated among certain higher primates - that these behavior patterns are also exhibited there. When he talks about the source of morality, he is talking about the historical origins of morality, not about their ontological foundation, and I think this is very evident in a later paragraph in the interview where he says, “years from now we will believe different things from what we believe now, and so morality changes as a result of society.” Now, I think that makes it very evident that he is not talking about objective moral values and duties that are independent of society or human opinion. He is talking about the mores and psychological beliefs and behaviors that society exhibits, and as he rightly says, that sort of behavior and belief changes as a result of changes in society.
So, in that sense, this argument is virtually irrelevant to the moral argument for the existence of God or grounding morality in God, divine command ethics, and anything of that sort because it is talking about a different subject. This is talking about the historical origins of certain behavior patterns exhibited by homo sapiens. The theist need have no quarrel with this. The theist can be happy to admit that the moral values that we believe in are conditioned by parental instruction, by society, and by our evolutionary origins. To think that that would invalidate the existence of objective moral values and duties would be to commit the genetic fallacy. It would be a textbook example of that fallacy. For listeners who are unfamiliar with the genetic fallacy, that is the fallacy that says that you can falsify or invalidate a person's point of view by showing how that point of view originated, and if you can show it originated in a certain way, then somehow you have invalidated that belief. That obviously is fallacious. I might believe that loving other persons is good because I read it in a comic book as a child. Would that mean that therefore that belief is false? Well, obviously not. The truth or falsity of a belief is independent of how the belief originated.
So, as I say, Dr. De Waal is raising very interesting questions about the origin of these behavior patterns but the theist will want to know, is that all morality is? Is that all that moral values and duties are, just certain behavior patterns exhibited by homo sapiens that are the result of the evolutionary process? My argument is that if there is no God, then the answer is yes, that is all morality is. It’s just this set of behavior patterns that we share in a limited degree with higher primates. So, on naturalism there really are no objective moral values and duties. What we’d want to know would be why are these behavior patterns really good or evil in this moral sense of objective moral values and duties, and I think on naturalism there is no answer to that.
Kevin Harris: He brings up obviously that this goes straight to God and CNN asks him again about this question. He says, “Religion may have become a codification of morality and it may fortify it, but it’s not the origin of it.”
Dr. Craig: Right, see there he is thinking again of the sociological, historical question. He’s asking, do we exhibit these behavior patterns because of the religions that primitive man held, and he thinks not. He thinks that historically, chronologically speaking, probably these behavior patterns originated first and then specific religious systems and beliefs came afterward. Now, the origins of these things is lost in prehistory, but his argument would probably be that higher primates like animals don’t exhibit religious behavior, and I think that is right. They don’t have a sense of God or the transcendent. They don’t exhibit worship. So, the primates don’t have religious behavior but they do exhibit self-sacrificial behavior for the good of the troupe. The kind of scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours kind of behavior. So, he would say, historically speaking, these behavior patterns are more primitive and earlier than conscious religious beliefs, and I don’t see any reason to call that into question. I don’t think that’s important because again, to think that that would somehow invalidate either morality or religious beliefs would be to commit the genetic fallacy.
Kevin Harris: The accusation is often made, you Christians get your morality from the Bible, and there’s a more complicated question than that. What do you think about when he says that religion may codify morality?
Dr. Craig: Yes, here I think that he would disagree with those persons in general, but agree with them about specifics. He says later on in the article that you can not derive a specific set of moral duties from the evolutionary conditioning that we have seen. Rather, you would at most derive very general sorts of behavior patterns like exhibiting empathy for other members of our species, or exhibiting sympathy for other members of our species where one would actually take action to intervene or act on their behalf if we see another member of our species in trouble, but it wouldn’t give specific moral senses like you should love your neighbor as yourself, or you should give to the poor, or don't commit adultery, or don’t steal. Those kinds of specific moral obligations and prohibitions he said, couldn’t be derived from evolutionary conditioning. So, in that sense he would probably say, yes, they are derived from the Bible or from your specific religion that you have, which serves to focus these general behaviors of empathy, and sympathy, and so forth into specific patterns of behavior that religions codify, Again, to me, this is a question that is of only historical interest. It has no philosophical interest.
Kevin Harris: CNN immediately asked after this, “Why do people need religion?” De Waal says,
Well, that’s a good question. I’m struggling with that. I’m personally a nonbeliever, so I’m struggling with if we really need religion. ... I’m from the Netherlands, where 60% of the people are nonbelievers. So in northern Europe, there are actually experiments going on now with societies that are more secular, to see if we can maintain a moral society that way, and for the moment I would say that experiment is going pretty well. ... Personally I think it is possible to build a society that is moral on a nonreligious basis, but the jury is still out on that.
Dr. Craig: Right, here again we see he is not interested in the truth of religion, but simply in it’s social utility. Is religion, as a social phenomenon, necessary for having a workable society that has a moral fabric and foundation? He’s apparently thinking of Scandinavia. Very secular countries like Sweden, where the claim would be that they can get along without religious belief as long as they accept a kind of common moral fabric.
Now, again, it is very obvious I hope, Kevin, that this does nothing to speak to the issue of whether religious beliefs are really true or false, just their social utility, and again, does nothing to talk about the objectivity of moral values and whether or not they are based in the existence of God. We are talking here purely on a sociological basis, and even on that purely sociological level, I think these experiments are suspicious, in the sense that, for example, these Scandinavian countries have a long history of centuries of Lutheran religion in those societies, and that has recently been eclipsed by secularism, but Christian values have been deeply inculcated into these societies.
A more interesting example would be China where you do not have the influence of centuries of Christian religious belief. In China, in the aftermath of communism and Marxism there, they are searching desperately for some sort of foundation for a shared moral fabric of the modern post-Marxism Chinese society. When we were at a Society of Christian Philosophers conference a couple of years ago at Fudan University, we were talking about the role of Christianity in China, and we were astonished when one of the Chinese philosophers, himself, argued that in China Confucianism is dead and is no longer a viable option for the fabric of Chinese society. He said there is no other religion other than Christianity which can supply modern China with a shared moral fabric for society, and he insisted that Christianity is no longer a foreign religion. He said it is an indigenous Chinese religion, and therefore, he advocated that the Chinese people needed to embrace Christianity in order to have this shared moral foundation for Chinese society to go forward in the post-Marxist era. Well, we were open mouthed with astonishment. I mean, as Westerners we wouldn’t have dared to say that to them but here was a Chinese scholar himself advocating this. So, even on a sociological level, I don’t think that Professor De Waal has made his case convincingly by appealing to secular Scandinavian societies which have this long history of christianity.
Kevin Harris: CNN asked him at this point, “Do you believe people are generally good?” He goes,
Yeah, my view is that you have two (kinds of) people in the world. You have people who think that we are inherently bad and evil and selfish, but with a lot of hard work we can be good, and you have other people like myself who believe that we are inherently good. There’s a lot of evidence on the primates that I can use to support that idea that we are inherently good, but on occasion when we get too competitive or frustrated, we turn bad.
What would be the Christian view of inherently good or inherently bad?
Dr. Craig: Well, I think that we would say from a Christian point of view that man’s nature is fundamentally good. God created Adam and Eve innocent and saw that it was good. So, sin is not an inherent part of human nature. You can be a human being without being evil, and the decisive proof of that is not simply the belief in Adam and Eve, but Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus was truly human. The Scripture and the creeds affirm that he was not only truly God but he was truly man, and yet, he was without sin and without evil. So, this shows that evil is not inherent to human nature, and someday we will be freed from sin and in the afterlife, in the new heavens and new earth, we will be freed of any kind of evil in us. But, on the Christian view, we are now flawed. We are fallen, and therefore, there is an evil which is endemic to man, and therefore, we need redemption, forgiveness, and moral rehabilitation. So, I think the question is more complicated than just a simplistic answer whether you are inherently good or inherently bad.
Again, of course, Kevin, we must never forget that when De Waal uses these words he is not using them in a moral sense. He is just talking about behavior patterns. Do chimps and other primates exhibit behavior patterns that are basically conducive to their flourishing and survival, or do they exhibit behavior patterns that are dysfunctional or disadvantageous to their flourishing? I think he wants to say that even though they do often exhibit negative or disadvantageous behavior, that basically they get along, and that’s all that this is. It’s not really morality.
I noticed later in the article he says, “empathy can be used to good purposes; I think most of the time it is, but it is not always used for good purposes.” Now, what does the word good there mean? When he says for good purposes, there he seems to be blurring the line and moving into the idea of goodness or badness in this objective moral sense - that empathy is not always used for a morally good purpose. So, the lines here can become very blurred by the equivocal way in which these words good and bad, morality, and so forth are being used.
Kevin Harris: That brings up the question, Bill, of animals. From a Christian standpoint, perhaps God’s grace in the animal kingdom and animal companionship to man. Because we hear stories, and he relates stories of how dolphins have saved swimmers to no benefits to themselves. They weren’t fed a fish or given a treat for that. How dogs have often helped human beings, and things like that. From a strictly Darwinian view, you would say that’s where all this stuff came from and then we are back to the source. What about a view that this is all perhaps part of God’s good creation and providence.
Dr. Craig: Well, absolutely. I think that we do think that the animal world, as well as the human realm, is under the providence and planning of God, and if God knew that in order to have social animals that live in groups you would need to have these kinds of behavior. Then he could have designed the world in such a way that they would exhibit these kinds of behaviors. He says that’s why the dolphin will help the human swimmer to be saved; not because the dolphin gets something out of it in that specific case, but because this general kind of helpful behavior is useful to the dolphin species and helps it to survive. It just happens that in certain cases we are lucky to become the beneficiaries of this. Even among elephants and pigs, among any kind of social animal that lives in groups, you see this kind of cooperative behavior because it is advantageous in the struggle for survival. So, we are talking here simply about this kind of behavior that is exhibited by social animals, and as you said, I see no reason to think that God couldn’t have, in his providence, created animals in such a way that they would exhibit this sort of behavior for their own benefit.
Kevin Harris: Dr. De Waal makes a distinction between empathy and sympathy. CNN asked him, “By empathy, you mean that they feel each other’s pain?” De Waal says,
Well, feeling someone else’s joy is also empathy. Being affected by the laugh, as humans are, is a form of empathy. So empathy basically says that you’re sensitive to the emotions of others and react to the emotions of others.
Dr. Craig: And if I might interject here, that is where people who are psychopaths come in. They fail to exhibit this kind of empathy. They don’t identify with the emotions of others or react to the emotions of others. The reason a psychopath is capable of killing in cold blood without any remorse at all is precisely because he lacks this empathy with other human beings.
Kevin Harris: He says,
Sympathy is a bit more complicated. Sympathy is that you want to take action. You want to help somebody else who’s in trouble. So sympathy is a bit more specific, it’s a bit more action-oriented. Empathy is just a sensitivity. Empathy is not necessarily positive. If someone wants to sell you a bad car for a high price, he also needs to empathize with you in order to get you to buy it.
He goes on to the animal kingdom here, and says that you can see female primates, monkeys, and so forth, chimpanzees, who when one of them is giving birth some of the other females will gather around and they will crouch and do the same things she is doing, kind of in empathy. I have seen my own dogs do this. My dogs, when one of them starts scratching the other says, “I know, that feels good” and he starts scratching. Now, Bill, that is a huge extrapolation to say this is where we humans derive our empathy, and then this turned into morals and moral values and duties, when it’s just these naturalistic tendencies, and itches, and empathy things.
Dr. Craig: Well, just think, Kevin, if there is no God - imagine atheism. There is nothing beyond the natural world. The natural world is all there is. Then to me, it seems that De Waal is right, that this is all morality would be. I think it’s just extraordinarily difficult to see, in the absence of God, why on naturalism these forms of empathy and sympathy that human beings exhibit to one another are of any sort of moral significance. I can’t see why the psychopath does anything morally wrong on naturalism. He just doesn’t have this empathy that most other members of the species does, and so, he doesn’t exhibit this sort of cooperative behavior, but why on atheism does the psychopath do anything morally wrong? I can’t see any reason to think that. So, once you get rid of God as a transcendent anchor point and foundation for objective moral values and duties then, it seems to me, that morality is just a behavior pattern among human beings that originates, as you say, in scratches and itches and feelings of empathy. There isn’t any other foundation. Where else would it be found?
Kevin Harris: Dr. Craig, as we wrap up today, one more question on this. Are we to understand that observing what goes on in the animal world and in the human world may be descriptive, it describes the behavior, but it doesn't necessarily prescribe what ought to be done? We can observe this activity, whether it’s in the animal world or human world, and then we will have a description, but morality deals with prescriptions. It prescribes what we ought to do.
Dr. Craig: Exactly. Ought to do, or ought not to do. We have moral obligations and prohibitions. Again, on naturalism, Kevin, where in the world would any sort of objective prohibition or obligation about what we ought or ought not to do come from? It would seem to me, as you said, we would just have descriptive behavior, but it’s extraordinarily difficult to see on naturalism why there would be any oughtness involved.
http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2013/04/12/science-seat-where-morals-come-from/ (accessed August 24, 2013).
Total Running Time: 24:17 (Copyright © 2013 William Lane Craig)
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MIAMI (AP) — During a hurricane, storm surge is one of the greatest threats to life and land, yet many people don’t understand the dire warnings from forecasters to get out of its way. So this season, they hope to offer easy-to-understand, color-coded maps and change the way they talk to the public.
Simply put, storm surge is the abnormal rise of sea water. Predicting it is far more complicated, and so is explaining it, as forecasters at the National Hurricane Center discovered, again, during a review of Superstorm Sandy.
“Scientists by their very nature use very sophisticated language, technical language,” said Jamie Rhome, leader of the hurricane center’s storm surge team. “It turns out that nobody else understands what we’re talking about. So once we figured that out, we started using more plain language.”
Forecasts during Sandy were exceptionally accurate, but often confusing. Perhaps because so many things contribute…
View original post 715 more words
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Anagreement between the UK and the Kandyan Chiefs of Ceylon titled, Kandyan Convention,was signed in 1815. The terms of the convention stipulated that the Kingdom of Kandy would be annexed to the British Empire, giving Britain total control over the island nation. The king of Kandy was arrested and deposed.
The convention upheld many of the traditional rights, rituals and powers enjoyed by the locals. The convention also specified that the laws, customs, and establishments of the Kandyans were to be administered and maintained by the native authorities. A unique feature of the Convention was the inclusion of the Article 5, which stated:
Governor Brownrigg met Kandyan Buddhists to discuss the convention and gave a special audience on February 10, 1815 to them on his own where he assured them that Buddhism and its properties and places of worship will be protected. The British colonial authorities merely wanted to please the Kandyan Chiefs and the prelates of the Malwatte and Asgiriya Chapters with this ineffectual piece of inducement.
The Kandyan Chiefs and the Mahanayake Theras agreed to the Kandyan Convention as it included an article protecting their religion and privileges. The fifth clause however, it must be pointed out, extended to protecting Hinduism too.
The two prelates of Asgiriya and Malwatta threatened to boycott the Independence inauguration ceremony in Kandy
‘The religion of Buddha, professed by the chiefs and inhabitants of these provinces is declared inviolable and its rites and ministers and places of worship are to be maintained and protected’. The slightly-different Sinhala version says not only the protection and maintenance of Buddhist temples but also Devagama (Hinduism) Devales or Hindu temples should be protected.
D.S Senanayake vehemently opposed in 1948
Buddhism is declared inviolable and its rights to be maintained and protected. When the Colonial masters and local leaders agreed to a Dominion status, Hon D.S. Senanayake along with Sir Ivor Jennings the Constitutional expert, designed the 1948 Constitution. British rulers transferred powers of self-rule to Sri Lanka. Senanayake faced a Constitutional crisis in December 1947/January 48. In the 1948 Constitution of Independent Sri Lanka didn’t give Buddhism the foremost place as of now. Senanayake was under pressure to include a special clause for Buddhism from the leading Buddhist clergy, especially the Siyam Nikaya Mahanayake Theras. The two prelates of Asgiriya and Malwatta threatened to boycott the Independence inauguration ceremony in Kandy.
The first documented constitutional reforms, the Colebrook-Cameron proposals to satisfy the needs of the Britishers, date back to 1833. A 184-year history of constitutional reforms offers us ample lessons in formatting an innovative constitution. In 1912, Crewe-MacCallum proposed a team of advisers, with the members of Legislative Council, who don’t represent the people. Then there was another short-lived reformation in 1921-1924 as proposed by GovernorManning which was followed by Manning’s reforms under LG which governed Ceylon from 1924 to 1931.
In 1931, the famous Donoughmore Reforms, which granted universal franchise, were introduced. It also proposed the State Council replacing the Legislative Council and provided the last stage prior to Independence. The 1947 reforms named, ‘Soulbury Constitution’ was drafted by the first vice chancellor of Peradeniya University, Sir Ivor Jennings under the guidance of Senanayake, the Leader of the House, providing Independence under dominion status.
Discussing the provisions with Attorney General Victor Tennekoon and Solicitor General Rajah Wanasundera, and being mindful of Article 5 of the 1815 Kandyan Convention, she requested them to pen an appropriate clause and had directed Dr. Colvin R de Silva, who was responsible for the first 1972 Republican Constitution to provide the ‘foremost place’ to Buddhism. Colvin had quipped “she is thrusting the Kandyan Throne into our Constitution.”
This Article, ‘The Republic of Sri Lanka,’ shall give Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster Buddhism while assuring all religions the rights granted by section 18 (1) (d). This was followed by J.R. Jayewardene (JRJ) in the 1978 Constitution as well. This helped her to extend her term by two years by ‘Constitutional means’.
J.R.J allowed it in 1978
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and President Maithripala Sirisena affirmed that Buddhism would be given the foremost place in Sri Lanka’s new Constitution. The premier’s statement has made evident that the Unity Government would retain the special place given to Buddhism in the 1972 and ‘78 Constitutions. Therefore, the foremost place accorded to Buddhism will be preserved in its new draft as well. JRJ got himself promoted to Executive President without a mandate by ‘Constitutional means’
DS and the Prelates
A deputation headed by the Mahanayake Theras of Malwatta and Asgiriya and members of the laity, including prominent Kandyan representatives, proposed to wait on the Minister of Home Affairs Sir Oliver Goonetillake to urge that a declaration be made on behalf of the Government, pledging itself to honour Article 5 of Kandyan Convention of 1815.They urged that the most appropriate occasion for such an announcement will be the visit of the Duke of Gloucester to Kandy in February 1948. It was suggested that the announcement be made on behalf of the successors to the British Government, preferably by the Duke himself at the Audience Hall Kandy, where the treaty of 1815 was signed, and at the Maligawa Octagon [patthirippuwa].
A hint that the Mahanayakes of Malwatte and Asgiriya will not participate in the Independence celebrations, when the Duke of Gloucester visits Kandy, unless their demand is included in the Independence Act, was given to S F Amerasinghe, the G-Agent. The Mahanyakes Theras had the support of the Adigars, Diyawadane Nilame, Basnayakes, the Kandyan Youth League and the Kandyan National Assembly. In their view, though they had confidence in the Senanayake Cabinet, they were concerned about the future, if certain other parties assumed power.
Mahanayakes to private residences
The Government invited the Malwatte and Asgiriya prelates and C B Nugawela, the Diyawadane Nilame, to the Government Agent’s residence to meet the Prime Minister. The Diyawadane Nilame, as the lay custodian of the most sacred relic, was averse to the pontiffs of the religion being invited to private homes for conferences. He suggested that the proposed conference should be held in the Dalada Maligawa and asked for a direction to that effect. It was also decided to request that the conference should be open to representatives of the Kandyan political associations.
A mandate was issued to the representatives of these associations that they should consent to cooperate during the Independence Day celebrations only if an undertaking was given that the Order in Council would contain a clause recognizing the Treaty of 1815. The secretary was directed to summon a further meeting to discuss the result of the meeting with the Prime Minister.
Support from Kelaniya
The high priest of Asgiriya, in the process received messages from Nayake Theras islandwide, including the incumbent of Rajamahaviharaya of Kelaniya, Ven Mapitigama Buddharakkitha Thera, [the first accused in Bandaranaike assassination a decade later] that he would receive the fullest support in his boycott of the Independence Day celebrations unless the protection of Buddhism was guaranteed. The Diyawadane Nilame wrote to the Government Agent stating that he was directed by the Mahanayakes to state that they were prepared to meet the Prime Minister at the Dalada Maligawa.
At the conference were present the Mahanayakes of the two chapters, the Anunayakes, representatives of the Kandyan political associations and several others, including GA Godamune. Prime Minister DSS didn’t succumb. He travelled to Kandy, didn’t visit the temples, but met them at the Maligawa and convinced the two Prelates on the importance of not introducing special provisions on protection or foremost to Buddhism in the new Constitution. He said, “equality is a basic tenet of Dhamma. If equality is a provision, then you can’t give primacy to one religion.”
DSS was nicknamed ‘Jungle John’ for his aversion to conventional book-education in school. He was by no means an intellectual, but he was a man with shining intelligence. With academic qualifications that wouldn’t have made him a low-ranking public servant, he gained knowledge by doing things, managing people, perceiving them rather than interpreting of theories.
His sort of indulgence couldn’t be gained through books or by theoretical craming. His insightful foresight undoubtedly surpassed the intellectual capacities of the ‘learned’. Rt Hon. DS Senanayake did not fear any authority. He never sought to enthrone Buddhism in the Constitution and gain popularity. But he was a devout Buddhist. A practicing one, too. His Mettā ‘friendliness’ and Karunā ‘compassion’ in international relations were amply demonstrated in supporting Japanese peace treaty.
We should copy the Burmese Constitution’s Clause no 21.4 which states, “The abuse of religion for political purposes is forbidden; and any act which is intended or is likely to promote feelings of hatred, enmity or discord between racial or religious communities or sects is contrary to this constitution and may be made punishable by law.” In Sri Lanka, the State is responsible only to protect Buddhism, not other religions. This unreasonable, defensive principle was derived from the 1815 Kandyan Convention. Isn’t it a grave error to adapt the distinctive situation that existed two centuries ago to the present political environment? The key requirement is to bring together the people and not to divide them. From 1972 was there any special protection or improvement to Buddhism by the Government;
and what harm it did to Buddhism from 1948 to 1972, during which period there was no such constitutional guarantee? The civil society has a huge responsibility to be sincerely involved in the course of drafting the proposed supreme law of the country. Parliamentarians will always see that their own personal concerns take precedence over that of the people, thereforeleaving it in their hands will only make sure of a clash of interest.
The Buddha invited all to join the fold of universal brotherhood to work in harmony for the happiness of mankind. He had no chosen people and he didn’t consider himself as the chosen one either. The Buddha urged people to respect all religious people in spite of the differences of opinion that existed.
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Frida Kahlo has received years of posthumous recognition, but next year the Mexican painter will be honored in a special way at the New York Botanical Garden.
According to The New York Times, the botanical garden will launch "Frida Kahlo’s Garden," an exhibition that will explore Kahlo's obsession with flowers and the vegetable world. It will include rare paintings by Kahlo and a re-creation of her studio and garden in La Casa Azul -- her home in Mexico City. The dedication to Kahlo will open May 16, 2015 and run through November 1, 2015.
In anticipation of the New York Botanical Garden's exhibit, here are 10 things you need to know about the late Frida Kahlo:
1. Frida Kahlo was born Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderon on July 6, 1907 in Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico in her parents’ home known as La Casa Azul (Blue House).
2. Kahlo lived her life in La Casa Azul, a blue house that today has been transformed into the Frida Kahlo Museum.
3. Frida Kahlo’s father Guillermo Kahlo was born in 1871 in Pforzheim, Germany and her mother Matilde Calderón y González, was of Amerindian and Spanish ancestry.
4. At the age of 18, Kahlo suffered a broken spinal column, a broken collarbone, broken ribs, a broken pelvis, eleven fractures in her right leg, a crushed and dislocated right foot, and a dislocated shoulder, as the result of a bus accident. An iron handrail also pierced her abdomen and her uterus, which hindered her ability to reproduce.
5. Against her mother’s wishes, Kahlo married Mexican painter Diego Rivera in 1929. Kahlo and Rivera’s marriage was a troubled one. The two had hot tempers and cheated on one another numerous times.
6. Frida Kahlo was openly bisexual and had affairs with both men and women, including Isamu Noguchi and Josephine Baker.
7. Kahlo divorced Rivera in November 1939 only to remarry him in December 1940, but the marriage never really improved.
8. Before launching her painting career, Kahlo studied medicine. The Mexican painter immersed herself in the world of art following her intense bus accident as a means to pass the time.
9. Many of Kahlo’s works were self-portraits. "I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best," she once said.
10. Kahlo died on July 13, 1954, days after her 47th birthday. "I hope the exit is joyful — and I hope never to return — Frida," she wrote in her diary days before her passing.
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The Elephant's Friends
One day an elephant felt lonely. There were no other elephants where he lived. So he wandered into the forest to try to find new friends. The elephant saw a rabbit on the ground. He asked him if he wanted to be friends.
But the rabbit said, "You are too big to play with me. You would not fit in my burrow if we wanted to play inside."
Elephant saw a monkey in a tree. "Will you be my friend, Monkey?" he asked.
Monkey said, "You are too big. You cannot swing from tree to tree with me. I cannot be your friend."
Then elephant met a frog. "Will you be my friend?" asked the elephant.
The frog answered, "You are too big to play leap frog and other frog games. I cannot be your friend."
The elephant began to feel bad. He did not like being alone without friends, All elephants like to have friends.
Then elephant saw a deer. "Will you be my friend?" he asked the deer.
The deer said, "Mr. Elephant, You are just too big to be my friend."
Then something happened. The elephant saw all the animals in the forest running for their lives. "What is the matter?" elephant called.
A wild pig shouted, "There is a tiger in the forest. He is trying to catch one of us to eat us!" The wild pig ran away with the other animals.
The elephant walked up to the Tiger. "Mr. Tiger, please leave the animals in this forest alone."
“Mind your own business!" growled the Tiger. "Or I will eat you!"
The elephant made a trumpeting sound with his long trunk. Then he picked up the Tiger with his trunk and threw him into the air. When the Tiger landed, the elephant used his trunk to swat the Tiger on its back side. The frightened tiger ran for his life.
The elephant walked back into the forest and called out, "You are all safe now."
The animals had seen what the elephant had done. All the animals thanked the elephant. Then they said, “You are just the right size to be our friend."
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Philosophy Compass 7 (5):348-360 (2012)
Analogical cognition refers to the ability to detect, process, and learn from relational similarities. The study of analogical and similarity cognition is widely considered one of the ‘success stories’ of cognitive science, exhibiting convergence across many disciplines on foundational questions. Given the centrality of analogy to mind and knowledge, it would benefit philosophers investigating topics in epistemology and the philosophies of mind and language to become familiar with empirical models of analogical cognition. The goal of this essay is to describe recent empirical work on analogical cognition as well as model applications to philosophical topics. Topics to be discussed include the epistemological distinction between implicit knowledge and explicit knowledge, the debate between empiricists and nativists, the frame problem, expertise, creativity and autism, cognitive architecture, and relational knowledge. Particular attention is given to Dedre Gentner and colleague’s structure-mapping theory – the most developed and widely accepted model of analogical cognition.
|Keywords||Analogy Analogical Cognition Domain-General Gentner Frame Problem Nativism Conceptual Development Implicit Knowledge Analogical Learning|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
References found in this work BETA
Representations: Philosophical Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science.Jerry A. Fodor - 1981 - MIT Press.
Darwin's Mistake: Explaining the Discontinuity Between Human and Nonhuman Minds.Derek C. Penn, Keith J. Holyoak & Daniel J. Povinelli - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (2):109-130.
Citations of this work BETA
A Unified Account of General Learning Mechanisms and Theory‐of‐Mind Development.Theodore Bach - 2014 - Mind and Language 29 (3):351-381.
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Last year, more people died from opioids than from car accidents.1
Prescription opioids are powerful painkillers, but for some, the side effects can be fatal.
An estimated 42 million people in the U.S. have been prescribed opioids for pain.2 Yet, most aren’t aware of the unpredictable and potentially fatal side effects of these medications—specifically Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression (OIRD). If not caught early, respiratory depression can lead to heart attack, brain damage, and death. It’s a life-threatening condition that can happen to anyone taking opioids, even when taken exactly as prescribed.
While progress has been made to address the opioid epidemic, gaps in safety and awareness remain. From educating patients about respiratory depression, to exploring new monitoring solutions for early intervention, learn about ways to help prevent the potentially fatal side effects of opioids.
Parker Stewart, a 21-year-old who underwent a routine tonsillectomy, stopped breathing after taking just half of his prescribed opioid dose.
“Odds of Dying - Data Details.” National Safety Council; Injury Facts, 4 Mar. 2021, injuryfacts.nsc.org/all-injuries/preventable-death-overview/odds-of-dying/data-details.
Data on file. Integrated Dataverse® (IDV) PatientSource® Study Period: 09/01/2018-08/31/2019
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How exactly to Structure a Paragraph in an Academic Essay
Writing an academic essay is not precisely the easiest task out there. To come up with a paper that’ll earn an A, you ought to research a complete lot of information, create a very good thesis statement, and follow most of the task requirements. Luckily, the task of writing an essay that is academic much simpler once you understand how to structure paragraphs. In reality, paragraphs are building blocks of an academic essay. If you master the skill of structuring paragraphs you’ll have the ability to:
Surely, visually we determine a paragraph as a factor of an academic essay that begins with an indentation. However, written down a paragraph is defined by three features, including:
- a paragraph begins on a fresh line that is usually indented
- consist of more than one sentences
- centers around one >From this definition, we could already take some tips that are valuable just how to structure a paragraph, in particular, be sure that each paragraph centers around one idea. If you have three ideas to speak about in your academic essay, you’ll have three corresponding body paragraphs. Once you know this principle, structuring essays that essay writer service are academic a piece of cake.
Another crucial aspect to keep in mind about paragraphs in an academic essay is the fact that introduction and conclusion may also be considered paragraphs, however, they can have a different structure. Here we focus on structuring body paragraphs.
The current weather of a physical body paragraph come together like bits of a puzzle. You will find four important elements to any body paragraph in an essay that is academic
- Topic sentence
- Ev >Let’s review each among these academic essay paragraph elements and discover how exactly to develop them.
Given that name suggests, a sentence that is topic of body paragraph is a sentence that contains the primary idea of the paragraph. It is the first sentence of every body paragraph as well as the key intention behind having a topic sentence is introducing the information regarding the paragraph to readers.
The general guideline for writing topic sentences are:
- Don’t make them too much time — they only introduce the content
- Avo >An academic essay, same as any other academic paper, is definitely according to evidence and there’s no way around it. Body paragraphs are where you present your evidence to readers looking to persuade them of a idea that is specific that is reflected when you look at the thesis statement.
Evidence in an essay that is academic result from credible sources, such as:
- Academic articles from scholarly journals
- Websites of government institutions (those with gov domain)
- Websites of international organizations (e.g., IMF, World Bank, and UN)
- Reputable news agencies (e.g., the latest York Times, Business Ins >Evidence in a physical body paragraph could be presented in one or two sentences. Make sure to reference your sources to point your integrity that is academic and your time and effort researching the topic.
Your facts don’t speak on their own. This part of a body paragraph is in which you elaborate on how the previously presented evidence supports the topic sentence and, in turn, the thesis statement associated with essay. Your task would be to:
- be concise
- make reference to the ev >Explanations could be lengthier than evidence. You’ll want to provide a coherent and logical explanation, demonstrating your own personal knowledge of the relationship between evidence and sentence that is topic.
Transition and/or conclusion
This is the finale that is grand of body paragraph. It is possible to formulate it as:
- transition between current and next body paragraph
- conclusion associated with the current paragraph
- combination of both
Transition usually reflects the way the paragraph that is current attached to the following paragraph when you look at the essay, and therefore it is critical to give a hint about what’s going to be revealed further in an essay. Transitions are helpful once the ideas in an essay that is academic closely connected and intertwined.
Conclusion sentence simply summarizes this content of this body paragraph, letting readers understand what they should take from this. Concluding sentences aren’t a must and you can absolutely skip them to avoid repetition of ideas once you write in conclusion of an academic essay.
Combination of transition and conclusion regarding the paragraph sentence enables you to kill two birds with one stone. There’s no need to jam transition and conclusion in one sentence. Instead, you can easily write a concluding sentence and then transition sentence.
Effective Paragraph Writing: Pro Tips
Now you learn how to write a paragraph in an academic essay. To assist you organize your writing process more effectively, here are pro suggestions to keep in mind:
- Take notes during research. You’ll be able to distinguish key >As you can see, structuring a paragraph in an academic essay is not tough to master once you know these shortcuts. Now go ahead and grow your perfect essay, because in the event that you will, you absolutely can!
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As dog owners, we know how important it is to keep our furry friends healthy and happy. We take them for regular check-ups, feed them nutritious meals, and make sure they get plenty of exercise. But what happens when our beloved pets develop an eye condition like pink eye? Can dogs get pink eye, and if so, what should we do about it? In this article, we’ll explore the topic of pink eye in dogs, its causes, symptoms, and available treatments.
Understanding Pink Eye
Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis, is a common eye condition that affects both humans and animals, including dogs. It is characterized by the inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin and delicate tissue that covers the whites of the eyes and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. Pink eye can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, irritants, or even physical trauma to the eye.
In dogs, pink eye can occur in one or both eyes and may present different symptoms depending on the underlying cause. The most common signs of pink eye in dogs include redness and swelling of the conjunctiva, discharge from the eyes (which can be clear, yellow, or green), excessive blinking or squinting, and increased tear production. Some dogs may also experience discomfort or itchiness in the affected eye.
If you notice any of these symptoms in your dog, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. While pink eye is generally not a life-threatening condition, it can cause discomfort and may lead to more serious complications if left untreated.
Causes and Risk Factors
Now that we know dogs can indeed get pink eye, let’s delve into the various causes and risk factors associated with this condition. Viral and bacterial infections, such as canine distemper, adenovirus, or Staphylococcus bacteria, are common culprits behind pink eye in dogs. These infections can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated objects, making places like dog parks, kennels, or grooming facilities potential sources of exposure.
Additionally, dogs with allergies, particularly to environmental factors like pollen, dust mites, or certain foods, may be more prone to developing pink eye. Allergies can trigger an inflammatory response in the conjunctiva, leading to the characteristic redness and swelling associated with pink eye. Other risk factors include exposure to irritants like smoke, chemicals, or foreign bodies in the eye, as well as trauma or injury to the eye area.
It’s worth noting that certain dog breeds may be genetically predisposed to developing pink eye. Breeds with prominent eyes, such as Pugs, Bulldogs, or Shih Tzus, often have a higher risk of eye-related issues, including pink eye. Proper eye care and regular check-ups are crucial for these breeds to minimize the chances of developing eye conditions.
Treatment and Prevention
When it comes to treating pink eye in dogs, the approach will depend on the underlying cause. If the condition is caused by a viral or bacterial infection, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotic or antiviral eye drops or ointments to help clear the infection. In some cases, oral medications may also be necessary to address the underlying infection.
If allergies are the culprit, your veterinarian may recommend allergy testing to identify the specific allergen triggering the pink eye. Once the allergen is identified, steps can be taken to minimize exposure and manage the allergy symptoms. This may involve avoiding certain environments or foods, using hypoallergenic products, or implementing dietary changes.
Prevention is key when it comes to pink eye in dogs. Regularly cleaning your dog’s eyes with a veterinarian-approved eye wash or solution can help remove irritants and reduce the risk of infection. Avoid exposing your dog to potentially infectious environments and ensure their living spaces are clean and free from irritants. If your dog is prone to allergies, work with your veterinarian to develop an appropriate management plan to minimize the risk of pink eye flare-ups.
As responsible dog owners, it’s important to be aware that dogs can indeed get pink eye. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition can help us better care for our furry friends. By staying vigilant, seeking prompt veterinary care, and taking necessary preventive measures, we can ensure our dogs maintain healthy and happy eyes for years to come.
The internet’s most dog-friendly website. Sidewalk Dog is your go-to resource for all things dog. Trusted by more than 250,000 dog people around the world.
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On this year’s World Ocean Day, President Laurentino Cortizo of Panama signed an executive decree tripling the size of the Cordillera de Coiba marine protected area (MPA). As a result, many more thousands of square miles of ocean life will be safeguarded. With the decree, Panama protects at least 30 percent of their waters ahead of 2030, meeting the 30×30 initiative to protect and conserve at least 30 percent of the global ocean by 2030.
Originally established in 2015, the Cordillera de Coiba composed about 6,650 square miles. The executive degree adds about 19,505 square miles to the marine protected area of Coiba, roughly the size of 90 percent of the country’s land area. Additionally, it brings the total of protected Panamanian waters to approximately 37,916 miles.
Home to sea turtles, sharks, whales, and many more forms of marine life, Panamanian waters will be protected and maintained for the future. Along with the neighboring marine protected areas of Colombia (Malpelo and Yuriparí-Malpelo), these combined with the Cordillera de Coiba helps form the third largest marine reserve in the tropical Pacific.
The Panamanian government’s actions help outline a pathway to establishing the Cocos-Galapagos Swimway. The governments of Costa Rica and Ecuador can pledge to protect their waters abundant with marine life, similar to Panama. Situated close to the Cordillera de Coiba, the creation of the Cocos-Galapagos Swimway by their respective governments would produce a formidable protected area of the Pacific Ocean.
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The ambient air around us naturally contains moisture and when it is drawn into an air compressor, the moisture is compressed along with the air. This compressed moisture can then negatively affect applications that require quality compressed air that is moisture-free. Additionally, prolonged moisture levels can contribute to other issues within a compressed air system such as corrosion, premature machine failure and product damage. Compressed air refrigerant dryers are, therefore, an ideal solution for removing unwanted and potentially harmful moisture content.
As the name suggests, a refrigerant dryer works by cooling the air down, similar in nature to a domestic refrigerator. Using air to refrigerant exchangers, the compressed air is cooled down to a pressure dewpoint of around +3°C (the temperature at which no more moisture within the compressed air will condense) which causes the moisture content to condense and turn to water. This moisture is then drained off leaving compressed air that is moisture-free. After this cooling and condensing phase, the compressed air is then reheated via a second exchanger as it leaves the dryer. This part of the process is necessary to prevent condensation reforming on the outside of the system.
There are two design variants of refrigerant dryers: non-cycling and cycling (also sometimes referred to as Direct Expansion and Thermal Mass dryers respectively):
Normally a more cost-effective refrigerant dryer to purchase, this type of dryer runs continuously, maintains a stable pressure dewpoint and tends to be popular for small to medium size compressor installations. However, as the refrigerant dryer runs continuously, these model variants generally incur higher operating and maintenance costs than cycling (thermal mass) dryers of similar capacity.
Generally higher in purchase cost than non-cycling (direct expansion) dryers, this type of dryer tends to be popular and provides a good return on investment for medium and larger compressor installations. The dryer concept utilises what is known as a cold energy accumulator with a thermal mass media to effectively store cold energy. These models work by operating only when required to maintain the temperature of the cold energy accumulator in order to maintain the pressure dewpoint of the dryer. This type of dryer is more energy-efficient, reducing operating costs over the longer term and may be eligible for enhanced capital allowances.
Air treatment technology offers a complete solution for combating the enemies of your compressed air application. A refrigerant dryer, in particular, will see many benefits for your business and compressed air productivity. All HPC KAESER refrigerant dryers are designed for high-quality industrial applications, providing reliable protection against condensate damage, even under the harshest conditions. Among the many benefits, which you can discuss with a member of our expert team, the key benefits to mention include:
If you are considering investing in a refrigerant air dryer there are a few key points to keep in mind. Making sure you know and understand the answers to these questions beforehand will help avoid investment in the wrong model or type of refrigerant dryer, which could lead to bigger issues.
If you have any questions or would like to discuss your refrigerant dryer options with a member of HPC’s expert team do not hesitate to contact HPC today. We have years of experience in fitting and maintaining refrigerant dryers for a range of business needs, therefore, we are confident we can help you find the right solutions for your individual requirements.
Read further information on HPC KAESER refrigerant dryers in our current product brochures:
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Spring is here and with it comes one of the best vegetables, asparagus. Available at farmers markets, local asparagus can be found in chopstick-thin stalks, Sharpie-pen fatties, and even some violet-tinged varieties. You can steam, boil, stir-fry, roast, grill, microwave, and pickle asparagus. Serve it hot, at room temperature, or cold. Puree it into soups. Save some tips for risottos. You can even shave it raw into salads.
Asparagus is a bit tricky and time-consuming to grow, hence the often-hefty price tag. The plant requires three to four seasons of growing before the first stalks can be harvested. It also has a short lifespan, requires careful tending, and must be harvested by hand.
The French are quite fond of white asparagus, which has been shielded from the sun, preventing photosynthesis. Some believe this version of asparagus (raised like veal, as far as I’m concerned) is sweeter and more delicate than the green. I find it blander, a bit tougher, quite boring. But it makes a fine vehicle for transporting hollandaise sauce into your mouth.
Asparagus officinalis is a member of the lily family and distantly related to onions and other alliums. The name “asparagus” was used in classical Greece and Rome and can be traced back to the Persian work “asparag” meaning a sprout. “Sperage” was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, then “sparagus” and the adorable “sparrow grass.” The early Greeks did not cultivate asparagus but the Romans grew it in their gardens for culinary and medicinal uses. After the fall of the Roman Empire, asparagus cultivation continued in Syria, Egypt, and Spain. Asparagus arrived in France around 1469 and in England by 1538. China is now the largest producer, followed by Peru and Germany. In the U.S. most asparagus is grown in California, Michigan, and Washington.
Because freshly harvested asparagus is very juicy and noticeably sweet, it is important to consume it shortly after picking or buying, just like corn. Once picked, the still actively growing shoot starts to consume its own sugars, faster than any other vegetables and mostly within the first 24 hours. A good storage solution is to trim the woody ends and store the stalks upright in a jar with a few inches of slightly sweetened water. Place a plastic bag over the tips, and try to enjoy your asparagus within two days. When purchasing, look for tight tips with no additional sproutage. They should also be snappy and firm, not soft and limp. Check the ends, they shouldn’t look too woody and dry. The thicker stalks can be shaved with a vegetable peeler so you can use more of them.
And what, I know you are wondering, causes your pee-pee to smell after consuming asparagus? This is a sulfur-containing substance, asparagusic acid, a close relative of skunk spray called methanethiol. This passes through your bloodstream so quickly it can be detected within 15 to 20 minutes after consumption. But don’t ever let this odd little side effect deter you from enjoying asparagus. It is full of folate, potassium, antioxidants, vitamin C, and fiber. Some believe it helps dissolve uric acid deposits and ease hypertension. South Korean scientists recently did a study and now they believe it helps cure hangovers. But if you ask me, they should be more concerned with that fat little sprout to the north, Kim Jong Un.
Another question that pops up when discussing asparagus is what kinds of wine go with it. Some say a simple sauvignon blanc or gruner veltliner. Asparagus, like artichokes, can have a strange flavor when consumed with the wrong beverage.
My favorite way of preparing asparagus is roasting it tossed with olive oil in a hot oven, 450 degrees, for about 5 to 15 minutes, depending on the thickness of the stalks. I then sprinkle on a bit of lemon juice or a few shavings of Parmesan cheese, followed by lots of chopped chives, salt, and pepper. It’s also excellent grilled on the barbecue. When I serve it with a vinaigrette, I use a mild sherry or champagne vinegar, shallots, and good olive oil. Other ingredients and flavors that are wonderful with asparagus are anchovies, orange zest, pesto, Hollandaise, mornay sauce, mustard, salmon, and bacon.
Get this spring delicacy now while you can and try to find it at the farmers markets. It should be available through June.
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Markus Keller has long studied how grapevines respond to water stress, as the Washington wine industry uses deficit irrigation to bring about the complex flavors and quality of wine.
But extreme heat waves throw growers a curveball, and Keller, a Washington State University viticulturist, wants to understand how grapes respond to both heat and water stress.
Shifting climate patterns are increasing the frequency and duration of extreme heat waves in the summer, when grapes are ripening. “We don’t really know if that is a good thing or a bad thing,” Keller said.
Hot temperatures in the summer, typically defined as 95 degrees or higher, can cause sunburn and affect the acid development of fruit, he said.
Keller’s laboratory has three ongoing projects that explore heat effects and how to manage for them.
One, Keller and his colleagues call “The Double Whammy” experiment, because the vineyard management trial aims to study how grapes ripen under both water and heat stress together. The three-year study is funded by the Washington State Wine Commission’s Grape and Wine Research Program; 2021 is Year 2.
Through leaf removal and training, managing vines to expose fruit to morning sunshine is a common industry practice in Washington, especially for red varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, to develop pigments and tannins. However, Keller and graduate student Evan Fritzke are learning that too much sunshine — and the temperatures that come with it — has a negative effect on white wine grapes.
“Maybe we’ve been overdoing it,” Keller said.
To explore this in the trials, Fritzke removes leaves and trains shoots up when grapes are about pea-sized in July, exposing clusters to morning sunshine — just like normal industry practice. But come August, at veraison, he drops those shoots to shade the ripening fruit in both Chardonnay and Riesling grapes. Personnel changes prompted by the coronavirus and wildfire smoke have either delayed or skewed some results, but so far, they have found that post-veraison shading maintains higher levels of malic acid, a desired taste attribute in white wines, especially Riesling.
Researchers continue to analyze the sample berries at the university’s Wine Science Center in Richland.
Keller also is working on a project with Amit Dhingra, a plant genomics professor at WSU, to search for the expression of genes that control ripening in Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling. It’s funded by a Specialty Crop Block Grant. They want to determine whether heat stress causes similar effects as water stress or if they combine for something unique, Keller said.
So far, Keller’s team has discovered that water stress controls canopy growth and other plant responses, so producers can use it as a tool with which they manage fruit qualities. However, the water stress itself does nothing directly to the fruit. Heat stress, on the other hand, drives fruit characteristics.
This debunks some popular wine production beliefs, Keller said.
One important bit of advice he offered for growers: Avoid water stress during heat waves.
Dhingra continues to work on the genetic analysis of the berries from the project.
A third project, Keller’s evaporative cooling trials, funded by the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research, has shown that it’s possible to use a misting system to cool grapes without watering the soil, which would throw deficit irrigation programs out of whack. Postdoctoral scientist Ben-Min Chang developed the misting system, and, so far, they have determined they can do it without causing diseases. Now they are measuring the effects of evaporative cooling on wine quality, Keller said. Winemakers have speculated it will cause negative effects on flavors.
Climate change is real, and the industry needs to react, said Wade Wolfe, co-owner and winemaker at Thurston Wolfe Winery in Prosser. But he said that Keller’s research would help the wine industry with or without climate change.
“We’re trying to understand how we interact with climate change while we still maintain or even improve the quality of the fruit,” said Wolfe, who also sits on the wine commission’s research advisory committee.
But the benefits go beyond that, he argued. All wine-producing regions need research that aims to understand regional environmental constraints and how to adapt growing and winemaking practices to produce the best quality possible.
“We’re always trying to see what we can do … to optimize the quality of the wines we’re making,” Wolfe said. •
—by Ross Courtney
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KEDARNATH: It is a small town situated in Rudraprayag district in the state of Uttarakhand in india . Kedar is the another name of lord Shiva . Kedarnath is the main site of chota char dham dedicated to the lord shiva.
Kedarnath is located near mandakini river . Due to extreme weather kedarnath is opened partially only in the month of November April for general public. The present temple is made by adi Shankaracharya. Kedarnath is the holiest place for Hindus . Kedarnath temple inner wall has scriptures of deities and events of hindu mythology.
Kedarnath temple is surrounded by snow and beautiful mountains . Due to its Himalayan range its add up some more beauty to the temple .
According to the hindu scholars kedarnath is built by Pandavas after the mahabharat in order to atone their sins . In winter season vigraha deity is carried to ukhimath and worshipped here for 6 months. Kedarnath temple is the one of 12 jyotirlinga and also hold highest place in 12 jyotirlinga.
Kedarnath is the worst affected area during 2013 flood . Except temple complex everything was severely damaged due to Kedarnath flood . surrounding area, building , complexes and road was washed away due to the flood . Temple complex was only cracked due to debris which was falling from the mountain.
Due to the flood kedarnath was closed for one year and during this period the whole kedarnath temple and surrounding were restored . Archaeological survey of India confirmed that temple was not damaged severely and can withstood. Non destructive testing is done in order to take precautions before any further steps.
The task of rebuilding the kedarnath was given to nehru institute of mountaineering. This institute worked very hard and made yatra possible in the upcoming year. Every year thousands of tourists visit here . Kedarnath town is not directly connected with roads and has to be reached by 20 km trekk from gaurikund . Kedarnath is one the most visited place in india by hindu pilgrims and foreigners to feel the culture and diversity of India . Kedarnath also hold ancient importance. It can be said as paradise of Uttarakhand.
HOW TO REACH AT KEDARNATH?
BY TRAIN: Nearest station is Rishikesh railway station and from there you need go till badrinath and from there you will get Bus till Gaurikund and from this place you have to trekk to the kedarnath which is 20 km away .
BY AIR: Nearest airport is jolly grant airport and from here you will easily get other public transport till kedarnath.
By ROAD: Bus transportation is well connected to KEDARNATH. So you can book a ticket for a Bus till kedarnath.
BEST MONTH TO VISIT KEDARNATH?
May to June and September to October is the best month to visit KEDARNATH .
Note: avoid monsoon season because during monsoon season landslide occurs .
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Over the last three weeks we talked about the 3 key financial statements; the income statement, the balance sheet and the cashflow statement. Today we’re going to go a little deeper and talk about the difference between an operating expense and a capital expense and why it matters.
A capital expense is an expense that adds value to the current business. An expense is a capital expense when it’s used to purchase an asset that has a useful life for substantially more than one year, can improve the life of the property, increases the value of property or creates a new use for the property. Simply put, think of a capital expense as investment in the business that creates a cost basis or equity.
The purpose of a capital expense is to spread the use of an asset evenly across the years it provides value.
Example, let’s say an Ice Cream Shop, buys a new store on Main St for 200,00 dollars. In it’s fist year of business it sold 50,000 dollars of ice cream from that shop. It also spent 25,000 dollars for the ice cream, and another 15,000 in operating expenses (electricity, payroll, napkins, cups, plastic spoons etc.). When it comes time to do the taxes, the operating expenses, those things whose useful life will be consumed in a year (the ice cream and the napkins, cups, plastic spoons etc.), can be deducted against revenue. The new store however is treated like a capital expense, because although it contributed to sales during the year, it will ALSO contribute to sales next year and the years following. Therefore it is treated differently to spread out its value to the business over the years.
Spreading the value of an asset over a longer time, prevents the company from looking too heavily burden in year one, showing a HUGE loss and then unrealistically profitable in the subsequent years.
Unlike an operating expense which is recorded to the P&L as an expense immediately, a capital expense is added as an asset to the balance sheet and expensed to the P&L as depreciation overtime.
In simple terms, capital expenses hit the P&L slowly in the form of depreciation. While operating expenses hit the P&L immediately.
There can be substantial tax implications and cashflow implications when it comes to capital expenditures. Imagine a mobile carrier who is upgrading it’s network. It spends 1 Billion dollars on towers and the network and it’s spending 300 million to operate the business. Let’s say their revenue is 500 million dollars. In this case the mobile carrier laid out 1.3 billion dollars in year one to generate 500 million dollars revenue. That’s a negative 800 million in cash. However, their P&L will show the carrier as profitable as they will only be able to write off a portion of the 1 billion dollars in network costs.
It’s important to know if what you sell is a capital expense or an operating expense and what impact it has on your prospects and customers. It’s not uncommon for companies to have a capital budget separate from a general expense budget.
WITCE (What is the Customer Experience) Capital Expense vs Operation Expense Questions
- Is what your selling a capital expense or a operating expense?
- How does this affect the sale?
- Is your target market sensitive to capital expenses?
- What impact does buying your product or service have on your customer/prospects balance sheet or P&L?
- Do you have the ability to offer your product or service as a capital expense OR an operating expense (cloud service vs. own and operate) in order to meet your customers needs?
- Are their better times to be selling an operating expense vs a capital expense or vice versa?
- Can you have a conversation with your prospects about the accounting ramifications of buying your product?
For most sales people, this won’t be an issue. However, if you sell extremely high-end software, hardware, equipment and other assets understanding the difference a capital and an operating expense is key and may be the difference between making the sale or not.
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Prior to written history, stories were passed on orally from generation to generation.
Myths did, and still do, explain how things came to be, who we are, and what we believe.
Legends honour our heroes, actual or mythical.
Folktales, the ancient oral tradition, pass on the history and beliefs of a people.
Fairy tales are stories about imaginary beings doing good or evil deeds. Fairy tales have been used down the ages by adults to entertain and educate; to this extent they have come to dominate peoples' idea of what storytelling is about.
For good reasons, we are rediscovering this oral tradition and, in this age of movies, television, the printed word, and continually changing technology, storytellers stand ready to uphold this tradition, eager to relate happenings from the past and present, real or imaginary, to breathe life into the old tales and take listeners on mind journeys into the wonderment of their imaginations where true literacy begins.
Today's storytellers are more than just entertainers. They are people who are attracted to stories, like mice to cheese, sharing their stories in a manner that will keep you spellbound.
Stories, whether drawn from tradition or personal accounts, are for everyone, young and old. Storytelling is a potentially powerful tool, which breaks down barriers and contributes to better understanding among people.
If you listen, really listen, you can hear the different meanings
often embedded in a story.
Catch the Magic!
|World Storytelling Day in Oshawa
Imaginations ran wild at the Northview Oshawa Library on March 20, as the Durham Folklore Society celebrated World Storytelling Day with a variety of entertainers.
Around the world, many people of various cultures and backgrounds celebrate this inspirational day.
The goal of World Storytelling Day is simple. Those who created it thought it would be beneficial for both children and adults to open their minds and listen to old and new stories, myths, legends and poetry.
Heather Whaley is the Public Relations contact for the Durham Folklore Society.
“Storytelling is keeping the oral tradition alive,” said Whaley. “We practise an art form, where we don’t read stories from books, we tell them.”
The Durham Folklore Society consists of people from around Durham Region who have an interest in the storytelling tradition. The group meets every third Thursday of each month at the Northview Community Centre and members share stories and ideas with one another.
Many members are currently part of the Storytellers of Canada, an organization dedicated to sharing stories with other areas of the country.
As well, there is an international storyteller’s communication board that can be accessed by any member from anywhere in the world. Stories are shared among tellers, and with permission, are told by those who wish to animate them.
Dianne Chandler is the chair of the Durham Folklore Society. She said it is important for people to be aware of storytelling and how helpful it can be.
“[Storytelling] is a very special form of direct communication,” said Chandler. “It touches people’s hearts and minds…it’s food for the mind and the soul.”
For the first time, Oshawa hosted World Storytelling Day at the Northview Public Library.
Marc Lapointe, head of the Northview branch, said he was proud to have the honour to hold this international event here in Oshawa.
“We’re trying to promote storytelling,” said Lapointe. “I’ve been trying to get the Durham Folklore Society here for a while now. I know they have excellent storytellers.”
The children’s event started at 4 p.m. in the mid-sized auditorium and lasted until about 5 p.m. With a country music opening, the crowd of about 15 kids and 20 adults listened attentively to each telling. The theme of the evening was the wanderer.
Flash-heeled runners were tapping and wide eyes were gazing towards the front of the room, where Dianne Chandler, Enid DeCoe, Doris Cherkas, Pamela Jackson and Heather Whaley each told animated tales from the past.
Cherkas, the treasurer of the Durham Folklore Society, told a Ukrainian story that she grew up hearing from her mother.
She also provided the children with a bit of cultural information about her background.
Whaley sang a song she wrote to go along with a story called Tiger’s Tail.
Each story contained a valuable moral message that the children could understand and relate to. Cookies and juice boxes were served and gasps of excitement were not lost among the young crowd.
At the end of the children’s session, members of the folklore society gave each child and parent a magic story stone. This, they said, was to be held and wished upon when the child felt the need to hear a story.
After the children’s session, an adult storytelling took place in the same area. People nine years of age and older began arriving at about 6:45 and sat down to the welcoming sounds of a country fiddle and guitar.
Cherkas, Whaley, George Blake and James Broad performed in the first of two sets.
Blake played the bongo while telling an African tale of a stowaway spider in an old ship. He sang an accompanying song to match this tale and the audience applauded his efforts.
Broad shared a story about a Japanese warrior. As a mystic poet, a storyteller, a philosopher and a swordsman, Broad had to decide which area of expertise he would portray for this particular event.
“I have to pick a persona,” he said. “Storytelling is the persona I’ve picked tonight.”
The audience consisted of about 40 people. The library provided them with coffee, tea and desserts during the 10-minute intermission.
Janet Slocombe, a retired high school teacher, was part of the audience.
She is a strong believer that storytelling is a helpful tool of relaxation and enjoyment. Slocombe has been to previous events held by the folklore society and said she admires people who can stand in front of crowds and remember an entire story.
“It’s part of you,” she said about the society members’ ability to share their tales. “It’s not just memory work…you’re reliving the story.”
Slocombe said it is an art form that not enough people know about. She is an avid storytelling fan.
“I just find that [storytelling] just takes you away,” said Slocombe. “… You can really relax and let your mind wander.”
The second set consisted of fiddle and guitar players, Ray Brisson and Fred Devolin, Graham Ducker, Yasmin Siddiqui and Chandler.
Each told a story with an ethical base and brought smiles and applause from the attentive audience.
To end the evening, Whaley, Brisson and Devolin performed their rendition of This Land is Your Land.
The Durham Folklore Society members welcome anyone interested in keeping the oral storytelling tradition alive, as they hope to spread the word and share their creativity.
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- Daily life
There are few traces of commerce and trade in the settlement at Acy-Romance. The coinage was mainly Remi and only three coins, including a quarter stater, are from outside the area. This is not the case at the contemporary oppida abandoned in the middle of the 1st century BC (Vieux-Laon in Aisne and La Cheppe in the Marne) where coins used by the tribes bordering the area and from further away have been found. Wine amphoraeare the only evidence of the purchase of a product originating a long distance away and Acy-Romance was probably at the extreme end of the trade routes. Commercial activity was restricted to the surrounding region and concerned local produce, with livestock, crops and their derived products playing a preponderant role: grain, hides, meat, textiles, luxury goods and small manufactured objects.
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U.S. scientists have succeeded in altering the genes of a human embryo to correct a disease-causing mutation, making it possible to prevent the defect from being passed on to future generations.
The milestone, published this week in the journal Nature, was confirmed last week by Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), which collaborated with the Salk Institute and Korea's Institute for Basic Science to use a technique known as CRISPR-Cas9 to correct a genetic mutation for a heart condition.
Until now, published studies using the technique had been done in China with mixed results.
CRISPR-Cas9 works as a type of molecular scissors that can selectively trim away unwanted parts of the genome, and replace it with new stretches of DNA.
"We have demonstrated the possibility to correct mutations in a human embryo in a safe way and with a certain degree of efficiency," said Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, a professor in Salk's Gene Expression Laboratory and a co-author of the study.
To increase the success rate, his team introduced the genome editing components along with sperm from a male with the targeted gene defect during the in vitro fertilization process.
They found that the embryo used the available healthy copy of the gene to repair the mutated part.
The Salk/OHSU team also found that its gene correction did not cause any detectable mutations in other parts of the genome - a major concern for gene editing.
Still, the technology was not 100 percent successful - it increased the number of repaired embryos from 50 percent, which would have occurred naturally, to 74 percent.
The embryos, tested in the laboratory, were allowed to develop for only a few days.
"There is still much to be done to establish the safety of the methods, therefore they should not be adopted clinically," Robin Lovell-Badge, a professor at London's Francis Crick Institute who was not involved in the study, said in a statement.
Washington's National Academy of Sciences (NAS) earlier this year softened its previous opposition to the use of gene editing technology in human embryos, which has raised concerns it could be used to create so-called designer babies. There is also a fear of introducing unintended mutations into the "germline," meaning cells that become eggs or sperm.
"No one is thinking about this because it is practically impossible at this point," Izpisua Belmonte said. "This is still very basic research ... let alone something as complex as what nature has done for millions and millions of years of evolution."
An international group of 11 organizations, including the American Society of Human Genetics and Britain's Wellcome Trust, on Wednesday issued a policy statement recommending against genome editing that culminates in human implantation and pregnancy, while supporting publicly funded research into its potential clinical applications.
The latest research involved a gene mutation linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the most common cause of sudden death in otherwise healthy young athletes. It affects around 1 in 500 people.
Salk's Izpisua Belmonte, emphasizing that much more study is needed, said the most important practical application for the new technology could be in correcting genetic mutations in babies either while they are still in utero or right after they are born.
"It is crucial that we continue to proceed with the utmost caution, paying the highest attention to ethical considerations," he said.
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Sweden and its Nordic neighbors have some of the highest literacy rates in the world. The Swedes view equal access to education and knowledge as a critical component to an individual’s future success. This is true regardless of economic background and, apparently, geographic location.
Sweden has a floating library — the bokbåten — that brings thousands of books to people on dozens of remote islands in the Stockholm archipelago twice a year. Every spring and fall since 1953, the Stockholm Library Service rents a boat for a week, loads it full of books, and charts a course for about 23 inhabited islands. (Norway has one, too, called the Epos.)
When the boat docks, residents climb aboard to return books they borrowed during the last visit and check out the library’s newest offerings. The boat carries about 3,000 books, and residents can put in requests ahead of time. The three or four volunteer librarians who take turns working on the ship say that, as you might expect, the latest best-sellers are in high demand.
In 2018, a woman named Maria Anderhagen took over managing the bokbaten — in part because she had the largest basement in town and could store all the books in between voyages.
Here’s what the inside of the boat looks like, courtesy of Literary Hub, which got a tour:
There are tall wooden shelves, large tables displaying sturdy hardcovers, book carts on wheels, a long checkout table, even event notices taped against the wall. There are picture books for children, popular thrillers, large-print books, texts about history and science and knitting, cookbooks, and audiobooks. Since island residents can order copies in advance, boxes of books are stacked around the boat waiting to be delivered.
Culture of learning with an uncertain future
In addition to a library boat, Sweden also has library buses that bring books to people in rural communities. They also develop impromptu libraries in places such as stores and social gathering spots. The boat started as a service for fisherman and island workers but expanded to serve residents who prefer to read hard copies of books over e-books or audio books.
According to this 2010 study published in the Journal Resource Sharing & Information Networks:
The book boat is of great positive value for children and adults because they can in this way take part in the modern public library. The book boat has an important function as extraordinarily good public relations for the library’s services and has the effect of promoting reading not only in the archipelago but elsewhere.
Even in a nation of book lovers, the future of the floating library remains uncertain. Anderhagen told Literary Hub that if the Regional Library cuts funding for the boat, the bokbaten will be no more. Such was the case recently in Finland. To mark its centennial, the nation gave itself a brand new library with a price tag of about $11 million. However, in the process, it cut funding for a library boat that had been in service for 30 years.
Hopefully, Sweden’s bokbaten will continue to operate as a wonderful nod to past traditions while educating people for the future.
Originally published at: https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/swedens-bokbaten-floating-library
Written by Angela Nelson: https://www.mnn.com/users/anelson
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An ankle sprain is a stretch or tear in one or more of the ankle ligaments. Ankle ligaments are slightly elastic bands of tissue that keep the ankle bones in place. Ankles are particularly prone to sprain because of the small size of the joint and the forces exerted when walking, running and jumping, especially if the surface is uneven.
Depending on the severity of the injury, an ankle sprain is classified as:
Grade I — The ankle is painful, but there is little ligament damage and little loss of function.
Grade II — There is moderate ligament damage, and the ankle joint is somewhat loose.
Grade III — One or more ligaments are torn, and the ankle joint is very loose or unstable.
Millions of ankle injuries occur each year in the United States. Most of them are sprains. Most sprains happen when the ankle twists suddenly. The most common injuries happen when the foot rolls onto the outside of the ankle, straining the outside ligaments of the ankle joint. These are called inversion injuries. Less common are eversion injuries, which happen when the ankle rolls onto the inside of the joint, stretching the ligaments on the inner side of the ankle.
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Family Life And Family Values
In India the family is the most important institution that has survived through the ages. India, like most other less industrialized, traditional, eastern societies is a collectivist society that emphasizes family integrity, family loyalty, and family unity. C. Harry Hui and Harry C. Triandis (1986) defined collectivism, which is the opposite of individualism as, "a sense of harmony, interdependence and concern for others" (p. 244). More specifically, collectivism is reflected in greater readiness to cooperate with family members and extended kin on decisions affecting most aspects of life, including career choice, mate selection, and marriage (Hui and Triandis 1986; Triandis et al. 1988).
The Indian family has been a dominant institution in the life of the individual and in the life of the community (Mullatti 1992). For the Hindu family, extended family and kinship ties are of utmost importance. In India, families adhere to a patriarchal ideology, follow the patrilineal rule of descent, are patrilocal, have familialistic value orientations, and endorse traditional gender role preferences. The Indian family is considered strong, stable, close, resilient, and enduring (Mullatti 1995; Shangle 1995). Historically, the traditional, ideal and desired family in India is the joint family. A joint family includes kinsmen, and generally includes three to four living generations, including uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews, and grandparents living together in the same household. It is a group composed of a number of family units living in separate rooms of the same house. These members eat the food cooked at one hearth, share a common income, common property, are related to one another through kinship ties, and worship the same idols. The family supports the old; takes care of widows, never-married adults, and the disabled; assists during periods of unemployment; and provides security and a sense of support and togetherness (Chekki 1996; Sethi 1989). The joint family has always been the preferred family type in the Indian culture, and most Indians at some point in their lives have participated in joint family living (Nandan and Eames 1980).
With the advent of urbanization and modernization, younger generations are turning away from the joint family form. Some scholars specify that the modified extended family has replaced the traditional joint family, in that it does not demand geographical proximity or occupational involvement and does not have a hierarchal authority structure (Nandan and Eames 1980; Mullatti 1995; Shangle 1995). This new family form encourages frequent visits; financial assistance; aid and support in childcare and household chores; and involvement and participation in life-cycle events such as births, marriages, deaths, and festival celebrations. The familial and kinship bonds are thus maintained and sustained. Even in the more modern and nuclear families in contemporary India, many functional extensions of the traditional joint family have been retained (Nandan and Eames 1980), and the nuclear family is strongly embedded in the extended kinship matrix. In spite of the numerous changes and adaptations to a pseudo-Western culture and a move toward the nuclear family among the middle and upper classes, the modified extended family is preferred and continues to prevail in modern India (Chekki 1996; Mullatti 1995; Segal 1998).
India is an extremely pronatalistic society, and the desire to have a male child is greatly stressed and is considered by some to be a man's highest duty, a religious necessity, and a source of emotional and familial gratification (Kakar 1981). Because male children are desired more than female children, they are treated with more respect and given special privileges. Male children are raised to be assertive, less tolerant, independent, self-reliant, demanding, and domineering (Kumar and Rohatgi 1987; Pothen 1993). Females, in contrast, are socialized from an early age to be self-sacrificing, docile, accommodating, nurturing, altruistic, adaptive, tolerant, and religious, and to value family above all (Kumar and Rohatgi, 1987; Mullatti, 1995). In rural areas, low-income women have always worked outside the home. In urban areas, there has been a substantial increase in the number of middle- and upper-class women working to supplement their husbands' incomes. In a traditional Indian family, the wife is typically dependent, submissive, compliant, demure, nonassertive, and goes out of her way to please her husband. Women are entrusted with the responsibility of looking after the home and caring for the children and the elderly parents and relatives.
Childrearing practices in India tend to be permissive, and children are not encouraged to be independent and self-sufficient. The family is expected to provide an environment to maximize the development of a child's personality and, within the context of the Hindu beliefs and philosophy, positively influence the child's attitudes and behaviors.
Adolescence and young adulthood are particularly stressful and traumatic stages in the lives of Indian youths. In one way, they desire emancipation and liberation from family but residing in the matrix of the extended family makes it difficult for them to assert themselves and exhibit any independence in thought, action, or behavior. Social changes are gradually occurring but arranged marriages are still the norm, and dating generally is not allowed. Furthermore, sex and sexuality issues are not openly discussed, sex education is not readily available, interrelationships with the opposite sex are discouraged, and premarital sex is frowned upon. In the traditional Indian family, communication between parents and children tends to be onesided. Children are expected to listen, respect, and obey their parents. Generally, adolescents do not share their personal concerns with their parents because they believe their parents will not listen and will not understand their problems (Medora, Larson, and Dave 2000).
Life expectancy for both Indian men and women is increasing. According to the 2001 Census of India, life expectancy was 61.9 years for men and 63.1 years for women (Census of India 2001). This has led to a significant increase in the population of elderly individuals. The elderly in India are generally obeyed, revered, considered to be fountains of knowledge and wisdom, and treated with respect and dignity by family and community members. Old age is a time when a person is expected to relax, enjoy solitude, retirement, pray, enjoy spending time with the grandchildren, and not worry about running the household or about finances because the oldest son is now in charge of the finances and family matters, and the oldest daughter-in-law is generally running the household. In most instances, the elderly care for their grandchildren and assist with cooking and household chores. Even adult children continue to consult their parents on most of the important aspects of life.
Marriage and Family EncyclopediaMarriage: Cultural AspectsIndia - Caste System, Family Life And Family Values, Mate Selection And Marriage, Dowry System, Status Of Single And Divorced Persons In India
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2Grendel“He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of those monsters of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God, punished forever for the crime of Abel’s death” (Beowulf Lines 19-23).-Grendel is a spawn of Cain, the very first murderer, and is punished for eternity for what Cain had done.Grendel ruled over all, killed many, and left Herot empty for years, leaving Hrothgar twelve winters of grief and sorrow. Grendel sought no peace, offering, or truce, only bloodshed to fuel his never-ending thirst to kill (Beowulf Lines 59-70).When darkness fell, Grendel went up to Herot, bloodthirsty and curious of what the warriors would do in the hall after they had finished drinking. He crept through the door, finding them all soundly asleep, then snatched up 30 men, slaughtering them with no hesitation (Beowulf Lines 30-40).“Though he lived in Herot, when the night hid him, he never dared to touch king Hrothgar’s glorious throne, protected by God-God, whose love Grendel could not know” (Beowulf Lines 81-85).-No matter how evil and powerful Grendel is, he is afraid of God and cannot kill Hrothgar for he is protected by God
3BeowulfBeowulf’s wisest people said that it was his duty to go to the Danes’ great king. They have witnessed Beowulf's strength, seeing him arise from the darkness of war, dripping with the enemy blood. He has faced great giants, hunted monsters out at sea during pitch black nights, killing them all. Death was his errand and the fate his foes earned. Now Beowulf and Grendel are called together, and Beowulf has stood up to the challenge (Beowulf Lines ).Far away from Hrothgar and the Danes, was a warrior in Geatland by the name of Beowulf. The strongest of the geats, greater and stronger than anyone in the world, heard how Grendel filled nights will fear and blood, and quickly set out for sea to Hrothgar, now when help was most needed (Beowulf Lines ).“I have heard, too, that the monsters scorn of men is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Nor will I” (Beowulf Lines ).-Grendel fights with no weapons, so Beowulf decides neither will he. Beowulf wants it to be a fair fight and is determined to win.“And if death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac, return the inheritance I had from Hrethel, and he from Wayland, Fate will unwind as it must!” (Beowulf Lines ).-Beowulf is not afraid of death, or of facing Grendel. He believes in fate, that it will unwind as it must, between him and Grendel.
4Final Battle Between Beowulf and Grendel “The infamous killer fought for his freedom, wanting no flesh but retreat, desiring nothing but escape; his claws had been caught, he was trapped” (Beowulf Lines )-Grendel had never met an opponent equally matched to himself, and was afraid of what Beowulf may do. Grendel wanted to escape.Grendel snatched up the first Geat he came to, biting and ripping him to shreds, drinking his blood and began to step towards a sleeping Beowulf. Just as Grendel’s claws clutched at Beowulf, he had returned the favor and seized the monsters arm, trapping him (Beowulf Lines ).“The monster’s mind was hot with the thought of food and the feasting his belly would soon know, But fate, that night, intended Grendel to gnaw the broken bones of his last human supper” (Beowulf Lines ).-The story is foreshadowing Grendel’s death when saying he will gnaw on the broken bones of his last human supper.Beowulf twisted Grendel’s arm with all of his might, as Grendel’s power was all gone and turned into fear. Beowulf tore Grendel’s arm off with his bare hands, splitting the bone. Beowulf had won the battle, and a wounded Grendel fled to his marsh to die (Beowulf Lines ).
5Beowulf’s Last Battle“And Beowulf uttered his final boast: “I’ve never known fear, as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me” (Beowulf Lines ).-There is foreshadowing of Beowulf’s death when it is said that he utters his final boast, and also he is old and fighting for different reasons, such as fame and gold.While fighting the dragon, Beowulf’s shield begins to melt from the dragons fire breath, and his sword then breaks once striking the dragons rough scales. His weapons failed him when he needed them most. The Dragon then came at Beowulf, spitting its hot flames that wrapped around Beowulf. An once great king had been defeated (Beowulf Lines ).“I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast could be killed without it, crushed to death like Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn limb from limb. But his breath will be burning hot, poison will pour from his tongue” (Beowulf Lines ).-When saying he will use weapons and armor against the dragon, it seems like Beowulf is not confident in himself or determined, and also seems like less of an epic hero.As Beowulf suffered fatally from the dragons flames, none of his comrades came to help him, to save him, but one. One soldier by the name of Wiglaf remained, and he came to Beowulf’s aid. Wiglaf was the only soldier who remained faithful to the king, Beowulf (Beowulf Lines ).
6The Death/Mourning of Beowulf The last of the bravest Geats then rode their horses around Beowulf's tower, tell stories of their dead king and his greatness. They praised him for all that he had done, and given them. They rode off, mourning their beloved king, the best king that had ever lived (Beowulf Lines ).“Wiglaf, go, quickly, find the dragon’s treasure: we’ve taken its life, but its gold is ours, too. Hurry. Bring me ancient silver, precious jewels, shining armor and gems, before I die. Death will be softer, leaving life and this people I’ve ruled so long, if I look at this last of all prizes” (Beowulf Lines ).-When Beowulf tells Wiglaf to find the treasure for himself before he dies, as a “last of all prizes”, he is being very selfish in doing this, and doesn’t even thank Wiglaf for what he is doing, but only wants to see treasure. He is less of an epic hero.As Beowulf dies, he thanks God for the treasure he has received, and then tells Wiglaf to take all he rest and then lead his people. Beowulf wants Wiglaf to be the new King. Beowulf wants a tomb built for his funeral, to be burned in, high enough for the sailors to see. Beowulf is leaving his legacy in Wiglaf’s hands (Beowulf Lines )“And the riches he and Wiglaf had won from the dragon, rings, necklaces, ancient, hammered armor-all the treasures they’d taken were left there, too, silver and jewels buried in the sandy ground, back in the earth, again and forever useless to men” (Beowulf Lines ).-The treasure was left with Beowulf’s buried body, because it was his final prize, and Wiglaf and his people did not desire it or have the need Beowulf possessed.
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This book takes its readers on an evolutionary journey to discover the secrets of natural complex systems and how they can be used for human health. At the beginning of time, the universe consisted of simple atomic systems.
At the beginning of time, the universe consisted of simple atomic systems. However, increasingly complex molecular systems gradually developed, eventually giving rise, on our planet, to living beings.
Since the appearance of life there has been a close relationship between living beings and the environment surrounding them. Since ancient times, humans - whose intelligence enabled the mastery of nature - have “exploited” other living beings, both animals and plants, using them not only as food but also as “medicines” to treat disease.
In modern times, the concept of health has become associated with the use of ever less complex drugs, most of which consist of simple molecules. However, experimental data from phytotherapy shows that the biological activity ascribed to the active molecules in a natural extract is often greater than that of the same components in a purified and/or synthetic form.
The theory postulated herein differs from the generally accepted hypothesis, as it is based on the premise of biological synergism betwen the different chemicals in the natural substrate. In fact, it is essential to take account of the molecular interactions originating from the high complexity of the natural matrix, which lead to the formation of complexes according to the rules of supramolecular chemistry. The formation of such complexes between the active substance and the other molecules present in the natural environment leads to conformation enabling more effective interactions with the receptor site, as the structures of the natural substances are not free but are “locked” into place, ready for interaction with the human body.
Now more than ever there is a need for a global, integrated understanding of living systems. Methods involving the breakdown, isolation and characterisation of each individual molecule, cell and element of a complex system, while useful, have not led to an understanding of the complex interactions between the various parts. And yet the complex molecular systems found in nature have always been the key to human health. It is our task to study them in their natural state, searching for new tools and suitable methods to understand and master them.
Anna Gaetano, has a degree in Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies and has been working in the phytochemistry research laboratory at Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, since 2010
Jacopo Lucci, PhD is Chief Scientific Officer at Natural Biomedicine SpA, Sansepolcro
Luisa Mattoli, has a PhD in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology and has been head of the phytochemistry research laboratory at Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, since 2010
Valentino Mercati, is Chairman of Aboca Planta Medica Group. For Aboca Edizioni he also wrote A far belle le donne di Piero - Segreti e ricette di bellezza (2007), L'iperico che cambia l'umore - Dalla tradizione millenaria ai moderni impieghi clinici in medicina e psichiatria (2008), Il valore dell'Aloe - Storia, coltivazione, moderni impieghi salutistici (2009)
Vitalia Murgia, is a paediatrician and lecturer in the PhD course in Phytotherapy at University La Sapienza of Rome and the international PhD course in Phytotherapy at the Universities of Trieste and Madrid. She is the author of numerous scientific articles and treatises. For Aboca Edizioni she also wrote Disturbi del sonno nel bambino (2008), Problemi del bambino - Approccio integrato con le Piante Medicinali (2009), Il modello dell'omeostasi - Salute Malessere Malattia (2010)
Eugenio Ragazzi is Professor of Pharmacology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Padova, a position he has held since 1992
Francesco Tisato, has a degree in Chemistry and has been employed as a researcher at the Italian National Research Council (CNR) since 1984. He formerly conducted research into radiopharmaceuticals at MIT, Cambridge (MA) and the University of Cincinnati (OH)
Pietro Traldi, has a degree in Physics and was employed at the Italian National Research Council (CNR) as a researcher from 1970 to 2012, where he was Research Director for the last 20 years of his career. He is the author of more than 650 scientific publications.
Release date 2015
Dimensions cm 16,5 x 24
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Last month, Typhoon Haiyan — possibly the largest tropical typhoon to make landfall in recorded history — devastated the Philippines, leaving more than 6,000 dead, almost 1,800 missing and millions homeless. Dealing with natural disasters has always been a part of life on Earth; however, scientists predict that the continued impacts of climate change will make extreme weather events more frequent.
Science has found that maintaining and restoring intact ecosystems like mangroves, reefs and forests can help buffer communities from these occurrences. This week, CI’s Lynn Tang shares a couple of the ways CI is promoting these activities in the Philippines. (Note: Although this post was written prior to the storm, we were relieved to learn that this region was largely spared from destruction.)
It is my first time in the Philippines. As we drive north out of the capital city of Manila, we are surrounded by miles and miles of deforested land. After eight hours of driving through degraded land and agricultural plantations, I start to wonder if there is any primary forest left in this country, despite its reputation as one of the world’s 17 “megadiverse” countries that harbor the majority of the Earth’s species.
I guess I shouldn’t be surprised. Before arriving in the Philippines, my guidebook told me that the rate of deforestation here is one of the highest in the world. In fact, the Philippines is fourth on the list of the world’s 10 most threatened forests. Most of the lowland forests have been cleared and only 7% of the country’s original forest remains. I take photos of hills that have been cleared of forests, and patches of burnt land within precious watersheds.
The next morning we head out to CI’s field site located at the fringes of the Quirino Protected Landscape. This area is located on the northern Philippine island of Luzon and at the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range, which contains the largest remaining tract of old-growth tropical rainforest in the Philippines.
The Sierra Madre forests are home to hundreds of wildlife species, many of which are unique to the Philippines, such as the Philippine eagle and golden-crowned flying fox. The area also contains the headwater of the Cagayan Valley River basin, which supports major irrigation systems on which hundreds of farming communities in Quirino and other provinces depend.
Here, just like elsewhere in the Philippines, the main cause of deforestation is “slash-and-burn” farming, brought about by migrant and population growth, and exacerbated by uncertain land tenure which leads farmers to focus on maximum short-term gains rather than long-term sustainability.
While agriculture is an important economic activity for the region, overexpansion and deforestation will reduce the ecological services — such as water filtration, flood prevention and climate change mitigation — that a healthy intact forest provides. In recent years, Quirino and other provinces in the Philippines’ eastern seaboard have also been experiencing stronger and more frequent storms, further threatening lives and livelihoods.
Before we visit the CI field site, we drop by the provincial office, where I interview Elizabeth Nicolas, the provincial administrator of Quirino province in charge of implementing the province’s development strategy. Throughout my visit to the Philippines, I had encountered many women in leadership roles, and it was great to meet one more.
Ms. Nicolas tells me that many areas of the Quirino watershed are degraded, and that the biggest challenge with deforestation is the need to work with the people who are causing the deforestation. The famers here are not destroying the environment because they want to, but because it is the only livelihood they know of, and they lack the knowledge, education and opportunities to change their behavior. They need to be offered alternative livelihoods that will reduce their dependency on timber, agriculture and forest-based products.
CI’s project here focuses on changing the behavior of these farmers. In partnership with the provincial government and a local NGO, the Quirino Forest Carbon Project is working with the farmers to reforest and protect the landscape. Farmers are trained and financially compensated for planting and caring for seedlings on their land, instead of practicing rotating slash-and-burn agriculture.
The project also helps the farmers to secure long-term tenure for their land. Farmers and their plots are strategically selected based on their proximity to the watershed and natural forest areas.
Under this project, 177 hectares (437 acres) of farmland have been reforested so far, to the benefit of 95 farmers. These farmers now also have an enhanced understanding of climate change and the role of trees in absorbing carbon from the atmosphere.
Apart from planting new seedlings, the “reforestation” farmers are also responsible for caring for these seedlings until they become mature trees in 20 years or so. This ensures that these reforested plots, which often sit on the fringes of primary forest, act as a protective buffer and prevent further encroachment.
Perhaps the greatest indication of the success of this project is that other farmers in the province are eager to sign on, but at present there aren’t enough funds to support the expansion of this project.
As a further testament to the success and authenticity of the Quirino Forest Carbon Project, it is the first in Asia to have been independently audited and validated against the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and against the Climate Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Standards at the Gold level. These two accreditation bodies audit forest carbon projects to ensure that they meet their goals in generating carbon credits and the additional benefits that they claim to deliver.
What’s unique about this project is that it is primarily funded by More Trees, a Japanese NGO that solicits funds from individuals and companies in Japan with a primary aim to contribute to mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity. Planting trees and reducing deforestation anywhere on this planet will help to reduce global carbon emissions and ultimately mitigate climate change. I am inspired and amazed that there are individuals that care enough about the health of the global climate to voluntarily contribute to a project that is miles away from where they live.
Progress on a global climate treaty is moving slowly at best; policymakers continue to debate nuts and bolts. Yet it’s heartening to know that there are others who recognize that we need to translate the urgency of fighting climate change into practical, measurable actions on the ground. Talking about the problem won’t make it go away; immediate action is critical.
Lynn Tang is the senior manager for partnerships and development in CI’s Asia Pacific Field Division. Read Part 2 of this post.
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Leaf Burning Hazards, and How to Avoid Them
If you own or rent a home with a yard, chances are, you’re no stranger to the frustrating task of getting rid of fallen leaves. Once you’ve finally gotten them raked up, you may start asking yourself “can you burn leaves to make your life easier?”
Burning leaves is one method of leaf removal that, while enticing at first glance, can cause more harm than good. While there are a variety of reasons someone might need to perform a burn -- prescribed burns for wildfire prevention, or agricultural burns to help prepare soil, for example -- there are myriad alternatives to burning the leaves that fall on your property.
Here, we discuss the detrimental leaf burning health effects and hazards, and some easy alternatives.
Why You Shouldn’t Burn Leaves
There are numerous leaf burning hazards, as well as detrimental leaf burning health effects, that are important to consider.
When you burn leaves, irritants are released into the air, including hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide. These irritants can cause eye, lung, nose, and throat problems, and are particularly dangerous if you have any preexisting conditions (such as asthma) that make you more likely to experience respiratory distress. Leaf burning health effects are just not worth the risk to you and your loved ones.
There are more than just leaf burning health effects, this practice is also bad for the environment. The aforementioned trio of compounds, when released into the air, creates a ground-level ozone, which is “a toxic gas that can damage sensitive ecosystems and negatively impact crops and wildlife.”
If you live in a dry area that is prone to fires spreading, you are also creating a dangerous situation for yourself and your neighbors. Even if the fire doesn’t spread, you could be looking at smoke damage to your and your neighbor’s houses. If you find yourself in a situation needing help cleaning up after a fire or smoke has damaged your home or property, Abbotts fire restoration services is here to help, but we’d prefer you never get yourself in that situation to begin with.
With all the potentially dangerous leaf burning hazards, the practice (particularly open burns, where the leaves aren’t contained in a stove or chimney) is prohibited in many areas, so you could get hit with a fine if you burn without a permit.
As these potential consequences stack up, the question of “Can you burn leaves?” quickly shifts to “What are the alternatives to burning leaves?”.
Alternatives to Avoid Leaf Burning Hazards
Many municipalities will pick up your leaves, and often reach out via mail with pickup dates towards the beginning of fall. If you haven’t received any such communication, reach out to your municipality, and find out whether they offer this service. This solution is certainly the most straightforward, but it does mean that you’ll still need to rake your leaves into piles by the curb or place them in bags, depending on the rules in your area.
A great alternative to avoid leaf burning hazards that doesn’t even require picking up a rake is mulching. Mulching cuts your leaves up into tiny pieces, and that mulch can act as a fertilizer to your lawn, or can be collected for pickup, having been reduced to about 1/10 of the volume the leaves would have had if left whole. The best types of lawnmowers to use for mulching are high-powered mulching lawnmowers and side-discharge lawnmowers.
If you want to take your fertilization efforts a step further than mulching, composting is a great use of all of those fallen leaves. The key with compost is that you need to combine brown matter (carbon-based material) with green matter (nitrogen-based material), and that you must turn (or aerate) your pile at regular intervals.
According to Home Composting Made Easy, there are different theories as to the best ratio of these materials, but they suggest a ratio of one part brown material to two parts green material. Examples of green materials are manure, fruit and vegetable waste, food scraps, and fresh weeds and grass clippings. Brown materials include fallen leaves, straw or hay, pine needles, sawdust (to be used sparingly), and woody chips and twigs.
Composting can get a little complicated, if you want to do it right, so make sure to check out tips online to make the most of your compost heap.
Spread it Around
The last option only applies if you have wooded or other unoccupied natural land on your property. One of the main reasons you want to clear leaves in the first place is that you don’t want to suffocate your lawn and garden. However, if you have some wooded property past your lawn, you can spread the leaves around on the ground in those areas, if you would prefer that to any of these other methods.
Considering the abundance of leaf burning hazards and leaf burning health effects that you’re risking by burning your leaves, there are plenty of reasons to try to avoid it this season. Why not try one of the options listed above? You can keep yourself, your neighbors, and the environment safe, and even create some mulch or compost for a lusher lawn come springtime.
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|Anthony Freda Art|
The first thing you need to know is: pharmaceutical companies would develop and sell a vaccine to combat flying turtles if they could make money from it.
And shockingly, that point is relevant to the Ebola vaccine, because as yet I have seen no evidence that Ebola virus has ever been properly identified in any human being.
Therefore, there is no evidence anyone needs protection from the virus.
As I reported several days ago, chemist David Rasnick, PhD, has examined published literature on Ebola, and has concluded:
I have examined in detail the literature on isolation and EMs [EM: electron microscope pictures] of both Ebola and Marburg viruses. I have not found any convincing evidence that Ebola virus (and for that matter Marburg) has been isolated from humans. There is certainly no confirmatory evidence of human isolation.”
Therefore, the need for an Ebola vaccine (even if you believe in the theory of vaccination) is completely unproven.
Bombshell? You bet.
Rasnick stated that it appears the Ebola virus has been extracted from animals—in which case, some element of the virus could be placed in a vaccine.
Which element of the virus will that be? According to researchers at the US National Institutes of Health and two companies—Crucell and GSK—two genes from the Ebola virus will be inserted in the vaccine. That’s all. Just two genes.
These genes will be carried, in the vaccine, by another virus, most likely a chimpanzee adenovirus.
This chimp virus, researchers claim, will not reproduce in the body. It will simply unload its two-gene cargo and fade away.
Then, the two Ebola genes will somehow bring about the emergence of an Ebola-related protein, and the human immune system will produce antibodies against that protein.
Thus, immunity to Ebola will be created.
To say this will produce genuine immunity is highly speculative.
And again, since there is no proof anyone has ever isolated Ebola virus from a human, the production of antibodies is irrelevant.
It’s like saying, “I’ll sell you parts for your Chevy, even though you don’t own a Chevy.”
Second, what guarantee do we have that the carrier chimp virus won’t reproduce and proliferate in the body? We’re told it’s “not a problem.”
That’s what they always say. Vaccines are wonderful, safe and effective.
Barbara Loe Fisher, of the National Vaccine Information Center, reasonably estimates that there are 100,000 to 1.2 million adverse reactions to vaccines in the US every year. I would call that a problem.
Third, the process of genetic engineering, by which the two Ebola genes are inserted in the chimp virus…who can predict this will be done in a uniform and safe way, with every Ebola vaccine batch?
As a standard of comparison, consider the fact that the insertion of genes into GMO crops is done in shotgun style. The genes aren’t always placed into the same positions in the GMO seeds. Therefore, the ensuing effects are random.
“I love random effects in my body. I look forward to them.”
Fourth, from what I can gather so far, the Ebola-related protein that is produced by the vaccine in the human body is somewhat mysterious. That is, there are several different explanations as to exactly how the protein is created. Not a comforting sign, unless you’re fine with the idea of your body suddenly housing a protein that wasn’t there before.
And finally, who knows what “extra elements” could be added to the vaccine? Right now, for example, a controversy has erupted In Kenya about a tetanus vaccine, which is being injected widely.
The addition of HCG, a pregnancy hormone, induces the body to attack pregnancy and terminate it.
Much documentation exists to show such vaccines have been extensively researched at Rockefeller labs and other facilities.
As everyone should know by now, the Ebola vaccines under development have never been tested on a wide range of human beings. The clinical trials have used small numbers of people.
This is a huge red flag.
When the Ebola vaccine is released, you can be sure that severe injuries and deaths will be explained away.
“He already had a latent case of Ebola disease. We didn’t know that. He died from the disease, not the vaccine.”
“It was a bad batch. The batch was small. It’s been confiscated. We’re sure the vaccine is safe.”
If there is good news here, it’s the fact that many eyeballs will be focused on the Ebola vaccine. I’m not talking about government researchers or researchers for vaccine manufacturers.
I’m talking about independent investigators and private citizens who already know about the dangers of vaccines.
They will form their own informal reporting system.
Governments and vaccine companies who are touting the Ebola vaccine understand this.
And they remember, for instance, the Swine Flu disaster of 1976:
…the swine-flu vaccination program was one of its (CDC) greatest blunders. It all began in 1976 when CDC scientists saw that a virus involved in a flu attack outbreak at Fort Dix, N.J., was similar to the swine-flu virus that killed 500,000 Americans in 1918. Health officials immediately launched a 100-million dollar program to immunize every American. But the expected epidemic never materialized, and the vaccine led to partial paralysis in 532 people. There were 32 deaths.” —U.S. News and World Report, Joseph Carey, October 14, 1985, p. 70, “How Medical Sleuths Track Killer Diseases.”
The author of three explosive collections, THE MATRIX REVEALED, EXIT FROM THE MATRIX, and POWER OUTSIDE THE MATRIX, Jon was a candidate for a US Congressional seat in the 29th District of California. He maintains a consulting practice for private clients, the purpose of which is the expansion of personal creative power. Nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, he has worked as an investigative reporter for 30 years, writing articles on politics, medicine, and health for CBS Healthwatch, LA Weekly, Spin Magazine, Stern, and other newspapers and magazines in the US and Europe. Jon has delivered lectures and seminars on global politics, health, logic, and creative power to audiences around the world. You can sign up for his free emails at www.nomorefakenews.com
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For hundreds of years, communities have thrived in their environments by using maps that look different from what many of us would now visualise upon hearing the word. Cartographic information is not limited to representation on paper. Commonly, it exists in the mind, developed through cultural practice and oral passing of knowledge from generation to generation. Cognitive spatial conceptions have enabled communities to succeed in navigating within ocean and terrestrial spaces and survive challenges that nature imposes.
In Polynesian communities, for example, their comprehensive education in topography, cloud forms, wildlife migration and ocean swells is laden with morals and values. Conceptual compasses are developed in youth through the storytelling of myths and legends of how the shape and terrain of landscapes came to be. Some Indigenous New Zealand Māori tribes share the story about their ancestor Maui hauling up an enormous fish, despite his brothers laughing at him in disbelief that he is capable of catching fish. These Māori communities know the country’s North Island as Te Ika A Maui (the fish of Maui), referencing the long spit of land as the fish’s tail and reinforcing to new generations this lesson about perseverance and bravery. Proverbs, song and dance also share stories about stars, tsunamis, and the migratory routes of whales and birds, alongside lessons about family, identity and values.
Māori stories encompass a spiritual explanation for natural life systems: that people, trees, rivers, mountains and birds share the same ancestors in the sun, the wind and the water. Māori understand their obligation is to protect the environment and continue the legacy of their ancestors. With the knowledge gained from mythology and cardinal direction sourced from nature, Māori culture developed little need for physical maps. Even in the night, the merging of storytelling and astronomy is used to navigate through the Pacific.
Many pacific island communities developed an ability to use celestial navigation to travel across the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. Experts educate youth on how to recognise constellations and use star position to understand one’s location in a landscape of empty blue. When a sailor recognised a star pattern, such as the Southern Cross, they could then observe its position in relation to the horizon to judge their latitude and direction of travel. These teachings were incorporated into spiritual narrative.
As well as storytelling and studying nature, language can be fundamental to the knowing of cardinal orientation. For example, the Guugu Yimithirr, an aboriginal community in the far north of Queensland, describe space using absolute orientation. Instructions describe location as a fixed position, similar to the coordinate system, where the angle of which the speaker is facing is irrelevant. Instructions may sound like, “Place this on the Eastern table” or “Walk North”. Contrast this with English where instructions often rely on a relative object to communicate spatial orientation so that directions may sound like, “Move that in front of (that table)” or “Walk straight ahead and turn to your right”. This is sometimes referred to as egocentric orientation, and it gives a person or object an important role in the context of the spatial description, where they are a landmark to which locations around them are relative to.
Guugu Yimithithrr use absolute orientation to construct a profound mental map of their placement within a landscape, resulting in remarkable navigational abilities. While driving through winding roads of unfamiliar country, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr are immediately able to point in the direction of coordinates or landmarks. The Guugu Yimithirr have also developed the ability to navigate at night when vision is obscured and there is no sun to provide guidance. Constant practice of spatial awareness has been fundamental to achieving these abilities.
Indigenous cartographies generated through studying waves, weather and animals, have accuracy similar to geographic information system (GIS) software, which is increasingly perceived as the finite method of mapping the world.
Certainly, GIS mapping is a key player in land management decision making across the globe. It is effective in communicating physical conditions, for example, showing areas where soil is unstable to build houses upon or areas at risk of flooding from stormwater drainage. However, so much of the environment’s story is often excluded from these datasets. GIS mapping systems do not factor in a land's history, culturally significant landmarks or values of those who occupy the land. It can also serve as a tool to reinforce and justify colonial land claims by bearing the territorial lines and place names that were determined by colonisers—both of which have little relevance to the environment the text is placed upon.
In the most culturally different corners of the world, it would be unsurprising to find identical maps hanging on school walls, bearing the territorial lines originally drawn by European colonisers. There’s a quote by American geographer Bernard Nietschmann: “More indigenous land has been claimed by maps than guns.”
It is often with unquestioning mindsets that we take Eurocentric maps as our window to comprehending the world geographically. This acceptance of maps as factual depictions of land can give maps the power to construct our sense of reality. This is dangerous because maps are not isolated from political agendas.
Indigenous cartographies provide valuable understandings of place, direction and environment. Many cultural aspects in Indigenous communities are attached to this understanding, with it embedded in art, speech and rituals. This knowledge, if circulated and included in far-reaching communication platforms, can be utilised worldwide to assist environmental research and land use projects everywhere.
Hawaiian Indigenous cartographer Dr Renee Pualani Louis stresses the necessity to not only include Indigenous epistemology in GIS products but to educate communities about the power that maps have in representing social and cultural conditions. She says, “Only then can Indigenous people become truly empowered cartographically, because only then can they say with certainty which parts of their world can and should be mapped and which parts cannot or should not be mapped with any tradition but their own.” Supporting Indigenous cartographers in their careers will ensure progression towards better representation of Indigenous perspectives in geospatial land analysis.
“It is my belief that Indigenous peoples need to reawaken the imagery of their cultural heritage, re-create the mental maps of their ancestors by practising our oral and performance cartographies and, where appropriate, incorporate modern-day cartographic techniques by adapting them to their cultural epistemologies,” Pualani Louis says.
Several projects have been designed to produce maps in which Indigenous communities control land representation. A counter-mapping project led by Digital Democracy began in 2015 to develop maps of Waorani territory that represented the cultural and social value of Ecuadorian land to the Indigenous Waorani communities who have lived there for thousands of years. In this process, all members of the community were invited to draw their knowledge of the land’s features on paper. While collecting GIS data from hand-held GPS tools, the mapping team listened to the stories of village elders. Data was logged in a GIS software and the map projected for the community to view before finalising for print. The project has mapped over 70,000 acres of land.
In today’s social structure where land-use decisions are largely influenced by scientific and objective evidence, geospatial technology has the power to empower Indigenous communities. GIS maps provide visual evidence to support Indigenous belief systems and opinions about how land should be used. By incorporating traditional cartographies that communicate a deep knowledge of wildlife, terrain and the relationship of people with the environment, maps can begin to meaningfully serve communities and the environment.
As Pualani Louis argues, it is maps that integrate Indigenous epistemologies—and which reflect the features of significant value to communities within that landscape—that can help realise Indigenous opinions and cartographies so that they are not erased from society by the expanding shadow of the colonial lens.
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Cellphones, computers, refrigerators and cars — these are just some of the objects that have been vaporized in California’s deadly wildfires, and the chemicals and particles from the melted objects have blanketed the northern part of the state in endless smoke this month.
“It literally felt like you were living in a cloud of fog, but it was not fog, it was smoke from the fire,” said James Steele, a realtor in San Francisco who described nearly two weeks unrelenting air pollution even being over 150 miles south of Butte County, the center of the Camp Fire, the deadliest fire in the state’s history.
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection this weekend said that the Northern California fire was has been nearly extinguished after several days of rain. Since its start on Nov. 9, the Camp Fire has left at least 84 people dead (and 475 others missing), charred 240 square miles and destroyed 19,000 buildings, mostly homes.
Almost all of Northern California is under a poor air quality advisory, with residents from Redding to San Francisco donning industrial-grade face masks to filter polluted air. Emergency room visits for asthma, heart attacks, stroke and other cardiovascular maladies are known to increase after a wildfire, but less is known about the long-term consequences on public health.
For people who are generally healthy, headaches, burning and itching eyes, and difficulty breathing are the most commonly reported symptoms.
“While it definitely — it felt very difficult to breathe and exist up [here],” Mr. Steele said, “just keeping in perspective, I don’t think we’re that worried about it long-term. I think our concerns are the people just north of us.”
While lung cancer is associated with long-term exposure to particle pollution and wood-fire smoke, it’s unclear how short-term exposure to such smoke, increasingly burning up residential areas, will affect people.
Few studies have examined exposure to wildfire smoke and long-term health effects, Rebecca Schmidt, an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at the University of California, Davis, told The Washington Times.
Ms. Schmidt and other researchers from UC-Davis have embarked on a fast-paced research effort to collect as much data about the current wildfires to analyze health effects.
“The things we’re actually exposed to are a little bit unknown at this point,” she said. “It is likely very different than just traffic-related air pollution or ambient air pollution that’s been better studied.”
Ms. Schmidt is leading a research team evaluating the impact of smoke exposure and the stress of the wildfire emergencies on women who were pregnant during the fires in 2017, which were similarly destructive to residential communities in Northern California.
Called the Wine Country Fires, the most devastating ones occurred in Napa and Sonoma counties, burning almost 37,000 acres and destroying more than 5,600 structures. A total of 44 people died in at least five fires that burned from October to December.
Ms. Schmidt has enrolled about 200 pregnant women and collected data on thousands of compounds detected in their hair, blood and urine samples, as well as testing the placenta and umbilical cord. Researchers also are collecting data on air pollution on specific days and chemicals in the soil, among other methods.
“We’re casting a broad net and collecting as much as we can … because we really just don’t know that much and this is a way to narrow it down to what might be of most concern,” Ms. Schmidt said.
A colleague, UC-Davis environmental epidemiologist Irva Hertz-Picciotto, is helping lead a study on general population health related to wildfire smoke exposure.
“This has become a question too with these wildfires — they’re different, they have different things in their mix,” Ms. Schmidt said. “There’s particulate matter, but then there’s all these other things, like, when a refrigerator melts and releases gasses and all the furniture and building materials and tar and all of these things being vaporized and put into the air.”
‘Complex, complicated condition’
Toxic chemicals are one concern, but fine particulate matter is another. Microscopic solid materials are inhaled and absorbed in the lungs and enter the blood stream, threatening to trigger an immune response or add to blockage buildup in arteries.
“We know that to some extent they seem to behave in the body much like the way cigarette smoke does in terms of promoting hardening of the arteries and cardiovascular risk over the longer run,” said Patrick Kinney, professor of environmental health at Boston University.
“But certainly I am a little concerned that there could be something with a mix of extra toxic pollutants to come from all the things, plastics … things that get burned up when a house burns compared to when just a forest burns,” he said, adding that researchers “haven’t, unfortunately, really observed or studied so much.”
Mr. Kinney noted the long-term effects for firefighters, first responders and civilians in ground zero of the Sept. 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York.
“The exposure level there in California would be far less than what the firefighters — several weeks and months working in the debris and getting really exposed to high levels,” he said.
Ms. Schmidt was cautious to compare the two events but said trauma and stress can harm the body and exacerbate health issues.
Kent Pinkerton, a professor of pediatrics and in the school of veterinary medicine from UC-Davis, echoed Ms. Schmitt’s assessment that trauma and stress can be an added layer to whatever long-term consequences may occur.
“In fact, even the trauma and psychological issues that you have to go through are far greater than anything you could be breathing,” he said. “It’s a very complex, complicated condition that people are facing who have had this kind of devastating event in their lives.”
Both Ms. Schmidt and Mr. Pinkerton can be counted among the cohort of their subjects — their university closed for more than two weeks because of poor air quality. In the areas of Northern California down to the Bay Area of San Francisco, the air quality index has rated above 100 or 150 over that time period, unhealthy levels that at points were worse than air quality in China and India.
“I don’t think we’ve ever seen this long period of exposure to this high level of particles,” Mr. Pinkerton said. “That is what makes it so unusual.”
Rain over the coming days is expected to break up the smoke and wash away some of the larger particles clouding the atmosphere, although ultra fine particles, Mr. Pinkerton said, can remain.
“Rain cannot capture those,” he said, adding that it “could be an issue for concern that ultra fine particles may remain in the atmosphere within an area, or transported and being present for a fairly long period of time.”
The concern is mostly for the most vulnerable populations — pregnant women, newborns, children, elderly and those with compromised immune systems — and the general, healthy population are likely to recover, said Cindy Pak, chief of pulmonology at Kaiser Permanente in West Los Angeles.
“For the vast majority of the healthy population and the short term of acute smoke inhalation, which may or may not cause symptoms in these people, it will probably resolve on its own,” Dr. Pak said. “Our bodies are built with pretty robust immune systems that would take care of that.”
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The Sumbanese call their land Tana Humba, meaning homeland. The ancestors are believed to dwell within eight spheres of heaven, and it is understood the spirits have come down to bring civilisation to the homeland. Locals believe that their ancestors arrived on the northeastern coast of the island and that in ancient times a stone bridge connected Sumba to the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. A natural disaster is said to have destroyed the bridge, and so isolated Sumba from its neighbouring islands.
Each of the clans living in Sumba has built up a specific social structure with complex rituals and other traditions around birth, marriage, initiation and funerals. To this day, these rituals and traditions are still practiced much as they were in the past.
Each clan, mountain, tree, animal, forest, lake and coastal area is believed to have its own spirits. The spirits of nature and the ancestral spirits take on many forms including huge carved objects, and megalithic stones, and are reflected in the special towering and ornate Sumbanese houses used for worship. According to Daniel, these are designed to represent reaching up to heaven.
Sumba Island is only 50 minutes flight from Bali and offers the traveller a glimpse into a very old culture which has not yet been drawn into the modern world. A sense of balance and respect for all things pervades the culture. It is sustained by unique rituals such as the Pasola which seek to maintain a peaceful and productive relationship with the heavenly spirits and keeps tradition very much alive on the island.
For more information and reservation write email@example.com
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So what is a database?
It is an organized collection of information that allows a user to search for a particular topic, article, or book. You can search for these in a variety of ways, for example, with keywords, subject, author, or title.
Information found through internet search engines such as Google are generally free. But library databases are purchased because these databases contain scholarly peer-reviewed articles and information. SRC library services pay a fee to database providers in order to access these licensed collections.
Accessing Databases from Off Campus
Access is available to students on all SRC campuses and from off campus with your library card number. When prompted for this number be sure to use a capital D and your digits with no spaces in between, for example D8691xxxxx.
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Wife of Revolutionary War General Daniel Morgan
Daniel Morgan was born in 1736 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Lloyd) Morgan. After quarreling with his father, Daniel left home at the age of 16. After working at odd jobs in Pennsylvania, he moved to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, where he worked as a farm laborer and teamster – a driver of a team of horses doing hauling.
|General Daniel Morgan|
Morgan was a large man and poorly educated, but also strong and not afraid of hard work. He saved enough money to buy his own wagon and team at the age of 19, and transported supplies to the frontier posts of Virginia. A legendary brawler and drinker in a country full of brawlers and drinkers, he found plenty of work hauling farm produce to market from the backwoods over the mountains. By 1758 he was settled near Winchester, Virginia.
Morgan served as a civilian teamster during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In spring 1756, while taking supplies to Fort Chiswell, Morgan irritated a British officer who struck him with the flat of his sword. He then knocked the officer out with one punch. For that he was punished with 500 lashes on his bare back (usually fatal), and thus acquired a hatred for the British Army.
In 1758, he joined a local company of rangers. As he and two escorts were returning from Fort Edwards with a dispatch for the commanding officer at Winchester, Virginia, Indians ambushed them. The escorts were killed, while Morgan was seriously wounded by a bullet that hit the back of his neck, knocked out all the teeth in his left jaw and exited his cheek.
Home and Family
After the frontier grew quiet, Morgan returned to working as a teamster. He also continued his brawling and rough ways, but he always saved his money and in 1759 he bought a house in Winchester, Virginia.
By 1763 he had taken a sweetheart, Abigail Curry, and the two set up housekeeping and produced two daughters before being legally married. (Daughters Nancy and Betsy both married Revolutionary War veterans.) Abigail settled him down and taught him to read and write. By 1774, when Daniel and Abigail married, he owned 255 acres and was a prosperous farmer with ten slaves, a captain of militia, and a respected citizen of the community.
Meanwhile his marriage to Abigail gradually transformed him from a boisterous, pugnacious youth into a high spirited man, eager to improve his mind and live a more respectable life. After his harrowing experiences in the Quebec Expedition, Morgan named their home Soldier’s Rest.
The Revolutionary War
By 1775 Morgan was a back-country soldier, proficient in Indian fighting and using the American rifle – a long, slender weapon of great range and accuracy. After the Revolutionary War began in spring 1775, the Continental Congress authorized the raising of two rifle companies from Virginia, and Morgan was chosen to lead one of them and was given the rank of captain. He raised ninety-six men in ten days.
On July 15, 1775, Morgan’s Riflemen set out from Winchester, Virginia, and marched 600 miles in only 21 days, arriving in Boston, Massachusetts, on August 6, 1775, to support the Siege of Boston. The rifle, a frontiersman’s weapon, was scarcely known in New England and Morgan’s company caused quite a stir. More to the point, they helped create an almost pathological fear of rifle companies among the British rank and file.
Morgan soon attracted the notice of General Washington and other officers of the Continental army. When Congress decided to invade Canada, Morgan volunteered for Colonel Benedict Arnold‘s expedition to Quebec in September 1775. Captain Morgan’s company was selected, and Arnold then named Morgan commander of all three rifle companies for the duration of the expedition. These frontiersmen from the Virginia and Pennsylvania wilderness were well suited for wilderness combat
As the expedition set out from Maine, Morgan was chosen to lead the advance party. Arnold and Morgan had tempers and exchanged cross words on more than one occasion, but they respected each other and fought well together. Even after Arnold’s treason, Morgan continued to speak fondly of him.
During the assault on Quebec on December 31, 1775, Arnold was wounded, and at the insistence of the other officers, Morgan assumed command. They penetrated into the lower city, but he reluctantly surrendered to overwhelming odds. Morgan was among the 372 men captured. He remained a prisoner of war until exchanged in January 1777.
When he rejoined Washington early in 1777, Morgan was surprised to learn that he had been promoted to colonel for his efforts at Quebec. He was assigned to raise and command a new infantry regiment, the 11th Virginia Regiment of the Continental Line.
Washington, by now well aware of Morgan’s abilities, assigned his rifle corps to harass British General William Howe’s rear guard during their entire withdrawal across New Jersey during the winter and spring of 1777. On June 13, 1777, Morgan was also placed in command of the Provisional Rifle Corps, a unit of 500 riflemen.
Battles of Saratoga
By late summer, the Americans faced a threat in New York state as British General John Burgoyne marched from Canada with the intention seizing the Hudson River, thus dividing New England from the rest of the colonies. Morgan’s regiment was reassigned to the Continental army’s Northern Department and on August 30, 1777, he joined General Horatio Gates.
The two armies clashed near Saratoga, New York, in a two-day battle (September 19 and October 7, 1777) generally considered the turning point of the war. It was a decisive victory, when the Americans badly needed a win, and it played no small part in influencing the French government to officially enter the war on the side of the struggling colonies.
Morgan’s troops fought so well at the Battles of Freeman’s Farm and Bemis Heights that when Washington requested their return, Gates replied that he could not spare “the corps the army of General Burgoyne are most afraid of.” Morgan’s riflemen had exacted heavy tolls at the Battles of Saratoga.
At Bemis Heights, Gates countered the British by ordering Colonel Morgan’s riflemen to cross through the woods to flank Burgoyne’s force. Fierce fighting drove the British back to their own fortifications and only darkness saved them from being overrun by the Americans.
Morgan is prominently depicted in the painting of the Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga by John Trumbull.
After Burgoyne’s surrender, Washington recalled Morgan to assist in the campaign around Philadelphia. Morgan rejoined the main army on November 18, 1777, and skirmished and scouted for Washington throughout New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the fall and winter of 1777. Though not actually engaged at the battle of Monmouth, he effectively pursued the British after that engagement.
Morgan’s friendship with General Gates was strained for a time when he refused to support Gates in his efforts to replace General Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in late 1777 and 1778. Gates insulted Washington by sending reports directly to Congress instead of to Washington, his superior officer. Through the efforts of Gates and his friends, Congress did briefly consider replacing Washington with Gates.
Throughout 1778 Morgan hit British columns and supply lines in New Jersey, but was not involved in any major battles. After the Battle of Monmouth, he actively pursued the withdrawing British forces and captured many prisoners and supplies. When the Virginia Line was reorganized on September 14, 1778, Morgan became the colonel of the 7th Virginia Regiment.
Colonel Daniel Morgan was continually passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress. The standing policy was that a state could only have as many brigadier generals as units supplied by the state and Virginia had already met its quota. Morgan was deeply offended.
He also had health problems – his legs and back aggravated by the abuse taken during the Quebec Expedition. He suffered from severe sciatica, which he described as “a glimmering glimpse of eternity.” Morgan resigned from the army on June 30, 1779. Congress refused his resignation and instead granted him a furlough, so he went home.
Over the next year Abigail treated him with cold baths and herbal remedies, but Morgan would never again be free of back problems.
On May 7, 1780, Congress ordered Morgan to join General Horatio Gates, who had taken over command of the Southern Department. Morgan was still in great pain from sciatica. But after he learned that Gates had been defeated at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, in August 1780, Morgan set out for headquarters in North Carolina.
Morgan arrived in September and on October 2, Gates, with whom he had become reconciled, gave him command of a light infantry corps. On October 13, 1780, Congress finally promoted Morgan to brigadier general. From October to December, Morgan’s order from Gates was to scout and campaign between Camden, South Carolina, and Charlotte, North Carolina.
General Nathanael Greene arrived early in December to replace General Gates. Greene had quickly earned the respect of George Washington, who regarded him as one of his most valuable officers. On December 3, 1780, Brigadier General Daniel Morgan rode into Charlotte, North Carolina, to greet his new commander.
Greene had decided to split his army and annoy the enemy in order to buy time to rebuild the force that Gates had lost in Camden. Greene ordered Morgan and his 700 men to forage and harass the enemy in the South Carolina backcountry, but to avoid direct battle. Morgan left Charlotte on December 21, 1780.
When Greene’s strategy became apparent, British General Charles Cornwallis immediately ordered Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton to pursue Morgan. After playing cat and mouse with Tarleton for three weeks, Morgan decided to disobey his orders and set up a direct confrontation.
From his officers, who were experienced in fighting Tarleton, Morgan learned of Tarleton’s tendency for a quick frontal charge and that he lacked respect for the Patriot militia. Morgan, one of the most gifted battlefield tacticians of the Revolutionary War, formulated a plan to exploit Tarleton’s tendencies.
Battle of Cowpens
Morgan chose Cowpens – a well-known pasturing area for cattle in the upcountry of South Carolina – as his battleground because of the hills in its geography. He spent the night before the battle going around his camp, encouraging his men and especially the militia, to give him two shots.
On the morning of January 17, 1781, Morgan formed three lines near a winter cattle enclosure to await Tarleton’s attack. When Lt. Colonel Tarleton arrived at Cowpens, he found Morgan had placed the militia under the command of Andrew Pickens on the front line. Tarleton quickly ordered his veteran troops to advance. The militia fired two rounds and retreated.
The British then penetrated the second line of militia in a similar fashion, thinking they had won an easy victory. Tarleton saw the retreat as the beginning of a rout similar to what had happened at Camden in August when the militia had fled and left Gates’ Continental forces vastly outnumbered.
But the British were met with deadly fire and a bayonet attack from Morgan’s main line. Tarleton ordered a charge, but the British soon found themselves double-flanked and were forced to surrender. In less than an hour, Tarleton’s 1076 men had suffered 110 killed and 830 captured.
Although Tarleton escaped, the Americans captured all his supplies and equipment. Morgan’s cunning plan at Cowpens is widely considered to be the tactical masterpiece of the war. Cornwallis had lost not only Tarleton’s legion, but also his light infantry, which limited his speed of reaction for the rest of the campaign.
Before long the damp and chill of the campaign brought on another severe bout of sciatica; after a week on the road Morgan was in constant pain and could no longer ride. He held his army together until its rendezvous with Greene’s, but soon after he applied for a furlough. Greene discharged him most reluctantly, and Morgan headed home for another series of cold baths. On February 10, 1781, he returned to his Virginia farm.
By the Act of Congress March 9, 1781:
The United States in congress assembled, considering it as a tribute due to distinguished merit to give a public approbation of the conduct of Brigadier-General Morgan and of the officers and men under his command on 17 January last, when with 80 cavalry and 237 infantry of the troops of the United States and 553 men from the States of Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, he obtained a complete and important victory over a select and well appointed detachment of more that 1,100 British troops commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton, do therefore resolve that the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be given to Brigadier General Morgan and the officers and men under his command for their fortitude and good conduct displayed in the action at the Cowpens in the State of South Carolina on the 17th day of January last; that a medal of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Morgan with emblems and mottoes descriptive of his conduct on that memorable day.
The war had only eight more months to run. Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, and Morgan was called to arrange housing at Winchester for the British prisoners. He then resigned his commission for good. He was 46 years old, and had served more than six years in the Revolutionary War.
Mount Hebron Cemetery
In 1782, Daniel Morgan built a new home near Winchester, Virginia, which he named Saratoga after the famous battle, where Morgan and his Virginia Riflemen played such a critical role. The home was constructed of native limestone quarried from nearby Opequon Creek. This is where General Morgan spent the last years of his life.
On March 25, 1790, Morgan was awarded a gold medal from Congress in recognition of his victory at the Battle of Cowpens.
In 1794, the major general returned to active duty to lead a group of militia against protesters during the Whiskey Rebellion. By presenting a massive show of force, he managed to resolve the protests without a shot being fired.
Morgan’s business dealings in land speculation resulted in his owning over 250,000 acres by 1795.
Morgan ran for election to the U.S. House of Representatives twice, as a Federalist. He lost in 1794, but won next time and served a term from 1797 to 1799, but was too ill to run for reelection in 1799.
General Daniel Morgan died at home July 6, 1802, on his 66th birthday. He was buried in Old Stone Presbyterian Church graveyard, but was moved to the Mt. Hebron Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia, after the Civil War.
From the Pittsburgh Gazette
Friday Evening July 16, 1802
Died on Tuesday morning the 6th instant at his house in Winchester, VA. General Daniel MORGAN, at an advanced age. His distinguished service during the Revolutionary War, entitled him to rank among the first who fought and suffered for American Independence – his remains were interred with military honors on the 7th in the presence of a multitude of sympathizing friends, whose countenances acknowledged his merits, and indicated their belief that our country had lost one of its firmest supporters.
Abigail Curry Morgan died May 20, 1816, in Russellville, Logan County, Kentucky.
In December 1821, the General Assembly of Virginia approved the organization of Morgan County, named in Daniel Morgan’s honor.
General Daniel Morgan is considered one of the fathers of today’s United States Special Forces Army Rangers. Five hundred of Morgan’s riflemen fought under George Washington and inflicted great losses on the British troops making them the most feared corp of the Continental Army.
In 1881, on the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Cowpens, a statue of Morgan was placed in the central town square of Spartanburg, South Carolina. In 1973, Morgan’s home Saratoga was declared a National Historic Landmark. Morgan and his actions served as one of the sources for the fictional character of Benjamin Martin in The Patriot, a motion picture released in 2000.
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As of 1 Januarythe population of Russia isRepejtigny Crimea and Sevastopol, whose annexation is not recognised by most Pkpulation members. Including Crimea and Sevastopol, the population isas of January 1, As ofRussia's TFR of 1.
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Also if you have questions and want some expert answers try heading to this website http://green-plastics.net and just post your question on the Q&A board, they will be able to help out with your question in a more timely manner!
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For this instructable, I will describe how to make plastic from scratch, by extracting starch from a potato, and processing it into a resin with household items. If you don't feel like taking the time to extract the starch from a potato, you can just use corn starch instead. This is a project for all you environmentalists, tree hungers, global warming believers (I am not one by the way), and especially you Al Gore.
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The US space agency is exploring the possibility of developing a massively multiplayer online (MMO) game. The virtual world would be aimed at students and would "simulate real Nasa engineering and science missions". The agency has published a "request for information" (RFI) from organisations interested in developing the platform. Nasa believe the game would help find the next generation of scientists and engineers needed to fulfil its "vision for space exploration". "A high quality synthetic gaming environment is a vital element of Nasa's educational cyberstructure," the RFI reads. "The MMO will foster career exploration opportunities in a much deeper way than reading alone would permit and at a fraction of the time and cost of an internship program."
View: Full Story @ BBC News
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Unsustainable collection practices are threatening the survival of many of the plant species used in traditional and modern medicines. After three years of collaboration between conservation groups, the first set of principles and criteria for the sustainable wild collection of medicinal plants was introduced.
Concern over the decline in medicinal and aromatic plant populations and supplies, has been growing for some years and the new standard addresses requests from industry, governments, organic certifiers, resource managers and collectors for a means of assessing the sustainability of wild collection.
The new International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC-MAP) has been produced by the World Wildlife Fund, the World Conservation Union (IUCN-SSC) Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, TRAFFIC the wildlife monitoring network, and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN).
This document is designed to help the people involved in the harvest, management, trade, manufacture and sale of wild-collected medicinal and aromatic plant resources to understand and comply with the conditions under which sustainable collection of these resources can take place.
It also provides potential frameworks for addressing a rising consumer concern and desire for information on the sustainability and ethical implications of products.
IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC are working together in several countries to apply the ISSC-MAP to certification, resource management, and development of national laws and policies. They are also working with several independent companies and industry associations – currently in the Ukraine, Morocco and Bosnia-Herzegovina – to implement the ISSC-MAP through voluntary codes of practice.
“This important effort will benefit the health and well-being of both the ecosystems they are part of, and the local people who depend on them for their livelihoods”, stresses Dr. Susan Liebermann, Director of WWF’s Species Program.
The process of developing the principles and criteria that make up the ISSC-MAP has also involved an international, multi-stakeholder advisory group representing industry, independent certifiers, organizations working on fair trade, sustainable livelihoods and sustainable agriculture and forestry.
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All publicly accessible websites are seen as constituting a mammoth "World Wide Web" Bold text of information.
The pages of a website will be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites.
Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many Internet pornography sites, parts of many news sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail services, and sites providing real-time stock market data.
The first on-line website appeared in 1991. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. A copy of the original first Web page, created by Tim Berners-Lee, is kept here.
A website may be the work of an individual, a business or other organization and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.
Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software program called a Web browser, also known as an HTTP client. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer based and Internet enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs and cell phones.
A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these system and that retrieves and delivers the Web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used Web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.
A static website, is one that has content that is not expected to change frequently and is manually maintained by some person or persons using some type of editor software. There are three broad categories of editor software used for this purpose which are
- Text editors. such as Notepad or TextEdit, where the HTML is manipulated directly within the editor program
- WYSIWYG editors. such as Microsoft FrontPage and Macromedia Dreamweaver, where the site is edited using a GUI interface and the underlying HTML is generated automatically by the editor software
- Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload websites to a web server without having to know anything about HTML, as they just pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a DTP-like fashion without ever having to see any HTML code.
A dynamic website is one that has frequently changing information or interacts with the user from various methods (HTTP cookies or database variables e.g., previous history, session variables, server side variables, e.g., environmental data, etc.) or direct interaction (form elements, mouseovers, etc. When the Web server receives a request for a given page, the page is automatically retrieved from storage by the software in response to the page request, thus opening up many possibilities, including for example: a site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.
There is a wide range of software systems, such as ColdFusion (CFM), Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Server Pages (JSP) and the PHP programming language that are available to generate dynamic Web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrieved from one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.
Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.
As noted above, there are several different spellings for this term. Although "website" is commonly used, the Associated Press Stylebook, Reuters, Microsoft, academia, and dictionaries such as Oxford and Merriam-Webster use the two-word, capitalised spelling "Web site". This is because "Web" is not a general term but a shortened form of "World Wide Web". An alternative version of the two-word spelling is not capitalised. As with many newly created terms, it may take some time before a common spelling is finalised. (This controversy also applies to derivative terms such as "Web master"/"webmaster".)
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Canadian Press Stylebook list "website" and "web page" as the preferred spellings.
Types of websites
There are many varieties of Web sites, each specialising in a particular type of content or use, and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. A few such classifications might include:
- Affiliate: enabled portal that renders not only its custom CMS but also syndicated content from other content providers for an agreed fee. There are usually three relationship tiers. Affiliate Agencies (e.g Commission Junction), Advertisers (e.g Ebay) and consumer (e.g Yahoo). Combinations exist (e.g Adbrite).
- Archive site: used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) Web pages; and Google Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.
- Blog (or Web log) site: site used to log online readings or to post online diaries; may include discussion forums. Examples: blogger, Xanga.
- Business site: used for promoting a business or service.
- Commerce site or eCommerce site: for purchasing goods, such as Amazon.com.
- Community site: a site where persons with similar interests communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards, such as MySpace.
- Database site: a site whose main use is the search and display of a specific database's content such as the Internet Movie Database or the Political Graveyard.
- Development site: a site whose purpose is to provide information and resources related to software development, Web design and the like.
- Directory site: a site that contains varied contents which are divided into categories and subcategories, such as Yahoo! directory, Google directory and Open Directory Project.
- Download site: strictly used for downloading electronic content, such as software, game demos or computer wallpaper.
- Employment website: allows employers to post job requirements for a position or positions to be filled using the internet to advertise world wide. A prospective employee can locate and fill out a job application or submit a resume for the advertised position.
- Game site: a site that is itself a game or "playground" where many people come to play, such as MSN Games and Pogo.com.
- Geodomain refers to domain names that are the same as those of geographic entities, such as cities and countries. For example, Richmond.comis the geodomain for Richmond, Virginia.
- Humor site: satirizes, parodies or otherwise exists solely to amuse.
- Information site: contains content that is intended to inform visitors, but not necessarily for commercial purposes; such as: RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet Lexicon and Encyclopedia. Most government, educational and non-profit institutions have an informational site.
- Java applet site: contains software to run over the Web as a Web application.
- Mirror (computing) site: A complete reproduction of a website.
- News site: similar to an information site, but dedicated to dispensing news and commentary.
- Personal homepage: run by an individual or a small group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the individual wishes to include.
- Phish site: a website created to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business (such as Social Security Administration, PayPal) in an electronic communication. (see Phishing).
- Political site: A Web sites on which people may voice political views.
- Pornography (porn) site: a site that shows pornographic images and videos.
- Rating site: A site on which people can praise or disparage what is featured. Examples: ratemycar.com, ratemygun.com, ratemypet.com, hotornot.com.
- Review site: A site on which people can post reviews for products or services.
- Search engine site: a site that provides general information and is intended as a gateway or lookup for other sites. A pure example is Google, and the most widely known extended type is Yahoo!.
- Shock site: includes images or other material that is intended to be offensive to most viewers. Examples: rotten.com, ratemypoo.com.
- Gripe site: a Web site devoted to the critique of a person, place, corporation, government, or institution.
- Web portal site: a website that provides a starting point, a gateway, or portal, to other resources on the Internet or an intranet.
- Wedsite: a website that details a couple's wedding event, often sharing stories, photos, and event information.
- Wiki site: a site which users collaboratively edit (such as Wikipedia).
Some sites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of eCommerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site). A fan site may be a vanity site on which the administrator is paying homage to a celebrity.
Websites are constrained by architectural limits (e.g. the computing power dedicated to the website). Very large websites, such as Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Google, employ many servers and load balancing equipment, such as Cisco Content Services Switches.
In October of 2006, Netcraft, an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, says a mammoth milestone was reached. Netcraft reported that there are currently 100 million Web sites with domain names and content on them, compared to just 18,000 Web sites in August 1995.
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How do you explain due process?
Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.
What is due process essay?
Due Process is a fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the government acts to take away one’s life, liberty, or property.
Why is due process important essay?
With that said due process protects us against our rights being violated for no reason. The government doesn’t have power to do anything such as search private homes and papers, conduct wiretaps, seize evidence, or charge people with crimes without reasonable cause.
What is the due process clause in simple terms?
The Due Process Clause guarantees due process of law before the government may deprive someone of life, liberty, or property. In other words, the Clause does not prohibit the government from depriving someone of substantive rights such as life, liberty, or property; it simply requires that the government follow …
What are the 2 types of due process?
Due process under the Fourteenth Amendment can be broken down into two categories: procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process, based on principles of “fundamental fairness,” addresses which legal procedures are required to be followed in state proceedings.
What are examples of due process?
For example, a state might fire someone from a government job, send defendant to prison, revoke a prisoner’s parole, or cut someone’s social security payments or other welfare benefits. Due process does not prohibit these actions, but it does require that certain procedures be followed before any action is taken.
What are 3 components of due process of law?
The Elements of Due ProcessInitiation of the Prosecution. Clarity in Criminal Statutes: The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine. Entrapment. Criminal Identification Process. Fair Trial. Prosecutorial Misconduct. Proof, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions. The Problem of the Incompetent or Insane Defendant.
What is another word for due process?
In this page you can discover 6 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for due process, like: due-process-of-law, actionability, legalism, equity, justice and right.
What is another word for ordinance?
Some common synonyms of ordinance are canon, law, precept, regulation, rule, and statute.
What is another word for defendant?
In this page you can discover 27 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for defendant, like: offender, prisoner at the bar, respondent, the accused, defense, litigant, appellant, party, accuser, complainant and plaintiff.
What is the meaning of defendant?
(Entry 1 of 2) law. : a person or group against whom a criminal or civil action is brought : someone who is being sued or accused of committing a crime if the jury finds the defendant not guilty — compare plaintiff.
What part of speech is defendant?
adjective. making one’s defense; defending: a defendant corporation.
What’s the opposite of defendant?
In the U.S. state civil courts, the opposite of defendant (or respondent) can be plaintiff, petitioner or claimant (least used in civil courts). In U.S. federal district courts, the opposite of defendant is plaintiff in civil suits. [It is also plaintiff in federal criminal actions.
What’s the opposite of dependent?
What is the opposite of dependent?independentclearexemptfreeunconditionalunaffected byunburdened by
What does accused mean?
Accused is an adjective that means charged with a crime or other offense. Accused is also used as a noun to refer to a person or people who have been charged with a crime, often as the accused. To accuse someone of something means to say that they are guilty of it.
What is the opposite of victim?
Opposite of a person harmed or killed as a result of an unfortunate event or action. assailant. antagonist. perpetrator. attacker.
What is it called when you blame the victim?
Victim blaming is a devaluing act that occurs when the victim(s) of a crime or an accident is held responsible — in whole or in part — for the crimes that have been committed against them.
What is a culprit?
1 : one accused of or charged with a crime The culprit pleaded “not guilty.” 2 : one guilty of a crime or a fault The culprit expressed remorse at his sentencing.
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Privacy concerns used to involve someone stealing your wallet or finding sensitive information in your garbage. Now most everyone carries their entire digital identity in their pocket, and it’s ripe for exploitation by hackers and criminals.
Maintaining your privacy in the digital age can be difficult, especially on your mobile device. If you want to stay safe–and keep your identity intact–there are a few basic things you can do to audit your security without downloading a single app.
1. Use a passcode or fingerprint
The most common sense–and easiest–way to make sure your smartphone is secure is to always have a passcode or fingerprint unlock turned on. There are always ways around this basic type of security, but it adds an essential layer of security that’s going to stop most people.
2. Audit app permissions
Even legitimate apps can request unneeded permissions that compromise security. Don’t ignore the permissions an app is asking for–most don’t need much, and if something seems fishy, Google the app to be sure other people haven’t experienced problems.
SEE: Keep smartphones backdoor free, urges cybersecurity expert Susan Landau (TechRepublic)
You can also review permissions of installed apps on Android by opening Settings, tapping on Privacy, and then tapping on App Permissions. It breaks permissions down by category and allows you to review what apps have access to which part of your phone.
iOS functions similarly: open Settings, tap on Privacy, and choose the particular part of your device you want to check. Apps that have requested particular permissions will show up in certain categories, allowing you to toggle their access on and off.
3. Make sure “Find My Phone” services are activated
Both Android and iOS offer device location services, provided you’ve installed the appropriate apps, set them up, and given the software permission to run. In the event of theft these services allow you remotely lock, wipe, and deactivate your device to prevent any theft of private information.
Losing your phone is horrible, but losing your identity is far worse.
4. Don’t ignore updates
A device with an outdated OS is ripe for compromise. Keeping your smartphone up to date is just as important as keeping your PC updated. Lots of small updates to iOS and Android are plugging security holes. If your device isn’t running the newest version you could fall prey to hacks that would have been simple to avoid.
5. Turn on Do Not Track in your web browser
Both Safari and Chrome have options to tell websites not to track you, which is how they gather advertising data and other personally identifying info. Turning this option on in both browsers eliminates one more leak of personal info. Many websites may not use that data maliciously, but you’re always better safe than sorry.
In Chrome, open browser settings, tap on Privacy, and toggle send usage data to never. To disable tracking in Safari, open the Settings app, scroll down to Privacy & Security and toggle Do Not Track on.
- Android backdoor is secretly sending user data and texts to China, and no one knows why (TechRepublic)
- Need a secure smartphone? Answer is simple, experts say (ZDNet)
- Privacy issues abound as UK passes controversial ‘snoopers’ charter’ (TechRepublic)
- UnaPhone Zenith promises to protect your privacy — but there’s a catch (ZDNet)
- Health apps may pose major privacy concerns (CBS News)
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The Digital Divide
Here are resource lists for your students to use as they complete the lesson activities. Print the Student Organizer and distribute copies to each of your students.
Digial Divide Resource List
Martin Luther King, Jr. Resource List
Research Resource Chart
Time allotment: This lesson can be modified to fit the time that is available for it.
Have there been events in history where one group has had privileges or access to resources that were denied another group because of race, gender, or socioeconomic status?
- Who was effected by the "divide?"
- Was there more then one group effected by the "divide?"
- Does that "divide" still exist today?
- What is a "divide?"
Keeping Track of Research Results
Use the Resource Chart to gather the following information:
- What research tool you used?
- How Many resources did you locate?
- When are these resources available to you?
For each resource identify the following
- What is the resource
- When was the resource published?
- Who wrote and published the resource?
- How many copies of the resource are available?
- Do you think the information is up to date?
- How do you know the information is accurate?
Is Technology Important?
- What divide did you research?
- Who did it effect?
- What research tool did you use?
- What were its strengths and weaknesses?
Who has access to technology?
- Who did you contact to find out about students access to technology?
- Do all students have equal access to technology?
- Are there specific groups of people who not have access to technology?
- Where did you locate your information?
Solving the Problem
- What "divide" did you research?
- Who did this "divide" effect? (Here, the teacher may want to guide the students to understand that although not everyone is directly affected by a "divide", we are all affected by the suppression of others).
- Was the information you found consistent with what you knew about the "divide"? What was similar and what was different?
- From whose point of view was the information you found? Was it biased?
- Does the "divide" still exist today?
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