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Accounting underlies finance, business, and enables the levying of taxes for raising armies, building cities, and managing resources at scale. In fact, it is the way that the world keeps track of almost everything of value.
Accounting predates money, and was originally used by ancient communities to track and manage their limited resources. There are accounting records from Mesopotamia dating back more than 7,000 years, listing the exchange of goods. Over time, accounting became the language and information infrastructure for trade. Accounting and auditing enabled the creation of vast empires, such as those built by the Egyptians and the Romans.
As accounting scaled, it made sense to go from counting sheep, bushels of grain, and cords of wood, to calculating and managing resources using their exchange value in terms of an abstract unit: money. In addition to exchange, money allowed for recording and managing obligations. So where earlier bookkeeping just kept records of promises and exchanges between individuals (Alice lent Bob a goat on this date), money opened up a new realm of accounting by dramatically simplifying the management of accounts and allowing markets, companies, and governments to scale. However, through the centuries, this once powerful simplification has a resulted in a surprising downside-a downside made worse in today's digitally connected world.
While companies today use enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to keep track of widgets, contractual obligations, and employees, the accounting system-and the laws that support it-require us to convert just about everything into monetary value, and enter it into a ledger system based on the 700-year-old double-entry bookkeeping method. This is the very same system used by the Florentine merchants of the 13th century and described by Luca Pacioli, the "father of accounting," in his book Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalità, published 1494.
When you take, for instance, a contract that pays out $1 million if it rains tomorrow, and put it into your accounts, you will be required to guess the chance of rain-maybe 50 percent-and value that asset at something like $500,000. The contract will actually never pay out $500,000; in the end, it will either be worth zero (no rain) or $1 million (rain). But if you were forced to trade it today, you'd probably sell it for something close to $500,000; so for tax and management purposes, you "value" the contract at $500,000. On the other hand, if you are unable to sell it because there are no buyers, it might actually be valued at zero today by regulators interested in liquidity, but then suddenly valued at $1 million tomorrow if it rains.
Basically, a company's accounts are an aggregate of cells in various ledgers with numbers that represent a numerical value denominated in some currency-yen, dollars, euros, etc.-and those numbers are added up and organized into both a balance sheet and an income statement that show the health of the company to management and investors. They are also used to calculate profits and the amount of tax owed to governments. This balance sheet is a list of assets and liabilities. If you looked in the assets column, you'd have a number of items that you would be reporting as having value, including things like printing presses, lines of code, intellectual property, obligations from people who may or may not pay you in the future, cash in various countries' currencies, and best guesses on things like the future prices of a commodity or the value of another company.
As an auditor, investor, or trading partner, you might want to drill down and try to test the assumptions that the company is making and see what would happen if those were incorrect at the time they were recorded, or turned out to be wrong sometime in the future. You might also want to understand how buying another company would change your own company based on the way your obligations and bets interacted with theirs. You could rack up millions of dollars in auditor fees to "get to the bottom" of any number of assumptions. The process would involve manually reviewing the legal contracts, and also the assumptions made in every cell of every spreadsheet. That's because standard accounting is a very "lossy" process that reduces complex and context-dependant functions and transforms them into static numbers at every step. The underlying information is somewhere, but only exposed with a lot of manual digging.
The modern complex financial system is full of companies that have figured out ways to guess when investors and the companies themselves have made mistakes in their assumptions. These companies bet against a company with inaccurate pricing or take advantage of the gap in information to convert this into financial returns for themselves. When these mistakes are duplicated across the system, it can cause fluctuation amplification that also allows companies to make more money both as markets rise, as well as fall, if they can successfully predict those fluctuations. In fact, as long as the whole system doesn't collapse, smart traders make more money on fluctuation than on stability.
Just like rodent exterminators aren't excited about the idea of rodents being completely eliminated because they would no longer have jobs, those financial institutions that make money by "making the system more efficient and eliminating waste" don't really want a stable system that isn't wasteful.
Right now, the technology of the financial system is built on top of a way of thinking about money and value that was designed back when all we had were pen and paper, and when reducing the complexity of the web of dependencies and obligations was the only way to make the system functionally efficient. The way we reduce complexity is to use a common method of pricing, put elements into categories, and add them up. This just builds on 700-year-old building blocks, trying to make the system "better" by doing very sophisticated analysis of the patterns and information without addressing the underlying problem of a lossy and oversimplified view of the world: a view where everything of "value" should be as quickly as possible recorded as a number.
The standard idea of the "value" of things is a reductionist view of the world that is useful to scale the trading of commodities that are roughly of equal worth to a large set of people. But, in fact, most things have very different values to different people at different times, and I would argue that much-if not most-things of value can't and probably shouldn't be reduced to numbers on a spreadsheet. Financial "value" has a very specific meaning. A home clearly has "value" because someone can live in it and it's useful. However, if no one wants to buy it and no one is buying similar homes on the market, you can't set a price for it; it is illiquid and it is impossible to determine its "fair market value." Some contracts and financial instruments are nonnegotiable, may not have a "fair market value," and may even have no value to you if you needed money (or an apple) RIGHT NOW. Part of the confusion comes from the difficulty of describing legal and mathematical ideas in plain English, and the role of context and timing.
One example is exchange rates. My wife moved to Boston from Japan several years ago, but still converts prices into yen. She sometimes comments on how expensive something has gotten because the value of the yen has diminished. Because most of our earnings and spending are in dollars, I always have to remind her, the "value" in yen is irrelevant to her now, although not irrelevant to her mother, who is in Japan.
We have become accustomed to the notion that things have a "price," and that "price" is equivalent to its "value." But an email from you to me about a feeling that you had about our last conversation is probably valuable to me at a particular time and probably not valuable to most people. A single apple is worth a lot more to a hungry person than the owner of an apple orchard. Context is everything.
"Can't Buy Me Love" - The Beatles
The economics notion of consumers making financial decisions to maximize "utility" as a kind of proxy for happiness is another example of how the notion of a universal system of "value" oversimplifies its complexity-so much so that the models that assume that humans are "economically rational" actors in a marketplace simply don't work. The simplest version of this model would mean that the more money you had, the happier you would be, which Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton argue is true up to about $75,000 a year in annual income.
Today, we have the technology and the computational power to create a system of accounts that could retain and deal with a lot of the complexity that the current system was designed to avoid. There is, for example, no reason that every entry in our books needs to be a number. Each cell could be an algorithmic representation of the obligations and dependencies that it represents. In fact, using machine learning, accounts could become sophisticated probabilistic models for what might happen depending on how things around them change. This would mean that the "value" of any system would change depending on who was asking, their location, and the time parameters.
Today, when a bank regulator conducts a stress test, it gives a bank a scenario-changes in the credit markets or the prices of certain things. The bank is then required to return a report on whether it would crash or remain solvent. This requires a lot of human labor to go through the accounts and run simulations. But what if the accounts were all algorithmic, and instead you could instantly run a program to provide the answer to the question? What if you had a learning model that could answer a more important question: "What sets of changes to the market WOULD make it crash, and why?" That's really what we want to know. We want to know this not just for one bank, but the whole system of banks, investors, and everything that interacts.
When I'm buying something from a company-let's say a credit default swap from your company, AIG-what I would want to know is whether, when the day comes to pay the obligation, in the unlikely chance that the AA mortgage-backed bonds that I was betting against defaulted, would your company be able to pay? Right now, there is no easy way to do this. However, what if all of the obligations and contracts, instead of being written on paper and recorded as numbers, were actually computable and "visible"? You'd immediately be able to see that, in fact, in the scenario in which you'd have to pay me, you'd actually have no money since you'd written similar contracts to so many people that you'd be broke. Right now, even the banks themselves can't see this unless an internal investigator thinks to look for this ahead of time.
Rethinking the Fundamentals of Accounting
With cutting edge cryptography like zero-knowledge proofs and secure multiparty computation, there are ways we might be able to keep these accounts open to each other without compromising business and personal privacy. While computing every contract as a cell in a huge set of accounts, every time anyone asked a question it would exceed even today's computing capacity. But with machine learning and the creation of models, we might be able to dampen, if not stabilize, the massive amplifications of fluctuations. These bubbles and collapses occur today, in part, because we are building our whole system on an oversimplified house of cards, with the handlers having an incentive to make them fragile and opaque in order to introduce inefficiencies they can exploit later to make money for themselves.
I think the current excitement about Bitcoin and distributed ledgers has created a great opportunity to take advantage of its flexible and reprogrammable nature, allowing us to rethink the fundamental system of accounts. I'm much more interested in this than in apps for banks, or even new ideas in finance, which will address some of the symptoms without taking a shot at eliminating one of the root causes of the impossibly complex and outdated system that we've built on a 700 year old double-entry bookkeeping method-the very same system used by the Florentine merchants of the 13th century. It feels like we are using integers when we should be using imaginary numbers. Reinventing accounting should be more like discovering a new number theory than tweaking the algorithms, which is what I feel like we've been doing for the last several hundred years.
Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton. "High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (2010).
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Sexual Addiction Counseling
The American Society of Addiction Medicine describes addiction as a primary, chronic disease where reward, motivation, and memory function in a related circuitry in the brain. Dysfunction in these physiological circuits leads to biological, psychological, social, and spiritual problems. This dysfunction is reflected in an individual pathologically where individuals pursue reward or relief by substance use and other behaviors. Sexual addiction is a progressive intimacy disorder characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts to achieve the kind of “fix” that a person with alcohol use disorder gets from a drink or someone with drug disorder gets from using drugs.
Despite a common misunderstanding, sex addiction is not about “too much sex.” It is a serious problem in which one engages in persistent and escalating sexual behavior patterns despite increasing negative consequences to self-and/or others (SASH Web site, 2007). Like drug or alcohol dependence, it can negatively impact a person’s physical and mental health, personal relationships, quality of life, and safety. Its negative impact on the addict and family members increases as the disorder progresses. Over time, the addict usually has to intensify the addictive behavior to achieve the same results.
For some sex addicts, behavior does not progress beyond compulsive masturbation or the extensive use of pornography, phone, or computer sex services. For others, addiction can involve illegal activities such as exhibitionism, voyeurism, obscene phone calls, or child molestation. For many, addiction to pornography and other compulsive sexual behavior has destroyed their most important relationships. Recovery from sexual addiction involves three critical elements. Like a three-legged stool, all three elements are necessary to bear the weight of recovery. These elements are:
• Intentionality – deciding to do something different and consistently make this choice.
• Process Time – committed to the time it takes to change and not stop because symptoms cease.
• Recovering Community –committed to a recovering community that will provide feedback and accountability.
Using Robert Millers EMDR Positive-Feeling-State-Protocol, clients process maladaptive experiences with compulsive sexual behaviors into adaptive or healthy behaviors. When a person’s brain is exposed to rewarding sexual practices, and it is more about reward circuitry in the brain and related brain structures than the external behaviors that “turn on” that reward circuitry. We target these maladaptive behaviors that clients engage in reaching the positive-feeling-state.
Recovery is possible with the help of others. When seeking help, individuals must be willing to come out of hiding and share with another their most shameful and dark secrets. Sharing the behavior and choices made during addiction breaks the shame that defines the addict as bad and hopeless.
Nurses Resources | Office of Addiction Services and Supports. https://oasas.ny.gov/providers/nurses-resources
Addiction: It Isn’t All a Brain Disease – Getting Back to …. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.taap.org/resource/resmgr/imported/HO%201h%20ItIsntJustBrainDisease%20Bipsychosocial%20TAAP%20SanAntonio%20TX%207%2027%2012.pdf
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A type of binary star system known to erupt in small frequent explosions every few weeks is now known to occasionally erupt in much bigger, cataclysmic blasts as well every 10,000 years or so, according to a new study.
Images from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) confirmed that a shell of gas detected four years ago is left over from a large explosion of a binary star system called Z Camelopardalis, located some 530 light years away.
Z Cam is a type of dwarf novas that currently experiences small explosions every three weeks or so. The new finding supports a 20-year-old theory-for which data never before existed-that double star systems can go through both large and small explosions rather than just one or the other.
"The new images are the strongest evidence yet in favor of the cyclic evolution of these binary stars," said Michael Shara of the American Museum of Natural History, lead author of a research paper on the finding. "It's gratifying to see such strong evidence for this theory finally emerge after all this time."
In 2003, when Shara's co-author Mark Seibert of the Carnegie Institution was looking at images obtained by GALEX, he noticed an odd arc surrounding Z Cam indicative of a massive gas shell.
The shell appeared to be made up of material ejected from the dwarf nova during a massive classical nova explosion, estimated to have taken place between 2,400 and 240 years ago [enhanced image].
"You could actually see it immediately, but we had to convince ourselves that we were really seeing a nova remnant," Seibert said. "If true, it would represent the largest nova remnant yet known. But it was especially shocking to find it associated with such a diminutive dwarf nova system. Everyone was skeptical and it took a considerable amount of time and effort to be certain."
The shell had never been seen before because it can't be detected at visible wavelengths but is easily seen at the ultra violet wavelengths with GALEX. The researchers confirmed their finding by comparing the structure detected by GALEX with data from several other observatories.
The majority of the stars in the universe have at least one or more companions. The stars of these binary systems are held together by gravity and orbit each other. Dwarf novas, such as Z Cam, belong to a class of binary systems called cataclysmic variables where one star is a white dwarf-a dense stellar corpse in the last stages of its life-and the other a red dwarf, a small and cool star.
The red dwarf periodically dumps hydrogen-rich matter onto the surface of its dying companion. This process releases gravitational energy, which is then turned to heat and ends up brightening these systems every few weeks or months.
Classical novas, another subclass of cataclysmic variables, erupt due to a sudden but large dump of material from the red dwarf onto the white dwarf. The explosions, therefore, occur less frequently but with such vigor that they are up to a million times brighter than dwarf novas. Classical novas leave behind larger shells of shocked gas.
Shara said that new finding proves a long-standing theory about dwarf novas-that they also exhibit classical nova behavior and explode in a spectacular fashion every 10,000 years or so.
The study was detailed in the March 8 issue of the journal Nature.
- Top 10 Star Mysteries
- GALEX View of the Andromeda Galaxy
- Video: When Stars Collide
- The 10 Brightest Stars
- All About Stars
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There are many underlying physical and psychological
causes of erectile dysfunction. Reduced blood flow to the penis
and nerve damage are the most common physical causes. Underlying
conditions associated with erectile dysfunction include the
- Arteriosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the
arteries, causes a reduction in blood flow throughout the
body and can lead to impotence. It is associated with age
and accounts for 50% to 60% of impotence in men over 60.
Risk factors for arteriosclerosis include:
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking, which can lead to any of the above risk
factors, is perhaps the most significant risk factor for
impotence related to arteriosclerosis. Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic high levels of blood sugar associated with
diabetes mellitus often damage small blood vessels and
nerves throughout the body, which can impair nerve
impulses and blood flow necessary for erection. About 60%
of men with diabetes experience impotence.
- Over 200 commonly prescribed drugs are known to
cause or contribute to impotence, including drugs for
high blood pressure, heart medications, antidepressants,
tranquilizers, and sedatives. A number of
over-the-counter medications also can lead to impotence.
Long-term use of alcohol and illicit drugs may affect
the vascular and nervous systems and are associated with
- Hormone disorders account for fewer than 5% of
cases of impotence. Testosterone deficiency, which
occurs rarely, can result in a loss of libido (sexual
desire) and loss of erection. Among other conditions,
an excess of the hormone prolactin, caused by
pituitary gland tumor, reduces levels of testosterone.
Hormone imbalances can also result from kidney or
- Spinal cord and brain injuries (e.g.,
paraplegia, stroke) can cause impotence when they
interrupt the transfer of nerve impulses from the
brain to the penis. Other nerve disorders, such as
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and
Alzheimer's disease, may also result in impotence.
Pelvic Trauma, Surgery, Radiation Therapy
- Trauma to the pelvic region or spinal cord can
damage veins and nerves needed for erection.
Surgery of the colon, prostate, bladder, or rectum
may damage the nerves and blood vessels involved
in erection. Prostate and bladder cancer surgery
often require removing tissue and nerves
surrounding a tumor, which increases the risk for
- New nerve-sparing techniques aimed at lowering
the incidence of impotence to 40% to 60% are now
being developed and used in these surgeries.
Temporary impotence is also associated with these
procedures, even those in which nerve-sparing
techniques were used. It can take as long as 6 to
18 months for full erections to return.
- Radical cystectomy (for bladder cancer) and
prostatectomy (for prostate cancer) require
cutting or removing nerves that control penile
blood flow. These nerves do not control sensation
in the penis and are not responsible for orgasms;
only erection is affected by these procedures.
- Radiation therapy for prostate or bladder
cancer also can permanently damage these nerves.
- Peyronie's disease is a rare inflammatory
condition that causes scarring of erectile
tissue. Scarring produces curvature of the penis
that can interfere with sexual function and
cause painful erections.
- If the veins in the penis cannot prevent
blood from leaving the penis during erection,
erection cannot be maintained. Venous leak can
be a result of injury, disease, or damage to
the veins in the penis.
- Depression, guilt, worry, stress, and
anxiety all contribute to loss of libido and
erectile dysfunction. If a man experiences
loss of erection, he may worry that it will
happen again. This can produce anxiety
associated with performance and may lead to
chronic problems during sex. If the cycle is
inescapable, it can result in impotence.
Psychological factors in impotence are often
secondary to physical causes, and they
magnify their significance.
Erectile Dysfunction Causes
Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis
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Another Reason Not to Cut the Grass
A recent study in Australia has found that grass releases a significant amount of hydrocarbon gases when it is cut
When you consider the potential for pollution from power lawn mowers, it makes sense that mowing can be bad for air quality. But pollution from us-ing a push mower? Or even a scythe?
A recent study in Australia has found that grass releases a significant amount of hydrocarbon gases when it is cut. The green stuff naturally gives off the gases, and the emissions rise dramatically when grass is mowed. Scientists from Monash University and CSIRO, the nation´s largest science-research organization, determined that as it grows, grass releases the volatile organic compounds methanol and ethanol, among others. When it is cut, the emissions are 180 times stronger, and they take hours to return to their original level.
The researchers estimate that mowing can account for as much as 10 percent of hydrocarbons entering the atmosphere in a city about the size of Chicago (population 2.8 million). They suggest a ban on mowing during smog-alert days might be appropriate. Conservationists suggest natural landscaping that eliminates grass cutting would be even better.
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HRS 2545 Holyhead, South Stack cliffs and intrusion
A micro-gabbro dyke sits in front of the cliffs. BGS: "South Stack Formation - Psammite And Pelite. Metamorphic Bedrock formed approximately 542 to 635 million years ago in the Ediacaran Period. [Pre-Cambrian] Originally sedimentary rocks formed in deep seas. Later altered by low-grade metamorphism" South Stack lighthouse is clearly visible ion the background.
No EXIF information is available
Categories & Keywords
Keywords:anglesey, cliffs, cymru, dykes, geology, intrusions, lighthouses, pre-cambrian, pyroclastics, rocks, south stack, tehra, tuffs, volcanic, wales
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Cornelia Walther is UNICEF Haiti's Chief of Communication.
Why is Haiti so Vulnerable?
Because of its steep terrain, Haiti is particularly vulnerable to devastating floods. Massive deforestation over decades has left countless hillsides and mountains devoid of the trees that usually hold back water.
With sixty percent of the population living on less than $ 1.25 a day, many families reside in houses that are barely able to withstand heavy rainfall. Typically, these are built of wood with fragile corrugated steel roofs. As I hear the wind intensifying outside, my thoughts are with those families who now feel their walls shake.
Fifty years ago, on September 29, 1966, Hurricane Ines struck Haiti. It was a Category 4 storm — just like Hurricane Matthew on its way today. Hurricane Ines left close to 1,000 people dead, thousands of wounded and over 60,000 homeless. Damage was estimated at $20 million (in 1966 dollars).
Clean drinking water is the first commodity that runs short in an emergency like this. In a country where less than one in five people living in the countryside has access to improved sanitation, and around forty per cent use unprotected water sources, Hurricane Matthew may worsen an already dark situation.
How is UNICEF Helping?
UNICEF teams are ready to ensure that children are protected from harm. Their rights to education, protection, health, water and nutrition are not suspended in times of crises, but weigh even more heavily.
Over the last few days, UNICEF Haiti has been working hand in hand with the government and the humanitarian community in order to position crucial stocks for 10,000 people. Safe water is a top priority, and water bladders and chlorination tablets have been delivered to regional departments via the government’s health department.
UNICEF teams are ready to ensure that children are protected from harm.
Because less than one in seven Haitians has electricity, and literacy rates only range around sixty percent, access to information remains a rare commodity, and yet tomorrow it may be lifesaving.
To better prepare vulnerable families and children for Hurricane Matthew, we are publicizing protection measures as quickly as possible, particularly in Les Cayes, the area that is likely to be the worst affected. Here, agents from the government’s civil protection department and UNICEF’s partners are walking the streets, urging residents to assemble emergency kits, secure their homes and spread preparedness messages to their neighbors.
How Can You Help?
Haiti has so much beauty to share and courage to build upon, that Hurricane Matthew, no matter what its consequences, will not get the upper hand. In the coming days and beyond, we must do whatever we can to support Haitian children, women and men, so that they can survive and thrive.
Banner Photo credit: Schoolgirls at the La Ruche school in Les Cayes, one of the areas of Haiti most vulnerable to Hurricane Matthew's Category 4 winds and drenching rains. © UNICEF/UNI107028/Dormino
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News readers gorge on media messages that fit their pre-existing views, rather than graze on a wider range of perspectives. In other words, they consume what they agree with, researchers say.
The finding comes out of a recent study which tracked how college students spent their time reading media articles on hot-button issues such as abortion or gun ownership.
Unsurprisingly, students gravitated toward articles that supported their views.
"The idea has been around for a very long time, but it has just never been proven," said Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, a communications researcher at Ohio State University. "It's just considered textbook knowledge or lay common sense."
That preference for similar views may also influence hardcore political junkies who prefer to read blogs with strong political views, according to separate research.
However, researchers still don't know how individual uncertainty about political views affects time spent reading one side or the other. And on the flipside, individuals most confident in their political stance may actually seek out opposing views to read.
News that fits your views
Previous studies have asked people about their news reading habits and broad political beliefs, such as liberal or conservative.
But the new Ohio State study took that a step further by observing how 156 college students spent five minutes reading online magazine articles on a computer. The computer recorded the time each student spent looking at pro and con articles about four issues that included abortion, gun ownership, health care and minimum wage.
"A survey isn't the greatest way to get hold of issues," Knobloch-Westerwick told LiveScience. "In my study, we just had people click on things so that we could watch unobtrusively."
As a result, she found that participants spent 36 percent more time reading articles that agreed with their point of view. They had a 58 percent chance of choosing articles that supported their views, as opposed to a 43 percent chance of choosing an article that challenged their view.
Students also commonly spent time reading both sides on any given issue, according to the study, which is detailed in the June issue of the journal Communication Research. However, very few clicked just on articles that opposed their views.
How political junkies read
Only 5 percent of online news readers go to political blogs on a daily basis, according to a new book by a different researcher, yet many represent the most politically active consumers of the news.
Such readers may prefer blogs over mainstream media sources because they suspect bias in the latter, said Richard Davis, a political scientist at Brigham Young University in Utah.
"They're clearly disenchanted with traditional media," Davis said. "That's why they read blogs in the first place — in their view, they see blogs as more accurate."
Davis worked with several independent firms to conduct nationally representative public opinion surveys of both political blog readers and journalists for his book, "Typing Politics" (Oxford University Press, 2009). He also focused on seven of the top political blogs, which at the time included Daily Kos on the left and Michelle Malkin on the right.
Such political blogs are up front with their political views, and typically "echo" the news reported by traditional journalists while adding their own spin or analysis.
But among the hardcore political junkies, 30 percent told the survey that blogs are more accurate, whereas only 8 percent said traditional media was more accurate. About 40 percent gave equal marks to both.
This trust in blogs over traditional media does not carry over to general readers, Davis cautioned. Less frequent blog readers usually give equal weight to blogs and traditional media. And overall, general readers still put more faith in traditional media.
Conservatives buck the trend
Some findings from both researchers suggest that individual confidence and certainty play a role in what people choose to read.
People with stronger party affiliation, conservative political views, and greater interest in politics proved more likely to click on articles with opposing views, according to the Ohio State study.
"It appears that people with these characteristics are more confident in their views and so they’re more inclined to at least take a quick look at the counterarguments," Knobloch-Westerwick noted.
However, Knobloch-Westerwick added that her latest study was not designed to assess reader motives, and that she hopes to more carefully study the issue in the future.
The Brigham Young University survey found that journalists also tended to read liberal blogs — perhaps a reflection of journalists' political beliefs, although even conservatives said liberal blogs were often better-written, Davis pointed out.
Among the political blog readers, a similar trend emerged in which "liberals read almost exclusively liberal blogs, but conservatives tend to read both," Davis said.
Davis offered another possible explanation for this trend among blog readers. Conservative views dominate talk radio, and so conservatives may feel more satisfied by that outlet and are willing to check out opposing views on blogs.
By contrast, liberal views dominate the blogosphere, but are scant on talk radio.
Winning hearts and minds … or not
The big question that remains is whether consuming all this news affects or changes people's views, or simply hardens original beliefs.
Experts have fretted for a while about how people tend to read only what agrees with them. But current research suggests that it's amazing that people ever change their views, Knobloch-Westerwick said.
Some researchers have even begun examining how political leanings are rooted in biology, and the combined influences of genetics or life experiences. A separate recent study suggests that men with more daughters are more likely to take a liberal point of view, while women who have more sons may lean more conservative.
Still, having hardened political views bolstered by media messages might not represent all bad news for a democratic society.
"People who spend more time with messages that bolster their views are more likely to engage in political action, something that's very desirable from a democratic point of view," Knobloch-Westerwick said.
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A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2020; you can also visit the original URL.
The file type is
Deformation monitoring is one of the most mature applications of space-borne InSAR technique. Firstly, we introduce the basic principle of InSAR in the monitoring of deformation and the current SAR satellites. The deformation monitoring methods of InSAR are then classified into the groups of D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, SBAS-InSAR, DS-InSAR and MAI, which are analyzed in the aspects of technical features and application scopes. Subsequently, we analyze the research progress and deficiencies of InSAR indoi:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170350 doaj:d9540582b162449393d5656145fefec3 fatcat:ekvboyifubaifatfcpfddpy6xe
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« ПретходнаНастави »
of February, 1805, he appeared at the bar of the Senate and opened the case, in a speech occupying one hour and a half. The result of this novel and exciting trial is well known. During the same session, Mr. Randolph delivered his celebrated speech on the Yazoo Question, a full account of which will be found in Mr. Garland's interesting volume.
Pending the difficulties between the United States and Great Britain, in 1805-6, many plans of action were proposed both in the Senate and House of Representatives. Mr. Gregg's resolution, the prominent one in the House, suggested a prohibition of all intercourse between the two nations, until England would consent to arrange the matters in dispute on fair terms. This professed to be a peace measure; but many of its friends discussed it as a war measure; Mr. Randolph so regarded it, and on the fifth day of March, 1806, he delivered an able and eloquent speech against it. By many, this effort was regarded as his most forcible and patriotic. It caused general remark in England, where it was republished, soon after its delivery, with a comprehensive introduction by the author of the celebrated pamphlet, War in Disguise. Mr. Randolph combated, with energy and resolution, every measure that tended to weaken the bonds of peace between the United States and Great Britain. His speech on an increase in the army, delivered in the lower House of Congress, on the tenth of December, 1811, contributed to that end.
Early in April, 1812, President Madison sent in a secret message recommending an immediate embargo. The Committee of Foreign Relations, anticipating the message, had already prepared a bill, which was read twice, reported to the Committee of the Whole, referred back to the House, and immediately put on its passage. The question was asked by one of the members whether the bill was to be considered as a peace measure, or a precursor to war. He was answered that it was understood as a war measure; "and it is meant,” said the member, " that it shall lead directly to it.” Approbation of the message and the proposition before the House was then expressed by different members, when Mr. Randolph rose and made the following remarks :* “I am so impressed with the importance of the subject, and the solemnity of the occasion, that I cannot be silent. Sir, we are now in conclave; the eyes of the surrounding world are not upon us: we are shut up here from the light of heaven, but the eyes of God are upon us. He knows the spirit of our minds. Shall we deliberate upon this subject with the spirit of sobriety and candor, or with that spirit which has too often characterized our discussions upon occasions like the present? We ought to realize that we are in the presence of that God who knows our thoughts and motives, and to whom we must hereafter render an account for the deeds done in the body. I hope, sir, the spirit of party, and every improper - passion, will be exorcised, that our hearts may be as pure and clean as fall to the lot of human nature.
“I am confident in the declaration, Mr. Chairman, that this is not a measure of the Executive; but that it is engendered by an extensive excitement upon the Executive_* * * *
“I will appeal to the sobriety and reflection of the House, and ask, what new cause of war for the last twelve months? What new cause of embargo within that period? The affair of the Chesapeake is settled.—No new principles of blockade interpolated into the laws of nations. I suppose every man of candor and sober reflection will ask why we did not go to war twelve months ago? Or will it be said we ought to make up, by our promptness now, for our slowness then? Or will it be that if the wheat for which we have received two dollars a bushel had been rotting in our barns, we should have been happier and richer? What would the planter say if you were to ask him which he would prefer,—the honorable, chivalrous course advocated by the Speaker, with the consequences which must attend it, the sheriff at his back, and the excise collector pressing him? He would laugh in your face. It is not generally wise to dive into faturity; but it is wise to profit by experience, although it may be unpleasant. I feel much concerned to have the bill on the table for one hour.” That privilege was not allowed, however; the bill was hurried through, and in a short time became a law. At the close of his term Mr. Randolph retired to his estate on the Roanoke River.
In 1816, he again took his seat in Congress, where he distinguished himself by a strong opposition to the Bank of the United States. He opposed it as unconstitutional, inexpedient, and dangerous. “I declare to you, sir,” said he, “that I am the holder of no stock whatever, except live stock, and had determined never to own any—but, if this bill passes, I will not only be a stockholder to the atmost of my power, but will advise every man over whom I have any influence, to do the same, because it is the creation of a great privileged order of the most hateful kind to my feelings, and because I would rather be the master than the slave. If I must have a master, let him be one with epaulettes-something that I can fear and respect, something that I can look up to—but not a master with a quill behind his ear.” Mr. Randolph was equally strong and vehement in his opposition to the “revenue bill," of this session.
* Life of John Randolph of Roanoke, by Hugh A. Garland. Vol. I. page 298.
During the summer of 1816, after his return to Roanoke, Mr. Randolph's health, which for some time had been declining, became more feeble, and the following winter he suffered extremely. An anecdote of this period of his life, is related by Mr. Roane, who was a member of Congress from Virginia during the session of 1816–17. “I remember," says he, “that one morning Mr. Lewis came into the House of Representatives and addressed Mr. Tyler and myself, who were the youngest members from Virginia, and said we must go to Georgetown to Mr. Randolph. We asked for what; he said that Mr. Randolph had told him that he was determined not to be buried as beau Dawson had been, at the public expense, and he had selected us young bloods to come to him and take charge of his funeral. We went over immediately. When we entered Mr. Randolph's apartments he was in his morning gown. He rose and shook us by the hand. On our inquiries after his health, he said, “Dying! dying! dying! in a dreadful state.' He inquired what was going on in Congress. We told him that the galleries were filling with people of the District, and that there was considerable excitement on the re-chartering of the batch of banks in the District. He then broke off, and commenced upon another subject, and pronounced a glowing eulogium upon the character and talents of Patrick Henry. After sitting for some time, and nothing being said on the business on which we had been sent to him, we rose and took our leave. When we got to the door, I said, 'I wish, Mr. Randolph, you could be in the House to-day.' He shook his head—Dying, sir, dying!' When we had got back to the House of Representatives, Mr. Lewis came in and asked how we had found Mr. Randolph. We laughed, and said as well as usual—that we had spent a very pleasant morning with him, and had been much amused by his conversation. Scarcely a moment after, Mr. Lewis exclaimed, “There he is!' and there to be sure he was. He had entered by another door, having arrived at the Capitol almost as soon as we did. In a few moments he rose and commenced a speech, the first sentence of which I can repeat verbatim.—Mr. Speaker,' said he, 'this is Shrove Tuesday. Many a gallant cock has died in the pit on this day, and I have come to die in the pit also. He then went on with his speech, and after a short time turned and addressed the crowd of 'hungry expectants,' as he called them—tellers, clerks, and porters in the gallery."
Mr. Randolph continued his legislative duties until the spring of 1821, when he obtained leave of absence, and sailed for England in search of health. On his arrival, he met a flattering and distinguished reception. “The plaidness of his appearance," says a London paper, “his republican simplicity of manners, and easy and unaffected address, attracted much attention.” After travelling extensively in England and Scotland, he returned to the United States in November, 1822, and the following December took his seat in Congress. Here he remained until the close of the session, but never took part in the debates.
At the opening of the eighteenth Congress, Mr. Randolph appeared at his place, and entered zealously into the various discussions of the day. He opposed Mr. Webster, Mr. Clay, and others in the debate on the Greek Question ; delivered an elaborate speech against a contemplated scheme of internal improvements, which originated with Mr. Monroe, and was supported by Mr. Clay, and combated the Tariff in all its stages. After he had given up all hope of success in his efforts against the latter measure, he wrote thus to a friend : “I am satisfied (now) that nothing can avail to save us. Indeed, I have long been of that opinion. "The ship will neither wear nor stay, and she may go ashore, and be —'as Jack says."
Shortly after the adjournment of Congress, Mr. Randolph again visited Europe, spending the latter part of the summer of 1824 among the mountains of Switzerland. He returned to New
York the same year, and in April of the year following was re-elected to the House of Representatives. Being detained at home by his private affairs, he did not reach the seat of Government until after Christmas, 1825. In the mean time, he was elected to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. About this time he fought a duel with Mr. Clay. He continued in the Senate until March, 1827, participating largely in the debates of that body. The following April he was again returned to the House of Representatives.
On the accession of General Jackson to the Presidency, he announced his determination to retire from public life, and declined to be a candidate for any office. But he was obliged to sacrifice this determination. In October, 1829, he was a member of the Virginia Convention to amend the Constitution of that State; and, in May of the next year, was sent, by President Jackson, on a mission to Russia.
He returned to his native country in the fall of 1831, much reduced in health. “Ah, sir," said he to a friend who met him on his landing, “I am going at last; the machine is worn out; nature is exhausted, and I have tried in vain to restore her.” From this time his energies continued to waste away, and after a long period of intense suffering, he died (June 24th, 1833) at Philadelphia, whither he had gone to take passage to England.*
SPEECH ON MR. GREGG'S RESOLUTION.
This speech, on a motion for the non-impor- | right to address yon: for, in truth, I have not tation of British merchandise, offered by Mr. yet seen the documents from the treasury,
which were called for some time ago, to direct Gregg in the House of Representatives, in the judgment of this House in the decision of 1806, during the dispute between Great Britain the question now before you; and indeed, after and the United States, was made by Mr. Ran- what I have this day heard, I no longer require dolph, on the fifth day of March of that year.t that document, or any other document; indeed,
I do not know that I ever should have required I am extremely afraid, sir, that so far as it it, to vote on the resolution of the gentleman may depend on my acquaintance with details from Pennsylvania. If I had entertained any connected with the subject, I have very little doubts, they would have been removed by the
style in which the friends of the resolution
have this morning discussed it. I am perfectly * An interesting and valuable account of the life and services of Mr. Randolph, has been written by Mr. Hugh A. aware, that upon entering on this subject, we Garland, to which those who desire a more particular history go into it manacled, handcuffed, and tongueof that celebrated man, are referred.
tied. Gentlemen know that our lips are sealed + Mr. Gregg offered his resolation on the 29th of January, on subjects of momentous foreign relations, 1806. It was as follows:-“Whereas Great Britain impresses which are indissolubly linked with the present citizens of the United States, and compels them to serve on question, and which would serve to throw a board her ships of war, and also seizes and condemns vessels great light on it in every respect relevant to it. belonging to the citizens of the United States, and their car. I will
, however, endeavor to hobble over the goes, being the bona fide property of American citizens, not subject, as well as my fettered limbs and palcontraband of war, and not proceeding to places besieged or sied tongue will enable me to do it. blockaded, under the pretext of their being engaged in time I am not surprised to hear this resolution of war in a trade with her enemies, which was not allowed discussed by its friends as a war measure. in time of peace:
They say, it is true, that it is not a war meas“ And whereas the government of the United States has ure, but they defend it on principles which repeatedly remonstrated to the British government against would justify none but war measures, and seem these injuries
, and demanded satisfaction therefor, but with pleased with the idea that it may prove the out effect: Therefore-Resolved, That until equitable and forerunner of war. If war is necessary; if we satisfactory arrangements on these points shall be made be, have reached this point, let us have war. But tween the two governments, it is expedient that, from and after the — day of — next, no goods, wares or merchan. while I have life, I will never consent to these dise, of the growth, product or manufacture of Great Britain, incipient war measures, which in their comor any of the colonies or dependencies thereof, ought to be
mencement breathe nothing but peace, though imported into the United States ; provided, however, that they plunge us at last into war. It has been whenever arrangements deemed satisfactory by the Presi- well observed by the gentleman from Pennsyldent of the United States shall take place, it shall be lawful vania, behind me (Mr. J. Clay), that the situafor him by proclamation to fix a day on which the prohibi- tion of this nation in 1793, was in every tion aforesaid shall cease."—History of Congress.
respect different from that in which it finds itself in 1806. Let me ask, too, if the situation make a conquest of Canada and Nova Scotia. of England is not since materially changed? Indeed? Then, sir, we shall catch a Tartar. Gentlemen, who, it would appear from their I confess, however, I have no desire to see the language, have not got beyond the horn-book senators and the representatives of the Canadian of politics, talk of our ability to cope with the French, or of the tories and refugees of Nova British navy, and tell us of the war of our Scotia, sitting on this floor, or that of the other revolution. What was the situation of Great House—to see them becoming members of the Britain then? She was then contending for Union, and participating equally in our political the empire of the British channel, barely able rights. And on what other principle would to maintain a doubtful equality with her ene- the gentleman from Massachusetts be for incormies, over whom she never gained the supe- porating those provinces with us? Or on what riority until Rodney's victory of the 12th of other principle could it be done under the conApril. What her present situation? The stitution? If the gentleman has no other combined fleets of France, Spain, and Holland, bounty to offer us for going to war, than the are dissipated; they no longer exist. I am not incorporation of Canada and Nova Scotia with surprised to hear men advocate these wild the United States, I am for remaining at peace. opinions, to see them goaded on by a spirit What is the question in dispute? The carryof mercantile avarice, straining their feeble ing-trade. What part of it? The fair, the strength to excite the nation to war, when honest, and the useful trade that is engaged in they have reached this stage of infatuation, carrying our own productions to foreign marthat we are an over-match for Great Britain on kets, and bringing back their productions in the ocean. It is mere waste of time to reason exchange? No, sir; it is that carrying trade with such persons. They do not deserve any which covers enemy's property, and carries the thing like serious refutation. The proper argu- coffee, the sugar, and other West India products, ments for such statesmen are a strait waistcoat, to the mother country. No, sir; if this great a dark room, water-gruel, and depletion. agricultural nation is to be governed by Salem
It has always appeared to me that there are and Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and three points to be considered, and maturely | Baltimore and Norfolk and Charleston, let genconsidered, before we can be prepared to vote tlemen come out and say so; and let a commitfor the resolution of the gentleman from Penn- tee of public safety be appointed from those sylvania. First. Our ability to contend with towns to carry on the government. I, for one, Great Britain for the question in dispute: will not mortgage my property and my liberty Secondly. The policy of such a contest: and to carry on this trade. The nation said so Thirdly. In case both these shall be settled seven years ago; I said so then, and I say so affirmatively, the manner in which we can, now. It is not for the honest carrying-trade with the greatest effect, re-act upon and annoy of America, but for this mushroom, this funour adversary.
gus of war, for a trade which, as soon as the Now the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. nations of Europe are at peace, will no longer Crowninshield), has settled at a single sweep, exist; it is for this that the spirit of avaricious to use one of his favorite expressions, not only traffic would plunge us into war. that we are capable of contending with Great I am forcibly struck on this occasion by the Britain on the ocean, but that we are actually recollection of a remark made by one of the her superior. Whence does the gentleman ablest, if not honestest, ministers that England deduce this inference? Because, truly, at that ever produced. I mean Sir Robert Walpole, time, when Great Britain was not mistress of who said that the country gentlemen, poor, the ocean, when a North was her prime minis- meek souls! came up every year to be sheared; ter, and a Sandwich the first lord of her admi- that they laid mute and patient whilst their ralty; when she was governed by a counting- fleeces were taking off'; but that if he touched house administration, privateers of this coun- a single bristle of the commercial interest, the try trespassed on her commerce. So too did whole stye was in an uproar. It was indeed the cruisers of Dunkirk. At that day Suffrein shearing the hog—"great cry, and little wool.” held the mastery of the Indian seas. But what But we are asked, are we willing to bend is the case now? Do gentlemen remember the the neck to England; to submit to her outcapture of Cornwallis on land, because De rages? No, sir; I answer, that it will be time Grasse maintained the dominion of the ocean? enough for us to tell gentlemen what we will To my mind no position is more clear, than do to vindicate the violation of our flag on the that if we go to war with Great Britain, ocean, when they shall have told us what they Charleston and Boston, the Chesapeake and have done, in resentment of the violation of the Hudson, will be invested by British squad- the actual territory of the United States by rons. Will you call on the Count de Grasse to Spain, the true territory of the United States, relieve them? or shall we apply to Admiral not your new-fangled country over the MissisGravina, or Admiral Villeneuve, to raise the sippi, but the good old United States-part of blockade? But you have not only a prospect Georgia, of the old thirteen states, where citiof gathering glory, and, what seems to the zens have been taken, not from our ships, but gentleman from Massachusetts much dearer, to from our actual territory. When gentlemen profit by privateering, but you will be able to have taken the padlock from our mouths, I
shall be ready to tell them what I will do rela- | Good Hope (or now doubling it) to capture tive to our dispute with Britain, on the law of and confiscation; of their unprotected sea-port nations, on contraband, and such stuff. towns, exposed to contribution or bombard
I have another objection to this course of ment. Are we to be legislated into a war by a proceeding.–Great Britain, when she sees it, set of men, who, in six weeks after its comwill say the American people have great cause mencement, may be compelled to take refuge of dissatisfaction with Spain. She will see by with us in the country? the documents furnished by the President, that And for what? a mere fungus-a mushroom Spain has outraged our territory, pirated upon production of war in Europe, which will disour commerce, and imprisoned our citizens; appear with the first return of peace—an unand she will inquire what we have done. It fair truce. For is there a man so credulous as is true, she will receive no answer; but she to believe that we possess a capital, not only must know what we have not done. She will equal to what may be called our own proper see that we have not repelled these outrages, trade, but large enough also to transmit to the nor made any addition to our army and navy, respective parent states, the vast and wealthy nor even classed the militia. No, sir; not one products of the French, Spanish, and Dutch of our militia generals in politics has mar- colonies ? 'Tis beyond the belief of any rational shalled a single brigade.
being But this is not my only objection to Although I have said it would be time entering upon this naval warfare. I am averse enough to answer the question, which gentle-to a naval war with any nation whatever. I men have put to me, when they shall have was opposed to the naval war of the last adanswered mine; yet, as I do not like long pro- ministration, and I am as ready to oppose a rogations, I will give them an answer now. I naval war of the present administration, should will never consent to go to war for that which they meditate such a measure. What! shall I cannot protect. I deem it no sacrifice of this great mammoth of the American forest dignity to say to the Leviathan of the deep, leave his native element, and plunge into the we are unable to contend with you in your own water in a mad contest with the shark? Let element, but if you come within our actual him beware that his proboscis is not bitten off limits, we will shed our last drop of blood in in the engagement. Let him stay on shore, their defence. In such an event, I would feel, and not be excited by the muscles and perrinot reason; and obey an impulse which never winkles on the strand, or political bears, in a has—which never can deceive me.
boat to venture on the perils of the deep. France is at war with England: suppose her Gentlemen say, will you not protect your viopower on the continent of Europe no greater lated rights and I say, why take to water, than it is on the ocean. How would she make where you can neither fight nor swim? Look her enemy feel it? There would be a perfect at France; see her vessels stealing from port non-conductor between them. So with the to port, on her own coast; and remember that United States and England; she scarcely pre- she is the first military power of the earth, and sents to us a vulnerable point. Her commerce as a naval people, second only to England. is carried on, for the most part, in fleets; where Take away the British navy, and France toin single ships, they are stout and well armed; morrow is the tyrant of the ocean. very different from the state of her trade This brings me to the second point. How during the American war, when her merchant- far is it politic in the United States to throw men became the prey of paltry privateers. Great their weight into the scale of France at this Britain has been too long at war with the three moment ?—from whatever motive to aid the most powerful maritime nations of Europe, views of her gigantic ambition--to make her not to have learnt how to protect her trade. mistress of the sea and land—to jeopardize the She can afford convoy to it all; she has eight liberties of mankind. Sir, you may help to hundred ships in commission: the navies of crush Great Britain-you may assist in breakher enemies are annihilated. Thus, this war ing down her naval dominion, but you cannot has presented the new and curious political succeed to it. The iron sceptre of the ocean spectacle of a regular annual increase (and to will pass into his hands who wears the iron an immense amount) of her imports and ex- crown of the land. You may then expect a ports, and tonnage and revenue, and all the in- new code of maritime law. Where will you signia of accumulating wealth, whilst in every look for redress? I can tell the gentleman former war, without exception, these have suf- from Massachusetts, that there is nothing in his fered a greater or less diminution. And where- rule of three that will save us, even although fore? Because she has driven France, Spain, he should out-do himself, and exceed the finanand Holland, from the ocean. Their marine is cial ingenuity which he so memorably displayer no more. I verily believe that ten English on a recent occasion.* No, sir; let the battle ships of the line would not decline a meeting with the combined fleets of those nations. I
* In a debate on a bill fixing the prices which the comforewarn the gentleman from Massachusetts, missioners of the sinking fund should not exceed, in their and his constituents of Salem, that all their purchases of public debts, Mr. Crowninshield had asserted, golden hopes are vain. I forewarn them of the that the three per cents, were worth only half as much as the exposure of their trade beyond the Cape of sixes; in other words, that tho value of the stocks was in
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People today are more selective about the websites they visit, as most are inundated with information daily. Websites must have updated content, but it must also be dynamic and accessible, and give all visitors the choice to experience them in multiple ways and on multiple devices. Text to speech (TTS) is an exciting technology that addresses these challenges in an easy and inexpensive way. With text-to-speech solutions, websites, mobile apps, digital books, e-learning tools and online documents can literally have their own voice. Detailed in ReadSpeaker’s latest eBook, you will find the 6 following reasons why text to speech is an essential technology to offer with your digital content:
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Meaningful technology such as text to speech can change lives, and making it easy and accessible for individuals, organizations, institutions and businesses is essential to this end.
- Super Admin
- 2021-03-20 03:16:13
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https://utrrr.com/blog/view/6-reasons-why-you-need-texttospeech-technology
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On April 13th, Governor Snyder signed the Michigan Caregiver Advise, Record, Enable (CARE) Act. This law took effect on July 12th and supports people acting as a caregiver for a loved one. The new law requires hospitals to give caregivers the basic information and training they need when the person they are caring for goes into the hospital or is discharged.
Under the CARE Act, hospitals must do the following:
- Allow patients to choose a caregiver at the time they're admitted to the hospital, and then officially record the name of that caregiver.
- Notify the caregiver when the patient is going to be discharged or transferred to another facility.
- Provide the caregiver the instructions to properly perform necessary medical tasks once the patient arrives home.
It is estimated that 1.3 million Michigan residents act as caregivers for loved ones at any given time. In 2012, an AARP study found that caregivers are routinely being asked to perform medical tasks at home that were previously performed in the hospital or by a home health care professional. Caregivers were not always receiving proper instruction, which put both the patient and the caregiver at risk. This new law reduces those risks.
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https://mylegalstrategies.com/blog/new-michigan-law-helps-medical-caregivers
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John Mackintosh was born on the 7th of July, i868, in
the town of Dukinfield, Cheshire.
His parents were the children of
homely folk of upright character and industrious habits. His paternal
grandfather, William Mackintosh, came of a stock that hailed from
Inverness, and settled in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. They were much
reduced in circumstances. While still a child, William was carried daily
on the back of an older worker to a cotton factory, where he toiled from
four in the morning until eight at night. Those were the "good old days"
which preceded the passing of the Acts that put an end to child-slavery in
Henry Burgess, the
maternal grandfather, was for years master of the British school in
Wellington Street, Dukinfield, and later a printer and stationer. He was a
man of strong literary interests, being a member of a band of
intellectuals locally known as the "Literary Twelve," which included
Samuel Laycock and several others who had skill in prose or verse. He was
keenly interested in politics and all that made for the public good, doing
much to secure the removal of a disadvantage from which Dukinfield
suffered through the lack of direct road connection with Ashton-under-Lyne. The river Tame, which divided the two boroughs, was passable only on
stepping-stones or through a ford. The present Alma bridge was built as
the result of a petition to Parliament which was engineered and presented in the House of Commons by a group of men of
whom Henry Burgess was chief.
There, on one side of the Tame, lived William and Hannah Mackintosh,
rearing their large family on hard work and plain fare; on the other
side, Henry and Martha Burgess reared a family as large, amid as difficult
conditions. Each couple brought to adult age a
group of children in sound health and imbued with good principles.
families passed through the tremendous experience known far and wide as
the Cotton Famine. The outbreak of the American Civil War in the spring of
1861 caused such interruption of the supply of cotton as led to the
closing-down of many mills, and short-time in the rest. All the years of
the war the shortage continued. The pinch was felt in most homes,
including those with which we are concerned ; though in them certain
members had always some work to do. Wise steps were taken to prevent
discontent breaking bounds. Help was organised on a great scale.
Educational facilities were placed at the disposal of the workers. Grown
men and women went to school; some for the first time. They began with the
alphabet, and were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Henry Burgess'
school was open to the out-of-works, and Mary Jane, afterwards the mother
of John Mackintosh, assisted her father in his self-imposed task.
the men who took advantage of the educational facilities provided was
Joseph Mackintosh, the father of John. He saw in Mary Jane Burgess, not
the teacher only, but the wife that was to be. The teacher did not at
first smile on his advances; but inborn
resolution, coupled with native worth, ultimately prevailed.
attached to a place of worship Joseph to the Methodist New Connexion
Church in Stamford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne,
Mary Jane to the Albion Congregational Church in the
same town. At each Church a prayer-meeting followed the Sunday evening
service. Before their engagement both had been accustomed to stay for
prayer; and after becoming formally engaged, they agreed to continue the
practice at their respective churches. They did not enjoy each other's
society until the full round of Sunday duties was completed.
The young couple were married in July, 1865. The Cotton
Famine was over. The first loads of raw material had been brought in, the
people displacing the horses and drawing the vehicles through the streets
They began married life
humbly; but were not less happy on that account. The bride took uncommon
pleasure in the appointments of her home. She had a carpet in the living
room, an unusual thing in those days, when it was the rule to be contented
with the sanded stones of the floor. The kitchen chairs were of oak, with
smooth rush seats. Quite a feature was the big dresser, with its seven
drawers and centre cupboard, and its sycamore top scrubbed to a snowy
There was no honeymoon, and the
wedding gifts were neither numerous nor costly. There were dinner plates,
a china basin, a glass celery vase and salts, and a few other things. The
fashion of collective furnishing by friends was unknown, nor did their
friends possess the means for this. But if pride in home and joy in each
other be a chief asset of the newly-married, Joseph and Mary Jane
Mackintosh were rich indeed.
Into this home on
the 7th of July, 1868, came John Mackintosh. He was not the first child
born into it. The first to come (and to go' was Robert, who had but just
time to endear himself to his parents ere the call came which there is no
resisting. John, the second child, was to live on through one-and-fifty
strenuous years. A third son, now a minister in the United Methodist
Church, Rev. J. E. Mackintosh, of Derby, was born to the parents; then, in
succession, five daughters, three of whom are still alive, but two have
A few months after John's
birth his parents removed to Halifax, then a growing town in the West
Riding of Yorkshire. An elder brother of his father, after whom John was
named, had undertaken the position of manager to Messrs. Bowman Brothers,
who had just commenced business there as cotton spinners. Looking round
for helpers, John Mackintosh could think of none more likely than his
younger brother Joseph, who, at his suggestion, entered the service of the
Wages in those days were not great. A
pound a week, or but very little more, was what the young couple had to
live upon. On this income, however, they lived comfortably. They secured a
home in Woodfield Cottage, a charming old house that had been subdivided
for the use of workmen and was situated in a pleasant lane near the mill.
A bright living- room looked out through French windows on to a pleasant
garden. The yard made a fine playground for the children. A large
summer-house, with a swing hanging from its central beam, was an unfailing
source of delight to the young ones. The mother was an excellent manager.
Limited as her income was, she managed to insure the lives of her
children, and to set aside a weekly sum for church and rent.
From the Stamford Street Methodist New Connexion Church, Ashton, the
membership of Joseph and Mary Jane Mackintosh was transferred to the Salem
Methodist New Connexion Church, Halifax ; not the stately Salem that now
stands on Nortth Parade, but "Old" Salem, as it was long affectionately
called. In connection with the building of new Salem the following
incident occurred. At a meeting of Church members called to consider
plans, Joseph Mackintosh, though earning little more than a pound a week,
promised five pounds towards the cost of the proposed-church. At a later
stage he promised a second five pounds, which, like the first, was
punctually paid. The remembrance of such things in later days, when the
children were old enough to understand, made a deep impression on them. It
accounts, in part, for the scale of the after-gifts of John to the church
A further removal of the family followed the inclusion within
Messrs. Bowman's business of the large Union Mills in Pellon Lane. Joseph
was given charge of the three upper rooms of the new mill. This, besides
bringing increased income and responsibility, necessitated removal to the
west side of the town, which led the parents to transfer their Church
membership to the little school-church in Hanson Lane, the original of
what will be hereafter referred to as 'Queen's Road.'
It was in this new
sphere at Union Mills that Joseph Mackintosh's powers of management were
for the first time displayed. His natural force of character, and a
certain strain of sternness, made him a terror to evildoers. But he was at
heart resolutely just. He required from none a standard higher than the
one to which he himself conformed. For well-nigh fifty years he daily went
to and from the mills. Never was he late, though toward the end he took a
longer interval for rest at noon than was allowed to others. Always, wet
or fine, winter and summer, he was at his post by six o'clock in the
morning ; and within a few minutes of starting-time, he would go his
rounds. The iron door in the middle of the great room would be opened and
the slight form appear. Immediately all signs of levity ceased. The
flippant became serious and the idle industrious. The stern eyes took all
in. The bearing of the workers was an instinctive tribute to his
authority. His ascendency was complete. Men of the greatest technical
competence served under him, and also men of well-nigh untamable spirit
but there was not one who did not see in that quiet man his master.
When all went well he had apparently little to do. He
would be out of sight for hours. But if fire broke out, as it did more
than once or twice, there would be an exhibition of tempestuous energy,
and none would go nearer than he to the seat of the flames. If a rope were
weakened in the great rope-house, Mackintosh himself would repair it, and
repair it so well, and so fix it in its place on the mighty drum, that it
would transmit the drive of the engine to the machinery with a minimum
loss of power.
It was a lesson in patience and
in the art of observation to see him watching machinery with a view of
locating defects or of applying remedies. Wherever there was difficulty, a
breakdown, or danger, there was Joseph Mackintosh.
How he would have fared had Trade Unionism existed in
his day, one does not know. He served in the old days of individual
bargaining, and he served well. He would ill have brooked the harassments
modern employers have to face. He would have approved some developments,
but he would not have borne the dictation to which many in positions of
authority are now subject.
One phase of his
life impressed his 'family and all who knew him as heroic. As the result
of an accident in boyhood, which caused an injury to the roof of his
mouth, a malady developed which ultimately proved to be cancer. His
sufferings were great; but greater was the courage, the energy, the faith
by which they were borne. He felt he must not give in until his elder son
was launched in business, and his younger son seen through college. And
those who knew how racked with pain he was, how weakened with loss of
blood, how complete a stranger to ease of body and mind, could not see him
on his rounds without realising that here was a hero. The fact that he did
thus that others might have a better chance, made his sternness appear but
the shadow cast by inescapable calamity.
was the atmosphere in which John Mackintosh lived. Before his eyes daily
was an example of devotion to duty—stern and unbending devotion; of
business efficiency; of heroic persistency in work for the sake of others
when life was empty of pleasurable contentment.
John was not cast in the stern mould of his father.
There was more of his mother in him. He had his mother's brightness; her
kind ways her diffidence in saying 'No.' But in work he was his father. He
could toil strenuously. He could become a slave to the interests of
others. And when the suffering-time came, there was the same heroic
persistence to duty.
Not, like his father, did
he persist amid the clamour of machinery, but in the quiet of a managing
director's office, in public meetings, in Church courts and on the
magisterial bench. To those who knew him best, it was a relief that the
end came in the quiet of his own home, and not, as might well have been
the case, in the midst of some public function or business task.
Serving as the completest possible foil to his Spartan
father was John's mother ; his opposite, yet his complement, in all
respects. Though never a strict disciplinarian, she was able to get her
way with her children by the force of her kindly disposition. She believed
in a weekly half- holiday from school for her children—a popular enough
belief with them, though not always with the school authorities. She did
not allow her home-tasks to keep her from reading. She was younger than
most people of her years, and she deliberately kept young by loving young
things and having them always about her. She would even be guilty at times
of leaving occupations some would think should not be left, that she might
give the children a day in the country. And how they loved her for it I
She had a gift for story-telling, though not so great a gift as her
sister, 'Aunt Minnie,' who would come in of an evening and talk and knit
for hours. What tales Aunt Minnie told to the flashing of her needles I
She plied the children with romance and kept them in hose at the same
The father was over-strict at times; the mother,
perhaps, not strict enough. But, whatever the parents' defects, the
children knew that first things were first with them. The father would be
in his place in church twice on a Sunday, and his family with him. The
children would be twice also in Sunday school; and this, not of
constraint, but from choice. And busy as the mother was, she was one of
the most effective and popular Sunday School teachers whenever the
exigencies of family life made it possible for her to attend. Time and
again she was appointed, at her own request, to the most difficult class
'in school. She had a way with her that few could resist.
Church and Sunday school meaning much to the parents,
it is not surprising that they came to mean much to the children. It made
all the difference that the parents led in matters of religion and duty.
The children were predisposed to value highly what was valued by the
John Mackintosh entered this
heritage, and his whole after life was coloured by it. The heritage was a
strenuous one. Modern views as to the limitations of labour were not yet
to the tore. He began his working life in 1878, when but ten years old,
working as 'half - timer' for the firm which his father and uncle served.
He 'had no sense of hardship in this, but was rather proud of it. Nor was'
his position singular. The majority of the boys about him began work at
the same age. The question of half-time was not then regarded as it is
to-day. The standards of education were not the same nor were the views of
liberty. Men did not know they were ill-paid or ill-used. Youth did not
know it. Children, far from regarding halftime as a hardship, were eager
to begin. It was only in later life that the price paid in hindered
education and, perhaps, arrested growth, was realised. However, the price
paid, in many cases, was not great. The work was not too hard. The rule
was kindly. The discipline of drudgery was not without good effects.
Muscles were hardened, self-dependence was encouraged, and, by resolute
pursuit of private study, a degree of self-culture that seems lacking in
the more highly favoured young people of our time, was not seldom
attained. The conditions were Spartan, the tests severe; yet those who won
through came often into a richer heritage than is realised in these days.
For three years John Mackintosh was a half-timer,
working six mornings of one week, from six o'clock until one in the
afternoon ; and five afternoons of the next, from two to five-thirty.
He had to 'pass' the doctor—a kindly veteran, whose way
was to regard the examinee with shrewd eyes, give him a playful poke in
the ribs, and send him back to his work with a bit of wise counsel.
John's first week's wage was half-a-crown, and big
money he thought it. Nothing he afterwards received seemed quite so
satisfying, or had about it the glamour of that first earned coin.
At thirteen years of age he became a 'full- timer,'
working thenceforward the full fifty-six-and-a-half-hours week then
He worked twelve years 'for Messrs.
Bowman Brothers, rising from the position of 'half-timer' to that of
'minder' of a pair of 'twiners,' as the 'doubling' machine of that period
was termed. It was hard work, and not, after the first novelty was gone,
in the highest sense congenial. The thought was often in his mind, as it
had been in his father's before him, to leave it and launch out in some
At an early age John Mackintosh
became engaged to Miss Violet Taylor, also of Halifax, who afterwards
became his wife. She was as closely attached as he to Queen's Road Church
and School; an attachment she still cherishes. Drawn together by common
interests, they manifested a preference for each other which quickly
ripened into love. Sharing John's religious interests and activities, as
she afterwards shared those of his business career, Violet was from
beginning to end a true helpmate, without whom John's life would have
lacked something of strength and grace.
home in which John was brought up, though that of a working man, was not a
poor one. His father's earnings, except in the first few years of married
life, ensured a sufficiency of life's good things. Always a little was
laid by weekly, which furnished the means eventually of purchasing the
house in which the family lived. Later, the father's earnings were
supplemented by those of the children. The continuation of these
conditions of comfort, however, was contingent on the father's state of
health ; and that, we have seen, was not good. Shortly after the departure
of the younger son for college, the father's health broke down. For months
he was seriously ill. Recovering in part, he again resumed his labours, in
the hope that he might make things easier for his children. But it was not
to be. He was at length compelled to acknowledge defeat, and about
midnight on April 30th, 1891, he passed to his rest.
It was at this most difficult time, with sickness
hanging over the home and himself largely responsible for home
maintenance, that the decisions were made which resulted in the
commencement of the business with which the name of John Mackintosh is
everywhere associated. During an interval of relief at home, John married,
and took possession of Hanover House, in King Cross Street, Halifax, where
his career as a 'manufacturing confectioner was begun. For a time he
continued to work in the mi1l, but at length he gave it up and ventured on
the move that was to bring him fortune.
Letters written to his brother, and happily still preserved, reveal the
stress under which these decisions were taken.' They show one considerate
of others, helpful in the parental home, and intent on serving the Church.
On December 5th, 1889, John Mackintosh wrote :-
I have just
an hour to spare, so I take this opportunity of spending it pleasantly and
profitably; for although we cannot talk face to face, our talk will be
none the less real. I am glad you have kept us in mind so much while you
have been away, and that your different surroundings have in nowise dimmed
your vision of home. In a very short time you will be amongst us again.
How we are all looking forward to the time! I expect we shall all look
much as we did when we parted, unless it be a trifle sadder on account of
poor father. I am sorry to say he does not improve much yet. He has been
rather better for a day or two, but to-day he has fallen off again. He is
quite conscious, however, which makes it nicer for us all. It has been
rather hard work for us while he has been rambling. He wanted so much
watching, but he has been quieter this last night or two. We have stayed
up with him every night since he left his work, but have divided the work
amongst us. V. and I stayed with him on Saturday night, J.W. and A. on
Sunday night. On Monday night V. and I stayed with him until two a.m.,
when mother relieved us. Tuesday. I went to bed till twelve, and I stayed
up Wednesday night. Sometimes he looks as if he would get better. At other
times it looks impossible. We shall have to leave it in God's hands to do
as He thinks best.
"Christmas is almost here
again. How the time flies. It only seems a few months since we were boys
together making a list for Santa Claus. What happy times we had in that
old attic in Rose Street! How the room has echoed with our laughter? How
our mother's blood ran cold at our yells and din? And how we simmered down
when father put in an unexpected appearance? Well, we are not much more
than lads yet, only life has begun to be a stern reality. We have our way
to make in the world. A few years ago life was only a dream. We had no
care, nor anxiety about our future. Now we have to form plans on which to
build. We are often puzzled as to what is the best thing to do, but having
formed our plans, I pray that we may have strength to carry them out; and
that God will bless our lives, if not with abundant wealth in the things
of this world, then with abundance of grace and love for our heavenly
'I hope as each Christmas comes round, we shall get more
like Him, whose birthday we shall soon be so glad to welcome as Bringer of
peace and goodwill to all men.'
The remainder of the letter contains
news of Church and Sunday school. He is getting up a programme for a
concert and asks his brother's aid. He reports the doings of the 'Mental
Culture Class' and the successful visit of a missionary from China. Then
'I have exhausted my paper, and more
than my hour; and, like you, I have more to say. But I shall have to
submit to the inevitable and bring my letter to a close. I am writing this
in J.W. 's.; H. is here with me. We are keeping each other company. She
sends her love, as do Violet, Father, Mother and all at home.
The next letter was written sixteen months
Later. The father had recovered from his earlier illness, had returned to
work, and had again broken down. The writer of the letter had married in
the interval; had begun business on his own account ; and had decided
henceforth to depend wholly on his own efforts. The letter is a
characteristic blend of business courage, family feeling, and Christian
I was at our folks last night and promised to write to
you. I think this will be in place of sister's usual letter. I shall
have to be brief, as I have only a few minutes to spare. I shall be
leaving Bowman's on Thursday noon. I shall then have worked my notice.
You see. I am going to risk it. After considering all the points, 1 came
to the conclusion that the above course was the only one that ,as likely
to succeed. I should have liked to have kept on at the mill at least
another twelve months had things been different. We shall have to be
determined now to make things go.
"I suppose that sister told you in
her last how very ill father was. He is still sinking. I am afraid what he
said to you when you left about not seeing you again on earth is going to
prove true. We are expecting every day to be his last.
He has scarcely eaten anything for over a week; nothing at all since last
Friday. He has not strength enough to raise himself in bed. He is almost
continually repeating verses of Scripture, and he talks about going home
in such a splendid manner. He is quite different from what he was a while
back. He likes us to talk about Heaven, and the rest there will soon be
for him. He does not want to get better; all he is waiting for is Jesus.
He is not afraid to die. It is grand to think that, if we only will, we
may meet him again in health and strength.
has been a good father to us, and I believe what has made him cling to
life so, is his desire to see us all get a good start in life. He was only
saying to me on Sunday, he had hoped to see you through college and me
fairly into business. And he said he hoped we should help one another all
we could. I promised to do all I could to help you.'
The father died two days later. The business venture
was abundantly justified by results. The promise made by the father's
bedside was fulfilled.
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The National Cultural Heritage Control List
The National Cultural Heritage Control List describes the type of material that may need an export permit.
The National Cultural Heritage Control List includes two classes of Australian protected objects:
- Class A objects that cannot be exported from Australia.
- Class B objects that can be exported from Australia only with an export permit granted under the Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986.
The Control List is in Schedule 1 of the Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Regulations 1987. Always consult the Control List before deciding whether material requires a permit.
Class A objects
Class A objects are of such significance to Australia that they must not be exported. These include:
- Victoria Cross medals awarded to named Australian service personnel
- Each piece of the suit of metal armour worn by Ned Kelly at the siege of Glenrowan in Victoria in 1880.
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander material that may not be exported include:
- sacred and secret ritual objects
- bark and log coffins used as traditional burial objects
- human remains
- rock art
- dendroglyphs (carved trees)
Class B objects are of cultural significance to Australia and they need permission to be exported. The categories are:
- Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage
- natural science, including fossils and meteorites
- applied science or technology, including heritage machinery
- fine and decorative art
- documentary heritage
- numismatics (coins)
- philately (stamps), and
- historical significance, including sporting trophies/memorabilia export controls.
Some material is included in more than one category. For example, photographs can be assessed under the fine or decorative art, documentary heritage, and historical significance categories.
Not all material is covered by the Control List, and some is deliberately excluded. For example, most artworks less than 30 years old and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artworks less than 20 years old do not need permission for export or import.
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Evolution by natural selection
must have a mechanism.
Darwin knew in his heart that
evolution by natural selection happened, but he didn't know how. In fact, he proposed a mechanism of heredity that
proved to be dead wrong, something he called pangenesis. Ironically, the actual
mechanism of heredity—genetics—was revealed in Darwin's
lifetime, though he never knew it. Working with pea plants, the Austrian priest
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of genetics in 1865. But
Mendel's work was neglected until 1900, and it wasn't until the
1940s that scientists identified DNA as the genetic material (here, Francis
Crick's first sketch of DNA's double helix structure). Today, the
clear focus of the revolutions now under way in genetics, medicine, and other
fields is on the genomes of living organisms.
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CSExtra – Wednesday, October 17, 2012
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Wednesday’s CSExtra offers the latest reporting and commentary on space related activities from around the world. NASA’s Kepler space telescope, filled with promise for finding Earth-like worlds around distant stars, is vulnerable to a pointing system problem. Astronomers find the closest exo-planet yet, a world slightly larger than the Earth. A top House appropriator sounds an alarm for the damage sequestration poses to agencies like NASA. The National Research Council urges the Pentagon to hold off on full scale development of a reusable booster system for future national security missions. Climate models that track changing conditions on Mars are credible for the Earth, say astronomers. In Europe, experts from France and Italy favor a solid motor approach to a successor to the Ariane V commercial launcher. NASA research creates an “exo-skeleton” that may improve mobility for the paralyzed. NASA’s commercial crew space transportation partners make propulsion system strides. The Orionid meteor shower peaks this weekend.
1. From Spaceflightnow.com: NASA’s exo-planet hunting Kepler Space Telescope faces engineering and scientific challenges as it attempts to fulfill a mission goal of identifying Earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of distant stars. The difficulties could bring the far reaching mission to a halt at any point, with lots of data from Kepler still to be processed. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1210/16kepler/
2. From The Los Angeles Times: Astronomers announce the discovery of Alpha Centauri Bb, the closest planet to our solar system found so far. The find, described in the journal Nature, is slightly larger than the Earth. However, the alien world is much too close to its star, Alpha Centauri B, for biological activity. Nonetheless, experts believe it may have sibling worlds, perhaps places in a habitable zone, where life as we know it could flourish. Astronomers made the discovery using the European Southern Observatory in Chile. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-exoplanet-20121017,0,6008621.story
3. From Spacepolicyonline.com: The top Democrat on the House Appropriations Committee has a warning: Sequestration will take an economic toll on non-Defense as well as Defense programs, jeopardizing agencies like NASA and NOAA. The spending cuts required under Sequestration are set to take effect on Jan. 2, if Congress and the White House do not agree on another strategy. http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/top-democratic-house-appropriator-warns-about-sequestration
4. From Space News: A National Research Council panel finds a poor business case for a U. S. defense initiative to develop a Reusable Booster System to lower the cost of launching future national security payloads. The panel urges the U. S. Air Force to pursue key technology development efforts. http://www.spacenews.com/military/report-questions-cost-savings-air-force-reusable-booster-plan.html
5. From Reuters/Thompson: Astronomers vouch for a computer climate model that accurately predicted conditions on Mars. They are just as applicable for Earth, according to the scientists gathered for an American Astronomical Society meeting in Reno, Nevada. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/16/us-climate-mars-idUSBRE89F1J120121016
6. From Aviation Week & Space Technology: In Europe, a debate over a successor to the costly Ariane 5 commercial launcher heats up. Experts in France and Italy favor a solid rocket motor approach to the Ariane 6. ESA’s top leadership meets next month to plot future spending priorities. http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_10_15_2012_p26-505016.xml
7. From The Washington Post: NASA research creates an exo-skeleton that could improve the mobility of paraplegics. The X1 suit is the result of a collaboration between NASA’s Johnson Space Center and the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC). The initial project was aimed at improving the physical conditioning of astronauts. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/post/tony-stark-may-be-fiction-but-this-iron-man-type-suit-from-nasa-is-the-real-deal-video/2012/10/16/440add54-17c0-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_blog.html
8. From Flightinternational.com: Blue Origin, the private space company, achieves a propulsion milestone in its bid to develop a commercial crew orbital space transportation system. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/blue-origin-completes-full-power-tests-on-thruster-for-orbital-vehicle-377721/
A. From The Huntsville Times: United Launch Alliance makes strides in the human rating of the Atlas V rocket. Several companies partnered with NASA are looking to the Atlas V as a propulsion source for their commercial human orbital space transportation systems. http://blog.al.com/huntsville-times-business/2012/10/united_launch_alliance_complet.html
9. From Space.com via CBSNews.com: The Orionids, a meteor shower linked to Halley’s Comet, peaks by week’s end. Expect the peak in the hours before dawn on Sunday — where skies are clear. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57533405/meteor-shower-from-halleys-comet-peaks-this-week/?tag=mncol;lst;5
Brought to you by the Coalition for Space Exploration, CSExtra is a daily compilation of space industry news selected from hundreds of online media resources. The Coalition is not the author or reporter of any of the stories appearing in CSExtra and does not control and is not responsible for the content of any of these stories. The content available through CSExtra contains links to other websites and domains which are wholly independent of the Coalition, and the Coalition makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information contained in any such site or domain and does not pre-screen or approve any content. The Coalition does not endorse or receive any type of compensation from the included media outlets and is not responsible or liable in any way for any content of CSExtra or for any loss, damage or injury incurred as a result of any content appearing in CSExtra. For information on the Coalition, visit www.spacecoalition.com or contact us via e-mail at [email protected].
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It was not unexpected. USAID has been working in the eastern Horn of Africa for years, so climate scientists, USAID teams, and partners saw the cyclical droughts happening more and more often. From every 20 years, to every 10 years, and now more frequently.
Soaring global food prices, combined with drought in 2007 and 2008, hit the region hard. In response, USAID worked with government, U.N. and NGO partners to increase the resiliency of drought-prone communities.
These efforts have helped many escape the worst effects of the current drought. But for some, the scorched landscape returned too soon, before they had a chance to recover. In August 2010, USAID’s Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), in conjunction with partners such as the U.S. Geological Survey, NASA, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, warned of La Niña weather conditions on the Indian Ocean. La Niña is a natural change in sea-surface temperatures that occurs every few years. The phenomenon would reduce rainfall and cause drought in parts of the Horn. Officials from the organizations expected Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya to be hit the hardest.
The predictions came true—both the autumn 2010 and spring 2011 rains failed. The drought is the worst the region has seen in 60 years, affecting more than 13.3 million people. In May 2011, FEWS NET reported: “This is the most severe food-security emergency in the world today.”
Starting in October 2010, USAID pre-positioned food in the region, ramped up food assistance programs in Ethiopia and Kenya, and considered ways to respond in the famine-affected areas of Somalia. These areas have largely been inaccessible due to the threat of the terrorist group al-Shabaab, which has held de facto control of much of southern Somalia for several years. Despite these challenges, the U.S. Government is using all available tools to help those in need. Projects undertaken by USAID and its partners include food distribution, nutrition, health, water and sanitation, economic recovery, and agricultural development.
The largest part of the response, food assistance through USAID’s Office of Food for Peace, amounts to two-thirds of current U.S. Government emergency assistance to the Horn. In addition, USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance has provided critical life-saving health; nutrition; and water, sanitation, and hygiene services throughout the Horn of Africa as well as cash and vouchers to strengthen livelihood opportunities.
But countries cannot be sustained by emergency aid. To address challenges such as global food insecurity, longer-term solutions must be part of the equation. The U.S. Government’s Feed the Future initiative aims to reduce poverty and undernutrition by supporting countries to develop their agriculture sectors as a catalyst to generate broad-based economic growth.
As the overall framework to address global hunger, Feed the Future recognizes the importance of food and other humanitarian assistance, such as nutrition, during crises to save lives and protect livelihoods. The initiative also supports conflict mitigation and good governance efforts required to ensure that reductions in poverty and gains in nutrition stick.
One Child Every Six Minutes
Somalia is perhaps the most complicated country in one of the world’s most delicate regions. Not surprisingly, it has borne the brunt of the drought. According to UNICEF, as a result of this crisis, a child dies in Somalia every six minutes.
Limited access has played a large role in shaping the current situation. Historically, USAID has been the largest food aid donor for Somalia. However, in January 2010, the World Food Program (WFP) suspended part of its emergency operation because the security risks became too high in the areas controlled by al-Shabaab.
Between 2008 and 2010, 14 WFP staff were killed while providing food assistance in Somalia. While WFP has continued to operate in accessible areas in the north, the lack of access in southern Somalia has exacerbated the drought conditions, resulting in the July 2011 declaration of famine in six southern areas.
USAID’s response to the current crisis began with the FEWS NET alert in fall 2010.
Shortly after this forecasting tool warned of impending trouble, the Agency prepositioned approximately 19,000 metric tons of food in the region. In fiscal year 2011, USAID has contributed more than 31,000 metric tons of food aid for WFP distribution in accessible areas of the country, including Somaliland, Puntland, Mogadishu, border areas with Kenya and Ethiopia, and some central areas in Somalia.
The Agency is also using innovative new food aid programs to complement WFP food distribution. Under the new Emergency Food Security Program (EFSP), food is purchased locally and regionally, which saves on distribution time and shipping costs.
Additionally, in Somalia, USAID is providing $13.2 million to private voluntary organizations to support cash transfers to households faced with extreme food insecurity, enabling them to purchase foods directly in their local markets. These cash programs are a rapid method of getting cash resources into people’s hands. They not only give beneficiaries the freedom to purchase the kinds and quantities of food that they prefer, but also help infuse cash into the local economy, which in turn helps local shopkeepers and farmers.
EFSP resources also have been used to purchase regional ready-to-use therapeutic foods to treat 66,450 acutely malnourished children, primarily in the southern areas of Somalia.
Across Somalia’s two borders, in Kenya and Ethiopia, a more encouraging panorama has evolved amidst the crisis. “In both countries, where governance is strong and U.S. Government investments can reach people in need, prior development investments have paid off, and stable environments have allowed emergency aid to reach those in need,” says Greg Gottlieb, senior deputy assistant administrator in USAID’s Bureau for Food Security.
In Ethiopia, Africa’s largest labor-based social safety net program—put in place after a 2003 drought—is reaping large dividends by mitigating the impacts of the current drought. USAID is now helping 2.3 million of the 7.5 million chronically insecure individuals supported by the Government of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program through a combination of in-kind food assistance and financing for public work projects that improve food security.
In Kenya, the Agency supports WFP drought-relief operations such as food distribution, and nutrient-fortified feedings for vulnerable mothers and children affected by drought or floods, as well as large numbers of refugees at camps along the border.
But there is another key difference. Both Kenya and Ethiopia are Feed the Future focus countries—beneficiaries of international efforts to build internal agricultural resiliency. In 2009, President Barack Obama pledged $3.5 billion to support agricultural development and improved global food security, which leveraged another $18.5 billion in pledges from the international donor community in the wake of the 2007/2008 food-price crisis. In the United States, this pledge became Feed the Future.
What the F***? Internet Appeals Ask People to Think Bigger, Act Bolder
The F-word. Coming out of the mouths of top-tier entertainers. That’ll get a second look…and listen. The suggestively potty-mouthed celebrities (and a few politicians, too) are part of a symbolically bleeped Public Service Announcement, or PSA, called “The F Word: Famine is the Real Obscenity.”
The attention-seeking ad asks people to pressure politicians around the globe to step up emergency relief efforts in the Horn of Africa and make long-term investments in agriculture in developing countries to prevent future food crises.
While not exactly the sexiest of marching orders, the ad does appear to be part of a larger global effort that acknowledges donor fatigue, a global-get-involved spirit especially among young people, and the root causes of famine are preventable.
The ONE Campaign says it created the PSAs as part of its broader campaign to support long-term strategies to end famine.
Focus on 19
Led by USAID, Feed the Future is an interagency effort designed to improve agricultural development in 19 countries, helping to prevent future food crises. It concentrates on smallholder farmers, many of whom are women, as critical drivers of this potential economic growth.
The details may be complex, but the theory is simple: Improving the yields of subsistence farmers through tools like improved fertilizers, drought-and-disease tolerant seeds, and finding markets for their crops in environmentally sustainable ways, means better opportunities for the poor and improved food security for all.
In Kenya, as in Ethiopia, USAID assistance is addressing both emergency aid and long-term development.
Regions receiving emergency aid are most vulnerable to cycles of flood and drought, and largely found in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya and Ethiopia. In and around the refugee camps, including the world’s currently largest camp at Dadaab, Kenya, on the border with Somalia, the U.S. Government provides crucial emergency supplies and support to ballooning numbers of refugees.
Support to these refugees did not begin with the current crisis. USAID’s refugee assistance started in 1992, supporting over 2 million refugees fleeing conflict after the fall of the Siad Barre regime in Somalia. Currently, there are more than 920,000 Somali refugees in the Horn of Africa region and Yemen, many of them having left their home country because of poverty, conflict, drought, and extreme hunger.
Though much of the emergency food assistance is distributed directly to refugees, WFP has also created some food-for-asset programs for refugee-hosting communities and other drought-affected Kenyans. Food for assets involves providing individuals a wage in food for their participation in construction activities such as rainwater catchments, irrigation canals, and dams—all things that support pastoral or agriculture-based livelihoods.
Since 2010, the Agency has also been supporting WFP’s pilot cash-for-asset programs in select parts of Kenya. Previously, WFP had investigated which areas of the country would be most appropriate for the use of cash transfers and identified two—Mwingi and Tharaka districts—that are classified as semi-arid lands and have ongoing food-for-assets activities.
Through the water conservation projects, beneficiaries have been able to extend their water sources for an extra two to four months, and increase their yields for sorghum and other crops. This is particularly important in the Turkana region, which has benefited greatly from the construction of ponds for thirsty livestock and improved irrigation to allow communities in these arid lands to save crops that would otherwise wither and die from drought.
But in Kenya as a whole, as in Ethiopia, a longer-term framework has been crafted to buttress these emergency measures. Feed the Future supports projects that build food security by improving key agricultural value chains, conducting crop research, promoting better natural resource management, and including improved water management processes.
Fleeing Severe Drought in a Country at War
After making the difficult decision to flee their homes due to worsening drought conditions in southern Somalia, thousands of women, men, and children are embarking on an arduous 20- to 30-day trek to reach Dadaab, Kenya—home to the largest refugee camp in the world. Many are undernourished. All are physically and emotionally exhausted.
Their first stop is one of three recently established reception centers where they receive assistance from the American people: high-energy biscuits, a 21-day food ration of maize meal, wheat flour, vegetable oil, pulses (beans, peas, or lentils), corn-soya blend flour, and a variety of non-food items to meet their basic needs prior to formal registration by the Government of Kenya as refugees.
In fiscal year 2011, USAID provided food commodities valued at $50.7 million to support, the reception centers and ongoing monthly food distributions managed by the World Food Program for Dadaab’s more than 440,000 registered refugees. USAID is the World Food Program’s largest donor—both globally and for the Dadaab refugee operation.
Feed the Future efforts in Kenya began in September 2010, emphasizing the role of small-scale farmers, women in agriculture, and the private sector while complementing efforts by the Government of Kenya and other donors to enhance agricultural and dairy production and marketing.
In Ethiopia, Feed the Future efforts focus on strengthening selected value chains—including maize, wheat, coffee, honey, livestock, and dairy—while also encouraging private-sector engagement and improving market function.
Regionally, USAID’s mission covering the whole of East Africa is also working to open up access to regional markets with a focus on staple crops and livestock, as well as reduce trade barriers and increase the capacity of key regional African institutions and firms as part of the Feed the Future platform.
The latest forecasts indicate average rains in the fall of 2011 in the most drought-affected areas of the region, and conditions are expected to improve in most pastoral areas. Even so, FEWS NET forecasts that famine conditions will persist in southern Somalia into at least January 2012.
As long as millions of people around the world remain vulnerable to fluctuating climates and food prices, the U.S. Government will continue to use emergency-response mechanisms to address immediate needs in large-scale crises.
Dina Esposito, director of Food for Peace, explains: “In the face of devastating crises, the Agency supports activities wherever possible that not only provide relief but also enable communities to protect and rebuild their assets and infrastructure, thus providing a potential platform for further developmental growth.”
According to USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah, the U.S. Government will also continue to view long-term food security – support for the development of countries’ agriculture sectors – as the best preemptive response and most effective tool to curtail future food crises.
Last updated: April 16, 2014
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The Healthy Heart Handbook for Women
Major Risk Factors for Heart Disease
High Blood Cholesterol
High blood cholesterol is another major risk factor for heart disease that you can do something about. The higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk for developing heart disease or having a heart attack. To prevent these disorders, all women should make a serious effort to keep their cholesterol at healthy levels.
If you already have heart disease, it is particularly important to lower an elevated blood cholesterol level to reduce your high risk for a heart attack. Women with diabetes also are at especially high risk for a heart attack. If you have diabetes, you will need to take steps to keep both your cholesterol and your diabetes under control.
Although young women tend to have lower cholesterol levels than young men, between the ages of 45 and 55, women's levels begin to rise higher than men's. After age 55, this "cholesterol gap" between women and men becomes still wider. Although women's overall risk of heart disease at older ages continues to be somewhat lower than that of men, the higher a woman's blood cholesterol level, the greater her chances of developing heart disease.
Cholesterol and Your Heart
The body needs cholesterol to function normally. However, your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. Over a period of years, extra cholesterol and fat circulating in the blood build up in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup, called plaque, makes the arteries narrower and narrower. As a result, less blood gets to the heart. Blood carries oxygen to the heart. If not enough oxygen-rich blood can reach your heart, you may suffer chest pain. If the blood supply to a portion of the heart is completely cut off, the result is a heart attack.
Cholesterol travels in the blood in packages called lipoproteins. LDL carries most of the cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol packaged in LDL is often called "bad" cholesterol, because too much LDL in the blood can lead to cholesterol buildup and blockage in the arteries.
Another type of cholesterol is HDL, known as "good" cholesterol. That's because HDL helps remove cholesterol from the body, preventing it from building up in the arteries.
High blood cholesterol itself does not cause symptoms, so if your cholesterol level is too high, you may not be aware of it. That's why it's important to get your cholesterol levels checked regularly. Starting at age 20, all women should have their cholesterol levels checked by means of a blood test called a "fasting lipoprotein profile." Be sure to ask for the test results, so you will know whether you need to lower your cholesterol. Ask your doctor how soon you should be retested.
Total cholesterol is a measure of the cholesterol in all of your lipoproteins, including the "bad" cholesterol in LDL and the "good" cholesterol in HDL. An LDL level below 100 mg/dL* is considered "optimal," or ideal. However, not every woman needs to aim for so low a level. As you can see on the next page, there are four other categories of LDL level. The higher your LDL number, the higher your risk of heart disease. Knowing your LDL number is especially important because it will determine the kind of treatment you may need.
Your HDL number tells a different story. The lower your HDL level, the higher your heart disease risk.
Your lipoprotein profile test will also measure levels of triglycerides, another fatty substance in the blood. (See "What Are Triglycerides?".)
* Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood.
What's Your Number?
Blood Cholesterol Levels and Heart Disease Risk
|Total Cholesterol Level||Category|
|Less than 200 mg/dL||Desirable|
|200-239 mg/dL||Borderline high|
|240 mg/dL and above||High|
|LDL Cholesterol Level||Category|
|Less than 100mg/dL||Optimal (ideal)|
|100-129 mg/dL||Near optimal/above optimal|
|130-159 mg/dL||Borderline high|
|190 mg/dL and above||Very high|
HDL Cholesterol Level
An HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL is a major risk factor for heart disease. An HDL level of 60 mg/dL or higher is somewhat protective.
Heart Disease Risk and Your LDL Goal
In general, the higher your LDL level and the more other risk factors you have, the greater your chances of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. The higher your risk, the lower your LDL goal level will be. Here is how to determine your LDL goal:
Step 1: Count your risk factors. Below are risk factors for heart disease that will affect your LDL goal. Check to see how many of the following risk factors* you have:
- Cigarette smoking
- High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher, or if you are on blood pressure medication)
- Low HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL)†
- Family history of early heart disease (your father or brother before age 55, or your mother or sister before age 65)
- Age (55 or older)
Step 2: Find Out Your Risk Score. If you have two or more risk factors in Step 1, you will need to figure out your "risk score." This score will show your chances of having a heart attack in the next 10 years. To find out your risk score, see "How To Estimate Your Risk".
* Diabetes is not on the list because a person with diabetes is already considered to be at high risk for a heart attack—at the same level of risk as someone who has heart disease. Also, even though overweight and physical inactivity are not on this list of risk factors, they are conditions that raise your risk for heart disease and need to be corrected.
† If your HDL cholesterol is 60 mg/dL or higher, subtract 1 from your total.
Step 3: Find Out Your Risk Category. Use your umber of risk factors, risk score, and medical history to find out your history to find out your category of risk for heart disease or heart attack. Use the table below:
|If You Have||Your Category Is|
|Heart disease, diabetes, or a risk score of more than 20 percent||High Risk|
|2 or more risk factors and a risk score of 10 to 20 percent||Next Highest Risk|
|2 or more risk factors and a risk score of less than 10 percent||Moderate Risk|
|0 to 1 risk factor||Low-to-Moderate Risk|
What Are Triglycerides
Triglycerides are another type of fat found in the blood and in food. Triglycerides are produced in the liver. When you drink alcohol or take in more calories than your body needs, your liver produces more triglycerides. Triglyceride levels that are borderline high(150-199 mg/dL) or high (200-499 mg/dL) are signals of an increased risk for heart disease. To reduce blood triglyceride levels, it is important to control your weight, get more physical activity, quit smoking, and avoid alcohol. You should also follow an eating plan that is not too high in carbohydrates (less than 60 percent of calories) and is low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. Sometimes, medication is also needed.
"No one, least of all me, was ever really concerned about my heart health because I was a young, thin female, who did not smoke. After my heart attack, I had to face my own mortality. It was a life-altering event for my entire family."
A Special Type of Risk
Some women have a group of risk factors known as "metabolic syndrome," which is usually caused by overweight or obesity and by not getting enough physical activity. This cluster of risk factors increases your risk of heart disease and diabetes, regardless of your LDL cholesterol level. Women have metabolic syndrome if they have three or more of the following conditions:
- A waist measurement of 35 inches or more
- Triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or more
- An HDL level of less than 50 mg/dL
- Blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or more (either number counts)
- Blood sugar of 100 mg/dL or more
If you have metabolic syndrome, you should calculate your risk score and risk category as indicated in Steps 2 and 3 on the previous page. You should make a particularly strong effort to reach and maintain your LDL goal. You should emphasize weight control and physical activity to correct the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.
Your LDL Goal
The main goal of cholesterol-lowering treatment is to lower your LDL level enough to reduce your risk of heart disease or heart attack. The higher your risk category, the lower your LDL goal will be. To find your personal LDL goal, see the table below:
|If You Are in This Risk Category||Your LDL Goal Is|
|High Risk||Less than 100 mg/dL|
|Next Highest Risk or Moderate Risk||Less than 130 mg/dL|
|Low-to-Moderate Risk||Less than 160 mg/dL|
Recent studies have added to the evidence suggesting that for people with heart disease, lower LDL cholesterol is better. Because these studies show a direct relationship between lower LDL cholesterol and reduced risk for heart attack, it is now reasonable for doctors to set the LDL treatment goal for heart disease patients at less than 70 mg/dL—well below the recommended level of less than 100 mg/dL. Doctors may also use more intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment to help patients reach this goal.
If you have heart disease, work with your doctor to lower your LDL cholesterol as much as possible. But even if you can't lower your LDL cholesterol to less than 70 mg/dL because of a high starting level, lowering your LDL cholesterol to less than 100 mg/dL will still greatly reduce your risk.
How To Lower Your LDL
There are two main ways to lower your LDL cholesterol—through lifestyle changes alone, or though medication combined with lifestyle changes. Depending on your risk category, the use of these treatments will differ. Because of the recent studies that showed the benefit of more intensive cholesterol lowering, physicians have the option to start cholesterol medication—in addition to lifestyle therapy—at lower LDL levels than previously recommended for high-risk patients. For information on the updated treatment options and the best treatment plan for your risk category, see the fact sheet, "High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need To Know," available on the NHLBI Web site or from the NHLBI Health Information Center. (See "To Learn More".)
Lifestyle Changes. One important treatment approach is called the TLC Program. TLC stands for "Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes," a three-part treatment that uses diet, physical activity, and weight management. Every woman who needs to lower her LDL cholesterol should use the TLC Program. (For more on the TLC approach, see "Eat for Health".) Maintaining a healthy weight and getting regular physical activity are especially important for women who have metabolic syndrome.
Medication. If your LDL level stays too high even after making lifestyle changes, you may need to take medicine. If you need medication, be sure to use it along with the TLC approach. This will keep the dose of medicine as low as possible and lower your risk in other ways as well. You will also need to control all of your other heart disease risk factors, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking.
As part of your cholesterol-lowering treatment plan, your doctor may recommend medication. The most commonly used medicines are listed below.
Statins. These are the most commonly prescribed drugs for people who need a cholesterol-lowering medicine. They lower LDL levels more than other types of drugs—about 20 to 55 percent. They also moderately lower triglycerides and raise HDL. Side effects are usually mild, although liver and muscle problems may occur rarely. If you experience muscle aches or weakness, you should contact your doctor promptly.
Ezetimibe. This is the first in a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that interferes with the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine. Ezetimbe lowers LDL by about 18 to 25 percent. It can be used alone or in combination with a statin to get more lowering of LDL. Side effects may include back and joint pain.
Bile acid resins. These medications lower LDL cholesterol by about 15 to 30 percent. Bile acid resins are often prescribed along with a statin to further decrease LDL cholesterol levels. Side effects may include constipation, bloating, nausea, and gas. However, long-term use of these medicines is considered safe.
Niacin. Niacin, or nicotinic acid, lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, while also raising HDL cholesterol. It reduces LDL levels by about 5 to 15 percent, and up to 25 percent in some patients. Although niacin is available without a prescription, it is important to use it only under a doctor's care because of possibly serious side effects. In some people, it may worsen peptic ulcers or cause liver problems, gout, or high blood sugar.
Fibrates. These drugs can reduce triglyceride levels by 20 to 50 percent, while increasing HDL cholesterol by 10 to 15 percent. Fibrates are not very effective for lowering LDL cholesterol. The drugs can increase the chances of developing gallstones and heighten the effects of blood-thinning drugs.
|Table of Contents||Next: Overweight and Obesity|
Last Updated: February 29, 2012
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It is strictly for the health and safety of your dog; as well as other dogs they may encounter during a visit to our shop. K-9 Kamp requires that all dogs be vaccinated and that owners provide proof of vaccination for each dog prior to entering the shop. Required vaccinations include: Rabies, Distemper/Parvo (DA2PPC or DHPPC), and Bordetella (Kennel Cough). If you have a concern regarding vaccinations; or, if vaccinations are no longer medically necessary, please tell us and we will work with you.
Why Rabies Vaccination?
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. Rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms begin to show, the infection is effectively untreatable and usually fatal within days. Worldwide, roughly 97% of rabies cases come from dog bites. In the United States, however, animal control and vaccination programs have effectively eliminated domestic dogs as reservoirs of rabies.
Why Distemper/Parvo Vaccination?
Canine Distemper is a viral disease. Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs. Although very similar to the measles virus, canine distemper virus (CDV) seems to have appeared more recently, with the first case described in 1905 it now affects all populations of domestic dog and some populations of wildlife. A vaccine was developed in 1950, yet due to limited use, the virus remains prevalent in many populations. Puppies from three to six months old are particularly susceptible. CDV spreads through aerosol droplets and through contact with infected bodily fluids including nasal and ocular secretions, feces, and urine 6–22 days after exposure. It can also be spread by food and water contaminated with these fluids.
Parvo - Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV2) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. The disease is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. It can be especially severe in puppies that are not protected by maternal antibodies or vaccination. It has two distinct presentations, a cardiac and intestinal form. The common signs of the intestinal form are severe vomiting and dysentery. The cardiac form causes respiratory or cardiovascular failure in young puppies. Certain breeds, such as Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, and Pit bull terriers as well as other black and tan colored dogs may be more susceptible to CPV2. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases.
Why Bordetella Vaccination?
Kennel Cough is a highly contagious canine illness. Both viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough are spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing. It can also spread through direct contact; close quarters of a kennel and contact with contaminated surfaces such as the ground, toys, and sidewalks. Viral infection causes include: canine distemper, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, or canine respiratory coronavirus, or bacterial infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica. Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and Bordetella.
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The children of key-workers, who have been coming into school, have made this beautiful banner. It is displayed outside the school. We think they did a beautiful job!
Atticus in 2G tried an experiment to create a gravity-powered water siphon fountain. He sent in some instructions so that you could try it too!
You will need:
• Plastic bottle (with lid)
• Sticky tape
• Blue tack/ sealant
• Scissors/ old pen
• 2 glasses
• Food colouring
• Something to raise up your glass
1. Get the plastic bottle and make 2 holes in its lid.
2. Pop a straw through each hole & seal it with sealant or blue tack.
3. Pour some water into the bottle & screw the lid back on.
4. Next fill a glass with food colouring & water & put it on top of something tallish.
5. Then pop a bowl next to it on the floor.
6. Cover the end of the straw that sticks out of the bottle the furthest with your thumb.
7. Tip your bottle up so that the shorter straw is in the glass & the longer one is in the bowl.
8. Take your thumb off & watch it go!
Watch the video below to see how it worked.
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Greenpeace Switzerland - 1½ Minute Video
Swiss 'die-ins' May 2010
Create Your Own
Here’s how it works:
Call your friends and plan to meet at a specified time on March 11th in a popular park, playground, or mall – anywhere the public will be able to see your flash mob. Participants spread out among the pedestrians, then all collapse in unison and remain still for about 2 minutes. A few seconds after people fall, a poster-bearer walks among the fallen, carrying a Nuclear Fallout poster (download ours free or make your own), which explains to onlookers what they are witnessing and why. Read 'how-to' Fallout Guide.
"Japanese doctors will begin
seeing lung cancer and leukemia
in 2 to 5 years,
and solid cancers in 15 to 17 years"
~ Dr. Helen Caldicott, Link TV interview
"Fukushima and the Dangers of Nuclear Power"
(see right column)
A 20 foot high tsunami defense wall had been built for the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant; but in 2006, engineers warned the utility that the wall was not tall enough. Unfortunately, Tepco did not raise the wall and the defense was breeched by a 32 foot tsunami that crippled the plant. Like all nuclear power plants, Fukushima Daiichi needed backup power to keep its nuclear reactors and cooling pools safe. Desperate attempts to prevent meltdowns were made, including dropping water from helicopters.
Sadly, three explosions occurred at three reactors, killing three workers immediately and rendering an immense, once verdant area of Japan uninhabitable. The Japanese government declared early evacuation zones and 80,000 citizens became homeless due to nuclear power that day. A year and a half later, 116,000 Japanese citizens could not return to their Fukushima area homes, and had received very little compensation by the government or the utility company.
In an interview, "Fukushima and the Dangers of Nuclear Power" (see right column), leading expert Dr. Helen Caldicott says that Japanese doctors will begin seeing lung cancer and leukemia in 2 to 5 years, and solid cancers in 15 to 17 years, but that the contamination of the food chain will last for hundreds of thousands of years. Dr. Caldicott, M.D. is a former professor at Harvard Medical School, a pediatrician at Children's Hospital in Boston, Mass., and a current member of the International Scientific Advisory Board. Another expert in radiological health issues, Janette Sherman, MD, practicing toxicologist and research associate with the Radiation and Public Health Project, says "Radiation from nuclear reactor emissions is most toxic to the fetus and infant."
It is important to realize that the vast majority of people are resistant to the formation of cancer cells and will not contract cancer themselves. However, the research shows that radiation can damage DNA and many different cells and organs. There is no safe dose, but some people are more resistant than others. The research shows us that women and children are more vulnerable, and that younger people are more vulnerable than older people (until advanced age deteriorates the immune system). See our Radioactive Poisons page for more information.
We advocate three steps to MAKE RADIATION VISIBLE:
1. Require bright visible DYE-MARKERS for all emergency radiation emissions.
2. Require PUBLIC HEALTH ALERTS whenever radiation is released into the environment.
3. Require RADIATION MONITORING data be available online to the public
in REAL-TIME, not a year later as it is now.
Please send a Letter to the NRC calling for these new regulations in the U.S., and advocate for them in your own country and community.
Thank you for this and for all the good you do!
MORE YOU CAN DO
Contact Your Elected Representatives
Sign a Letter to the NRC
Sign a Letter to TVA
Support Green Legislation in Your State.
Send a link to your friends
so they can learn about energy at MATRR.org.
Donate to BEST/MATRR - Because It Matters
Bellefonte Efficiency & Sustainability Team
Mothers Against Tennessee River Radiation
Because It Matters
CopyLeft ©L 2010-2011 BEST / MATRR
You are encouraged to copy our written material,
but please credit all referenced sources.
All rights reserved.
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|
http://www.fallouts.org/
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Einstein once said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” What can we do to give our children a place where play, creativity, and imagination are encouraged? Is creative, imaginative play important?
In our society, the desire to stay connected through technology is growing rapidly. This need for constant connectivity affects our children even at a very young age as parents (and children!) spend more and more time online.
Substituting family game night and bedtime stories with social media and Netflix deprives children of opportunities to learn to use their imagination and creativity. Creativity and problem solving go hand in hand. These are basic skills that enable children to successfully transition into functioning teens and adults.
Imagination allows children to discover and engage in the world around them. Activities that require creativity and imagination help children think through things they have learned. They can interact with historical events and cultures around the world even though it is not possible to visit those eras or places in person.
Providing children with a safe, fun place to engage their imagination allows them to develop not only their physical muscles, but also the mental muscle of the brain. According to numerous studies, imagination and creativity help improve a child’s communication skills and vocabulary. Using the imagination advances the cognitive development of young children.
A playhouse from The Shed Builders is the perfect place for kids to freely use their imagination. Within their own special playhouse, kids are free to make up stories or even act stories out. They can talk and play with imaginary friends, props, and toys. They can create their own art and craft area—no cleanup by mom required! When children have their own playhouse, they can play to their heart’s content without the parent trying to think of things for them to do.
Research conducted all over the world has proven the benefits of children as young as eighteen months participating in make-believe games. Evidence shows that children’s early imaginative play increases their creativity in later years of development as well.
Imagination presents endless opportunities! And a playhouse presents opportunities for creative, imaginative play! Providing a playhouse for your child promotes outdoor playtime, limits the amount of electronic screen time they are exposed to, and provides personal play space for happier, more creative play.
Society benefits when we encourage future generations to embrace their imagination and empower their creativity!
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CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://www.theshedbuilders.com/the-importance-of-creativity-and-imagination-in-childrens-playtime/
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Expository essay of aboriginal english this student studied: vce - year 12 - english language intro: “language most shows a man: speak that i may see thee. Being able to connect with the wider vce english language teaching community also a folio of annotated texts an essay an investigative report an analytical.
This essay was marked by a vcaa english language assessor with an a+ grade it covers obfuscation and manipulation of the public in order to assert.
To be precise, the requirement in an english language essay is to 'use key linguistic concepts and metalanguage appropriately to. Learn the entire vce english language 3/4 course inside out, in a way that is i also provide you with tons of complete sample essays covering a wide.
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|
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| 0.928181
| 156
| 2.59375
| 3
|
To mark the birth anniversary of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the West Bengal Chief Minister, Mamata Bannerjee has launched the ‘Vidyasagar Week’. Schools would organize essay competitions, cultural functions, exhibition and seminars to commemorate the great thinker, philosopher and philanthropist. Here is a quick brief on the life and time of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – how he got the title and his contribution to the Bengal Renaissance.
Ishwar Chadra Vidyasagar was born Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay on 26 September 1820 at Birsingha village to a Bengali Hindu family. He is known for his work as a philosopher, an academic educator, writer, translator as well as a reformer and philatropist. He is also largely responsible for the simplification of the Bengali alphabet and type.
Extremely curious, his quest for knowledge guided him through multiple degrees as he continued to study. As fund constraint made it difficult for the family to afford a gas lamp, he would study under the street lamp. Excellent academic performances lead him to earn many scholarships on his journey. He was honoured by the title Vidyasagar which literally means an ocean of knowledge by Sanskrit College due to his work in Sanskrit studies and philosophy.
Of his most important contributions is his work for the Hindi Widow Remarriage act. He constantly fought against the archaic laws and petitioned the Legislative council in spite of severe opposition. Even though a counter petition was filed with four times as much signature as his petition, Lord Dalhousie personally finalized the bill - Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856.
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/ishwar-chandra-vidyasagar-birth-anniversary-schools-in-bengal-to-celebrate-200-years-of-the-teacher-reformer/495430
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|
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| 3.09375
| 3
|
How will the world continue to push the boundaries of sustainable energy? It seems that the solution for a new, revolutionary energy source is right under our feet. Ultimately, scientists think that we could solve the world’s energy problems by collecting geothermal energy in a newfound way…and they are working to do just that.
A section of the groundbreaking documentary, Billions in Change, highlights the immense potential of a new geothermal energy concept. This idea starts with a modern substance being utilized by entrepreneur-turned-good-Samaritan, Manoj Bhargava, and his team of highly skilled engineers.
This substance is known as graphene.
At a glimpse, graphene sounds like it’s straight out of a science fiction novel. It’s essentially carbon dissected at single-molecule level: The world’s first two-dimensional object. It’s almost transparent, and almost weightless, but it’s stronger than steel and possesses a particularly amazing property. Namely, graphene is one of the best conductors in the world.
In fact, graphene conducts 100 times better than copper! It also conducts heat in an oddly direct way. Energy is transferred through graphene from end to end without any heat remaining in between.
To that end, just a few miles beneath us lies nearly unlimited potential. There is an astounding amount of heat below us; all we need to do is collect that energy. It’s possible to transfer geothermal heat into clean energy. But what’s stopping the world from harnessing this power?
Quite simply, it’s the resources we have to transfer the Earth’s heat, or a lackthereof rather. Copper based instruments melt the further down they go, and so do most other conductive materials. But not graphene. This is because graphene is the world’s most conductive substance, all while being malleable and stronger than metal.
Using graphene to collect geothermal energy is extremely promising, and Bhargava is the person at the forefront of this incredible idea. As the CEO of the popular Five Hour Energy drink, he’s taken his immense wealth and channeled it into creating the energy source the world needs. What we need is energy that is limitless, without creating pollution. In those regards this idea is extremely promising.
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CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://futurism.com/thanks-to-graphene-we-may-harness-the-limitless-energy-beneath-earths-surface
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|
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| 0.939289
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| 3.1875
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One of the main applications of using 3D printing in the Robotics industry is to produce prototype parts and iterate the design as soon as possible without wasting much time on testing.
Product development is an iterative process where designers want to test their designs as fast as possible and conclude their results on what works best and what doesn't work. The word “prototyping” means to create a temporary working or replica of the original design in order to verify its functionality, appearance, and testing under working conditions so the designer can validate the results in order to improve his/her existing design or finalize his/her design to go for actual production. Rapid prototyping means immediate creation of his/her design into physical form using some of the quickest manufacturing techniques like “additive manufacturing” technologies, CNC machining, Laser cutting and even CAD program where we can visually see, simulate different finite element analysis tests are also considered as rapid prototyping technologies.
When it comes to rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing technologies are best suited for creating prototypes because the cost and lead time are very less compared to traditional manufacturing technologies where it produces huge waste/scrap and also takes a long time to produce them. Also in the case of “product design” where it requires more iterative development of the product before it reaches the customer. Sometimes the company has to make several iterations of design and testing very quickly so they can develop the product at each iteration. Additive manufacturing helps in minimizing the time in an iteration of product development by almost 60 to 85%.
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<urn:uuid:8e2e2f4d-1cfc-4de7-b50a-4506740a76b1>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.mekuva.com/robotics
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|
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| 0.945226
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|
MemTest86 and Memtest86+ are memory test software programs designed to test and stress test an x86 architecture computer’s random access memory (RAM) for errors, by writing test patterns to most memory addresses, reading back the data, and comparing for errors. Each tries to verify that the RAM will accept and correctly retain arbitrary patterns of data written to it, that there are no errors where different bits of memory interact, and that there are no conflicts between memory addresses.
In other words - in plains English, memtest86+ will run through your RAM and tells you if they are OK, or not.
To be safe rather than sorry, it is good practice to test your RAM to ensure they are working as designed. Always run this test when you first build (or purchase) your computer. And re-run this test once every year or two to verify that your computer is still working as expected.
Now that you have a background of what bad RAM is and memtest86+ is. We’d go to the important bits next - how to run memtest86+.
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|
Awareness, Beliefs, and Actions Concerning Zika Virus Among Pregnant Women and Community Members — U.S. Virgin Islands, November–December 2016
Weekly / September 1, 2017 / 66(34);909–913
Christine E. Prue, PhD1; Joseph N. Roth Jr., MPH2; Amanda Garcia-Williams, PhD3; Alison Yoos, MPH4; Lena Camperlengo, DrPH5; Leah DeWilde6; Mohammed Lamtahri7; Andra Prosper6; Cosme Harrison, MPH6; Lauren Witbart8; Irene Guendel, PhD6; Douglas M. Wiegand, PhD9; Natasha R. Lamens6; Braeanna Hillman, MPH6; Michelle S. Davis, PhD6; Esther M. Ellis, PhD6 (View author affiliations)View suggested citation
What is already known about this topic?
U.S.-based surveys conducted throughout 2016 have shown high levels of awareness of the Zika virus outbreak, moderate levels of concern about Zika, and low levels of knowledge about how Zika is transmitted.
What is added by this report?
Zika-related awareness, beliefs, and actions among residents of the U.S. Virgin Islands, who are not included in U.S.-based surveys, were assessed in interviews of pregnant women and community members. Multiple respondents reported hearing that Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes microcephaly in babies. Fewer mentioned hearing about sexual transmission of Zika virus or what actions to take to prevent infection. Most respondents reported Zika virus as a serious concern although there were varying levels in perceptions of susceptibility and protective actions taken. Most pregnant women reported receiving interventions offered to them and most community members expressed support for several vector control approaches.
What are implications for public health practice?
The feedback from these interviews helped the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health identify information gaps that can be addressed through communication, education, and community engagement. Gathering feedback about key aspects of a response effort from community members is vital to ensure that interventions reach them and are translated into effective prevention programs.
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- pdf icon [PDF]
As of May 2, 2017, the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), comprising St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, had reported 1,021 probable or confirmed cases* of Zika virus disease in its population of approximately 100,000 (1); 222 symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women in the USVI had tested positive for Zika virus. In January 2016, USVI Department of Health (USVI DOH) initiated Zika response measures, including surveillance, vector control, and a communications program. Interventions included education and outreach, distribution of Zika prevention kits† to pregnant women in the USVI, and provision of free Zika virus laboratory testing and vector control services. In November 2016, USVI DOH staff members conducted interviews with convenience samples of community members and pregnant women to gather feedback about current and proposed interventions (2). Pregnant women reported taking a median of two actions to protect themselves from Zika, with repellent use being the most commonly reported action. Community members reported taking a median of one action and were supportive of several proposed vector control approaches. Whereas multiple pregnant women and community members reported hearing messages about the cause and consequences of Zika virus infections, few recalled messages about specific actions they could take to protect themselves. Integrating evaluation into response measures permits ongoing assessment of intervention effectiveness and supports improvement to serve the population’s needs.
During November 15–December 9, 2016, interviews were conducted with 269 pregnant women and community members living in the USVI to assess awareness, beliefs, and actions related to Zika virus and local prevention and control measures. USVI DOH interviewers identified commercial and clinic (public and private) locations to conduct interviews; these locations represented different locales and demographic groups of each island (3). Interviews were conducted in English and included open- and closed-ended questions. Pregnant women were asked about receipt, use, and usefulness of interventions including Zika prevention kits, laboratory testing, and vector control services. Community members were asked about their level of support for backpack spraying, spraying from trucks, spraying from airplanes, and placement of mosquito traps in yards. Interviewers received training on obtaining consent for participation and use of the interview instruments and Epi Info for Mobile Devices,§ which permitted audio recording of questions and responses. This project was determined by CDC as not subject to Institutional Review Board review. An Atlanta-based analytics team reviewed audio files and provided feedback to field staff members to improve fidelity to protocols, analyzed closed-ended and multiple-choice responses, and transcribed, coded, and analyzed responses to open-ended questions.
A systematic process for tallying the number of interview requests and refusals was not used; however, refusals were rare. The final sample included 269 completed interviews with 104 (38.7%) pregnant women and 165 (61.3%) nonpregnant community members, including 120 (44.6%) participants on St. Croix, 116 (41.3%) on St. Thomas, and 33 (12.3%) on St. John (Table 1). The median age of pregnant women respondents was 27 years (range = 18–43 years). Among 95 pregnant respondents for whom information on race/ethnicity and education was available, 58 (61.1%) were non-Hispanic black, 28 (29.5%) were Hispanic, and eight (8.4%) were non-Hispanic white. Thirty-six (37.9%) pregnant respondents were high school graduates, 25 (26.3%) attended some college, 17 (17.9%) were college graduates, and six (6.3%) had postgraduate education. Most pregnant women were in their third (48.1%) or second (37.5%) trimester of pregnancy.
Among 165 community members who were interviewed, 74 (45.7%) were male; the median age was 45 years (range = 18–81 years); 113 (70.2%) were non-Hispanic black, 21 (13.0%) were Hispanic, and 17 (10.6%) were non-Hispanic white. Fifty-one (31.5%) had less than a high school education, 43 (26.5%) were high school graduates, 45 (27.8%) had attended some college, 11 (6.8%) were college graduates, and 12 (7.7%) had postgraduate education.
Pregnant women provided a median of two responses (range = 1–5) to the question, “What have you heard about Zika?” and the most common responses were that Zika causes microcephaly or brain defects in babies (67.3%) and is transmitted by mosquitoes (34.6%) (Table 2). Community members provided a median of one response (range = 0–5); the most common response was that Zika is transmitted by mosquitoes (48.5%). Only 11.5% of pregnant women and 9.1% of community members reported hearing that Zika virus can be sexually transmitted. Less than 3% of pregnant women or community members mentioned hearing about individual actions that could be taken to prevent Zika virus infection. Only 3.8% of pregnant women and 6.1% of community members stated that Zika virus transmission was occurring in the USVI.
Among 103 pregnant women, 56 (54.4%) reported being moderately or extremely concerned about becoming infected with Zika virus. Whereas 14 (13.9%) of 101 pregnant women stated it was likely or extremely likely that they would become infected, 86 (83.5%) of 103 said they were confident or very confident in their ability to protect themselves and their baby from infection during their pregnancy. Zika virus was reported as a serious or very serious health concern to the community by 124 (75.6%) community members, and to them personally by 82 (49.7%), with 69 (41.8%) stating that it was likely or very likely that they would become infected (Table 2). A majority of pregnant women and community members reported having either no conversations or only one or two conversations with family members or friends about Zika in the past month (Table 2).
When asked, “What actions have you taken to protect yourself from getting infected with Zika virus since you found out you were pregnant?” women reported taking a median of two actions (range = 0–6) with use of mosquito repellent (74.0%) and wearing clothing that covers arms and legs (26.9%) as the most frequently reported actions (Table 2). When community members were asked what actions they had taken to protect themselves, they reported taking a median of one action (range = 0–9) with use of mosquito repellent (42.4%) the most commonly reported action (Table 2).
Pregnant women were asked questions about their receipt of specific interventions and performance of specific behaviors. Among 97 pregnant women, 69 (71.1%) reported having received a Zika prevention kit (Table 3) with 67.2% stating that the repellent was the most important item in the kit and the one most frequently depleted. Among 95 pregnant women for whom information on Zika testing was available, 74 (77.9%) reported having been tested; 67.6% reported receiving their test results within 2 weeks; 22 (22.4%) reported that their partner had also been tested. Among 97 pregnant women, 48 (49.5%) said they heard about the availability of vector control services. Among the 31 pregnant women who reported hearing about and being offered vector control services, 25 wanted the service and 21 had been contacted by the USVI DOH to schedule the appointment for service delivery. Twenty (80%) of the 25 pregnant women who wanted vector control services reported receiving them.
Among 102 pregnant women, 44 (43.1%) reported using insect repellent in the last 24 hours, 13 (12.7%) reported having slept under a bed net in the last 24 hours, and 27 (28.4%) reported removing standing water from their property in the past week (Table 3). Among 81 pregnant women who reported having sexual intercourse since becoming pregnant, only 15 (18.8%) reported using a condom every time they had sex, whereas 46 (57.5%) reported they never used a condom. At the time of the interview, 45.5% of pregnant women were observed to be wearing long pants and 22.2% were wearing long sleeves.
Community members were asked about their level of support for vector control methods to reduce mosquito populations in their community. Among those who responded, most supported or strongly supported putting mosquito traps in their yard (91.2%) and backpack spraying (75%); 66.5% and 23.9% supported spraying from trucks and airplanes, respectively.
Most USVI respondents believed that Zika is a serious health concern. Reported levels of concern about Zika virus infection among USVI respondents were slightly higher than those reported in surveys conducted in the continental United States (4–8). Two thirds of pregnant women and one third of community members in the USVI mentioned that Zika virus infection can cause serious birth defects. Surveys of residents of the continental United States showed wide variation in knowledge of the link between Zika virus infection and birth defects (4,6,7,9), with USVI residents generally having slightly higher knowledge levels than did respondents to the U.S.-based surveys. Approximately one third of pregnant women and less than half of community members in USVI mentioned that Zika virus can be transmitted by mosquitos and few pregnant women and community members (11.5% and 9.1%, respectively) mentioned that Zika can be sexually transmitted, suggesting gaps in awareness of modes of transmission, and possibly, reluctance to discuss sex. U.S. surveys revealed a similar pattern, with most respondents aware that Zika is spread by mosquitoes and fewer respondents aware of sexual transmission (5–10). Although the majority of pregnant respondents expressed concern about Zika, they also reported a high level of confidence in their ability to protect themselves and their baby and a belief that it was unlikely that they would become infected during their pregnancy, despite the relatively low reported prevalence of practicing protective behaviors. Reasons for this incongruity are not clear. It is possible that pregnant women were unaware of local cases of Zika virus disease, because <4% of them mentioned Zika virus transmission in USVI, or that Zika prevention messages were not reaching pregnant women, because <3% mentioned hearing messages about protective actions. That pregnant women reported limited recent conversations with family or friends about Zika might indicate a relative lack of importance of Zika in their lives or desensitization associated with living in an area where vectorborne diseases are prevalent. In addition, most pregnant participants were in their second or third trimester, and might have believed that protective actions were less essential later in pregnancy. Finally, women’s confidence might have been related to their receiving Zika-related services and to beliefs in their effectiveness.
Information collected from this assessment enabled program planners to tailor activities to address needs. For example, the community support of traps, backpack spraying, and truck spraying were important in developing USVI’s vector control plan. This assessment also provided feedback to USVI DOH staff members about how messages were being received, perceived, and acted upon. Recognizing prevention program strengths and deficiencies allowed program planners to reframe and refocus messaging to educate the public about transmission and emphasize protective actions.
The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, the convenience sample of interview venues were selected by USVI DOH staff members most familiar with their communities to ensure demographic diversity and were not population-based. Second, because the interviews were conducted during the Zika response, answers from respondents might have been subject to social desirability bias. Finally, responses were self-reported and not verified.
Despite these limitations, gaining insights into the awareness, beliefs, and actions of USVI pregnant women and community members allowed Zika responders to improve messaging and bolster the response effort. Building in a rapid assessment during an outbreak response offers an essential feedback loop to local public health authorities about their interventions.
Residents and clinics of the U.S. Virgin Islands; Marques Adams, Robery Alvey, Jr., Amy Callis, Monifa Carillo, Susan Dugan, Martha Ebener, Alina Flores, Gary Goolsby, Mohammad Islam, Joy Joseph, Francine Lang, Perry Levons, Ann O’Leary, Derval N. Petersen, Charlon Richardson, Michelle Rose, Lee Samuel, Fred Smith, Sharon Tooson, Laura Youngblood.
Conflict of Interest
No conflicts of interest were reported.
Corresponding author: Christine Prue, firstname.lastname@example.org, 404-639-2273.
1Office of the Director, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, , CDC; 2Division of State and Local Readiness, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, CDC; 3Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC; 4Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC;5Division of Reproductive Health, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; 6U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health; 7Office of Public Health Scientific Services, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Service, CDC; 8Office of the Director, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, CDC; 9Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC.
* These cases include immunoglobulin M–probable and polymerase chain reaction/plaque-reduction neutralization testing confirmed cases of Zika virus disease among symptomatic persons; asymptomatic pregnant women are not included.
† The Zika prevention kit included the following items: insect repellent, permethrin, condoms, a mosquito bed net, mosquito dunks (a larvicide used to treat standing water), and educational materials.
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health. Zika weekly surveillance report. US Virgin Islands: US Virgin Islands Department of Health; 2017. http://doh.vi.gov/assets/documents/2017/050217_ZikaReport.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
- CDC. Framework for program evaluation in public health. MMWR Recomm Rep 1999;48(No. RR-11). PubMedexternal icon
- Muhib FB, Lin LS, Stueve A, et al. ; Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study Team. A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Rep 2001;116(Suppl 1):216–22. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Ipsos Public Affairs. Ipsos/Reuters poll: Zika virus. Washington, DC: Ipsos Public Affairs; 2016. https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/ipsosreuters-poll-zika-virusexternal icon
- The Annenberg Public Policy Center. Half of Americans concerned Zika will spread to their neighborhoods. Philadelphia, PA: The Annenberg Public Policy Center; 2016. http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/half-of-americans-concerned-zika-will-spread-to-their-neighborhoods/external icon
- Harvard Opinion Research Program.Public views of the Zika virus outbreak topline data. Boston, MA: Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Opinion Research Program; 2016. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2016/03/Embargoed_Zika_Topline_24-March-2016_SENT1.docxword iconexternal icon
- March of Dimes/NORC at the University of Chicago. The Zika virus: gaps in Americans’ knowledge and support for government action. Chicago, IL: March of Dimes/NORC at the University of Chicago; 2016. http://www.norc.org/pdfs/marchofdimes/report_march_of_dimes_norc_zika_poll_090616.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
- Guo F, Norton AR, Fuchs EL, Hirth JM, Garcia-Blanco MA, Berenson AB. Provider-patient communication about Zika during prenatal visits. Prev Med Rep 2017;7:26–9. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon
- Abramson, D, Piltch-Loeb, R. U.S. public’s perception of Zika risk: awareness, knowledge, and receptivity to public health interventions. NYU Zika briefing report #1. New York City, NY: New York University College of Global Public Health; 2016. https://www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/publicAffairs/documents/PDF/research/PiR2_Zika_Report_rf.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
- The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Kaiser health tracking poll: August 2016. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2016. http://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-august-2016/external icon
TABLE 1. Demographic characteristics of pregnant women and community member respondents — U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, U.S. Virgin Islands, November–December 2016
(N = 104)
(N = 165)
|Location of interview|
|St. Croix||51 (49.0)||69 (41.8)|
|St. Thomas||45 (43.3)||71 (43.0)|
|St. John||8 (7.7)||25 (15.2)|
|Female||104 (100)||88 (54.3)|
|Age group (yrs)|
|18–24||38 (36.5)||11 (7.1)|
|25–34||42 (40.4)||34 (21.8)|
|35–44||13 (12.5)||32 (20.5)|
|45–54||0 (—)||38 (24.4)|
|55–64||0 (—)||29 (18.6)|
|≥65||0 (—)||12 (7.7)|
|Refused||11 (10.6)||0 (—)|
|Highest level of education*|
|None||1 (1.1)||0 (—)|
|Preschool through grade 12||10 (10.5)||51 (31.5)|
|High school diploma||36 (37.9)||43 (26.5)|
|Some college||25 (26.3)||45 (27.8)|
|College graduate||17 (17.9)||11 (6.8)|
|Postgraduate||6 (6.3)||12 (7.4)|
|Missing||9 (8.7)||0 (—)|
|White, non-Hispanic||8 (8.4)||17 (10.6)|
|Black, non-Hispanic||58 (61.1)||113 (70.2)|
|Hispanic||28 (29.5)||21 (13.0)|
|Other, non-Hispanic||1 (1.0)||1 (0.6)|
|Refused||0 (—)||9 (5.7)|
TABLE 2. Awareness, risk perceptions, and actions taken among pregnant women and community members — U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) Department of Health, U.S. Virgin Islands, November–December 2016
|Awareness of Zika*||No. (%)|
(N = 104)
(N = 165)
|Health effects of Zika|
|Causes microcephaly or brain defects in babies||70 (67.3)||53 (32.1)|
|Pregnant women should try not to get it||23 (22.1)||12 (7.3)|
|Causes fever, rash, and conjunctivitis||14 (13.5)||19 (11.5)|
|Dangerous||4 (3.8)||12 (7.3)|
|Like dengue and chikungunya||3 (2.9)||12 (7.3)|
|Can be life-threatening can cause paralysis, GBS||1 (1.0)||1 (0.6)|
|Can get it from mosquitoes||36 (34.6)||80 (48.5)|
|Can be transmitted by sex from a man to a woman||12 (11.5)||15 (9.1)|
|Persons in USVI are getting infected with Zika||4 (3.8)||10 (6.1)|
|Wear repellent||3 (2.9)||1 (0.6)|
|Wear clothing that covers arms and legs||1 (1.0)||0 (—)|
|Eliminate standing water||2 (1.9)||3 (1.8)|
|Put screens on windows and doors||1 (1.0)||0 (—)|
|Haven’t heard anything||2 (1.9)||16 (9.7)|
|Other (specify)†||17 (16.3)||55 (33.3)|
|Beliefs about risk|
|Serious or very serious health concern to you personally||NA||82 (49.7)|
|Serious or very serious health concern to your community||NA||124 (75.6)|
|Moderately or extremely concerned about Zika virus for yourself and your baby§||56 (54.4)||NA|
|Likely or extremely likely that you will be infected with the Zika virus (for pregnant women: infected during your pregnancy)¶||14 (13.9)||69 (41.8)|
|Confident or very confident in your ability to protect yourself from getting infected with the Zika virus during your pregnancy§||86 (83.5)||NA|
|Personal protective behaviors**|
|Used repellent||77 (74.0)||70 (42.4)|
|Wore clothes that cover arms and legs||28 (26.9)||13 (7.9)|
|Sprayed permethrin on clothes||11 (10.6)||0 (—)|
|Used mosquito net at night||11 (10.6)||4 (2.4)|
|Don’t go outside at all||10 (9.6)||2 (1.2)|
|Used mosquito net during the day||6 (5.8)||1 (0.6)|
|Used a condom/had my partner use a condom in all sexual relations||6 (5.8)||1 (0.6)|
|Don’t go outside at night||3 (2.9)||4 (2.4)|
|Got tested and/or got my partner tested for Zika||1 (1.0)||0 (—)|
|Abstained from sexual intercourse||0 (—)||2 (1.2)|
|Prayed to God||0 (—)||2 (1.2)|
|Looked for more information about Zika||0 (—)||1 (0.6)|
|Mosquito control around home|
|Removed standing water||18 (17.3)||50 (30.3)|
|Sprayed inside my home||14 (13.5)||24 (14.6)|
|Put screens on windows and doors||14 (13.5)||17 (10.3)|
|Sprayed outside my home||11 (10.6)||8 (4.8)|
|Used mosquito coil/light fires to keep mosquitoes away||10 (9.6)||14 (8.5)|
|Closed windows and doors||8 (7.7)||12 (7.3)|
|Used larvicides (like mosquito dunks)||4 (3.8)||4 (2.4)|
|Cleaned household environment||4 (3.8)||5 (3.0)|
|Used air conditioning||3 (2.9)||2 (1.2)|
|Cleaned/Scrubbed water source/storage unit/water container(s)||1 (1.0)||3 (1.8)|
|Cut grass||1 (1.0)||6 (3.6)|
|Put cover(s) over the water source/storage unit/water container(s)||0 (—)||6 (3.6)|
|Haven’t done anything||3 (2.9)||26 (15.8)|
|No answer given||8 (7.7)||3 (1.8)|
|Other (specify)††||25 (24.0)||32 (19.4)|
|Frequency of conversation with family members and friends about Zika in past month†|
|Not at all||25 (24.3)||63 (38.2)|
|Only once or twice||33 (32.0)||45 (27.3)|
|Sometimes||24 (23.3)||26 (15.8)|
|Often||15 (14.6)||22 (13.3)|
|Every day||6 (5.8)||9 (5.5)|
TABLE 3. Receipt of interventions and self-reported performance of recommended Zika prevention behaviors among pregnant women — U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Health, U.S. Virgin Islands, November–December 2016
(N = 104)
|Zika Prevention Kit*||69 (71.1)|
|Pregnant woman test for Zika virus†||74 (77.9)|
|Husband/Partner test for Zika virus§||22 (22.4)|
|Vector control services around home (among 25 respondents who desired services)||20 (80.0)|
|Responded affirmatively to closed-ended questions about recommended Zika prevention behaviors|
|Used mosquito repellent yesterday¶||44 (43.1)|
|Used a condom every time they had sex (among 81 sexually active respondents)||15 (18.8)|
|Never used a condom when they had sex (among 81 sexually active respondents)||46 (57.5)|
|Removed standing water†||27 (28.4)|
|Used mosquito bed net yesterday¶||13 (12.7)|
|Wearing long pants right now**||45 (45.5)|
|Wearing long sleeved shirt right now**||22 (22.2)|
Suggested citation for this article: Prue CE, Roth JN Jr., Garcia-Williams A, et al. Awareness, Beliefs, and Actions Concerning Zika Virus Among Pregnant Women and Community Members — U.S. Virgin Islands, November–December 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:909–913. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6634a4external icon.
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Muschkies (Angenicki) Molly and Webber (Muschkies), Ruth
Ostrowiec (Poland), Sandomierz, Auschwitz, Gebharstdorf, Starachowice, Warendorf, Bodzechow
This is a joint interview with Molly and her daughter Ruth.
They were both born in Ostrowiec, Poland. Molly and her two children were the only members of her immediate family to survive the Holocaust. Her parents and four siblings died in Treblinka. Molly's husband died on a death march from Auschwitz three weeks before liberation. In addition, nineteen other members of her extended family perished in the Holocaust.
The Muschkies were very wealthy. Molly's husband, Samuel, was a commercial photographer respected by both Jews and Gentiles. His studio served as a meeting place for the Polish underground, and his contacts with non-Jews enabled him to place their eldest daughter in hiding for the duration of the war. She was a gifted pianist. When the Jews of Ostrowiec were placed in the ghetto in 1939, the Muschkies' piano was the last to be confiscated by the Germans because she would sometimes play for them.
The ghetto of Ostrowiec was open. People were free to come and go until the 6:00 p.m. curfew. Jewish businesses were taken over and run by non-Jewish Poles. Muschkies remembers two SS men who ran the ghetto in Ostrowiec constantly demanding more money and possessions from the Judenrat.
In 1942 the Germans began to liquidate the ghetto. Molly's husband, because of his wealth and connections, was able to buy hiding places for his in-laws and his children. Molly's older brother refused to go into hiding because he had a cough and was afraid he would jeopardize the safety of everyone else. The children refused to leave without their parents, so all were shipped to Treblinka.
Molly's eldest daughter was taken to the home of a Polish prince who was married to a German woman. She remained there throughout the war, posing as a Christian orphan after having been instructed in all the prayers. r also had the chance to hide but her doughter Ruth, refused, preferring to stay with her mother. In 1942 Molly, her husband, and her daughter went to Bodzechow, a labor camp. Her husband bought places in this camp when he learned that the Germans planned to liquidate the ghetto. There was no place for their daughter, as children were not allowed in the labor camps. As a consequence, their daughter hid in an attic when the Germans returned to round up more workers. Their daughter once hid in a hole dug for storing potatoes with the two other children while selections were being made for Treblinka. A German soldier discovered them but pretended he hadn't seen them. Molly and Ruth don't understand why he did this.
Molly and her daughter often fled to the forest for days at a time to escape selections. They spent several months in Sandomierz, Poland, and then went back to Bodzechow.
In 1943 they were marched from Bodzechow to Starachowice. Muschkies relates that many people were shot for not keeping up. The group from Bodzechow contracted typhus and became separated from the rest of the prisoners. With nothing to eat, Molly and her daughter are convinced they survived because of the fresh water stream nearby filled with tadpoles. After three months in Starachowice, they returned to Ostrowiec, where they remained until June 1944. As the Russians approached, the Germans shut down the camp at Ostrowiec and Molly, her daughter and her husband were loaded on the trains to Auschwitz. They spent a day and a half on the platform, waiting for Mengele, who was said to be ill, to make selections. Finally they were all admitted and tattooed, with no selections made, which was quite an unusual occurrence.
Ruth spent much of her time in Auschwitz looking for hiding places. As a child, her existence was forbidden. She remembers a block next to hers full of dead bodies. The Germans were killing people faster than they could dispose of the bodies and this block was a storage area. She remembers manipulating bodies to make a hiding place for herself. She also recalls not being hungry in Auschwitz for two reasons. The crematoria cast a sick sweet smell over everything that made them lose their appetite and Molly shared whatever food she could find with her.
Near the end of her time in Auschwitz, Ruth was sent to a children's block. This block was created as a showplace for the International Red Cross. She remained in Auschwitz while her mother was sent to Gebharstdorf. Molly remembers the confusion when she was liberated. After so many horrors, she couldn't believe the war was over and that they were free. She recalls Russian soldiers being very kind. After her liberation in Auschwitz Ruth was sent to Krakow. Molly returned to Ostrowiec to retrieve her other daughter and after settling affairs there, including selling the family's home for next to nothing, they were reunited with her doughter and traveled together to Munich.
Ruth's name was given to an American girl by an American journalist at Auschwitz during the time of liberation. This girl wrote to Webber and sent her parcels of food and clothing. These parcels helped the three of them to survive as they sold most of it on the black market. From Munich they had hoped to go to Israel, but Ruth had suffered lung damage during the war and Israel would not accept her. Molly refused to separate from her family. In the meantime a distant relative had learned of their whereabouts and enabled them to immigrate to Canada.
Ruth feels that as a child survivor, she carries a special burden. She has no real independent memory of places and dates, only impressions and feelings. She laments that if survivors survived in order to tell their story so that people would not forget, and she can't even remember the story, why was she chosen to survive?
This interview is the first time Molly and Ruth sat down together and told of their experiences during the Holocaust from beginning to end.
Date: April 25, 1985
Length: 1 hour, 55 minutes
Interviewer: Lynn Evidenka
Format: Audio recording
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The terraced mountainsides and irregularly shaped valleys of northern Ethiopia, now parched and gray, contradict the fact that this was once a green, fertile land. An occasional shrub is all that remains of the sea of green where nomads, moving north with the rainy season, once grazed their flocks. Drought has stripped the pasture land and killed off the flocks, and the wanderers have reluctantly traded unlimited land for tiny farm plots or government aid. Without water, hopes for prospering—even for survival—erode along with the country’s precious topsoil.
But in Geddobar, in Ethiopia’s Wello Province, there is hope. Here, in a drought-threatened mountain valley 560 kilometers north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital city, is a small scale irrigation project initiated by the Church. It is just one of the humanitarian service projects funded with donations from Church members. (See accompanying stories for details on other projects.)
In 1985, two letters from the First Presidency called upon Church members in the United States and Canada to join in special fasts. The funds donated during these fasts would be “dedicated for the use of victims of famine and other causes resulting in hunger and privation among people of Africa, and possibly some other areas.” The letters promised that “all funds contributed … will … assist the hungry and needy in distressed areas regardless of Church membership.” In their desire to help, the Saints donated almost (U.S.) $11 million.
Immediately following the first special fast in January 1985, Church leaders identified “organizations of unquestioned integrity” that the Church could assist in distributing food, tents, and medical supplies to suffering victims in Ethiopia and neighboring African nations. During the remainder of 1985 and most of 1986, the International Committee of the Red Cross, Catholic Relief Services, and the Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE) delivered the Church-provided relief supplies.
Helping People to Help Themselves
In the spirit of the Church’s welfare services philosophy of helping people to help themselves, however, the Brethren determined that some money should also go into projects that would promote long-term self-reliance. So a portion of the donations were used for several projects like the one in Geddobar. Most of these activities, carried out in Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Ghana, have focused on water and agricultural development as a protection against future drought. Monies from the second special fast held in November 1985 are currently being allocated for projects in other areas of Africa, as well as on other continents where severe need exists.
Under the direction of Africare (a Washington, D.C.-based volunteer organization), work in Geddobar began in mid-1985 to control the water from a spring-fed mountain stream to provide irrigation to this valley of a thousand acres. The effort had been initiated by the Church in response to the 1984–85 African drought that left millions without food and resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths.
The completion of the Ethiopian water project is a dream come true, both for those who have given and for the nearly 1, 650 farmer families who have worked hard to help make it a reality. When it is completed this summer, these farmers will have contributed more than 200,000 man-days of labor to the project. Sacrifice is not uncommon; some workers walk two to three hours from their mountain homes to put in a ten-and-a-half-hour workday, then walk home again. The average worker contributes five to eight days of labor per month on the project. A food-for-work system provides each worker with about three kilos of grain for a day’s labor.
While high technology and modern equipment could have been used to shorten the construction time and lessen the human effort, the project was deliberately designed to be completed by residents using local materials and local tools. This allowed the people to help themselves and to develop a pride of ownership in the finished product. This approach also helped to keep the cost of the project low.
As a result, local farmers dug all of the nearly twenty-four kilometers of canals and did most of the site preparation for the construction of the diversion dam on the river. The technology of the system is simple enough that maintenance can be handled locally by the farmers.
The Ethiopian government has quickly realized the value of having water available year-round in the valley, and it uses the project as an example for other humanitarian agencies to follow. In the words of one government leader, “This is a very important project, and we want others to duplicate it. It provides life-long independence for these people—they can double or triple their output. It is a successful experiment for us—low cost technology, using the labor of local people themselves.”
The Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture has shown its confidence in the project by providing funds to open a dairy cooperative nearby. A small dairy herd has already been established.
The farmers are also enthusiastic. Even before the system was completed, a temporary ditch was cut to provide water to a sixteen-hectare section of land. The farmers planted groves of papaya, guava, and banana trees, and prepared the land for a variety of vegetables. Such a risk simply would not have been taken earlier for fear of insufficient water during the growing season.
Elder Alexander B. Morrison, of the First Council of the Seventy and a member of the United Kingdom/Africa/Ireland Area Presidency, says of the project, “In essence, what the project does is help ensure the future, insofar as food is concerned, for ten thousand people in three villages. They and their children and their children’s children will have the means, come what may in the way of rain, to grow the food they need, in greater amount and variety than ever before.” In light of the fact that the world community has called for massive contributions of food aid again this year, the significance of the Church’s efforts to provide perennial year-round water for these communities is even more significant.
In Times of Crisis
While 1985’s Church-wide fasts were a new approach to assisting the needy, the Church has always helped people in times of crisis. Following World War II, tons of food, clothing, and medicines were sent to citizens of war-torn Europe, only a portion of whom were Church members. In 1954, the Church joined with the United Churches Ionian Relief project in Utah to assist the needy in Greece, furnishing the major part of the donated commodities from its welfare program stores. In 1906 the Church sent wheat from the granaries of the Relief Societies to aid the Chinese who were suffering from famine. Throughout the past twenty years the Church has repeatedly provided aid during times of crisis to people throughout the world.
The Lord’s admonition to his Church to help the needy is clear: “Let thy bowels also be full of charity towards all men.” (D&C 121:45.) The people of Nephi, as described in the first chapter of Alma, were living this principle: “And they did impart of their substance, every man according to that which he had, to the poor, and the needy, and the sick, and the afflicted. … And thus, in their prosperous circumstances, they did not send away any who were naked, or that were hungry, or that were athirst, or that were sick, or that had not been nourished … whether out of the church or in the church, having no respect to persons as to those who stood in need.” (Alma 1:27, 30.)
Suffering knows no geographic or political boundaries. Church humanitarian assistance is part of our obligation to our fellowman, no matter what their religion or form of government. Reporting on a visit to Ethiopia, Bishop Glenn L. Pace, second counselor in the Presiding Bishopric wrote, “Our contributions helped all people regardless of their political affiliation. When Elder M. Russell Ballard (of the Council of the Twelve) and I visited the area, we didn’t see Communists, Marxists or Capitalists, but hungry people, all sons and daughters of God.” As we look beyond giving tangible things to sharing the gospel with “all nations, kindreds, tongues and people” (see Mosiah 15:28), we more fully realize that the gospel of Jesus Christ goes beyond man-made boundaries.
Volunteer Time and Talents
Generally speaking, Church-sponsored humanitarian projects are limited to: (1) serious life-threatening emergencies such as those brought about by natural disasters and which require immediate, direct relief; and (2) chronic conditions brought about by poverty, poor health, or unsafe environments that may be improved by self-help development. Church funding of such projects is limited only to the resources donated by members for these purposes.
The Church, as an organization, is limited in its means to help all those in need. But leaders encourage Church members to take an active role, as citizens, in worthy humanitarian projects in their own communities. In addition to donating cash and commodities where possible, they can volunteer time and talents to the projects. Many Church members want to donate their skills, and communities are in need of the types of services Church members can provide. In addition, service opportunities are developing as the Church works with professional agencies to ease suffering worldwide.
Such was the case recently for Brother Dewey Petersen and his wife, Patricia, who volunteered to spend several months in Nigeria setting up equipment and training local residents to drill wells. The Petersens, from Bountiful, Utah, served as volunteers for Africare on a Church-sponsored project. Private non-profit organizations welcome the volunteer efforts of Church members.
The Church has set an example for us in reaching out in an unconditional way to provide charitable service. The challenge is ours as individual members of the Church to continue to give service to others without expecting anything in return. As we serve and help others spontaneously, we experience the Christlike spirit of the gospel.
Wadis Development in Chad
Wadis are dry river beds or low areas of the desert typically thought of as oases. Surface water in these areas is usually too salty for human or animal consumption or even for irrigation, but the areas are fertile and crops can be grown using water from shallow wells (shadoofs) within the wadis.
Until recently, the wadis have been used only at “wet” times of the year by nomadic tribesmen herding cattle and sheep. But heavy livestock losses during droughts are forcing Chadians to develop the agricultural potential of the wadis. A typical wadi must now be the main food source for three to four hundred people.
The traditional way to irrigate in the wadis is to draw water from the shadoof in a sack that holds only a few liters. Because the method is so time consuming and ineffective, irrigation has not been widely used. Working with CARE, however, the Church is using humanitarian service funds to develop more efficient—but practical—water systems. As part of this project, a larger well system has been designed. Camels draw eighty liter sacks of water from the well. The sacks empty into a trough, then the water flows into a canal system that irrigates a variety of crops, including corn, potatoes, sorghum, and peppers.
Conservation practices are also being initiated in the wadis. Mud bricks, rather than wood from date palms, are being used to build shadoofs. The trees serve as a windbreak and reduce the chances of desert sands drifting into the wadis. Eventually, windbreaks for the wadis and wood for shadoof construction will come from drought resistent tree species being developed locally.
Community Development in Bolivia’s Mountains
The Church has recently joined with the Andean Children’s Foundation to help residents of the Bolivian mountains improve their communities. In this project, development specialists meet with community leaders to determine the needs of their village. The specialists then assist the leaders in organizing projects for meeting those needs. In addition, the Andean Children’s Foundation helps obtain the technical resources needed to carry out projects.
This process teaches residents to think through their needs and work together to improve their communities. It also gives them a sense of accomplishment and builds confidence in their abilities to make future improvements.
For example, the leaders of the village of Sora Sora wanted to improve agricultural methods so that they could grow more crops. The foundation helped the people come up with a low-cost plan for digging wells, building windmills to pump water, constructing storage tanks to store that water, digging canals to irrigate crops, and building greenhouses for growing vegetables that cannot survive the cold of the high Andes. Villagers built the system and now maintain it themselves. As the people see the success of the community project, they are beginning to adapt it to their own farms.
Building schools, training community health workers, and developing new food sources are some of the other projects villages are now undertaking with help from the foundation.
Asian Refugee Vocational Development
Since 1975, thousands of Asian refugees have come to the United States to rebuild their lives. But the challenges of language, differences in culture, and incompatible vocational skills have left a high percentage of these people unemployed or underemployed.
Working with the North America West Area Presidency and the Welfare Services staff in California, the Church in assisting Latter-day Saint Asian refugees—and their nonmember friends—to develop language and vocational skills and to find adequate employment. Volunteers in local stakes teach orientation seminars, English language classes, and vocational skills such as hotel housekeeping, carpet laying, and basic computer operation. The volunteers also teach refugees about job interviewing, acceptable dress and health standards, and American work standards.
Participating stakes coordinate with the Church employment system to help identify potential employers as well as opportunities for group training.
Agroforestry in Niger
Niger, a country in the Sub-Saharan belt of Africa, has serious famine and drought conditions. The land can be farmed, but wind has blown away much of the topsoil.
Under the direction of CARE, funds Church members contributed during a special fast in 1985 have been used to help start nurseries in the Majia Valley in western Niger. Here villagers cultivate tree seedlings for windbreaks. Once the seedlings are big enough, they are transplanted to the villagers’ small farms to protect agricultural crops by preventing the wind from blowing away vital soil. The project has helped area farmers increase agriculture production by as much as 30 percent.
These agroforestry activities are being carried out in close cooperation with the Nigerian Forest Service to ensure continuity and long-term success. The project is one of the most successful of its kind in the Sub-Saharan regions of Africa.
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National Water Census
Water availability is intricately linked to water quality, and vice versa. For example, even plentiful water supplies might not be suitable for use if water quality is impaired. Therefore, the Water Census will work in close cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to identify national and regional issues where new science is necessary to better integrate the question of quality into the analysis of water availability.
The NAWQA Program has taken an interdisciplinary approach to evaluating the quality of streams and groundwater nationwide since 1991, and has been implemented in three Cycles. Cycle 1 (1991-2000) produced baseline assessments of the quality of streams, groundwater, and aquatic ecosystems in 51 of the Nation's largest and most important river basins and aquifers. Cycle 2 (2001-2012) built on the assessments through: (1) increased emphasis on assessment of long-term trends; (2) assessments of water quality in major river basins that discharge into some of the Nation's key estuaries (3) regional assessments of water quality in 19 of the Nation's 62 principal aquifers; and (4) an initial assessment of contaminants in currently used sources of drinking water.
The NAWQA Program is currently examining connections between water quality and water availability as part of the Cycle 3 studies. Of particular importance will be the development and application of water-quality models that integrate information on water quality, chemical use, land use, and environmental factors to explain how water-quality conditions vary regionally and nationally. This is key because managing contaminants requires far more information than what can be affordably measured and monitored for all the places, times, and contaminants that are important. Models are essential tools for cost-effective management of water resources because they enable water-quality understanding to unmonitored areas under a range of possible circumstances.
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Metritis in Small Animals
Metritis is postpartem infection of the uterus. Predisposing causes include prolonged delivery, dystocia, and retained fetuses or placentas. Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium isolated from the infected uterus; streptococci, staphylococci, Proteus sp, and others are isolated less frequently.
The primary clinical sign is purulent vulvar discharge. Bitches or queens with metritis are usually depressed, with signs of fever, lethargy, and inappetence, and may neglect their offspring. Pups may become restless and cry incessantly. Metritis should be considered in any postpartum animal with signs of systemic illness or an abnormal vaginal discharge. A large, flaccid uterus may be palpable. Radiographs should be taken to determine whether fetuses or placentas are retained. The hemogram may show leukocytosis with a left shift.
Treatment includes stabilization with IV fluids, supportive care, and antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity testing of the vulvar discharge. Prostaglandin F2α (0.1–0.25 mg/kg, SC, for 2–3 days) or oxytocin (5–20 U in bitches, 2–5 U in queens, IM) may help evacuate the uterine contents. Ovariohysterectomy is recommended after initial stabilization if the animal is extremely ill or if future reproduction is unimportant. Otherwise, it should be considered an elective procedure to be performed when lactation has ceased.
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Basic first aid and CPR
Before approaching a casualty it's crucial to follow DRABCD (pronounced "Doctor ABCD") in every first aid situation. This is the first procedure a first aider does before treating a casualty. The following information should not be a substitute for doing a first aid course which includes important practical experience.
When something goes wrong, it's good to know the very basics of first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) so you know what to do to help someone. It's the sort of knowledge that could save a life. Find out how to save a life here.
The DRABCD action plan
The DRABCD action plan will assist you to determine the priorities of your first aid care in any life threatening situation. The DRABCD action plan will also assist you in assessing for the presence or absence of consciousness and breathing and will enable you to determine the type of basic life support measures required to preserve and/or restore life.
DRABCD stands for the following:
D = Danger
Assess if there any dangers present:
- To yourself
- To bystanders (if any)
- To casualty
In every emergency situation, it is important to see if there are any conditions that may be an immediate threat to life. You are no help to the casualty if you become a casualty yourself. Once you have made sure the area is safe, you can go ahead with assessing the casualty.
R = Response
This means assessing whether a person is conscious or unconscious. Approach the casualty so they can hear you, introduce yourself, gently squeeze their shoulders and remember the COWS rule:
- Can you hear me?
- Open your eyes.
- What's you're name?
- Squeeze my hands (put both your hands in both the casualty's hands, not just one in case of injury.)
- For a baby, try to get a response by tickling feet, rubbing the forehead and by talking to them. Any response is a sign of consciousness.
For the conscious casualty, all you need to do is calmly manage injuries whilst providing reassurance.
No response indicates that the casualty is unconscious and it is important to get help as quickly as possible as this is a life-threatening condition. CALL AN AMBULANCE IMMEDIATELY or shout "HELP, THERE'S BEEN AN ACCIDENT" loudly to get attention so someone else can call. (Never assume this is done, always double-check.)
A = Airway
Is the airway clear? The airway can be obstructed from items such as food, teeth, vomit, blood, toys etc. Even the tongue is a potential airway hazard in an unconscious casualty. A clear airway means the casualty can breathe.
Checking the airway is a step often forgotten but very important. To check:
- Have the casualty on back or side. If casualty found on back or side, keep them in that position. (You only need to move them if they were found face-down.)
- Gently open the casualty's mouth and look inside.
- Use your finger to scoop any foreign materials out (not down the throat!)
THE AIRWAY TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER ANY FRACTURE (including a broken neck) - Australian Resuscitation Council.
B = Breathing
After an unconscious casualty's airway is cleared, the next step is to check for signs of life including whether or not the casualty is breathing (more then the occasional gasp.) This is done by the "LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL" method:
- Gently place your hand on the diaphragm (above belly button, under ribs of casualty.)
- Put your ear over the casualty's nose and mouth (not touching.)
- LOOK at your hand. Is it moving with the rise and fall of the casualty's breathing?
- LISTEN for any breathing with your ear close to casualty's mouth.
- FEEL for any evidence of breathing both with your hand on the diaphragm and for any breath on your ear.
Do this for 10 seconds. If the casualty IS breathing:
- Put the casualty in the recovery position. This is laying on the side for a child/adult, head tilted back and mouth tilted toward the ground. For a baby, they should be in your arms face-down with a clear airway (no fingers around the throat).
- Check breathing continuously as an unconscious casualty can stop breathing at any time.
If the casualty is NOT breathing:
- Give this casualty two rescue breaths. This differs depending on age:
BABY: (Up to 12 months of age.)
- No head tilt is required (though chin should not be on the chest.)
- Put your mouth over the baby's nose AND mouth.
- Blow two very soft "puffs" of air into the baby's lungs. (About the same force as blowing out a candle, which is very quick and small.)
CHILD: (Between age 1-8 years.)
- ½ a head tilt is required. Place one hand on the forehead, the other on the chin (not the throat) and tilt the head back ½ way.
- Pinch the child's nose closed.
- Completely cover the child's mouth with your mouth.
- Blow two small breaths of air into the child's lungs
ADULT: (Age 9 years and above.)
- Full head tilt is required. Place one hand on the forehead, the other on the chin (not the throat) and tilt the head back as far back as it will naturally go without force.
- Pinch the casualty's nose closed.
- Completely cover the casualty's mouth with your mouth.
- Blow two full breaths of air into the casualty's lungs.
Remember, you should feel the casualty's expired air, and as they do this you should be turning your head to the side to get a fresh breath of air.
Double-check the breathing by the "LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL" method once again and re-assess.
C = Compressions
This has changed for those used to checking the pulse ("circulation") at this point. There is no need to check a casualty's circulation as this has been proven to be too much room for life-threatening error.
If a casualty is unconscious with no breathing, start compressions immediately:
- Place your index and middle fingers in the centre of the baby's chest, between the nipples.
CHILD AND ADULT:
- Place the heel of your hand in the centre of the chest, between the casualty's nipples (your middle finger in line with the casualty's armpit for an adult.)
The next step is regardless of age:
- Give 30 compressions
- At a rate of 100 compressions per minute (approx 2 compressions per second)
- At 1/3 depth of the casualty's chest.
- After the 30 compressions, give two more breaths of air, being mindful of casualty's age determining head tilt and
Continue this cycle of 30 compressions, 2 breaths (the ratio of 30:2) until the ambulance not only arrives, but physically takes over from you.
D = Defibrillation
Fibrillation is a life threatening condition in which the heart beats so fast that the casualty doesn't have adequate circulation to sustain life, therefore they become unconscious with no breathing. It is rarely associated with babies and children.
Defibrillation is when an AED machine (Automatic External Defibrillator) is used to increase the chance of survival for a casualty suffering fibrillation. The AED is now available in many public places, therefore formal training for using an AED is encouraged.
REMEMBER: ANY ATTEMPT AT RESUSCITATION IS BETTER THEN NO ATTEMPT - Australian Resuscitation Council.
This article was supplied by Little Aid, which provides first aid training for parents, grandparents and babysitters.
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- Pattachitra is the pioneer/earliest indigenous painting style of Orissa (said to date back to the pre-historic times).
- Earlier, a Pattachitra chitrakar (artists) abstained from women and liquor until he completed his painting.
- It was dying for want of patronage by the 1950s, when Halina Zaely, a Polish-American lady resuscitated it by supporting the artists.
- Interestingly, the chitrakar essentially begins painting his pattachitra with white colour and ends with white too...eyeballs of the figures being the last to be painted.
- Even now, the finer brushes used by these chitrakaras are made with 5-6 mouse hair each.
View some Pattachitra paintings here
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Fatima: Hope for the World
Fatima Hope for the World is a 13-part video series that tells the story of Fatima from the apparitions in 1917 through the 20th century. It includes details of the apparitions, historical context, the secrets of Fatima, the children seers and their missions, Our Lady's specific requests and the importance of responding to her call. The 5-minute videos are intended for educational purposes and are appropriate for ages 12 and up.
Introduction to the Fatima Message
An introduction to the world situation in the early 20th century, leading up to the time of the apparitions at Fatima in 1917.
The Story of Fatima
An overview of the six Fatima apparitions, the village of Fatima and the three children seers.
The Angel of Peace
The Angel of Peace appears to the three shepherd children in the spring, summer and fall of 1916, teaching them how to pray, sacrifice and adore Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament.
"Do Not Be Afraid. I Am from Heaven."
The first apparition of Our Lady of Fatima, May 13, 1917. Our Lady asks the children if they are willing to offer themselves to God for the salvation of souls.
The Daily Rosary for Peace
Our Lady asks the children at Fatima to pray the Rosary daily, especially for peace. This request is made at all six of the apparitions.
The First and Second Part of the Secret
Our Lady shows the children a vision of hell and asks them to pray and sacrifice for those who do not have anyone to pray for them. She also makes a prediction about the fate of Russia and its danger to the world.
The Third Part of the Secret
Our Lady shows the children a vision of the world in the future if mankind does not heed her call, and the fate of the Church that must suffer because of sin.
The Great Miracle of the Sun
Our Lady promised a miracle in October so that "all would believe." This unprecedented event occurs before 70,000 witnesses at Fatima and is documented by newspaper reporters.
The Seers and Their Missions
The Fatima children grow in holiness and virtue in response to the apparitions. Lucia is given a special mission to spread devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
The Prophecies Unfold
The prophecies Our Lady foretold begin to unfold almost immediately after the apparitions and continue throughout the 20th century.
First Saturday Devotion
Our Lady returns to Lucia 12 years after the apparitions and requests the First Saturday Communion of Reparations for Russia's conversion. This request is for all people.
The Triumph of the Immaculate Heart
We await the final promise of Our Lady at Fatima as we continue to respond to her requests to atone for sinners and make reparation, urgently needed today.
Our Lady's Blue Army Continues to Spread the Message
The World Apostolate of Fatima has spread this message worldwide since 1947 and continues to invite people to be part of this apostolate of prayer and penance as followers of Our Lady of Fatima.
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by Patricia Fortini Brown
What was Venice like during the Renaissance, at the height of its power? How did the city look, and how did its citizens live? And just who were the people of this most cosmopolitan republic, a leading port city of Europe and gateway to Byzantium and the Muslim Levant? How did its splendid art differ from that of mainland Italy, and why? Through close examination of Renaissance paintings, drawings, book illustrations, and other art works, Patricia Fortini Brown brings this world alive, revealing a culture of high beauty, artifice, and craftsmanship.
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The word ‘holistic’ has been the most commonly used term by healthcare centres in the present day scenario. Have you ever thought about the term Holistic? Considering it is being endorsed by almost all the healthcare facilities such as corporate hospitals, ayurvedic treatment centres, luxurious resorts and spa and finally the integrated healthcare centres. The origin of this word is from Greek word ‘holism’ meaning all, entire and total. The health care providers use this definition to characterize their approach to the treatment of the illness as being treating the person as a whole and not restrictive to the illness.
Generally, there are two meanings for holistic care as it is being used in the society. Firstly, it means that interdependent parts of the body considered as a whole for the treatment. Secondly, it means the use of alternative therapies for treatment. An interesting quote from the American Holistic Health Association is, “… for the part can never be well unless the whole is well”. They have gone further to compliment the ancient healing traditions of India and China dated 5,000 years ago, where the stress was on healthy way of life in harmony with nature. This has been the cause of upspring of ayurvedic treatment, herbal treatment, acupuncture and Chinese traditional treatment today.
Healthcare centres are also cashing in on present generation’s ‘way of life’ that is packed with a bag full of stress, pressure and changing lifestyle through globalisation. These set ups have been mostly of South-East Asian origin considering their rich heritage in medicine and treatment from the ancient years.
Now the question that arises is “Is there a need for Holistic Treatment and promoting holistic well being?” The answer is without doubt ‘YES’. This is with due consideration to the nature of illnesses that needs a comprehensive care plan. Physical health issues such as cardiac problem, hypertension, diabetics, arthritis, asthma, skin problems, backaches, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraine etc require an all-inclusive care even beyond general medicine and thus, a holistic care will help them overcome their symptoms and lead a pain free life. The approach to this treatment beyond medicine could be a combination of alternative medicine along with regular allopathy medication.
Physical health, by and large, gets due attention. Have you ever thought about a need for your holistic mental health? I believe, there is a need for recognition and importance to be given to a person’s mental health. Being a part of the Cadabam’S Group, I have been realised the need and the importance of holistic care in crafting the success stories for those suffering with these illnesses. The holistic mental health model includes concepts based upon educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives. The model also includes theoretical knowledge of personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.
I trust that today, there is a need for identification of holistic care itself and furthermore, a higher need to understand the call for a holistic mental health care as well. This will help people to live a life entirely than he/she would have.
Holistic Treatment for Mentally ill
Treating bipolar disorder involves a combination of steps such as psychiatric intervention, medication, reflex therapy, etc. A holistic treatment schedule……..
Everyone entering treatment receives a clinical assessment. A complete assessment of an individual is needed to help treatment professionals……..
Instead of a standard 30-day alcoholism rehab program, an ideal rehab program will last up to a year. Think about it, one month simply is not……..
Drug alcohol rehab helps the addict to understand the complexity of addiction; it is much more than just using drugs too much. They learn that addiction……..
Drug addiction and abuse is as common as alcohol abuse and dependence with much more long lasting and disabling effect on the people abusing.
Holistic treatment approach– Drug rehabs provide tools and intensive therapy that is needed for defeating drug addiction and get back on the right……..
Drug rehabilitation is a supportive approach to treatment and recovery from chemical dependency and drug addiction. Drug Rehabilitation is the umbrella term……..
Clearly, drug abuse impacts women dually, male drug abuse creates enormous burden for the affected women and drug abuse per se has……..
Best Heroin Addiction Treatment to control symptoms of drug addiction like withdrawals symptoms, inappropriate behavior, changes in personality, anger……..
There are many facts behind drug abuse which are surprising and are not known to many people.The only way to prevention is better……..
Drug abuse is a complex disorder. It develops over a period of time and thus requires a lot of effort and determination to recover……..
One of the better and effective way to get rid of this habit is to send them to a drug rehabilitation center at Cadabams in Bangalore……..
These baby blues or mood swings are the least severe form of postpartum depression. Here are a few do’s and don’t’s for you to start right and cope better…….
Put the issue in its proper perspective, in fact, there is currently no concrete legal framework to tackle the problem of bullying. In schools, where maximum………..
As a matter of moral obligation, it, thus, becomes incumbent upon the estranged husband and wife to make the entire separation process less…………..
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The Vanuatu Arc is located in the southeastern Pacific.
The Pacific plate-to-Australian plate convergence is accommodated by two opposing dip subductions: the Pacific plate plunges westward under the Kermadec-Tonga arch, and the Australian plate dips east under the Salomon- Vanuatu.
The region bordered by these two spontaneous sub-divisions is experiencing an important extension, reflected in the opening of ocean basins such as the North-Fijian basin and the Lau basin.
The North-Fijian basin is bordered to the north by the currently inactive pit of Vitiaz. This pit is considered to be the border area between the Pacific and Australia plates between the Upper Eocene and the Upper Miocene.
In the Upper Miocene, the collision between the Ontong-Java plateau carried by the Pacific plate and the
Vitiaz would have resulted in blocking the subduction of the Pacific plate. This blocking would have led to the polarity reversal of the subduction between Papua New Guinea and the Fiji Islands. This portion of the arc, now mainly constituted by the Vanuatu Islands, would have been rotated as the North-Fijian basin opened.
The convergent margin of Vanuatu extends over 1,400 km between the Santa Cruz Islands in the North and the Matthew and Hunter Islands in the South.
The rate of convergence is among the fastest in the world: speeds reach 12 cm / year in the southern part and 16 cm / year in the northern part.
The margin of Vanuatu can be divided into 4 segments:
1 - The northern segment (lat. 11-14 ° S) has a deep pit (up to 8000 m) and a volcanic arc whose floor is 1200 m deep and from which emerge a few islands with extinct volcanism . The convergence speed is the highest of the arc with 16 cm / year.
2 - The central segment (lat. 14-17 ° S) is distinguished by the absence of pit and very low convergence rates of the order of 3.5 cm / year. These characteristics are attributed to the collision with the seismic wrinkle of Entrecasteaux carried by the Australian plate. In this segment the volcanic islands are large and form three parallel chains resulting from three major volcanic episodes:
. The western chain, of upper Oligocene age to the middle Miocene, is linked to the fossil subduction of Vitiaz.
. The eastern chain, of Upper Miocene age to the lower Pliocene, marks the beginning of the operation of the Vanuatu arc.
. The central chain represents the active volcanic zone from the Pliocene.
3 - The southern segment (lat. 17-21 ° S) is characterized by a deep pit (6000 - 7000 m) and a narrow volcanic arc from which emerge a series of volcanic islands directly bordered by extension ditches. The maximum convergence rate is recorded at Tanna with a value of the order of 12 cm / year.
4 - The southern extreme sector (lat. 21 ° S) corresponds to the termination of the subduction zone. The volcanic arc is narrow and two active volcanoes emergeVanuatu's
The archipelago has more than 80 islands, most of which are of volcanic origin.
The oldest rocks are in the western part of the arc, then the rocks of the central part and finally those of the eastern part which are the most recent.
Ph. Bani et al. (2012) A. Beaumais et al. (2013)
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by Kimberly Allen, RN
It’s a fact that as each birthday goes by not only do we age chronologically but our body ages as well. As people continue to fight the battle against age both physically and mentally much research has been done looking for the best way to accomplish it. There have been numerous studies that have shown regular exercise can slow the aging process of the body as well as the brain. There have also been several studies showing how the brain reacts to certain foods. One study determined that a diet that is high in saturated fats caused damage to the neurons that control of energy. There have also been several studies that indicate when you eat can be as important as what you eat. One well known example is that school children have been shown to have improved learning skills and memory when they eat before school.
Research has indicated that you can significantly improve your brain health and maintain it even as you age chronologically if you add certain “smart foods” to your diet. Blueberries have also been called “brainberries”. Studies have shown that blueberries assist in protecting the brain from oxidative stress. Blueberries have also been shown to diminish the effects of certain conditions that are age related like Alzheimer’s. Studies have also indicated a diet that contains blueberries daily significantly increases motor skills and learning capacity.
Wild salmon is a deep water fish that is high in the omega-3 essential fatty acids that are crucial to brain function. Other fish that contain significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids are herring and sardines. Eating fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids three times a week can significantly improve your brain health.
Nuts and seeds are rich in vitamin E as well as several other nutrients including protein, fiber and antioxidants and other vitamins and minerals. Research has shown that eating an ounce a day can improve cognitive function. Nuts also improve the health of your heart and blood vessels which in turn improves oxygen flow to the brain resulting in improved brain function.
Avocados are felt to be nearly as good as blueberries by many researchers. Avocados are rich in monounsaturated fat which improves blood flow. When your blood flow is healthy your blood pressure is lower and your brain is receiving more oxygen which results in improved cognitive function. However, as avocados are high in calories experts say that you should eat no more than 1/4 to 1/2 of an avocado no more than once a day.
Whole grains are also important because they improve cardiac function and if there’s good cardiac function that means there’s good blood flow to the brain. Good blood flow means increased oxygen which in turn improves cognitive function.
Drinking pomegranate juice and freshly brewed tea can also enhance your focus and memory as well as your mood. They are also loaded with antioxidants which have numerous health benefits. And don’t forget water. Believe it or not drinking water increases your alertness.
Saving the best for last, dark chocolate has lots of powerful antioxidants as well as natural stimulants that improve focus and concentration. Dark chocolate also activates endorphin production which improves your mood. The key to dark chocolate is that you only need up to one ounce per day to receive all the benefits you need. Unfortunately this is one of those instances when more is not better.
Eating the right foods can help you maximize the use of your brain. As with many other things if you don’t use it you’ll lose it . In this case the more you use it the more you stimulate new cell growth as well as create new connections. It also improves your memory and problem solving skills.
Kimberly Allen is a registered nurse with an AND in nursing. She has worked in ACF, LCF and psychiatric facilities, although she spent most of her career as a home health expert. She is now a regular contributor to HealthAndFitnessTalk.com, dispensing advice and knowledge about medical issues and questions. You can reach her with any comments or questions at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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This Mathematical Model from 2006 Shows How Ebola Could Wipe Us Out
The complex systems theorist whose model predicted the Arab Spring has some grim predictions about the Ebola outbreak.
The current Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the worst in history, and the death toll just surpassed 1,900. Previous WHO estimates indicated that the outbreak would end mid-fall, but the situation is quickly spiraling out of control and into a sea of unknowns.
The "Ebola epidemic is the largest, and most severe, and most complex we have ever seen in the nearly 40-year history of this disease," World Health Organization director general Margaret Chan said in a special briefing yesterday. "No one, even outbreak responders, [has] ever seen anything like it."
Yaneer Bar-Yam, the complex systems analyst whose model accurately predicted the global unrest that led to the Arab Spring, is also worried about the patterns he sees in the disease's advance. Models he designed for the New England Complex Systems Institute back in 2006 show that Ebola could rapidly spread, and, in a worse case scenario, even cause an extinction event, if enough infected people make it through an international airport.
"What happened was that we were modelling the dynamics of the evolution of diseases—of pathogens—and we showed that if you just add a very small amount of long-range transportation, the diseases escape their local context and eventually drive everything to extinction," Bar-Yam told Motherboard. "They drive their hosts to extinction."
'A cascade of infection starting in Africa'/NECSI
Bar-Yam says he has informed the WHO and the CDC of his findings, but they haven't listened, he said.
"I just gave a lecture to the World Health Organization in January and I told them. I said, there's this transition to extinction and we don't know when it's going to happen," Bar-Yam explained. "But I don't think that there has been a sufficient response."
Normally, the spread of a predator—and this is as true for Ebola as it is for invasive animal species—is stymied when it overexploits its prey, effectively drying up its own food source. In rural areas like those where the current Ebola outbreak is centered, diseases tend to contain themselves by wiping out all available hosts in a concentrated area.
If a particularly aggressive predator happens to make it out of its local context, say, on an international flight, Bar-Yam's models show that it can avoid local extinction through long-range dispersal. At this point, the linear model of the disease's outbreak makes a statistical transition into an entirely different dynamic; extinction for all of its hosts across vast geographic distances, and only afterwards for the disease.
The argument has been made that an Ebola outbreak would not be as severe in the West as it is in Africa, because the poor healthcare infrastructure where the disease has struck is the chief vector of its spread. Bar-Yam sees this assumption as a vast overestimation of our handle on the dynamics of disease containment.
The question becomes, at what point do we hit the panic button? What does it look like to hit the panic button?
"The behavior of an individual in a major metropolitan area in terms of engaging with the health care system depends on a lot of different factors," Bar-Yam explained. "A reasonable person might be have in one way, but another person will behave in another. We don't know what happens if someone with Ebola throws up in a subway before that gets cleaned up and people understand that happened because of Ebola."
Panic is never a wise thing to incite, because it can result in exactly the kinds of unpredictable behavior that Bar-Yam is warning us about. However, a healthy amount of fear is a different matter.
"The question becomes, at what point do we hit the panic button? What does it look like to hit the panic button?" he said.
Bar-Yam's suggested approach to containing the outbreak is radical, he admits, and flies in the face of the WHO's nonplussed reaction to Korean Airlines, which stopped running flights into Kenya last week. According to the WHO, halting flights to West Africa makes it difficult for healthcare experts to make it into the region to help. Bar-Yam agrees, but maintains that the danger of the disease coming back with them is too great a risk.
"They're saying they need a large number of healthcare professionals to go there and deal with this. But that doesn't mean that people have to leave there," he said. "One sets up a one-way transportation system where people can go there to deal with the disease."
It's a prescription that is likely to bristle healthcare experts who'd to help Africans suffering from Ebola without necessarily signing their own death certificate. However, Bar-Yam said, the possibility of Ebola making it into a metropolitan area is far more grim than any potential containment efforts.
While the outbreak response thus far has been more or less handled on an individual basis, treating cases as they pop up while simultaneously studying the infection, a containment attempt to limit movement in and around the diseased area is a systemic response, and that's exactly what's needed.
"If the disease comes to an urban area in the United States, the targeted response of addressing individuals who have the infection is not the same as a systemic response that addresses the ability of the disease to spread," Bar-Yam said. "We need to have the knowledge and understanding of how to do a systemic response."
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Photo: AgriLife Today (Flickr)
Bigger Badder E. Coli
According to the World Health Organization, the strain of E. coli in the recent Germany outbreak “is a rare one, seen in humans before but never in an EHEC (E. coli) outbreak.”
As it stands now, it is unclear where the E. coli infected produce came from, although the 17 people who have been killed in the outbreak are all from or recently visited northern Germany. The hope is that the unusual molecular features of this strand of E. coli could help scientists identify the source.
Scientists working on the case say that this new strand of E. coli is especially toxic because it causes a medical complication that attacks the kidneys, known as hemolytic uremic syndrome.
The Politics Of Outbreaks
On top of the health concerns, politics are becoming a factor in dealing with the outbreak.
Russia has banned imports on all vegetables from the EU saying it has “run out of patience with the WHO.” The United Arab Emirates has temporarily banned cucumbers from Spain, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
The EU calls these actions “disproportionate.”
Originally it was thought that the E. coli outbreak came from cucumbers imported from Spain, but this accusation has since been proven false.
As a safety precaution, the WHO urges everyone to wash their hands before touching food and after using the bathroom.
Anyone who has recently been to northern Germany and has abdominal pain or bloody diarrhea sound seek medical attention immediately.
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It is a sad fact that each year right-wing student fraternities, the Burschenschaften, are allowed to hold a ball in Hofburg, which has grown into a major event on the yearly calendar of the Austrian and the wider European nationalist right. For all those not familiar with all of Austrian or German history, these student fraternities need a bit of an explanation.
What are Burschenschaften?
The student fraternities formed in the beginning of 19th century in university cities throughout what later became the German Reich. From the beginning their ideology was a nationalistic and völkisch (roughly translated: racial, but the basis is not an entire “race” but a people bound by blood and fate. This belief became the very core of Nazi ideology a century later.). The goal of the fraternities was the unification of all the lands they deemed “German” and the enemies that stood in their way soon became clear: the ideas of 1789 and the French per se as well as the Jews. So right at the beginning of the formation of the right-wing student fraternities, anti-Semitism played a decisive role. The second cornerstone of the Burschenshaften is their self-conception as “Männerbund”. ‘Mannerbund’ means that only men are allowed to take part in the fraternities and the ideological-theoretical justification for this exclusion lies in their misogynist belief that women are not ‘pure’ enough to be a part of these groups. This idea was theorized by the interwar nationalist ideologue Hans Blüher and become propagated through not only the Burschenshaften but also the German ‘Jugendbewegung’ (youth movement) of the interwar period.
While a very weak “liberal” wing of the fraternity movement also emerged at the beginning of the 19th century, it became irrelevant as early as 1817. At the Wartburgfest in the same year the Burschenschaften gathered to burn books from French, Jewish, and progressive authors they deemed anti-German.
Austrian Burschenschaften (who thought of themselves as German and still do) formed as late as the 1860s. They never even had a liberal wing, but were among the most ruthless and völkisch. They were the first to adopt the Arierparagraph—a prerequisite (still implicitly applied in some fraternities) that only male students deemed Aryan are allowed to join—as early as in the 1890s.
Although these Austrian Burschenschaften see themselves as victims of the Third Reich, the opposite is true. They were not banned, as they claim, but willingly disbanded and regrouped into the Nationalsozialistische Studentenbund, the student organisation of the NSDAP, which sought a monopoly on student representation. Many high-ranked Nazis were fraternity members in Austria and Germany, such as Adolf Eichmann or Irmfried Eberl, camp commander of the extermination camp Treblinka. In the post-war period Burschenschaften became a decisive player within organised right-wing extremism in Austria and Germany.
Right-wing extremist ball in the Hofburg
Long story short: These fraternities are allowed to hold a ball every year in the Viennese Hofburg Palace. The Hofburg and the area in front of the Heldenplatz, are one of the most important places in the history of Austria. It is the location where Hitler pronounced the so-called Anschluss, when Austria became part of the Third Reich. The ball functions as a networking event for the elite of right-wing extremism in Europe. The likes of Marine le Pen (Front National), Philip Dewinter (Vlaams Belang), Alexander Dugin (leader of Russian Eurasianism) and Patrik Brinkman (the well-known Swedish right-winger) have attended this ball in the past. Yet it is not simply a ball like any other, as the Freedom Party (FPÖ) always claims. After the Hofburg declared two years ago that it would ban the ball from this location, FPÖ offered to host the event, thereby allowing it to go ahead at the Hofburg. This shows how closely the FPÖ and the Burschenschaften are linked to each other. Before that the Burschenschaften themselves hosted the ball through its umbrella organisation Wiener Korporationsring (WKR), giving the ball its original name – WKR_Ball. It is interesting that the FPÖ stepped in to save the ball. The FPÖ is one of the most successful extreme right-wing parties in Europe. They claim to represent the common people, who are working hard and having trouble making ends meet. In Austria, the working class and sections of the petty bourgeoisie have traditionally voted for Social Democratic Party. That tradition changed with the rise of the FPÖ 30 years ago. In the last election in September most of the working class voted FPÖ, which succeeded in articlating social problems in terms of race, not class. Their claim of being the new working class party is harshly contrasted by the elitist self image of the Burschenschaften and the ball.
“Danger area” in effect
The anti-ball demonstrations this year organized by the two leftist alliances “Offensive gegen Rechts (loosely translated as “an alliance/movement against the Right”) and NoWKR attracted around 10.000 people, which is a good turnout for an antifascist demonstration in Austria. A third rally from the alliance “Jetzt Zeichen setzen” (“Set an example now”), which is rooted in humanitarian NGOs and the Green and Social democratic parties as well as organisations of survivors of the holocaust and the Jewish Religious Community, was banned from the Heldenplatz. The police also passed a decree, which limited some basic citizen rights. In the first nine (inner city) districts, for example, it was prohibited to carry something with you that would allow you to cover up your face. It was up to the police to decide what “covering” meant and it could also include things like scarves or caps. Just a reminder: On this weekend the temperature dropped to -8°C in Vienna. It was our own version of the kind of “danger area” that we saw in Hamburg a few days earlier, when the police could randomly perform identity checks in a regulated area after. The police in Hamburg made exaggerated claims to have been attacked by people, who protested against the eviction of the autonomous youth centre Rote Flora. But it didn’t stop there in Vienna. The police also restricted the freedom of press. They announced an exclusion zone that was far bigger than that which was set up when the president of the United States visited Vienna in 2006. Furthermore, the police also banned the press from entering this zone, which effectively prohibited them from reporting from the ball itself. The press was only allowed to enter for a very short period of time (half an hour) and only accompanied by a police press officer.
Austrian media hysteria against antifascism
One might think that the ball itself and the police restrictions caused a major outrage in the Austrian media, but that would be mistaken. The media outrage was over the actions of the antifascist protests, focusing on what the BBC termed nothing but “minor incidents” such as smashing windows. Most of the media decided not to concern themselves with the odious substance of the Burschenschaften ball or the erasure of democracy by the police. All they could talk about was what they called a “left-wing extremist” by a group called “the black block.”. But wait, it got worse. The president of the Viennese police said live on TV that he wanted to identify those injured by the police that sought help from the rescue service so that he could press charges. Essentially, those who sought medical attention can now be prosecuted. Just to put things into perspective, the headquarters of “Offensive gegen Rechts” had to function as mobile hospital because of the many injured antifascists. Two special vehicles from the rescue services, which only apply in states of disaster, were activated along with 5-8 normal ambulance vehicles. And the persecution of the anti-fascist movement is still not over. The same police president called for demonstrators to be “hunted down”. Also, he used the expression “Wer sich mit Hunden ins Bett legt, wacht mit Flöhen wieder auf” (literal translation,” If you lay with dogs, you will wake up with fleas”, meaning. if you put yourself in danger, you have only yourself to blame) to dismiss and criminalise antifascist protest altogether. To top this all off, it has recently been revealed that he was in a Burschenschaft in his youth and still holds contact to its members. (He is also a member of the Social Democratic party by the way, at least for now).
The end result of this affair is that antifascism in Austria has been increasingly criminalized by the police while the true importance of the ball has received very little media coverage. Antifascists are victims of crime and threats whereas the right-wing extremist scene grows bolder by the day. The antifascist mobilisation was still a very big success and people do want to do something against this ever growing threat, but this time they were failed by the media in a massive way. The imbalance between reports from the foreign press and the Austrian press reached a comical level. The foreign press was very critical in their reports of the ball and those in charge who enabled it (such as the FPÖ or the people in charge at the Hofburg) while the Austrian press once again perceived the biggest threat to be not fascism, but antifascism.
One reply on “In Austria right wing extremism is having a ball”
It always baffles me that participants, supporters and friendly reporters of a movement or an organization are completely lacking self-criticism. The summary of the article is that “the media abandoned us, Austrian press is stupid, so as the establishment and the public in general – we did everything right”. However the most important questions are not being asked: how could this have happened? Why do we have such a negative public image? Why can’t we articulate our messages? What are the reasons, so that we may alter our ways and means to address these reasons?
I’m not familiar with Austrian political dynamics, I’m not affiliated with either side (but I don’t support racial, sexual or gender categorization narratives), but the name ‘anti-right movement’ makes me frown. If we see the political scene as a pit of struggle where narratives collide, which is more successful, if narrative “A” is given: narrative “anti-A” or narrative “B”? As an unaffiliated bystander, my main question is not “why is the far right bad”, but “what strategy do you propose then?”
I think that while ‘leftist’ movements’ main characteristic is “we are totally not the far right, because that’s like you know, really bad, m’okay?”, they will always be bound to lag behind all kinds of right-wing movements which propose and ideology and narrative that’s capable of standing on their own. The anti-fascists lock themselves in the dialogue of “nazi – not nazi”, instead of breaking this unproductive circle, and proposing a working alternative dialogue, leaving all this century old crap behind.
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Volume 29, Issue 2 (2000)
Introduction to the Mini-Series on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth: Their Interests and Concerns as Learners in Schools
Mary Henning-Stout, Steve James
“Who made this up?” This was the very real and pressing question of a 14-year-old girl surprised to learn that her next-door neighbors and long-time friends were not covered by health insurance the way her family was. The family with insurance trouble was a lesbian couple and their three sons. One parent in this family was employed by the county as a hospice nurse; the other parent was a freelance author. When the author suddenly became ill and the modest insurance coverage she had maintained was insufficient to cover her medical care, the family encountered severe financial strain that led to the selling of their home and a move across town to an apartment. The 14-year-old neighbor’s question, “Who made this up?” reflected her confusion that anyone in a family would be denied medical insurance, in this case, by the county that employed the second parent.
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to download article.
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Indonesian authorities have raised the state of alert to its highest level near Bali’s Mount Agung as officials fear a major eruption.
Dr Carmen Solana, Volcanologist, University of Portsmouth, said:
“A lot remains uncertain about what will happen. We are still far from being able to forecast how eruptions are going to develop. It could rapidly increase in activity and produce a vast eruption or it could die down. Volcanic tremors are being registered, indicating that fluids (gas and magma) are moving under the ground. So if it follows the most frequent trend, it is likely to continue increasing in explosivity – but at what rate and how large, nobody knows.
“The people affected were feeling very frustrated after the long lived crisis, but the volcano is proving the Indonesian volcanologists and emergency managers right in their decision to evacuate. With volcanic eruptions, being on the cautious side is better than being overconfident.
“The volcanologists in the Indonesian Volcanic Survey have raised the alert to IV. I will expect that, if the explosive activity increases further, they will expand the exclusion zone accordingly.
“Indonesian volcanoes erupt frequently and generally in an explosive or very explosive fashion. In the past, eruptions have also produced Calderas, which are hollowed depressions several kilometres in size, left after vast explosive eruptions empty large reservoirs of magma and blast the rocks above.”
Prof. Bill McGuire, Emeritus Professor of Geophysical & Climate Hazards, UCL, said:
“While the situation is currently uncertain, Mount Agung has the potential for a major eruption that can impact upon the global climate as well as upon the local area. The last eruption in 1963, scored a five on the Volcano Explosivity Index, putting it roughly on a par with the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens (Washington State, USA). That 1963 blast killed up to 1500 people on Bali, and also had an impact on the climate. Agung’s eruptions seem to be very rich in sulphur, which has a significant cooling effect if it gets into the stratosphere. The 1963 blast resulted in the formation of a veil of sulphuric acid particles in the stratosphere that spread across the planet, reducing global temperatures for several years.”
Dr Guy Gratton, Visiting Professor, Cranfield University, said:
“Authorities have closed Ngurah Rai airport on Bali (www.baliairport.com) because of a developing eruption of the nearby Agung volcano. The reasons for this are the risk in the immediate vicinity of the airport of emissions from the volcano; the initial closure being for 24 hours and under review locally. The risks to airport operations are of volcanic ash on the runway which can make landings and take-offs unpredictable, and of course all of the same risks to the buildings, people and surface transport that also affect the surrounding communities.
“The world has a network of Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC) that monitor volcanic eruptions and provide the aviation industry with forecasts and observations of ash that can affect the safety of air transport. Whilst northern Europe and Scandinavia are covered by the London VAAC (actually based at Met Office HQ in Exeter) Bali is covered by the Darwin VAAC in Australia, part of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/). Darwin VAAC are issuing regular warnings now of the risk to volcanic ash between the surface and “Flight level 300” which is 9.1km above the surface. Modern airliners typically are able to fly up to “Flight level 390” (11.9km) so in theory may be able to fly above this – but in practice this is usually considered unwise because of the risks associated with dealing with an unrelated in-flight emergency causing the aeroplane to have to descend.
“Volcanic ash predictions are obtained with a combination of satellite observations, surface measurements using an instrument called LIDAR (Laser Radar) and forecasts using computer models. There are several problems with doing this accurately, which include that:
– It is very hard to safely measure what is coming out of a volcano;
– We know from observations during the 2010 Icelandic eruption especially that volcanic ash tends to form into relatively thin horizontal layers. So the difference between the area of greatest risk, and least risk, may be a few hundred metres apart vertically;
– Around Bali at the moment, the local weather includes a lot of cloud. This makes both surface and satellite observations very difficult.
“The main risk to aeroplanes of volcanic ash is to the engines. A jet engine consists of three main parts – the air enters the compressor, then fuel is burned in that air in the combustion chamber and finally energy is taken out of that hot high velocity exhaust by the turbine. Volcanic ash melts at temperatures below that normally found in the combustion chamber, but then the temperatures at the turbine blades (which are usually cooled) are generally below the melting point of the ash. So the risk is particularly of ash solidifying onto the turbine blades, reducing the efficiency of the engine and potentially stopping it.
“In very severe ash encounters more extreme damage can occur, including to windows – the most famous experience of this was British Airways Flight 9 on 24 June 1982, which has been widely written about.
“Even whilst flying in volcanic ash, mostly it is not easy to see – the very high airflow rates through a jet engine mean that even very small concentrations can still damage the engine. This is why forecast data and observations from satellites and LIDAR are very important to safety.
“Instruments are being developed to detect volcanic ash from aircraft, but these mostly either are unable to see ash within or through cloud, or require the aeroplane to be in the ash. So it is likely that even if those were fitted and working, avoiding this airspace around Bali would still be essential for safety. One such instrument is being developed by Nicarnica Aviation in Norway (wwwnicarnicaaviation.com/), based upon the work of British Scientist Fred Prata.”
Prof. Mike Burton, Professor of Volcanology & Chair in Volcanology, University of Manchester, said:
On the main dangers if the volcano erupts:
“The main hazards are pyroclastic flows and lahars. Pyroclastic flows have two main causes, firstly the collapse of lava accumulating in the summit area, which produces a hot rock avalanche, entraining cooler air and accelerating as it flows down the flanks of the volcano. These flows can extend for several kilometres from the summit. The second source of pyroclastic flows is eruption column collapse, when a volcanic explosion erupts a large volume of rock into the atmosphere, which then falls back down around the summit area, producing hot rock avalanches again, but this time with greater energy.
“Lahars are flows of mud and volcanic ash, which can be easily mobilised when freshly deposited ash is carried by the intense rains in the Indonesian rainy season. The most intense rains usually occur between November to March, so an eruption in the coming weeks could lead to lahars quite quickly. These mud flows are extremely hazardous as they can flow quickly and for long distances, scouring the land and damaging infrastructure, as well as posing a threat to life.
On whether there will be a lot of casualties like last time Agung erupted:
“The probability of a large number deaths and injuries is much lower now than it was in 1963, as modern volcano monitoring techniques have improved, there is much better awareness of the hazards posed by explosive eruptions and, most importantly, local populations are better informed, with clearer communication links. Therefore, planning for a scenario similar to the 1963 eruption with pyroclastic flow run out up to 12 km from the summit is prudent, with a good probability that the actual eruption will be smaller than that.
On monitoring events and the role of social media:
“The current unrest on Agung may well lead to an eruption, and it will be closely monitored by the Indonesian authorities, who have already taken preventative action by evacuating local populations. This unrest is being followed attentively by many people on Twitter and other internet sources, with continuous live updates, so any change in activity will be known worldwide within minutes.
On other dangers from an eruption beyond Bali and the local area:
“Apart from the local impact, an explosive eruption from Agung could affect air traffic through the dispersal of ash into the atmosphere, and climate, through the injection of Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stratosphere. The danger posed by ash to aircraft is that the ash melts within the jet engine, and then accumulates and solidifies on a cooler rotor, eventually blocking the engine entirely.”
Dr Matthew Watson, Reader in Natural Hazards, University of Bristol, said:
“Mount Agung in Indonesia has entered a magmatic phase of eruption after two months of heightened seismicity and steam-driven activity over the last week. Over one hundred thousand people have been evacuated from what is now a 10 km exclusion zone, as the island prepares for a potential increase in intensity.
“Agung last erupted in 1963-4 and was a significant enough emitter to reduce global temperatures by 0.2-0.3 degrees for a year after the two main events in March and May 1963.
“From afar, the evacuation and planning seems very orderly and the authorities should be congratulated on managing a difficult situation well. Whilst the last eruptive phase lasted for 11 months, it will be hard to predict both the size and longevity of the current eruption. The island of Bali is already feeling some impact, due to loss of income from tourists, and the main airport in Denpasar has been closed as the aviation alert level rose to red.”
Prof. David Pyle, Professor in Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, said:
“Indonesia has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world, and considerable experience at monitoring and managing volcanic crises. Report and photographs from Mount Agung show that it is now in a state of eruption, with explosions releasing clouds of volcanic ash a few kilometres above the top of the mountain. At the moment, the main hazards from the eruption are volcanic mudflows – or lahars; and disruption to aviation from the ash. The lahars form when the volcanic ash mixes with water (when it rains), and can run down the valleys around the mountain, rapidly and unexpectedly.
“Volcanic ash that is falling out of the eruption clouds is highly disruptive. It is not likely to be toxic, but can cause irritation (to eyes), impede breathing, damage crops, upset grazing livestock, and make driving on paved roads hazardous. Ash, even in small quantities, can be very hazardous to jet engines – and as the ash clouds drift away from the volcano, there will disruption to air traffic. The ash clouds are closely monitored from the ground, and by satellite, and the local volcano observatory will keep aviation authorities up to date with regular notices.
“At the moment, the pattern of the eruption is similar to that during the last eruption, which began in February 1963. The 1963 eruption reached a peak of activity after 1 – 3 months of ash emissions. While there is no certainty that this eruption will follow the same pattern of behaviour as the last, it remains possible that the eruptive crisis could continue for some time.”
Prof. David Rothery, Professor of Planetary Geosciences, The Open University, said:
“The volcano Agung might at last be delivering the large eruption that has been feared for several weeks. Ash is rising to a height of about 30 thousand feet, and dispersing east and south taking it over Bali’s international airport, which has had to be closed. Airborne ash is a serious hazard to aircraft.
“The wisdom of the Indonesian authorities’ decision to evacuate residents from around the foot of the volcano will be apparent if there is substantial ashfall or, worse, a collapse of an eruption column resulting in fast-moving pyroclastic flows. Airfall ash is a respiratory hazard, kills crops, and makes roofs collapse, and can turn into devastating mudflows (lahars) as soon as it rains. Pyroclastic flows are hot and deadly.
“Most of the volcanoes in Indonesia, including Bali, are there because the ocean floor of the Indian-Australian tectonic plate is being pushed below (subducted) the plate carrying Indonesia. This is the process that causes the earthquakes in the region. Most of the magma that feeds the volcanoes is produced because the seawater that is carried down by the subducting plate escapes and lowers the melting temperature of the rock below the islands. Molten rock, rich in steam and other gases, which is what we call magma, then rises upwards to feed the volcanoes. If the gas escapes quietly, there is not much of a problem. If it escapes violently, then we have an explosive eruption, which is what is feared in this case.
“Good sources of current information are https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/vona and http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/advisories.shtml.”
Dr Carmen Solana: “I have not got any interest to declare.”
Dr Guy Gratton: “Guy Gratton is an aeronautical engineer who also holds a Commercial Pilots Licence. He was formerly head of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (www.faam.ac.uk) in which capacity he was mission scientist on board the Natural Environment Research Council’s (www.nerc.ac.uk) former Dornier 228 “Airborne Research and Surveying Facility” aircraft when it made the first flights into the ash cloud over the UK from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in April 2010. Since December 2014 he has been Head of Airborne Science and Technology to the UK’s National Centre for Atmospheric Science (www.ncas.ac.uk) and since January 2017 has been a Visiting Professor at Cranfield University (www.cranfield.ac.uk). Guy tweets at @GuyG_Boffin. Guy Gratton is not a volcanologist. High quality information on volcanology for journalists may be available from the press office at British Geological Survey: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/news/pressoffice.html and universities who have geology departments.”
Dr Matthew Watson: “No conflicts.”
Prof. David Pyle: “Paid employment or self-employment – Professor of Earth Sciences in the University of Oxford. Grant funding – funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), as part of the COMET and STREVA projects (http://comet.nerc.ac.uk/ and http://streva.ac.uk/). Voluntary appointments – none. Memberships – American Geophysical Union. Decision-making positions – none. Other financial interest – none.”
Prof. David Rothery: “I run the OU’s Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis course. I am author of ‘Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis: A complete introduction’.”
None others received
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“Cord was the brand name of an American automobile company from Connersville, Ind., manufactured by the Auburn Automobile Co. from 1929 to 1932 and again in 1936 and 1937,” according to Wikipedia. “The Cord Corp. was founded and run by E. L. Cord as a holding company for his many transportation interests, including Auburn.
"Cord was noted for its innovative technology and streamlined designs. Cord had a philosophy to build truly different, innovative cars, believing they would also sell well and turn a profit. This did not always work well in practice.”
The Cord 810 that I photographed features one of Cord’s innovations: hidden headlamps.
“Hidden headlamps did not become common as a standard feature until the 1960s (though DeSoto used them in 1942). The early Oldsmobile Toronados, whose GM stylists later stated they were trying to capture the ‘feel’ of the Cord's design, also featured hidden headlamps.”
Cord also introduced front-wheel drive on the L-29, 810 and 812.
“Front-wheel drive is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only,” according to Wikipedia. “Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a transverse engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel drive vehicles.”
Cord also conceived and built Servo shifting.
“Servo shifting was accomplished through a Bendix electro-vacuum pre-selector mechanism (a type of electronic shifting),” according to Wikipedia.
“This was the first American front-wheel drive car to be offered to the public, beating the Ruxton automobile by several months, in 1929. The brainchild of former Miller engineer Carl Van Ranst, its drive system borrowed from the Indianapolis 500-dominating racers, using the same de Dion layout and inboard brakes. This allowed it to be much lower than competing cars.”
The Cord chassis was popular among early racers.
“Both stock cars and special bodies built on the Cord chassis by American and European coachbuilders won prizes in contests worldwide,” according to Wikipedia. “The L-29 came with full instrumentation, including a temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, and speedometer on the left with a gas gauge, oil level gauge, and Ammeter on the right of the steering wheel.
“Cord models 810/812 are probably the best-known of the company's products. Styled by Gordon M. Buehrig, they featured front-wheel drive and independent front suspension.”
One of the most distinctive features of the Cord 810 model was how the front-wheel drive allowed the 810 to be very low, as I photographed. Because of this, the Cord 810 did not have running boards, which were common among cars of this era.
The 810 is a powerhouse with a 289-cubic-inch Lycoming V-8 engine that could generate 125 hp. The 810 also featured a 4-speed “electrically selected semi-automatic transmission, among other innovative features,” according to Wikipedia.
Cords cars were crowd-pleasers from the start. They remain popular at concourses and car shows.
“The Cord 810 caused a sensation at the New York Auto Show in November 1935,” according to Wikipedia. “Orders were taken at the show with Cord promising Christmas delivery, expecting production of 1,000 per month.”
As any business person will admit: when you promise something, you need to deliver it. On time. Cord’s initial production problems dampened the car’s popularity.
“Production delays pushed the expected delivery date to February 1936,” according to Wikipedia. “The first production vehicles were not delivered until April. In all, Cord managed to sell only 1,174 of the new 810 in its first model year. The car is well-known for the flat front nose with a louvered grille design.”
The Cord’s size, in comparison to many contemporary vehicles, is immense. It is rolling art. I marveled at this beautiful 810. Despite its beauty that makes it one of the most-popular car of any era, Cord never really caught on.
“Early reliability problems, including slipping out of gear and vapor lock, cooled initial enthusiasm, and the dealer base shrank rapidly,” according to Wikipedia. “Unsold left-over and in-process 1936 810s were re-numbered and sold as 1937 812s.”
So, when you see an 812, it’s basically an 810.
“In 1937, Auburn ceased production of the Cord,” according to Wikipedia. “A single 1938 Cord prototype with some changes to the grille and transmission cover was built, and it still exists. The Cord empire, amid allegations of financial fraud, was sold to the Aviation Corp., and E.L. Cord moved to Nevada where he earned millions in real estate and other enterprises.”
Keywords:1937 Cord, Auburn Automobile Co., Cord 810, Cord Automobiles, E. L. Cord, Glenn Franco Simmons, Palo Alto Concours
© Glenn Thomas Franco Simmons' Photography
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Sub-regional seminar in Mauritius on awareness raising and presentation of Tentative Lists for the Indian Ocean islands
In October 2001, initiated by UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre, with the support of the France-UNESCO Cooperation Agreement, a workshop focused on Global Strategy raising awareness of the heritage of the Islands of the southwest Indian Ocean brought together representatives of 5 States Parties (Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros and France (Reunion)) in Madagascar. The workshop aimed to promote awareness and knowledge of the 1972 World Heritage Convention to the region, to reinforce its impact and mobilize national and local officials.
Following the 2001 meeting, an international workshop was organized in Mauritius, in April 2003 with the same goal of raising awareness of the 1972 World Heritage Convention. The rich and passionate debates reflected the difficulty to agree on a definition of the island’s own heritage. In the beginning of the 21st century, the history of the colonial periods of the previous three centuries raised a lot of reluctance. The legacy of this long period marked by many tragic events is sensitively recognized as a component of the national cultural identity. In parallel with the 2003 workshop, technical support was provided to the State Party to advise on adapting the heritage legislation to current standards and consider issues of pluralism and cultural diversity.
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Teaching and Research Fellow, School of Education, University of Sussex
Andy Chandler-Grevatt is a teaching fellow in Education at the University of Sussex, UK. His passion is to improve the way schools assess students' progress. Far too often, he says, assessments are just a simple judgement, or grade. "Students generally expect teachers to judge them," Andy says. "We have to change those attitudes. The relationship between teacher and pupil has to become more refined—sort of a 'critical friend' model."
For that to work, school curricula must also be designed with a clear progression of concepts that students can be measured against. "I think this moves away from the target-driven, number-crunching assessment to a much more profession-based judgement, thinking about what this child needs next rather than needing to pass an exam," he says.
To that end, Andy has written or co-written more than 25 books and curriculum guides to help science teachers in the UK assess students' deeper understanding of the subject rather than just their memorization of facts. In particular, he focuses on what he calls "troublesome knowledge"—concepts that are difficult to understand but, once mastered, open the door to many additional concepts.
Andy's vision for 2030 would be a school system that is much more evidence-based in its teaching methods, one that looks at the learning process holistically and structures schools to enhance that.
When he's off duty, Andy can often be found outdoors. "When I'm not doing education, I'm out in the garden, doing country walks, and things like that," he says.
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This first production version of the Micrologic “F” element flip-flop planar IC was made by Isy Haas and Lionel Kattner in September 1960.View Artifact Detail
How Digital Computers Compute
All digital computers work on the same principle: manipulating on/off signals to implement logic functions.
There have been many ways to generate those on/off signals, from mechanical devices to electromagnetic relays, vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs). This evolution brought ever-faster, smaller components, yielding dramatic improvements in capacity and cost that transformed computers from specialty tools to everyday devices.
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School is not just a place to gain knowledge but also a place where students can easily be affected by sexual harassment. What a disgrace. How can we progress in our schoolwork if we are impacted and distracted by sexual harassment? -Cindy, Youth Organizer (page 38)
Can we answer that question? Can we provide Cindy with an answer? Can we, as a society, say that we have the tools and strategies to answer this question? Girls for Gender Equality, a grass roots organization based in New York aims to do exactly that. And they wrote a book to tell us how.
Hey Shorty! A Guide to Combating Sexual Harassment and Violence in Schools and on the Streets not only deals with strategies but also points to some painful realities: how a deeply rooted culture of victim blaming and rape apologia hinders the progress of youth; how unsafe environments foster inequality and shatter dreams; how sexual harassment is not only about sex or harassment, but about crushing young people into further oppression. Girls for Gender Equality (GGE) provides programs that develop strengths, skills, and self-sufficiency in girls and women and help them make meaningful choices in their lives with minimum opposition and maximum community support. Hey Shorty! documents, and in that sense, it becomes an extremely important guide in grass roots organizing and activism, the process of creating the programs necessary to fulfill the vision of GGE.
The authors, Joanne N. Smith, Mandy Van Deven and Meghan Huppuch, provide a first hand account of community organizing, outreach and actions that center the needs of school girls, mostly of non-White backgrounds in their strategies.
It is hard to envision a school without sexual harassment. However, if one existed, I imagine it would be a place where kids can excel as students instead of having to worry about what is going to be said or done to them the next time they go in the hallway. -Kai, youth organizer (Page 103)
It is hard to envision such school, indeed:
Out of the students surveyed, 71 percent reported hearing sexual teasing, jokes, or remarks at their schools. Touching, pinching, or brushing against someone sexually and on purpose was reported by 63 percent of students and 60 percent had seen sexually suggestive looks, gestures, or body language. This is followed by whistles, calls, hoots, or yells of a sexual nature (46 percent); leaning over or cornering a person (39 percent); letters, phone calls, or Internet communication (34 percent); pressure for sex or sexual activity (31 percent); sexually explicit pictures or music on an electronic device (23 percent); pressure for dates (18 percent); and forced sexual activity (10 percent). Further analysis by gender showed that girls were slightly more likely than boys to report that “sexual teasing, jokes, or remarks” and “sexually suggestive looks, gestures, or body language” occurred in their schools. (Page 121)
When asked about who these young people believed to be the targets of sexual harassment, the responses showed that it happened to students regardless of gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation. As youth organizer Nefertiti explains:
I can barely breathe. I stop to catch my breath. Just take a pause, a beat, a rest. I cannot believe I am going through it because of a word I heard. As I walk through the halls, someone calls me by “name.” Someone calls me by my shame. Curls their mouth to call me out. Twists up their lips in a distinct and distant shout of the word (I can barely say the word) “FAGGOT!” Before I even knew what gay was, somebody managed to find something to say about my limp wrists and effeminate lisp. So long as I am in this skin and my feelings toward men are still a sin, they will forever have it in for me as long as that word still exists to oppress me at my best and suppress my self-expression. Denied the support of teachers and faculty who tell me, sell me, some lines about how sticks and stones may break my bones but words can never hurt me. Words have always hurt me. (Page 122)
At times, the book reads like a painful journey into the reality of street and school sexual harassment (and how these organizers actually work to remedy the situation). However, as difficult as it can be to read stats, first hand accounts and experiences, the book is focused on sharing solutions. From a “Sexual Harassment Quiz”, designed to help identify the problem, to the step by step account of the organization of workshops and curricula, the book becomes more than an example of a specific city or group and is a useful tool for parents, teachers and community leaders who wish to address the problem and work towards implementing solutions.
Tiger Beatdown is part of Hey Shorty! the “Virtual Book Tour”. On May 17th we will be hosting an interview with the authors who will share their experiences working with youth and bringing the book together. Check the link to see other Tour stops and spaces that are supporting this project.
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PhilosophyCCBC Philosophy students study the greatest thinkers in human history. They learn to question all assumptions and to think objectively in the pursuit of truth, and they explore the history of ideas and how these ideas have shaped the world we live in today.
Philosophy can be defined in many different ways, including the following:
- The love of wisdom (translated from Greek).
- The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.
- The study of the nature of reality and existence, of what is possible to know, and of right and wrong behavior.
ProgramAssociate of Arts
The CCBC Philosophy Program offers a variety of courses including:
- Introduction to Philosophy
- Critical Thinking
- Introduction to World Religions
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Common Name: daylily
Type: Herbaceous perennial
Zone: 3 to 9
Height: 2.00 to 3.00 feet
Spread: 1.50 to 2.50 feet
Bloom Time: June to July
Bloom Description: Yellow-orange
Sun: Full sun to part shade
Flower: Showy, Fragrant
Tolerate: Rabbit, Erosion, Air Pollution
Easily grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Daylilies perform well in a wide range of well-drained soils, but prefer a deep, fertile loam. Deadhead spent flowers daily for neatness and remove scapes when flowers have completed bloom. Tolerant of summer heat and humidity, but appreciates deep watering in dry spells to keep foliage attractive. Daylilies should be divided to maintain vigor when the clumps become overcrowded.
‘Apricot’ is one of the first daylilies to be hybridized and registered. Parents are reportedly H. flava and H. middendorffii. Yellow-orange flowers appear in early season on naked stems (scapes) that typically rise to 34” tall above a clump of arching, linear, blade-like, green leaves. Flowers are fragrant. Individual flowers open up for one day. Repeat bloomer. Yeld, 1893.
No serious insect or disease problems. Daylilies are extremely adaptable perennials. They are easy to grow and virtually pest free.
Borders. Mass over large areas or grow in clumps. Fountain-like leaves provide elegant foliage, color and texture for the garden when flowers are not in bloom. Daylilies can crowd out weeds and form a verdant ground cover.
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Intermittent fasting promises better health and longer life, but does it work?
Image: © Rallef/Thinkstock
The obesity epidemic has spawned a cottage industry of weight-loss schemes. Currently in vogue is intermittent fasting, which involves alternating intervals of extreme calorie reduction with periods of normal eating. Proponents of this regimen claim that it helps shed pounds faster than traditional diets, as well as reduce inflammation and other heart disease risks.
What is intermittent fasting?
All diets achieve weight loss through the same equation — you take in less food energy each day than your body burns for normal activity. Intermittent fasting achieves this goal by severely limiting calories during certain days of the week or during specified hours during the day. The theory is that this type of diet will help decrease appetite by slowing the body's metabolism.
"One pattern that has become a bit popular is the so-called 5:2 diet," says Dr. Frank Hu, chair of the department of nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. With this system, you eat normally for five days of the week, but restrict food intake to just 500 to 600 calories on the two fasting days. Another variation calls for alternating "fast" days, in which you consume a quarter or less of your basic calorie requirement, with "feast" days, during which you eat whatever you choose.
Fasting for weight loss?
So far, the research studies evaluating intermittent fasting have been relatively short and have enrolled only a limited number of participants. In one, published July 1, 2017, in JAMA Internal Medicine, 100 overweight people were assigned to one of three eating plans: restricting daily calorie intake by the same amount every day (similar to a traditional diet plan), fasting on alternate days, and continuing with normal eating habits. At the end of the 12-month study, both diet groups had lost weight compared with the normal eaters. However, the fasters didn't fare any better than the conventional calorie cutters.
A notable aspect of this trial was a very high dropout rate (38%) among the people assigned to the fasting regimen. This may reflect a real-life pitfall of fasting as a weight-loss approach. "It's human nature for people to want to reward themselves after doing very hard work, such as exercise or fasting for a long period of time, so there is a danger of indulging in unhealthy dietary habits on non-fasting days," says Dr. Hu. In addition, there's a strong biological push to overeat following fasting periods. Your appetite hormones and hunger center in your brain go into overdrive when you are deprived of food.
But intermittent fasting may have a beneficial effect on diet psychology for some people, says Kathy McManus, director of the Department of Nutrition at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital. "One of my patients felt strongly that he didn't want to be bothered with tracking calories and filling out food records. Instead, he opted for a 5:2 fasting approach, which has worked well for him so far." The main goal is to develop a healthy eating pattern that is sustainable and can support weight loss over time, McManus says. As of now, intermittent dieting has not been proved to meet this key criterion.
Some commercial companies have started marketing packaged meal plans designed specifically for intermittent fasting. While this may make the process easier for some people, these products tend to be expensive—around $300 for a week's worth of food.
Part of the fascination with intermittent fasting arises from research with animals showing that fasting may reduce cancer risk and slow aging. "One hypothesis is that fasting can activate cellular mechanisms that help boost immune function and reduce inflammation associated with chronic disease," says Dr. Hu. While it's true that getting rid of excess body fat will improve a person's metabolic profile and lower cardiovascular risk, he says, there's no strong evidence that fasting adds health benefits beyond any other weight-loss strategy.
Who should not try fasting
If you are considering this type of diet, make sure to discuss it with your doctor. Skipping meals and severely limiting calories can be dangerous for people with certain conditions, such as diabetes. People who take medications for blood pressure or heart disease also may be more prone to electrolyte abnormalities from fasting. Also, says Dr. Hu, we live in a toxic, obesogenic food environment. So you'll need a strong social support network to endure very low-calorie days over the long haul.
As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
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Only a few cities in the world, including London, can boast of the world-famous transport system. Popular phrases such as “Mind The Gap,” as well as metro maps on numerous mugs, towels, and other London souvenirs, indicated that a museum would soon open in the UK capital, focusing on transport.
And so it happened. The London Transport Museum has existed since the 1920's and has more than 450 000 exhibits covering the 200 years of the history of the development of the local transportation system. Walking through the galleries, visitors can learn more about the connection between the growth of modern London and its world-famous transport network. The exposition is not limited only to historical exhibits, as it also covers the concepts of modern and even futuristic transport.
Exposition of the museum
The museum is located on two floors. The first shows the most interesting exhibits, including one of the earliest wooden subway cars. On the second floor, visitors can see many transport artifacts and learn more about the construction of the first passenger railway in London, dating from the 1883 year (lasting from the London Bridge to Greenwich).
Interesting fact! Even the entrance to the building is a landmark, as visitors are welcomed by audiovisual recordings of the transport system from around the world (for example, New York, New Delhi, Tokyo, Paris, Shanghai and, of course, London). There is also a library (located at 39 Wellington Street) and exhibits telling the story of the famous London Underground logo designed by Frank Peak.
Younger visitors will especially enjoy the All Aboard gaming area, which boasts a variety of different miniature vehicles. Children can also repair a small train, sail to the Temps Nipper and play musical instruments in specially equipped entertainment venues.
Other popular exhibits are:
- Horse Omnibus (circa 1805)
- Original metro map (designed by Harry Back)
- Wooden railway carriage "Bogie Stock"
- Sedan Seat (London's first licensed public transport)
- First underground steam engine
- Historic London Transport Posters by Graham Sutherland, Abram Games and Ivon Hitchens
- 17 GBP for adults (or 16 GBP online)
- 14,5 GBP for seniors and students (or 13,5 GBP on the Internet)
- 12,5 GBP for groups of ten or more adults
- 11 GBP for groups of ten or more high school students / students
- For children and adolescents under the age of 18 years - admission is free
By purchasing a ticket, you can get an unlimited daily pass to all galleries and exhibitions for 12 months.
The cost of parking the car in the museum is 440 GBP per hour (while not more than 4 hours).
Where is the transport museum
It was originally located in the old bus garage in Clapham and showed off two Victorian horse-drawn buses, as well as an early motorbike. Over time, the museum expanded and eventually moved into the Victorian Flower Market building, which is located in the historic Covent Garden area. Then it was the Museum of British Transport, but soon it was renamed the London Museum of Transport.
Address: Covent Garden Piazza, London WC2E 7BB, United Kingdom.
- Metro: The nearest stations are Covent Garden (a two-minute walk) or Leicester Square (nine minutes).
- By train: Charing Cross Station is an 8 minute walk, and Waterloo can be reached in an 16 minute.
- By bus: Routes: RV1, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23 and 139.
London Transport Museum open:
- From 10: 00 to 18: 00 - from Monday to Thursday, as well as Saturday and Sunday (last admission to 17: 15);
- From 11: 00 to 18: 00 - on Fridays (last tolerance to 17: 15)
- If you want to take the MBNA Thames Clippers ferry, then you can save up to 20% by combining your ticket with the London Transport Museum.
- Remember to visit Covent Garden markets that run until 20: 00 daily (Sunday - until 18: 00).
- If you do not like noisy children, then try to avoid visiting the museum on weekdays when it is full of students.
- Before visiting, be sure to download the London Transport Museum app. It provides visitors with additional information about galleries and exhibitions, as well as a calendar of events and special offers.
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Gifted with a facility with languages and diplomacy, today’s saint played an important role in the history of the church and in Europe in his day.
St. Lawrence was born in Brindisi, Italy, on July 22, 1559. He was baptized with the name Giulio Cesare. He received his early education from the Franciscan Friars and completed his studies in Venice. He learned to speak French, German, Latin, and Spanish in addition to his native Italian. He also had a command of Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac.
Becoming a Capuchin in 1575, he then studied philosophy and theology at the University of Padua and in 1582 was ordained to the priesthood.
Lawrence became a famous preacher and graced the pulpits of Italy and other countries of Europe. He was called upon by rulers and popes to employ his gifts on behalf of the political and religious situations that arose during the period between 1590 and his untimely death in 1619.
He rose to be the leader of his order in Italy and in the Alpine regions. On one of his missions he was sent to Eastern Europe to represent the church against the growing presence of Protestantism. He was so successful in Prague that the local Protestants tried to get Emperor Rudolf II to deport him.
In 1595, Lawrence found himself in Hungary during the period of the Turkish wars. Laurence was named head of all the chaplains of the army. In 1601, the Hungarians were involved in a battle in which they were outnumbered 18,000 to 80,000. With Laurence’s encouragement and courage, he took command and led the Christians to victory. The cross he held during that conflict still is used by the Superior Generals of the Capuchin Order.
Lawrence also brought his crusade to Germany where he helped form the League of German Catholic Princes against the Union of Protestant Princes. On an official mission to the court of Spain he acquired the political and financial support of Phillip III for that cause. In addition to being papal representative to Madrid, Lawrence represented the Vatican in bringing peace to Tyrol (an area of Italy and Austria in the Alps).
After many missions and labors, Lawrence had hoped to retire to contemplative life, but Pope Paul V, had yet another assignment for him. The good priest was sent to Madrid and Lisbon in 1618-19 to defend Naples against Viceroy Pietro Teller Giron di Osuna. He successfully accomplished his mission but fell ill in Lisbon and died on his 60th birthday. He was laid to rest in the convent of the Poor Clares in that city. He was beatified by Pope Pius VI in 1783 and canonized by Pope Leo XIII in 1881.
On March 19, 1959, Pope John XXIII declared Lawrence of Brindisi a Doctor of the Church. As “Apostolic Doctor,” he is the first Capuchin Franciscan thus to be honored and the third Doctor of the entire Franciscan family (St. Bonaventure and St. Anthony are the others). He is the 30th saint to be declared a Doctor by the Church, and the seventh to be so honored in this century.
Adapted by A.J. Valentini
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Happy digging! Primary Science Week 201616/05/2016
Primary Science Week 2016 runs from 16 May - today! - through to the 20th, and the focus this year is on soil science.
Soil is literally the stuff of life - without it, according to one soil scientist, we’d be “hungry, thirsty, naked, homeless, and breathless.”
Some of the remarkable properties and abilities of soil that make life possible include:
Keeping us warm and dry: while there might not be an obvious connection between soil and clothing, think about the fact that so much of our textiles depend on it: wool and silk producing animals - sheep and silkworms - eat plants grown in soil, and the cotton plant comes directly from the ground.
Soil keeps us breathing: without the nutrients in the soil in which oxygen-producing plants grow, there would be no breathable air
Soil is a habitat for a wide variety of life, including many of the microorganisms on which we depend
Soil is the great recycler: organisms in soil break down waste, and dispose of other organisms that have died. Without soil (and the insects and microorganisms that make their home in it), we would literally be knee-deep in excrement and dead bodies!
Think about this: in a single teaspoon of soil, there are more living things than there are people on the entire planet! Soil really is the fundament of life on earth.
The New Zealand Association of Primary Science Educators (NZAPSE) website lists lots of activities and experiences that you can get your class involved in. Go here.
For great starter information on soil, check out the Science Learn website page: Soil means life
The NZAPSE Primary Science Week page is also bursting with links to experiments, other sites, and various resources so you can create an authentic learning programme for your budding soil scientists.
Find out about what’s going on in your region:
Auckland – Find out what’s happening here
Hamilton – Find out what is happening here
Tauranga – Find out what is happening here
Wellington – Find out what is happening here
Christchurch – Find out what is happening here
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Small stocky frog with relatively large head. Adults of both sexes obtain a
snout-vent length of about 55 mm. The eyes are large and have a vertical
slit-shaped pupil. Parotid glands are small, and the tympanum is mostly
visible. The skin is warty, and a row of large, often reddish warts
extends from the tympanum to the loin area. Other large gland complexes
are present on the underarms and the ankles. There are three metacarpal
tubercles. The coloration can vary from small black dots, brown dots to
olive or green spots. The underside is a dirty white, and the throat and
the chest are often spotted with gray (Noellert and Noellert 1992).
Males are somewhat smaller than females. Other features that distinguish males
and females are: distance between nostrils, distance between the anterior
end of the middle metacarpal tubercle and the tip of the third finger, and
the distance from the elbow to the third finger tip. These variables should
be corrected for the size of the animal (Bosch and Marquez 1996).
Distribution and Habitat
Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland. Introduced: United Kingdom.
This animal occurs in eight European countries: Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and Switzerland. There are three European subspecies. A. o. obstetricans occurs north of the Pyrenees,
A. o. almogavarii between the Pyrenees and the Ebro river and A. o. boscai south of the Ebro river. Another subspecies, A. o. maurus Pasteur & Bons, 1962, is endemic in the Rif mountains in Morocco. The species is present practically throughout France, with the exception of the higher part of the Alps. A. obstetricans shows a very clearly marked distribution limit between the mountainous and hilly regions of Central Europe which are inhabited, and the large plain to the North Sea, where the species is absent. For this reason, it cannot be found along the coast of Belgium, and in most part of the Netherlands (only in the hilly South Limburg). The northernmost population is found south of Hannover, in lower Saxony, the easternmost population in Northern and Central Germany (hilly regions of Thüringen and Harz). In Southern Germany the species only occurs in Baden-Württemberg in the region of the Black Forest. Switzerland is inhabited mainly in the Jura, in the central plain up to the Rhine, and in some parts of the northern slope of the Alps, though here only
The water habitat varies greatly: not only all types of pools and ponds are
used, but also not too fast running creeks (mainly in Iberia) and rivers.
A. obstetricans prefers permanent waters, because larvae often over
winter in water. The land habitat is just as important as the breeding
sites: slopes, walls, embankments with many small stones, stone slabs or
sand, normally with sparse vegetation are preferred. Larger colonies are
observed in gravel or clay pits. Often the exposition is south, southwest
or southeast and well exposed to the sun. The microclimate in the hiding
places must be warm and humid.
In the Iberian Peninsula A. obstetricans occurs from the sea shore
(e.g. in Asturias and Basque Country) up to 1960 m (in Portugal) and 2400 m
in the Pyrenees. In the Alps, populations can be found up to 1670 m in the
Bernese Oberland. In Central Europe, most populations live at altitudes between
200 and 700 m, rarely below 200 m (Gasc 1997).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
These frogs are well known for their male parental care behavior. The males attach the egg masses to their body and carry them until the eggs hatch, at this point the males release the tadpoles into bodies of water. The females can produce up to four clutches of eggs per breeding season. Mating season varies throughout the range. In Westfalen, Germany, one can find males carrying eggs
between the end of March, and the beginning of August. Around the city of
La Coruña, males with clutches of eggs were observed from mid-February
until August. In mountain populations most males carry eggs well into
Although males call mainly by night, they are known to call from
their hiding places during the daytime. The call is a high-pitched, explosive,
musical "poo...poo…poo…", about one call every 1-3 sec, usually higher
and shorter than Bombina. The female seeks out the male and presents herself to him. The male grabs
the female in the lumbar region. The male stimulates the females cloacal
region by scratching it with its toes. After about 35 minutes, the male
suddenly constricts the female's flanks. She extends her hind legs and
ejects an egg mass. The male then releases his lumbar grip, takes an axillar hold and inseminates the eggs
with a quantity of liquid sperm mass. After 10-15 minutes, the male distends
the egg mass with his hind legs, piles them alternatingly to his body and
extends them again until the strings of eggs are wound around his ankles.
A male can copulate anew and carry up to three clutches around his legs
with a total of 150 eggs or more (Schleich 1996).
Males keep the egg mass moist by microhabitat choice, or by taking short baths. Larvae
hatch after 3 to 6 weeks. The males seek out small water bodies to discard
the egg strings with the hatching larvae. Upon hatching, the larvae are
about 15 mm and metamorphose the next year, when they have reached a maximum
length of 5 to 8 cm (Engelmann et al 1985).
Trends and Threats
Populations of this species are threatened, especially on the northern border
of its distribution. These populations suffer from the disturbance caused by the release of fish in their breeding waters (Noellert and Noellert 1992).
Populations along the northern border, e.g., in Limburg, eastern Germany,
in the Black Forest and western and central parts of the Swiss range, have
disappeared for no obvious reason. The disappearance is likely to be disease-related, as this species is susceptible to chytridiomycosis (Bosch et al. 2001). In 1997, 1998, and 1999, mass die-offs of post-metamorphic A. obstetricans occurred in Spain, and dead frogs were found to have chytrid infections (Bosch et al. 2001). Habitat loss is also a factor in the decline of this species; in addition to outright habitat destruction, changes affecting the microclimatic conditions (e.g., drainage) have had a negative impact on A. obstetricans (Gasc 1997).
Possible reasons for amphibian decline
General habitat alteration and loss
Drainage of habitat
Predators (natural or introduced)
This species was featured as News of the Week on 23 May 2022:
Habitat loss or modification is the biggest threat to amphibians, which includes the introduction of non-native plants. Eucalyptus globulus trees have been introduced globally from its native Australia, and its negative effects on native species, including adult amphibians, have been documented. What about other stages? Iglesias-Carrasco et al. (2022) investigated with experiments on the effects of eucalypt leachates on tadpole behavior, morphology, growth, and immune response. Rana temporaria, Alytes obstetricans, and Pelophylax perezi tadpoles were raised in mesocosms with either native oak or exotic eucalypt leachates then exposed to predator cues. The authors found that while anti-predator responses were not significantly affected, tadpoles raised in eucalypt leachates were smaller and had weaker immune responses. Furthermore, the morphology of P. perezi tadpoles in eucalypt treatments were similar to the stress morphology of other species, which may affect the tadpoles’ ability to escape predators and jump in later development. Although species varied in responses, these results indicate that the poor nutrient content and high toxicity of Eucalyptus have strong impacts at critical early stages of frog development. Further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term fitness consequences of Eucalyptus monocultures. (Written by Ann Chang)
Bosch, J. and Marquez, R. (1996). ''Discriminant functions for the sex identification in two midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans and A. cisternasii).'' Herpetological Journal, 6, 105-109.
Bosch, J., Martinez-Solano, I., and García-París, M. (2001). ''Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain.'' Biological Conservation, 97(3), 331-337.
Engelmann, W.-E., Guenter, R., and Obst, F. J. (1985). Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag, Leipzig.
Gasc, J.-P. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Bonn, Germany.
Nöllert, A. and Nöllert, C. (1992). Die Amphibien Europas. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH and Company, Stuttgart.
Pennisi, E. (2009). ''The case of the midwife toad: fraud or epigenetics?'' Science, 325(5945), 1194-1195.
Schleich, H. H., Kastle, W., and Kabisch, K. (1996). Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz Scientific Publishers, Koenigstein.
Stumpel-Rieks, S. E. (1992). Nomina Herpetofaunae Europaeae. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden.
Vargas, A. O. (2009). ''Did Paul Kammerer discover epigenetic inheritance? a modern look at the controversial midwife toad experiments.'' Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular Development and Evolution), 312B, 667-678.
Wagner, G. P. (2009). ''Paul Kammerer’s midwife toads: about the reliability of experiments and our ability to make sense of them.'' Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular Development and Evolution), 312B, 665-666.
Originally submitted by: Arie van der Meijden (first posted 1999-09-22)
Edited by: Vance T. Vredenburg, Kellie Whittaker, Michelle S. Koo (2022-05-22)
Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2022 Alytes obstetricans: Midwife Toad <https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1522> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed Oct 5, 2022.
Feedback or comments about this page.
Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2022. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 5 Oct 2022.
AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use.
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There are four estuaries within the Nelson City area.
- The internationally recognised Waimea Inlet which straddles the Nelson City and Tasman District Council boundary
- The Nelson Haven, fed by the Maitai River and home to Port Nelson
- Delaware Estuary, framed by Pepin Island and Delaware Spit
- Kokorua Estuary to the north - only accessible by boat or with permission of landowners.
Estuaries are remarkable ecosystems teeming with life and critical to the lifecycle of many aquatic species. They are also home to a number of native and migrant birds.
The Waimea Inlet is of international importance for species such as the variable oystercatcher and migratory species such as wrybill and bar-tailed godwit. It is also significant within New Zealand for its banded rail and Caspian tern populations. The Waimea Inlet also has a number of small sand islands, e.g. Saxton, Oyster, Pig and Sand Island, which are important habitat for shorebirds to roost and feed.
Nelson City Council is working collaboratively with iwi, Tasman District Council, Department of Conservation and the wider community to implement the Waimea Inlet Strategy and Waimea Inlet Action Plan.
Shorebird surveys at the Top of the South Island have been undertaken by members of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand (OSNZ) since 1961. The reports ‘Shorebirds of Farewell Spit, Golden Bay and Tasman Bay’ (2013) (1.4MB PDF) and ‘Coastal Birds of Tasman/Nelson Region’ (2019) (7.1MB PDF) summarise information on distribution and numbers of shorebird and coastal bird for the Nelson-Tasman region and describe areas of international importance for shorebirds.
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Making music is part of being human. Kids love making sounds! Children sing to explore their voices, practice new words and just have fun.
Children explore the world through play. Games engage kids in all the ways they learn: seeing, hearing, moving and feeling. Besides being fun, games teaches order and a sense of accomplishment.
Songs are powerful learning tools. Who didn’t learn their ABC’s through a song? Performing and reading music has a positive effect on brain development. And educators agree that playing appropriate computer games can support learning.
From the founder of Cherubim Music:
For 40 years, I have been composing children’s music, teaching kids to sing and play instruments, and studying the ways they learn it. I have never been more excited about the potential for learning than with this new technology, which combines the best of the old and new methods. Fuzzy Little Caterpillar blends science, math and music in a way that only this new medium can. Enjoy!
Ruth Bures, Ed.D, founder Cherubim Music L.L.C.
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3 'What If' Questions to Ask Yourself This Earth Day
April 17, 2019
Here are some little things you can do to make a big impact.
Did you know...
- If every household in American switched to paperless billing and had their bills sent to them electronically instead of by mail, we could reduce solid waste in landfills by more than 800,000 tons a year.
- In the U.S., we throw away about 50 billion paper cups every year. That’s a stack that would go to the moon and back roughly five times. FIVE. TIMES.
- The average American throws away about 185 pounds of plastic every year. But it’s one of the easiest things to recycle.
So what if...
- You commit to switching all of your bills to be electronic-only and paperless.
- You buy a new to-go coffee mug and reusable water bottle to keep at work so we use less paper cups.
- You make an effort to recycle plastic, knowing that it's the easiest thing to recycle.
This Earth Day, ask yourself what you're doing for our world. At Cox, we ask ourselves every day.
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Budget Periods and Adjustments
Budgets usually relate to specific future periods of time, such as an annual reporting year or a natural business cycle. For example, a car producer may release the 20X8 models in the middle of 20X7. In such a case, the budget cycle may be more logically geared to match the model year of the cars rather than the actual calendar year.
There is nothing to suggest that budgets are only for one year intervals. For purposes of monitoring performance, annual budgets are frequently divided into monthly and quarterly components. This is helpful in monitoring performance on a timely basis. Sometimes, specific amounts within a monthly/quarterly budget are merely proportional amounts of the annual total. For instance, monthly rent might be 1/12 of annual rent. But, other costs do not behave as uniformly. For instance, utilities costs can vary considerably with changes in the weather, and businesses need sufficiently detailed budgets to plan accordingly. Major capital expenditure budgets may transcend many years. A manufacturer may have 10 facilities in need of major overhauls. It is unlikely they could all be upgraded in just one or two years; capital expenditure budgets may cover as much as a five to ten-year horizon.
Computer technology permits companies to employ continuous or perpetual budgets. These budgets may be constantly updated to relate to the next 12 months or next 4 quarters, etc. As one period is completed, another is added to the forward looking budgetary information. This approach provides for continuous monitoring and planning and allows managers more insight and reaction time to adapt to changing conditions. An analogy might be made to driving. A bad driver might focus only on getting from one intersection to the next. A good driver will constantly monitor conditions well beyond the upcoming intersection, anticipating the need to change lanes as soon as distant events first come into view.
The discussion in this chapter has largely presumed a "static budget." A static budget is not designed to change with changes in activity level. Once sales and expenses are estimated, they become the relevant benchmarks. An alternative that has some compelling advantages is the flexible budget. Flexible budgets relate anticipated expenses to observed revenue. To illustrate, if a business greatly exceeded the sales goal, it is reasonable to expect costs to also exceed planned levels. After all, some items like cost of sales, sales commissions, and shipping costs are directly related to volume. How ridiculous would it be to fault the manager of the business for having cost overruns? Conversely, failing to meet sales goals should be accompanied by a reduction in variable costs. Certainly it would make no sense to congratulate a manager for holding costs down in this case! A flexible budget is one that reflects expected costs as a function of business volume; when sales rise so do certain budgeted costs, and vice versa. The next chapter will illustrate flexible budgets in much detail.
In working with budgets, especially budgets of governmental units, you may encounter an "encumbrance." An encumbrance is a budgetary restriction occurring in advance of a related expenditure. The purpose of an encumbrance is to earmark funds for a designated future purpose. For instance, a department may have $100,000 budgeted for office supplies for the upcoming year. However, the department may have already entered into a $500 per month contract for copy machine repair services. Although $100,000 is budgeted, the remaining free balance is only $94,000 because $6,000 has already been committed for the repair service. At any point in time, the total budget, minus actual expenditures, minus remaining encumbrances, would result in the residual free budget balance for the period.
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The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has issued a report that states that many people born in the 1960s and 1970s will be poorer overall than their parents – putting an end to the post war trend for each generation being better off than the last.
With the lack of pay rises, dwindling home ownership, poor pension savings and lack general savings many people are being forced to rely on inheritance for them to be able to live comfortably for the rest of their lives.
People born in the 1960s and 1970s have been hit hard by stagnating wages over the past ten years. They benefited from an income growth in 1974 and 2002 when median income rose by 1.5% a year, however the IFS did point out that this growth was disproportionate because the highest incomes grew at a much faster rate than the lowest. Since 2002 median incomes have grown by only 0.1%, affecting those born in the 70s who were on average incomes of £570 a week by the time they reach 40 compared to £610 for those born in the 60s. Their parents did not have this problem with wage stagnation at a similar age so they benefited from decent income growth up to the 1960s. Following the financial crisis in 2008 the IFS found that future income prospects for the 1960s and 1970s cohorts ‘do not look good in the short term future either, or arguable even in the medium term’.
Property is the biggest asset that the majority of individuals accumulate in their lives – it is also an indicator of the overall wealth of different generations. There is a difference between those born in the 60s who tended to get on the housing ladder earlier compared to those who were born in the 70s. For the people born in the 40s and 50s, homeownership rates peaked at about 80% by the age of 50, the IFS has said it is unclear whether this will be the case for those born in the 60s. People born in the 70s have been affected more by falling incomes, the boom in property prices in the 1990s up to the mid 2000s and also by saving less money. People aged between 37 and 43 are now lagging behind those 10 years older than them – by age 35, 66% born between 1970 and 1976 owned a home, compared to 71% of those born in the 1950s and 1960s.
Those born in the 60s and 70s were more likely to be a private pension saver in their 20s and 30s than their parents – the IFS puts this down to the introduction of personal pensions in the 1980s. But the report states that a ‘rapid switch’ away from well funded company pension funds has hurt those born in the 60s and 70s where their parents will have benefited. The younger generation born after 1980 are the ones who will be taking the biggest hit in terms of workplace pension saving, this is because they have been most affected by the closure of the gold-plated final salary schemes in the private sector over the past 15 years. In 1997, defined benefit pension schemes accounted for 74% of private sector pension plans, now they comprise just 29% of the total, and continue to be displaced by less generous defined contribution schemes.
The state pension system peaked for those born in 1933, at this age people got the best out of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) which provided a top-up to the basic state pension and was introduced in 1978. People born in the 1960s and 1970s will be taking their pension under the new single-tier rules that will be introduced in 2016, giving people a flat-rate expected to be around £155 a week. The IFS found that higher earners born in the 60s and 70s will find this new state pension will not cover as much of their working income as their parents (born in the 30s and 40s), though lower earners will only get slightly less than those born in the 1940s and more than those born in the 50s. The rising state pension age will ‘stop the rise in generosity’ of the state pension system as would have happened had the age remained the same and life expectancies continued to grow.
Those born in the 70s particularly preferring to spend rather than save. The IFS has found that those who saved the same proportion as their parents during the years before 2002 would be ‘left with higher stocks of wealth’ because of their higher incomes during that time. However this is not the case if these people chose to spend rather than save when they were young adults – the report found that these people saved less than their parents had with a savings gap as high as £60 a week between those born in the 1940s compared to those born in the 1970s at the same stage in their lives.
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Format of Original
Materials Science and Engineering: C
Original Item ID
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.045; PMID: 27612840
Although human mouth benefits from remarkable mechanical properties, it is very susceptible to traumatic damages, exposure to microbial attacks, and congenital maladies. Since the human dentition plays a crucial role in mastication, phonation and esthetics, finding promising and more efficient strategies to reestablish its functionality in the event of disruption has been important. Dating back to antiquity, conventional dentistry has been offering evacuation, restoration, and replacement of the diseased dental tissue. However, due to the limited ability and short lifespan of traditional restorative solutions, scientists have taken advantage of current advancements in medicine to create better solutions for the oral health field and have coined it “regenerative dentistry.” This new field takes advantage of the recent innovations in stem cell research, cellular and molecular biology, tissue engineering, and materials science etc. In this review, the recently known resources and approaches used for regeneration of dental and oral tissues were evaluated using the databases of Scopus and Web of Science. Scientists have used a wide range of biomaterials and scaffolds (artificial and natural), genes (with viral and non-viral vectors), stem cells (isolated from deciduous teeth, dental pulp, periodontal ligament, adipose tissue, salivary glands, and dental follicle) and growth factors (used for stimulating cell differentiation) in order to apply tissue engineering approaches to dentistry. Although they have been successful in preclinical and clinical partial regeneration of dental tissues, whole-tooth engineering still seems to be far-fetched, unless certain shortcomings are addressed.
Amrollahi, Pouya; Shah, Brinda; Seifi, Amir; and Tayebi, Lobat, "Recent Advancements in Regenerative Dentistry: A Review" (2016). School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications. 195.
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Last week, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a series of changes to its standards governing the use of toxic chemical dispersants during oil spills, like the 1.9 million gallons of dispersants used during BP's Gulf of Mexico disaster.
The EPA claims their new rules will incorporate part of what officials learned during BP's Deepwater Horizon disaster, including toxicity testing requirements, information that manufacturers must provide the EPA and the public, and how toxicity must be monitored while the chemicals are used on future spills.
Mathy Stanislaus, who oversees the EPA's emergency response policies, stated: "Our proposed amendments incorporate scientific advances and lessons learned from the application of spill-mitigating substances in response to oil discharges and will help ensure that the emergency planners and responders are well-equipped to protect human health and the environment."
But several scientists and doctors took issue with the EPA's claims, stating that the agency has not gone nearly far enough in protecting people, wildlife and the environment from dispersants that they described as "deadly," "cancer-causing," "extremely toxic," and that "wreak havoc on people's bodies."
Human Health Impacts
During a January 14 webinar co-hosted by the Government Accountability Project (GAP) and A Locally Empowered Response Team (ALERT), experts in several areas painted a grim picture of the profound effects of the dispersants on the environment, wildlife and humans, as well as their ongoing human health and environmental impacts in the Gulf of Mexico since the BP crisis.
Robert Mathis, an M.D. and doctor of environmental medicine in Santa Barbara, California, described how several of the chemical ingredients of the dispersants that are regularly used on oil spills remain unknown because they are "trade secrets," but that even the known chemicals in the dispersant cocktails are extremely dangerous to humans; they contain an "emulsifier that allows chemicals deeper penetration into tissues and cells."
"Dispersants disrupt both bacterial and human cell membranes," Mathis explained. "Damage disrupts cell functions, leading to cell failure, and may cause cancers and death. All living things are damaged, including groundwater."
Mathis described in detail how, by using the toxic dispersants, oil companies and cleanup crews "give the chemicals access to cellular machinery by breaking down the lipid cell membrane."
"Human health impacts for decades are a certainty, especially among sensitive portions of the population like pregnant women, the elderly and people with disabilities."
Dr. Susan Shaw, founder and president of the Marine and Environmental Research Institute and School of Public Health at the State University of New York, Albany, also spoke to the human health consequences of dispersant use.
"There is no safe level of exposure to the carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals in oil," said Shaw, who also served on the Department of the Interior's Strategic Sciences Working Group - a team of 14 scientists charged with assessing consequences of the oil spill and recommending policy actions in the Gulf. "Corexit [dispersant used during the BP disaster] multiplies the toxicity of oil and forms a reservoir of ongoing toxicity in the sea."
Shaw, who has been studying the health effects of chemical exposure for more than 30 years, explained that even BP's Material Safety Data Sheets for Corexit, which were widely available throughout the oil industry well in advance of the BP disaster, warned that the dispersant posed high and immediate human health hazards, but the company, of course, used it anyway.
"Human health impacts for decades are a certainty, especially among sensitive portions of the population like pregnant women, the elderly and people with disabilities."
Like Mathis, Shaw emphasized that dispersants allow "oil to enter the skin and organs more easily."
"Oil and dispersants damage the same organ systems in the body's nervous system, respiratory system and immune system," she explained. "Toxic compounds in oil, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, naphthalene, ethylene, propylene and many others are all toxic ingredients in Corexit 9527 and 9500 [the dispersants used on the BP spill], and another of them, 2-butoxyethanol, is known to cause internal bleeding."
"BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid.'"
In an earlier interview with Truthout, Shaw accused both BP and the EPA of knowingly placing people in harm's way, since they both had prior knowledge of the damaging effects of the oil and dispersants.
"BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid,'" she said. "But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit dispersants long before this spill."
According to Shaw, the massive human health crisis that continues in the Gulf today was wholly predictable.
"Five of the Corexit ingredients are linked to cancer, 33 are associated with skin irritation from rashes to burns, 33 are linked to eye irritation, 11 are or are suspected of being potential respiratory toxins or irritants, and 10 are suspected kidney toxins," she said.
A 2013 study in the American Journal of Medicine sheds more light on the potential health repercussions for the more than 170,000 people who worked in some capacity to clean up the 2010 disaster.
The study shows that people hired to clean up Gulf of Mexico beaches and marshes during the 2010 oil spill have significantly altered blood profiles that, just as Shaw and other toxicologists warned, put them at increased risk of developing liver cancer, leukemia and other disorders.
According to Shaw, thousands of people in the Gulf - cleanup workers, fishermen and residents - have reported multiple severe symptoms related to chemical exposure from the spill.
"What ties them together as a group is their spill-related health problems, which are also typical of the health problems reported from previous oil spills," she said. "Some of these include blood in urine, heart palpitations, kidney damage, liver damage, migraines, multiple chemical sensitivity, neurological damage, memory loss, rapid weight loss, respiratory system damage, skin lesions, muscle spasms, seizures and temporary paralysis."
Several scientific studies have confirmed this, like "Health Consequences among subjects involved in gulf oil spill clean-up activities," published in 2013. The conclusion of the study: "Clean-up workers exposed to the oil spill and dispersant experienced significantly altered blood profiles, liver enzymes, and somatic symptoms."
Shaw also cited the National Institutes of Health Gulf cleanup worker study, which she feels is "compromised by a lack of exposure measure in the studies' subjects" since the health agency was prohibited from entering the spill area until 2011. She also drew attention to the fact that since the study is long-term (the study began just after the spill and will last at least 10 years), there is "no medical care for subjects, even those who were highly exposed."
Shaw concluded by recommending that in order to protect public health, "we must use the precautionary principle to regulate dispersant chemicals. Their ongoing use is of very high risk to human and nature's health."
The precautionary principle, as summarized by the Science and Environmental Health Network, states that whenever an activity could threaten to harm either the environment or human health, precautionary measures ought to be taken, even if a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been fully established.
Dr. Samantha Joye of the University of Georgia's Department of Marine Sciences became internationally famous during the BP oil disaster for having first identified the massive subsea oil plumes that formed as a result of the use of dispersants.
"Where do dispersants go? The earth is a closed ecosystem; there is nowhere to go. Nothing leaves the planet. Once they are sprayed, they don't go away."
In a lecture delivered during the webinar by Dr. Sairah Malkin, a member of Joye's research group, Joye noted how the effects of dispersants on microbial communities and their rates of degradation are clear. The group's research showed that dispersed oil is not more readily bioavailable to microorganisms. This flies in the face of claims by BP, the EPA and other organizations that claimed that dispersing the oil would help break it down faster by causing it to become bioavailable for microbes to ingest.
"The research is conflicting," Malkin said. "There is no clear answer as to if dispersants alter microbial community composition in ways that enhance biodegradation."
She mentioned the need for additional and ongoing studies of the impacts of dispersants.
Regardless of conflicting research, Shaw reiterated that the precautionary principle must come into play concerning the use of dispersants - especially given ample existing evidence of their injurious effects. She cited a 2011 study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that linked dolphin illnesses in the oil impact zone directly to BP's disaster. The study revealed a 50 percent spike in dolphin mortalities. Similarly, a 2013 study led by Lori Schwacke for NOAA states:
Dolphins sampled in Barataria Bay showed evidence . . . consistent with adrenal toxicity as previously reported for laboratory mammals exposed to oil. Barataria Bay dolphins were 5 times more likely to have moderate-severe lung disease, generally characterized by significant alveolar interstitial syndrome, lung masses, and pulmonary consolidation. Of 29 dolphins evaluated from Barataria Bay, 48% were given a guarded or worse prognosis, and 17% were considered poor or grave, indicating that they were not expected to survive. Disease conditions in Barataria Bay dolphins were significantly greater in prevalence and severity than those in Sarasota Bay dolphins, as well as those previously reported in other wild dolphin populations. Many disease conditions observed in Barataria Bay dolphins are uncommon but consistent with petroleum hydrocarbon exposure and toxicity.
Beyond the immediate and near-term health impacts of the dispersants, the scientists emphasized the dangers that come with their lingering presence. Mathis noted that once the toxic dispersants are introduced to the environment, they do not go away.
"Where do they go?" he asked. "The earth is a closed ecosystem; there is nowhere to go. Nothing leaves the planet. Once they are sprayed, they don't go away."
To underscore his point, Mathis pointed out the fact that umbilical cord blood from newborn babies "contains more than 207 chemicals" because "we breathe them [chemicals] in, drink them, wear them, eat them, wash with them and cook with them."
Mathis also pointed out how several of the chemicals in both crude oil and dispersants are "toxic to plants, animals, birds, marine and human life."
Like Shaw, Mathis also stated that many of these chemicals, when mixed together like the dispersants and oil were during BP's disaster, "are many times more toxic than the individual chemicals are by themselves."
Use and Effectiveness of Dispersants
In order to understand the impacts of dispersants, it's necessary to look closer at the ways in which they react with water and oil, when delivered onto spills. Dr. Ira Leifer, an atmospheric and oceanic scientist with the University of California, Santa Barbara, delved into these interactions during the webinar.
"Dispersants are surfactants that reduce oil-water interfacial tension, which helps waves break the oil into small droplets," Leifer explained. "The purpose of dispersants [is] to break the oil into small droplets that are easier to disperse throughout a water volume, and small droplets may be more readily biodegraded by microbes."
Ninety-five percent of the people interviewed "continued to experience spill-related health problems in 2013."
Leifer explained that during the BP disaster the decision to use dispersants was based on trade-offs, and that since oil is toxic on the surface, using dispersants to remove it from the surface, move it into the water column and expose aquatic life to dispersed oil was, at the time, seen as the better move.
While a large amount of the dispersants were applied to BP's oil via airplanes spraying it, Leifer argued that it was not a good way to apply it because so much dispersant used in this way does not even go into the oil.
He added that just the amount of dispersants alone released during the BP disaster would have made it one of the top 10 oil spills in US history because of the chemicals in the dispersants.
Speaking to how BP injected large amounts of dispersants into the oil erupting from the ruptured piping at 5,000 feet beneath the surface, Leifer said, "Most of the plume was not being impacted by the dispersants, because there is only seven to nine seconds it was actually even touching the oil."
Leifer concluded by saying, "Given the realities that the real world is not a beaker in a lab, applying dispersants as specified by the manufacturer is an unrealistic assumption. There are enormous challenges that are insurmountable to real world applications."
Overall and Continuing Impacts
As we begin to grasp the widespread and long-ranging effects of the dispersants used by BP, it becomes clear that we are dealing with an ongoing crisis that requires both continued study and strong action. On April 20, 2015, the fifth anniversary of the BP disaster, GAP will release a report on that disaster's overall and continuing impacts - and according to Shanna Devine, a GAP investigator, "Our findings are, in some cases, more severe than they had previously found."
According to Devine, the study incorporates interviews with more than 30 whistleblowers, "including divers, scientists, coastal residents, cleanup workers, doctors and industry leaders."
It also makes use of Freedom of Information Act requests and off-the-record interviews with government officials. Devine stated that GAP's findings "are starkly at odds with BP and federal claims about dispersant use being safe."
Regarding the EPA's recent announcement about dispersants, Devine said, "We welcome the EPA's role in regulating their use, but it is unclear if [the agency] will ban their use, and that is the real indicator we must watch."
GAP's current studies, according to Devine, show that 95 percent of the people interviewed "continued to experience spill-related health problems in 2013, and 50 percent of those living in impacted areas report their children's or grandchildren's health had been impacted."
GAP's findings on human health impacts include "heart palpitations, memory loss, IQ drops, seizures, vomiting, paralysis, skin irritation, burning and lesions."
Devine added, "We are already seeing signs of reproductive damage and cancer."
The study also looked at what types of protective measures BP took to shield cleanup workers from dispersant-related harm. According to Devine:
- 47 percent of workers reported that their employers told them Corexit [dispersants] did not pose a health risk.
- 85 percent of workers were never informed of or made aware of any available safety literature on the job site.
- 87 percent of workers had contact with Corexit while on the job.
- 57 percent of witnesses reported they, or someone in their family, was exposed to Corexit outside of the cleanup zone.
- More than 46 percent of workers were threatened with termination when they tried to wear respirators or additional safety equipment on the job.
"BP and [the] federal government have denied any significant human exposure to Corexit occurred," Devine said. "But 100 percent of witnesses that took blood tests for us tested positive for high levels of chemicals found in both Corexit and oil. Independent air monitoring by the Louisiana Environmental Action Network found that chemical concentrations exceeded the physical health symptom concentrations by 100 to 120 times."
Devine added that more than 60 percent of the cleanup workers and coastal residents GAP interviewed reported evidence of oil or oiled debris in areas where cleanup operations were deemed "complete" by BP and the US Coast Guard. More than 70 percent of witnesses cited evidence that dispersants had been used "after BP and the EPA claimed they were no longer being used."
"Nearly 80 percent of the fishermen GAP interviewed have reported seafood deformities," she said.
"The federal government has a responsibility to effectively regulate the use of dispersants and has effectively failed in protecting the public," Devine concluded. "We are finding that none of the health impacts are lessening, and in fact all kinds of cancers are increasing."
Dr. Riki Ott, a toxicologist, marine biologist and founder of ALERT, was on scene for the Exxon Valdez oil disaster in Alaska in 1989.
Ott has been working to have dispersants banned for many years, and said that while BP's disaster "triggered more regulations, many things remains unaddressed."
"Rules are being broken and the laws have not kept up with the science. Congressional action is needed."
"Post BP, the EPA has proposed to make products more transparent, but dispersants still have some ingredients that are trade secrets and not available for public knowledge," Ott told Truthout. "There is no EPA process for delisting the product. Furthermore, dispersants contain sinking agents, and the EPA proposes to allow products that sink oil to the bottom."
According to Ott, the EPA's current toxicity tests are 40 years out of date, and it is the EPA's responsibility to monitor the long-term health impacts from the dispersants, as well as to track their impact on nature.
Ott concluded by stating that the EPA "can only make a bad situation a little better. Rules are being broken and the laws have not kept up with the science. Congressional action is needed. In lieu of congressional action, we on this panel are all committed to work for stronger regulations."
During an interview with Truthout in 2012, US Coast Guard Capt. Jonathan Burton, who at the time was the federal on-scene coordinator for the region of the Gulf of Mexico that included the area where BP's disaster took place, said that dispersants remain one of the "primary tools" in the toolkit used in response to future oil spills. The other two tools are skimming and burning the oil.
On January 20, the third phase of the BP oil disaster civil trial will resume in federal court in New Orleans, Louisiana. The result of this trial will determine how much BP and other responsible parties will pay in Clean Water Act fines for the 2010 drilling disaster that released at least 3.19 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Estimates for the amount of BP's fines range from $5 to $13.7 billion.
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Lymph nodes are part of a network consisting of vessels, lymph ducts, and organs that make up the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes filter lymph- a clear fluid comprised of various substances including: waste materials, water, proteins, glucose, fats, viruses, bacteria, and white blood cells. The composition of lymph varies depending on where in the body it’s located. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It plays numerous essential roles in order to keep the body healthy. Generally speaking, the role of the lymphatic system is to aid the immune system in destroying pathogens and removing waste. More specifically, the functions of the lymphatic system include:
•Absorbing-fat soluble vitamins
•Delivering nutrients to cells
•Removing excess fluid
•Removing cellular debris
•Trapping pathogens, toxins and cancer cells
•Killing and eliminating pathogens and cancer cells
Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Groin Causes
Swollen lymph nodes in the groin, also known as inguinal nodes, filter lymphatic fluid that drains the feet, genitals, groin, and legs. Swollen lymph nodes may be referred to as lymphadenopathy and are typically an indication of infection. The nodes swell to accommodate an influx of white blood cells which are prompted when pathogens are detected in the lymph nodes. Nodes commonly swell in the neck, groin, and underarms. Typically, only one area of lymph nodes should swell at a time. When additional lymph node areas swell, it’s referred to as generalized lymphadenopathy. This can be also be caused by a variety of other issues such as:
• Allergic reaction
• Drug reaction
• Fatty growths (lipomas)
• Injury to the area
• Sexually transmitted disease
Saturated Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes that stay swollen for more than two weeks should be examined by a health care professional. If lymph nodes periodically swell then return to normal, it may be an indication of poor bowel evacuation and overall toxicity. When there is poor elimination through the bowls and/or urinary system, the lymphatic system may pick up the slack from these systems and become overly saturated with waste materials. In this case, it’s best to eliminate all processed foods, animal proteins, and dairy products from the diet; consuming mostly raw fruits and vegetables to help the body detox naturally and safely.
Exercise is crucial for a healthy lymphatic system. Unlike the cardiovascular system, which uses the heart to pump blood throughout the body, the lymphatic system does not have a pump. Instead, it relies on the contractions of skeletal muscle to propel itself throughout the body. It’s important to keep lymph flowing freely so that it can take pathogens to lymph nodes and destroy them. Stagnant lymph fluid thickens until it becomes the consistency of cottage cheese. It is then much harder to remove and can clog lymphatic nodes and vessels which in turn may cause illness and disease.
Sources for this article include:
Disclaimer: Our services and information do not diagnose or prescribe for disease conditions. Individuals are encouraged to seek competent medical help when those services may be indicated. Individuals accept total responsibility for their own health care and maintenance.
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2009)|
|Location||Clinton Township to Rochester|
|Area||51 acres (21 ha)|
|NRHP Reference #||72000638|
|Added to NRHP||March 24, 1972|
The Clinton–Kalamazoo Canal is an abandoned canal in Michigan that was only partially completed. The canal was to connect Lake St. Clair with Lake Michigan. The inspiration came from the success of the Erie Canal in New York, which was completed in 1825. Michigan had just achieved statehood in 1837 and its first governor, Stevens Thomson Mason, initiated an ambitious program of internal improvements which included three railroads and two canals.
The Clinton–Kalamazoo Canal was to begin in Mount Clemens on the banks of the Clinton River and continue through Utica, Rochester, Pontiac, Howell, Hastings, and finally to the mouth of the Kalamazoo River. In all, the canal was to span 216 miles.
Construction began in 1838 with much fanfare. Financial troubles related to the Panic of 1837 caused funding for the canal to disappear and all construction stopped in 1843 after only 13 miles had been completed. Many workers who were unpaid destroyed parts of the canal and stole supplies. Engineering miscalculations also contributed to the canal's failure as the canal was dug too shallow and too narrow for heavy freight barges.
After construction ended, the canal quickly fell into disrepair. Portions were used as a millrace to power watermills that operated until the 1940s. The canal was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The route of the canal has been marked by signs and historic markers.
Remnants of the canal are still visible in Rochester Hills in Oakland County and in Shelby Township Utica and Clinton Township in Macomb County. Much of the canal is clearly visible in parks and along Canal Road in Clinton Township. The remains of the aqueduct built over the Clinton River can be seen in Yates Park, and two wood dams can be seen in the river in Canal Park and Bloomer Park. No locks are visible along the canal but the locations of a few are known.
- Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal from Shelby Township Historical Committee
- The Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal from the State of Michigan Department of History, Arts and Libraries
- Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal City of Rochester Hills Museum
- Clinton and Kalamazoo Canal & Dexter Branch from 1880 HISTORY OF LIVINGSTON COUNTY MICHIGAN
- An Economic Lesson From Michigan's Early History from the Mackinac Center for Public Policy by Burton Folsom, Jr.
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
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A report documenting the ongoing struggle to keep a Black female scientist’s Wikipedia page highlights how much more work the platform needs to do to tackle its diversity problem.
A piece republished by Slate documents the journey of Clarice Phelps, likely the first Black woman to have contributed to the discovery of a new element, whose Wikipedia page keeps getting deleted. A page under her name on Wikipedia said it had been deleted when the Daily Dot ran the search on Sunday afternoon. The “move log” read that an administrator had “protected” the page because it had been “Repeatedly recreated” and was “in violation of a deletion discussion that was upheld at deletion review.”
The drive to get Phelps’ name on Wikipedia was initiated by a Jess Wade, a postdoctoral researcher in physics in the U.K., who has a mission to make women scientists visible on the internet—starting with their Wikipedia pages, which many people rely on for information. Wade, said she made almost 300 Wikipedia pages for women scientists in one year, told the Guardian that this was her way of contributing to increasing the representation women scientists on the internet.
“I kind of realized we can only really change things from the inside,” she said in July 2018. “Wikipedia is a really great way to engage people in this mission because the more you read about these sensational women, the more you get so motivated and inspired by their personal stories.”
She created Phelps’ page after a journalist had reached out to her and notified her about Phelps’ work, according to Slate. In February, smack in the middle of Black History Month, Phelps’ bio was deleted for not having enough mention of her work elsewhere. It was reportedly flagged by an anonymous user, which is allowed on Wikipedia. According to Slate, the user was not particularly active otherwise.
Wikipedia, as a “crowdfunded Encyclopedia,” has options for other users to flag its content, but can choose to respond (or not) to these flags. In this case, they did.
Wade put a call out on Twitter in September in order to gain more links and sources to her work:
👋🏽 Twitter fam, I need you! This is Clarice Phelps, possibly the first African-American woman to discover an element (117, Tennessine). I’ve started her Wikipedia page (https://t.co/fZvxCEChyF) but NEED MORE REFERENCES. Can anyone @ORNL/ @UTAustin/ @UTKnoxville help? pic.twitter.com/JnFsFx5SKt
— Dr Jess Wade 👩🏻🔬 (@jesswade) September 3, 2018
But a common problem lay in the fact that systematic discrimination against women and, specifically women of color, in the sciences meant her work hadn’t been celebrated in the mainstream press the way that of her white, male counterparts had.
hitting on the key problem – she's not been celebrated in standard press. But what an incredible achievement to discover an element. Hope your page inspires more celebration of her work #womeninSTEM #blackandSTEM
— Jen (@DrJenBaker) September 3, 2018
Even though she received a mention for being a part of the team that discovered the new element on the periodic table, some felt it odd that her name wasn’t mentioned on the list of authors.
tho that article is ambiguous about whether she was part of team when it was actually discovered…
— Egon Willighⓐgen (@egonwillighagen) September 8, 2018
It took Wikipedia a little over a week to take the page down after it was flagged. Wikipedia itself acknowledges that its editors are predominantly men, and the kind of systematic bias it can perpetuate. “This has led to Wikipedia having fewer and less extensive articles about women or topics important to women,” the site’s “Gender bias on Wikipedia” section reads. Even though it says that the Wikimedia company has made “made an ongoing attempt to increase female editorship of Wikipedia,” the story of Clarice Phelps shows Wikipedia still has a very long way to go.
Wikimedia did not immediately respond to the Daily Dot’s request for comment.
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March 30, 2020
Since the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified in December 2019, it has been transmitted around the globe. Currently, the World Health Organization reports 634,835 confirmed cases and 29,891 deaths worldwide.
The epidemiology of COVID-19 — the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 — has become clearer as case numbers rise and researchers refine their estimates of the severity and transmissibility of the virus. Given the current lack of vaccines and effective antiviral drugs, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are the most effective tools society has to slow the spread of the virus.
A new article in The Journal of Infectious Diseases — “Public health measures to slow community spread of COVID-19” — shares the NPIs that are likely to be most effective given the current understanding of how COVID-19 functions.
The study co-authors are Allison Aiello, PhD, professor of epidemiology at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health and fellow at the Carolina Population Center; and Benjamin Cowling, PhD, a professor in the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control at the University of Hong Kong’s School of Public Health.
“An estimated 80% of COVID-19 cases are mild,” they write. “This is not a glass half full statistic, as 20% of infections result in clinically severe cases that have the potential to overwhelm already overburdened health facilities.”
There is a light in the darkness, however: These infectious disease experts report that basic protective measures can help enormously. They recommend:
- Practicing good hand handwashing techniques or — only when needed — using alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Wearing a standard face mask (not an N95 mask) when ill, caring for an ill person or interacting in highly crowded settings where widespread community transmission is known to be occurring.
- Flattening the curve through social distancing, which includes closing schools and workplaces and cancelling mass gatherings.
- Isolating people with confirmed COVID-19 cases and quarantining individuals who have been exposed. (It is proving difficult, however, to track community transmission of COVID-19 due to a large number of mild or asymptomatic cases. Therefore, public health messaging should encourage all individuals to self-isolate whenever possible.)
“Given the evolving picture of the COVID-19 pandemic, the application of layered, multi-faceted NPIs will need to be initiated quickly to curb widespread transmission,” the authors write. “When NPIs are reactive to widespread transmission, instead of proactive to the potential for transmission, they often fail to reduce rates of illness. The types of proactive measures we describe here were successful in mitigating the 1918/19 influenza pandemic and may be just as valuable almost a century later.”
Contact the Gillings School of Global Public Health communications team at email@example.com.
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Gamel de Penintone, Muncaster England
During the 800s, Norwegian Norse controlled much of the land around the perimeter of the northern Irish Sea in England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man,. They established settlements in the region at that time. After 900 the northern most territory of England,known as Northumbria, became dotted with Norse settlements along the western coast. Among them was probably the village of Pennington, populated not by Vikings, it is said, but by Norse farmers who had lived several generations on the Isle of Man or in Ireland.
By the time of the 1066 Norman Conquest territorial names and boundaries had changed, and the territory eventually owned by Gamel de Penigton straddled the territories of Cumberland to the north and Lancashire to the south. The census takers of the Domesday Book of 1086, the first census and land accounting of England, initiated by William the Conqueror, considered much of the territory to be uninteresting and largely uninhabited. For that reason, the census in the northwest is spotty and incomplete. Some of the commissioners did not visit their regions, merely listing the names of towns and villages, and this was true of the Pennington village.
Gamelde Penigton (Gamellus in Latin) was born about 1090, most likely in the Cravenarea of Yorkshire, some fifty miles to the east of the village of Pennington, and undoubtedly was not born with the Pennington surname. Recent research by Sidney M. Graveston shows that Gamel was a descendant of the de Percy family, probably one of several children of Alan de Percy born not of his wife. Gamel’s mother may have been a le Meschin. Both the de Percy and le Meschin families were prominent landowners in the area.
The name Gamel is Old Norse, and appears to have been a common name. In the Domesday Book there are four landholding men with the name Gamel (or Gamal) recorded, including a father and son with considerable holdings. All of them held property in middle England, mostly to the west.
Gamel married a daughter of Ulf, another prominent landowner, and probably came into property either as a result of this marriage or as an inheritance from his mother. We do not know his wife’s given name. If Ulf was Norse, as the name suggests, his daughter would be known as “Ulfsdottir”, and neither Ulf nor his daughter would have had a family name. Graveston says that Gamel didn’t arrive at Pennington village until after his marriage, which probably took place about 1110. By this time he owned property in the area, either from Ulf or the le Meschin family, and was using the de Percy coat of arms, which we would recognize as being nearly identical to the Pennington arms. The Pennington village had probably been in existence for several hundred years by then, and there is therefore little likelihood that Gamel and other Pennington villagers had relatives in common.
At the time of the Conquest few people in England had more than one name, as was true in most of Europe. During the later 1000s and 1100s lords, that is, the land-owning gentry, took surnames for their families, often based on the names of the places they lived. In time some commoners did the same, while others took their names from their trade. Gamel probably took the Pennington surname shortly after his arrival there. The article “de” means “of”, so Gamel de Penigton means Gamel of Penigton, as the name Leonardo da Vinci indicates Leonardo’s Vinci village origins.
The Pennington village was less than twenty miles from the Cumberland location where Mulcaster (later Muncaster), the Pennington castle, would be built. There are various explanations of the name, and perhaps we shall never know which is correct.“Pennig” is Old English for penny, the new coin initiated by the Saxons.“Pennig” also means “little hill”, and “pennaig” means prince. The Saxon term “ton” means town, and “tun” means settlement, or tax. Pennington (spelled “Penneigtun” in the Domesday Book and “Penigton” in Gamel’s name) seems, to this writer, most likely to mean a penny-tax village, whose citizens had to pay a penny settlement, or tax. Some reports suggest that there was more than one village so called, and there are a number of other villages listed in the Domesday Book that end in “-tun”.
Gameland his wife had three sons, Benedict, Ranulph, and Meldred. Benedict, beingthe first-born male, was heir to the manor. Ranulph and Meldred were cadets,younger sons. Cadets did not ordinarily become lords unless the oldest brother did not become lord, or he died.
Knighthood is closely associated with the system of fees, the feudal system. Although the feudal system was formally instituted only after 1066, most of the elements of the lord-vassal system had been in place for a long time. Gamel, propertied as he was, and using a coat of arms, would have been known as a Gentleman, a Knight, and addressed as “Sir”. The Pennington arms are first officially recorded as being worn by Sir William de Peneton, seven generations after Gamel, in the early 1300s, but as Graveston reports, Gamel was using the virtually identical de Percy coat of arms by the time he moved to Pennington.
During the 1100s, Gamel either owned or obtained property near the ancient Roman camp at Eskmeal. Eskmeal, or Eskemeold, means a dry hill or elevated place close tothe Esk river (esk means water), near present-day Ravenglass. Thus the originalname of the property, Moelcastre, Mulcastre, or Mulcaster, meaning hill-castle(moel/mule/meal = hill, derived from Celtic; castre/caster = fortification, usually Roman, Old English). The Pennington castle was built on the remains of theRoman fortification there.
Gameland his wife apparently died before 1150, Graveston reports, as his name disappears from records about that time, and Benedict’s name appears attesting charters by 1150. Benedict’s wife was Agnes; their sons were Alan and Alexander. Some sources say David was another son.
The legend of the founding of the Mulcaster family name says that Benedict’s son David became known as David de Mulcaster, thus establishing the surname Mulcaster when he gave his children that name.
There was a David de Mulcaster, and he did own significant nearby property in the early 1200s. The Mulcaster family, like the Mulcaster/Muncaster Penningtons, were knights. Their arms are quitedifferent from those of the Penningtons. It would appear that the Mulcaster feewas substantial and old by the 1200s, and therefore unlikely to be attached to the Pennington castle. According to the Cumberland-Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, “In 1242 Furness Abbey [part of which became Pennington property] added another 14,000 acres to its mountain territory with the acquisition of upper Eskdale. This estate was the result of exchange with David de Mulcaster who received one of the abbey's properties. Monk Foss (1185)situated at the foot of the steep western slope of Black Combe”. Whatever the origin of the Mulcaster name and the connection between the two families, the Mulcaster family did have holdings in the region, and there was commerce and friction between them and the Penningtons over a long period. Several of thelords Pennington and Mulcaster served as sheriff at various times.
Benedict’s son Alan became lord of Mulcaster in 1208. Alan’s wife’s name is not known. Various sources list sons Thomas and Alexander, as well as a Gamel, and say that Thomas had a son Alan, who became lord. Presumably this was in the mid-to-late 1200s,because the grandson Alan’s death is reported as after 1292. Frequent male given names in the line for the next several centuries were Alan, Thomas, William, and John, which are common Norman names. At least two of each name during these centuries are found listed as “Sir”, suggesting that they were lords of the manor, although later there were other Pennington’s who were knighted, and called “Sir”.
In1278, Sir Alan de Pennington, presumably the second Alan, entered a legal pleaalleging an agreement with Sir Robert de Mulcaster. Robert would deliver the manor at Giffen along with the charter from Alan’s ancestor Benedict (de Pennington) by which he became enfeoffed of the same property (that is, obtained a feudal manor as a fief). Alan would enfeoff one of Robert’s sons tenmarks of land (costing about 65 pounds) in Giffen, and would grant all his lands in Copeland to Robert for life. Robert would agree that Alan’s son William would marry Robert’s heir Alice, daughter of Benedict (Mulcaster).Presumably she was Sir Robert’s granddaughter.
Thefact that the Giffen charter and manor would be in Mulcaster hands after beingthe property of the Pennington’s, in addition to the Mulcaster name itself and its storied origin, suggests a close, if antagonistic, relationship between the two families. We do know that there was conflict between Sir Alan and Sir Robert. In other court documents of the time Sir Alan is said to have hated Sir Robert because of contentions between them, and appears to have created difficulties for Robert and his heirs on occasion. The Pennington castle’s name at some point became corrupted to Muncaster, possibly to purge the site of the Mulcaster name.
The Pennington name spread throughout England as the cadets moved away to make their own mark, and as Pennington villagers sought their fortunes elsewhere, a few becoming knights in the process. In 1484 the Pennington fee was “settled in tail male”, meaning the manor could only be inherited by male heirs, although this had always been the practice. In 1676 the lord of Muncaster was made a Baronet, and in 1783 a Baron, titles that carried over to the succeeding lord of the manor. These titles, however, were in the Irish peerage, and did not grant a seat in the House of Lords.
Before the death of Sir Joslyn Francis Pennington in 1917 a worldwide search for a male Pennington who could prove descent was made. Some stories suggest that one Robert Heard, a Muncaster gardener who moved to Canada, was the out-of-wedlock son of the last Baron Muncaster. There is some evidence that he was solicited as the last remaining male heir, but burned the papers that might have proved it, as he did not want to assume the position. Similar stories are told of certain English Penningtons who might be descendants of the Muncaster Penningtons. The Pennington line from Gamel remained unbroken until the 1917 death of the last Baron Muncaster, when the Barony became extinct.
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P > Pennington | D > de Pennington > Gamel (Pennington) de Pennington
Categories: PRA Group 27
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Precise workings of protein powerhouse unveiled
The precise workings of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), an enzyme that is crucial for all aerobic life, have been unveiled.
CcO is the final link in a biochemical chain that turns food and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the principle store of chemical energy for metabolism. The enzyme is found in mitochondria, the powerhouses found in almost every cell, where electrons from glucose are passed along a chain of protein complexes until they reach CcO, which uses them to convert an oxygen molecule into two molecules of water. In doing so, it pumps four protons - hydrogen ions - across the membrane, building up a reservoir that ultimately helps to make ATP.
CcO’s action depends on two pairs of transition metal ion sites, each consisting of a porphyrin-bound iron atom, known as a haem group, coupled with a copper atom. A nearby phenol group from a tyrosine amino-acid residue has also been implicated in the reaction. The result is that oxygen reduction to water occurs in one step with extremely high efficiency.
However, if fewer than four electrons are delivered to oxygen, then highly toxic partially-reduced oxygen species, such as peroxides and superoxides, are produced in large amounts. These reactive compounds have been implicated in cancer, heart failure, and Alzheimer’s disease.
’How all four electrons add to oxygen has always been a bit of a mystery,’ said James Collman of Stanford University, California, US. ’Yet very few people study it because it is quite complex.’ Although electrons are delivered to CcO one at a time, they are consumed too quickly to study individually.
Collman and his colleagues have now synthesised (in 32 steps) a molecule that mimics the CcO active site. Like the real thing, it has three redox centres: a synthetic iron-containing haem with an appended tris-imidazole-complexed copper(II) ion positioned directly over it, and a phenol group attached to one of the nearby imidazole groups. The molecule rapidly reduces oxygen to water.
But the team also wanted to know exactly how crucial each of the model’s reaction centres were to the overall reaction. So they attached their model molecule to a gold electrode via a long tether molecule (see picture), which slowed the flow of electrons enough to mimic how the real CcO’s active site is replenished with electrons after rapid oxygen reduction. The model still worked, suggesting both the copper and the phenol centres are implicated in CcO’s efficient reduction of oxygen to water.
As confirmation, the Stanford team made versions of their model with the active centres systematically removed. Under the same conditions of slow electron flux from the electrode, these models reduced oxygen less selectively, producing large amounts of partially reduced oxygen species that eventually chopped up the model molecule.
’Previous attempts to study this enzyme were like taking still photos of the active site,’ Collman told Chemistry World. ’What we have done is shoot a movie’.
Adrian Mulholland, an enzyme modeller from the University of Bristol, UK, agrees. ’Under steady state conditions, the Stanford team’s model seems to mimic the properties of cytochrome oxidase very well,’ he said. ’This fully functioning biomimetic system is highly significant.’
J P Collman et al, Science 2007, 315, 1565
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Southern California Black Walnut
Come check out the Southern California Black Walnuts this month before they go dormant for the winter season. Southern California Black Walnuts have very limited habitat distribution where most of the population resides within Southern California, hence its’ name. Like most California native plants, they go through winter dormancy where they will drop all of their leaves in winter in order to conserve energy. Talking about energy, Southern California Black Walnuts also provide a great energy food source for our local wildlife, but was also a staple food source for the Tongva indigenous community. The black walnuts were consumed for food, but also to make dye and games. It is a common misconception that California doesn’t have seasons, but the Southern California Black Walnut will tell you otherwise. During this month, the trees have a variation of yellow, green, and browns, so come check them out at Debs Park before they are bare for the next couple months.
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Obesity, which refers to excess body fat, affects one in three adults, according to the National Institutes of Health. A wide range of medical conditions are associated with obesity. Some of these conditions include:
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Heart disease
- Respiratory issues
Many people who are overweight may not qualify for weight-loss surgery. Your treatment options depend on how much you weigh. Two common methods to measure obesity include Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference.
You can calculate your BMI using this simple tool:
We recommend you speak to your doctor if your BMI is above 25.
Waist circumference is another way to measure obesity. Waist circumference is measured in the area above your hips but below your rib cage. Waist sizes are categorized into two categories: healthy and unhealthy.
For women, it’s considered unhealthy to have a waist size above 35 inches. For men, a waist size of 40 inches or more is considered unhealthy.
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The Question of Religion and the Brotherhood
Many people wonder whether the Freemasons are a religious organization. Although they claim to be no more religious than any Rotary Club or other social organization, their rituals do have strong spiritual overtones.
In 1870, a new organization formed out of the Freemasons, which was called "The Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine," or the "Shriners." To become a Shriner, a man must first rise to the Third Degree (Mastor Mason) in the Blue Lodge. After becoming a Master Mason, a man can belong to any Masonic group that has Blue Lodge Masonry as a prerequisite. The Shriners are known for their:
People of all religions are free to join the Freemasons, and religion is never overtly discussed during meetings. However, every member must profess a belief in a universal Supreme Being, whom the Freemasons refer to as the "Great Architect of the Universe." As is the case with most religions, Masons are expected to be morally upright individuals. Members swear oaths to the Book of the Sacred Law, which, depending on the Lodge, can be the Jewish Old Testament, the Christian New Testament or even the Islamic Koran.
Entering the Brotherhood
Given the clandestine nature of the Freemasons, it's not surprising that they give careful consideration before admitting new members. To join, a man must fill out a petition and obtain two sponsors within the Lodge. He will then be voted in by secret ballot. Potential new members are asked whether they believe in God, and they must answer "yes" to be admitted. Although they don't have to be wealthy, members must have enough money to pay membership fees and to make the regular charitable donations that are expected of all Freemasons.
New Freemasons start out as Entered Apprentices. During the initiation ceremony, the Freemasons recount the building of King Solomon's Temple and the murder of Hiram Abiff. The new member is blindfolded and confronted by three men, who order him to reveal the Freemasons' secrets. He swears he will not tell, and then pretends to die and be resurrected into Masonry.
Freemasons must then rise through two more degrees, Freecraft Mason and Master Mason, after they have become proficient in the lessons of the previous degree. As a member rises through the degrees, he becomes privy to more and more of the Freemasons' secrets.
Photo courtesy of Jahrundert
After completing the Master Mason degree, a member can reach the Supreme Order of the Holy Royal Arch, at which time the name of the Great Architect of the Universe is finally revealed to him. The name is reportedly Jahbulon—Jah for Jahweh, the God of the Hebrews; Bul for Baal, the ancient Canaanite fertility god who was considered evil for competing with Jahweh for the Israelites' allegiance; and On for Osiris, the ancient Egyptian god of the underworld.
Freemasons at each level swear never to reveal the Freemasons' secrets. The punishments for doing so become progressively more severe with each successive level. An Apprentice Mason's tongue is torn out; a Freecraft Mason's heart is torn out; a Master Mason's bowels are burned; and a Royal Arch has the top of his skull sliced off (many Masons dispute this claim, however, saying that their rites are nowhere near this sinister).
Although most Freemasons never progress past level three, most sources agree that there are 33 degrees in total. The York Rite includes only the first 13 of these levels, and they differ from the Scottish Rite. They may also differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction:
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In recent months, the world-wide security community has discovered many cyber espionage campaigns that hit governments, intelligence agencies and private industry. The majority of them were related to state-sponsored hackers, while others were organized by groups of cyber criminals having obtaining access in order to resell sensitive information and intellectual property.
There is no specific area of the globe subject to the majority of cyber espionage attacks. Typically, they center on the most technologically advanced countries: the US, Japan and Russia, mostly. But a good number of operations have also been detected in problematic regions like the Middle East as well.
The technologies used to spy on victims, and the motivations behind them vary. Network surveillance appliances, communication cracking techniques, malware and “social network poisoning” are just a few of the methods adopted for political, economic or criminal intents. Profit, power and protest are the main motivations behind the attacks, radically affecting a user’s approach to the web and its perception of security.
Cybercrime, governments, and groups of hacktivists tend to lean toward the spread of malicious agents that have the capacity to silently infiltrate their targets, stealing confidential information from them. The Chinese government is considered the biggest aggressor in cyber espionage, while US networks are the privileged targets of cyber attacks that hit every sector, from media to military.
A report published in 2012 by the U.S. China Economic and Security Review Commission revealed that “U.S. industry and a range of government and military targets face repeated exploitation attempts by Chinese hackers, as do international organizations and nongovernmental groups including Chinese dissident groups, activists, religious organizations, rights groups, and media institutions.”
“In 2012, Chinese state-sponsored actors continued to exploit U.S. government, military, industrial, and nongovernmental computer systems,”
The report revealed that Chinese cyber exploitation capabilities last year were “improving significantly.” But while the US has as many enemies as allies, all of us in the cyber era are potential victims. The number of state-sponsored attacks is increasing in impressive ways, due to the commitment of governments to cyber technology.
According to the last report of F-Secure related to H2 2012, one of the most interesting phenomena observed in the period is the changing of techniques for cyber espionage campaigns. To this point, almost all recorded corporate espionage cases were based on using specially-crafted documents containing a malware payload; meanwhile, in Q4, the attackers have started to exploit vulnerabilities in in web browsers and browser plugins.
The consolidated technique known as the ‘watering hole‘ attack was the most efficient for cyber spies, capable of infecting every visitor of a particular website compromised for the campaign.
“The rise of web-based attacks in corporate espionage raises two points: first, this trend means that any corporation with an online presence that serves such potentially ‘interesting’ targets may be at risk of unwittingly serving as an attack conduit, and secondly; obviously, such organizations must now find a way to mitigate such a risk, in order to protect themselves and their clients.”
Every company that manages online resources must be aware of this technique of attack. Defending against watering hole attacks does not require additional defense systems, save for attacks that exploit zero-day vulnerabilities against which a multi layered security approach is necessary.
Cyber espionage Statistics
Estimating the real impact of cyber espionage on the global economy is quite impossible, due to the difficulty in identifying the majority of cyber attacks accounted for in each sector.
NSA Director General Keith Alexander called cyber-espionage “the greatest transfer of wealth in history.“ Symantec places the cost of intellectual property theft for U.S. economy at $250 billion a year, with cybercrime a further $114 billion annually. Meanwhile, McAfee provides an estimate encompassing global remediation costs to total a staggering $1 trillion per annum.
The UK Cabinet Office reports intellectual property theft and industrial espionage costs of £16.8 billion in 2012. The 2012 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) reported 855 security breach incidents in industrial and corporate networks, totaling 174 million compromised records across the US, UK, Holland, Ireland and Australia. Of these 855 incidents investigated by the DBIR, 92% went undiscovered until an external party revealed them.
The figures provided are very troubling. While enormous, we must remain conscious that the true extent of cyber-espionage is incalculable. Private companies and governments often do not report losses because in many cases, they aren’t able to detect the attacks. When the cyber espionage campaigns are discovered, information on them may be kept secret for fear of brand and/or reputation damage, company devaluation and loss of public confidence.
In many cases, estimates provided on the impact of cyber espionage don’t include the cost of defense systems deployed (and eluded by the cyber threats), as well as the cost of compensation and remediation actions of the victims.
Case Studies: Operations Aurora, The Elderwood project, Flame and Red October
If you ask a security expert to provide some examples of the most interesting cyber espionage campaigns in the history, you will probably hear about some of the following cases:
Operation Aurora was a cyber attack first publicly disclosed by Google on January 2010. It began in mid-2009 and continued through the end of the year. Google revealed that the sophisticated attacks originated in China, they were well-resourced and consistent with an advanced persistent threat attack.
The attacks were aimed at dozens of organizations operating in various sectors, including Adobe Systems, Juniper Networks, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley and Dow Chemical.
|The Elderwood project||
In September 2012, Symantec detected attacks that were part of a cyber espionage campaign called the “Elderwood Project.” Their execution exploited various 0-day vulnerabilities in many large-use software including IExplorer and Adobe Flash Player. Symantec declared that some of the exploits had been realized from knowledge of a stolen source code, assuming a link with the known operation, Aurora. The attacks implemented “watering hole” techniques to infect the victims with malware, injecting malicious code onto the public web pages of sites that the targets visited.
The Flame campaign was discovered in May 2012 by Kaspersky Labs. The nature of the systems targeted and geographic distribution of the malware (the Middle East), combined with the high-level of sophistication led security experts to believe that it was developed by a foreign state, intent on hitting a specific country in the region. Flame is a complex malware, designed with the primary intent to create a comprehensive cyber espionage tool kit.
Most recently, the Red October campaign has been revealed by Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. The investigation began after several attacks hit computer networks of various international diplomatic service agencies. This was a large-scale cyber espionage operation conducted to acquire sensible information from diplomatic, governmental and scientific research organizations in many countries; most of them in Eastern Europe, former USSR states and countries in Central Asia.
Unlike previous cyber espionage campaigns, Red October has targeted devices, including enterprise network equipment and mobile equipment (Windows Mobile, iPhone, Nokia). It hijacked files from removable disk drives, stole e-mail databases from local Outlook storage or remote POP/IMAP servers and siphoned files from local network FTP servers.
Most troubling was evidence collected that demonstrated the campaign began in 2007 and is still active. During the last 5 years, a huge quantity of data collected (including service credentials) has been reused in later attacks.
Reading the list of cases, one observes that many cyber espionage campaigns remained undetected for a long time. Resourceful attackers in fact used, in many cases, zero-day vulnerabilities that allowed them to elude detection by principal defense systems. In some instances, the hackers have stolen documents and sensitive information for years, changing the operative mode over time. This particularity led investigators to believe that the campaigns were organized and managed by groups of professionals possessing a variety of skills, including research capabilities to uncover and exploit unknown vulnerabilities.
On the Elderwood operation, Orla Cox, a senior manager at Symantec’s security response division, reported that it has uncovered at least eight zero-day vulnerabilities since late 2010, and four since last spring. She said:
“We were amazed when Stuxnet used four zero-days, but this group has been able to discover eight zero-days. More, the fact that they have prepared [their attacks] and are ready to go as soon as they have a new zero-day, and the speed with which they use these zero-days, is something we’ve not seen before.”
Symantec produced a detailed analysis of the phenomenon, stating:
“This group is focused on wholesale theft of intellectual property and clearly has the resources, in terms of manpower, funding, and technical skills, required to implement this task,”
“The group seemingly has an unlimited supply of zero-day vulnerabilities.”
The level of sophistication of the attacks, the targets chosen and abilities shown by the attackers suggest the commitment of a foreign government. Moreover, security experts believe that in many cases, the campaigns are linked each other, citing the case of Operation Aurora and the Elderwood project. With a majority of attacks linked to state-sponsored actors capable of organizing so complex an operation, the investigation on Red October revealed the possible involvement of Russian RBN, long considered a cybercrime outfit capable of providing an array of malicious services, including phishing, DDoS, malware hosting, gambling and child pornography.
Cyber espionage and private businesses
Small business is the most vulnerable to cyber espionage. It represents an attractive target, due the lack of security mechanisms and processes as well as – in many cases – the direct relationship between enterprises and governments. In recent years, the number of attacks against government contractors has increased. A cyber attack against a subcontractor is easy to realize, as the line of defense penetrated is often fragile, allowing the attackers to acquire sensitive information from targets of interest.
Last year, Trend Micro reported an increase of focused attacks. Hundreds of millions threats were blocked from infecting small businesses, but large companies proved equally vulnerable, having been hit as part of the IXSHE campaign.
A recent study on cyber-espionage has demonstrated that more than 200 families of malware have been designed and used to spy on government and corporate representatives.We have assisted the diffusion of new agents that work in botnet architectures, as new variants – designed especially for mobile devices – are specifically developed for selected targets.
The primary intent of cyber espionage is to steal classified information from government agencies or trade secrets from corporations. This situation can be extremely dangerous for the economy of a company, as well as that of the overall country. As governments and businesses alike are motivated to reduce the technological gap with their competitors, it’s clear how diffused the phenomenon is.
Cyber espionage can have a devastating effect on the social fabric of a nation as well as on the actions of every private company. It is sneaky and silent: unlike other crimes, it may be conducted for years without the victim being aware of it with serious consequences. This happened in the case of Nortel, a company which ended up in bankruptcy due to the theft of company secrets.
Last year, the Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive published a report to Congress, presenting a frightening picture of the degree to which other countries use cyber espionage to attempt to gain business and industrial secrets from US companies. The biggest cyber-espionage threats against American businesses come from China and Russia. These states engage in deliberate efforts to obtain sensitive business and technology information. The report concludes that China and Russia will “remain aggressive and capable collectors of sensitive US economic information and technologies, particularly in cyberspace.”
“National boundaries will deter economic espionage less than ever as more business is conducted from wherever workers can access the Internet,””The globalization of the supply chain for new—and increasingly interconnected—IT products will offer more opportunities for malicious actors to compromise the integrity and security of
The document called the Chinese government a “persistent collector”: the most active one, while depicting Russia’s intelligence services as conducting a range of activities to collect economic information and technology from US targets.
The increased number of malwares developed by governments to spy on their adversaries (such as Flame, Gauss and Duqu, as well as the recent “Operation Beebus” campaign) demonstrate the high interest of intelligence agencies to implement these methods to acquire restricted information.
Recently, MI5 issued 300 warning letters to UK business leaders highlighting the risk of “electronic espionage” from Chinese organizations. MI5 Director General Jonathan Evans declared that an “astonishing[ly]” high level of cyber-espionage campaign target Western countries on an almost industrial scale.”
The number of corporate victims underscores a troubling trend: criminals aiming to steal corporate secrets and intellectual property with the intent to benefit in economic terms. The information leaked is usually resold to competing companies and governments interested in strategic know-how.
We must distinguish two scenarios:
- Cybercriminals steal information to perpetrate cyber fraud: spreading malware to steal a user’s credentials for banking and payment platforms.
- Cybercriminals use technology to acquire sensible information to sell to highest bidder.
Uri Rivner, head of new technologies at RSA, is convinced that we are in the age of cyber espionage. Criminals steal trade secrets from other nations and companies for their own benefit. Consider another phenomenon: the impressive growth of internet availability in Asia Pacific, which has brought to this part of the world an increase of cybercrime and in particular of cyber espionage.
In this area, there is a growing demand for information technology that is often vulnerable to all sorts of cyber attack. These conditions make the market attractive to criminal organizations in the absence of effective regulations that often allow crimes to go unpunished.
The web is a jungle where it is increasingly difficult to defend our identity and resources. Rik Ferguson, director of security research and communication, Trend Micro declared:
“The reason why criminals are focusing their attacks on stealing personal data is simple. It’s the sheer volume of people working from multiple devices that leaves them vulnerable to attacks,”
“While Trend Micro has been integral in working with authorities to break up a number of cybercriminal rings over the last year, these cybercriminals have acquired new techniques and tools from collaborating with one another to accelerate their ‘industry.’ The fact is: business is booming for cybercrime and everyone needs to take notice.”
In the face of these ongoing threats, government agencies are defining best practices to reduce the risk of exposure to these attacks. NIST has recently made public their Draft Special Publication 800-83 (SP) Revision 1, Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops. Malware is considered the most common external threat to personal computers, causing widespread damage and disruption and necessitating extensive recovery efforts within most organizations.
The publication provides recommendations for improving an organization’s malware incident prevention measures, while giving extensive recommendations for enhancing an organization’s existing incident response capability. These approaches seek to better handle malware incidents, particularly widespread ones.
Though cyber espionage as such is not considered one of the main activities of hacktivists, thoughtful security experts don’t rule out the possibility. Groups such as Anonymous could easily adopt cyber espionage techniques to disclose sensitive information as a means of expressing dissent against a government or the policy of a private company.
When cyber espionage is deployed in the private sector (where companies spy on competitors, as well as their own employees, to capture vital information or to avoid unauthorized diffusion of confidential data), they acquire products from software outfits specializing in cyber espionage. The tools may be designed for justifiable purposes, such as supporting investigations and preventing of crime and terrorism. But too easily, they can be utilized by private businesses to undercut competitors, as well as by governments, in the bloodthirsty tracking and persecution of dissidents.
Social Media and cyber espionage
So far, this article has focused on cyber espionage based on the spread of malicious agents to gather confidential information. Also of great interest is cyber espionage as spread through social media. By accessing a social network profile, it is possible to acquire a lot of information on the victim; their relations; participation in events and discussions related to specific professional areas. The information gleaned could provide the basis for other types of attacks, as well as for a large cyber espionage campaign. By analyzing the relationships of a victim, it is possible to discover past experiences and use the data to create fake accounts, damaging their reputation and poisoning their professional network.
Starting with the assumption that the internet (and in particular, the social network) lacks a coherent and safe digital identity management, last year, I introduced the concept of social network poisoning: applying strategies designed to make knowledge related to a profile and its relationships unreliable. The application of this on a large scale could lead to the collapse of Social Networking, exposing members to the risks of cyber espionage and other cybercrime such as identity theft.
In the same way as “route poisoning,” this “poisoning action,” conducted with the aim of polluting the contents of social network profiles, typically introduces artifacts into existing real relationships, thus making the information unreliable. The result is the failure of the chain of trust which all social networks are based on, in order not to allow search engines specifically developed to retrieve information of any kind relating to a particular profile.
The principal espionage techniques implemented through social media platform are:
- Replacement of identity, or the ability to impersonate another user, using a wide variety of social engineering intelligence tactics.
- Simulation of identity, creating a false profile, which does not correspond to any existing person, for malicious purposes or simply to remain anonymous.
- Building of personal /social bots , creating a large number of fake profiles (e.g. millions of fake profiles) managed by machines, able to interact with real users in a way likely, thus changing the “sentiment” and “conversation” on a large-scale, as well as altering all the social graphs and precluding meaningful correlations on the data.
- black curation: the use of real (or fictitious) user’s “holes” to speak on topics of which you want to change the meaning, or to create new ones ad-hoc, in analogy to the black SEO (search engine optimization) already use on search engines.
The social networks are excellent instruments to conduct cyber espionage campaigns while gathering information on targets. For this reason, it is strongly suggested that you consider carefully which profiles to add to our network, recognizing the possibility that some of them have been already compromised. This gives cyber criminals or spies the possibility of accessing information shared in the profile.
The intelligence industry in the west is still too vulnerable to all kinds of attacks, so it is absolutely necessary to define cyber strategies to deal with incidents like those described.
Last year, the impressive growth of state-sponsored attacks aimed at stealing information (to give economic, political and military advantages) famously included the cyber espionage campaign against NATO’S most senior commander, using the Facebook platform.
Chinese spies set up a fake Facebook account in the name of American Admiral James Stavridis, enticing his colleagues to “friend” him and thus divulge their own personal information. In the attack’s second phase, Senior British military officers and Ministry of Defence officials accepted “friend requests” from the bogus account.
With this attack successfully completed, it became possible to steal sensitive information like private email accounts, photos and messages, as well as uncover his network of friends. Similar incidents are troubling, and show how even the higher echelons of strategic commands may be vulnerable, too.
If you think the information uncovered in this way is unimportant, you are mistaken. Let’s think about how it can be used to find photos of a victim’s residence, or determine his location at a given time. Further, with the knowledge of their private email account, it is possible to target people close to victims who may be misled by fake mails.
Of course, similar operations are hampered by the controls enacted by the managers of social networks, in collaboration with major institutions and law enforcement. The stakes are high and control of social networks is strategic. Many agencies and law enforcement agencies like the FBI are working to prevent such crimes. They’ve commissioned the development of complex analysis systems that monitor the powerful networks. Intelligence agencies are aware that social networks
and forums are exceptional instruments for information gathering and to measure the global sentiment on every kind of argument; political as well as social.
What is the future of cyber espionage?
The relentless spread of high-tech devices into our lives will sustain the practice of cyber espionage. Mobile and social networks are the platforms that attract the interest of attackers most of all, due to the large quantity of user’s information they manage. New advanced toolkits are sold daily via the underground, usable to exploit vulnerabilities inside victim’s machine with the primary purpose of installing malware that can gather confidential information.
From a government perspective, state-sponsored research aims to produce new technologies, able to infiltrate common-use objects. The most innovative ones relate to the use of electromagnetic waves that could spy on a targeted network or interfere with communications, altering the content of transmission (for example, introducing a malware
That is the future of cyber espionage: the possibility of interfering with targeted systems remotely, acquiring sensitive information silently. Another interesting field of research is related to the “intelligence of things”: the possibility of exploiting the computational capabilities contained in every object surrounding us, interacting with users maintaining a huge quantity of information. Mobile devices, but really, any kind of appliance present in our home (such as smart-TV and gaming console) can be used to spy on the user. Governments have instituted an array of projects to exploit the vulnerabilities.
The greater the technological component of our lives, the greater the potential for cyber attacks.
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Some people wonder about the causes of poor circulation as they notice that they are not as healthy as they would like to be. This is an unfortunate problem for a lot of people, as they have no earthly clue as to how they can improve the circulation of their blood. Frankly, the entire notion is a mystery. However, it is possible to make your blood circulation far better than it currently is regardless of your age or the current status of your health. Any problem can be fixed if you have both the will to really change and the knowledge how to change.
First and foremost among what causes poor circulation is blood that is too thick. While some people believe that taking a pharmaceutical blood thinner is the only way to make your blood thinner, this is a silly misconception. One of the easiest methods to improve blood circulation is to drink more water. Water is the single ingredient that can always thin your blood enough so that it can be more easily pumped through the body. This is a vital component of having proper blood circulation, but so many people never even think about this solution.
Another part of what causes poor circulation ultimately comes down to not being active enough during the day. Being busy is not the same as being active. One of the great methods to improve blood circulation is to make sure you are moving a lot. This can involve calisthenics, practicing yoga, or even something as simple as taking a walk every afternoon or evening. Each activity causes your heart to beat and your limbs to move, which helps your blood circulate with far more ease than if you were simply sitting there all the time. Get moving!
Another way how to improve blood circulation is to join the Healthy Hearts Club, which you can visit and learn more about at http://www.heartandbody.com. They will help you find plenty of ways on how to improve your blood circulation, which will make you healthier overall. When your health becomes better, your blood circulation is almost certain to get dramatically better. Get to work on the little things that are going to make a world of difference for you instead of just wondering how to improve blood circulation. Now is not forever, so start making a change today.
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This is in response to the article at: http://www.thestate.com/business/story/147446.html
We already know that aspartame is an addictive excitoneurotoxic carcinogenic drug causing a global epidemic: Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic, http://www.sunsentpress.com H. J. Roberts, M.D.
An FDA toxicologist told Congress it causes cancer back in l985: http://www.wnho.net/the_fda_fable.htm
The Ramazzini Studies proved again aspartame is a multipotential carcinogen. Malignant neoplasms are now the #2 cause of death according to the 2004 CDC Report.
Now NutraSweet is going to be mixed with Acesulfame potassium for a new tabletop sweetener. Dr. Roberts wrote in his first book years ago about this:
"Acesulfame potassium (or acesulfame K) was approved for use by the FDA as a safe artificial sweetener in July 1988. It is a derivative of acetoacetic acid Unfortunately, several potential problems associated with the use of acesulfame have been raised. They are based largely on animal studies since testing on humans remains limited.
Some years ago Return to Eden in Atlanta removed Acesulfame Potassium (Sunnett) because I sent them information. Immediately I got a call from Dr. Abe McCall of the company who said, "We know aspartame causes brain tumors but Acesulfame Potassium only caused mammary tumors." I explained it was more than that but no thank you consumers don't want breast cancer. He later called and told me I didn't have permission to tell that story. Manufacturers don't seem to understand that disability and death are not acceptable costs of business.
Today consumers flock to sweeteners because of the epidemic of obesity. Aspartame and MSG have been proven to be the cause of this epidemic. http://www.dorway.com/walton2.txt An eight year epidemiological study by the University of Texas, Sharon Fowler, linked diet drinks to obesity. Even in the congressional record of May, l985, protest of National Soft Drink Assn, it was admitted that aspartame makes you crave carbohydrates so you gain weight. http://www.wnho.net/open_letter_dick_adamson.htm So what is happening is the consumer public is consuming a product that is triggering obesity to try and prevent it.
Just Like Sugar is a safe sweetener which can be gotten in any Whole Food Store or Wild Oats. It's also approved now in many nations like UK and Australia. Dr. Russell Blaylock (Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills) wrote in the Blaylock Report that "finally there is a safe sweetener" after asking for an analysis which showed it contains chicory, orange peel, Calcium and Vitamin C.
The public must read labels. The Senomyx substitute for MSG is now on the market. Ajinomoto has the marketing rights for our country. Nestle for Europe, where they have already introduced Senomyx in a line of Bouillon Cubes. This did not require approval and would be in artificial flavors. http://www.truthinlabeling.org Consumers should consider with the food supply being so poisoned that processed foods not be used. Other countries importing American products can now be using Senomyx without knowing it as well.
Dr. Betty Martini
Founder, Mission Possible World Health International
9270 River Club Parkway
Duluth, Georgia 30097
Aspartame Toxiocity Center: http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame
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A woman’s monthly cycles are perfectly designed by nature to prepare the body for impregnation. At the beginning of a cycle, before ovulation, the brain releases hormones that instruct the uterus to build a thick, blood-rich lining that will act as a temporary incubator for an embryo should the monthly egg be released and fertilized. When impregnation doesn’t happen, progesterone levels and estrogen levels begin to drop, falling abruptly at the end of the cycle, around day 26, and stimulating the uterine muscles to contract and release their bloody lining. This is the monthly menstrual bleeding also known as menstrual period.
Role of Estrogen and Progesterone in menstrual cycle:
- Estrogen is responsible for building up the lining of the uterus.
- Progesterone increases after an ovary releases an egg (ovulation) at the middle of the cycle. This helps the estrogen keep the lining thick and ready for a fertilized egg.
Menstrual Cycle: The menstrual cycle begins from Day 1 of bleeding to Day 1 of the next time of bleeding. Although the average cycle is 28 days, it is perfectly normal to have a cycle that is as short as 21 days or as long as 35 days.
- A teen's cycles tend to be long (up to 45 days), growing shorter over several years.
- Between ages 25 and 35, most women's cycles are regular, generally lasting 21 to 35 days.
- Around ages 40 to 42, cycles tend to be the shortest and most regular. This is followed by 8 to 10 years of longer, less predictable cycles until menopause.
Factors that affect menstrual cycle: Taking birth control pills, losing a lot of weight, or being overweight. Stress or excessive exercise can also change your cycle. Pregnancy is the most common cause of a missed period.
How to have a healthy menstrual cycle:
- Take a high quality women’s multi-vitamin that is especially formulated to assist menstrual cycles. Many of these supplements contain vitamins, minerals and herbs that women need to balance and regulate menstrual cycle.
- Doing regular exercise, exercise helps improves blood flow and produce pain fighting endorphins.
- Practice regular meditation to eliminate stress.
- Eating food that contains omega-3 fatty acid. Food rich in omega-3 fatty acids contains anti-inflammatory properties.
- Eat high fiber food, fiber rich food can help prevent constipation and a feeling of fullness.
- Limit the intake of caffeine and alcohol.
- If there is pain apply heat to your abdomen with a heating pad or hot water bottle, or take a warm bath. Heat improves blood flow and may decrease pelvic pain. Nonprescription pain relievers can also help reduce some symptoms.
Herbs that help balance hormone:
- Saw palmetto - assists with ovarian dysfunction
- Dong quai - regulates cycles and reduces painful symptoms
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A huge potential to obtain clean energy exists from mixing water streams with different salt concentrations. Two membrane-based energy conversion techniques are evaluated: pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. From the literature, a comparison is not possible since the reported performances are not comparable. A method was developed which allows for a comparison of both techniques at equal conditions, with respect to power density and energy recovery. Based on the results from the model calculations, each technique has its own field of application. Pressure-retarded osmosis seems to be more attractive for power generation using concentrated saline brines because of the higher power density combined with higher energy recovery. Reverse electrodialysis seems to be more attractive for power generation using seawater and river water. These conclusions are valid for present and latent performances of both techniques. According to the model, the potential performances of both techniques are much better than the current performances. In order to achieve these potential performances, the development of pressure-retarded osmosis must focus on membrane characteristics, i.e. increasing the water permeability of the membrane skin and optimization of the porous support. The development of reverse electrodialysis, however, must focus on system characteristics, i.e. optimization of the internal resistance, which is mainly determined by the width of the spacers.
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Glass Reinforced Plastic is denoted as GRP. It is also recognized as a fiberglass or glass fiber hybrid, and it is part of the Fiber Reinforced Plastics family of products. Different GRP profiles are employed in many sectors, including construction, transportation infrastructure, and Heating Ventilation and Cooling systems. The structural, dynamical, and radiative qualities of GRP profiles here are exceptional.
Glass fiber is formed by pouring molten glass into microfiber threads, which are soft and delicate inorganic fibers with incredible strength and diameters ranging from 9 to 18 micrometers. It also works effectively in reinforced materials when mixed with synthetic resin. In the fabrication of GRP, glass fiber goods such as glass fiber fabric or glass fiber mat are used.
Tensile properties, radar transparency, and electromagnetic neutrality coalesce to provide cost-effective, long-lasting, and sustainable products. Furthermore, the item’s UV and corrosive durability and its high electrical insulation are vital features. Described below are nine reasons why GRP should be preferred:
1. Good Resistance to Oxidation
Table of Contents
GRP has excellent corrosion resistance and can withstand even the most challenging situations. Its complete tolerance to chloride ion intrusions reveals its toughness and capacity to tolerate extreme circumstances. Contrasting traditional materials like steel, aluminum, and wood, GRP provides a long-term, pragmatic approach that solves the fundamental corrosion issues that the sector faces today.
2. Exceptional Potency
The enhanced structural rigidity of GRP is on par with or better than that of corresponding steel profiles. Given the small weight, these products have excellent load-bearing qualities. Their materials outlast traditional materials due to the elevated glass-to-resin proportions employed in their scientifically superior formulation.
GRP is seventy-five percent lightweight than metallic counterparts, lowering transportation costs and removing the need for heavy hoists. The likelihood of occupational injuries is reduced because it may be cut and moved on site.
GRP’s electromagnetically neutral qualities make it perfect for usage in electrically dangerous environments. It is a remarkably effective electrical and thermal absorber that is also electronically translucent and immune to electric radiation and radio wave transmissions. GRP is excellent for areas where flammable gases might be found due to its non-sparking properties.
5. Radar Transparency
GRP is radar transparent. Hence it will not interfere with radar systems in the area it is being employed.
6. Shock Resistance
GRP minimizes irreversible damage and is resistant to rapid and intense point stressing. If the GRP is bent as a result of a collision, it will revert to its initial structure without the need for pricey repairs and maintenance on the part of the builders.
7. Easy fabrication
GRP is simple and may be produced and carved on-site to meet detailed requirements and complicated patterns. Professionals may cut the material with standard hand equipment, like saws, without damaging its beneficial characteristics.
GRP is a very tough and long-lasting material that offers significant cost savings. GRP is a low-maintenance material that requires minor repair or refurbishing throughout its fifty-year duration in its many variants.
According to the anticipated discoloration, the profiles have an average lifespan of twenty years or more when exposed to ordinary operating circumstances and climate. Hence making GRP very durable for construction purposes.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A chimney inspection is a procedure in which a technician examines a chimney for any signs of safety concerns. Chimney inspections include identification of violations of the building code, along with recommendations for improvements which may not be required, but would be wise. It is a good idea to have chimneys inspected annually, and chimney inspections are often required when a property is about to change hands, when people plan to perform chimney work, or when there is an accident or fire involving the chimney.
In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association has set very clear standards for chimney inspections which are designed to eliminate ambiguity from the inspection process. During a level one inspection, the technician examines all of the areas of the chimney which are readily accessible, meaning that no doors or coverings need to be removed, and the accessible areas of the appliance attached to the chimney, along with the chimney connection, are also examined. The NFPA defines “accessible” as meaning that standard tools can be used to open flaps, doors, and other coverings for inspection.
A level two inspection is more in depth. Level two inspections are required for property transfers and to clear a chimney for use after an accident or incident, or if substantial work is being done on a chimney. In this type of inspection, the inspector examines everything which can be reasonably looked at without damaging or altering the chimney, connection, and appliance. If an area of concern is identified during a level two chimney inspection, the technician may recommend a level three inspection.
During a level three chimney inspection, portions of the chimney may be removed for closer examination, and this can change the finish of the chimney or damage it. After a level three chimney inspection, it will be necessary to reassemble areas of the chimney which have been taken apart for examination. Level three inspections often occur when a chimney needs to be replaced or repaired, so the damage is considered acceptable.
The goal of regular chimney inspection is to reduce the risk of fire by ensuring that chimneys are operating safely. Inspections are used to identify hazards which can range from the simple need to hire a chimney sweep to clean out the chimney, to a recommendation to replace a chimney. They are also used as part of the code enforcement mechanism; older chimneys which are not up to code are gradually brought up to code over time as a result of mandatory inspections.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Unlike the water in a sink or a bathtub, the water level in Earth’s oceans is not the same everywhere; sea level varies with location and time. On time spans of hours to days, sea level is influenced by tides, winds, and waves, including storm surges. Sea level rises when oceans warm, and it drops when they cool (because water expands when it heats up and contracts when it cools). Regional variations in sea level can persist for many years, even a decade. Underlying all these changes is the slower rise and fall in global average sea level as ice ages recede and advance over millenia.
This map shows global patterns of changes in sea level (sea surface height) measured by satellite-based altimeters (Topex and Jason 1 satellites) from 1993 through the end of 2007. Places where the sea surface height increased up to 225 millimeters (about 8.9 inches) are shown in dark red; places where sea level dropped are blue. The most widespread change in sea level over this time period was an increase in the Western Pacific sea surface height. During the period spanned by this image, a climate pattern called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation was in its warm phase, and sea surface temperatures were above average in much of the basin. Thermal expansion during this warm phase would be consistent with a rise in sea level.
Other changes reflect shifts in large-scale ocean currents. For example, the sea level rose in the North Atlantic Ocean south of Greenland. The rise is related to a weakening of an ocean current known as the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. The subpolar gyre is a counter-clockwise current in the North Atlantic whose descending branch flows southward along the southeast coast of Greenland. When the gyre is strong, it carries cold, salty water deep into the ocean, where it flows back toward the equator. When the current weakens, temperatures warm and sea level rises.
Other areas in the image that suggest a decadal-scale change in ocean currents include the mid-Atlantic off the east coast of the United States, where the line of blue (drop in sea level) could indicate a change in the average latitude or velocity of the Gulf Stream Current. A sea level rise occurred in the area of the western Pacific east of Japan that is influenced by the Kuroshio Current, which is the analogue of North America’s Gulf Stream. Finally, a scattering of dark red dots across the Southern Ocean between Africa and Australia may signify a change in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Changes in the location or velocity of ocean currents over the span of decades can be part of a natural cycle, or they may indicate the beginning of a long-term change in a current as a result of human-caused climate change. Satellite observations of sea level from satellites such as Topex, Jason 1, and the recently launched Jason 2, are critical tools for scientists trying to understand how global warming will affect ocean heat storage and global sea level rise over many decades.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Sea level rise. Accessed June 30, 2008.
- NASA. (2004). Satellite Records Weakening North Atlantic Current. Accessed June 30, 2008.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using altimeter data provided by Josh Willis, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
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Ermintrude, Daisy and La vache qui rit may produce as much as 454 pints more each year than cows with no names.
In a study involving 516 dairy farmers in the UK, Dr Catherine Douglas and Dr Peter Rowlinson at Newcastle University found that treating the animals as individuals also increased production.
The average amount of milk produced by a cow over its annual 10 month lactation period is 13,198 pints (7,500 litres). Those cows with names had an average higher milk yield of 454 pints (258 litres).
“Many farmers dote on their cows and have long thought that such interaction helps, but it has never really been tested.
“The statistics were significantly different for those cows with name – there was nothing else which could explain it.”
The study, published in the academic journal Anthrozoos which looks at interaction between people and animals, found milk yield to be lower on farms where cattle were herded as a group.
Nearly two thirds – 60 per cent – of UK farmers said they “knew all the cows in the herd” and 48 per cent agreed that positive human contact was more likely to produce cows with a good milking temperament.
Almost 10 per cent said that a fear of humans resulted in a poor milking temperament.
Dr Douglas said: “Our data suggests that on the whole UK dairy farmers regard their cows as intelligent beings capable of experiencing a range of emotions.
“Placing more importance on knowing the individual animals and calling them by name can – at no extra cost to the farmer – also significantly increase milk production.
“Maybe people can be less self conscious and not worry about chatting to their cows.”
Dairy farmer Dennis Gibb, who owns Eachwick Red House Farm near Newcastle with his brother Richard, said treating every cow as an individual was “vitally important”.
“They aren’t just our livelihood – they’re part of the family,” he said. “We love our cows and every one of them has a name.
“Collectively we refer to them as ‘our ladies’ but we know every one of them and each one has her own personality.”
(From The Telegraph)
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It is no accident that ultrarunning is one of the only sports where women are just as likely as men to cross the finish line first. Doctors say it’s because of their ability to endure and their high threshold for pain. Rebecca believes it’s also an ancient strength passed down to us through the sacrifice and tenacity of the women who came before us. This global endurance helps us get through the struggles of our lives and continue on
When Rebecca and many others are running these long races in the mountains, they feel the strength of the communities who have been living in these peaks and passes for centuries. That’s why it’s important that we not only see these gorgeous places, but also understand their history, language and culture. We want viewers to see first hand how the women in these mountains have held their families and culture together for generations.
The rapid changes in virtual reality technology and it’s accessibility make that possible. People in India can now be transported to the Sierra Nevada where they will learn the creation story of Lake Tahoe from Melba, the last Washoe Native American woman to fluently speak the thousand-year-old language. People in Tahoe will learn about the Himalayas through Thenlis, the first female Ladakhi mountain guide. Her family has been passing through these 20,000-foot peaks for a millennium.
In the future, Rebecca believes this is how history will be taught and shared and she wants Women of the Mountain to be at the forefront of this technology. That’s why this virtual reality exhibition will accompany the film and play a key role in the distribution.
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This is a class set of fraction cards with unit fractions 1/12, 1/11, 1/10, 1/9, 1/8, 1/7, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3 and 1/2. These cards can be printed on card stock and laminated for durability.
Suggested use: Hand out class fraction cards randomly to students. Each student will get at least one card, some may get two. Have six students with 1/9 cards stand in a row and hold up their cards. As each student points to a card, the class says the addition of the unit fraction and then the total. "1 ninth plus 1 ninth plus 1 ninth plus 1 ninth plus 1 ninth plus 1 ninth equals 6 ninths." Repeat with other cards.
Use as a quick practice every day to build fractions by combining unit fractions.
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(You can see the full version of the MD Magazine video featuring Dr. Bradford C. Dickerson here: Recommendations for Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease)
There are a lot of things that are frustrating and confusing and vexing about mild cognitive impairment.
But if there’s one question I see people with MCI struggling with more than any other, it’s this one.
What is the difference between MCI and dementia, and how can a doctor tell?
That is a very confusing thing to understand, and a very hard thing to explain.
But I just heard one of the top neurologists in the country explain it in a way that was just so clear and so simple, I had to share it with you.
Hi, I’m Tony Dearing, of GoCogno.com, the website for people with mild cognitive impairment.
Many people with MCI, probably most people with MCI, when they first got their diagnosis, they found it baffling.
MCI? What is it? I’ve never heard of it? Do I have dementia? Am I’m going to get dementia? What’s the difference between MCI and dementia anyway?
All good questions, and ones that can be extremely hard to answer. Frankly, some doctors just aren’t that good at explaining it. I know people with MCI who felt they understood less about their condition after it had been explained to them.
So it’s really a blessing when you can find a doctor who can take a very complex medical issue and lay the answer out in a way that is so clear and simple that anybody can understand it.
One like Dr. Bradford C. Dickerson, a Harvard neurologist who I just saw do that on the question: How do you tell the difference between MCI and dementia?
Now to begin with, there really is a difference, and there really are ways to tell. What Dr. Dickerson has found is a way to demystify that. So bear with me as I walk you through this, because by the time I’m done, I think you might have a clearer understanding of that.
So MCI is not a form of dementia. MCI is really just a catch-all term that says you have a loss of memory or other thinking skills that’s worse than expected for someone your age.
That’s what MCI means. Your memory loss isn’t normal. There’s something going wrong here. But you don’t have dementia, and it doesn’t mean you’re going to get dementia. Most people with MCI don’t progress to dementia.
Still, you are at higher risk, and understandably, you want to know, How can I tell? How can a doctor tell? Where is the line between MCI and dementia, and how do they know when someone has crossed it?
There is a line. It’s a fuzzy line, but it’s there. And it involves doing a functional assessment of what are called “activities of daily living.”
So what the hell does that mean, right? It’s one of those terms that doctors understand, but it’s meaningless to the average person.
What we’re talking about here is the ability to do daily tasks. Balancing your checkbook. Driving a car. Knowing to put a coat on when its cold outside. Being able to bathe yourself or feed yourself.
God knows, MCI can be hard to live with, very difficult, very frustrating. But people MCI still manage to do most of these daily tasks on their own. People with dementia need assistance with these things, and the more severe the dementia, the more help they need.
So that’s the dividing line between MCI and dementia, and obviously, that’s not a sharp line. There’s a gray area. It can be hard to tell when someone has crossed over that line.
That’s where Dr. Dickerson comes in. He has found a simple rule of thumb that doctors can use and families can use to help determine when that line has been crossed.
This is something he shared in a recent training video for physicians, offered by MD Magazine.
In the video, Dr. Dickerson starts out by saying it’s “very important” to be able to distinguish between MCI and dementia, and that the “threshold varies from person to person.”
However, he tells doctors that one simple question can help provide the answer.
He tells physicians, “What I like to ask people is, if you, as the care partner, can leave the person and go on a trip for a weekend or a week, would they function independently at things that they need to try to get done to get by in daily life?”
“If the care partner says, ‘No, I would never do that,’ you can pretty comfortably say that the person probably has crossed the threshold into dementia.”
OK, so let’s be clear about this. This is a rule of thumb. It’s not a clinical tool. It’s not a diagnosis. It’s an indicator. But a very, very helpful indicator that real people in the real world can use to understand the difference between MCI and dementia, and where a person might be in the progression, if they’re progressing.
It’s the best answer I’ve seen yet to one of the most urgent questions facing people with MCI. It’s something doctors can use and it’s something that you can watch for, and keep an eye on, too. I hope you find it helpful.
And I hope you join me again next week. Until then, as always, be kind to your mind.
The full MD Magazine video featuring Dr. Dickerson is below.
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Miles for Migraine Youth Camps are for kids and teens with chronic migraines and their parents. Youth Camps are designed to build community, empower kids with new ways to cope with their illness, and to provide families with the most current medical information.
The camp is ongoing throughout the year. We hold an education day for families 1-2 times/year, and social events the remainder of the year. Teens not only have the opportunity to interact with others impacted by migraine disease, but also learn about advocacy and how to create more awareness in their communities.
Parents and caregivers who are also impacted by this disease, have the opportunity to learn, feel supported and receive respite care in this ongoing community.
For more information and upcoming events, click here.
Miles for Migraine Education Day was developed to create awareness about migraine and headache disease. This event is about creating community and sharing knowledge for people with migraine and other headache disorders, and for their families and loved ones.
The day is both informational and experiential. Our goal is for the person with headache disease to learn and be supported. Topics cover coping strategies, advocacy, stigma, research, and medical advancements. There is time allotted to join with others in a supportive and safe community.
We invite local doctors and other providers to give lectures and provide an opportunity for open dialogue and experiential participation so that the day is not confined to only lectured information.
For more information, click here.
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Dogs are our best friends no doubt but how do you feel when you notice your best buddy has some pink nodules sprouting out of his face, mouth or eyes?
Does it leave you confused or horrified? I’m sure it does, but you shouldn’t be as we are here for you, to teach you How to Remove Warts on Dogs and give valuable information that will help keep your dog healthy and safe.
Causes of Warts on Dogs
Warts can be caused by several viruses some of which include:
This is the most common cause of warts on dogs and is usually caused by the canine papilloma virus-1 (CPV-1). Dogs that are under the age of two years are more prone to contract this disease than older dogs. They tend to develop rough nodules on their lips, mouths and sometimes on some parts of their faces such as their eyelids. This condition is called viral papillomatosis.
Most of these warts are very small, (measuring less than 0.5 inches in diameter) and have a rough surface. Sometimes, these warts are elongated with a narrow base of attachment. Often, most dogs that have warts do not show the symptom on one part of their body only. Hence, it is important to carefully examine your dog to identify other places as well.
CPV-1 is commonly spread when healthy dogs come in contact with an infected dog or an object touched by such an infected dog. To become infectious, the virus must first come in contact with an abnormal/traumatized skin. The incubation period, within which the symptoms appear, is usually within one to two months.
Most dogs do not have problems with warts as it’s generally not harmful. However, some warts prevent dogs from swallowing or chewing properly. Besides, they are not appealing to look at and therefore should be removed.
Many dog owners often refer to sebaceous glands as wart without realizing they are different. Sebaceous glands should not be confused with warts. Dogs that are five years and above are prone to developing a wart-like skin with a size ranging from 0.25 inches to 1-inch, this wart-like appearance can sprout up in any part of the body and is often referred to as “old dog’s wart”. But as earlier stated, they are not warts but rather benign (non-cancerous) tumors found on the oil glands of the dog’s skin. The term for this is sebaceous gland adenoma.
For a non-professional, these benign tumors often appear like warts only not as rough as real warts. However, a veterinary doctor can help you identify if what you see is viral papillomas (warts) or just sebaceous gland adenoma.
How to Remove Warts on Dogs
Now that we are aware of the causes of these warts, we can now proceed to learn how to remove them on dogs.
There are no extensive treatment options for warts as they often disappear on their own within one month to three months of appearance without the need for treatment.
However, if warts persist beyond three months, then such a dog should be taken to a veterinary clinic where he would be treated. This treatment will be effective if the dog is placed on immunosuppressive drugs or if the dog has an untreatable immunosuppressive disease.
Veterinary doctors can also consider other options some of which include:
- Interferon Alpha: This is a drug which contains a chemical derived from white blood cells. It stimulates a dog’s body system and may help to overcome viral warts.
- Imiquimod: It is an immune response modifier which speeds up the regression of some viral warts.
- Azithromycin: The effect of antibiotics has been tested in treating papillomatosis. From the results gotten from the various tests carried out, it has not been an effective treatment method.
- Cimetidine: It is an antacid which is more common in treating warts in humans. So far, there has been no study to show its effect on treating viral papillomas in dogs.
- Laser Treatment, Cryotherapy and Surgical Removal: If after three months, warts on your dog’s skin do not regress, then you may need to consider laser treatment, cryotherapy or surgical removal.
- Crushing or Autogenous Vaccination: This is the process of giving your dog a vaccine made of the dog’s warts. Sometimes, veterinary doctors deliberately introduce viral warts into a dog’s immune system to enable it to fight the virus. However, this should not be done at home as it may be risky for the dog.
- Reduction of Immunosuppressant: As a last resort, there may be the need to discontinue or at best reduce the dosage of the immunosuppressant drugs administered to an infected dog. After this, treatment of any disease which is found to hurt the dog’s immune system may start.
If you would prefer to treat your dog yourself rather than take him to the hospital and are looking for an effective means of removing warts from your dog’s body, you can apply some of the immune-support measures outlined below; they are safe and will help you get rid of warts faster and more efficiently.
- Cell Advance: This is an antioxidant supplement. It reduces the burden of your dog’s immune system thereby leaving it with enough capacity to fight the viral papillomas.
- CAS Options: This is another supplement for dogs but this time of a mushroom nature. This type of supplement contains beta-glucans which contain anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. This product is effective enough to stimulate your dog’s immune system and help it fight against the wart causing virus.
- Boost the Dog’s Immune System with Vitamins: Sometimes, warts are a result of a weak immune system. Therefore, it is likely to disappear once you boost the dog’s immune system. This can be done by administering vitamins or supplements. Immunosupport is a supplement containing several immune-boosting ingredients such as lutein, arabinogalactans, and shitake mushrooms.
- L-Lysine: It is available in pill form and should be taken twice a day. This 500mg drugs should be given until warts disappear.
- Application of Vitamin E: With the use of a sterilized needle or knife, puncture a vitamin E capsule and then apply the vitamin E directly on the wart. This should be done using a cotton swab or clean fingers; repeat the process several times a day continuously for about two to three weeks until an improvement is seen.
- Apply Castor Oil: It can be purchased from a local drug store close to you. When applied directly on a wart, it can soften it and even the irritation which prevents your dog from scratching the wart open. To apply castor oil, use a cotton swab or a clean finger, this treatment should be applied once a day, once in two days or as often as is needed until the wart disappears.
- Thuja: This is a homeopathic treatment that is developed from a certain type of tree which is considered safe for dogs. Thuja is available in liquid and pallet forms and should be taken orally.
How to Prevent the Spread of a Dog’s Wart
Few things can be done to prevent warts from spreading or developing the virus. One of such is to keep your dog away from playing with or contacting other wart infected dogs.
Once the protective layer of your dog’s skin has been compromised (maybe due to wounds, cuts, rashes, and bruises and so on) or perhaps his immune system is not functioning as it should, then it’s important to not take such dogs to places such as parks, kennels, doggy daycare or other places where other dogs are gathered.
If you notice a pink nodule in your dog’s eyes, nose or mouth or any other parts of the dog’s body, there is no need to panic. This is because most warts heal on their own without the need for treatment. All you need to do is ensure your dog is kept isolated to avoid infecting other dogs.
If the dog experiences difficulties in swallowing or chewing, then you should visit a veterinary. The vet doctor is in the best position to help you treat your dog if the warts aren’t gone in three months.
Now that you have discovered How to Remove Warts on Dogs, we hope that this information will help you keep your dog healthy and happy. Remember, a happy dog makes a happy you.
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In each universe you have something, or the observable lack of something, at the same point in space as you yourself existed. It is an independent being that fills that time space and purpose in its universe. The events in our universe spread out in the neighborhood of ten dimensions. So each event causes things to happen that we ourselves only perceive a narrow portion of.
The ripples of our universe form a sort of shell around its multidimensional core. The various universes in our multiversal shell are linked together by “fibers.” These singularities keep our multiversal atom intact. The formation of our multiversal body is the product of the resolution of indeterminate states of matter and energy. The various ways that all of our matter and energy can fall into solid states of being, actuated reality.
“Let your soul stand cool and composed before a million universes.” Walt Whitman
“Evolutionary cosmology formulates theories in which a universe is capable of giving rise to and generating future universes out of itself, within black holes or whatever.” Robert Nozick
We are talking about ripple realities. So first a little background. All universes stem from what could be called a common source. The energy behind these various universes formed into different bodies that look something like the universe as we… Seek More
Now to explain the universal shell… This is where ripple realities come in. The events in our universe spread out not in a three or even four dimensional pattern, but something more in the neighborhood of ten dimensions. So each… Seek More
The various universes in our multiversal shell are linked together by “fibers” much like those that form during cellular mitosis. These fibers are the time space singularities, wormholes and things like that. These singularities keep our multiversal atom intact. If… Seek More
You have a three dimensional brain, but that three dimensional brain is seated in a multidimensional quantum event field. In a way, your brain has its own gravity well. This is why you are conscious at all. The outer band… Seek More
Will our brains evolve higher than 3D? Our brains? Well yes, but by that time they won’t look much like the brains we know now. You said our brains receive on the third dimension? Yes, and the complexity of the… Seek More
I do like to take anything like this on ripple realities back to practical application. Though the practical application of this insight is perhaps really complicated, it is still there. Because if you can shift your consciousness out to that… Seek More
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The rocks of the grotto are, in fact, a magnificent representation of the red limestone that is found in the Appenines and other parts of Northern Italy. The crumbling of the water-worn stone in the foreground of the painting and the vertical splitting and cross-fracturing of the rocks behind the figures are typical characteristics and brilliantly depicted. Miss Pizzorusso is simply unfamiliar with the manner in which this rock fractures, and has interpreted the different levels of cracking as indicative of different types of rock. What Pizzorusso misinterprets as round boulders of sandstone near the top of the picture are rocks of the same variety as those in the rest of the picture with their outlines obscured by layers of dense moss, a fact that has become very clear in the London painting since the recent cleaning.
The same author, assessing the distant, dream-like landscape, also tells us that "Fjords do not exist in Italy and it is highly unlikely the glacial lakes of the Lombard region would have such steep relief surrounding them." Miss Pizzorusso had plainly not seen the glacial lakes about which she was writing. In fact, a number of the lakes of Northern Italy have precipitous cliffs and rugged formations around them.
We can presume that Leonardo, fascinated as he was by Geology, had seen not only the Apennines and the Italian Alps of the Lombardy region, but probably visited the Dolomites further east. The influences on Leonardo would have included the landscape near Milan, but also a landscape much closer to his familiar Florence. Leonardo had visited and been fascinated by the region of the upper Arno between Florence and Arezzo. The area is dominated by tall rocky crags, some a hundred metres high. Leonardo, finding fossils in the rocks, determined that the area had previously been under water.
Leonardo left many drawings of rocks and landscapes showing geological formations, including a landscape showing a flood breaking into a valley in the Royal Collection at Windsor. The critic analysing Leonardo's geology needs to bear in mind that the artist was painting in a studio, remote from the scene and relying on sketches, studies and his memory to recall the precise forms.
There is also the matter of artistic license. Leonardo was not a "landscape painter". He was not, like John Constable in the early 19th century, seeking to set down the precise features of a particular geographic location so that any viewer who knew the place could locate not only the scene but the spot from which the preparatory sketches were made. Leonardo's landscape in this painting is essentially symbolic. It is a wilderness. To create this wilderness Leonardo has drawn upon the most majestic visions that he can extract from his days spent in the mountains. It is reasonable to presume that the landscape in this painting, in company with his allegorical scenes and scientific studies of swirling waters, are based on cumulative experience and observation, like Turner's Fighting Temeraire, rather than a single fixed point of view, like Constable's Haywain.
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American painter GEORGE TOOKER was born, nee George Clair Tooker, Jr. (d: 2011); Tooker was a figurative painter associated with the Magic Realism movement and with the Social Realism movement as well. He was one of nine recipients of the National Medal of Arts during 2007.
In 1943 he began studying at the Art Students League of New York. Reginald Marsh and Kenneth Hayes Miller were two of his teachers at the ASL. Early in his career Tooker was often compared with other painters such as Andrew Wyeth, Edward Hopper and his friends Jared French and Paul Cadmus who introduced him to working with the then-revitalized tradition of egg-tempera. Tooker addressed issues of modern-day alienation with subtly eerie and often visually literal depictions of social withdrawal and isolation. Subway (1950; Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC) and Government Bureau (1956; Metropolitan Museum of Art) are two of his best-known paintings.
With his life partner, William Christopher, Tooker moved into a loft on West 18th Street in Manhattan, making custom furniture to supplement his art income. By the late 1940s he had developed his mature style and settled on the themes that would engage him for the rest of his life: love, death, sex, grief, aging, alienation and faith. Working in rural Vermont after 1960, he produced two to four paintings a year.
In true “interpretor” and “jester” same-sex, archetypical form, Tooker’s magical images were drawn from mundane experiences and transformed into commentary. The bureaucratic shuffle he experienced when trying to get city permits to remodel a house in Brooklyn Heights led to his “Government Bureau” painting. One of his best known works, it depicts disconsolate supplicants being stared at, impassively, by workers behind frosted glass partitions, only their noses and eyes visible.
Mr. Williams died in 1973, in Spain, where the two men had been living for six years, plunging Tooker into a spiritual crisis that he resolved by embracing Roman Catholicism. In his later works, he often addressed religions themes, notably in “The Seven Sacraments”, an altarpiece he produced for the church of St Francis of Assisi in Windsor, Vermont.
He was elected to the National Academy of Design during 1968 and he is a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters. During 2007, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. Tooker lived for many years in Hartland, Vermont.
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Because diabetics are at a greater risk for eye disease, you should be aware of common eye disease signs and speak with a professional if you begin experiencing:
By the time you notice the symptoms of an eye disease, it may be too late to fully regain your vision and/or eliminate the condition. The best way to detect these diseases early is scheduling regular eye examinations.
With a prompt diagnosis, many symptoms are partially or completely reversible.
Diabetics are particularly at risk for retinopathy, a condition where irregular blood sugar deteriorates blood vessels connected to the retina. As blood vessels are compromised, they may begin to swell, leak and display alternative abnormalities that may harm the retina.
Leaky vessels may lead to vitreous hemorrhaging, where blood and other fluids fill the pocket between the lens and retina. The blockage can cause reduced or lost sight. Another possible cause of vision loss is retinal tears, which occur as fluid buildup pushes the retina to detach from the eye.
Retinopathy can be serious, but it is preventable with regular diabetic eye examinations.
When you have diabetes, it can be difficult for blood to reach the tiny vessels in your extremities. As a result, diabetics have an increased risk of developing eye conditions. At Eye Care Centre, we are prepared to detect these problems early and possibly avoid them entirely.
If left untreated, glaucoma, retinopathy, cataracts and other conditions common in diabetics may cause permanent partial or complete blindness.
If you’re diabetic, inform your Eye Care Centre Optometrists, so he or she can make notes of your risks. Sight is as wonderful as it is important, so take your eye health seriously with periodic eye health exams. Regular checkups can detect eye diseases early and help you prevent them in the first place. Give us a call to schedule your appointment today!
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Current Sensing for Automotive Electronics -- A Survey
This document has been relocated to http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ele_comeng_facwork/673
There were 325 downloads as of 22 Jun 2016.
Current sensing is widely used in power electronic applications such as dc-dc power converters and adjustable-speed motor drives. Such power converters are the basic building blocks of drivetrains in electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The performance and control of such vehicles depend on the accuracy, bandwidth, and efficiency of its sensors. Various current-sensing techniques based on different physical effects such as Faraday's induction law, Ohm's law, Lorentz force law, the magnetoresistance effect, and the magnetic saturation effect are described in this paper. Each technique is reviewed and examined. The current measurement methods are compared and analyzed based on their losslessness, simplicity, and ease of implementation.
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Robotic gastrectomy is gaining popularity worldwide. It allows reduced blood loss and lesser pain. However, it widespread use is limited by the extensive learning curve and costs.
To describe our standard technique with reduced use of robotic instruments.
We detail the steps involved in the procedure, including trocar placement, necessary robotic instruments, and meticulous surgical description.
After standardizing the procedure, 28 patients were operated with this budget technique. For each procedure material used was: 1 (Xi model) or 2 disposable trocars (Si) and 4 robotic instruments. Stapling and clipping were performed by the assistant through an auxiliary port, limiting the use of robotic instruments and reducing the cost.
This standardization helps implementing a robotic program for gastrectomy in the daily practice or in one`s institution.
Developed by Surya MKT
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Under Darwin’s theory, some 1 billion birds across the nation just aren’t fit for city life.
But being the highly evolved species that we are, San Francisco planners are considering new bird-safe building standards that would significantly curb the number of fowl killed every year by flying into buildings.
Planners claim that many of these deaths are preventable, using methods including window treatments, lighting design and lighting operation. This week, planners will present a three-pronged approach to curbing bird vs. building deaths.
While the program would be voluntary, it seems planners are also considering requirements for the most hazardous conditions and high-risk structures.
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SIEMENS says its planning and design software and technology can help manufacturers automate the production of large-scale batteries.
With the growth in alternative power generation, automation and electric automotive trends, the future will see increased demand for large-scale lithium-ion batteries.
In devising its battery manufacturing solutions, Siemens combined its expertise in the production of energy-storage devices and its technological know-how in the field of automation and control systems.
For current technological trends to continue, energy-storage devices need to become cheaper to produce - especially lithium-ion batteries - while offering high quality.
According to Siemens, the process for manufacturing batteries (some of which can be the size of a shipping container) has not progressed much.
The chemical processes in the battery cells are complex and highly sensitive. The foil coating of the electrodes must not deviate from regulation thickness by more than one micrometer across the entire coated surface.
Siemens says it is possible to make the production large-scale lithium-ion batteries more efficient. Its software creates digital models of planned production facilities, determining the required size of the plant, calculating the maximum potential throughput, and optimising efficiency.
These simulation results can then be applied without further modification to real live plants. Similarly, quality-control systems can be directly integrated within fully automated production machinery.
Siemens’ ideas are being put to test in the real world. The company has signed a cooperation agreement with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) to develop a primary control system.
In 2013the system is to be installed in the first production facility for lithium-ion cells of the KIT, where it will highlight the benefits in terms of product quality and reduced costs.
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Geometry - Circumference and Arc Length
Common Core Aligned Lesson with Homework
This lesson includes:
-Lecture Notes (PDF, SMART Notebook, and PowerPoint)
-Blank Lecture Notes (PDF and SMART Notebook)
-Answer Key (PDF)
You do not need to have SMART Notebook or PowerPoint to receive the full benefits of this product. There are PDF versions included also!
-Find circumference of circles. (Review)
-Find arc length and understand radian measure.
Common Core Standards:
G.C.5 - Derive using similarity the fact that the length of arc intercepted by an angle is proportional to the radius, and define the radian measure of the angle as the constant of proportionality; derive the formula for the area of a sector.
G.GMD.1 - Give an informal argument for the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle, volume of a cylinder, pyramid, and cone.
F.TF.1 - Understand that radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle. (Introduction)
----Chapter: Areas of Polygons and Circles----
Area of Circles and Sectors
Geometry - Complete Curriculum Map
Areas of Polygons and Circles Lesson Plan Bundle
Click here to view more Geometry Lessons with Homework
Click here to purchase the Complete Geometry Curriculum
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© Ashley Spencer, 2014
----Common Core Standards Disclaimer----
The Common Core Standards were written and developed by The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. © Copyright 2010. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. All rights reserved.
This product is the work of Ashley Spencer (“Infinitely Pi Learning”). It is intended to support the implementation of the Common Core Standards. Any claim of alignment is the personal opinion of Ashley Spencer (“Infinitely Pi Learning”) and is not necessarily the opinion of the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. No approval by, nor the association with, the creators of the Common Core Standards is intended or implied.
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Terrifying Assessment Of A Himalayan Melting
Above Photo: From Nepalitimes.com
New report predicts the impact of climate change on Nepal’s mountains may be much worse than we thought.
While the global media’s attention is on the Greenland ice sheet, the Arctic and eastern Antarctica, a landmark report released this week shows that the Himalaya will face catastrophic meltdown during this century if there is no immediate effort to reduce the world’s carbon emissions.
The voluminous 627-page report titled Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Climate Change, Sustainability and Peopleput together by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) states that even in the best-case scenario, the Himalayan mountains will lose more than one-third of their ice by the end of the century. An earlier report was even scarier, it said the Mt Everest region would lose 90% of its ice by 2100.
But that would happen only if global average temperatures can be capped at a 1.5oC increase above pre-industrial levels. Most scientists agree that target is unlikely to be met. If current emission trends continue, the world will actually be hotter by between 4.2-6.5oC by 2100 – in which case two-thirds of Himalayan glaciers will be gone.
Himalayan peaks are warming between 0.3 to 0.7oC faster than the global average, and the loss of Himalayan ice would have devastating consequences for 1.6 billion people living in the mountains and downstream countries. Climate models show that summer flow in the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and their snow-fed tributaries will actually rise till 2050 as the glaciers melt away, but will start decreasing after that because there will be no more ice left. Measurements show that glaciers in the Central and Eastern Himalaya are shrinking at 40cm/year, and some are receding up to 30m/year.
After the controversy surrounding a 2007 report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) that predicted all Himalayan glaciers would be gone by 2035, scientists have been much more careful in making similarly wild predictions. Which is why ICIMOD deployed 210 scientists from 20 countries in this five-year study to assess the latest knowledge from peer-reviewed journal findings.
The new assessment is only slightly less alarming. Although the timeframe has been pushed back to the end of the century there is still very little time to fix the problem even if global carbon emissions are cut in the coming decades. So, we know what the problem is and we know the solution. What are we going to do about it?
ICIMOD Director David Molden has anticipated that question. He said at the report’s launch in Kathmandu on Monday: “This is not just going to be another book on the shelf. We hope to spark policy dialogue by putting climate action on the political agenda by putting the state of the knowledge in one place.”
The assessment is a unique scientific partnership between ICIMOD’s member countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, India and Nepal. The Centre is now spearheading an effort to set up a Himalayan Council, much like the Arctic Council which is working on the north polar region.
The concerns of the world’s mountain regions and the amplified impact of global warming on the world’s mountains were mentioned only tangentially in the last two IPCC report. This assessment, in which IPCC scientists also took part, is expected to put the Himalayan region firmly on the global agenda as well.
The hydro-meteorological impact of climate change will go beyond countries like Nepal or Bhutan. Heavily populated and rapidly developing downstream areas of China, Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh will face severe water crisis. And then there is the indirect impact of the warming on weather and monsoons, as simulations show increased frequency of droughts and floods.
Himalayan countries have always struggled against poverty, marginalisation, state neglect, inequality, discrimination, out-migration, and these problem predate climate change. What global warming does is make all the existing structural problems worse.
For example, the assessment shows that half the children living in Himalayan villages are undernourished. Nepal’s national poverty rate is 23%, but 42% of the country’s mountain dwellers are poor. Because they have fewer choices, the poorest are already beginning to suffer from erratic weather and other impacts of climate change, adding to the push-factors in outmigration.
The report also lays out policy options for countries in the Himalaya, which include increased cross border cooperation among them to battle common threats. One concrete step would be China, Nepal and India cooperating on disaster early warning on future Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). The report also calls for added investment in meeting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal targets which would build resilience among mountain peoples by giving them more options to adapt.
Two of ICIMOD’s member countries, China and India, are both suffering the impact of climate change along their common mountain frontier. Together, the two giants are the biggest emitters of greenhouses gases in the world. It no longer makes sense now to talk only about adapting to climate change, Himalayan countries need to also start mitigating their carbon emissions and switching to renewables.
They need to do this not just to save the Planet, but to also save their fossil-fuel dependent economies and diversifying their energy mix towards renewables.
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In a university lab near Guadalajara, Mexico, researchers trim cactus leaves and feed them into a juicer, creating a bright green liquid. When it’s mixed with other natural materials and processed, it undergoes an impressive transformation: The cactus juice becomes a biodegradable plastic.
It’s one experiment to help tackle the world’s plastic problem. Around nineteen billion pounds of plastic ends up in the ocean each year, and as plastic breaks down there and in landfills, it makes its way into the food system; people now eat an annual diet of more than 50,000 pieces of microplastic. Plastic made from cactus wouldn’t necessarily help stop the flow of trash into waterways. But the researchers say that the material biodegrades quickly and is nontoxic if it’s eaten. And unlike plastic made from fossil fuels, the cactus-based plastic is carbon neutral as it breaks down–the carbon dioxide it emits equals the carbon dioxide it took in as a plant as it grew.
The prickly pear cactus used in the experiment, which grows locally, is well suited to become plastic. “The cactus of this species contains a large amount of sugars and gums that favor the formation of the biopolymer,” says Sandra Pascoe Ortiz, a chemical engineering professor at the University of the Valley of Atemajac, who is leading the research.
Cactus also has another advantage over some other plants that are currently used to make plastic. Corn, for example, which is often used to make compostable forks or cups, still has an environmental footprint from the fertilizer and other resources used to grow it. It’s also using land that could be used to grow food. Cactus, which survives in harsh environments with little or no intervention, can grow on land that doesn’t make sense for farming. “It does not require much care for its cultivation and production,” says Pascoe Ortiz.
The resulting material isn’t yet as long-lasting as plastic made from fossil fuels. But it could still be useful in some applications. “We are thinking of products that are disposable, single-use, or that do not need to be durable,” she says. It may also be more biodegradable than other alternatives; corn-based plastic, for example, is unlikely to break down unless it’s in an industrial composting facility, and most consumers still don’t have access to that type of facility. The cactus-based plastic can biodegrade in a backyard composter within a few months.
The researchers are currently working with a company that is interested in bringing the material to market.
About the author: Adele Peters is a staff writer at Fast Company US who focuses on solutions to some of the world’s largest problems, from climate change to homelessness.
Originally published on fastcompany.com
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SWOT analysis can be a useful tool in evaluating and monitoring equity investments. Standing for "strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats," SWOT analysis was reportedly developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960s and has become a staple concept in business management and investment evaluation. (To understand the qualities that make for a great company, investors must dig deep into "soft" metrics. Check out Qualitative Analysis: What Makes A Company Great?)
TUTORIAL: Behavioral Finance
Most commonly used as a business planning tool, SWOT analysis can be used to evaluate products, divisions, companies and entire markets. It can also be used as an investment tool; giving an investor a handy snapshot of the potential advantages or disadvantages of a company's current positioning.
The Components of SWOT
Although the concepts that make up a SWOT analysis seem straightforward, diligence and attention to detail are important. More than is generally the case with company and stock evaluation methods, SWOT analysis is a great example where the quality of results will never be better than the quality of the inputs.
It is also worth noting that, broadly speaking, strengths and weaknesses should reflect "what is" today, while opportunities and threats are more about what could happen in the future.
Strengths are characteristics that give the subject a meaningful advantage or form the basis of above-average performance potential. In many cases, a subject's strengths will be the basis of its competitive advantage. Not only do strengths consider what a company does well, but why or how it does it well.
In the case of a mining company, for instance, a valuable mineral asset in a politically stable country may be listed as a strength, while a major consumer company may have some of its greatest strengths in the value of its brands. It is important to note that above-average revenue growth or superior margins are not in and of themselves strengths – it is the popularity of the products or the relative efficiency of its manufacturing process that represent the real strengths.
In a SWOT analysis, weaknesses are vulnerabilities to the company's competitive position and/or opportunity to earn positive economic returns. Common weaknesses could include a unionized labor force, products that are essentially regarded as commodities, or the requirement to comply with expensive or elaborate regulatory regimes to sell its goods/services.
Weaknesses can also refer to how the company is integrated and affected by economic conditions. An economic environment heavily burdened with competition, for example, would be considered a potential weakness of the firm.
Opportunities represent scenarios or options where the company can meaningfully improve itself. The introduction of a significant product can be an opportunity, as well as a restructuring or acquisition. It is important to note, though, that "better margins" or "better sales" are not in themselves opportunities; generally more specificity is in order (the details of how the company will improve those margins or sales).
Another type of opportunity presents itself from an untapped customer demographic. For example, if an independent pizza restaurant on the west side of the side introduces a delivery service, it has the opportunity to expand its customer base beyond only those living in the neighborhood.
The threats portion of a SWOT analysis should answer the question "what could change for the worse?" with a particular company. Like opportunities, threats may be prospective or even theoretical, but they should offer more specificity than "something might go wrong." Increased government regulation, a failure to secure approval/acceptance for a major new product, or the introduction of a rival product/service would all represent meaningful threats to a company's competitive standing and economic returns.
There are key limitations that users of SWOT analysis should understand. To start, it totally ignores valuation and other significant fundamental metrics like return on capital, margins, cost of capital and so on. Although there is no rule out there that an investor cannot opt to include fundamental details as strengths or weaknesses in evaluating a stock's prospects as an investment, these analyses work best when the user explores why and how company earns a certain return on capital.
SWOT analysis also does not tend to offer much scope or scale to the size or significance of various opportunities and threats. It stands to reason that the creator of a SWOT analysis would not bother with non-material opportunities or threats, but it is nevertheless important to try to quantify the impact of these items on a company's returns.
The largest limitation of SWOT analysis is that it is subjective and self-directed. The entire process relies solely on the creator's knowledge and judgment, and there is an inherent potential for bias. In the case of a biotech, for instance, a bull may well see an experimental therapy as a major opportunity while a bear will see a weakness or threat in the vast amounts of money that are to spent developing a doomed therapy. Likewise, an optimist may well see an emerging brand as a major asset (a strength), while the bear sees little value in a brand and major threats from competition from more established brands/companies.
On balance, SWOT analysis is best used by investors as a way of crystallizing and quantifying the thought process that goes into an investment decision. The entire process can, and should, make an investor think more deeply about the weaknesses of and threats to a company, while also helping to tease out what is really important and distinctive about one company versus its rivals.
SWOT analysis also works best when it is done consistently. By using it on a regular basis and keeping track of the information, SWOT analysis can allow for better comparisons across industry participants and more frequent use can also help limit some of the dangers of bias and selective (or incomplete) analysis.
Investors can look at SWOT analysis as a good screening tool for potentially interesting ideas that merit further research. Likewise, investors may find that SWOT analysis provides a useful means of tracking current holdings and comparing the development and evolution of those companies to the original purchase theses. (These five qualitative measures allow investors to draw conclusions about a corporation that are not apparent on the balance sheet. Check out Using Porter's 5 Forces To Analyze Stocks.)
A SWOT analysis will not tell an investor what price is fair for a stock, or if a stock is presently undervalued. What SWOT analysis does do, however, is force some discipline and systematic thinking into the investment evaluation process. A careful and thoughtful analysis should bring into focus the balance of a company's advantages and vulnerabilities, and also give the investor a benchmark to evaluate the company in future years. (Knowing what the company's financial statements mean will help you to anaylze your investments. To learn more, visit Breaking Down The Balance Sheet.)
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Posts Tagged ‘open space’
For 10 years we have had wildlife cameras on the landscape monitoring important linkages. We first captured photos of badgers in 2012, and they have made consistent, if rare, appearances since. Badgers are an understudied animal in Arizona and we know very little about their status in Pima County. We now have a total of 40 images of badgers across 19 camera sites, with a 27% occupancy rate (the number of cameras that detected badgers versus the total number of cameras out there). We have seen badgers at two sites in the Tucson Mountains study area, and at 8 and 9 sites West and East, respectively, of Oracle Road in Oro Valley. Our partners at Arizona Game and Fish Department confirm that one of the badgers we photographed crossed the wildlife bridge, moving east to west, earlier this year. We are diving into the data to learn more about them in our Sonoran Desert landscape, including a fun look at identifying individuals!
We thought you would enjoy these photo highlights, and a neat look at our preliminary results showing more badger activity during new moon nights than full moon nights. Why do you think badgers might be more active on new moon nights than full moon nights, when it is darkest? Badgers are nocturnal, although females may come out in the day with her young in Spring. They are also fossorial carnivores, meaning they live most of the time underground and are very good diggers. Most of their prey live in burrows as well, including ground squirrels, pocket gophers, packrats, kangaroo rats, and rattlesnakes. Badgers may be appearing on our cameras more often during the new moon for a variety of reasons. One possibility is that badger activity is correlated with prey activity, and conditions that increase hunt success. Are rodents are more active during the dark new moon than the brighter full moon, too? Can badgers, adapted to hunting at night and underground, sense their prey better on dark nights? In science, the best answers lead to more questions!
Many thanks to Pat and Henry Miller for contributing three badger photos from their own camera to our study.
If you haven’t heard it, you may enjoy Petey Mesquitey’s song “The Coyote and the Badger” on KXCI radio!
In March 2019, the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) released their latest monitoring results from the Oracle Road wildlife crossings. AGFD typically releases monitoring results twice a year so we should have an updated monitoring report sometime this fall.
Two summary graphs from the report are highlighted below:
Want to learn more about the Oracle Road wildlife crossings, why they are located where they are, how wildlife know to use them, how they were funded, and much more? Our website includes:
On July 4, 2019, the Coalition for Sonoran Desert Protection, and additional signatories representing 27 community and environmental organizations, submitted comments on the Tier 1 Interstate 11 Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Nogales to Wickenburg.
The full comment letter can be found HERE.
Still haven’t submitted YOUR comments on the I-11 DEIS? There’s still time! The comment deadline is still 4 days away on Monday, July 8.
You can submit public comments in multiple ways, including:
Phone: 1.844.544.8049 (bilingüe)
I-11 Tier 1 EIS Study Team c/o ADOT Communications
1655 W. Jackson Street
Mail Drop 126F
Phoenix, AZ 85007
For more information on this issue to help inform your comments, head to our Take Action Webpage.
Thank you for using your voice for the people and wildlife of the Sonoran Desert!
February 25, 2019
Good news! According to Pima County Environmental Planning Manager Julia Fonseca, “In December 2018, the Pima County Board of Supervisors unanimously accepted a donation of 545 acres near the Ajo Scenic Loop in Western Pima County from a total of seven owners who wish to protect this natural desert over the long term. Pima County Regional Flood Control District also got full property rights to nearly 500 acres of the Big Wash near Rancho Vistoso Blvd. that was previously protected by a conservation easement. The completion of the acquisition affords an opportunity to partner with the Regional Transportation Authority to address the gap in wildlife fencing between Rancho Vistoso Blvd and Oro Valley Hospital, supporting the Highway 77 Wildlife Crossing Structures.”
Pima County wrote in a memo about the 545-acre property near Ajo, AZ, “The properties are separated by a mountain ridge from the town and a large copper mining pit, and surrounded on the other three sides by mountains and federal land managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Alley Road, a dirt road maintained by Pima County, traverses the valley and is promoted by the Ajo Chamber as part of a 10-mile scenic loop…as well as the gateway to the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. The properties are also in close proximity to the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge. The properties are within the Multiple Use and Special Species Management Areas of Pima County’s Conservation Lands System. The properties are largely undeveloped and contain an interesting mix of large saguaros and organ-pipe cactus. Desert bighorn sheep have been seen on the properties, and endangered Sonoran pronghorn are known to occur nearby.”
We are also very excited about the new protected open space in the Big Wash, a crucial piece of the larger wildlife linkage between the Santa Catalina and Tortolita Mountains. Wth your support, the Coalition will continue to work with Pima County and the Regional Transportation Authority to finish filling in wildlife fencing gaps – this will ensure the Oracle Road wildlife crossings are as effective as possible for the benefit of wildlife and people.
Bayer Vella, the Oro Valley Town Planning Manager, recently wrote an informative and exciting article for TucsonLocalMedia.com. Titled “Oro Valley Town Talk: Environmental Conservation values, balance, and results,” this article outlines the positive impacts from Oro Valley’s Environmentally-Sensitive Lands Ordinance (ESLO). In the article, Mr. Vella states,
“How did the community determine the right balance of land conservation and permissible development in the Environmentally Sensitive Lands Ordinance? Beginning in 2008, and over the course of two years, there were two advisory committees including residents and technical experts, community forums, stakeholder meetings and public hearings used to draft the ordinance, with final adoption by town council in 2010.
Building upon the work of Pima County’s Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, the ESL employs a tiered system of environmental resource categories. Each category has its own open space requirements based on scientific analysis and specific general plan land use designations. An extensive biological study was conducted within the town limits resulting in a town-wide ESL map of these categories.
So, has ESL truly made a difference since 2010? From where I stand, the answer is a resounding “yes.”
ESL results in tangible design changes that conserve significant environmental areas while also providing realistic development options. Due to legal constraints, ESL predominately applies to re-zonings, and has been applied to 12 subdivisions situated on a total of 771 acres. A full 432 acres of that area were conserved as permanent and natural open space, equaling 56 percent of the total land area.
How does this compare to the town’s previous efforts to conserve open space? We studied the same 12 subdivisions to measure a “what if” scenario using the pre-ESL zoning requirements. The amount of total open space conserved would have been 175 acres instead of 432 acres. Clearly, ESL provides a regulatory structure that yields consistent results, which is a far cry from the lower amounts and less refined mapping of the past.”
The Coalition was an active and involved member of the advisory committees that Mr. Vella cites and advocated strongly for the strong conservation policies present in Oro Valley’s ESLO. We are excited and gratified to hear that the ESLO has had such a tangible and positive impact on the biologically-important lands in Oro Valley.
In May 2018, Pima County released an important memo that explains succinctly why Pima County open space properties have a positive impact on the tax base. This was in response to an allegation made by Representative Vince Leach during the state legislative session that Pima County could receive more taxes if open space lands were sold to private development.
Some highlights from the memo include that the “findings [of a 2016 analysis] showed that the impacts to the tax base had almost no measurable impact. For example, the highest percent reduction in the primary tax base due to these acquisitions was eight thousandths of one percent. The analysis also examined the reduction in property tax revenue, the highest of which was
a loss of $20,306 in revenue in 2015, which also equated to six thousandths of one percent of the total County primary property tax revenue that year.”
Furthermore, “This analysis also cited well known ways in which conserving important natural areas benefits the tax base and tax revenues. For instance, any homebuilder can tell you that they charge lot premiums for homes adjacent to natural areas, which are then reflected in the higher taxable values of those properties, and in turn, reflect higher tax revenues from those properties. This also applies to certain commercial properties. For instance, several large resorts in Pima County have chosen to locate next to Tucson Mountain Park, Tortolita Mountain Park, and the Coronado National Forest, and promote the recreational opportunities and stunning views provided by these natural areas. Westin La Paloma Resort and J.W. Marriott Starr Pass Resort are in fact two of Pima County’s top 20 highest property taxpayers. This goes along with the fact that Visit Tucson, our local visitors bureau, continues to find through surveys that one of the top reasons people travel here is our natural environment.”
If this is a topic that interests you, you can find even more arguments and data to support Pima County’s conclusions in the full memo.
Great news! On June 19, 2018, the Pima County Board of Supervisors approved the purchase of 3,200 acres of new open space on the east side of the Santa Catalina Mountains. The Tesoro Nueve Ranch contains parts of Buehman Canyon, an important tributary to the San Pedro River and a crucial wildlife linkage between the Catalinas and the Galiuro Mountains. The property is surrounded by other open space properties owned by the County and national forest, making it an important “piece of the puzzle.” Home to a variety of threatened fish, frogs, birds, and wildlife, including coatimudi and bears, we are very excited that Pima County will be adding this property to the county parks system.
According to a Pima County press release, “The total purchase price is $1.55 million, with $488,000 to be paid by RFCD and the balance to be paid by the County Administrator’s Special Revenue Fund at closing, scheduled to occur before Aug. 17. That fund includes $1 million received from a 2014 Kinder Morgan mitigation agreement and can’t be used for purposes other than purchasing land for conservation. No general funds will be used to acquire the property.” Furthermore, “The property was part of the estate of Katheryne B. Willock, a noted archaeologist and a generous contributor to the University of Arizona Libraries, who died in January 2017.”
More information can be foundation at the full Pima County press release.
And check out this short but wonderful video of a large troop of coatimundis taken on the property:
Due to the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan’s “Off-Site Mitigation” option for property going through Pima County’s rezoning process, hundreds of acres have been obtained in fee by Pima County for the purposes of managing and maintaining the land as perpetual open space.
One of the key elements of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan is protecting open space as parcels located in biologically-sensitive areas go through the rezoning process. In most cases, the property owner opts to set aside a large percentage of land on their parcel and develop just a small portion. One lesser-used option allows for the property owner to acquire and preserve land in the same area and habitat-type. The SDCP also allows a combination of both options.
In the county’s most recent Comprehensive Land Use Update (referred to as Pima Prospers), language was added to define this “off-site mitigation” option:
The following guidelines apply to properties being considered for off-site mitigation:
a.The location of off-site mitigation properties should be within the same general geographic region of the original project site;
b. Off-site mitigation property should provide the same or better resource values as the original project site including, but not limited to:
1.CLS designations inclusive of 2004 Conservation Bond Habitat Protection Priority designations or subsequent conservation bond programs;
2.Vegetation community type (s);
3.Habitat values for applicable CLS Special Species (e.g., breeding, dispersal);
4.Surface water or unique landforms such as rock outcrops;
5.Contribution to landscape connectivity; and
6.Demonstration that the resource and conservation values of the off-site mitigation property will be protected in perpetuity.
c. Off-site mitigation of IRA may include the purchase and transfer of water rights that directly impact and/or support groundwater dependent ecosystems.
Last year, three parcels in the biologically-sensitive Tortolita Fan were rezoned by RedPoint Development, Inc. These parcels total 65.78 acres, and on-site preserved as open space totaled 26 acres. As such, there was a need to find additional land to “mitigate” the disturbance. This is where the option to mitigate off the site can be used as an option to “make up for” loss of habitat on the site. For every 1 acre disturbed, 4 acres need to be acquired off-site for permanent protection as open space.
The Coalition argued strenuously that these guidelines be applied fully. The ironwood habitat of the Tortolita Fan is not only biologically-rich but we are losing much of it to development in the towns of Marana and Oro Valley and in unincorporated Pima County.
In the end, a rezoning condition was adopted by the Board of Supervisors for the developed parcels and the owner deeded Pima County 374 acres for permanent protection. Our Tucson-Tortolita mountains wildlife linkage is now another step closer to reality!
Thanks to all of you who came out to support this action at both the Planning and Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors hearings!
April 27, 2017
The Lazy K Bar Ranch development proposal is back on the table. On Wednesday, April 26, 2017, the Town of Marana Planning and Zoning Commission recommended approval of a new development proposal for the Lazy K Bar Ranch property, with Commissioner Marcia Jakab dissenting. The Marana Town Council rejected a similar proposal two years ago.
In 2014, the owners of the Lazy K Bar property submitted a development proposal to Marana to construct 178 homes on the historic site and the Town Council rejected the proposal twice, both in late 2014 and early 2015. Councilmembers who voted “nay” cited concerns about the historic nature of the property and the density of the homes. There was also a large opposition from neighbors, Saguaro National Park (which lies only a 1/2-mile away from the property), and local conservation groups. The Coalition for Sonoran Desert Protection ended up supporting the project at the last minute after receiving concessions from the property owner in regards to a larger buffer around the property, assurances that no riparian habitat would be impacted, and details about native plant protection. Our main priority was protecting a significant wildlife corridor on the property that is part of the larger threatened wildlife linkage between the Tucson Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains.
This time around, the development proposal still involves the construction of 178 homes. Unfortunately, new elements of the project will infringe more on natural washes. We are in opposition to the proposal as it stands now. As Coalition Director Carolyn Campbell stated in a recent AZ Daily Star article, “We’ve been clear about what the wildlife needs. If they can provide that, we’re OK, but so far we haven’t seen it.”
Now that the Marana Planning and Zoning Commission has made a positive recommendation about the proposal, the Marana Town Council will make a final decision about the proposal on May 16, 2017.
To learn more, check out the official Marana staff report about the project, which includes the full development proposal, here.
And for some history on the failed proposal from 2014-2015, check out this AZ Daily Star article.
If you want to express your opinion about this development proposal, send an email to the Town of Marana Town Clerk at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Thank you for supporting responsible development and the protection of open spaces and our critical wildlife linkages!
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Chemical mechanical polishing refers to the use of polishing machine, polishing fluid, polishing cloth and other processes under certain conditions to achieve
high surface flatness of the processing process, in which the supply of polishing fluid by the peristaltic pump to complete.
Polishing fluid is a kind of water-soluble polishing agent without any sulfur, phosphorus and chlorine additives. The polishing fluid has good degreasing,
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Type of polishing liquid ：Polishing agent for silicon material / Sapphire polishing fluid / Gallium arsenide polishing solution / Lithium niobate polishing solution
Germanium polishing solution / Integrated circuit multiple copper wiring polishing fluid / Integrated circuit barrier polishing fluid
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pump body, especially not contacting the mechanical transmission mechanism, avoiding metal pollution in the process of chemical mechanical polishing, but
also not damaging the mechanical components of the pump body due to the corrosiveness of the polishing fluid.
(2) Self-priming ability: CR peristaltic pump can produce enough vacuum suction to suck polishing fluid from the night pool into the pump pipe during the
working process, thus eliminating the pre-filling process of pump and suction pipe. This also eliminates the need for submerged filling, so it is no longer necessary
to place the pump below the liquid source level, making the installation position of the pump more flexible and better integrated with the polishing machine itself.
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*If you encounter any quality issues, please contact us in time.
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*The product pictures and models, data, functions, performance, specifications and other parameters of this website are for reference only. CR pump may improve the above contents. For details, please refer to the product and product manual. Unless otherwise stated, the data contained in this website are CR pump internal test results, and the comparisons are compared with the CR pump products.
Link: CR Peristaltic Pump
All rights reserved Baoding Chuangrui Precision Pump Co.,Ltd.
Address: 2 Floors, East Unit, Building 12, ZOL Innovation Base, Huiyang street, Baoding, Hebei, China.
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| 0.88219
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