0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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Int\tJ\tEndocrinol\n\t2011:269853,\t2011;\tWu\tG\tet\tal:\n\tBiological\tmechanisms\tfor\tnutritional\tregulation\tof\nmaternal\thealth\tand\tfetal\tdevelopment,\t\nPaediatr\tPerinat\tEpidemiol\n\t26:4,\t2012a.\nIn\taddition\tto\tfetal\tgrowth\trestriction,\tany\tadverse\tmaternal\tcondition,\tincluding\tpoor\tnutritio... | [
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status,\tputs\tthe\tfetus\tat\trisk\tfor\tbeing\tdelivered\tpreterm.\tPrematurity\tleads\tto\tincreased\trisk\tof\nneonatal\tmorbidity\tand\tmortality,\tespecially\tif\tthe\tbaby\n\tis\talso\tgrowth\trestricted.\tPreterm\tdelivery\nrates\tare\trising\tin\tdeveloped\tcountries\tand\tare\thigher\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\... | [
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(\nBloomfield,\t2011\n).\tIn\tthe\tUnited\tStates\trates\tare\thighest\tamong\tnon-Hispanic\tblack\twomen,\tand\tit\nis\tunclear\tif\tearly\tfetal\tdevelopmental\tprogramming\tis\tplaying\ta\trole.\tPreterm\tdelivery\trates\tare\nhigher\twith\tART,\tamong\tboth\tsingletons\tand\tmultiples,\tpossibly\texplained\n\tin\tp... | [
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medical\tconditions\tthat\talso\tincrease\tinfertility\t(\nACOG,\t2016a\n).\nAlthough\tobesity\tdoes\tnot\tpredict\toptimal\tnutrition,\tit\tis\tsomewhat\tprotective\tfor\tpreterm\tdelivery.\nHowever,\tprepregnant\tunderweight,\tcombined\twith\tlow\tweight\tgain\tduring\tpregnancy,\thas\tan\nadditive\teffect\ton\tprete... | [
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weight\tgain\tdoubles\tthe\n\trisk\tof\tpreterm\tdelivery,\twhile\tweight\tloss\ttriples\tthe\trisk\t(\nBloomfield,\n2011\n).\tShort\tinterconceptual\tperiods\tare\tassociated\twith\tincreased\trates\tof\tpreterm\tbirths.\tIn\ta\nrecent\tstudy,\tthose\twomen\twho\twere\tunderweight,\twith\tan\tinterconceptual\tperiod\t... | [
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months,\tand\twho\thad\tinadequate\tweight\tgain\thad\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tnearly\t3.5\ttimes,\tresulting\tin\nover\t25%\trate\tof\tpreterm\tdelivery\n\t(\nLengyel\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nOxidative\tstress,\tmetabolic\tstress,\tand\tinflammation\tmay\tall\tbe\timportant\tfactors\tin\tincreasing\trisk | [
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of\tpreterm\tdelivery,\tand\tit\tappears\tthat\tpericonceptual\tmalnutrition\tis\tmore\timportant\tthan\tnutrition\nlater\tin\tpregnancy.\tThose\twomen\twho\tare\tstill\tgrowing\tor\twho\thave\teating\tdisorders\tmay\thave\ncompetition\tfor\tnutrients.\tSupplementation\twith\tmacronutrients\tmay\tbe\thelpful,\n\tbut\tt... | [
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but\tthere\tare\tno\npreconceptual\tstudies.\tSupplementation\twith\tLCPUFAs,\tprotein,\tand\tvitamins\tE\tand\tC\tare\tnot\neffective\t(\nACOG,\t2012\n).\tAlthough\tno\tideal\tdiet\thas\tbeen\tidentified,\tone\tcontaining\tfruits,\tvegetables,\nwhole\tgrains,\tand\tfish\thas\tbeen\tobserved\tto\tbe\tassociated\twith\t... | [
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0.022896... |
Probiotics\tmight\tbe\thelpful\t(\nEnglund-Ögge\tet\tal,\t2014\n)\tand\tsmoking\tcessation\tis\thelpful\t(\nACOG,\n2012\n).\tParticular\ttoxins\tmay\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\tprematurity.\tOne\tstudy\tfound\tnearly\tdouble\tthe\trisk\nof\tpreterm\tdelivery\tif\twomen\tconsumed\tmore\tthan\tfour\tservings\tof\tdiet\tsod... | [
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0.0362... |
Bloomfield,\n2011\n),\talthough\tthat\tfinding\thas\tbeen\tdisputed\t(\nLa\tVecchia,\t2013\n).\tLicorice\t(\nGlycyrrhiza\tglabra\n\troot)\nblocks\tthe\tenzyme\tthat\tinactivates\tcortisol,\tand\tthe\teffect\ton\tpreterm\tdelivery\trisk\tis\tdose-related.\nSimilar\tresults\tare\tseen\twhen\tthe\tmother\tis\texposed\tto\... | [
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Clinical\tInsight:\nStress\tduring\tPregnancy\n).\tThe\trole\tof\tpaternal\tnutrition\tin\tpreterm\tdelivery\trisk\tis\tunexplored\n(\nBloomfield,\t2011\n).\nThe\teffect\tof\tpoor\tmaternal\tnutrition\tor\texposure\tto\ttoxins\tmay\tfollow\tthe\tinfant\tfor\tdecades.\tA\nvery\tpreterm,\tgrowth-restricted\tbaby\tmay\tsu... | [
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Neural\ttube\tdefects\n(NTDs)\n\tmay\tcause\tlifelong\tproblems\twith\tmobility\tand\tbodily\tfunctions.\tFetal\talcohol\tsyndrome\n(FAS)\tis\ta\tmajor\tcause\tof\tintellectual\tdevelopmental\tdisability.\tHowever,\teven\tthose\tbabies\twho\tare\nborn\twith\tno\tapparent\tdefects\tmay\tsuffer\tincreased\trisk\tof\tchro... | [
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optimal\tprenatal\tenvironment.\tSee\t\nFig.\t14.3\n\tfor\ta\tsummary\tof\tthe\teffects\tof\tmaternal\tmalnutrition. | [
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FIG.\t14.3\nMajor\tnegative\teffects\tof\tmaternal\tmalnutrition\t(both\tunder-\tand\tovernutrition)\ton\tmother\tand\tinfant.\nEpigenetic\teffects\nCompromises\tin\tstructural\tor\tcognitive\tpotential\tmay\tnot\tbe\tevident\twhen\tan\tinfant\tis\tborn\tbut\tmay\nmanifest\tlater\tin\tlife.\tA\tchild\twith\tIUGR,\tofte... | [
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malnutrition\tor\tanemia,\tmay\thave\tpermanent\tmild\tneurodevelopmental\n\tcognitive\tabnormalities.\nBabies\tborn\tpreterm\tor\tgrowth\trestricted\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\ta\thigher\trisk\tof\tobesity,\ttype\t2\ndiabetes,\thypertension,\tand\tcardiovascular\tdisease\t(CVD)\tlater\tin\tlife\t(\nSimeoni\tet\tal,\... | [
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Simeoni\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tThose\nbabies\texposed\tto\tthe\tDutch\tfamine\tearly\tin\tgestation\twere\tat\thighest\trisk\tof\tCVD\tand\thad\tdouble\nthe\trisk\tfor\tschizophrenia,\tas\twell\tas\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tstress\tsensitivity\n\tand\tbreast\tcancer.\tThose\nexposed\tmidpregnancy\twere\tthree\ttimes\tmore... | [
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creatinine\tclearance,\tas\twell\tas\thaving\tan\tincreased\trisk\tfor\tobstructive\tairway\tdisease;\tgrowth\nrestriction\twas\tcommon\tamong\tthose\taffected\tin\tthe\tlater\ttrimesters\t(\nRoseboom\tet\tal,\t2011\n;\nMatusiak\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nGirls\tborn\tpreterm\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdeliver\tpreterm\twith\tth... | [
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pregnancies\tand\tmore\tlikely\nto\tdevelop\tanorexia\tnervosa\t(\nBloomfield,\t2011\n).\tImmune\tfunction,\tlearning\tability,\tmental\thealth,\ncancer,\tand\taging\tare\tlikely\taffected\tby\tLBW.\tFunctional\tneural\tpathways\tcontrolling\tappetite\tand\nsatiety\tlikely\tdevelop\tin\tthe\tthird\ttrimester,\tso\tpret... | [
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development.\nThose\tbabies\tborn\t\nlarge\tfor\tgestational\tage\t(LGA)\n\tor\texposed\n\tto\tmaternal\thyperglycemia\tor\nmaternal\tobesity\tare\tat\tincreased\trisk\tof\tchronic\tdiseases,\tlikely\tthrough\tmultiple\tmechanisms\t(see\nFocus\tOn:\n\tSpecial\tCase\tof\tObesity\n).\nBirth\tweight\tmay\tnot\tbe\tthe\ton... | [
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folate\tduring\tpregnancy\tis\tassociated\twith\tinsulin\tresistance\tand\tobesity\tin\tlater\tlife\tif\tcombined\nwith\tlow\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tlevels,\tand\n\tincreased\trates\tof\tcancer\tare\tassociated\twith\tsupraphysiologic\nintakes\tof\tmethyl\tdonors\t(\nMilagro\tet\tal,\t2013\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t6\n).\tMaterna... | [
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;\tsee\t\nChapter\t6\n).\tMaternal\tand\tpaternal\tnutritional\nimbalances\tare\tlikely\tto\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\tmetabolic\tsyndrome\t(\nDelCurto\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nExposure\tto\tendocrine-disrupting\tchemicals\t(substances\tfound\tin\tthe\tenvironment\tthat\tinterfere\nwith\tthe\tsynthesis,\tmetabolism,\tor\tact... | [
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hormones)\tmay\tmodify\tgene\texpression\tand\nthe\teffects,\tincluding\tincreased\trisk\tof\tobesity,\tinsulin\tresistance,\tand\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\tmay\tbe\nnonlinear\t(i.e.,\tlow\tdoses\tmay\tbe\tmore\tharmful\tthan\thigh\tdoses)\t(\nBarouki\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tIn\tone\tstudy,\nmothers\twho\tate\tan\tunbalanced\thi... | [
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late\tpregnancy\tproduced\toffspring\twho\texperienced\thigher\tcortisol\n\tlevels\twhen\texposed\tto\tstress\tas\nadults\t(\nBloomfield,\t2011\n).\nThis\tdevelopmental\tplasticity\tcan\tbe\thelpful.\tHowever,\twhen\tthere\tis\ta\tmismatch\tbetween\tin\tutero\nprogramming\tand\tthe\tlater\tenvironment,\tthe\trisk\tof\t... | [
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“thrifty\tphenotype,”\tadapting\tto\tpoor\tnutritional\tconditions\tby\tbeing\tmore\tefficient\tin\tacquiring\tand\nconserving\tenergy.\tHowever,\twhen\tlater\texposed\n\tto\tan\tenvironment\twith\thigher\tavailability,\tthis\n“thrifty”\tadaptation\tmay\tpredispose\tthe\toffspring\tto\tthe\tdiseases\tof\taffluence,\tin... | [
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0.013711... |
type\t2\tdiabetes.\tIn\taddition,\tharm\tmay\talso\tbe\tcaused\tby\tovercompensation\tlater\twith\texcessive\ncatch-up\tgrowth.\tAltered\torgan\tstructure,\tcell\tnumbers,\tand\tmetabolic\tfunctioning,\tincluding\npremature\taging\tof\ttissues,\tall\tappear\timportant\t(\nBurton\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nExposure\tof\tthe\te... | [
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contaminants,\tcan\tturn\tthe\timprinting\tgenes\tthat\tcontrol\tgrowth\tand\tdevelopment\ton\tor\toff,\tbut\tthe\namounts,\ttiming,\tand\teffects\tare\tstill\tbeing\tinvestigated.\tPaternal\tnutrient\timbalance\tand\tgene-\nenvironment\tinteractions\tare\talso\tlikely\timportant\t(\nBarouki\tet\tal,\t2012\n;\t\nDelCur... | [
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0.11773936450481415,
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0.04699448123574257,
0.0458431... |
Barouki\tet\tal,\t2012\n;\t\nDelCurto\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nAlthough\tthe\n\tconcept\tof\tthe\tDOHaD\toriginally\tfocused\ton\tundernutrition,\tovernutrition\talso\tis\tbeing\nstudied.\tEffects\tof\tmacro-\tand\tmicronutrients,\tas\twell\tas\tphytonutrients\tand\thypoxia,\tare\tbeing\nexamined,\tprimarily\tthrough\tanima... | [
0.023337066173553467,
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0.02500607818365097,
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-0.0667288675904274,
0.034291282296180725,
0.10489688068628311,
-0.05764554440975189,
0.016824714839458466,
0.04759203642606735,
0.13153649866580963,
-0.020570561289787292,
0.05748264864087105,
-0.0272... |
epigenetic\teffects\thas\tnot\tyet\tbeen\testablished\t(\nVanhees\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tIt\tappears\tthat\tthe\tepigenetic\neffect\tof\tpreconceptual\n\tobesity\tis\tstronger\tfor\tmaternal\tthan\tpaternal\tobesity\t(\nGodfrey\tet\tal,\t2017b\n).\nHowever,\tthe\tpaternal\tdiet\tbefore\tconception\tdoes\tappear\tto\taffec... | [
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0.09208556264638901,
0.11151814460754395,
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0.0166409220546484,
0.0472... |
there\tis\tevidence\tthat\tthe\tsperm\tepigenome\tis\trapidly\tremodeled\tafter\tweight\tloss\tfollowing\tbariatric\nsurgery\t(\nBlock\tand\tEl-Osta,\t2017\n).\tParental\tdiet,\tbody\tcomposition,\tmetabolism,\tand\tstress\texposure\nall\tappear\timportant,\n\tbut\tthe\teffects\tare\tsex-specific.\tMechanisms\tinclude\... | [
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0.06875245273113251,
0.005295098759233952,
0.00953641440719366,
0.047994215041399,
0.10261435806751251,
-0.05242999643087387,
0.03449999541044235,
0.0153923... |
physiologic,\tand\tmetabolic\tchanges\t(\nFleming\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nNew\tresearch\talso\tis\tfocusing\ton\tthe\tgrandchildren\tof\tpeople\taffected\tby\tthe\tDutch\tfamine | [
0.07760898023843765,
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0.01406195480376482,
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0.1391247659921646,
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0.0550626... |
(\nRoseboom\tet\tal,\t2011\n)\tto\tdocument\tthe\tlong-term\tepigenetic\teffects\t(\nFig.\t14.4)\n.\tPreliminary\tresults\nshow\tthat\tunder-\tand\tovernutrition\tare\timportant\tissues,\tbut\tthere\tare\n\tdifferences\tin\tresponse\tby\nsex,\tand\tthe\ttiming\tof\tthe\tinsult\tmatters\t(\nVanhees\tet\tal,\t2014\n;\t\n... | [
0.005643391981720924,
0.0022145716939121485,
0.08997088670730591,
-0.07730165123939514,
-0.08068834990262985,
0.02674173004925251,
0.0385466031730175,
0.01954868994653225,
-0.019908905029296875,
0.07943588495254517,
0.09147073328495026,
-0.035010889172554016,
0.002729743719100952,
0.037860... |
Vanhees\tet\tal,\t2014\n;\t\nPreston\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nFIG.\t14.4\nTransgenerational\tinheritance\tof\tepigenetic\tmodifications\tinduced\tby\texposure\tto\tmacro-\tand\nmicronutrients.\n\tSource:\t(Adapted\tfrom\tVanhees\tK,\tVonhögen\tIG,\tvan\tSchooten\tFJ\tet\tal:\tYou\tare\twhat\tyou\teat,\tand\tso\tare\tyour | [
-0.03348848223686218,
0.023123012855648994,
0.03653930127620697,
-0.0801783874630928,
-0.07205372303724289,
0.043696243315935135,
0.05888482555747032,
0.026422882452607155,
0.01915776915848255,
0.03671923652291298,
0.07837367057800293,
-0.07355712354183197,
0.021151568740606308,
0.02042113... |
children:\tthe\timpact\tof\tmicronutrients\ton\tthe\tepigenetic\tprogramming\tof\toffspring,\t\nCell\tMol\tLife\tSci\n\t71:271,\t2014.)\nThe\tpreconceptual\tnutritional\trole\tin\taltering\tthe\n\tepigenome\tis\tstill\tbeing\tactively\texplored.\tAnimal\nresearch\tshows\tcomponents\tof\ta\tpreconceptual\tdiet\tmay\tres... | [
-0.03422839194536209,
-0.01861470378935337,
0.06904903799295425,
0.03022415190935135,
-0.08141493052244186,
0.01694418489933014,
0.08712706714868546,
0.008530300110578537,
0.0073487707413733006,
0.04260392114520073,
0.11599477380514145,
-0.06237642094492912,
0.053623396903276443,
0.0175428... |
Owen\net\tal,\t2013\n).\tMaternal\tand\tpaternal\tweight\tand\tnutritional\tstatus,\tas\twell\tas\tthat\tof\tprevious\ngenerations,\tare\tlikely\timportant\tin\taffecting,\tand\tbeing\taffected\tby,\tgenetic\tvariations.\tBecause\tof\nthe\tincreased\tappreciation\tfor\tthe\tpericonceptual\teffects\n\ton\tthe\tlifetime\... | [
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0.006493595894426107,
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0.053571075201034546,
0.12520939111709595,
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0.05891881883144379,
0.08738791942596436,
-0.048218734562397,
0.019268231466412544,
0.0328... |
on\tthe\tlifetime\thealth\tof\tthe\toffspring,\nthere\tare\tcalls\tfor\tmuch\tbetter\tguidance\tand\tparental\tpreparation\tbefore\tconception\t(\nFleming\tet\tal,\n2018\n)\t(see\t\nChapter\t6\n).\nNutrient\trequirements\tduring\tpregnancy\nNutrition\tduring\tpregnancy\toften\tis\tequated\twith\tweight\tgain\tbecause\t... | [
-0.014362833462655544,
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0.04321487620472908,
0.05450226366519928,
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0.0754186138510704,
0.04284415766596794,
0.035198379307985306,
0.0017219394212588668,
0.01628451980650425,
0.1104203313589096,
-0.017846539616584778,
0.013286598958075047,
-0.0230... |
consistently\tmeasured.\tHowever,\tmaternal\tweight\tgain\tis\tnot\tnecessarily\tpredictive\tof\thealth\noutcomes,\tespecially\tfor\theavier\twomen.\tIn\tgeneral,\talthough\tthe\tmother\tneeds\tto\teat\ta\tlittle\tmore\nwhen\tshe\tis\tpregnant\tor\tbreastfeeding,\tshe\tneeds\tto\teat\tmore\tcarefully\tbecause\tmost\tnu... | [
0.008051364682614803,
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0.08174381405115128,
0.006674029864370823,
-0.13722413778305054,
0.027151374146342278,
0.06332821398973465,
-0.03322450816631317,
-0.05957307294011116,
0.033820006996393204,
0.08638948202133179,
-0.06135624274611473,
0.05019521713256836,
0.002302... |
requirements\tincrease\tmore\tduring\tpregnancy\tand\tlactation\tthan\tdo\tthe\tcalorie\trequirements\t(\nFig.\n14.5\n).\tThe\tU.S.\tdietary\treference\tintakes\t(DRIs)\tare\tfound\ton\tthe\tinside\tcover.\tEstimated\nrequirements\tduring\n\tpregnancy\tand\tlactation\tvary\tbetween\tcountries\t(see\tadditional\tinforma... | [
-0.021253472194075584,
0.0186656154692173,
0.057669684290885925,
-0.027778908610343933,
-0.09869353473186493,
0.0054398877546191216,
0.026296401396393776,
0.051408376544713974,
-0.04774228110909462,
0.00327860563993454,
0.08919597417116165,
-0.10255159437656403,
0.00020179351849947125,
0.0... |
the\tEvolve\twebsite\tfor\trecommendations\tfrom\tWHO\tand\t16\tgovernments\tor\tregions\tworldwide)\tbut\nthere\tis\ta\tcall\tto\timprove\tthe\tconsistency\tin\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tthese\tvalues\tacross\tcultures\n(\nNational\tAcademies\tof\tSciences,\tEngineering,\tand\tMedicine,\t2018\n).\tFor\tmost\tnutrients,\tt... | [
0.021110232919454575,
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0.030188998207449913,
-0.06315961480140686,
-0.0748307928442955,
0.01639774814248085,
0.03239669278264046,
-0.024022065103054047,
0.003550225170329213,
0.07587901502847672,
0.08360444009304047,
-0.007760846056044102,
0.021749798208475113,
0.02104... |
).\tFor\tmost\tnutrients,\tthere\tis\nlittle\tguidance\tby\ttrimester\tor\tfor\n\tpregnancies\twith\tmore\tthan\tone\tfetus.\nFIG.\t14.5\nPercent\tof\tnonpregnant\tDRIs\tfor\tselected\tnutrients\tfor\tpregnancy\tand\tlactation.\tCalculations\tare\nbased\ton\ta\t25-year-old\twoman\t(65\tinches,\t126\tpounds\tprepregnant... | [
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0.00622371444478631,
0.04008825868368149,
0.01335805095732212,
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0.02390427328646183,
0.06056524068117142,
0.002703785663470626,
-0.05273071676492691,
0.05755554139614105,
0.11293378472328186,
-0.07245814055204391,
-0.005116455722600222,
-0.03892816... |
third\ttrimester\tand\tlactation\tin\tthe\tfirst\t6\tmonths.\nEnergy\nAdditional\tenergy\tis\trequired\tduring\tpregnancy\tto\tsupport\tthe\tmetabolic\tdemands\tof\tpregnancy\tand\nfetal\tgrowth.\tMetabolism\n\tincreases\tby\tan\taverage\tof\t15%\tin\tthe\tsingleton\tpregnancy,\tbut\twith\twide | [
0.01169254444539547,
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0.03397697955369949,
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0.0537576861679554,
0.09662473201751709,
0.05258893594145775,
-0.052811093628406525,
0.0507366769015789,
0.1236254870891571,
-0.04450337588787079,
-0.03945508971810341,
0.001923317... |
variability\tespecially\tin\tthe\tthird\ttrimester.\tThe\tDRI\tfor\tenergy\tincreases\tby\tonly\t340\tkcal/day\tduring\nthe\tsecond\ttrimester\tand\tby\t452\tkcal/day\tin\tthe\tthird\ttrimester.\tIf\tmaternal\tweight\tgain\tis\twithin\tthe\ndesirable\tlimits,\tthe\trange\tof\tacceptable\tenergy\tintakes\tvaries\twidely... | [
0.04001050814986229,
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0.0914534330368042,
0.009903032332658768,
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0.09827206283807755,
0.08648636937141418,
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0.028913913294672966,
0.08126397430896759,
-0.0890263170003891,
0.02692370116710663,
0.04354858... |
differences\tin\tenergy\n\toutput\tand\tbasal\tmetabolic\trate.\tModifying\tintakes\tto\tachieve\trecommended\nweight\tgain\t(see\t\nPregnancy\tWeight\tGain\tRecommendations\n)\tis\tmore\tuseful\tthan\tcalculating\tcaloric\nrequirements.\nExercise.\nEnergy\texpended\tin\tvoluntary\tphysical\tactivity\tis\tthe\tlargest\... | [
0.05442772060632706,
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0.07704643905162811,
0.015349158085882664,
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0.07612815499305725,
0.040016088634729385,
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0.029615575447678566,
0.08998894691467285,
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0.0544... |
Physical\tactivity\tincreases\tenergy\texpenditure\tproportional\tto\tbody\tweight.\tHowever,\tmost\tpregnant\nwomen\tcompensate\tfor\tincreased\tweight\tgain\tby\tslowing\ttheir\twork\tand\tmovement\tpace.\tTherefore\ntotal\tdaily\tenergy\texpenditure\tmay\tnot\tbe\tsubstantially\tgreater\tthan\tbefore\tpregnancy. | [
0.015225999057292938,
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0.08274506032466888,
0.07440221309661865,
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0.01870100386440754,
0.14141973853111267,
0.018772799521684647,
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0.01930389739573002,
0.1079641655087471,
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0.004660008940845728,
0.0111097... |
The\tACOG\trecommends\tat\tleast\t20\tto\t30\tminutes\tof\tmoderate\tintensity\texercise\ton\tmost,\tif\tnot\tall,\ndays\tfor\tpregnant\twomen\twithout\tcontraindications\t(\nACOG,\t2015a\n).\tShort\tduration\tstrenuous\nexercise\tappears\tunconcerning,\n\tbut\tthe\timpact\tof\tlong\tduration\tstrenuous\texercise\ton\t... | [
0.003413719590753317,
0.0029974051285535097,
0.0631503164768219,
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0.0035599577240645885,
0.03450339660048485,
0.06669685244560242,
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0.03300062566995621,
0.07193409651517868,
-0.017278049141168594,
0.021428950130939484,
0.0306... |
unknown\t(\nSzymanski\tand\tSatin,\t2012\n).\tElite\tathletes\tmay\tneed\tto\tmodify\ttheir\texercise\troutines\t(\nBø\net\tal,\t2018\n).\tExcessive\texercise,\tcombined\twith\tinadequate\tenergy\tintake,\tmay\tlead\tto\tsuboptimal\nmaternal\tweight\tgain\tand\tpoor\tfetal\tgrowth.\tTherefore\ta\tpregnant\twoman\tshoul... | [
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0.07828419655561447,
0.003145664231851697,
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0.08771229535341263,
0.017736565321683884,
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0.026456110179424286,
0.125880628824234,
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0.03010324388742447,
0.0252... |
exercise\twith\ther\thealth\tpractitioner.\tAlthough\n\tthere\tis\tlimited\tevidence\tthat\texercise\thelps\tmodify\ngestational\tweight\tgain,\tthere\tis\talso\tno\tevidence\tof\tharm\tand\tin\tobservational\tstudies\texercise\thas\nbeen\tassociated\twith\tlower\trisk\tof\tgestational\tdiabetes,\tpregnancy-induced\thy... | [
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0.08001155406236649,
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0.03532177954912186,
0.04810972139239311,
0.033304303884506226,
0.03140151500701904,
0.022698... |
preeclampsia\t(\nSeneviratne\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tThe\teffect\tof\tmaternal\texercise\ton\toffspring\tsusceptibility\tto\nchronic\tdiseases\tis\tbeing\texplored\tin\tanimal\tresearch\n\tbut\tresults\tare\tmixed\tand\tthe\ttype,\ttiming,\nintensity,\tand\tdose\tof\toptimal\texercise\tare\tall\tunknowns\t(\nBlaize\tet\tal... | [
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0.05903695523738861,
0.07652219384908676,
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0.0428... |
Blaize\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tHowever,\tnot\tall\nepigenetic\teffects\tmay\tbe\tpositive.\tThere\tis\tlimited\tevidence\tthat\texcessive\tpaternal\texercise\tis\nassociated\twith\tan\toffspring’s\tthrifty\tphenotype\t(\nDhasarathy\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nProtein\nAdditional\tprotein\tis\trequired\tto\tsupport\tthe\tsynthesis\... | [
0.005840352736413479,
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0.07433150708675385,
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0.008213990367949009,
0.0181... |
fetal\ttissues.\tThis\tdemand\nincreases\tthroughout\tgestation\tand\tis\tmaximized\tduring\tthe\tthird\ttrimester.\tCaution\tis\tadvised\twhen\nreading\tthe\tDRI\ttables.\tThe\tbaseline\tprotein\tRDA\tof\t0.8\tg/kg\tcurrent\tbody\tweight/day\tfor\tpregnant\nwomen\tis\t46\tg\tonly\tfor\tsomeone\twith\ta\tprepregnant\tw... | [
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-0.014... |
the\tfirst\thalf\tof\tpregnancy\tis\tthe\tsame\tas\tthat\tfor\tnonpregnant\twomen\tbut\n\tthe\trequired\tintake\nincreases\tas\tweight\tincreases.\tThe\tRDA\tcalculation\tincreases\tin\tthe\tsecond\thalf\tof\tpregnancy\tto\t1.1\ngm/kg\tcurrent\tbody\tweight/day.\tThis\twould\tbe\t71\tg/day\tonly\tfor\tthat\tsame\trefer... | [
0.01811669021844864,
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0.06378326565027237,
0.020960671827197075,
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0.03030780516564846,
0.06797108799219131,
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0.06545591354370117,
0.11184990406036377,
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0.01179320365190506,
-0.04162149... |
also\tgaining\tweight\tappropriately.\tFor\tmany\twomen,\tthe\tprotein\trequirement\tis\thigher.\tFor\teach\nadditional\tfetus,\tthe\tInstitute\tof\tMedicine\t(IOM)\trecommends\tan\tadditional\t50\tg/day\tstarting\n\tin\tthe\nsecond\ttrimester\t(\nOtten\tet\tal,\t2006\n),\tbut\tbecause\tprotein\tis\talso\tused\tas\tan\... | [
0.02407628670334816,
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0.07174775004386902,
0.009534497745335102,
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0.005768779199570417,
0.13249878585338593,
0.050808556377887726,
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0.06595060229301453,
0.09609135240316391,
-0.01832226663827896,
0.009799888357520103,
0.022412186... |
),\tbut\tbecause\tprotein\tis\talso\tused\tas\tan\tenergy\tsource,\tthe\ttotal\nmay\tbe\tas\tmuch\tas\t175\tg/day\tfor\tthe\tnormal-weight\twoman\tcarrying\ta\ttwin\tgestation\twho\tis\nconsuming\t3500\tkcal/day\t(\nGoodnight\tand\tNewman,\t2009\n).\nThe\tWHO\tuses\tslightly\tdifferent\tcalculations.\tThey\talso\tcalcu... | [
0.012029443867504597,
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0.07720711827278137,
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0.0002959737612400204,
0.0998002141714096,
0.0011100146220996976,
-0.023510955274105072,
0.04151475802063942,
0.08671028912067413,
-0.08065417408943176,
0.01346354465931654,
0.010... |
current\tbody\tweight.\tHowever,\tthe\testimates\tof\tincreased\n\tneeds\tare\tpresented\tas\tstandard\namounts/day\tfor\teveryone.\tThe\t2007\trecommendations\tare\tdesigned\tto\tsupport\ta\ttotal\t13.8\tkg\nweight\tgain.\tHowever,\tsome\tresearchers\trecommend\tthe\tolder\t(1985)\tand\tmore\tconservative\nguidelines\... | [
-0.08068531006574631,
-0.0096157630905509,
0.08061112463474274,
-0.002552029211074114,
-0.055161915719509125,
0.022461608052253723,
0.027288302779197693,
0.007045216392725706,
-0.017553646117448807,
0.02579857036471367,
0.07085658609867096,
-0.022556886076927185,
0.010623902082443237,
-0.0... |
guidelines\t(\nMillward,\t2012\n)\t(\nTable\t14.8\n).\nTABLE\t14.8\nProtein\tIntake\tRecommendations\nPrepregnancy\nFirst\nTrimester\nSecond\tTrimester\nThird\nTrimester\nNotes\nU.S.\nDRIs\n0.8\tg/kg\ncurrent\nbody\nweight/day\n0.8\tg/kg\ncurrent\nweight/day\n1.1\tg/kg\tcurrent\tweight/day\nstarting\tin\tthe\tsecond\nh... | [
-0.03539188206195831,
0.030758488923311234,
0.007787511218339205,
0.028378602117300034,
-0.0955442488193512,
0.018652552738785744,
-0.02592037059366703,
0.05057641491293907,
-0.10919317603111267,
0.018978945910930634,
0.09821318835020065,
-0.09758023172616959,
-0.060601409524679184,
-0.046... |
half\tof\tpregnancy\n1.1\tg/kg\ncurrent\nweight/day\nWHO,\n2007\n0.83\tg/kg\ncurrent\nbody\nweight/day\nBaseline\t+\n0.7\tg/day\nBaseline\t+\t9.6\tg/day\nBaseline\t+\n31.2\tg/day\nWHO,\n1985\n0.83\tg/kg\ncurrent\nbody\nweight/day\nBaseline\t+\n1.2\tg/day\nBaseline\t+\t6.1\tg/day\nBaseline\t+\n10.7\tg/day\nAverage\tincr... | [
-0.017127813771367073,
0.04173218086361885,
0.039899103343486786,
0.0418853834271431,
-0.11731657385826111,
-0.0038433528970927,
0.05680776387453079,
0.01098046824336052,
-0.0854162648320198,
-0.0025615657214075327,
0.07668346166610718,
-0.10847695171833038,
0.006259043235331774,
-0.020015... |
10.7\tg/day\nAverage\tincrease\t6\ng/day\tabove\nbaseline\nrequirements\nAdapted\tfrom\tMillward\tDJ:\tIdentifying\trecommended\tdietary\tallowances\tfor\tprotein\tand\tamino\tacids:\ta\tcritique\tof\tthe\t2007\tWHO/FAO/UNU\treport,\nBr\tJ\tNutr\n\t108(Suppl\t2):S3,\t2012.\nThere\tis\tconcern\tthat\tnitrogen\tbalance\t... | [
-0.023874247446656227,
-0.03507709130644798,
0.06752979010343552,
-0.02838357351720333,
-0.07695914804935455,
0.029002521187067032,
0.07343283295631409,
0.03457898646593094,
-0.032311875373125076,
0.023854846134781837,
0.11169895529747009,
-0.02959640510380268,
0.0019344971515238285,
-0.00... |
considering\n\tthat\tthe\tincreased\trequirements\tof\tspecific\tamino\tacids\tmay\tbe\tdisproportionately\nhigher\taccording\tto\tanimal\tresearch\t(\nElango\tand\tBall,\t2016\n).\tThere\tis\tsome\tcall\tto\tincrease\tprotein\nrequirements,\tincluding\tincreasing\tthe\tprotein\tintake\tearlier\tin\tpregnancy.\tRecent\... | [
0.03836646303534508,
-0.045712392777204514,
0.06734681129455566,
-0.030143385753035545,
-0.10158853232860565,
0.02427634410560131,
0.11431775987148285,
0.033978573977947235,
0.028171727433800697,
0.04659327492117882,
0.13954277336597443,
-0.047085896134376526,
0.01629989594221115,
0.034821... |
optimal\tintake\twas\t1.2\tg/kg/day\tat\t16\tweeks\tand\t1.52\tg/kg/day\tat\t36\tweeks\twhen\testimated\tby\nindicator\tamino\tacid\toxidation.\n\tHowever,\tthe\tmethod\tis\tnot\tuniversally\taccepted\tand\tfurther\nresearch\tis\tnecessary.\tProtein\tdeficiency\tduring\tpregnancy\thas\tadverse\tconsequences,\tincluding | [
0.0031725249718874693,
0.03528920188546181,
0.026895597577095032,
0.02338414639234543,
-0.12301305681467056,
-0.0023623507004231215,
0.04355829954147339,
0.07365729659795761,
-0.0170954167842865,
0.053118638694286346,
0.12293878197669983,
-0.028819827362895012,
-0.004591604694724083,
0.008... |
poor\tfetal\tgrowth.\tProtein\talso\tis\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tsynthesis\tof\thormones\tand\tneurotransmitters. | [
0.06672761589288712,
-0.0692555233836174,
0.050659459084272385,
0.025755856186151505,
-0.060523081570863724,
0.027253808453679085,
0.030027680099010468,
0.050039518624544144,
0.018281299620866776,
0.12423817813396454,
0.09831112623214722,
-0.05855495110154152,
-0.03700524941086769,
0.03328... |
Limited\tintakes\tof\tprotein\tand\tenergy\tusually\toccur\ttogether,\tmaking\tit\tdifficult\tto\tseparate\tthe\neffects\tof\tenergy\tdeficiency\tfrom\tthose\tof\n\tprotein\tdeficiency.\tAlthough\tmost\twomen\tin\tthe\tUnited\nStates\tlikely\teat\tmore\tthan\tenough\tprotein,\tthere\tare\tsome\tfor\twhom\tparticular\ta... | [
0.04309399425983429,
-0.09223178029060364,
0.08019357919692993,
-0.04749287664890289,
-0.056863799691200256,
0.028532996773719788,
0.09708103537559509,
0.04338614642620087,
-0.032647233456373215,
0.06789260357618332,
0.10630550235509872,
-0.03703441098332405,
0.035925619304180145,
0.074999... |
paid,\tincluding\tthose\tconsuming\ta\tvegetarian\tdiet,\tthose\twho\tare\tstill\tgrowing\tthemselves,\tor\tthose\nwho\tare\tpregnant\twith\tmultiples.\tThe\toptimal\tbalance\tof\tprotein\tto\ttotal\tcalories\thas\tyet\tto\tbe\ndetermined\tand\trecommendations,\tas\twell\tas\tintakes,\tvary\n\tacross\tcultures\t(\nBlum... | [
-0.009430570527911186,
-0.02178153209388256,
0.058598704636096954,
-0.039419058710336685,
-0.14067809283733368,
-0.0066841887310147285,
0.07689864933490753,
-0.02619154565036297,
-0.0069335452280938625,
0.06341821700334549,
0.06361688673496246,
-0.05043156072497368,
0.04856901243329048,
-0... |
across\tcultures\t(\nBlumfield\tand\tCollins,\n2014\n).\tCaution\tis\tadvised\twhen\tconsidering\tvery\thigh\tprotein\tsupplements.\tIntakes\tat\tthe\thigh\tend\nof\tthe\tacceptable\tmacronutrient\tdistribution\tranges\t(AMDR)\t(i.e.,\t30%\tto\t35%\tof\tcalories\tfrom\nprotein)\thave\tbeen\tassociated\twith\tan\tincrea... | [
0.0159616582095623,
-0.09161026030778885,
0.06679923087358475,
-0.03343002125620842,
-0.06382779031991959,
-0.025357816368341446,
0.1006818488240242,
0.02333395555615425,
-0.02668791264295578,
0.08193095773458481,
0.09164295345544815,
-0.03828783705830574,
0.033372506499290466,
0.048861261... |
the\tmechanism\tis\tunclear.\tCurrent\tU.S.\tpractice\toften\ttargets\tprotein\n\tintakes\tat\t20%\tof\ttotal\ncalories,\tpossibly\thigher\tfor\tmultiples.\tWHO\trecommends\t23%\tof\tcalories\tcome\tfrom\tprotein\n(\nMillward,\t2012\n).\tSupplementation,\tif\tnecessary,\tshould\tbe\tdone\twith\tfood\trather\tthan\twith... | [
-0.0018305398989468813,
-0.061823770403862,
0.03173177316784859,
-0.05834108591079712,
-0.07891545444726944,
-0.0030875413212925196,
0.09779836982488632,
0.020654071122407913,
0.008104214444756508,
0.05424032360315323,
0.0786866769194603,
0.0007616287912242115,
0.0696953758597374,
0.042229... |
supplements.\tFor\texample,\tsomeone\tconsuming\t2240\tkcal\tfrom\t6\tcups/day\tof\t2%\tmilk,\t8\toz\tof\tmeat,\nsix\tservings\tof\tstarch,\tthree\tvegetable\tservings,\ttwo\tfruit\tservings,\tand\tsix\tfat\tservings\n\tgets\t23%\tof\ncalories\tfrom\tprotein\t(128\tg).\tIf\tusing\tskim\tmilk,\tthe\ttotal\tis\t1970\tkca... | [
-0.03570447489619255,
-0.0670822486281395,
0.0038045570254325867,
-0.03423988074064255,
-0.03698953613638878,
-0.005067492835223675,
0.07599642127752304,
0.0412309505045414,
-0.04433658346533775,
-0.011010712943971157,
0.03853651136159897,
-0.043222576379776,
0.052045900374650955,
0.015341... |
Carbohydrates\nThe\tRDA\tfor\tcarbohydrates\tincreases\tslightly,\thelping\tmaintain\tappropriate\tblood\tglucose\tand\nprevent\tketosis.\tIntakes\tmay\tbe\tgreater\tin\twomen\tconsuming\tmore\tcalories,\tbut\tcareful\ncarbohydrate\tchoices\tare\tneeded\tto\tinclude\tall\tthe\tdaily\tnutrients\tfor\tpregnancy.\tPriorit... | [
-0.02683483436703682,
-0.04945679008960724,
0.032553430646657944,
0.036784421652555466,
-0.08408869802951813,
0.047534648329019547,
0.1127845048904419,
0.03197674825787544,
-0.030220607295632362,
0.06222304701805115,
0.08861485123634338,
-0.05770797282457352,
0.0013433657586574554,
-0.0208... |
should\tbe\ngiven\tto\tcomplex\tcarbohydrates\tfrom\twhole\tgrains,\tfruits,\tand\tvegetables\trather\tthan\tjust\tsimple\nsugars,\tincluding\trefined\tliquid\tsugars,\twhether\tnatural\t(juices)\tor\tindustrially\tproduced\t(soda).\nFiber\nDaily\tconsumption\tof\twhole-grain\tbreads\tand\tcereals,\tleafy\tgreen\tand\t... | [
-0.05576038360595703,
-0.04583883285522461,
0.05094023048877716,
-0.05796331912279129,
-0.07821690291166306,
0.0016462525818496943,
0.09456060826778412,
-0.008475350216031075,
-0.015766451135277748,
0.021830134093761444,
0.09173987805843353,
-0.033775512129068375,
0.07489067316055298,
0.02... |
and\tdried\tfruits\tshould\tbe\tencouraged\tto\tprovide\tadditional\tminerals,\tvitamins,\tand\n\tfiber.\tThe\tDRI\nfor\tfiber\tduring\tpregnancy\tis\t14\tg/day/1000\tkcal\tand,\tif\tmet,\twill\thelp\ta\tgreat\tdeal\tin\tmanaging\tthe\nconstipation\tthat\toften\taccompanies\tpregnancy.\nLipids | [
-0.028629573062062263,
0.013455294072628021,
0.0484510138630867,
0.019616935402154922,
-0.05858910083770752,
0.034215234220027924,
0.1173209622502327,
0.0481005497276783,
-0.00026775154401548207,
0.019793931394815445,
0.15882965922355652,
-0.05187602713704109,
-0.008340779691934586,
-0.009... |
constipation\tthat\toften\taccompanies\tpregnancy.\nLipids\nAs\twith\tnonpregnant\twomen,\tthere\tis\tno\tDRI\tfor\ttotal\tlipids\tduring\tpregnancy.\tThe\tamount\tof\tfat\tin\nthe\tdiet\tshould\tdepend\ton\tenergy\trequirements\tfor\tproper\tweight\tgain.\tHowever,\trecommendations\nfor\tomega-6\tpolyunsaturated\n\tfa... | [
0.00011327257379889488,
-0.08437938988208771,
0.02547588013112545,
0.043292053043842316,
-0.09293641895055771,
0.008634595200419426,
0.06198372319340706,
0.04489753767848015,
-0.06621519476175308,
0.013972414657473564,
0.10007442533969879,
0.010481461882591248,
-0.010096537880599499,
-0.01... |
fatty\tacid\t(PUFA)\t(linoleic\tacid)\tand\tomega-3\tPUFA\t(alpha-linolenic\nacid)\tincrease\tslightly.\tAlthough\tnot\ta\tDRI,\tthe\trecommended\tintake\tof\tDHA\tis\t200\tmg/day\tand\tcan\nbe\tmet\tby\tone\tto\ttwo\tportions\tof\tfish\tper\tweek\t(\nCarlson\tet\tal,\t2017\n)\t(see\t\nFocus\tOn:\n\tOmega-3\tFatty\nAci... | [
-0.052974820137023926,
-0.0864369198679924,
0.04110328108072281,
0.028708288446068764,
-0.06788932532072067,
0.026952551677823067,
0.07945176959037781,
0.038187090307474136,
-0.07047582417726517,
0.005537969525903463,
0.12312645465135574,
-0.07518236339092255,
-0.019715994596481323,
0.0124... |
Focus\tOn:\n\tOmega-3\tFatty\nAcids\tin\tPregnancy\tand\tLactation\n).\nVitamins\nAll\tvitamins\tand\tminerals\tare\tneeded\tfor\toptimal\tpregnancy\toutcome.\tIn\tsome\tinstances\nrequirements\tmay\tbe\tmet\tthrough\tdiet.\tFor\tothers\ta\tsupplement,\tstarted\tpreconceptually,\tis\toften | [
-0.009988418780267239,
-0.07495970278978348,
0.003984966780990362,
0.022343575954437256,
-0.041414301842451096,
0.04412108659744263,
0.12896694242954254,
0.054981887340545654,
-0.03054719604551792,
0.03153739869594574,
0.11982688307762146,
-0.045477114617824554,
-0.0343376100063324,
-0.023... |
necessary.\tMany,\tbut\tnot\tall,\tvitamin\tand\tmineral\trecommendations\tincrease\twith\tpregnancy,\tbut\tthe\nmagnitude\tof\tthe\tincrease\tvaries\tby\tnutrient\t(see\tthe\tDRI\ttables\ton\tthe\tinside\tcover\tand\t\nFig.\t14.5\n).\nFolate.\nThe\tRDA\tfor\tdietary\tfolate\tequivalents\tincreases\tto\tsupport\tmatern... | [
-0.013036875985562801,
-0.05573345720767975,
0.045045170933008194,
-0.020405493676662445,
-0.1006561815738678,
0.053946856409311295,
0.07649055868387222,
0.04013809934258461,
-0.03824964538216591,
0.09306491166353226,
0.11218897998332977,
-0.034847136586904526,
-0.018376367166638374,
0.025... |
synthesis,\nand\tfetal\tand\tplacental\tgrowth.\tLow\tfolate\tlevels\tare\tassociated\twith\tmiscarriages,\tLBW,\tand\npreterm\tbirth.\tEarly\tmaternal\tfolate\tdeficiency\tis\tassociated\twith\tan\tincreased\tincidence\tof\ncongenital\tmalformations,\tincluding\tNTDs,\torofacial\tclefts,\tand\tcongenital\theart\tdefec... | [
-0.05895579606294632,
-0.029728716239333153,
0.01639648899435997,
-0.055511314421892166,
-0.05978256091475487,
0.007109993137419224,
0.0268950704485178,
0.04435335844755173,
0.03371461108326912,
0.07736919075250626,
0.07638052105903625,
-0.040627386420965195,
-0.03749452531337738,
0.018410... |
Obeid\tet\tal,\n2013\n).\tApproximately\t3000\tnew\tcases\tof\tNTDs\toccur\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tannually\tand\tover\t300,000\nbabies\tare\tborn\tworldwide\twith\tNTDs\t(\nCDC,\t2018a\n),\tbut\tprevalence\tvaries\twidely,\tfrom\t6.9/10,000\nbirths\tin\tthe\tWestern\tPacific\tto\t21.9/10,000\tbirths\tin\tthe\tMiddle... | [
0.0031390797812491655,
-0.0170671995729208,
0.025618454441428185,
-0.05893642455339432,
-0.08250182121992111,
-0.015280695632100105,
-0.005009565502405167,
0.029155032709240913,
-0.033262234181165695,
0.05723357945680618,
0.07559734582901001,
-0.06650184839963913,
0.008034725673496723,
0.0... |
ACOG,\t2017b\n).\tAlthough\tspina\nbifida\tand\tanencephaly\tare\tthe\tmost\tcommon,\tother\tNTDs\tcan\talso\toccur\t(\nTable\t14.9\n).\tThe\tneural\ntube\tcloses\tby\t28\tdays\tof\tgestation,\tbefore\tmost\twomen\trealize\tthey\tare\tpregnant.\tIn\taddition,\tmore\nthan\n\thalf\tof\tall\tU.S.\tpregnancies\tare\tunplan... | [
0.009624088183045387,
-0.027137387543916702,
0.08296629786491394,
-0.03148877993226051,
-0.10072366148233414,
0.03314086049795151,
0.06719756126403809,
0.002876343671232462,
0.0031679735984653234,
0.09376482665538788,
0.08053720742464066,
-0.04952286183834076,
0.028986334800720215,
-0.0180... |
childbearing\tage,\tin\tanticipation\tof\tpossible\tpregnancy,\tincrease\ttheir\tintake\tof\tfolic\tacid\tby\t400\nmcg/day,\tthe\tsynthetic\tversion\tthat\tis\tavailable\tin\tsupplements\tand\tfortified\tfoods,\tespecially\tsome\nbreakfast\tcereals\t(\nCDC,\t2018a\n).\tThe\tU.S.\tPreventive\tServices\tTask\tForce\t(USP... | [
-0.027418352663517,
0.00903987418860197,
0.048139333724975586,
0.013957652263343334,
-0.05454457923769951,
-0.015247686766088009,
0.1050432026386261,
0.012236395850777626,
-0.020742831751704216,
0.030154142528772354,
0.14222420752048492,
-0.04523580148816109,
0.03620880842208862,
-0.020250... |
to\t800\tmcg/day\n\tof\tfolic\tacid\tpreconceptually.\tWomen\twho\thave\thad\ta\tprevious\tNTD-affected\npregnancy\tshould\tconsume\t400\tmcg/day\twhen\tnot\tplanning\tto\tconceive\tand\tthose\tplanning\npregnancy\tshould\tconsider\t4000\tmcg/day\t(4\tmg/day)\tfrom\t3\tmonths\tbefore\tto\t3\tmonths\tafter\nconception\t... | [
-0.018655262887477875,
0.06897328048944473,
0.07049963623285294,
0.0013277444522827864,
-0.05272189527750015,
-0.02406400814652443,
0.044245220720767975,
0.06872224807739258,
-0.030524341389536858,
0.03323863446712494,
0.10738351196050644,
-0.027779951691627502,
0.07794221490621567,
-0.019... |
conception\t(\nACOG,\t2017b\n).\tOther\tsituations\tthat\tmay\tmerit\tthe\thigher\tsupplementation\tlevels\ninclude\twomen\twho\thave\tan\tNTD\tthemselves,\twhose\tpartner\n\thas\tan\tNTD,\tor\twhose\tpartner\thas\ta\npreviously\taffected\tchild.\tThese\thigher\tdoses\tshould\tbe\ttaken\tas\ta\tseparate\tsupplement\tan... | [
0.004889013711363077,
-0.006149841006845236,
0.09749750047922134,
-0.004893879406154156,
-0.10343914479017258,
-0.0392712727189064,
0.07358603924512863,
-0.04199415445327759,
-0.01743181049823761,
0.08823934197425842,
0.09862116724252701,
-0.04012848064303398,
0.0033938721753656864,
0.0101... |
part\tof\ta\tmultivitamin\tsupplement\tto\tavoid\texcess\tintakes\tof\tother\tnutrients\tin\tthe\tmultivitamin.\nAlthough\tthis\tlevel\tis\trecommended\tby\tmany\tmedical\tproviders,\tthere\tare\tcalls\tto\treevaluate\tthese\nhigher\trecommendations\tbecause\tof\tevidence\tthat\tthe\tlower\tdoses\tmay\tbe\n\tequally\te... | [
0.03568847104907036,
-0.014771321788430214,
0.0896831527352333,
-0.030487310141324997,
-0.04735321179032326,
-0.003727249801158905,
0.0417139008641243,
-0.008079782128334045,
-0.01029069721698761,
0.051308248192071915,
0.06082907319068909,
-0.019945483654737473,
0.07205599546432495,
0.0139... |
equally\teffective\tin\npreventing\trecurrent\tNTDs\t(\nDolin\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tSupplementation\trecommendations\tvary\tby\tcountry\n(\nMoussa\tet\tal,\t2016\n)\tand\tmay\ttake\tthe\tgenetic\tsusceptibility\tto\tlow\tfolate\tstatus\tinto\taccount\t(\nColson\net\tal,\t2017\n)\tso\tlocal\tguidelines\tshould\tbe\tfollow... | [
0.0005576745606958866,
-0.034748777747154236,
0.04439428076148033,
-0.049032967537641525,
-0.08333432674407959,
-0.026357844471931458,
0.05027954280376434,
-0.04289674013853073,
-0.002363989595323801,
0.051760174334049225,
0.10929135233163834,
-0.007755889557301998,
0.04402551427483559,
0.... |
recommended\tblood\tlevels\tin\t4\tweeks,\tthe\t400-mcg\tdose\trequires\t8\tto\t12\tweeks\tto\treach\tthese\nlevels\t(\nBerti\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tAlso\tavailable\tis\t5-methyltetrahydrofolate,\tthe\tprimary\tcirculating\tform\tof\nfolate.\tIt\tis\tproposed\tto\tbe\tbetter\tused,\tespecially\tby\tthose\twith\tpolymorphi... | [
-0.034635309129953384,
-0.02956845797598362,
0.0158979669213295,
-0.06206119805574417,
-0.0593256950378418,
0.009672445245087147,
0.0424620620906353,
0.06188678368926048,
-0.0254201777279377,
0.0164602380245924,
0.07247871905565262,
-0.048476509749889374,
0.021579498425126076,
0.0295378528... |
Chapter\t6\n),\tand\nwithout\tthe\tdetrimental\trise\tin\tunmetabolized\tfolic\tacid.\tHowever,\tits\trole\tin\tpreventing\tNTDs\tor\nother\tbirth\tdefects\tis\tuntested\tin\tclinical\ttrials\t(\nObeid\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tIn\taddition,\tconcern\n\tabout\nunmetabolized\tfolic\tacid\tmay\tbe\tunwarranted\tin\tsome\tcases... | [
-0.016696562990546227,
-0.011338116601109505,
0.06039813905954361,
-0.08390651643276215,
-0.07330897450447083,
0.01769164577126503,
0.03745005279779434,
-0.008980081416666508,
-0.0027556426357477903,
0.07286934554576874,
0.1060449481010437,
0.008522328920662403,
0.05757761001586914,
-0.006... |
pregnant\twomen\ttook\t400\tmcg/day\tthroughout\tthe\tpregnancy,\tin\taddition\tto\tconsuming\t100\tmcg/day\nfrom\tfortified\tgrains,\teven\tamong\tthose\twith\tthe\tC677T\tpolymorphism\t(\nPentieva\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tThe\nimpact\tof\thigher\tdoses\tof\tfolic\tacid\tcausing\thigher,\tand\tconcerning,\tlevels\tof\tunme... | [
-0.033353857696056366,
0.007649392355233431,
0.053980495780706406,
-0.0006242063827812672,
-0.05327568203210831,
-0.004559364635497332,
0.04265518859028816,
0.024481050670146942,
-0.03470570221543312,
0.043849483132362366,
0.10882588475942612,
-0.04867664352059364,
0.0021791676990687847,
-... |
is\tnot\twell-established\tbut\tis\tbeing\tstudied\t(\nPlumptre\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nTABLE\t14.9\nNeural\tTube\tDefects\nNeural\tTube\nDefect\nMalformation\nCranial\nAnencephaly\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tcephalic\tportion\tof\tneural\tfolds;\tabsence\tof\tall\tor\tpart\tof\tbrain,\nskull,\tand\tskin\nEncephalocele | [
0.027128860354423523,
-0.08132811635732651,
0.04319891333580017,
-0.05493558943271637,
-0.11460614204406738,
0.04061562567949295,
0.0556144155561924,
0.033256158232688904,
0.018492450937628746,
0.08607584238052368,
0.07118426263332367,
-0.022062305361032486,
0.012880923226475716,
0.0515785... |
skull,\tand\tskin\nEncephalocele\nFailure\tof\tcomplete\tskull\tformation;\textrusion\tof\tbrain\ttissue\tinto\tmembranous\tsac\nExencephaly\nFailure\tof\tscalp\tand\tskull\tformation;\texteriorization\tof\tabnormally\tformed\tbrain\nIniencephaly\nDefect\tof\tcervical\n\tand\tupper\tthoracic\tvertebrae;\tabnormally\tfo... | [
0.01989770121872425,
-0.08224747329950333,
0.03359375521540642,
-0.06488782167434692,
-0.12559300661087036,
0.01158188283443451,
0.08964242786169052,
-0.0251315888017416,
-0.005636799149215221,
0.08480947464704514,
0.1015281081199646,
-0.05171892046928406,
0.043373316526412964,
0.016289114... |
extreme\tretroflexion\tof\tupper\tspine\nSpinal\nCraniorachischisis\nCoexisting\tanencephaly\tand\topen\tneural\ttube\tdefect,\toften\tin\tthe\tcervical–thoracic\nregion\nHolorachischisis\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tvertebral\tarches;\tentire\tspinal\tcord\texposed\nMeningocele\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tcaudal\tportion\t... | [
0.058099281042814255,
-0.09892766922712326,
0.04932250455021858,
-0.0007172857294790447,
-0.1014397144317627,
0.001423231908120215,
0.04971974715590477,
0.024217331781983376,
-0.0023810770362615585,
0.0474206805229187,
0.056929171085357666,
-0.018642913550138474,
0.044147055596113205,
0.02... |
Myelomeningocele\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tcaudal\tportion\tof\tneural\ttube;\tmeninges\tand\tneural\ttissue\texposed\nMyeloschisis\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tcaudal\tportion\tof\tneural\ttube;\tflattened\tmass\tof\tneural\ttissue\nexposed\nSpina\tbifida\nFailure\tof\tfusion\tof\tcaudal\tportion\tof\tneural\ttube,\tusua... | [
0.02015974186360836,
-0.05199171230196953,
0.03929007798433304,
-0.05704766884446144,
-0.104348324239254,
0.011456712149083614,
0.059251416474580765,
0.028101332485675812,
0.013631378300487995,
0.05817217752337456,
0.05716919153928757,
-0.03974463418126106,
0.057337064296007156,
0.04509154... |
spinal\tcord\tor\tmeninges,\tor\tboth,\texposed\tto\tamniotic\tfluid\nAdapted\tfrom\tAmerican\tCollege\tof\tObstetricians\n\tand\tGynecologists\tCommittee\ton\tPractice\tBulletins-Obstetrics:\tPractice\tBulletin\tNo.\t187:\tNeural\nTube\tDefects,\t\nObstet\tGynecol\n\t130:e279,\t2017b.\nRed\tblood\tcell\tfolate\tlevels... | [
0.002803688170388341,
-0.038663290441036224,
0.04396776109933853,
-0.026097159832715988,
-0.13757692277431488,
-0.02237469144165516,
-0.007489702198654413,
0.06143312156200409,
-0.0018244592938572168,
0.02524409629404545,
0.0713651105761528,
0.005529502406716347,
0.04733482375741005,
0.012... |
fewest\tNTDs\t(\nObeid\tet\tal,\t2013\n),\talthough\tthe\tmechanism\tof\tfolic\tacid\tis\tstill\tunknown\t(\nACOG,\n2017b\n).\tNatural\tfolate\tis\tless\tbioavailable\tand\thas\tnot\tbeen\tshown\n\tto\traise\tblood\tlevels\tas\twell\tas\tthe\nsynthetic\tfolic\tacid\tor\tto\tlower\tthe\trisk\tof\tNTDs.\tAlthough\ttheore... | [
0.03381317853927612,
-0.01697234995663166,
0.05613074451684952,
-0.04570223018527031,
-0.06822169572114944,
-0.0008658950682729483,
0.0502309612929821,
0.005906758364289999,
0.00969445426017046,
0.0925908088684082,
0.11086656898260117,
-0.05855701491236687,
0.06414584070444107,
0.007367037... |
effective,\t6\tto\t12\tcups\tof\traw\tspinach\t(more\tthan\t2\tcups\tcooked)\tdaily\tis\tthe\tbioequivalent\tlevel\tof\nnatural\tfolate\tthat\tis\tfound\tin\tone\tbowl\tof\tfortified\tbreakfast\tcereal.\tLook\tfor\t100%\tof\tthe\tdaily\nvalue/serving.\nWomen\twho\tare\tobese\tor\twho\tsmoke,\tconsume\talcohol\n\tmodera... | [
0.009025576524436474,
-0.07075201719999313,
0.026943055912852287,
-0.04953622445464134,
-0.1477406919002533,
0.03747909143567085,
0.07808796316385269,
-0.005709966644644737,
-0.018343202769756317,
0.026088183745741844,
0.07746034860610962,
0.006864403840154409,
0.06743577867746353,
0.00998... |
moderately\tor\theavily,\tor\tuse\trecreational\ndrugs\tare\tat\trisk\tfor\tmarginal\tfolate\tstatus,\tas\tare\tthose\twith\tmalabsorption\tsyndromes\tor\tgenetic\ndifferences\trelated\tto\tmethylation\tand\tthe\tmetabolic\tuse\tof\tdietary\tfolate,\tincluding\tthe\testimated\n11%\tof\tthe\tU.S.\tpopulation\twith\tthe\... | [
0.026021843776106834,
-0.057700399309396744,
0.018941350281238556,
-0.0367668941617012,
-0.08673803508281708,
-0.016648173332214355,
0.047350235283374786,
0.04893004521727562,
-0.02607610821723938,
0.05966201052069664,
0.14712747931480408,
-0.05033441632986069,
0.022804491221904755,
0.0384... |
Caudill,\t2010\n).\tEuropean\nprevalence\tis\testimated\tto\tbe\t10%\tto\t22%\t(\nObeid\tet\tal,\t2013\n),\tbut\n\tnot\tall\tpopulations\twith\tthe\tC677T\npolymorphism\tshow\thigher\trates\tof\tNTDs\t(\nACOG,\t2017b\n).\tOther\tpolymorphisms\tare\talso\tbeing\ninvestigated\tfor\tincreased\trisk\tfor\tNTDs.\tAlthough\t... | [
-0.007150132209062576,
-0.03680985048413277,
0.049016181379556656,
-0.050668612122535706,
-0.1155482679605484,
0.016494126990437508,
0.09175710380077362,
0.009735483676195145,
0.020279409363865852,
0.08146857470273972,
0.09722084552049637,
-0.07516948878765106,
0.04046865925192833,
0.02778... |
situations,\tadded\triboflavin\talso\tmay\tbe\tbeneficial\t(see\t\nChapters\t5\n\tand\t\n6\n).\tWomen\tusing\tantiseizure\nmedications\tmust\tbe\tmonitored\tclosely\twhen\tstarting\tfolic\tacid\tbecause\tit\n\tcan\treduce\ttheir\tseizure\ncontrol.\nEnriched\tgrain\tproducts\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tare\tfortified\twit... | [
0.006713956128805876,
0.009323307313024998,
0.07354632765054703,
-0.019165491685271263,
-0.05971566215157509,
0.035853344947099686,
0.10762804746627808,
0.00840729009360075,
-0.010561340488493443,
0.06665726006031036,
0.09670909494161606,
-0.036545902490615845,
0.017009755596518517,
0.0268... |
provide\tan\taverage\t200\tmcg/day,\twith\tresulting\thigher\tblood\tfolate\tlevels\tand\treduced\t(19%\tto\t54%)\nNTD\trates\t(\nCaudill,\t2010\n).\tHowever,\twith\tthe\tincreased\tpopularity\tof\tthe\tlow\tcarbohydrate\tdiets,\nestimated\tintake\thas\tbeen\treduced\trecently\tand\tis\tassociated\twith\tincreased\n\tr... | [
-0.012780277989804745,
0.03210374712944031,
0.057478632777929306,
-0.04750795289874077,
-0.06887662410736084,
-0.04341348633170128,
0.1086897924542427,
0.019681712612509727,
0.0018438805127516389,
0.035710517317056656,
0.08732742071151733,
-0.06409949064254761,
0.03297983482480049,
0.02076... |
risk\tof\tNTDs\n(\nDesrosiers\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tBecause\tNTD\trates\tremain\thigher\tamong\tthe\tHispanic\tpopulation\tin\tthe\nUnited\tStates,\tfortification\tof\tcorn\tmasa\tflour\tis\tnow\tapproved\tby\tthe\tFDA\tbut\timplementation\tis\nvoluntary\tand\tnot\twidespread.\nOver\t70\tcountries\tnow\tfortify\tgrain\tp... | [
0.02920677326619625,
-0.013471875339746475,
0.06048994138836861,
-0.01159890741109848,
-0.01637057587504387,
0.055629100650548935,
0.08855050057172775,
0.034290019422769547,
-0.01661781221628189,
0.047846850007772446,
0.12783972918987274,
-0.017921017482876778,
0.027542313560843468,
0.0402... |
because\tof\tconcerns\tabout\texposing\tthe\tentire\tpopulation\tto\textra\n\tfolic\tacid.\tPossible\tadverse\teffects\nof\tincreased\tfolic\tacid\tintake\tinclude\tmasking\tof\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tdeficiency,\ttumor\tpromotion,\tepigenetic\nhypermethylation,\tinterference\twith\tantifolate\ttreatments,\tand\tan\tincreas... | [
0.03313825652003288,
-0.0918237492442131,
0.04909689724445343,
-0.03303779289126396,
-0.05315745994448662,
0.006331893615424633,
0.08801276236772537,
0.014844518154859543,
0.07995191216468811,
0.07045543193817139,
0.10072449594736099,
-0.056556276977062225,
0.01964843086898327,
0.031588029... |
multiple\tbirths.\tWidespread\tproblems\thave\tnot\tbeen\tseen.\tHowever,\thigh\tintakes\tof\tfolic\tacid\talso\nhave\tpotential\tepigenetic\teffects,\tbut\tdata\tare\tfragmentary\tand\n\tsometimes\tconflicting.\tCaution\tis\nadvised\twith\tthe\tuse\tof\tpharmacologic\tdoses.\tFor\texample,\talthough\tsome\tstudies\tha... | [
0.050754398107528687,
-0.08459550887346268,
0.06306522339582443,
-0.05753922834992409,
-0.08809632807970047,
-0.020109064877033234,
0.09594237059354782,
0.04368305578827858,
-0.006401948630809784,
0.07324442267417908,
0.056841813027858734,
-0.0067073265090584755,
0.03453284129500389,
0.037... |
negative\teffects\ton\tDNA\tmethylation\tat\tdoses\tup\tto\t4000\tmcg/day\t(\nCrider\tet\tal,\t2011\n),\tother\tstudies\nhave\tfound\tthat,\tin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tlow\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tstatus,\tsupplementing\tpregnant\twomen\twith\tjust\n500\tmcg/day\twas\tassociated\twith\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdiabetes\tamong\tth... | [
-0.010478438809514046,
0.04560732841491699,
0.08601450175046921,
-0.0070510003715753555,
-0.08046906441450119,
-0.00922480970621109,
0.07408150285482407,
0.015685617923736572,
-0.016988910734653473,
0.037129729986190796,
0.11982998996973038,
-0.06826681643724442,
0.0612199567258358,
0.0088... |
women\t(\nPaul\tand\tSelhub,\n2017\n)\tand\tof\toffspring\tadiposity\tand\tinsulin\tresistance\tat\tage\t6\t(\nYajnik\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\nOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tadequate\tfolic\tacid\tin\tthe\tsecond\ttrimester\tmay\tdecrease\tinflammation,\tand\nfolate\tstatus\tis\tassociated\tinversely\twith\tthe\tseverity\tof\tbacte... | [
-0.017584016546607018,
-0.006739405915141106,
0.08077017962932587,
-0.0038601041305810213,
-0.08390501886606216,
0.003822898957878351,
0.06089377775788307,
-0.05144892632961273,
-0.006134852766990662,
0.06536725163459778,
0.1182650551199913,
-0.05224406719207764,
0.010320349596440792,
-0.0... |
for\tpreterm\tdelivery\t(\nDunlop\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tMurine\tstudies\thave\tfound\tthat\tthe\tnegative\n\teffect\tof\nmaternal\texposure\tto\tbisphenol-A\tis\teffectively\tneutralized\tby\tmaternal\tsupplementation\twith\tfolic\nacid,\tbetaine,\tand\tcholine\t(\nGuéant\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tSupplementation\twith\tmethyl... | [
0.013251706957817078,
-0.05037349462509155,
0.035626571625471115,
-0.07545188814401627,
-0.08027323335409164,
0.0311362873762846,
0.03993489593267441,
0.0007677048561163247,
0.011809144169092178,
0.058068957179784775,
0.10229884833097458,
-0.04921842738986015,
0.0385458804666996,
0.0284061... |
acid,\talso\tmay\treduce\tthe\tharmful\teffects\tof\tfumonisin\t(a\tmycotoxin\tproduced\tby\t\nFusarium\n\tmolds\nthat\tgrow\ton\tagricultural\tcommodities,\tespecially\tcorn,\tthat\thas\tbeen\tassociated\twith\tincreased\n\trisk\nof\tNTDs)\tcontamination.\tSpermatozoid\tfolate\tdeficiency\tamong\tmen\texposed\tto\tdio... | [
-0.000022073039872338995,
-0.07774551957845688,
0.06352050602436066,
-0.028675805777311325,
-0.0634736716747284,
0.022684670984745026,
0.05337489768862724,
0.03727779909968376,
-0.008217466063797474,
0.033755794167518616,
0.11353816092014313,
-0.0668228268623352,
0.03640367090702057,
0.017... |
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