0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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the\trisk\tof\tspina\tbifida\tin\ttheir\toffspring.\tSupplementation\tduring\tearly\tpregnancy\t(at\tleast\t800\nmcg/day)\tmay\treduce\tthe\trisk\tof\tautism\tspectrum\tdisorders\tafter\tprenatal\texposure\tto\tpesticides\n(\nSchmidt\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nWhile\tfolic\tacid\tsupplementation\tdoes\tnot\tcompletely\telimin... | [
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up\tto\t70%\tof\nNTDs\tcould\tbe\tprevented\twith\tthe\tpericonceptual\tuse\tof\t400\tmcg\tfolic\tacid/day\t(\nACOG,\t2017b\n).\nOptimal\tlevels\tof\tother\tmethyl\tdonors\t(B\n2\n,\tB\n6\n,\tB\n12\n,\tand\tcholine)\tand\tinositol\tmay\talso\tlower\tthe\trisk\nof\tNTDs\tand\timprove\tbirth\tweight.\tThere\tis\tspeculat... | [
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explain\tpart\tof\tthe\tresidual\trisk\tof\tNTDs\t(\nGuéant\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nVitamin\tB\n6\n.\nPyridoxine\n\tfunctions\tas\ta\tcofactor\tfor\tmany\tdecarboxylase\tand\ttransaminase\tenzymes,\tespecially\nthose\tinvolved\tin\tamino\tacid\tmetabolism.\tAlthough\tthis\tvitamin\tcatalyzes\ta\tnumber\tof\treactions | [
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0.03... |
involving\tneurotransmitter\tproduction,\tit\tis\tnot\tknown\twhether\tthis\tfunction\tis\tinvolved\tin\tthe\trelief\nof\tnausea\tand\tvomiting.\tBecause\tmeat,\tfish,\tand\tpoultry\tare\tgood\tdietary\tsources,\tdeficiency\tis\tnot\ncommon,\tand\troutine\n\tprenatal\tvitamins\tcontain\tsufficient\tamounts\t(\nHovdenak... | [
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Hovdenak\tand\tHaram,\t2012\n).\nRegarding\tnausea\tand\tvomiting,\tstandard\tdoses\tof\t10-25\tmg\tthree\tto\tfour\ttimes\tper\tday\t(\nACOG,\n2018b\n)\thave\tquestionable\tefficacy\tbut\tdo\tnot\tappear\tto\tbe\tdangerous.\nVitamin\tB\n12\n.\nCobalamin\tis\trequired\tfor\tenzyme\treactions\tand\tfor\tgeneration\tof\t... | [
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0.008455537259578705,
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0.012952... |
is\timportant\tin\tgrowth\tand\tdevelopment,\tincluding\n\timmune\tfunction\t(\nWu\tet\tal,\t2012a\n).\tVitamin\tB\n12\n\tis\nnaturally\tfound\texclusively\tin\tfoods\tof\tanimal\torigin,\tso\tvegetarians,\tespecially\tvegans,\tare\tat\trisk\tfor\ndietary\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tdeficiency\tand\tshould\tconsume\tfortified\t... | [
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0.026092... |
those\tpeople\twith\tmalabsorption,\tincluding\tthose\twith\tCrohn’s\tdisease\tinvolving\tthe\tterminal\tileum,\nwomen\twho\thave\thad\tgastric\tbypass\tsurgery,\n\tand\tthose\tusing\tproton\tpump\tinhibitor\tmedications\n(see\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n27\n).\tPeople\ttaking\tmetformin\talso\tmay\tbe\tat\trisk.\tDefici... | [
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0.06451103836297989,
0.14401604235172272,
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0.0048701222985982895,
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vitamin\tB\n12\n\thave\tbeen\trelated\tto\tdepression\tin\tadults.\tInadequate\tamounts\tof\tfolate\tand\tB\n12\n\tmay\nnegatively\taffect\tinfant\tcognitive\tand\tmotor\tdevelopment\tas\twell\tas\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\tNTDs\tand\ninadequate\tfetal\tgrowth.\nCholine.\nCholine\tis\tneeded\n\tfor\tstructural\tintegrit... | [
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0.03698204... |
transmission\tand\tis\ta\tmajor\tsource\tof\tmethyl\tgroups.\tCholine\tand\tfolate\tare\tmetabolically\ninterrelated.\tBoth\tsupport\tfetal\tbrain\tdevelopment\tand\tlower\trisk\tof\tNTDs\tand\torofacial\tclefts\n(\nZeisel,\t2013\n).\tAnimal\tstudies\tshow\tcholine\tis\tneuroprotective\tafter\tprenatal\talcohol\texposu... | [
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0.10834004729986191,
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0.06099... |
(\nBlusztajn\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tMaternal\tsupplementation\n\tduring\tthe\tthird\ttrimester\twas\trecently\tseen\tin\ta\nsmall\tstudy\tto\timprove\tthe\toffspring’s\tinformation\tprocessing\tspeed\t(\nCaudill\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tWhile\t480\nmg/day\twas\thelpful,\t930\tmg/day\tproduced\tlarger\teffects.\tPreliminary\tan... | [
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supplementation\twith\tcholine\tmay\tbe\thelpful\tin\tminimizing\tthe\tharm\tcaused\tby\tiron\tdeficiency\tby\nhelping\trestore\tsome\tof\tthe\tneural\tplasticity\t(\nGeorgieff\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tCholine\talso\tappears\tto\tbe\nimportant\tin\tplacental\tfunctioning,\tincluding\tplaying\ta\trole\tin\tthe\tremodeling\to... | [
0.01642741821706295,
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0.03076428... |
and\tmay\taffect\tmaternal\tand\tfetal\tresponses\tto\tstress.\tThe\tDRI\tfor\tcholine\tincreases\tslightly\tduring\npregnancy\tand\tthere\tare\tcalls\tfor\tit\tto\tbe\treexamined\tand\tpossibly\traised\t(\nCaudill\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nGenetic\tvariations\tand\tconcurrent\tintakes\tof\tfolate\tand\tmethionine\n\tmay\taf... | [
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0.08710622787475586,
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0.035052... |
may\taffect\trequirements,\tand\tde\nnovo\tsynthesis\tmay\tnot\tmeet\tfetal\tand\tmaternal\tneeds\t(\nZeisel,\t2013\n).\tCholine-rich\tfoods\tinclude\nmilk,\tmeat,\tand\tegg\tyolks,\tand\twomen\tnot\teating\tthese\tfoods\tmay\tneed\tsupplementation\t(see\nAppendix\t32\n).\tMany\tpopular\tprenatal\tsupplements\tdo\tnot\... | [
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... |
(25\tto\t50\tmg)\t(\nZeisel\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tLarge\tsupplemental\tdoses\tmay\tcause\tGI\tdiscomfort,\n\tbut\ta\tsmall\nstudy\tusing\t750\tmg\tduring\tpregnancy\tdid\tnot\tidentify\tadverse\teffects\t(\nZeisel,\t2013\n).\nVitamin\tC.\nThe\tDRI\tfor\tvitamin\tC\tincreases\tduring\tpregnancy\tand\tmay\tbe\teven\thigher... | [
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abuse\talcohol\tor\tdrugs,\tor\tregularly\ttake\taspirin.\tDaily\tconsumption\tof\tgood\tfood\tsources\tshould\tbe\nencouraged.\tLow\tplasma\tlevels\tare\tassociated\twith\tpreterm\tlabor\t(\nDror\tand\tAllen,\t2012\n),\tpossibly\nbecause\tof\tits\tantioxidant\tfunction\tor\tits\trole\tin\tcollagen\tsynthesis.\tHowever... | [
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0.09915433824062347,
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is\tnot\trecommended\tfor\tthe\tprevention\tof\tpremature\trupture\tof\tmembranes\t(PROM).\tPreviously\nsupplementation\twith\tvitamin\tC\t(1000\tmg)\talong\twith\tvitamin\tE\t(400\tIU)\twas\tpromoted\tfor\tthe\npossible\tprevention\tof\tpreeclampsia.\tHowever,\tit\tis\tnot\tcurrently\trecommended\t(\nACOG,\t2013c\n)\t... | [
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0.036790... |
ACOG,\t2013c\n)\tand\nactually\tmay\tincrease\n\trisk\tof\tgestational\thypertension\tand\tPROM.\tVitamin\tC\tis\tactively\ttransported\nacross\tthe\tplacenta,\tso\tthere\tis\talso\tpotential\tfor\texcessive\tlevels\tin\tthe\tfetus\t(\nDror\tand\tAllen,\t2012\n).\nVitamin\tA.\nVitamin\tA\tis\tcritical\tduring\tperiods\... | [
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0.0248... |
development,\timmune\tfunction,\tand\tlung\tdevelopment\tand\tmaturity\tas\twell\tas\tgene\texpression\t(\nWu\net\tal,\t2012a\n).\tLow\tvitamin\tA\tlevels\tare\tassociated\twith\tIUGR\tand\tincreased\trisk\tof\tmaternal\tand\nneonatal\tmortality,\tpossibly\tdue\tto\tthe\tprotective\trole\tof\tcarotenoids\tagainst\toxid... | [
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0.0527967... |
(\nZielińska\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tMalformations\tare\tseen\tin\tanimals\texposed\tto\tdeficiencies,\tbut\tconfirmation\nof\thuman\tmalformations\thas\tnot\tbeen\twell-established.\tHowever,\ta\trecent\tcase\treport\tdemonstrated\nthat\tvitamin\tA\tdeficiency\n\tfollowing\tbariatric\tsurgery\tresulted\tin\trecurrent\tfet... | [
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0.01... |
with\tpreterm\tdelivery,\tpulmonary\thypoplasia,\tand\tmicrophthalmia\tin\tthe\tsurviving\tfetuses\t(\nMackie\tet\nal,\t2018\n).\tAmong\twomen\tpositive\tfor\thuman\timmunodeficiency\tvirus\t(HIV),\timproved\tvitamin\tA\nstatus\tis\tassociated\twith\timproved\tbirth\tweight,\tpossibly\tby\timproving\timmunity\t(\nHovde... | [
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0.0502... |
Haram,\t2012\n).\nExcess\tpreformed\tvitamin\n\tA\tis\tteratogenic,\tso\thigh\tintake\tis\tof\tmost\tconcern\tin\tthe\tfirst\ttrimester.\nSupplementation\tis\tusually\tnot\tnecessary\tand\tis\toften\tlimited\tto\t5000\tIU/day,\talthough\tdoses\tup\tto\n10,000\tIU/day\tare\tnot\tassociated\twith\tincreased\trisk\tof\tma... | [
0.0010166248539462686,
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-0.... |
Hovdenak\tand\tHaram,\t2012\n).\nThe\tacne\tmedication\tisotretinoin\tis\ta\tvitamin\tA\tanalog,\tand\texposed\tfetuses\tare\tat\textremely\thigh\nrisk\tfor\tfetal\tanomalies\n\tand\tmiscarriages.\tWomen\tshould\tstop\tits\tuse\tfor\tat\tleast\t1\tmonth\tbefore\nconception.\tOther\tretinoids\t(etretinate,\tacitretin)\t... | [
0.0024769483134150505,
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Harris\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tBeta-\ncarotene\tis\tnot\tassociated\twith\tbirth\tdefects.\nAlthough\tno\tcases\thave\tbeen\tseen,\ttheoretically\tsomeone\teating\tliver\tcould\tconsume\tas\tmuch\npreformed\tvitamin\tA\tas\thas\tbeen\tassociated\twith\tfetal\tanomalies,\tso\tlarge\tamounts\n\tof\tliver,\tliver\tpté, | [
0.013140195049345493,
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0.04401644319295883,
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0.01305754017084837,
0.09496607631444931,
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0.013717196881771088,
0.1025942787528038,
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0.03263469040393829,
0.0175989... |
of\tliver,\tliver\tpté,\nand\tliverwurst\tor\tbraunschweiger\tare\tnot\trecommended\tin\tthe\tfirst\ttrimester.\tAlthough\tguidance\nfrom\tsome\tcountries\trecommends\tavoiding\tliver\tthroughout\tpregnancy\tbecause\tof\tits\tvitamin\tA\ncontent,\tACOG\tdoes\tnot.\tThe\tvitamin\tA\tcontent\tof\tthe\tlivers\tfrom\tdiffe... | [
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0.0460980050265789,
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0.031158553436398506,
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0.09598424285650253,
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considerably.\tAcute\tvitamin\tA\tpoisoning\thas\tbeen\tdocumented\twith\tthe\tlivers\tfrom\tseals,\twhales,\npolar\n\tbears,\tand\tmultiple\tspecies\tof\tsaltwater\tfish,\tespecially\tfrom\tthe\ttropics\t(\nDewailly\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nAll\tof\tthese\tlivers\tshould\tbe\tavoided.\tFish\tliver\toils\t(halibut,\tshark,\... | [
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0.0489463247358799,
0.0340030... |
vitamin\tA\tand\tshould\tbe\tavoided\t(\nMcLaren\tand\tKraemer,\t2012\n).\tLivers\tfrom\tsheep\tand\tox\tcontain\nvery\thigh\tlevels,\tas\tdo\tall\tlivers\tof\tanimals\tfed\tfeedstuffs\tfortified\twith\tvitamin\tA\tand\tall\tshould\n\tbe\navoided\t(\nScotter\tet\tal,\t1992\n).\tUsing\tdata\tfrom\tthe\tcurrent\tU.S.\tDe... | [
-0.006787005811929703,
-0.00755826011300087,
0.03333839029073715,
-0.03644633665680885,
-0.05526887997984886,
0.0193426925688982,
0.06869609653949738,
0.041498154401779175,
-0.0419025793671608,
0.031747136265039444,
0.0624312199652195,
-0.02696903608739376,
0.004441010300070047,
-0.0020657... |
).\tUsing\tdata\tfrom\tthe\tcurrent\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tAgriculture\t(USDA)\nfood\tcomposition\ttables,\tboth\tveal\tand\tmoose\tlivers\tshould\tbe\tavoided.\tLivers\tfrom\tringed\tseal\tand\nturkey\tshould\tbe\tvery\tlimited.\tLivers\tfrom\tother\tanimals\tgenerally\thave\tlower\tvitamin\tA\tcontents. | [
0.0559687465429306,
-0.05635146051645279,
0.03532343730330467,
-0.026121284812688828,
-0.10180499404668808,
0.004619305487722158,
0.07380449026823044,
-0.05356092005968094,
0.025277096778154373,
0.05391118675470352,
0.11738712340593338,
-0.05572820454835892,
0.040551092475652695,
0.0060158... |
Quantities\teaten\tshould\tbe\tlimited.\tCheck\tyour\tlocal\tfood\tcomposition\tdatabases\tfor\tdetails\ton\tthe\nlivers\tmost\tcommonly\tconsumed\tin\tyour\tarea.\nVitamin\tD.\nAccording\tto\tthe\tIOM,\tvitamin\tD\trequirements\tdo\tnot\tincrease\tduring\tpregnancy\tand\tintakes\tof\t600 | [
0.001802799291908741,
-0.06311310082674026,
0.00637666042894125,
-0.004408974666148424,
-0.08730822056531906,
0.011086535640060902,
0.06298705190420151,
0.06959106028079987,
-0.0026817305479198694,
0.02188994735479355,
0.11485325545072556,
-0.055928248912096024,
0.043624237179756165,
0.000... |
IU/day\t(15\tmcg/day)\tare\tsufficient\twhen\tconsidering\tbone\thealth.\tThe\tfew\tdietary\tsources\tof\tvitamin\nD\tare\tsalmon\tand\tother\tfatty\tfish,\tas\twell\tas\tsome\tfortified\tbreakfast\tcereals\tand\tmushrooms\nexposed\tto\tUV\tlight,\tand\tseal\tand\twhale\tblubber\n\tand\tpolar\tbear\tliver\t(\nHolick,\t... | [
-0.01437014527618885,
0.025110088288784027,
0.12463153898715973,
-0.013876060023903847,
-0.08893872052431107,
-0.00073371542384848,
0.09293873608112335,
-0.030834684148430824,
-0.028546299785375595,
0.010322242975234985,
0.0869198590517044,
-0.08031630516052246,
-0.0032765723299235106,
0.0... |
and\tpolar\tbear\tliver\t(\nHolick,\t2017\n).\tNot\tall\tdairy\nproducts\tare\tfortified,\tbut\tliquid\tmilk\tis\ta\tgood\tsource,\tusually\tcontaining\t100\tIU/8\toz\t(see\t\nAppendix\n38\n).\nVitamin\tD\tdeficiency\tis\trecognized\tincreasingly\tin\tdark-skinned\tand\tveiled\twomen\tliving\tin | [
-0.010150161571800709,
-0.021311471238732338,
0.06892373412847519,
-0.012388995848596096,
-0.11766818165779114,
-0.03365054726600647,
0.08222325891256332,
0.028607895597815514,
-0.04430142045021057,
0.048179373145103455,
0.09688502550125122,
-0.042348358780145645,
0.0026384498924016953,
0.... |
latitudes\twhere\tsun\texposure\tis\tlow.\tWomen\twho\tare\tat\trisk\tof\tentering\tpregnancy\twith\tlow\tvitamin\nD\tlevels\talso\tinclude\tthose\twith\tBMI\tmore\tthan\n\t30,\tthose\twith\tfat\tmalabsorption,\tand\tthose\twith\thigh\nuse\tof\tsunblock,\talong\twith\tpoor\tdietary\tintake.\tScreening\tfor\tvitamin\tD\... | [
0.007354826666414738,
-0.016484888270497322,
0.08123990148305893,
-0.05404076352715492,
-0.0483696423470974,
-0.033508095890283585,
0.06580208241939545,
-0.0025384603068232536,
-0.03211270645260811,
0.04778178781270981,
0.10689031332731247,
-0.029075244441628456,
0.022960543632507324,
-0.0... |
women\t(\nACOG,\t2011\n).\nSevere\tvitamin\tD\tdeficiency\tis\tassociated\twith\tcongenital\trickets\tand\tnewborn\tfractures\tand\talso\nmay\tmanifest\tas\tseizures,\talthough\tit\tis\tunknown\tif\tcalcium\tinsufficiency\talso\tplays\ta\trole\t(\nBrannon\nand\tPicciano,\t2011\n).\tThere\n\tis\tconcern\tthat\tlow\tmate... | [
-0.004922835156321526,
-0.0513177290558815,
0.08950438350439072,
-0.002416763221845031,
-0.13250276446342468,
0.019505932927131653,
0.09738818556070328,
-0.04442249611020088,
-0.03437903895974159,
0.06240667775273323,
0.10454414784908295,
-0.025074809789657593,
-0.010284553281962872,
0.008... |
bone\taccrual.\tHowever,\tsmall\tstudies\thave\tshown\tthat\talthough\tmaternal\tsupplementation\tcan\nincrease\tcord\tblood\tlevels,\tthere\tis\tno\teffect\ton\tfetal\tcalcium,\tphosphorus,\tparathyroid\thormone\n(PTH),\tor\tskeletal\tparameters\t(\nKovacs,\t2012\n).\tA\trecent\tstudy\tfound\tno\tassociation\tbetween\... | [
-0.0065340325236320496,
-0.11580701172351837,
0.06669040769338608,
-0.02781403437256813,
-0.133667454123497,
-0.015112843364477158,
0.05166852846741676,
0.0388113297522068,
-0.019473018124699593,
0.06554266065359116,
0.09448577463626862,
-0.023157350718975067,
0.05542503297328949,
0.014182... |
vitamin\tD\tstatus\tand\ther\toffspring’s\n\tbone\tmineral\tcontent\tat\tages\t9\tto\t10\tyears\t(\nLawlor\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nVitamin\tD\tmetabolism\tchanges\tin\tpregnancy,\twith\tthe\tconversion\tof\t25(OH)D\tto\t1,25(OH)\n2\nD\ndrastically\tincreased\t(\nHollis\tand\tWagner,\t2017\n).\t1,25(OH)\n2\nD\tlevels\tare\t... | [
-0.061783451586961746,
-0.0692635178565979,
0.002319092396646738,
-0.012318107299506664,
-0.01590835116803646,
0.02081644907593727,
0.06624994426965714,
0.07426922023296356,
-0.04232815280556679,
0.010825803503394127,
0.09946133941411972,
0.0023862780071794987,
0.036791253834962845,
-0.020... |
).\t1,25(OH)\n2\nD\tlevels\tare\t2\tto\t3\ttimes\tnonpregnant\nlevels\tby\t12\tweeks\tof\tgestation\tand\tkeep\trising\tthroughout\tthe\tpregnancy,\tdepending\ton\t25(OH)D\navailability.\tThese\tlevels\tare\tnot\tassociated\twith\n\thypercalciuria\tor\thypercalcemia\tand\tappear\tto\tbe\ndriven\tby\tthe\tpregnancy\tits... | [
-0.03572328761219978,
-0.057582706212997437,
0.04667308181524277,
0.0026150434277951717,
-0.07013832032680511,
-0.002103763399645686,
0.068853460252285,
0.06499709188938141,
-0.021141385659575462,
0.03042585961520672,
0.1026144027709961,
-0.0023138648830354214,
0.02957960031926632,
0.01254... |
Mechanisms\tare\tstill\tunknown\tbut\tlikely\tinclude\tan\tuncoupling\tof\trenal\t1-alpha-hydroxylase\tfrom\nfeedback\tcontrol\tand\tupregulating\tit\ttwofold\tto\tfivefold\tfor\treasons\tother\tthan\tcalcium\thomeostasis\n(\nKovacs,\t2012\n).\tIt\tis\tassumed\tthat\thigh\t1,25(OH)\n2\nD\tvalues\tincrease\n\tdelivery\t... | [
-0.036923397332429886,
-0.0804363340139389,
0.02151406742632389,
-0.012523550540208817,
-0.060106921941041946,
0.01421896368265152,
0.07355282455682755,
0.02184777520596981,
-0.017970554530620575,
0.07956957817077637,
0.0682210847735405,
-0.02474161610007286,
-0.016940057277679443,
0.06778... |
2\nD\tvalues\tincrease\n\tdelivery\tof\tvitamin\tD\tto\tmaternal\ntissues\tand\tmay\tmodulate\tinnate\tand\tadaptive\timmunity,\tincluding\tpossibly\tan\timmunomodulatory\nrole\tin\tpreventing\tfetal\trejection.\tVitamin\tD\tmay\tbe\timportant\tin\tregulating\tgene\texpression\tand\tin\npromoting\tsuccessful\timplantat... | [
0.04384923353791237,
-0.07034022361040115,
0.09778044372797012,
-0.013408014550805092,
-0.09444437175989151,
0.025916753336787224,
0.1162661761045456,
-0.03005923517048359,
0.00194335519336164,
0.07903812825679779,
0.09618458151817322,
-0.07534945011138916,
0.04439565911889076,
0.011950155... |
important\t(\nHollis\tand\tWagner,\t2017\n).\tIt\talso\tmay\thave\ta\trole\tin\tpreventing\n\tpreeclampsia,\tpreterm\ndelivery,\tgestational\tdiabetes,\tbacterial\tvaginosis,\tand\tthe\tneed\tfor\tcesarean\tdelivery.\tIn\taddition,\tit\nmay\tbe\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tthe\tinfant’s\timmune\tfunction\tand\t... | [
0.002325233072042465,
0.0013685723533853889,
0.08888203650712967,
-0.040271658450365067,
-0.08392556756734848,
0.03136762976646423,
0.06709067523479462,
0.04568525403738022,
-0.04134471341967583,
0.08005502820014954,
0.13738182187080383,
-0.002900770865380764,
0.010427598841488361,
0.05736... |
well\tas\tother\tdevelopmental\tprogramming\t(\nBrannon\tand\tPicciano,\t2011\n),\tincluding\trisk\tof\ttype\t1\ndiabetes\t(\nKovacs,\t2012\n).\tHowever,\tassociations\tare\tinconclusive,\toften\tcontradictory\n\tand\nconfounded,\tand\tlack\tcausality.\tAlthough\tsupplementation\traises\tmaternal\tvitamin\tD\tlevels,\t... | [
0.007447326090186834,
-0.0331154428422451,
0.0706881582736969,
-0.02140745334327221,
-0.08270101994276047,
0.005121814552694559,
0.08743128925561905,
0.007269241847097874,
0.003061420051380992,
0.05492721125483513,
0.08847516030073166,
-0.0301755890250206,
0.024585509672760963,
0.026198178... |
not\tbeen\tconsistently\tassociated\twith\timproved\tobstetric\toutcomes\t(\nRoth\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tHowever,\ta\nrecent\ttrial\tfound\tthat\twomen\twho\tachieved\tblood\tconcentrations\tof\tat\tleast\t40\tng/mL\thad\tat\tleast\ta\n60%\tlower\trisk\tof\tpreterm\tdelivery\tand\tthat\tthe\trisk\treduction\twas\t78%\tamo... | [
0.04619497060775757,
-0.01965967006981373,
0.044862229377031326,
-0.06935812532901764,
-0.07906046509742737,
0.014332699589431286,
0.0528566874563694,
-0.03086869604885578,
0.009394489228725433,
0.08783099055290222,
0.10302557051181793,
-0.059329185634851456,
0.07445371150970459,
0.0042565... |
(\nMcDonnell\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tOptimal\tserum\tlevels\tof\t25(OH)D\tduring\tpregnancy\tare\tnot\tyet\tknown\tbut\nmust\tbe\tat\tleast\t20\tng/mL\t(50\tnmol/L)\tfor\tbone\thealth\t(\nACOG,\t2011\n).\tOther\texperts\tsuggest\tserum\nlevels\tat\tleast\t32\tng/mL\t(80\tnmol/L)\tis\tbetter\tfor\tpregnancy\tand\tit\thas\tb... | [
-0.02820778079330921,
-0.025828680023550987,
0.035371772944927216,
-0.0007146348361857235,
-0.034770943224430084,
-0.005414609331637621,
0.038148995488882065,
0.07048749923706055,
-0.021263550966978073,
0.026738276705145836,
0.11775156110525131,
-0.03528476506471634,
0.05374443531036377,
0... |
levels\tof\t1,25(OH)\n2\nD\tand,\ttherefore,\toptimal\tfetal\toutcomes\tcan\tbe\tachieved\tonly\twith\tblood\tlevels\tof\n40\tng/mL\t(100\tnmol/L)\t(\nHollis\tand\tWagner,\t2017\n).\tOthers\tpropose\teven\thigher\tlevels\t(\nHeyden\tand\nWimalawansa,\t2018\n).\tOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tincreased\trisk\tof\tgrowth\trestri... | [
-0.02946644276380539,
-0.0738210454583168,
0.032373279333114624,
-0.026470469310879707,
-0.07517081499099731,
-0.06398242712020874,
0.022357964888215065,
0.07732587307691574,
-0.05845935270190239,
0.032448332756757736,
0.10109081119298935,
-0.08549515902996063,
0.05840983986854553,
0.03882... |
nmol/L\tand\tchild\teczema\tat\tlevels\texceeding\t75\tnmol/L\talso\thave\tbeen\treported\t(\nBrannon\tand\nPicciano,\t2011\n).\tResearch\tis\tactive\tand\tongoing\tand\tdebate\tis\tvigorous.\tVitamin\tD\tsupplementation\nmay\tbe\tneeded\tto\treach\tdesired\tserum\tconcentrations,\talthough\n\tthere\tis\tinsufficient\t... | [
0.016819193959236145,
-0.059869635850191116,
0.057984016835689545,
-0.03899119049310684,
-0.06520330905914307,
-0.006416875869035721,
0.07556266337633133,
-0.007460425142198801,
-0.007266069762408733,
0.05259717255830765,
0.11062787473201752,
-0.021548528224229813,
0.033089324831962585,
0.... |
there\tis\tinsufficient\tevidence\tto\nrecommend\troutine\tsupplementation\tand\tWHO\trecommends\tagainst\tit\t(\nRoth\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tA\tdose\tof\n1000\tto\t2000\tIU/day\tof\tvitamin\tD\tappears\tsafe\t(\nACOG,\t2011\n).\tAlthough\tsome\tresearchers\thave\tfound\nno\thypercalciuria\twith\t4000\tIU/day\t(the\ttoler... | [
-0.01087804976850748,
0.02091679535806179,
0.06318756937980652,
-0.03674668073654175,
-0.06281394511461258,
-0.0017622781451791525,
0.05939178168773651,
0.020912373438477516,
-0.05083794146776199,
0.03252289071679115,
0.10200028866529465,
-0.07004158943891525,
0.03836185112595558,
0.022315... |
those\tstudies,\tonly\tspot\tchecks\tof\turine\twere\tdone,\tnot\t24-hour\turine\tcollections,\n\tand\tthere\twas\tno\nlong-term\tfollow-up\ton\tkidney\tstone\tformation\trates\t(\nKovacs,\t2012\n).\tVery\thigh\tsupplementation\n(≥1000\tmcg\t=\t40,000\tIU/day)\thas\tbeen\tassociated\twith\thypercalcemia,\tand\talthough... | [
0.017934244126081467,
0.026744646951556206,
0.09435203671455383,
-0.016870863735675812,
-0.1222366914153099,
-0.01288224570453167,
0.09760518372058868,
0.022839104756712914,
0.0027890244964510202,
0.04265248402953148,
0.05144497752189636,
-0.03843623027205467,
0.0639803409576416,
-0.026102... |
not\tappear\tto\tbe\tteratogenic\tin\tthe\tdoses\tusually\tgiven,\tsome\tanimal\tdata\tsuggest\tthe\tneed\tfor\nconcern\t(\nRoth,\t2011\n).\tThe\tpotency\tof\tvitamin\tD\tsupplements\tis\tvariable\tand\tmany\tcontain\tless\tthan\nthe\tlabeled\tamounts\t(\nLeBlanc\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nCurrent\tdata\tis\tinconsistent,\twi... | [
0.01824556291103363,
-0.04535331949591637,
0.07356125861406326,
-0.04119942709803581,
-0.07897346466779709,
0.0008927869494073093,
0.10725749284029007,
-0.06272360682487488,
0.016687432304024696,
0.06488650292158127,
0.11573565751314163,
-0.05279919505119324,
0.0713077187538147,
0.02581472... |
questions,\tmany\ttrials\tare\tplanned\tor\tare\tcurrently\tongoing.\tIn\taddition\tto\tdetermining\tthe\toptimal\nserum\tlevels,\tthe\toptimal\ttiming\tof\tsupplementation\tand\tthe\teffect\tof\tdifferent\tlifestyles,\tbody\ttypes,\nbaseline\tstatus,\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tplacenta,\tand\tgenotypes\n\t(both\tmaternal\ta... | [
-0.006593738682568073,
-0.022324172779917717,
0.0331215038895607,
-0.030466385185718536,
-0.06634543091058731,
0.006406519096344709,
0.06275156140327454,
0.005259756930172443,
-0.03678629919886589,
0.04362921416759491,
0.06925525516271591,
-0.024872394278645515,
0.026551716029644012,
0.006... |
unknown\t(\nHollis\tand\tWagner,\t2017\n;\t\nStørdal\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nVitamin\tE.\nVitamin\tE\trequirements\tdo\tnot\tincrease.\tAlthough\tdeficiency\tis\tspeculated\tto\tcause\tmiscarriage,\npreterm\tbirth,\tpreeclampsia,\tand\tIUGR,\tvitamin\tE\tdeficiency\tspecifically\thas\tnot\tyet\tbeen\treported | [
-0.05112496018409729,
-0.05143124982714653,
0.014257422648370266,
-0.012188553810119629,
-0.02576131373643875,
0.011584467254579067,
0.09183413535356522,
0.06405055522918701,
-0.01556969154626131,
0.021955180913209915,
0.13934071362018585,
-0.06029706075787544,
0.011765307746827602,
0.0142... |
in\thuman\tpregnancy.\tVitamin\tE\tis\tan\timportant\tlipophilic\tantioxidant,\tbut\tsupplementation\n\tof\tvitamin\nE\t(along\twith\tvitamin\tC)\tis\tnot\tan\teffective\tstrategy\tfor\tpreventing\tpreeclampsia\tnor\tdoes\tit\treduce\nrisk\tof\tfetal\tor\tneonatal\tloss,\tSGA,\tor\tpreterm\tdelivery.\tSupplementation\t... | [
0.0041775950230658054,
-0.06482387334108353,
0.02796744555234909,
0.01626838929951191,
-0.05742303282022476,
0.07166481763124466,
0.0839708223938942,
0.014402270317077637,
-0.0025598364882171154,
0.07353497296571732,
0.15359343588352203,
-0.03959057107567787,
0.0006974845309741795,
0.00324... |
proinflammatory,\tpreventing\tthe\tswitch\tfrom\tTh1\tcytokines\t(proinflammatory)\tto\tTh2\tcytokines\n(antiinflammatory)\tthat\tis\tnormal\tduring\tpregnancy\t(\nHovdenak\tand\tHaram,\t2012\n;\tsee\t\nAppendix\t36\nfor\tfood\n\tsources\tof\tvitamin\tE).\nVitamin\tK.\nAlthough\tvitamin\tK\trequirements\tdo\tnot\tincre... | [
-0.00472296355292201,
-0.09792742133140564,
-0.0011839793296530843,
0.010357114486396313,
-0.05175038054585457,
0.04359452426433563,
0.10873709619045258,
0.0905282273888588,
-0.015090163797140121,
0.03699329122900963,
0.09862026572227478,
0.0046387724578380585,
0.021742327138781548,
-0.003... |
sufficient\tvitamin\tK,\tas\tmost\tfood\tsources\t(e.g.,\tdark\tleafy\tgreen\tvegetables)\tare\tnot\tconsumed\tin\nrecommended\tamounts.\tVitamin\tK\thas\tan\timportant\trole\tin\tbone\thealth\tas\twell\tas\tin\tcoagulation\nhomeostasis,\tso\tadequate\tamounts\tduring\tpregnancy\tare\tvital\t(see\t\nChapter\t23\n).\tVi... | [
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0.06230089068412781,
0.054692238569259644,
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0.040726616978645325,
0.13990020751953125,
-0.04016917943954468,
0.03460947051644325,
0.02683... |
Chapter\t23\n).\tVitamin\tK\tdeficiency\nhas\tbeen\treported\tin\twomen\twho\thave\thad\thyperemesis\tgravidarum,\tCrohn’s\tdisease,\tor\tgastric\nbypass,\tand\ta\tcase\treport\tdescribes\ta\tdeficiency\tassociated\twith\tintrahepatic\tcholestasis\tof\npregnancy\t(\nMaldonado\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tSee\t\nAppendix\t37\n\t... | [
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0.019522640854120255,
0.0315561518073082,
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0.07141122221946716,
0.1257474571466446,
-0.013765391893684864,
0.026361769065260887,
0.019631... |
).\tSee\t\nAppendix\t37\n\tfor\tsources\tof\tvitamin\tK.\nMinerals\nCalcium.\nHormonal\tfactors\tstrongly\tinfluence\tcalcium\tmetabolism\tin\tpregnancy.\tHuman\tplacental\n\tlactogen\nmodestly\tincreases\tthe\trate\tof\tmaternal\tbone\tturnover.\tAlthough\testrogen\tinhibits\tbone\tresorption, | [
-0.003936063498258591,
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0.02148844487965107,
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0.10410692542791367,
0.12267610430717468,
-0.04507925361394882,
-0.024621620774269104,
0.02875... |
accretion\tand\tresorption\tincrease.\tMaternal\tabsorption\tof\tcalcium\tacross\tthe\tgut\tdoubles\tduring\npregnancy\t(\nKovacs,\t2016\n).\tPTH\toften\tdrops\tin\tNorth\tAmerican\tand\tEuropean\twomen\tconsuming\nadequate\tcalcium.\tIn\tareas\twith\tlower\tcalcium\tdiets\tthat\tare\talso\trich\tin\tphytates,\tPTH\tle... | [
-0.01336743962019682,
-0.019610779359936714,
0.050624724477529526,
-0.036554377526044846,
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0.09071667492389679,
-0.021542400121688843,
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0.09207563102245331,
0.08216031640768051,
-0.0786370187997818,
0.03315792605280876,
0.029... |
the\n\tsame\tor\tincrease\tand\tmore\tresearch\tis\tnecessary\ton\tthe\tlimitations\tof\tmaternal\tresponse\twhen\nintakes\tare\tmarginal\tor\tlow\t(\nOlausson\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tThese\tchanges\tmaintain\tmaternal\tserum\tcalcium\nlevels\tand\tpromote\tcalcium\tretention\tto\tmeet\tprogressively\tincreasing\tfetal\tsk... | [
-0.0014907891163602471,
-0.023435790091753006,
0.05064572021365166,
-0.044429562985897064,
-0.10981962084770203,
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0.07815612852573395,
-0.014530560933053493,
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0.08681610226631165,
0.10575505346059799,
-0.02536202408373356,
0.0602540522813797,
0.0233... |
mineralization.\tFetal\thypercalcemia\tand\tsubsequent\tendocrine\tadjustments\tultimately\tstimulate\tthe\nmineralization\n\tprocess.\tThe\tplacenta\tappears\tto\tprotect\tthe\tdeveloping\tfetus\tunless\tthere\tis\nmaternal\thypocalcemia\twith\tsevere\thypoparathyroidism\t(\nKovacs,\t2015\n). | [
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0.08747353404760361,
0.06915495544672012,
-0.010426199063658714,
0.02634521573781967,
-0.016316... |
Kovacs,\t2015\n).\nThe\tnet\teffects\tof\tpregnancy\tand\tlactation\ton\tthe\tmaternal\tskeleton\tare\tnot\tyet\tclear.\tBone\tmineral\nis\tmobilized\tduring\tpregnancy\tand\treplenished\tstarting\tin\tlater\tlactation.\tThe\tdegree\tof\tbone\nchanges\tvaries\tconsiderably\tby\tsite\tand\talso\tbetween\tindividuals.\n\... | [
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0.036700937896966934,
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0.06555823236703873,
0.08497649431228638,
0.03556472808122635,
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0.08192864805459976,
0.11766527593135834,
-0.04909292608499527,
0.021862231194972992,
0.01889... |
It\tappears\tthat\tgenetics,\tendocrine\nresponses,\tand\tnutritional\tfactors\tare\tall\timportant.\tNo\tprospective\tstudies\thave\texamined\twhether\nthere\tis\tincreased\trisk\tof\tosteoporosis\tlater\tin\tlife\tattributed\tto\tpregnancy\tor\tlactation\tand\nretrospective\tstudies\tare\tinconsistent.\tHigher\tintak... | [
0.01999036781489849,
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0.05702768266201019,
0.005417113192379475,
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0.022545944899320602,
0.07963439077138901,
0.017555883154273033,
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0.06726621091365814,
0.09392191469669342,
-0.04826701432466507,
0.007609204389154911,
-0.0325... |
when\tintakes\tare\tlow,\tbut\tsome\tevidence\tsuggests\tthat\tsupplementation\n\tmay\ttemporarily\tdisrupt\tthe\nprocess\tof\tadaptation\tto\thabitually\tlow\tintakes\t(\nOlausson\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nApproximately\t30\tg\tof\tcalcium\tis\taccumulated\tduring\tpregnancy,\tprimarily\tin\tthe\tfetal\tskeleton\t(25 | [
-0.005272298119962215,
-0.04267824813723564,
0.02849658392369747,
-0.014276697300374508,
-0.0748964473605156,
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0.07761944085359573,
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0.07592334598302841,
0.12976227700710297,
-0.044975508004426956,
0.025920147076249123,
0.03168... |
g),\tbut\tthere\tis\twide\tvariation.\tThe\tremainder\tis\tstored\tin\tthe\tmaternal\tskeleton,\theld\tin\treserve\tfor\nthe\tcalcium\tdemands\tof\tlactation.\tMost\tfetal\taccretion\toccurs\tduring\tthe\tlast\thalf\tof\tpregnancy,\nincreasing\tfrom\t50\tmg/day\tat\t20\tweeks\tof\tgestation\tto\t330\tmg/day\tat\t35\twe... | [
0.01254833023995161,
-0.041465435177087784,
0.08080125600099564,
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0.017032502219080925,
0.024342788383364677,
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0.0746099129319191,
0.09418085217475891,
-0.031362082809209824,
0.015400762669742107,
-0.00... |
Olausson\tet\tal,\n2012\n).\tThere\tis\tconflicting\tevidence\tregarding\twhether\tmaternal\tcalcium\tintake\taffects\ta\tchild’s\nlong-term\taccretion.\nIn\taddition\tto\tits\trole\tin\tbone\tformation,\tlow\tcalcium\tintake\tis\tassociated\twith\tincreased\trisk\tof\nIUGR\tand\tpreeclampsia\t(\nHovdenak\tand\tHaram,\... | [
0.012106585316359997,
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0.06596183776855469,
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0.01919930800795555,
0.06465855985879898,
0.010969163849949837,
0.0011335501912981272,
0.05574760213494301,
0.09912952780723572,
-0.038540516048669815,
0.009587219916284084,
0.0219... |
Hovdenak\tand\tHaram,\t2012\n).\tCalcium\talso\tis\tinvolved\tin\tmany\tother\nprocesses,\tincluding\tblood\tclotting,\tintracellular\tproteolysis,\tand\tnitric\toxide\tsynthesis,\tand\tit\thas\ta\nrole\tin\tregulating\tuterine\tcontractions\t(\nWu\tet\tal,\t2012a\n).\nThe\trequirement\tfor\tcalcium\tduring\tpregnancy\... | [
-0.030945707112550735,
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0.04550502821803093,
-0.052683811634778976,
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0.010537592694163322,
0.09482025355100632,
0.003029245650395751,
0.025767508894205093,
0.10142847150564194,
0.10643161088228226,
-0.05584638938307762,
-0.005100761540234089,
0.02... |
pregnancy\twith\tlow\tintakes\tand\toften\tneed\tencouragement\tto\tincrease\tconsumption\tof\tcalcium-rich\nfoods.\tDairy\tproducts\tare\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tsources\n\tof\tdietary\tcalcium.\nMilk,\tincluding\textra\tdry\tmilk\tpowder,\tcan\tbe\tincorporated\tinto\tfoods.\tOne-third\tcup\tof\tdried\tskim | [
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0.0250825434923172,
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0.02007981203496456,
0.13902871310710907,
-0.0990016907453537,
0.020114200189709663,
-0.02... |
milk\tis\tequivalent\tto\t1\tcup\tof\tfluid\tmilk.\tSmall\tamounts\tcan\tbe\tadded\tto\tliquid\tmilk\twhile\tmuch\tmore\ncan\tbe\tadded\tto\tfoods\twith\tstronger\tflavors.\tAlthough\tmost\tof\tthe\tdry\tmilk\tsold\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\nis\tnonfat,\tpowdered\twhole\tmilk\tis\talso\tavailable\tin\tthe\tethnic\tfood\... | [
0.0009305335115641356,
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0.03810679912567139,
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0.03181378170847893,
0.10258637368679047,
-0.06078484281897545,
0.03266606852412224,
0.025... |
of\tgrocery\tstores.\tYogurt\nis\toften\twell\taccepted,\tand\tusing\tplain\tnonfat\tyogurt\twith\tfruit\tand\tminimal\tadded\tsugar\tcan\nmaximize\tnutrients\twithout\tproviding\tas\tmany\textra\tcalories.\tGreek\tyogurt,\talthough\thigher\tin\nprotein,\tmay\tcontain\tless\tcalcium\tthan\tregular\tyogurt.\tAlthough\tc... | [
-0.000011232024007767905,
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0.10432827472686768,
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0.06458701193332672,
0.1029898002743721,
-0.04326383396983147,
0.05451599881052971,
-0.... |
higher\tcalories\tfrom\tfat\tbecome\ta\tlimiting\tfactor.\tLactose\tintolerance\tcan\tbe\tmanaged\t(see\n\t\nChapter\n25\n).\nSoy\tmilks\tare\tfortified\twith\tcalcium,\tbut\tthis\toften\tprecipitates\tto\tthe\tbottom\tof\tthe\tcontainer.\tIt\tis | [
0.015494219958782196,
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0.046159420162439346,
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0.020639847964048386,
0.09177356213331223,
-0.0686170905828476,
0.037728436291217804,
0.040650... |
difficult\tto\treincorporate\tthe\tsludge,\twith\tthe\tmilk\tcontaining\tonly\t31%\tof\tthe\tlabeled\tamount\nwithout\tshaking,\t59%\twith\tshaking\t(\nHeaney\tand\tRafferty,\t2006\n).\tThe\tfortificant\tshould\tbe\tcalcium\ncarbonate\tfor\tbest\tabsorption.\tOther\tdrinks,\tincluding\tenriched\trice,\tcoconut,\tand\tn... | [
-0.02710532397031784,
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0.010917608626186848,
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0.08601692318916321,
0.05201489478349686,
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0.031122948974370956,
0.03731681406497955,
-0.04118127003312111,
0.030517516657710075,
0.03992... |
milks,\tare\noften\tlow\tin\tprotein,\tand\tcaution\tis\tadvised.\tRegarding\tvegetable\tsources\tof\tcalcium,\tthe\tconcern\tis\none\tof\tquantity\tand\tbioavailability\t(\nTable\t14.10\n;\tsee\talso\t\nAppendix\t39\n).\nTABLE\t14.10\nComparison\tof\tAbsorbable\tCalcium\tWith\t1\tCup\tMilk\nFood\nCalcium\nContent\nFra... | [
0.0009174434817396104,
-0.07747440040111542,
0.007092315703630447,
-0.02044333890080452,
-0.056571148335933685,
-0.0030835550278425217,
0.07996238023042679,
0.04141942411661148,
-0.01690926030278206,
0.03494369611144066,
0.07674331963062286,
-0.037027813494205475,
0.048853084444999695,
0.0... |
Absorption\nEstimated\tAbsorbed\nCalcium\nAmount\tNeeded\tto\tEqual\n1\tc\tMilk\nMilk\n300\tmg/c\n32.1%\n96.3\tmg\n1.0\tcup\nBeans,\tpinto\n44.7\tmg/0.5\nc\n*\n26.7\n11.9\n4.05\tcups,\tcooked\n*\nBeans,\tred\n40.5\tmg/0.5\tc\n24.4\n9.9\n4.85\tcups\nBeans,\twhite\n113\tmg/0.5\tc\n21.8\n24.7\n1.95\tcups\nBok\tchoy\n79\tm... | [
-0.009968867525458336,
-0.07594593614339828,
-0.022942688316106796,
-0.008399504236876965,
-0.08736768364906311,
-0.12655803561210632,
0.03414103761315346,
0.11335437744855881,
-0.03449396789073944,
0.008828767575323582,
0.01228340994566679,
-0.08896837383508682,
0.04053478315472603,
0.035... |
53.8\n42.5\n1.15\tcups\nBroccoli\n35\tmg/0.5\tc\n61.3\n21.5\n2.25\tcups\nCheddar\n\tcheese\n303\tmg/1.5\noz\n32.1\n97.2\n1.5\toz\nChinese\tmustard\ngreens\n212\tmg/0.5\tc\n40.2\n85.3\n0.55\tcup\nChinese\tspinach\n347\tmg/0.5\tc\n8.36\n29.0\n1.65\tcups\nKale\n61\tmg/0.5\tc\n49.3\n30.1\n1.6\tcups\nSpinach\n115\tmg/0.5\tc... | [
-0.048641547560691833,
0.0020994555670768023,
-0.031079784035682678,
-0.02388892136514187,
-0.12419882416725159,
-0.04663602262735367,
0.01680653542280197,
0.09403956681489944,
-0.018772732466459274,
0.013433153741061687,
-0.0333973690867424,
-0.12528042495250702,
0.055861975997686386,
0.0... |
Sweet\tpotatoes\n44\tmg/0.5\tc\n22.2\n9.8\n4.9\tcups\nTofu\twith\tcalcium\n258\tmg/0.5\tc\n31.0\n80.0\n0.6\tcup\nYogurt,\tregular\n300\tmg/c\n32.1\n96.3\n1.0\tcup\n*\nAll\tvegetables\tare\tcooked\n\tportions.\nAdapted\tfrom\tWeaver\tCM\tet\tal:\tChoices\tfor\tachieving\tadequate\tdietary\tcalcium\twith\ta\tvegetarian\t... | [
-0.060088105499744415,
-0.036913856863975525,
-0.013598905876278877,
-0.04541001468896866,
-0.13251368701457977,
-0.053659696131944656,
0.05418149754405022,
0.0634549930691719,
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0.04231974110007286,
0.03534718230366707,
-0.0681970864534378,
0.015154425986111164,
-0.01... |
Am\tJ\tClin\tNutr\n\t70:543s,\t1999.\nCare\tshould\tbe\ttaken\twhen\tconsidering\tthe\tuse\tof\tcalcium\tsupplements.\tAmong\tnonpregnant\nadults,\tbone\tbuilding\tis\tbetter\twith\tdietary\tcalcium\tthan\twith\tsupplements\t(\nBooth\tand\tCamacho,\n2013\n).\tOverconsumption\tof\tcalcium\tthrough\tfood\tis\tnot\tcommon... | [
-0.03446076437830925,
0.012872344814240932,
0.029703285545110703,
-0.07877218723297119,
-0.07751817256212234,
0.0032846094109117985,
0.10062780231237411,
-0.02189646102488041,
0.002623779233545065,
0.038924265652894974,
0.06404408067464828,
-0.07087597250938416,
0.08858012408018112,
0.0234... |
elevated\tserum\tcalcium\nlevels\tcan\tresult\tfrom\texcess\tantacid\tingestion\tif\tthe\tUL\tis\texceeded\t(see\t\nHeartburn\n).\nCopper.\nDiets\tof\tpregnant\twomen\tare\toften\tmarginal\tin\tcopper,\tand\trequirements\trise\tslightly\tin\tpregnancy.\nIn\taddition\tto\tprimary\tdeficiency\tfrom\tgenetic\tmutation\t(M... | [
-0.0074411132372915745,
-0.038098521530628204,
0.059761401265859604,
0.016881734132766724,
-0.07974746078252792,
-0.0067495363764464855,
0.06967521458864212,
0.013424665667116642,
-0.029710615053772926,
0.048657432198524475,
0.09695649147033691,
-0.05244281515479088,
0.009607388637959957,
... |
(from\tincreased\tzinc\tor\tiron\tintake,\tthe\tuse\tof\tcertain\tdrugs,\tor\ta\thistory\tof\tgastric\n\tbypass\tsurgery)\tis\nalso\tof\tconcern.\tCopper\tdeficiency\talters\tembryo\tdevelopment\tand\tinduced\tcopper\tdeficiency\thas\nbeen\tshown\tto\tbe\tteratogenic.\tThere\tis\tdecreased\tactivity\tof\tcuproenzymes,\... | [
-0.008491283282637596,
-0.07649940997362137,
0.030962465330958366,
-0.024518372491002083,
-0.07262127101421356,
0.023674195632338524,
0.12596037983894348,
0.038915082812309265,
-0.016968276351690292,
0.09716006368398666,
0.11059366166591644,
-0.03807920217514038,
0.02127489075064659,
0.084... |
stress,\taltered\tiron\tmetabolism,\tabnormal\tprotein\tcrosslinking,\tdecreased\tangiogenesis,\tand\taltered\ncell\tsignaling\t(\nUriu-Adams\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\tCopper\tinteracts\twith\tiron,\taffecting\tneurocognitive\n\tand\nneurobehavioral\tdevelopment.\tAlthough\tnot\tcommonly\tincluded\tin\tprenatal\tsupplements,... | [
-0.014973025768995285,
-0.05585361272096634,
0.0622706301510334,
0.015485786832869053,
-0.03646666556596756,
0.011906266212463379,
0.10060818493366241,
0.024432245641946793,
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0.06966137140989304,
0.08963415026664734,
-0.05771441012620926,
-0.020666655153036118,
0.0332... |
recommended\tthat\tcopper\tbe\tsupplemented\twhen\tzinc\tand\tiron\tare\tgiven\tduring\tpregnancy.\tGood\nsources\tof\tcopper\tinclude\torgan\tmeats,\tseafood,\tnuts,\tseeds,\tand\twhole\tgrain\tproducts.\tBecause\tof\nthe\trelatively\tlarge\tamounts\tconsumed,\ttea,\tmilk,\tpotatoes,\tand\tchicken\tare\talso\timportan... | [
-0.028268396854400635,
-0.026292838156223297,
0.03745891526341438,
0.004419875796884298,
-0.03633314371109009,
0.049376651644706726,
0.12905246019363403,
0.049887873232364655,
-0.03548538684844971,
0.0249470267444849,
0.08283110707998276,
-0.02203529328107834,
0.026982109993696213,
-0.0002... |
(\nOtten\tet\tal,\t2006\n).\nFluoride.\nThe\trole\tof\tfluoride\tin\tprenatal\tdevelopment\tis\tcontroversial,\tand\tfluoride\trequirements\tdo\tnot\nincrease\tduring\tpregnancy.\tDevelopment\tof\tprimary\tdentition\tbegins\tat\t10\tto\t12\tweeks\tof\tgestation\nand\tthe\tfirst\tfour\tpermanent\tmolars\tand\teight\tof\... | [
0.008100609295070171,
-0.0334598682820797,
0.06536233425140381,
-0.036067523062229156,
-0.03987981006503105,
0.049690913408994675,
0.08113554120063782,
0.019324462860822678,
0.0019053707364946604,
0.08358622342348099,
0.1519670933485031,
-0.027375400066375732,
0.000004812543465959607,
0.04... |
trimester.\tThus\t32\tteeth\tare\tdeveloping\tduring\tgestation.\tControversy\tinvolves\tthe\textent\n\tto\twhich\nfluoride\tis\ttransported\tacross\tthe\tplacenta\tand\tits\tvalue\tin\tutero\tin\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tcaries-\nresistant\tpermanent\tteeth\t(see\t\nChapter\t24\n).\nMost\tbottled\twater\tdoes\tnot\tconta... | [
0.008533304557204247,
-0.049294404685497284,
0.07314114272594452,
-0.017949558794498444,
-0.058122847229242325,
0.014372759498655796,
0.049471478909254074,
0.022016165778040886,
-0.02912035770714283,
0.08704164624214172,
0.11849360913038254,
-0.06817865371704102,
-0.031058449298143387,
0.0... |
in\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tto\tachieve\tthe\tintake\tlevel\trecommended\tby\tCDC.\tIn\tother\tcountries,\tsalt\tand\nmilk\tare\tcommon\tvehicles\tfor\tfortification.\tFluoride\n\tlevels\texceeding\tthe\tmaximum\tcontamination\nlevel\tof\tmunicipal\twater\tsupplies\tare\tproblematic\tfor\tbones\tand\tteeth.\tThese\televat... | [
0.02335323765873909,
-0.04310255125164986,
0.07892896980047226,
-0.027999822050333023,
-0.043566085398197174,
0.008450361900031567,
0.09201589226722717,
0.04533851891756058,
0.031997255980968475,
0.03813884034752846,
0.07559468597173691,
-0.04522053152322769,
0.06284286081790924,
0.0426018... |
appear\tto\tbe\tneurotoxic\tfor\tthe\tdeveloping\tfetus\t(\nBarrett,\t2017\n).\nIodine.\nIodine\tis\tpart\tof\tthe\tthyroxine\tmolecule,\twith\ta\tcritical\trole\tin\tthe\tmetabolism\tof\tmacronutrients\tas\nwell\tas\tin\tfetal\tneuronal\tmyelination\tand\tgene\texpression\t(\nWu\tet\tal,\t2012a\n).\tBecause\tthe\tthyr... | [
0.017925644293427467,
-0.10924366116523743,
0.03136897832155228,
-0.012953260913491249,
-0.07559289783239365,
0.01624225452542305,
0.06659607589244843,
0.09974757581949234,
-0.02195969596505165,
0.07446423918008804,
0.07093490660190582,
0.007539999205619097,
0.026121823117136955,
0.0801574... |
Wu\tet\tal,\t2012a\n).\tBecause\tthe\tthyroid\nhormone\tsynthesis\tincreases\t50%\tduring\tpregnancy,\tiodine\trequirements\talso\tincrease\t(\nStagnaro-\nGreen\tand\tPearce,\t2012\n).\tSevere\tiodine\tdeficiency\tis\tassociated\twith\tincreased\trisk\tof\tmiscarriage,\ncongenital\tanomalies,\tfetal\tgoiter,\tand\tstil... | [
-0.018505029380321503,
-0.017053820192813873,
0.007452269550412893,
0.0003887810162268579,
-0.07202774286270142,
0.033541981130838394,
0.08551248908042908,
0.07201462984085083,
-0.03139122575521469,
0.06976857036352158,
0.1370793581008911,
-0.03680246323347092,
-0.014457437209784985,
-0.00... |
decreased\tIQ.\tInfant\tcretinism,\talthough\trare\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates,\tis\ta\tsignificant\n\tpublic\thealth\nproblem.\tIodine\tdeficiency\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tcause\tof\tpreventable\tintellectual\tdevelopmental\ndisability\tin\tthe\tworld\t(\nLeung\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nWorldwide,\tmany\tpeople\tare\tat\trisk\t... | [
0.04483441263437271,
-0.034882962703704834,
0.06692060083150864,
-0.0244187843054533,
-0.08919171988964081,
0.014486663043498993,
0.05206744372844696,
0.040361322462558746,
-0.004046599846333265,
0.08085349202156067,
0.14424969255924225,
-0.011318258009850979,
0.06054605916142464,
0.026998... |
consuming\tproduce\tgrown\tin\tiodine-deficient\tsoils,\tespecially\tif\teating\tlocally\tand\tconsuming\ngoitrogens\tor\texposed\tto\tperchlorate\tcontamination.\tFish\n\tand\tseafood\tare\tgood\tsources.\tIodine\ncontent\tvaries\tbetween\tand\twithin\tspecies.\tIt\tis\thigher\tin\twhite\tfish\tthan\toily\tfish\tand\t... | [
-0.0014247884973883629,
-0.04515954479575157,
0.03978876397013664,
-0.010722090490162373,
-0.061591826379299164,
-0.0111084571108222,
0.11005648970603943,
0.036273322999477386,
-0.07286235690116882,
0.027126889675855637,
0.06852376461029053,
-0.09089798480272293,
0.0016566733829677105,
0.0... |
highest\tat\tand\tjust\tbelow\tthe\tskin.\tMarine\tfish\tcontain\tsix\ttimes\tthe\tamount\tfound\tin\tfresh\twater\nfish.\tOther\tseafood\tis\talso\ta\tgood\tsource.\tCooking\tlosses\tare\tmuch\thigher\twith\tboiling\tthan\twith\nfrying\tor\tgrilling\t(\nBouga\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nAn\testimated\t70%\tof\tthe\n\tworld\tp... | [
-0.013958502560853958,
-0.021915141493082047,
0.03786985203623772,
-0.07605848461389542,
-0.10598883777856827,
-0.03491538017988205,
0.05779923498630524,
0.030911331996321678,
-0.049366045743227005,
0.05399468541145325,
0.044565338641405106,
-0.07660327851772308,
0.05323764309287071,
0.039... |
Pearce\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tSalt\niodization\tis\tvoluntary\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tand\tCanada.\tIodized\tsalt\trarely\tis\tused\tin\tprocessed\nfoods,\tthe\tprimary\tsource\tof\tdietary\tsodium,\tand\tmust\tbe\tlabeled\tif\tused.\tKosher\tsalt\tand\tsea\tsalt\tdo\nnot\tnaturally\tcontain\tiodine.\tWomen\tshould\tbe\... | [
-0.007998921908438206,
-0.0667896643280983,
0.04222938418388367,
-0.02546149678528309,
-0.0592426173388958,
0.03795628622174263,
0.10664376616477966,
-0.019647778943181038,
-0.029270533472299576,
0.023397104814648628,
0.0845048651099205,
-0.01494844350963831,
0.04109589010477066,
0.0393773... |
and\tto\tlimit\tthe\tintake\tof\n\tprocessed\tfoods\tmade\twith\tuniodized\tsalt.\nMedian\turinary\tiodine\tvalues\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\thave\tdeclined,\tmainly\tbecause\tof\tthe\treduction\nof\tiodine\tin\tdairy\tand\tbread\tproducts,\tsuch\tthat\t35%\tof\tU.S.\twomen\tof\tchildbearing\tage\tnow\thave\nurinary\tio... | [
-0.0027371696196496487,
-0.08318331837654114,
0.025422682985663414,
-0.031133806332945824,
-0.07339704036712646,
-0.01470157690346241,
0.055312637239694595,
-0.014259906485676765,
-0.00033746694680303335,
0.08770763874053955,
0.121436707675457,
-0.06605562567710876,
0.06276416033506393,
0.... |
Leung\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tSimilar\nreductions\thave\tbeen\tseen\tin\twomen\tin\tother\tdeveloped\tcountries\n\tas\twell\t(\nPearce\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tA\nrecent\tstudy\testimated\t21%\tto\t44%\tof\tU.S.\tpregnant\twomen\tin\tthe\tthird\ttrimester\tmay\thave\ninadequate\tiodine\tlevels,\tusing\ta\tnew\tquantitative\tmod... | [
0.016199316829442978,
0.03758110851049423,
0.054535288363695145,
-0.013488948345184326,
-0.11683331429958344,
0.009051717817783356,
0.03581143543124199,
-0.052309952676296234,
-0.039871614426374435,
0.006812766660004854,
0.13767507672309875,
-0.12477684020996094,
0.046287547796964645,
-0.0... |
Lumen\tand\tGeorge,\t2017\n).\nAlthough\tthe\teffects\tof\tsevere\tiodine\tdeficiency\ton\tfetal\tbrain\tdevelopment\tare\twell\testablished,\tthe\neffects\tof\tmilder\tdeficits\tare\tnot\tas\tclear.\tResults\tof\tsupplementation\tstudies\tare\n\tmixed\tregarding\nthyroid\tfunction\tand\tthe\tneurodevelopment\tof\tchil... | [
0.002557884668931365,
-0.06565888971090317,
0.08191545307636261,
-0.025745578110218048,
-0.0556352324783802,
-0.01611882448196411,
0.1165441945195198,
0.03011396713554859,
-0.008082399144768715,
0.06415250897407532,
0.08409399539232254,
-0.01737230271100998,
0.05862293019890785,
0.02194425... |
deficiency\tdemonstrate\tbetter\tneurocognitive\tscores\tif\tmothers\twere\tsupplemented\tstarting\tvery\nearly\tin\tpregnancy,\tthat\tis,\tby\t4\tto\t6\tweeks\tof\tgestation\t(\nLeung\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tCurrent\tresearch\tis\nstudying\tthe\teffect\tof\tiodine\tsupplementation\ton\tobstetric\toutcomes\tand\tlong-term\... | [
0.002694647293537855,
-0.08243702352046967,
0.026169970631599426,
-0.004923082422465086,
-0.08393290638923645,
0.019993143156170845,
0.04074879363179207,
0.0739646703004837,
-0.02791537716984749,
0.046223968267440796,
0.09930980205535889,
-0.03339073434472084,
0.018277768045663834,
0.01886... |
development.\tBecause\tof\tthe\tconcern\tthat\ta\tsubset\tof\tthe\tpopulation\tmay\tbe\tat\trisk\tfor\tmild\ndeficiency,\tthe\tAmerican\tThyroid\tAssociation\trecommends\tthat\twomen\treceive\t150\tmcg/day\tduring\npregnancy\tand\tlactation\tas\tpotassium\tiodide,\tgiven\tthe\tvariability\tof\tiodine\tcontent\tin\tkelp... | [
0.009079628624022007,
-0.004546928219497204,
0.05024708807468414,
-0.04366460070014,
-0.052342429757118225,
-0.01603485830128193,
0.05010678991675377,
0.01276607345789671,
0.0040256003849208355,
0.09548913687467575,
0.13684134185314178,
-0.07486335933208466,
0.03492317348718643,
-0.0065605... |
seaweed\t(\nLeung\tet\tal,\t2013\n;\t\nACOG,\t2015b\n).\tA\trecent\tstudy\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tfound\tthat\t61%\tof\nprenatal\tvitamins\n\tcontain\tiodine\tand\tthat\tthose\tthat\twere\tavailable\tover\tthe\tcounter\twere\tmore\nlikely\tto\tcontain\tit\t(71%)\tthan\tthose\tavailable\tby\tprescription\t(46%)\t(\nLe... | [
-0.02100607566535473,
-0.04296393692493439,
0.03359372913837433,
-0.08602386713027954,
-0.03849431127309799,
0.012670096009969711,
0.09824135899543762,
-0.009281153790652752,
-0.0062381792813539505,
0.014760544523596764,
0.12733139097690582,
-0.07150178402662277,
0.05723034590482712,
-0.00... |
Lee\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tIodine\tcontent\nranged\tfrom\t10\tto\t450\tmcg\taccording\tto\tproduct\tlabels,\tbut\tthe\tmajority\t(89%)\tcontained\tat\tleast\n150\tmcg.\tAnother\tU.S.\tstudy\tfound\tthat\tadult\tmultivitamins\twere\tmore\tlikely\tto\tcontain\tiodine\n(74.2%)\tthan\tthose\tlabeled\n\tprenatal\tvitamins\t(57... | [
-0.0182255320250988,
-0.014145676977932453,
0.02446863055229187,
-0.0248415544629097,
-0.0541197769343853,
-0.035419613122940063,
0.07586190104484558,
0.027950193732976913,
-0.009165859781205654,
0.043475568294525146,
0.08822813630104065,
-0.09588368982076645,
0.09170034527778625,
-0.02055... |
prenatal\tvitamins\t(57.6%)\t(\nPatel\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tAlthough\tthe\tadult\nmultivitamins\tconsistently\tused\tpotassium\tiodide,\tthat\twas\tonly\ttrue\tfor\t73.5%\tof\tthose\tlabeled\tas\nprenatal\tvitamins.\tIn\taddition,\tthe\taccuracy\tof\tlabeled\tcontent\tof\tmultivitamins\tsold\tin\tthe\tUnited\nStates\tis\... | [
0.017998170107603073,
-0.057244569063186646,
0.039380766451358795,
-0.018838195130228996,
-0.08233999460935593,
0.017779752612113953,
0.07462122291326523,
0.006153193302452564,
-0.009858914650976658,
0.08934461325407028,
0.11299331486225128,
-0.11020559817552567,
0.019348708912730217,
0.01... |
States\tis\talso\tof\tconcern.\nHigh\tiodine\tlevels\tare\talso\tof\tconcern,\tpotentially\tcausing\tthe\tsame\tsymptoms\tas\tlow\tlevels.\tThere\nis\tconcern\n\tabout\tthe\tsafety\tof\tiodine\tsupplementation\tin\tareas\tof\tiodine\tsufficiency,\tbut\tthe\tproblems\nappear\tto\tbe\ttemporary\t(\nPearce\tet\tal,\t2013\... | [
-0.007484730798751116,
-0.02957308664917946,
0.008928484283387661,
-0.05733240395784378,
-0.1016961857676506,
0.018061701208353043,
0.07652350515127182,
-0.026442091912031174,
-0.009726662188768387,
0.07615239918231964,
0.03329011797904968,
-0.03385058417916298,
0.1003924086689949,
0.06500... |
).\tThere\tare\tindividual\tdifferences\tin\tthe\tability\tto\thandle\nhigh\tiodine\tintakes\tbut\tmost\thealthy\tpeople\tadapt\twithin\ta\tfew\tdays\tand\tproduce\tnormal\tlevels\tof\nthyroid\thormones\t(\nHamby\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tHowever,\tthe\tfetus\tand\tneonate\tare\tparticularly\tsensitive\tto\nhigh | [
0.05769560858607292,
-0.03868512809276581,
0.08006209880113602,
-0.06316235661506653,
-0.1202210783958435,
-0.017392318695783615,
0.06741438060998917,
-0.02736557088792324,
0.011819436214864254,
0.12005551904439926,
0.0967106893658638,
-0.05288681015372276,
0.046194884926080704,
0.02927311... |
).\tHowever,\tthe\tfetus\tand\tneonate\tare\tparticularly\tsensitive\tto\nhigh\n\tiodine\tlevels,\tespecially\tthe\tpreterm\tinfant,\tbecause\tthe\thomeostatic\tmechanisms\tdo\tnot\tmature\nuntil\t36\tweeks\tof\tgestation\t(\nPearce,\t2018\n).\nProblems\thave\tbeen\tseen\twith\thigh\tintakes\tof\tseaweeds.\tThe\tiodine... | [
0.061185650527477264,
-0.028970880433917046,
0.08194297552108765,
-0.03145001456141472,
-0.06870250403881073,
-0.012592528946697712,
0.0748169794678688,
-0.037114404141902924,
-0.014374512247741222,
0.08948411047458649,
0.09212871640920639,
-0.0672854632139206,
0.05587433651089668,
0.00570... |
variable\tand\tdepends\tprimarily\ton\tthe\tspecies\tof\tseaweed\tbut\talso\tthe\tparts\tof\tthe\tplant\tconsumed,\nthe\tgrowing\tconditions,\tand\tthe\tpreparation\tmethods\t(\nRoleda\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tOf\tmost\tconcern\tare\tthe\nbrown\tseaweeds,\tincluding\tkombu\tand\tkelp,\tbecause\tthey\tare\tknown\tto\tbe\tthe... | [
0.011795657686889172,
0.019826248288154602,
0.03873789310455322,
-0.0480172261595726,
-0.05702357739210129,
-0.0021019873674958944,
0.07383125275373459,
-0.010719862766563892,
0.0001081294467439875,
0.058143842965364456,
0.12444600462913513,
-0.05141649395227432,
0.07196056842803955,
0.010... |
accumulators\tof\tiodine,\tfollowed\tby\tred\tseaweeds\t(\nTeas\tet\tal,\t2004\n).\tFrequent\tconsumption\tof\tthese\nseaweeds\tcould\tfar\texceed\tthe\tUL\t(\nDesideri\tet\tal,\t2016\n),\teven\twhen\tcooking\tmethods\t(iodine\tis\nwater\tsoluble)\tand\tbioavailability\tissues\tare\ttaken\tinto\taccount\t(\nRoleda\tet\... | [
-0.02957376092672348,
-0.019519086927175522,
0.05199025571346283,
-0.04623012989759445,
-0.02714390680193901,
0.0035287877544760704,
0.070427805185318,
0.016683850437402725,
-0.005663454066962004,
0.025881454348564148,
0.1587410271167755,
-0.056483469903469086,
0.06305675953626633,
0.02123... |
Roleda\tet\tal,\t2018\n;\t\nDomínguez-\nGonzález\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tCongenital\thypothyroidism\tresulting\tfrom\thigh\tprenatal\tintake\tof\tseaweeds\nhas\tbeen\tdocumented\t(\nNishiyama\tet\tal,\t2004\n).\tVery\thigh\tbreastmilk\tiodine\tlevels\talso\thave\tbeen\nseen\tamong\tKorean\twomen\tingesting\tthe\tcustomary\... | [
0.021417712792754173,
-0.000587759364861995,
0.06997998058795929,
-0.05889094993472099,
-0.029779231175780296,
0.05677301436662674,
0.055255066603422165,
-0.06313778460025787,
-0.0484146773815155,
0.052240077406167984,
0.08084128051996231,
-0.04211790859699249,
0.03211367130279541,
-0.0090... |
nutrient\tcontent\tbut\talso\tthought\tto\tfacilitate\tmaternal\tweight\tloss\tand\tenhance\tbreast\tmilk\nproduction\t(\nHamby\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nAs\n\ta\treminder,\tpostpartum\tthyroiditis\taffects\tan\testimated\t5.4%\tof\tall\twomen\t(\nStagnaro-Green\tand\nPearce,\t2012\n).\tThyroiditis\tcan\tmanifest\tas\teither... | [
-0.006454059854149818,
-0.0584503673017025,
0.05410802364349365,
-0.018932225182652473,
-0.02472570538520813,
0.01958577148616314,
0.05941801890730858,
0.05763988569378853,
-0.08178393542766571,
0.07430095225572586,
0.07356816530227661,
-0.018808964639902115,
0.04421088099479675,
0.0188524... |
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