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Baltimore,\tMD.)\nHigh\tnutrition\trisk\tindividuals\tmust\tbe\tidentified\tand\tassessed\tmonthly\tby\tthe\tdietitian.\tHigh\trisk\nis\tdefined\tas:\n•\t\nSignificant\tweight\tloss\tdefined\tas\t5%\tof\tbody\tweight\tin\t1\tmonth\tor\t10%\tof\tbody\tweight\tin\t6\nmonths\n•\t\nNutrition\tsupport\t(tube\tfeedings\tor\n... | [
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•\t\nDialysis\tpatients\n•\t\nWounds\tor\tpressure\tinjuries\nPalliative\tcare\tand\thospice\nDuring\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tdisease\tprocess\tthere\tare\tmultiple\tservices\tand\tapproaches\tthat\tcan\tease\nsymptoms\tand\tfocus\ton\tkeeping\tone\tcomfortable.\t\nPalliative\tcare\n\tis\tan\tapproach\tto\tcare\tthat\tcan\... | [
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Palliative\tcare\n\tis\tan\tapproach\tto\tcare\tthat\tcan\tbe\ninitiated\tat\tany\tpoint\tduring\ta\tperson’s\tlife\tor\tillness\tand\tcan\tbe\tprovided\tin\tconjunction\twith\ncurative\ttreatment.\tPalliative\tcare\tfocuses\ton\tproviding\trelief\tfrom\tsymptoms\tand\talleviating\tthe\nstress\tof\tillness\tand\tdiseas... | [
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alongside\ta\tpatient’s\tother\tproviders\tto\tgive\tan\textra\tlayer\tof\tsupport\tfor\tachieving\tthe\tgoal\tof\nimproved\tquality\tof\tlife\tfor\tboth\tthe\tpatient\tand\tfamily.\tPalliative\tcare\tservices\tcan\tbe\tprovided\tin\noutpatient\n\tor\tinpatient\tsettings,\tlong\tterm\tcare\tcommunities,\tor\tat\thome\t... | [
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Medicare,\tMedicaid,\tor\tprivate\tinsurances.\tThough\tthe\tpalliative\tcare\tapproach\tis\tbest\tto\tinitiate\tat\nthe\tdiagnosis\tof\ta\tdisease,\tthere\tare\tmany\tbenefits\tto\tstarting\tcare\tat\tany\tpoint\tduring\tthe\nprogression\tof\ta\tparticular\tdisease.\nHospice\tcare\n\tis\ta\tservice\twhich\tprovides\te... | [
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and\tto\tthe\nfamily.\tHospice\tcare\tis\tcovered\tunder\tMedicaid,\tMedicare,\tand\tmost\tprivate\tinsurance\tplans\tand | [
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Introduction\nThe\tchapters\tin\tthis\tsection\treflect\tthe\tevolution\tof\tnutritional\tscience,\tfrom\tthe\tidentification\tof\nnutrient\trequirements\tand\tthe\tpractical\tapplication\tof\tthis\tknowledge\tto\tthe\tconcepts\tthat\trelate\nnutrition\tto\tthe\tprevention\tof\tchronic\tand\tdegenerative\tdiseases\tand... | [
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performance.\nThe\trelationship\tbetween\tnutrition\tand\tdental\tdisease\thas\tlong\tbeen\trecognized.\n\tIn\tmore\trecent\ndecades\tthe\tpossibility\tof\tnutrition\ttherapy\tto\tprevent\tand\ttreat\tbone\tdisease\thas\tbecome\tan\tactive\narea\tof\tresearch\tand\twe\tare\tnow\taware\tthat\tthe\tinflammatory\tprocess\... | [
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modulate.\nHealthy\tlifestyles,\tgood\tnutrition,\tand\tphysical\tactivity\tare\tfoundations\tof\thealth,\tfitness,\tand\ndisease\tprevention.\tUnderstanding\tthe\trole\tof\tnutrition\tin\tsports\tand\tin\n\toptimizing\tperformance\thas\nled\tto\tdietary\tand\texercise\tpractices\tgenerally\tapplicable\tto\ta\trewardin... | [
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Increased\taccess\tto\thighly\tprocessed\tand\tcalorically\tdense\tfoods\thas\tled\tto\tan\toverabundant\tintake\nof\tenergy\tfor\tmany\tindividuals.\tEfforts\tto\treduce\tbody\tweight,\twidely\tpursued\twith\tvarying\tdegrees\nof\tenthusiasm\tand\tdiligence,\tare\toften\tdisheartening,\tmaking\tthe\tknowledge\tpresent... | [
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here\tso\nimportant.\tFrustration\twith\tdieting\tand\tstress\toften\tlead\tto\teating\tdisorders,\twhich\tare\tincreasing\tin\nfrequency\tand\trequire\tattention\tand\tunderstanding\tfrom\tthe\tnutrition\tprofessional. | [
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20\nNutrition\tin\tweight\tmanagement\nLucinda\tK.\tLysen,\tRDN,\tRN,\tBSN,\tDorene\tRobinson,\tRDN,\tCDN,\tRebecca\tRudel,\tMPH,\tRDN,\tCNSC\nKEY\tTERMS\nabdominal\tfat\nactivity\tthermogenesis\t(AT)\nadipocyte\nadiposity\trebound\nandroid\tfat\tdistribution\nbariatric\tsurgery\nbody\tmass\tindex\t(BMI)\nbrown\tadipos... | [
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brown\tadipose\ttissue\t(BAT)\ncarbohydrate-insulin\ttheory\tof\tobesity\ncommercial\tweight\tloss\tcenters\ncomorbidities\nessential\tfat\nfat\tmass\nfat-free\tmass\t(FFM)\ngastric\tbanding\ngastric\tbypass\nghrelin\ngynoid\tfat\tdistribution\nHealth\tat\tEvery\tSize;\tHAES®\nhormone-sensitive\tlipase\t(HSL)\nhyperpha... | [
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hyperphagia\nhyperplasia\nhypertrophy\nhypophagia\nincretin\ninsulin\nintermittent\tfasting\t(IF)\nintragastric\tballoon\t(IGB)\nketogenic\tdiet\nketones\nketosis\nlaparoscopic\tsleeve\tgastrectomy\t(LSG)\nlean\tbody\tmass\t(LBM)\nleptin\nlipogenesis\nlipoprotein\tlipase\t(LPL)\nmeal\treplacements\nmedically\tsupervise... | [
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medically\tsupervised\tweight\tloss\tprograms\nmetabolic\tsyndrome\t(MetS)\nmorbid\tobesity\nnight-eating\tsyndrome\t(NES) | [
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nonalcoholic\tfatty\tliver\tdisease\t(NAFLD)\nnonexercise\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(NEAT)\nnutritional\tgenomics\nobesity\nobesogen\noverweight\nresting\tmetabolic\trate\t(RMR)\nself-help\tprograms\nsensory-specific\tsatiety\nset\tpoint\n\ttheory\nstorage\tfat\nsemivolatile\torganic\tcompounds\t(SVOCs)\ntelehealth\nun... | [
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telehealth\nunderweight\nvagus\tnerve\nvery\tlow-calorie\tdiets\t(VLCDs)\nvisceral\tadipose\ttissue\t(VAT)\nwhite\tadipose\ttissue\t(WAT)\nyo-yo\teffect\nBody\tweight\tis\tthe\tsum\tof\tbone,\tmuscle,\torgans,\tbody\tfluids,\tand\tadipose\ttissue.\tSome\tor\tall\tof\tthese\ncomponents\tare\tsubject\tto\tnormal\tchange\... | [
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variation\tin\nphysical\tactivity,\tand\tthe\teffects\tof\taging.\tConsistent\tbody\tweight\tis\torchestrated\tby\tneural,\nhormonal,\tand\tchemical\tmechanisms\tas\twell\tas\tindividual\tgenetic\tpolymorphisms\tthat\tbalance\nenergy\tintake\tand\texpenditure\twithin\tfairly\tprecise\tlimits.\tAbnormalities\tof\tthese\... | [
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mechanisms\tcan\tresult\tin\tweight\tfluctuations.\nOn\tone\tend\tof\tthe\tweight\tspectrum\tis\tunderweight.\tAlthough\n\tthe\tinability\tto\tgain\tweight\tcan\tbe\ta\nprimary\tproblem,\tlow\tbody\tweight\tis\tusually\tsecondary\tto\ta\tdisease\tstate,\tan\teating\tdisorder,\tor\ta\npsychiatric\tdisorder.\tIn\tthe\tel... | [
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detrimental\tand\tshould\tbe\taddressed\tearly\tto\tprevent\tmalnutrition\tor\tother\tundesirable\nconsequences\tincluding\tpoor\tgrowth,\tdepressed\timmune\tfunction,\thormone\timbalance,\n\tdelayed\nhealing,\tand\tloss\tof\tbone\tdensity.\tMost\tcrucial\tis\tthe\tin\tutero\tdevelopment\tof\tthe\tfetus.\tBabies | [
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deprived\tof\tnutrition\tbefore\tbirth\tand\twho\thave\tlow\tbirth\tweight\tmay\tbe\tprimed\tfor\taccelerated\ngrowth\tafter\tbirth\twhen\texposed\tto\ta\tnutrient-rich\tenvironment\t(that\tcan\tsometimes\tstart\twith\nexcessive\tintake\tof\tinfant\tformula).\tFurthermore,\tinadequate\tpassage\tof\tnutrients\tacross\tt... | [
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placenta\tand\n\tlow\tbirth\tweight\teventually\tcan\tlead\tto\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tobesity\tand\ndiabetes\t(\nApovian,\t2011\n).\nOn\tthe\tother\tend\tof\tthe\tspectrum,\tand\tmore\tcommon,\tare\tthe\tconditions\tof\toverweight\tand\tobesity.\nWeight\tmanagement\tand\tobesity:\tIts\tfoundation\tin\tnu... | [
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Weight\tmanagement\tand\tobesity:\tIts\tfoundation\tin\tnutritional\tmedicine\nThe\tgrowing\tamount\tof\tattention\tover\tthe\tlast\tfour\tdecades\tto\tthe\tfield\tof\tweight\tmanagement\tand\nobesity\thas\tlargely\n\tbeen\tbrought\tabout\tby\tthe\thistorical\tfindings\tof\ta\thandful\tof\tresearchers.\tIn\tthe | [
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forefront—beginning\tin\tthe\t1970s—was\tGeorge\tL.\tBlackburn,\tMD,\tPhD,\twho,\talong\twith\tBruce\nBistrian,\tMD,\tPhD,\tat\tHarvard\tMedical\tSchool,\tand\ta\tnumber\tof\tother\thighly\trespected\tcolleagues,\nprovided\tthe\tfoundation\tfor\twhat\teventually\tbecame\tthe\tfield\tof\tnutritional\tmedicine.\tPublicat... | [
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highlighting\tthe\tinadequate\tnutrition\n\tmanagement\tof\thospitalized\tpatients\tput\tthis\ttopic\tand\nnutritional\tmedicine\ton\tthe\t“world\tmap.”\tDespite\tthe\tfact\tthat\tDr.\tBlackburn\tand\this\tgroup\tfound\nthat\tmany\tof\tthe\thospitalized\tpatients\twere\tshockingly\tmalnourished\t(\nBlackburn\tet\tal,\t... | [
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Blackburn\tet\tal,\t1977\n),\tthey\nalso\tdiscovered\tthat\tthe\tpatients\twere\toften\tnot\tunderweight\tbut\tinstead,\twere\toverweight\tor\teven\nobese.\tThis\tled\tto\tDr.\tBlackburn’s\tdevelopment\tof\n\tnutritional\tliquid\tand\tsolid\tdiets,\tsupplementing\npatients\twith\tprotein\tto\tencourage\tloss\tof\tbody\... | [
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0.0460... |
status.\tThe\tprotein-sparing\tmodified\tfast,\twhich\tspared\tprotein\tand\tprotected\torgans,\tbecame\tthe\nbasis\tof\tthe\tvery\tlow–carbohydrate\tdiet\tfor\tweight\tloss\tin\tobese\tpatients\t(\nBlackburn,\t1973\n).\tWith\nobesity\treaching\tepidemic\tproportions\tover\tthe\tyears,\n\tscientific\tresearch\texpanded... | [
-0.006882841233164072,
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0.014076629653573036,
0.02292386256158352,
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0.11245901882648468,
0.06154734268784523,
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0.09200326353311539,
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0.022466233000159264,
0.03... |
scientific\tresearch\texpanded,\tdiet\tand\tweight\nloss\tprograms\tgrew\tdramatically\tand\tthe\tspecialties\tof\tweight\tmanagement\tand\tobesity\tquickly\tgrew\ninto\ta\tbillion-dollar\tindustry.\tOver\ttime,\tDr.\tBlackburn’s\tongoing\tlandmark\tstudies\tand\tcutting\tedge\nfindings\tin\tweight\tmanagement\tand\tob... | [
0.021507205441594124,
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0.0001538869400974363,
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0.04230650141835213,
0.01... |
the\ttitle\t“\tFather\tof\tObesity”\t(\nTable\t20.1\n:\tThe\tStory\tof\n\tGeorge\tL.\tBlackburn,\tMD,\tPhD).\tThe\tgrowing\npopulation\tof\tobese\tindividuals\tand\tthe\tplethora\tof\tevidence\tthat\tit\tis\tassociated\twith\tchronic\tdisease\nhas\tmotivated\tintense\tresearch\ton\tthe\tsubject\tand\tresulted\tin\tobes... | [
0.040646664798259735,
-0.03758839890360832,
0.05049046128988266,
-0.010768347419798374,
-0.10841169208288193,
0.011501532979309559,
0.09061799943447113,
-0.013495705090463161,
-0.00014464512059930712,
0.07335782796144485,
0.09584235399961472,
-0.04435690864920616,
0.033188506960868835,
0.0... |
medicine.\tObesity\tmeets\tthe\tcriteria\tto\tbe\tclassified\tas\ta\t“disease,”\twhich\thas\tmade\tit\treimbursable\nby\tinsurance\tcompanies\tfor\tmedical\ttreatment,\tand\n\tin\tmany\tcases,\tfor\tnutritional\tmanagement\tby\nRegistered\tDietitian\tNutritionists.\nTABLE\t20.1\nThe\tStory\tof\tGeorge\tL.\tBlackburn,\t... | [
0.008463171310722828,
-0.02351720817387104,
0.044219501316547394,
-0.031032895669341087,
-0.07061367481946945,
0.0020236715208739042,
0.10168503224849701,
0.036177363246679306,
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0.046770233660936356,
0.0668967068195343,
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0.031964004039764404,
0.01... |
model\tthat\tinfluenced\tphysicians\n\tand\tadministrators\tand\tother\thealth\tcare\tprofessionals\tto\tfollow\nsuit,\topening\tdoors\tfor\tdietitians\teverywhere.\nShortly\tafter\tDr.\tBlackburn’s\tdeath\tin\t2017,\tCaroline\tApovian,\tMD,\tProfessor\tof\tMedicine\tand\nPediatrics,\tBoston\tUniversity\tSchool\tof\tMe... | [
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0.030382759869098663,
0.01186459418386221,
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0.02322417125105858,
0.0813288614153862,
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0.039515912532806396,
0.0360... |
reflected\ton\tDr.\tBlackburn’s\ttremendous\taccomplishments\tduring\tan\tinterview.\tShe\tsaid,\t“George\nBlackburn\n\twas\ttruly\tthe\tfather\tof\tnutrition\tand\tobesity\tmedicine.\tHis\tenergy\tand\tenthusiasm\twere\nincredible.\tHe\tis\tsomeone\twho\tnot\tonly\tencouraged\tme\tto\tdo\tmy\tbest\twork,\tbut\talso\tc... | [
0.017084944993257523,
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0.09483160078525543,
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0.019173776730895042,
0.0979018285870552,
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0.05266100913286209,
0.07414279878139496,
-0.0603611059486866,
0.03237254172563553,
-0.01241... |
colleagues\tand\tfriends.\tHe\twas\ta\tgreat\tman\twhom\tI\tand\tmany\tothers\twill\tdeeply\tmiss.”\nMany\tthanks\tto\tBarb\tAinsley,\tDTR,\tAdministrative\tAssociate\tand\tformer\tAdministrative\tAssistant\tto\tDr.\nGeorge\tBlackburn,\tCenter\n\tfor\tthe\tStudy\tof\tNutrition\tMedicine,\tFeihe\tNutrition\tLab,\tBeth\t... | [
0.02925659716129303,
0.0030801452230662107,
0.08396769315004349,
-0.017345838248729706,
-0.05921296775341034,
0.015860553830862045,
0.09944507479667664,
-0.06684618443250656,
-0.004770359490066767,
0.02140616811811924,
0.07604742795228958,
-0.027472620829939842,
0.020033681765198708,
0.017... |
England\tDeaconess\tMedical\tCenter,\tBoston,\tfor\ther\tassistance\tin\tpreparation\tof\tthis\tsection.\nGeorge\tL.\tBlackburn,\tMD,\tPhD,\t“Father\tof\tNutritional\tand\tObesity\tMedicine”\t(1936-2017)\nby\tBarbara\tAinsley,\tDTR\tand\tLucinda\tK.\tLysen,\tRDN,\tRN,\nBSN\nBody\tweight\tcomponents\nBody\tweight\n\toft... | [
0.03765182942152023,
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0.04339432716369629,
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0.016183551400899887,
0.039898764342069626,
0.06563934683799744,
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0.05875309556722641,
0.04553607478737831,
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0.018684597685933113,
0.0046... |
Body\tweight\n\toften\tis\tdescribed\tin\tterms\tof\tits\tcomposition,\n\tand\tdifferent\tmodels\thave\tbeen\tadvanced\nto\testimate\tbody\tfat.\tAssessment\tof\tbody\tcomposition\tis\tdiscussed\tin\tdetail\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n.\nTraditionally,\ta\ttwo-compartment\tmodel\tdivides\tthe\tbody\tinto\t\nfat\tmass\n,\tthe\tf... | [
0.019684061408042908,
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0.07336625456809998,
0.023567507043480873,
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0.061990972608327866,
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-0.01252691075205803,
0.06862835586071014,
0.07910586893558502,
-0.027817506343126297,
0.009201981127262115,
0.0672... |
fat\tmass\n,\tthe\tfat\tfrom\tall\tbody\tsources\nincluding\tthe\tbrain,\tskeleton,\tintramuscular\tfat,\tand\tadipose\ttissue,\tand\t\nfat-free\tmass\t(FFM)\n,\nwhich\tincludes\twater,\tprotein,\tand\tmineral\tcomponents\t(\nFig.\t20.1\n).\tThe\n\tproportions\tof\tFFM\tare\nrelatively\tconstant\tfrom\tperson\tto\tpers... | [
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0.0875321477651596,
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0.016534321010112762,
0.07522332668304443,
0.01380069274455309,
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0.030812174081802368,
0.07739412039518356,
-0.08694861084222794,
-0.009030192159116268,
0.03... |
FIG.\t20.1\nThe\tcomponents\tof\tfat-free\tmass\tin\tthe\tbody.\nAlthough\t\nFFM\n\toften\tis\tused\tinterchangeably\twith\tthe\tterm\tlean\tbody\tmass,\tit\tis\tnot\texactly\tthe\nsame.\t\nLean\tbody\tmass\t(LBM)\n\tincludes\twater,\tbones,\torgans\tand\tskeletal\tmuscle.\tLBM\tis\thigher\tin\nmen\tthan\tin\twomen\tan... | [
0.0055601941421628,
-0.04194954037666321,
0.07751280814409256,
-0.0013236978556960821,
-0.0962534099817276,
0.005198939237743616,
0.07945122569799423,
-0.012773090973496437,
-0.027428289875388145,
0.07003232091665268,
0.0982164517045021,
-0.06018668785691261,
0.05988256260752678,
0.0286957... |
resting\tmetabolic\trate\t(RMR)\n.\nMinimizing\tthe\tloss\tof\tLBM\tis\tdesirable\tduring\tthe\tweight\n\tloss\tprocess.\tWater,\twhich\tmakes\tup\t60%\nto\t65%\tof\tbody\tweight,\tis\tthe\tmost\tvariable\tcomponent\tof\tLBM,\tand\tthe\tstate\tof\thydration\tcan\tinduce\nfluctuations\tof\tseveral\tpounds.\nBody\tfat | [
0.02012121118605137,
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0.027172522619366646,
0.020536066964268684,
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0.03871558979153633,
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0.044846877455711365,
0.07221508771181107,
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0.033907290548086166,
0.00926... |
fluctuations\tof\tseveral\tpounds.\nBody\tfat\nTotal\tbody\tfat\tis\tthe\tcombination\tof\t“essential”\tand\t“storage”\tfats,\tusually\texpressed\tas\ta\tpercentage\nof\ttotal\tbody\tweight\tthat\tis\tassociated\twith\toptimum\thealth.\tMuscle\tand\teven\tskeletal\tmass\tadjust\tto\nsome\textent\n\tto\tsupport\tthe\tbu... | [
0.02810179442167282,
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0.07363264262676239,
0.04238606244325638,
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0.08417365700006485,
0.000800539564806968,
0.02343924157321453,
0.021314583718776703,
0.10255230963230133,
-0.04867275431752205,
0.03560755029320717,
0.015939705... |
to\tsupport\tthe\tburden\tof\texcess\tadipose\ttissue.\nEssential\tfat\n,\tnecessary\tfor\tnormal\tphysiologic\tfunctioning,\tis\tstored\tin\tsmall\tamounts\tin\tthe\tbone\nmarrow,\theart,\tlung,\tliver,\tspleen,\tkidneys,\tmuscles,\tand\tthe\tnervous\tsystem.\tIn\tmen,\tapproximately | [
0.041127584874629974,
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0.08400065451860428,
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0.06236700713634491,
0.07399448752403259,
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0.044187624007463455,
0.06065371... |
3%\tof\tbody\tfat\tis\tessential.\tIn\twomen,\tessential\tfat\tis\thigher\t(12%)\tbecause\tit\tincludes\tbody\tfat\tin\tthe\nbreasts,\tpelvic\tregions,\tand\tthighs\tthat\tsupports\n\tthe\treproductive\tprocess. | [
0.05618397518992424,
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0.02066882699728012,
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0.0991106852889061,
0.0449005588889122,
0.011120954528450966,
0.06115761026740074,
0.039937011897563934,
-0.06420854479074478,
0.009210358373820782,
0.0523323... |
Storage\tfat\n\tis\tthe\tenergy\treserve,\tprimarily\tas\ttriglycerides\t(TGs),\tin\tadipose\ttissue.\tThis\tfat\naccumulates\tunder\tthe\tskin\tand\taround\tthe\tinternal\torgans\tto\tprotect\tthem\tfrom\ttrauma.\tMost\nstorage\tfat\tis\t“expendable.”\tThe\tfat\tstores\tin\tadipocytes\tare\tcapable\tof\textensive\tvar... | [
-0.004940547049045563,
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0.07453557848930359,
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0.006569550838321447,
0.07368738204240799,
0.04561422020196915,
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0.046806786209344864,
0.1071518063545227,
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0.0... |
allows\tfor\tthe\tchanging\trequirements\tof\tgrowth,\treproduction,\taging,\tenvironmental\n\tand\tphysiologic\ncircumstances,\tthe\tavailability\tof\tfood,\tand\tthe\tdemands\tof\tphysical\tactivity.\tTotal\tbody\tfat\t(essential\nfat\tplus\tstorage\tfat)\tas\ta\tpercentage\tof\tbody\tweight\tassociated\twith\tthe\ta... | [
0.03810133785009384,
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0.05539441853761673,
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0.0035320462193340063,
0.062197279185056686,
0.01390847098082304,
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0.04758095741271973,
0.08993051946163177,
-0.0652170330286026,
-0.024047739803791046,
0.089930... |
between\t18%\tand\t24%\tfor\tmen\tand\t25%\tand\t31%\tfor\twomen.\tOn\tthe\tother\textreme,\t“elite\tfit”\tmen\nare\tas\tlow\tas\t2%\tto\t5%\tbody\tfat\tand\twomen\t10%\tto\t13%.\nAdipose\ttissue\tcomposition\nAdipose\n\ttissue\texerts\ta\tprofound\tinfluence\ton\twhole-body\thomeostasis.\tAdipose\ttissue\tis\tlocated | [
0.053165335208177567,
0.0011581057915464044,
0.07318267971277237,
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0.04713321849703789,
0.010014520026743412,
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0.03297083452343941,
0.07483363151550293,
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0.043315339833498,
-0.001135... |
primarily\tunder\tthe\tskin,\tin\tthe\tmesenteries\tand\tomentum,\tand\tbehind\tthe\tperitoneum.\tThis\tis\toften\nreferred\tto\tas\t\nvisceral\tadipose\ttissue\t(VAT)\n.\tAlthough\tit\tis\tprimarily\tfat,\tadipose\ttissue\talso\ncontains\tsmall\tamounts\tof\tprotein\tand\twater.\t\nWhite\tadipose\ttissue\t(WAT)\n\tsto... | [
0.02770732156932354,
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0.08199331164360046,
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0.03439071774482727,
0.12490282207727432,
0.02845623344182968,
0.0019814767874777317,
0.07462900131940842,
0.09777884185314178,
-0.03752632066607475,
0.02748679369688034,
0.047079917... |
stores\tenergy\tas\ta\nrepository\tfor\tTGs,\tcushions\n\tabdominal\torgans,\tand\tinsulates\tthe\tbody\tto\tpreserve\theat.\tCarotene\ngives\tWAT\ta\tslight\tyellow\tcolor.\tSmall\tamounts\tof\t\nbrown\tadipose\ttissue\t(BAT)\n\tcan\tbe\tfound\tin\ta\nsubstantial\tproportion\tof\tadults\tas\twell\tas\tin\tinfants.\tUn... | [
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0.05992303416132927,
0.0308... |
many\tmore\tiron\tcontaining\tmitochondria,\twhich\tmakes\tit\tbrown.\tIn\tadults\tBAT\tis\tactivated\tvia\tcold\nexposure\thelping\tto\tregulate\tbody\n\ttemperature,\thowever\tBAT\tis\tnot\tactivated\tin\tthermoneutral\nconditions.\tA\tgeneral\tactivation\tof\tBAT\tcontinues\tto\tinterest\tdrug\tmanufactures\tas\ta\t... | [
0.019027868285775185,
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0.028738290071487427,
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0.09793828427791595,
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0.05945933237671852,
0.12487222999334335,
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0.029883336275815964,
0.0547... |
obesity\ttherapy,\tbut\tfor\tthe\tpresent\tBAT\tplays\tonly\ta\tminor\tpart\tin\thuman\tenergy\tmetabolism\t(\nTam\net\tal,\t2012\n).\nAdipocyte\tsize\tand\tnumber\nThe\tmature\tfat\tcell\t(\nadipocyte\n)\tconsists\tof\ta\tlarge\tcentral\tlipid\tdroplet\tsurrounded\tby\ta\tthin\trim\tof\ncytoplasm,\twhich\tcontains\tth... | [
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0.03229936584830284,
0.03346869722008705,
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0.09361939132213593,
0.03640376031398773,
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0.01611185632646084,
0.08395061641931534,
-0.032078422605991364,
0.020563846454024315,
0.016... |
to\t95%\tof\ttheir\tvolume.\tGains\tin\tweight\tand\tadipose\ttissue\toccur\tby\tincreasing\tthe\tnumber\tof\tcells,\nadding\tthe\tsize\tof\tcells\tas\tlipid,\tor\ta\tcombination\tof\tthe\ttwo.\nHyperplasia\n\t(increased\tnumber\tof\tcells)\toccurs\tas\ta\tnormal\tgrowth\tprocess\tduring\tinfancy\tand\nadolescence.\tCe... | [
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0.03503989055752754,
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0.08942217379808426,
0.029903355985879898,
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0.06200511008501053,
0.10843509435653687,
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0.014878920279443264,
0.02... |
adolescence.\tCell\tnumber\tincreases\tin\tlean\n\tand\tobese\tchildren\tinto\tadolescence,\tbut\tthe\tnumber\nincreases\tfaster\tin\tobese\tchildren.\tIn\tteens\tand\tadults,\tincreases\tin\tfat\tcell\tsize\tare\tmore\tcommon,\nbut\thyperplasia\talso\tcan\toccur\tafter\tthe\tfat\tcontent\tof\texisting\tcells\thas\trea... | [
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0.11122626066207886,
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0.017548173666000366,
0.12224344164133072,
0.0033767882268875837,
0.020423294976353645,
0.0582607239484787,
0.10202459990978241,
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0.025104889646172523,
0.0226... |
During\tnormal\tgrowth,\tthe\tgreatest\tpercentage\tof\tbody\tfat\t(approximately\t25%)\tis\tset\tby\t6\tmonths\nof\tage.\tIn\tlean\tchildren,\tfat\tcell\tsize\tthen\tdecreases;\n\tthis\tdecrease\tdoes\tnot\toccur\tin\tobese\tchildren.\nAt\tthe\tage\tof\t6\tyears\tin\tlean\tchildren,\t\nadiposity\trebound\n\toccurs,\te... | [
0.00036184932105243206,
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0.06411131471395493,
0.0035024594981223345,
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0.10021921247243881,
0.01944434642791748,
0.006740856450051069,
0.034062691032886505,
0.09806302189826965,
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0.005576718132942915,
0.035... |
adiposity\trebound\n\toccurs,\tespecially\tin\tgirls,\twith\tan\nincrease\tin\tbody\tfat.\tAn\tearly\tadiposity\trebound\toccurring\tbefore\t5\t½\tyears\told\tis\tpredictive\tof\ta\nhigher\tlevel\tof\tadiposity\tat\t16\tyears\tof\tage\tand\tin\tadulthood;\ta\tperiod\tof\tlater\trebound\tis\tcorrelated\nwith\thealthy\ta... | [
0.019815051928162575,
-0.07583832740783691,
0.07056397944688797,
0.047165222465991974,
-0.10017413645982742,
-0.03123750165104866,
0.09450113028287888,
0.0011468044249340892,
-0.057844627648591995,
0.0369437038898468,
0.06469538062810898,
-0.05101342499256134,
-0.002528620418161154,
0.0327... |
with\thealthy\tadult\tweight\t(\nHughes\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nWith\n\t\nhypertrophy\n\t(increased\tcell\tsize),\tfat\tdepots\tcan\texpand\tas\tmuch\tas\t1000\ttimes\tat\tany\tage,\nas\tlong\tas\tspace\tis\tavailable.\tIn\ta\tclassic\tstudy,\tBjörntorp\tand\tSjöström\t(1971)\tdemonstrated,\tusing | [
-0.02276439592242241,
-0.0033235966693609953,
0.04489440098404884,
-0.02405882254242897,
-0.10613518208265305,
-0.007640388328582048,
0.04509468004107475,
0.02037067897617817,
0.0010043784277513623,
0.014016656205058098,
0.05569186806678772,
-0.02492118626832962,
-0.0019523488590493798,
0.... |
weight\tloss\tas\ta\tresult\tof\ttrauma,\tillness,\tor\tstarvation,\tthat\tfat\tcell\tsize\tdecreases\tbut\tcell\tnumbers\nremain\tthe\tsame.\nFat\tstorage\nMost\tstored\tfat\tcomes\tdirectly\tfrom\tdietary\tTGs.\tThe\tfatty\tacid\tcomposition\n\tof\tadipose\ttissue\tmirrors\nthe\tfatty\tacid\tcomposition\tof\tthe\tdie... | [
0.004469614941626787,
-0.06707166135311127,
0.06018122285604477,
0.013076405972242355,
-0.1354573667049408,
-0.021022770553827286,
0.06863005459308624,
-0.0006379688275046647,
0.006195016670972109,
0.023260319605469704,
0.07435475289821625,
-0.019700154662132263,
0.07407248020172119,
0.015... |
fatty\tacids\tin\tthe\tliver\tby\tthe\tcomparatively\tinefficient\tprocess\tof\t\nlipogenesis\n.\tUnder\tconditions\tof\nrelative\tenergy\tbalance,\tlittle\tdietary\tcarbohydrate\tis\tconverted\tto\tfat\tfor\tstorage.\tIn\tconditions\tof\npositive\tenergy\tbalance,\tcarbohydrate\toxidation\tincreases\twhile\n\tTGs\tare... | [
-0.0003115820582024753,
-0.09136543422937393,
0.06365757435560226,
0.02503778226673603,
-0.08194044977426529,
0.025965940207242966,
0.08132690191268921,
0.03201206400990486,
-0.06307151168584824,
0.03358567878603935,
0.07372429966926575,
-0.07720604538917542,
0.016338536515831947,
0.035255... |
TGs\tare\tpreferentially\tstored\tand\tde\nnovo-lipogenesis\tfrom\tcarbohydrate\toccurs\twhen\tmore\tcarbohydrate\tis\tpresent\tthan\tcan\tbe\teither\noxidized\tor\tstored\tas\t(liver\tor\tmuscle)\tglycogen\t(\nSong\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nSemivolatile\torganic\tcompounds\t(SVOCs)\n\taccumulate\tin\tadipose\ttissues\tfrom\... | [
-0.06314052641391754,
-0.08092662692070007,
0.0364978164434433,
-0.02821534499526024,
-0.10929691046476364,
-0.01627374440431595,
0.0677827000617981,
0.042725127190351486,
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0.044914212077856064,
0.0878349095582962,
-0.042339444160461426,
-0.004493389744311571,
0.03781... |
accumulate\tin\tadipose\ttissues\tfrom\texposure\tto\ntoxins,\tchemicals,\tand\tpesticides.\tWhen\tadipose\ttissue\tis\tmobilized\tduring\tweight\tloss,\tSVOCs\tare\nreleased\t(see\n\t\nClinical\tInsight:\n\tWhat’s\tin\tThat\tFat\tWhen\tYou\tLose\tIt?\n).\tThe\teffect\tof\tSVOCs\ton\tthe\ndeveloping\tfetal\tbrain\tis\t... | [
0.009132190607488155,
-0.07797370105981827,
0.056716665625572205,
-0.0037032398395240307,
-0.13420628011226654,
0.019778044894337654,
0.11754202097654343,
0.009536240249872208,
0.0005080865230411291,
0.06091194227337837,
0.10552156716585159,
-0.05196927487850189,
0.07169118523597717,
0.025... |
Chapter\t14\n),\twhich\tadds\tto\tthe\thealth\tconcern\tabout\nobese\tpregnant\twomen\twho\tlose\tweight.\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nWhat’s\tin\tThat\tFat\tWhen\tYou\tLose\tIt?\nThe\trole\tof\ttoxins\tin\tobesity\tdevelopment\tand\tlater\tfat\tloss\tis\tbecoming\tincreasingly\tconcerning\nas\tthe\temerging\tevidence\n\tforms\... | [
0.0091256657615304,
-0.003668340388685465,
0.06451349705457687,
-0.03278416022658348,
-0.05788489058613777,
0.0174575112760067,
0.078917495906353,
0.030450187623500824,
-0.013826834037899971,
0.07274095714092255,
0.09051193296909332,
-0.023472726345062256,
0.04415293037891388,
0.0153512107... |
comes\tfrom\ttwo\tmain\tsources:\tthe\tenvironment\t(external\tor\texogenous\ttoxins),\twhich\tincludes\nenvironmental\tpollutants\tsuch\tas\tpesticides,\tindustrial\tcompounds,\tsolvents,\tdetergents,\nplasticizers,\tcosmetic\tadditives,\tchemical\tadditives,\tcolorings,\tpreservatives,\tflavorings,\tmicrobial\ntoxins... | [
-0.015293682925403118,
-0.05004000663757324,
0.03912720829248428,
-0.015948740765452385,
0.016801025718450546,
0.02111545391380787,
0.06494978815317154,
0.040787309408187866,
0.0017334296135231853,
0.05019630119204521,
0.09313914179801941,
-0.08713398873806,
0.06349372863769531,
0.02781757... |
toxins\tsuch\tas\taflatoxins\tfrom\tpeanuts,\tmycotoxins\n\tfrom\tmolds,\tand\tbisphenol-A\tfound\tin\tplastic\nbaby\tbottles,\ttoys,\tand\tespecially\tdental\tsealants;\tand\t“lifestyle\tchemicals,”\tsuch\tas\talcohol,\tover-\nthe-counter\t(OTC)\tdrugs,\tand\tprescription\tdrugs.\tIt\tcan\tbe\tbyproducts\tfrom\tfood\t... | [
-0.021686304360628128,
-0.09931748360395432,
0.03428882732987404,
0.03180915489792824,
-0.014813226647675037,
0.014262239448726177,
0.10931088775396347,
0.06255897879600525,
-0.013148773461580276,
0.007764006964862347,
0.11269302666187286,
-0.045514438301324844,
0.03677256405353546,
0.0550... |
as\tacrylamide\tfrom\tFrench\tfries,\tnitrosamines\tfrom\tcold\tcuts\tand\tsausages,\tpolycyclic\taromatic\nhydrocarbons\t(PCAHs)\tfrom\tcharbroiled\tmeats,\ttrans\tfats\n\tfrom\tpartial\thydrogenation\tof\tfats\tand\nadvanced\tglycosylated\tend\tproducts\t(AGEs)\tin\tfoods\tin\twhich\tthe\tglucose\tmolecule\tis\tbroug... | [
-0.010002308525145054,
-0.07350271940231323,
-0.008205553516745567,
-0.006596687249839306,
-0.02377462387084961,
0.0032151243649423122,
0.05185207724571228,
0.10169839859008789,
-0.02424631081521511,
0.06406398862600327,
0.074417345225811,
-0.023345578461885452,
0.0124434819445014,
0.05166... |
high\ttemperatures.\tToxins\tcan\talso\toriginate\tfrom\tthe\tgut\t(i.e.,\tbreakdown\tproducts\tof\nmetabolism,\tincluding\thormones,\tinternal\ttoxins\tsuch\tas\tmetabolites\tof\tyeast\t[d-arabinitol],\tor\tgut | [
0.007540313992649317,
-0.055452391505241394,
0.04665384069085121,
-0.04244042932987213,
-0.11017344892024994,
-0.030379578471183777,
0.09693543612957001,
0.02333751693367958,
0.014893137849867344,
0.055550798773765564,
0.06881415843963623,
-0.037769291549921036,
0.019699981436133385,
-0.00... |
bacteria).\nStudies\tshow\tthat\tthese\ttoxins,\twhich\tare\toften\tfat\tsoluble\tand\n\thave\tan\taffinity\tfor\tadipose\ntissue,\tare\toften\tstored\tin\tthe\tbody’s\tdepot\tfat.\tTheir\tpresence\tis\tlinked\tto\tinflammation,\ndevelopment\tof\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\tand\ta\tsuppressed\tresting\tmetabolic\trate\t(post-w... | [
-0.02859177067875862,
-0.08561244606971741,
0.04501970112323761,
0.0033943720627576113,
-0.06463474035263062,
0.04047165438532829,
0.09343396127223969,
0.04278503358364105,
-0.033155400305986404,
0.07025492936372757,
0.10527981072664261,
-0.07689451426267624,
-0.006628068629652262,
0.06016... |
case\tof\tweight\tor\tfat\tloss,\tthe\trelease\tof\tthese\ttoxins\tcan\tinterfere\twith\tthe\tbody’s\tfunctioning,\nplacing\ta\tburden\ton\tthe\tliver\tand\teven\tits\tability\tto\tcontinue\tto\tlose\tmore\tfat\n\t(\nLa\tMerrill\tet\tal,\n2013\n;\t\nLee\tet\tal,\t2018\n;\t\nTremblay\tet\tal,\t2004\n).\nWith\tincreasing... | [
0.006660806015133858,
-0.05069747194647789,
0.06564552336931229,
-0.03390144929289818,
-0.12453790009021759,
0.004487191792577505,
0.05491175130009651,
0.03549986705183983,
-0.013822480104863644,
0.020593250170350075,
0.09048018604516983,
-0.033421311527490616,
0.06265822052955627,
0.04946... |
mitochondria,\tincrease\tinflammation\tand\toxidative\tstress,\tlower\tthyroid\thormones,\tand\talter\ncircadian\trhythms\tand\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\tsystem.\tThese\tall\tinterfere\twith\tkey\tweight\tcontrol\nmechanisms\tin\tthe\tbody.\tUsing\ta\tcomprehensive\tapproach\n\tto\tobesity,\tincluding\tthe\tassessment | [
0.026457607746124268,
-0.07779154926538467,
0.08680416643619537,
-0.014251938089728355,
-0.12311069667339325,
-0.004579511471092701,
0.061375778168439865,
0.0070528918877244,
0.014233524911105633,
0.08321470022201538,
0.10185849666595459,
-0.05203157290816307,
0.015578115358948708,
0.01638... |
to\tobesity,\tincluding\tthe\tassessment\nand\ttreatment\tof\ttoxin-mediated\teffects,\tmay\tresult\tin\tmore\teffective\tbody\tfat\tand\tweight\nmanagement.\tLifestyle\tmodifications\tmay\tbe\thelpful,\tincluding\treducing\texposure\tto\ttoxins\tand\nsupporting\tmobilization\tand\telimination\tof\tstored\tand\texterna... | [
0.016390027478337288,
-0.07172805815935135,
0.021784579381346703,
0.004671338014304638,
-0.08232321590185165,
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0.10431479662656784,
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0.004182599950581789,
0.040378011763095856,
0.08441180735826492,
-0.03742501139640808,
0.033997055143117905,
0.043... |
mechanisms\tof\tsupport,\tincluding\tpromoting\tnormoglycemia\tand\tingestion\tof\tcruciferous\nvegetables\tand\tfibrous\tfoods,\tare\tstill\tunder\tinvestigation\t(\nLee\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nSheila\tDean,\tDSc,\tRDN,\tLDN,\tCCN,\tIFMCP\nLipoprotein\tlipase\nDietary\tTG\tis\ttransported\tto\tthe\tliver\tby\tchylomicrons... | [
-0.05262187868356705,
-0.09892167896032333,
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0.04908564314246178,
0.05670560896396637,
0.06760485470294952,
0.005898287985473871,
0.06899238377809525,
0.15549491345882416,
-0.03644862398505211,
0.01965365745127201,
0.064683... |
free\tfatty\tacids\t(FFA)\ttravel\tas\tpart\tof\tvery-low-density\tlipoprotein\tparticles.\tThe\tenzyme\nlipoprotein\tlipase\t(LPL)\n\tmoves\tlipid\tfrom\tthe\tblood\tinto\n\tthe\tadipose\tcell\tby\thydrolyzing\tTGs\tinto\nFFA\tand\tglycerol.\tGlycerol\tproceeds\tto\tthe\tliver;\tfatty\tacids\tenter\tthe\tadipocyte\tan... | [
-0.003098399844020605,
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0.020408546552062035,
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0.04270690679550171,
0.03471608832478523,
0.020958885550498962,
0.048237383365631104,
0.15694697201251984,
-0.029382824897766113,
-0.01211228035390377,
0.0... |
into\tTGs.\tWhen\tneeded\tby\tother\tcells,\tTGs\tare\thydrolyzed\tonce\tagain\tto\tfatty\tacids\tand\tglycerol\tby\nhormone-sensitive\tlipase\t(HSL)\n\twithin\tthe\tadipose\tcell;\tthey\tthen\tare\treleased\tinto\tthe\ncirculation.\nHormones\taffect\tLPL\tactivity\tin\tdifferent\tadipose\ttissue\n\tregions.\tEstrogens... | [
0.004125938750803471,
-0.08287658542394638,
0.0557551383972168,
0.009681873954832554,
-0.13258378207683563,
0.00042248881072737277,
0.09460420161485672,
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0.05921033397316933,
0.10213717073202133,
-0.047534599900245667,
0.010381247848272324,
0.021... |
regions.\tEstrogens\tstimulate\tLPL\tactivity\nin\tthe\tgluteofemoral\tadipocytes,\tand\tthus\tpromote\tfat\tstorage\tin\tthis\tarea\tfor\tchildbearing\tand\nlactation.\tIn\tthe\tpresence\tof\tsex\tsteroid\thormones,\ta\tnormal\tdistribution\tof\tbody\tfat\texists.\tWith\ta\ndecrease\tin\tsex\tsteroid\thormones—as\tocc... | [
0.01790744997560978,
-0.04849160462617874,
0.04616812244057655,
-0.03433094173669815,
-0.05492168292403221,
-0.007493941579014063,
0.06914210319519043,
0.0457630529999733,
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0.07223718613386154,
0.12140663713216782,
-0.024601241573691368,
-0.007001673337072134,
0.058734... |
to\tdevelop.\nRegulation\tof\tbody\tweight\nBody\tweight\tis\tthe\n\tproduct\tof\tgenetic\teffects\t(DNA),\tepigenetic\teffects\t(heritable\ttraits\tthat\tdo\tnot\ninvolve\tchanges\tin\tDNA),\tand\tthe\tenvironment\t(\nKaplan,\t2018\n).\tBody\tweight\tregulation\tis\tusually\ndescribed\tin\tterms\tof\ta\thomeostatic\tb... | [
-0.01043026801198721,
-0.050630077719688416,
0.06883396953344345,
0.008823488838970661,
-0.07051298767328262,
0.013316569849848747,
0.0835297703742981,
0.02176317572593689,
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0.07425464689731598,
0.10628119111061096,
-0.10589337348937988,
0.007233552169054747,
0.0426156... |
expenditure\tto\tmaintain\tor\t“defend”\ta\tstable\tbody\tweight.\tSimilarly,\t\nset\tpoint\ttheory\n\toriginally\narose\tto\texplain\tthe\tintractable\n\ttendency\tto\tregain\tweight\tafter\tweight\tloss.\tBody\tweight\tregulation\nis\tasymmetric\tin\tthat\tthere\tis\tlittle\tdefense\tagainst\tweight\tgain\twhile\tcon... | [
0.027597293257713318,
-0.04675881192088127,
0.04018968716263771,
0.0034396478440612555,
-0.09729352593421936,
0.007537456229329109,
0.08501538634300232,
0.016522303223609924,
-0.028232963755726814,
0.051503971219062805,
0.09884538501501083,
-0.012733700685203075,
0.027078872546553612,
0.00... |
adaptations\tin\tvarious\tcomponents\tof\tenergy\texpenditure\tcan\tmake\tweight\tloss\tharder.\nObservational\tstudies\tdo\tnot\tprovide\tconsistent\tevidence\tfor\ta\tbiological\tcontrol\tof\tbody\tweight\n(\nMüller\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tWhile\tthe\tcomplete\tpicture\n\tof\tbody\tweight\tregulation\tis\tnot\tclear,\tmu... | [
0.01760249398648739,
-0.05665425956249237,
0.08737020194530487,
-0.00048336543841287494,
-0.041272781789302826,
0.03022831492125988,
0.0662907212972641,
-0.011589369736611843,
-0.06349150091409683,
0.03573409095406532,
0.06510522961616516,
-0.0965346023440361,
0.057825569063425064,
0.05276... |
of\tbody\tweight\tregulation\tis\tnot\tclear,\tmuch\tof\twhat\nis\tknown\tfalls\tinto\tthe\trealm\tof\tappetite\tregulation.\tAdaptation\tto\tenergy\trestriction\t(a\tdrop\tin\tRMR\nbeyond\twhat\tis\texpected\tfrom\tchanges\tin\tbody\tweight\tand\tcomposition)\tis\twell\tknown,\tbut\thighly\nvariable\tand\tless\tunders... | [
0.05307009816169739,
-0.05360294505953789,
0.07284653186798096,
-0.009863656014204025,
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0.022259142249822617,
0.12955039739608765,
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0.08980870991945267,
0.06512365490198135,
-0.060591284185647964,
0.026705464348196983,
0.028... |
variable\tand\tless\tunderstood.\nBecause\tthe\tprecision\tof\tappetite\tcontrol\tis\tundermined\tin\tthe\tprevailing\tobesogenic\tenvironment\nthat\tincludes\tpsychosocial,\n\tbehavioral,\tand\tenvironmental\tfactors\tthat\taffect\teating\tbehavior\t(and\ntherefore\tenergy\tintake),\tnew\tmodels\tof\tbody\tweight\treg... | [
0.0726918950676918,
-0.046426281332969666,
0.09666483849287033,
0.028875630348920822,
-0.03888937830924988,
0.030494721606373787,
0.07804645597934723,
-0.056924909353256226,
-0.047398362308740616,
0.0995132103562355,
0.12469172477722168,
-0.10784643888473511,
0.02316407300531864,
0.0482864... |
factors\thave\tbeen\tcalled\tfor\t(\nBelfort-DeAguiar\tand\tSeo,\t2018\n;\t\nHall\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nHunger,\tappetite,\tand\tsatiety\nSatiety\tis\tassociated\twith\tthe\tpostprandial\tstate\twhen\texcess\tfood\tis\tbeing\tstored.\tHunger\tis\nassociated\twith\tthe\tpostabsorptive\n\tstate\twhen\tthose\tstores\tare\tb... | [
0.040905989706516266,
-0.02429811656475067,
0.04710084944963455,
0.005991865415126085,
-0.03389548510313034,
0.05362768471240997,
0.0590175986289978,
0.017264211550354958,
-0.03968881070613861,
0.06224717199802399,
0.1439521759748459,
-0.03106997348368168,
0.006237814202904701,
0.031880456... |
state\twhen\tthose\tstores\tare\tbeing\tmobilized.\tPhysical\ttriggers\tfor\nhunger\tare\tmuch\tstronger\tthan\tthose\tfor\tsatiety,\twhich\texternal\tcues\tfor\teating\tcan\toverride.\nWhen\teither\toverfeeding\tor\tunderfeeding\toccurs\tin\tchildren\tthey\texhibit\tspontaneous\t\nhypophagia\n(undereating)\tor\t\nhype... | [
-0.020980358123779297,
-0.02763017639517784,
0.10289519280195236,
0.0066309114918112755,
-0.0804818719625473,
-0.005854621063917875,
0.05697092041373253,
-0.021378865465521812,
-0.008786742575466633,
0.06477053463459015,
0.07905001938343048,
-0.07277535647153854,
0.04522768780589104,
0.030... |
hypophagia\n(undereating)\tor\t\nhyperphagia\n\t(overeating)\taccordingly.\tAdults,\thowever,\tare\tless\tconsistent\tin\nnaturally\tcompensating\tfor\tovereating,\twhich\n\tcan\tresult\tin\tbody\tweights\tslowly\tcreeping\tup\tover\ntime.\tUnexplained\tweight\tloss\tin\tadults\tis\toften\ta\tsymptom\tof\tother\tfactor... | [
0.02587026357650757,
-0.06675609201192856,
0.08481314033269882,
0.024423491209745407,
-0.13195224106311798,
-0.008267798461019993,
0.08456094563007355,
-0.031115373596549034,
-0.015352325513958931,
0.039540406316518784,
0.08184787631034851,
-0.037752434611320496,
0.055524419993162155,
0.00... |
underlying\tdisease.\tSee\t\nFocus\tOn\n:\tSignals\tfrom\ta\tHost\tof\tHormones\n\tand\t\nTable\t20.2\n\tfor\tfurther\ninformation\tand\tdetail\ton\tthe\tneurochemicals\tand\thormones\tinvolved\tin\tappetite\tand\tsatiety.\nTABLE\t20.2\nRegulatory\tFactors\tInvolved\tin\tEating\tand\tWeight\n\tManagement\nBrain\nNeurot... | [
0.022069290280342102,
-0.11227033287286758,
0.04761109501123428,
0.031573064625263214,
-0.05726134032011032,
0.04957514628767967,
0.10578245669603348,
0.059889089316129684,
-0.012495789676904678,
0.07897263020277023,
0.05994581803679466,
-0.029870135709643364,
-0.016746187582612038,
0.0791... |
Characteristics\tand\tFunction\nNorepinephrine\tand\ndopamine\nReleased\tby\tthe\tsympathetic\tnervous\tsystem\t(SNS)\tin\tresponse\tto\tdietary\tintake;\nmediates\tthe\tactivity\tof\tareas\tin\tthe\thypothalamus\tthat\tgovern\tfeeding\tbehavior.\nFasting\tand\tsemistarvation\tlead\tto\tdecreased\tSNS\tactivity\tand\ti... | [
0.04221223294734955,
-0.042390111833810806,
0.061608653515577316,
-0.00367049896158278,
-0.0810798704624176,
0.06131928414106369,
0.0952383279800415,
0.02247949317097664,
-0.058976009488105774,
0.09538663923740387,
0.07883806526660919,
-0.07982013374567032,
-0.007841398939490318,
0.0440076... |
medullary\tactivity\twith\ta\tconsequent\tincrease\tin\tepinephrine,\n\twhich\tfosters\nsubstrate\tmobilization.\tDopaminergic\tpathways\tin\tthe\tbrain\tplay\ta\trole\tin\tthe | [
0.10673344135284424,
-0.11754745990037918,
0.023400550708174706,
-0.03483924642205238,
-0.16930720210075378,
0.036246202886104584,
0.09109939634799957,
0.05906175076961517,
-0.0382625088095665,
0.07348489761352539,
0.037698037922382355,
-0.06329725682735443,
-0.005209036637097597,
0.079943... |
reinforcement\tproperties\tof\tfood.\nSerotonin,\nneuropeptide\tY,\nand\tendorphins\nDecreases\tin\tserotonin\tand\tincreases\tin\tneuropeptide\tY\thave\tbeen\tassociated\twith\tan\nincrease\tin\tcarbohydrate\tappetite.\tNeuropeptide\tY\tincreases\tduring\tfood\ndeprivation;\tit\tmay\tbe\ta\tfactor\tleading\tto\tan\tin... | [
0.01581127569079399,
-0.09197350591421127,
0.06680983304977417,
0.010407444089651108,
-0.09692972153425217,
0.06490972638130188,
0.13209852576255798,
-0.004475131165236235,
-0.009883142076432705,
0.09371329098939896,
0.10863116383552551,
-0.04555903747677803,
-0.000007789995834173169,
0.06... |
dieting.\nPreferences\tand\tcravings\tfor\tsweet,\thigh-fat\tfoods\tobserved\tamong\tobese\tand\nbulimic\tpatients\tinvolve\tthe\tendorphin\tsystem.\nCRF\nOrexin\n(hypocretin)\nInvolved\tin\tcontrolling\tadrenocorticotropic\thormone\trelease\tfrom\tthe\tpituitary\tgland;\nCRF\tis\ta\tpotent\tanorexic\tagent\tand\tweake... | [
0.0332786925137043,
-0.053347304463386536,
0.047379735857248306,
0.03513670340180397,
-0.07118884474039078,
-0.008493955247104168,
0.056718479841947556,
0.035774435847997665,
-0.03685842454433441,
0.027762500569224358,
0.10164306312799454,
-0.020412130281329155,
-0.0010275166714563966,
0.0... |
norepinephrine\tand\tneuropeptide\tY.\tCRF\tis\treleased\tduring\texercise.\nOrexin\n\tis\ta\tneurotransmitter\tproduced\tby\tthe\thypothalamus\tthat\thas\ta\tweak\nresemblance\tto\tsecretin\tproduced\tin\tthe\tgut\tand\tis\tan\tappetite\tstimulant\tand\ncentral\tregulator\tof\tglucose\tand\tenergy\thomeostasis.\nGut\t... | [
0.02630188688635826,
-0.03723112866282463,
0.06876135617494583,
-0.018251266330480576,
-0.0983717292547226,
0.015666808933019638,
0.09048516303300858,
0.024846946820616722,
-0.026687288656830788,
0.0702061802148819,
0.07457192987203598,
-0.02828582189977169,
-0.026881996542215347,
0.050539... |
Gut\tHormones\nCharacteristics\tand\tFunction\nIncretins\nGastrointestinal\tpeptides\tincrease\tthe\tamount\tof\tinsulin\treleased\tfrom\tthe\tbeta\tcells\nof\tthe\tpancreas\tafter\teating,\teven\tbefore\tblood\tglucose\n\tlevels\tbecome\televated.\nThey\talso\tslow\tthe\trate\tof\tabsorption\tby\treducing\tgastric\tem... | [
0.020365159958600998,
-0.110233835875988,
0.05056342855095863,
0.0006209638668224216,
-0.08697435259819031,
-0.03723858296871185,
0.09514090418815613,
0.02625751681625843,
-0.006846689153462648,
0.060348134487867355,
0.12120971828699112,
-0.039696209132671356,
-0.011183138005435467,
0.0189... |
directly\treduce\tfood\tintake.\tIncretins\talso\tinhibit\tglucagon\trelease\tfrom\tthe\talpha\ncells\tof\tthe\tpancreas.\t(See\tGLP-1\tand\tGIP.)\nCCK\nReleased\tby\tthe\tintestinal\ttract\twhen\tfats\tand\tproteins\treach\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\nreceptors\tfor\tCCK\thave\tbeen\tfound\tin\tthe\tgastrointestinal\ttrac... | [
0.011169347912073135,
-0.11002808809280396,
0.015109490603208542,
-0.03328457102179527,
-0.11887054145336151,
-0.03164011240005493,
0.1257433444261551,
0.02800249122083187,
-0.008922645822167397,
0.051674872636795044,
0.1215454638004303,
-0.04221334680914879,
-0.007359771989285946,
0.05895... |
CCK\n\tcauses\tthe\tgallbladder\tto\tcontract\tand\tstimulates\tthe\tpancreas\tto\trelease\nenzymes.\tAt\tthe\tbrain\tlevel,\tCCK\tinhibits\tfood\tintake.\nBombesin\nReleased\tby\tenteric\tneurons;\treduces\tfood\tintake\tand\tenhances\tthe\trelease\tof\tCCK.\nEnterostatin\nA\tportion\tof\tpancreatic\tlipase\tinvolved\... | [
-0.048060014843940735,
-0.0860186293721199,
0.02738802321255207,
-0.02116439864039421,
-0.10232533514499664,
-0.006968258414417505,
0.09206760674715042,
0.03133176267147064,
0.01025372464209795,
0.04533463343977928,
0.11635658144950867,
-0.07992380112409592,
0.022908981889486313,
0.0387523... |
of\tfat.\nAdiponectin\nAn\tadipocytokine\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tadipose\ttissue\tthat\n\tmodulates\tglucose\tregulation\nand\tfatty\tacid\tcatabolism.\tLevels\tof\tthis\thormone\tare\tinversely\tcorrelated\twith\nBMI.\tThe\thormone\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tmetabolic\tdisorders\tsuch\tas\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\nobesity,\tand\tath... | [
0.010190512053668499,
-0.1041121631860733,
0.038351867347955704,
-0.031690552830696106,
-0.14517170190811157,
-0.02382810041308403,
0.05251823738217354,
0.05364928022027016,
0.00324096973054111,
0.022640084847807884,
0.06212020292878151,
0.01132262870669365,
0.018400276079773903,
0.0326150... |
months.\nGlucagon\nIncreased\tsecretion\tof\tglucagon\tis\tcaused\tby\thypoglycemia,\tincreased\tlevels\tof\nnorepinephrine\tand\tepinephrine,\n\tincreased\tplasma\tamino\tacids,\tand\ncholecystokinin.\tDecreased\tsecretion\tof\tglucagon\toccurs\twhen\tinsulin\tor\nsomatostatin\tis\treleased.\nApolipoprotein\tA-IV | [
0.005991193000227213,
-0.019954586401581764,
-0.009288865141570568,
-0.03278638795018196,
-0.09983495622873306,
0.03451409190893173,
0.05924958363175392,
0.06558609753847122,
-0.020479470491409302,
0.05726350098848343,
0.06852380186319351,
-0.0336078479886055,
0.01520218513906002,
0.015865... |
somatostatin\tis\treleased.\nApolipoprotein\tA-IV\nSynthesized\tand\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tintestine\tduring\tlymphatic\tsecretion\tof\nchylomicrons.\tAfter\tentering\tthe\tcirculation,\ta\tsmall\tportion\tof\tapolipoprotein\tA-IV\nenters\tthe\tCNS\tand\tsuppresses\tfood\tconsumption.\nFatty\tacids\nFree\tfatty\tacids,\tt... | [
0.004373812582343817,
-0.09943372756242752,
0.0328621007502079,
-0.002117462921887636,
-0.10556208342313766,
0.020800471305847168,
0.07872039824724197,
0.032626114785671234,
-0.0065308609046041965,
0.05191236734390259,
0.11231613159179688,
-0.06339871138334274,
0.00137298961635679,
0.01561... |
and\tglycerol\tare\tfactors\tthat\talso\taffect\tuptake\tof\nglucose\tby\tperipheral\ttissues.\nGLP-1\tand\tGIP\nReleased\tby\tintestinal\tmucosa\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tmeals\trich\tin\tglucose\tand\tfat;\nstimulate\tinsulin\tsynthesis\tand\trelease;\tGLP-1\tdecreases\tglucagon\tsecretion,\ndelays\tgastric\temptying\t... | [
0.00511442543938756,
-0.08765751868486404,
0.04148603230714798,
-0.009221522137522697,
-0.0863284096121788,
0.026983818039298058,
0.09122196584939957,
-0.010329674929380417,
-0.00529337115585804,
0.03550209850072861,
0.1164243146777153,
-0.058275215327739716,
-0.00012352681369520724,
0.029... |
hormones.\nInsulin\nActs\tin\tthe\tCNS\tand\tthe\tperipheral\tnervous\tsystem\n\tto\tregulate\tfood\tintake\tand\tis\ninvolved\tin\tthe\tsynthesis\tand\tstorage\tof\tfat.\tIt\tis\tpossible\tthat\tobese\tpersons\twith\ninsulin\tresistance\tor\tdeficiency\thave\ta\tdefective\tglucose\tdisposal\tsystem\tand\ta\ndepressed\... | [
-0.00916496105492115,
-0.08052711188793182,
0.0005585557664744556,
0.03141918405890465,
-0.07224433869123459,
0.055633123964071274,
0.06770619004964828,
0.010600629262626171,
-0.04349726065993309,
0.09097644686698914,
0.12215180695056915,
-0.024539798498153687,
-0.04325081780552864,
0.0077... |
the\tthermic\teffect\tof\tfood.\tFasting\tinsulin\tlevels\tincrease\tproportionately\twith\tthe\ndegree\tof\tobesity;\thowever,\tmany\n\tobese\tpersons\thave\tinsulin\tresistance\tbecause\nof\ta\tlack\tof\tresponse\tby\tinsulin\treceptors,\timpaired\tglucose\ttolerance,\tand\nassociated\thyperlipidemia.\tThese\tsequela... | [
0.013396634720265865,
-0.08991297334432602,
0.032532017678022385,
0.019916987046599388,
-0.09182168543338776,
0.03457549586892128,
0.08914919197559357,
0.01622546650469303,
0.01241147331893444,
0.07754374295473099,
0.09273603558540344,
-0.017771288752555847,
0.034931495785713196,
0.0518640... |
loss.\nLeptin\nAn\tadipocytokine\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tadipose\ttissue,\tcorrelated\twith\tpercent\tof\tbody\tfat.\nPrimary\tsignal\tfrom\tenergy\tstores;\tin\tobesity\tloses\tthe\tability\tto\tinhibit\tenergy\nintake\tor\tto\n\tincrease\tenergy\texpenditure.\tCompared\twith\tmen,\twomen\thave\nsignificantly\thigher\tcon... | [
0.01238968875259161,
-0.07119248807430267,
0.0623282790184021,
-0.02006826177239418,
-0.05372091010212898,
0.032008904963731766,
0.15608887374401093,
0.1038941815495491,
-0.05065272003412247,
0.04399485886096954,
0.027790289372205734,
-0.05398738384246826,
0.06993235647678375,
0.0479490496... |
significantly\thigher\tconcentrations\tof\tserum\tleptin.\nResistin\nAn\tadipocytokine\texpressed\tprimarily\tin\tadipocytes;\tantagonizes\tinsulin\taction.\nGhrelin\nProduced\tprimarily\tby\tthe\tstomach;\tacts\ton\tthe\thypothalamus\tto\tstimulate\thunger\nand\tfeeding.\tGhrelin\tlevels\tare\thighest\tin\tlean\tindiv... | [
0.02663334645330906,
-0.022927502170205116,
0.06362628936767578,
-0.03991183266043663,
-0.0940990224480629,
-0.00007306571205845103,
0.08129925280809402,
0.05784829333424568,
-0.03331482782959938,
0.07007066160440445,
0.0715038850903511,
-0.015720311552286148,
0.019467588514089584,
0.02438... |
Increased\tlevels\tare\n\tseen\tin\tpeople\twho\tare\tdieting,\tand\tsuppressed\tlevels\tare\nnoted\tafter\tgastric\tbypass,\tpossibly\tcounteracted\tby\tadiponectin.\nPYY\n3-36\nSecreted\tby\tendocrine\tcells\tlining\tthe\tsmall\tbowel\tand\tcolon\tin\tresponse\tto\tfood;\ta\n“middle\tman”\tin\tappetite\tmanagement.\t... | [
0.011794444173574448,
-0.07586611807346344,
0.0703946128487587,
-0.03851214796304703,
-0.08850293606519699,
-0.000560492742806673,
0.08252491056919098,
0.018415125086903572,
-0.04164963215589523,
0.054563723504543304,
0.11134225130081177,
-0.03779896721243858,
0.01393922045826912,
-0.01865... |
it\tinduces\tsatiety.\nIL-6\tand\tTNF-α\nBoth\tare\tgut\thormones.\tCytokines\tsecreted\tby\tadipose\ttissue\tand\n\tparticipate\tin\nmetabolic\tevents.\tImpair\tinsulin\tsignals\tin\tmuscle\tand\tliver.\tLevels\tare\nproportional\tto\tbody\tfat\tmass\t(Thomas\tand\tSchauer,\t2010).\nOxyntomodulin\nSecreted\tfrom\tL-ce... | [
-0.03890605270862579,
-0.022557789459824562,
0.06864841282367706,
-0.03464113920927048,
-0.10404466092586517,
0.006704565137624741,
0.0859665498137474,
-0.004328817594796419,
0.0003455541445873678,
0.06843788921833038,
0.0866982564330101,
-0.06197541207075119,
-0.03005724400281906,
0.02586... |
effects\tthrough\tactivation\tof\tGLP-1\tand\tglicentin-related\tpancreatic\tpeptide\n(GRPP)\t(Bray\tand\tBouchard,\t2014). | [
-0.05322473496198654,
-0.035952482372522354,
0.022578654810786247,
-0.036173298954963684,
0.004977624863386154,
0.04308793321251869,
0.0902184322476387,
0.1306300014257431,
0.02882206439971924,
0.00953473150730133,
0.12050829827785492,
0.006767872255295515,
-0.036158833652734756,
0.0260075... |
GLP-2\nProduced\tin\tthe\tL-cells\tof\tsmall\n\tintestines\tand\tin\tneurons\tof\tCNS.\tIs\tan\tintestinal\ngrowth\tfactor.\tInhibits\tgastric\temptying\tand\tacid\tsecretion\twhile\tstimulating\nintestinal\tblood\tflow.\tDecreases\tgastric\tacid\tsecretion\tand\tgastric\temptying\tand\nincreases\tmucosal\tgrowth\t(\nB... | [
-0.0015199874760583043,
-0.06442496925592422,
0.019057990983128548,
-0.015598217025399208,
-0.050874218344688416,
-0.0037988838739693165,
0.08120908588171005,
0.04127325117588043,
-0.00893261656165123,
0.047770462930202484,
0.11935306340456009,
-0.030556250363588333,
-0.039754047989845276,
... |
increases\tmucosal\tgrowth\t(\nBray\tand\tBouchard,\t2014\n).\nFGF-21\nExpressed\tin\tthe\tliver\tand\tsecreted\tmainly\tduring\tfasting\tand\tafter\tfeeding\ta\nketogenic\tdiet.\tCan\tdecrease\tbody\tweight\twithout\n\taffecting\tfood\tintake.\tIncreases\ninsulin\tsensitivity,\tdecreases\tgluconeogenesis,\tand\tincrea... | [
-0.0018234956078231335,
-0.09808628261089325,
0.005603868514299393,
0.02615370601415634,
-0.07720042020082474,
0.02900232933461666,
0.10883696377277374,
0.0968017429113388,
-0.024599384516477585,
0.058528151363134384,
0.06456880271434784,
-0.012284328229725361,
0.012135129421949387,
0.0526... |
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