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journals\t(\nNHLBI,\t2014\n).\tThe\tfive\n\tareas\taddressed\tin\t2013\twere\tas\tfollows:\t(1)\twhat\tare\tthe\texpected\nhealth\tbenefits\tof\tweight\tloss\tas\ta\tfunction\tof\tthe\tamount\tand\tduration\tof\tweight\tloss,\t(2)\tare\tcurrent\nWC\tand\tBMI\tcut\tpoints\tappropriate\t(defined\tobesity)\tfor\tcertain\t... | [
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diets—among\ta\thandful\tof\tpopular\tdiets—are\teffective\tfor\tweight\tloss,\t(4)\twhat\tis\tthe\tefficacy\tand\neffectiveness\tof\tcomprehensive\tlifestyle\n\tapproaches\tto\tweight\tloss\tand\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance,\tand\n(5)\twhat\tis\tthe\tefficacy\tand\tsafety\tof\tbariatric\tsurgical\tprocedures. | [
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(5)\twhat\tis\tthe\tefficacy\tand\tsafety\tof\tbariatric\tsurgical\tprocedures.\nBefore\tthe\tNHLBI\tevidence\treport\tclinicians\tfocused\talmost\tentirely\ton\tweight\tloss\tvia\tcaloric\nrestriction,\texercise\twas\tnot\troutinely\trecommended,\tand\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance\twas\tgenerally\noverlooked.\tThe\tstrat... | [
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reviewed,\tand\noutlined\tin\tthe\tNHLBI\treport\twere\tdietary\ttherapy\t(CR),\tphysical\tactivity,\tbehavior\ttherapy\t(self-\nmonitoring,\tstress\tmanagement,\tstimulus\tcontrol,\tproblem-solving,\tcontingency\tmanagement,\ncognitive\trestructuring,\tand\tsocial\tsupport),\tcombined\ttherapy\t(dietary,\tphysical\tac... | [
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behavioral\ttherapies),\tpharmacotherapy,\tand\tsurgery.\tToday,\ta\tchronic\tdisease-prevention\tmodel\nincorporates\tthese\tinterdisciplinary\ttherapies\tand\tlifestyle\tinterventions\tfrom\tphysicians,\tdietitians,\nexercise\tspecialists,\tand\tbehavior\ttherapists.\nGoals\tof\ttreatment | [
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exercise\tspecialists,\tand\tbehavior\ttherapists.\nGoals\tof\ttreatment\nThe\tgoal\tof\tobesity\ttreatment\tis\tto\tachieve\tenough\tweight\tloss\tto\tsignificantly\timprove\toverall\nhealth.\tAchieving\ta\tmoderate\tloss\tis\tbeneficial.\tObese\tpersons\twho\tlose\t5%\tto\t10%\tof\tinitial\tbody\nweight\tare\tlikely\... | [
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weight\tare\tlikely\tto\timprove\n\ttheir\tblood\tglucose,\tblood\tpressure,\tand\tcholesterol\tlevels\tand\treduce\nvarious\tmarkers\tof\tsystemic\tinflammation.\tSince\tcontinual,\tgradual\tweight\tgain\tis\tthe\tnorm,\nchoosing\tto\tmaintain\tpresent\tbody\tweight\tis\talso\tbeneficial\t(but\talso\trequires\tvigilan... | [
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Despite\tthe\trecognition\tthat\tmoderate\tweight\tloss\tis\tbeneficial\tand\tmay\tbe\tmore\teasily\tachievable,\npatients\tusually\thave\tself-defined\n\tgoal\tweights\tthat\tare\tconsiderably\thigher.\tTherefore\thealth\nprofessionals\tneed\tto\tencourage\ttheir\tpatients\tto\ttarget\tmore\trealistic\tinitial\tweight... | [
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In\tgeneral,\tweight\tloss\tafter\tage\t65\tis\tnot\tadvised;\tactuarial\ttables\tshow\tno\tbenefit\tand\tpossible\nharm\tdue\tto\tloss\tof\tLBM.\tIn\tfact,\tin\tthe\tobese\tolder\tadult,\tsarcopenia\t(loss\tof\tmuscle\tmass)\tis\tthe | [
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strongest\tpredictor\tof\tdisability\tand\n\tinability\tto\tperform\tdaily\tactivities.\tA\tBMI\tbelow\t23\tis\nconsidered\tbelow\tdesirable\tin\tolder\tadults\t(see\t\nChapter\t19\n).\nRate\tand\textent\tof\tweight\tloss\nReduction\tof\tbody\tweight\tinvolves\tthe\tloss\tof\tboth\tprotein\tand\tfat.\tThe\trelative\tpr... | [
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depend\ton\tinitial\tbody\tcomposition\tand\tto\tsome\tdegree\tby\tthe\trate\tof\tweight\treduction.\tStrength\ntraining\tcan\thelp\tminimize\tloss\tof\tlean\ttissue\n\tin\tsome\tsubjects.\tSteady\tweight\tloss\tover\ta\tlonger\nperiod\tfavors\treduction\tof\tfat\tstores,\tlimits\tthe\tloss\tof\tvital\tprotein\ttissues... | [
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in\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\t(REE)\tthat\tcan\taccompany\tsevere\tenergy\trestriction.\tRecommended\ncalorie\tdeficit\tguidelines\tresult\tin\ta\tloss\tof\tapproximately\t0.5\tto\t1\tpound\tper\tweek\tfor\tpersons\twith\ta\nBMI\tof\t27\tto\t35,\tand\t1\tto\t2\tpounds\tper\tweek\n\tfor\tthose\twith\tBMIs\tgreater\t... | [
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for\tthose\twith\tBMIs\tgreater\tthan\t35.\tThese\tenergy\ndeficits\tneed\tto\tbe\tindividually\tcalculated,\tand\tcontinually\tadjusted\twith\tweight\tloss\tin\torder\tto\nmaintain\tthe\ttargeted\tcalorie\tdeficits\tand\ttherefore\tweekly\trates\tof\tweight\tloss\t(\nByrne\tet\tal,\t2012\n). | [
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Byrne\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nWhen\tthese\tdeficits\tare\tmaintained,\tthey\twill\tlead\tto\tan\tapproximately\t10%\tweight\tloss\tin\t6\tmonths\n(\nAcademy\tof\tNutrition\tand\tDietetics\t[AND],\t2016\n).\tFor\tthe\tnext\t6\tmonths\tthe\tfocus\tchanges\tfrom\nweight\tloss\tto\tweight\tmaintenance.\tAfter\tthis\tphase,\tfu... | [
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Even\twith\tthe\tsame\tcaloric\tintake,\trates\tof\tweight\treduction\tvary.\tMen\treduce\tweight\tfaster\tthan\nwomen\tof\tsimilar\tsize\tbecause\tof\ttheir\thigher\tLBM\tand\tRMR.\tThe\theavier\tperson\texpends\tmore\nenergy\tthan\tone\twho\tis\tless\tobese\tand\tloses\tfaster\ton\ta\tgiven\tcalorie\n\tintake\tthan\t... | [
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intake\tthan\ta\tlighter\tperson.\nMany\tpeople\twho\tdo\tnot\tlose\tweight\twhen\tfollowing\ta\tprescribed\tenergy\trestriction\tmay\tbe\nconsuming\tmore\tenergy\tthan\tthey\treport\tand\tmay\talso\toverestimate\ttheir\tphysical\tactivity\tlevels.\nUnderreporting\tof\tenergy\tintake\tis\tthe\tnorm\tand\tis\tshown\tto\... | [
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0.01855918... |
estimated\tintake\thas\tbeen\textensively\tstudied;\tit\timpacts\tthe\treliability\tof\tepidemiologic\n\tstudies\tand\ncreates\tthe\tillusion\tof\tresistance\tto\tweight\tloss\tduring\tenergy\trestriction\t(\nDhurandhar\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nLifestyle\tmodification\nBehavior\tmodification\tis\tthe\tcornerstone\tof\tlifes... | [
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person’s\tenvironment,\tdietary\tintake,\tand\tphysical\tactivity\tby\tusing\tgoal\tsetting,\tstimulus\tcontrol,\ncognitive\trestructuring,\tand\trelapse\tprevention.\tIt\talso\n\tprovides\tfeedback\ton\tprogress\tand\tplaces\tthe\nresponsibility\tfor\tchange\tand\taccomplishment\ton\tthe\tpatient.\nStimulus\tcontrol | [
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Stimulus\tcontrol\n\tinvolves\tidentifying\tstimuli\tthat\tmay\tencourage\tincidental\teating\tand\tidentifying\nand\tlimiting\texposure\tto\thigh-risk\tsituations.\tExamples\tof\tstimulus\tcontrol\tstrategies\tinclude\nlearning\tto\tshop\tcarefully\tfor\thealthy\tfoods,\tshopping\twhen\tnot\thungry,\tkeeping\thigh-cal... | [
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out\tof\tthe\thouse,\tlimiting\tthe\ttimes\tand\tplaces\tof\teating,\tand\tconsciously\tavoiding\tsituations\tin\twhich\novereating\toccurs.\nProblem\tsolving\n\tis\tthe\tprocess\tof\tdefining\ta\tproblem,\tgenerating\tpossible\tsolutions,\tevaluating\tand\nchoosing\tthe\tbest\tsolution,\timplementing\tthe\tnew\tbehavi... | [
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alternative\tsolutions\tif\tneeded.\nCognitive\trestructuring\n\tteaches\tpatients\n\tto\tidentify,\tchallenge,\tand\tcorrect\tthe\tnegative\tthoughts\nthat\tfrequently\tundermine\ttheir\tefforts\tto\tlose\tweight\tand\tkeep\tit\toff.\tA\tcognitive\ttherapy\tprogram\nthat\tunderscores\tthe\tinextricable\tconnection\tbe... | [
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connection\tsuccessfully\tusing\tpositive\tlong-term\tmental\tstrategies,\thas\tbeen\tdeveloped\tand\tfound\nuseful\t(\nBeck,\t2011\n).\nSelf-monitoring\twith\tdaily\n\tfood\tand\tactivity\trecords\tis\tpositively\tassociated\twith\tgreater\tweight\nloss.\tAdding\tthe\tplace\tand\ttime\tof\tfood\tintake,\tas\twell\tas\... | [
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complexity\t(which\treduces\tcompliance)\tbut\tmay\thelp\tidentify\tthe\tphysical\tand\temotional\tsettings\tin\nwhich\teating\toccurs.\tPhysical\tactivity\tcan\tbe\ttracked\tin\tminutes,\tmiles,\tor\tcalories\texpended.\tSelf-\nmonitoring\tcan\talso\tprovide\n\tinsight\tinto\tthe\toccurrence\tof\trelapses\tand\thow\tt... | [
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A\tcomprehensive\tprogram\tof\tlifestyle\tmodification\tproduced\ta\tloss\tof\tapproximately\t10%\tof\tinitial\nweight\tin\t16\tto\t26\tweeks\tin\ta\treview\tof\trandomized\tcontrolled\ttrials,\tincluding\tthe\tDiabe-tes\nPrevention\tProgram.\tLong-term\tcontinued\tpatient-therapist\tcontact\tsignificantly\timproves\tw... | [
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0.0... |
loss\tmaintenance\t(\nAND,\t2016\n).\nEmail\n\tand\tphone\tconsults\tappear\tto\tbe\tuseful\tmethods\tfor\tcontact\tand\tsupport\tas\tpart\tof\nstructured\tbehavioral\tweight\tloss\tand\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance\tprograms.\tMultiple\tstrategies\tfor\nbehavior\ttherapy\toften\tare\tneeded.\tSelf-monitoring\twith\tmobil... | [
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Box\t4.5\n\tin\t\nChapter\n4\n),\tpharmacotherapy,\ttargeted\teducational\tinterventions\tfrom\tthe\tweb,\tmeal\treplacements,\tand\ntelephone\tinterventions\thave\n\ttaken\tover\tthe\tweight\tloss\tindustry.\tBody\tmonitoring—a\tnew\nmonitoring\tmethod\tto\tmeasure\tweight\tchange—involves\twearing\ta\tdevice\tthat\tt... | [
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0.07469777017831802,
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0.027118893340229988,
0.0... |
like\ttemperature,\tmovement,\tacceleration,\theating\tfluctuations,\tand\tso\ton—and\trecords\tcalorie\tburn.\nCombined\twith\ta\tfood\tlog\tentered\tinto\tthe\tsystem,\ta\tperson\tcan\tadjust\tfood\tintake\tbased\tupon\tdata\nprovided\tby\tthe\tsystem.\nTelehealth\n\tprograms,\n\twhich\tprovide\tinteraction\twith\the... | [
0.017051061615347862,
-0.023002102971076965,
0.04023853316903114,
-0.03748806565999985,
-0.12042409181594849,
-0.004886898677796125,
0.11164326965808868,
-0.005578910931944847,
-0.025924157351255417,
0.040864814072847366,
0.12950415909290314,
-0.020655181258916855,
0.04746777564287186,
-0.... |
verbal\tcommunication\tvia\tphone\tand\tcomputer\tscreens,\tare\texploding\tin\thealth\tcare,\twhile\tsaving\ntremendous\tcosts\tand\ttime.\tTelehealth\tis\tnow\tbeing\tused\tas\tan\teffective\tvehicle\twith\tdietitians\tfor\none-on-one\tand\tgroup\tconsults\tand\tfor\tproviding\tnutrition\teducation\tprograms.\nDietar... | [
0.03443627431988716,
0.0023377062752842903,
0.08754509687423706,
-0.03658796474337578,
-0.0929717943072319,
0.020035069435834885,
0.13496257364749908,
-0.03504183143377304,
-0.04570348188281059,
0.022437745705246925,
0.09222345799207687,
-0.030552878975868225,
0.025522584095597267,
-0.0008... |
Dietary\tmodification\trecommendations\nWeight\n\tloss\tprograms\tshould\tcombine\ta\tnutritionally\tbalanced\tdietary\tregimen\twith\texercise\tand\nlifestyle\tmodification.\tSelecting\tthe\tappropriate\ttreatment\tstrategy\tdepends\ton\tthe\tgoals\tand\thealth\nrisks\tof\tthe\tpatient.\tWhen\tthese\tapproaches\tfail\... | [
0.0012549509992823005,
-0.0259003434330225,
0.06559016555547714,
0.017735980451107025,
-0.1317988783121109,
-0.01635165512561798,
0.10113663226366043,
0.022424234077334404,
-0.050323858857154846,
-0.010475886054337025,
0.0834561362862587,
0.020281599834561348,
0.002610348165035248,
-0.0065... |
sometimes\tmedication\tmay\tbe\tadded.\tFor\t\nmorbid\tobesity\n\t(BMI\t≥40)\tsurgical\tintervention\tmay\tbe\nnecessary.\nTreatment\n\toptions\tinclude\tthe\tfollowing: | [
0.05722380056977272,
-0.020422086119651794,
0.0522274374961853,
0.024297693744301796,
-0.06638836860656738,
0.019475316628813744,
0.1512247920036316,
0.0086728660389781,
0.010483771562576294,
0.024952709674835205,
0.08151119947433472,
-0.04554513096809387,
0.02426755800843239,
0.0616415664... |
•\t\nA\tbalanced\treduced-calorie\tmacronutrient\tadjusted\teating\tplan,\tincreased\tphysical\tactivity,\nand\tlifestyle\tmodification\n•\t\nA\tbalanced\treduced-calorie\tmacronutrient\tadjusted\teating\tplan,\tincreased\tphysical\tactivity,\nlifestyle\tmodification,\tand\tpharmacotherapy\n• | [
-0.007059932686388493,
-0.08530990034341812,
0.02062428928911686,
0.05206715315580368,
-0.04535945504903793,
0.04709383100271225,
0.0923413559794426,
0.03442263975739479,
0.0025937198661267757,
0.017452314496040344,
0.10513189435005188,
-0.10069911926984787,
0.00433289585635066,
0.00860285... |
lifestyle\tmodification,\tand\tpharmacotherapy\n•\t\nSurgery\tplus\tan\tindividually\tprescribed\teating\tregimen,\tphysical\tactivity,\tand\tlifestyle\nmodification\n\tprogram\n•\t\nPrevention\tof\tweight\tregain\tvia\tactively\tbalancing\tenergy\tintake\tand\toutput\n•\t\nMindset\tinterventions\tvia\tcognitive\trestr... | [
0.013170120306313038,
-0.058126166462898254,
0.07132436335086823,
0.04276244714856148,
-0.06466244161128998,
0.011231972835958004,
0.13384263217449188,
0.01887326128780842,
-0.06797031313180923,
0.04434703290462494,
0.09871815890073776,
-0.05899813771247864,
-0.006977112032473087,
0.019797... |
Restricted-energy\teating\tplan\nA\tbalanced,\trestricted-energy\teating\tplan\tis\tthe\tmost\twidely\tprescribed\tmethod\tof\tweight\treduction.\nThe\tdiet\tshould\tbe\tnutritionally\tadequate\tand\tmeet\tbut\tnot\texceed\tenergy\tneeds\tfor\tweight\nreduction.\tA\tcaloric\tdeficit\tof\n\t500\tto\t1000\tkcal\tdaily\tu... | [
-0.022889157757163048,
-0.030202029272913933,
0.03378032520413399,
0.015571127645671368,
-0.04089612141251564,
0.007869885303080082,
0.059779804199934006,
0.030121104791760445,
-0.033927615731954575,
0.022944403812289238,
0.06513574719429016,
-0.052611272782087326,
0.004253027960658073,
0.... |
500\tto\t1000\tkcal\tdaily\tusually\tmeets\tthis\tgoal\tfor\tsubjects\t≥30\tBMI.\nThe\tprescribed\tenergy\tlevel\tvaries\twith\tthe\tindividual’s\tbody\tsize\tand\tactivities.\tFor\texample,\tfor\ta\n500-calorie\tdeficit\tthe\tinitial\tdaily\tenergy\tprescription\tfor\ta\t5′5″,\tage\t35,\t30-BMI\tfemale\twould\tbe | [
-0.0012086315546184778,
-0.012779454700648785,
0.05318189784884453,
0.015104646794497967,
-0.06236758083105087,
-0.04917837679386139,
0.07078178972005844,
0.082765594124794,
-0.07408947497606277,
0.004158757161349058,
0.024864353239536285,
-0.11241477727890015,
0.015125449746847153,
-0.003... |
approximately\t1400\tcalories,\tor\tapproximately\t1700\tcalories\tfor\ta\t40-BMI\tfemale\tof\tthe\tsame\theight\nand\tage.\tRegardless\tof\tthe\tlevel\n\tof\tCR,\thealthful\teating\tand\tregular\tphysical\tactivity\tshould\tbe\tdaily\ngoals.\tAll\tmeans\tpossible\t(coaching,\tmotivational\tinterviewing,\tcognitive\tre... | [
-0.0005127928452566266,
-0.0898258239030838,
0.03680870682001114,
-0.0449962317943573,
-0.11669719219207764,
-0.060745932161808014,
0.06597092747688293,
0.038146428763866425,
-0.007831580005586147,
0.022677062079310417,
0.03726308420300484,
-0.07263361662626266,
0.04319674149155617,
0.0510... |
be\tutilized\tby\tthe\thealth\tcare\tteam\tto\tsupport\thealthy\tlifestyle\tchanges.\nAll\treduced\tcalorie\tdiets\t(low-fat,\tlow-carbohydrate,\tbalanced)\tproduce\tsimilar\t(long-term)\tweight\nloss\twhich\tmeans\trecommendations\tcan\tbe\ttailored\tto\n\tindividual\tpreferences\t(\nHall,\t2017\n;\t\nJohnston,\n2014 | [
-0.013644518330693245,
-0.026423722505569458,
0.05334699898958206,
0.008380739949643612,
-0.09254040569067001,
0.004107056651264429,
0.03690222278237343,
0.019304543733596802,
-0.0008222507312893867,
0.027885189279913902,
0.08675291389226913,
-0.05106700211763382,
0.02012128010392189,
-0.0... |
individual\tpreferences\t(\nHall,\t2017\n;\t\nJohnston,\n2014\n).\tIn\tall\tcases\tsubjects\tshould\tbe\tencouraged\tto\tconsume\tpredominantly\twhole\tfoods\toptions\n(fresh,\tunprocessed\tvegetables,\tfruits,\tbeans\t[legumes],\tand\twhole\tgrains\tplus\ta\tvariety\tof\tseafood,\npoultry,\tand\tlean\tmeats). | [
0.023515215143561363,
0.0008899160311557353,
0.022318679839372635,
-0.0299184899777174,
-0.03854385018348694,
0.009479770436882973,
0.04298512265086174,
0.01793563738465309,
-0.02018914744257927,
0.04953432083129883,
0.11254376173019409,
-0.06904914230108261,
0.045402269810438156,
-0.01565... |
poultry,\tand\tlean\tmeats).\nThe\trecommended\tdietary\tallowance\t(RDA)\tfor\tprotein\tis\tbased\ton\tmaintenance\tlevel\tenergy\nrequirements\tand\tis\tnot\tapplicable\tto\n\tthe\tsituation\tof\tenergy\trestriction.\tToo\tlittle\tattention\tto\nprotein\tintake\tduring\tenergy\trestriction\tresults\tin\tundesirable\t... | [
0.049304064363241196,
-0.04290471225976944,
0.08796174824237823,
-0.023013204336166382,
-0.04072379320859909,
-0.009818737395107746,
0.1078704446554184,
0.0034681314136832952,
-0.05401068553328514,
0.09009595960378647,
0.10098852217197418,
-0.07553236931562424,
0.011624166741967201,
0.0474... |
Protein\tprescription\tof\t1.2\tg\tper\tkg\tappears\tto\tbe\tnecessary\tto\tminimize\tthe\tloss\tof\tLBM,\tprevent\nreduced\tREE,\tand\tpreserve\tbone\tmineral\tdensity\tin\tsituations\tof\tenergy\trestriction\t(\nDrummen\tet\tal,\n2018\n;\t\nLeidy,\t2015\n;\t\nWesterterp-Plantenga\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tHowever,\thigher\... | [
0.009829757735133171,
-0.09597213566303253,
0.046102799475193024,
-0.0923532173037529,
-0.04794161021709442,
0.04347780719399452,
0.06548044830560684,
0.0543193556368351,
-0.0060889278538525105,
0.0751105546951294,
0.10351213067770004,
-0.014419819228351116,
0.025773487985134125,
0.0284228... |
).\tHowever,\thigher\tlevels\tof\tprotein\talso\ttend\tto\nblunt\timprovements\tin\tinsulin\tresistance\tin\tindividuals\twith\tinsulin\tresistance.\nAlcohol\tand\tfoods\thigh\tin\tsugar,\tespecially\tbeverages,\tshould\tbe\tlimited\tto\tsmall\tamounts.\tAlcohol\nmakes\tup\t10%\tof\tthe\tdiet\tfor\tmany\tregular\tdrink... | [
0.00029606156749650836,
-0.07418898493051529,
0.04547965154051781,
-0.011508890427649021,
-0.06162015721201897,
0.00009547972149448469,
0.11168737709522247,
0.000982709345407784,
-0.002976692747324705,
0.023088114336133003,
0.08557949960231781,
-0.025677120313048363,
0.04216507822275162,
0... |
consume\t50%\tor\tmore\tof\tdaily\tcalories\tfrom\talcohol\tmay\thave\ta\tdepressed\n\tappetite,\twhereas\nmoderate\tusers\ttend\tto\tgain\tweight\twith\tthe\tadded\talcohol\tcalories.\tHabitual\tuse\tof\talcohol\tmay\nresult\tin\tlipid\tstorage,\tweight\tgain,\tor\tobesity.\nThere\tis\tno\tevidence\tthat\tusing\tnonnu... | [
0.006237784866243601,
-0.04041068255901337,
0.020708071067929268,
0.08668074756860733,
-0.06490738689899445,
0.01442688051611185,
0.10149575769901276,
-0.024368926882743835,
-0.062442630529403687,
-0.0038456195034086704,
0.11951380968093872,
-0.070423923432827,
-0.025658050552010536,
0.006... |
individual’s\tweight\tloss.\tA\trecent\tmeta\tanalysis\tof\tthe\tavailable\tstudies\ton\tnonnutritive\tsweeteners\nconcluded\tthat\tthe\tliterature\tdoes\tnot\n\tclearly\tsupport\tthe\tintended\tbenefits\tof\tnonnutritive\nsweeteners\tfor\tweight\tmanagement,\tand\tobservational\tdata\tsuggest\tthat\troutine\tintake\to... | [
0.022331232205033302,
-0.03597550839185715,
0.014310723170638084,
0.05207017436623573,
-0.06616512686014175,
0.024088196456432343,
0.09580623358488083,
0.04557507112622261,
-0.06905438750982285,
0.03363482654094696,
0.11276231706142426,
-0.06652120500802994,
-0.008184434846043587,
0.006117... |
nonnutritive\tsweeteners\tmay\tbe\tassociated\twith\tincreased\tBMI\tand\tcardiometabolic\trisk.\tFurther\nresearch\tis\tneeded\tto\tfully\tcharacterize\tthe\tlong-term\trisks\tand\tbenefits\tof\tnonnutritive\tsweeteners\n(\nAzad\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nVitamin\tand\tmineral\tsupplements\tthat\n\tmeet\tage-related\trequire... | [
-0.008263916708528996,
-0.01674102246761322,
0.06826546788215637,
0.029063915833830833,
-0.055637601763010025,
0.033846065402030945,
0.10236024111509323,
0.009990714490413666,
-0.05489014834165573,
0.02644779533147812,
0.12305380403995514,
-0.04835720732808113,
0.018551111221313477,
-0.030... |
meet\tage-related\trequirements\tusually\tare\trecommended\nwhen\tthere\tis\ta\tdaily\tintake\tof\tless\tthan\t1200\tkcal\tfor\twomen\tand\t1800\tkcal\tfor\tmen,\tor\twhen\tit\tis\ndifficult\tto\tchoose\tfoods\tthat\twill\tmeet\tall\tnutrient\tneeds\tat\tthe\trestricted\tenergy\tintake.\nWeight\tloss\tprograms\nCommerc... | [
-0.021336009725928307,
-0.01793738454580307,
0.05921059101819992,
-0.012818987481296062,
-0.06950591504573822,
-0.01358582079410553,
0.09492979198694229,
-0.023192323744297028,
-0.049302391707897186,
0.04331094026565552,
0.08687923103570938,
-0.06976150721311569,
0.021557023748755455,
0.00... |
Commercial\tand\tself-help\tprograms\nMillions\tof\tAmericans\tturn\tto\t\ncommercial\tweight\tloss\tcenters\n\t(NutriSystems,\tJenny\tCraig,\n\tetc.)\n(\nTable\t20.4\n)\tor\t\nself-help\tprograms\n\t(diet\tbook\tor\tInternet-based)\tin\tsearch\tof\tpermanent\tweight\tloss\neach\tyear.\tCommercial\tweight\tloss\tcenter... | [
-0.03850828483700752,
-0.029154546558856964,
0.04917572811245918,
0.01645619422197342,
-0.028114216402173042,
0.030822234228253365,
0.0851181149482727,
0.010495117865502834,
-0.05896382033824921,
0.007515363395214081,
0.10214812308549881,
-0.01041422039270401,
0.036663968116045,
-0.0406047... |
meals.\tPrepackaged\tdiets\tallow\tsubjects\tto\tavoid\tfood\tpreparation\tand\treduce\tthe\tnumber\tof\tchoices\nabout\tfood\t(and\twhat\tto\teat)\tthroughout\tthe\tday.\tSome\tprovide\tclasses\ton\tbehavior\tmodification\tand\nhealthy\teating. | [
0.011446344666182995,
-0.013935781084001064,
0.07962740212678909,
-0.005073605105280876,
-0.11019210517406464,
0.016103390604257584,
0.07576538622379303,
-0.012035975232720375,
-0.02898174338042736,
0.008610938675701618,
0.12621496617794037,
-0.08123133331537247,
0.006382500287145376,
-0.0... |
TABLE\t20.4\nPopular\tWeight\tLoss\tDiets\n*\nAtkins\tDiet\nBlood\tType\tDiet\nCaveman\tDiet\nDetox\tDiet\nFlat\tBelly\tDiet\nFlexitarian\nGlycemic\tIndex\tDiet\nHCG\tDiet\nIntermittant\tfasting\nJenny\tCraig\nLA\tWeight\tLoss\nMayo\tClinic\tDiet\nMedifast\tDiet\nNutriSystem\tDiet\nNutritarian\tDiet\nRaw\tFood\tDiet\nS... | [
-0.008620875887572765,
-0.04923463985323906,
0.010945595800876617,
0.0320655032992363,
-0.07606121152639389,
-0.0030906246975064278,
0.08257818967103958,
0.0031064117792993784,
-0.05276777222752571,
0.028471169993281364,
0.08524583280086517,
-0.060370855033397675,
0.03539161756634712,
-0.0... |
The\t17-Day\tDiet\nThe\t5:2\tDiet\nThe\t8-Hour\tDiet\nThe\tFast\tDiet\nThe\tKetogenic\tDiet\nThe\tMediterranean\tDiet\nThe\tPaleo\tDiet\nVegan\tDiet\n*\nThe\tAcademy\tof\tNutrition\tand\tDietetics\thas\ta\tpage\ton\ttheir\twebsite\tdevoted\tto\tevaluating\tweight\tloss\tand\tfad\tdiets\nhttps://www.eatright.org/health/... | [
-0.040361981838941574,
-0.015381058678030968,
0.07267379015684128,
0.03699971362948418,
-0.04947521910071373,
-0.0009797598468139768,
0.04754803329706192,
0.02071550488471985,
-0.05075565353035927,
-0.020038751885294914,
0.061389219015836716,
-0.03547101467847824,
-0.005013555288314819,
-0... |
Some\tbrands\tof\t\nmeal\treplacements\n\tare\tavailable\tover\tthe\tcounter\t(OTC)\tin\tdrug\tstores,\nsupermarkets,\tor\tvia\thome\tdelivery\t(e.g.,\tWeight\tWatchers,\tSlimFast,\n\tHMR,\tetc.).\tThe\tgoal\tof\tusing\nthese\tfoods\tis\tto\tprovide\tstructure\tand\treplace\tother\thigher\tcalorie\tfoods.\tPer\tserving... | [
0.010151926428079605,
-0.06717240810394287,
0.01898510567843914,
-0.012143650092184544,
-0.06420056521892548,
0.0012873094528913498,
0.08190383017063141,
0.01591206155717373,
0.002302831504493952,
0.026435591280460358,
0.09759946167469025,
-0.024183114990592003,
0.05802595987915993,
-0.017... |
replacements\tinclude\t10\tto\t20\tg\tof\tprotein,\tvarious\tamounts\tof\tcarbohydrate,\t0\tto\t10\tg\tof\tfat,\tup\tto\t5\ng\tof\tfiber,\tand\t25%\tto\t30%\tof\tRDAs\tfor\tvitamins\tand\tminerals.\tUsually\tdrinks\tor\tshakes\tare\tmilk\n(casein\tor\twhey),\tpea\tprotein,\trice\tprotein,\tor\tsoy\tbased;\tare\thigh\n\... | [
-0.03269718959927559,
-0.03892204537987709,
0.03646012023091316,
-0.08837074786424637,
-0.05889377370476723,
-0.013575578108429909,
0.07488525658845901,
0.046131931245326996,
-0.028996217995882034,
0.017974568530917168,
0.07708629965782166,
0.01570727303624153,
0.031704436987638474,
0.0379... |
in\tcalcium;\tand\thave\t150\tto\t250\nkcal\tper\tserving.\tThey\tare\tfrequently\tready\tto\tuse,\tportion\tcontrolled,\tor\tmade\twith\ta\tpurchased\npowder.\tPeople\twho\thave\tdifficulty\twith\tself-selection\tor\tportion\tcontrol\tmay\tuse\tmeal\treplacements\nas\tpart\tof\ta\tcomprehensive\tweight\tmanagement\tpr... | [
-0.019494837149977684,
-0.005977048072963953,
0.0512806661427021,
-0.029240215197205544,
-0.0907667800784111,
-0.008581092581152916,
0.09562865644693375,
-0.022552581503987312,
-0.018732234835624695,
0.019474880769848824,
0.11190873384475708,
0.009474401362240314,
0.08176398277282715,
-0.0... |
snacks\twith\tmeal\treplacements\tis\ta\tsuccessful\tweight\tloss\tand\tweight\tmaintenance\n\tstrategy\t(\nAND,\n2016\n).\tMeal\treplacements\tare\talso\tutilized\tin\t\nmedically\tsupervised\tweight\tloss\tprograms\n\t(see\nVery-Low-Calorie\tDiets\n).\nThe\tInternet\thas\tspawned\ta\tnew\tgeneration\tof\tweb-based\tw... | [
-0.03342849388718605,
-0.0006579426117241383,
0.037444911897182465,
0.06486071646213531,
-0.04018024355173111,
0.00135005172342062,
0.087483711540699,
0.010415477678179741,
-0.0748116746544838,
-0.010825890116393566,
0.0845012366771698,
-0.0405852310359478,
0.016734654083848,
-0.0676994174... |
Diet.com\n,\nNutriSystem.com\n,\t\nSparkPeople.com\n,\t\nSouthBeach.com\n,\tMyFitnessPal,\tand\t\nWeightWatchers.com\n.\tA\nhandful\tof\trandomized\tcontrolled\tclinical\ttrials\thave\tattempted\tto\taddress\twhether\n\tpersonalization\nimproves\toutcomes\tfrom\tthese\tprograms.\tHowever,\tresults\thave\tbeen\tmixed\ta... | [
-0.04774110019207001,
-0.08378007262945175,
0.05995989218354225,
0.028125334531068802,
0.007637368515133858,
-0.002236943691968918,
0.07454914599657059,
-0.006347542628645897,
-0.04308854788541794,
0.01540800929069519,
0.08752145618200302,
0.01594480313360691,
0.049899302423000336,
-0.0214... |
determined\t(\nCollins\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tApart\tfrom\tWeight\tWatchers,\tthere\tis\tnot\ta\tstrong\tbase\tof\tevidence\nbehind\tthe\tmajor\tcommercial\tand\tself-help\tweight\tloss\tprograms.\tThe\tFederal\tTrade\tCommission\n(FTC)\trequires\tprogram\tadvertisements\tto\tvoluntarily\tinclude\tthe\tphrase\t“results\tn... | [
-0.02009999379515648,
-0.023209992796182632,
0.043984148651361465,
0.0031507823150604963,
-0.06015651673078537,
0.02912336401641369,
0.10256423056125641,
0.014005079865455627,
-0.03421017527580261,
0.019446324557065964,
0.06742849946022034,
-0.028329206630587578,
0.028026297688484192,
0.01... |
but\nhas\tinsufficient\tresources\tto\tfurther\tprotect\tconsumers\tfrom\tmisleading\tadvertising.\tMore\tcontrolled\ntrials\tare\tneeded\tto\tassess\tthe\tefficacy\tof\tcommercial\tprograms,\ttherefore\tit\tis\timportant\tto\tevaluate\nall\tweight\tloss\tprograms\tfor\tsound\tnutritional\tand\tbehavioral\tpractices.\n... | [
-0.004670046269893646,
-0.04264569282531738,
0.05013526603579521,
0.014241959899663925,
-0.06831350922584534,
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0.08230836689472198,
0.04603051766753197,
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0.020212503150105476,
0.05685167387127876,
-0.046216417104005814,
0.04891254007816315,
0.004... |
Very-low-calorie\tdiets\nDiets\tproviding\t≤800\tkcal\tare\tclassified\tas\t\nvery-low-calorie\tdiets\t(VLCDs)\n.\tLittle\tevidence\nsuggests\tthat\tan\tintake\tof\tfewer\tthan\t800\tcalories\tdaily\tis\tof\tany\tadvantage.\tAn\texample\tof\ta\nsignificant\texception\tto\tthis\twould\tbe\tthe\thospitalized\tpatient\ton... | [
-0.01395943108946085,
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0.04624251648783684,
0.042039673775434494,
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0.10273155570030212,
0.0614168643951416,
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-0.005443992093205452,
0.07688451558351517,
-0.05540752038359642,
0.01045991387218237,
-0.00... |
carefully,\tis\tless\tthan\t65\tyears\told,\tand\thas\ta\tcondition\tsuch\tas\tcongestive\theart\tfailure\tsecondary\tto\nobesity.\tIn\tsuch\ta\tcase,\timmediate\tand\trapid\tweight\tloss\tis\tconsidered\tlife\tsaving.\nVLCDs\tare\thypocaloric\n\tbut\trelatively\trich\tin\tprotein\t(0.8\tto\t1.5\tg\tper\tkg\tper\tday).... | [
-0.020092366263270378,
0.0033281263895332813,
0.08424220979213715,
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-0.06571779400110245,
0.008447346277534962,
0.10780826210975647,
0.005305815488100052,
0.004524936433881521,
0.050666093826293945,
0.048714589327573776,
-0.04835053160786629,
0.020072394981980324,
0.01... |
designed\tto\tinclude\ta\tfull\tcomplement\tof\tvitamins,\tminerals,\telectrolytes,\tand\tessential\tfatty\tacids,\nbut\tnot\tcalories,\tand\tthey\tare\tusually\tgiven\tfor\ta\tperiod\tof\t12\tto\t16\tweeks\tas\tpart\tof\ta\tmedically\nsupervised\tcomprehensive\tlifestyle-modification\tprogram\trequiring\tregular\tmedi... | [
-0.03588703274726868,
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0.02773420698940754,
-0.054723579436540604,
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0.07987137883901596,
0.042260657995939255,
0.00004460032869246788,
0.024877576157450676,
0.03306768834590912,
-0.002162619959563017,
0.05609233304858208,
-0.... |
attendance\tof\tweekly\n\tgroup\tclasses.\tTheir\tmajor\tadvantage\t(with\tpatient\tcompliance)\tis\trapid\tweight\nloss.\nPhysicians\toften\trefer\tpatients\tthat\twould\tbenefit\tmedically\t(\nFig.\t20.6\n)\tfrom\trapid\tweight\tloss\t(e.g.,\nsevere\tobstructive\tsleep\tapnea,\tcongestive\theart\tfailure,\tand\tsever... | [
0.01895808055996895,
0.017194287851452827,
0.054007548838853836,
-0.009297948330640793,
-0.08939511328935623,
0.034036967903375626,
0.05403570458292961,
0.0022041157353669405,
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-0.0035512270405888557,
0.0686243325471878,
-0.028555652126669884,
0.02851691283285618,
0.0... |
comorbidities)\tto\tVLCD\tprograms.\tBecause\tof\tpotential\tside\teffects,\tprescription\tof\tthese\tdiets\tis\nreserved\tfor\tpersons\n\twith\ta\tBMI\tof\t≥30\t(or\t≥27\twith\tat\tleast\tone\tcomorbidity)\tfor\twhom\tother\tdiet\nprograms\thave\tbeen\tunsuccessful. | [
0.04633890837430954,
-0.07133281975984573,
0.02612709254026413,
-0.02845744788646698,
-0.08185704797506332,
0.02862291969358921,
0.10039283335208893,
0.021230503916740417,
0.004822921007871628,
0.03401301056146622,
0.08050935715436935,
-0.035902705043554306,
0.0662921592593193,
0.051702003... |
FIG.\t20.6\nBMI\tContinuum\t&\tTreatment\tRecommendations\t(NIH).\t1998\tNational\tHeart,\tLung,\tand\tBlood\nInstitute\t-\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tDiabetes\tand\tDigestive\tand\tKidney\tDiseases:\tClinical\tGuidelines\ton\tthe\nIdentification,\tEvaluation,\tand\tTreatment\tof\tOverweight\tand\tObesity\tin\tAdults:\tE... | [
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-0.033535245805978775,
0.03010248951613903,
0.01187589019536972,
-0.09096185117959976,
-0.01307627372443676,
0.06171547621488571,
0.059777189046144485,
0.02561408095061779,
0.03189677745103836,
0.06457164138555527,
-0.030482502654194832,
0.022484855726361275,
0.02312... |
An\tOTC\tVLCD\tthat\tfirst\tbecame\tpopular\tin\tthe\tearly\t1970s\tresulted\tin\tseveral\tdeaths\trelated\tto\n\tits\nlow-quality,\tincomplete\tprotein\tprofile.\tThe\thigh-quality\tprotein\tformulations\tused\tin\tmedically\nsupervised\tprograms\tprovide\tefficacy\tand\tsafety\tfor\tthose\twith\tmorbid\tobesity.\tAdv... | [
0.025939468294382095,
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0.07153713703155518,
-0.05035535991191864,
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-0.03163415193557739,
0.10723492503166199,
0.012987779453396797,
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0.060488954186439514,
0.07799889892339706,
-0.01815870590507984,
0.04931880533695221,
0.018314... |
to\tVLCDs\tinclude\thigher\trisk\tfor\tgallstones,\tcold\tintolerance,\tfatigue,\tweakness,\tlightheadedness,\nconstipation\tor\tdiarrhea,\thair\tloss,\tdry\tskin,\tmenstrual\tchanges,\tand\tgout;\tsome\tof\tthese\tmay\tbe\nrelated\n\tto\ttriiodothyronine\t(thyroid)\tdeficiency\t(see\t\nChapter\t30\n).\tEmerging\tdata\... | [
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0.0956585705280304,
0.024190641939640045,
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0.04176713153719902,
0.09275592118501663,
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0.03254857659339905,
0.00122... |
Chapter\t30\n).\tEmerging\tdata\tseem\tto\tindicate\nthat\tas\tfat\tstores\tdiminish,\tmolecules\tare\treleased\tthat\tcan\taffect\tfurther\tweight\tloss\t(see\t\nClinical\nInsight:\n\tWhat’s\tin\tThat\tFat\tWhen\tYou\tLose\tIt?\n).\nThe\tcurrent\tliterature\tindicates\tthat\teven\tthough\tthere\tis\tsignificantly\tgre... | [
0.010113926604390144,
0.022433631122112274,
0.0529065877199173,
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0.06379576027393341,
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0.01137099415063858,
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0.09579723328351974,
0.0941387265920639,
-0.055193208158016205,
0.03827971592545509,
-0.002273... |
VLCDs\tin\tthe\tshort\tterm\t(up\tto\t13%\tgreater\tthan\tlow\tcalorie\n\tdiets,\tor\tLCDs,\twith\tbehavioral\ncounseling),\tthere\tare\ton\taverage\tno\tsignificant\tdifferences\tin\tthe\tlong\tterm\t(\nGudzune\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nWeight\tloss\tmaintenance\trequires\tongoing\tvigilance\tand\tpermanent\tlifestyle\tchan... | [
-0.030815450474619865,
0.010775413364171982,
0.030116109177470207,
-0.09629340469837189,
-0.09418465197086334,
0.02438199520111084,
0.09911255538463593,
0.03371619060635567,
0.029345575720071793,
0.016129260882735252,
0.11128975450992584,
-0.045186929404735565,
0.05277644097805023,
0.00249... |
reduced\tweight\tnet-energy-balance—regardless\tof\tthe\tmethods\temployed\tto\tlose\tweight\t(\nHall\tet\tal,\n2011\n).\nPopular\tdiets\tand\tpractices\nEach\tyear,\tnew\tbooks\t(or\twebsites)\n\tpromising\tweight\tloss\tfind\ttheir\tway\tto\tthe\tconsumer\tthrough\nthe\tpopular\tpress\tand\tmedia.\tSome\tof\tthe\tpro... | [
-0.006218192633241415,
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0.02702205441892147,
0.008880605921149254,
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0.07402320206165314,
0.03354828432202339,
0.01534987147897482,
0.07083597034215927,
0.08874117583036423,
-0.023139432072639465,
0.06666426360607147,
0.01402... |
emphasize\tfast\tresults\twith\tminimum\teffort.\tSome\tof\tthe\tproposed\tdiets\twould\tlead\tto\tnutritional\ndeficiencies\tover\tan\textended\tperiod;\thowever,\tthe\tpotential\thealth\trisks\tare\tseldom\trealized\nbecause\tthe\tdiets\tusually\tare\tabandoned\tafter\ta\n\tfew\tweeks.\tDiets\tthat\temphasize\tfast\t... | [
0.03169889748096466,
-0.013323929160833359,
0.07200869172811508,
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0.001112374011427164,
0.08210282027721405,
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0.05463555082678795,
0.09219881892204285,
-0.012820440344512463,
0.05970039963722229,
-0.01836... |
few\tweeks.\tDiets\tthat\temphasize\tfast\tresults\twith\nminimum\teffort\tencourage\tunrealistic\texpectations,\tsetting\tthe\tdieter\tup\tfor\tfailure,\tsubsequent\nguilt,\tand\tfeelings\tof\thelplessness\tabout\tmanaging\ta\tweight\tproblem.\nOnline\tcommercial\tdiet\tprograms\thave\tgrown\tdramatically\tin\tthe\tpa... | [
0.030741097405552864,
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0.03148150444030762,
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0.07798005640506744,
0.004817611537873745,
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0.05023305490612984,
0.0679461658000946,
-0.03978773206472397,
0.08371753245592117,
-0.0216... |
approach,\tfor\tpeople\ton\tthe\trun\twho\tcarry\ttheir\tphones\tand\tcomputers,\twith\ta\tproduct\tline\n\toffered\nand\taccessibility\tto\tcounselors\tand\thealth\tprofessionals,\thas\tmade\tthe\tbusiness\tof\tdiets\ta\nmultibillion-dollar\tindustry.\tOne\ton\tone\tand\tgroup\tonline\tcounseling,\tphone\taccess\tto\t... | [
0.006741146557033062,
0.014386431314051151,
0.03711041063070297,
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0.12514649331569672,
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0.04141418635845184,
0.12315261363983154,
-0.06184345856308937,
0.07546829432249069,
-0.018... |
loss\tprogress\tand\tsetbacks,\tand\tdelivery\tof\t“to-your-door”\tfoods\tand\tmeals\tare\tsome\tof\tthe\tenticing\naspects\tof\tjoining\tthese\tprograms.\tConsumers\tcontinue\tto\tneed\tproper\tguidance\tto\tseparate\tthe\ngood,\n\tsound\tdiet\tprograms\tfrom\tthe\tbad.\tPopular\tdiets\tcome\tand\tgo;\tsome\tare\trevi... | [
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0.03884556517004967,
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0.14680179953575134,
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0.042032916098833084,
0.07745688408613205,
-0.008777283132076263,
0.11516527831554413,
... |
by\tvarious\twebsites\t(see\t\nTable\t20.4\n).\nIntermittent\tfasting\nTraditionally,\tfasting\thas\tbeen\tconsidered\tprimarily\tthe\tact\tof\twillingly\tabstaining\tfrom\tfood,\tdrink,\nor\tboth,\tfor\ta\tset\tperiod\tof\ttime\tand\thas\tbeen\tused\tat\tdifferent\ttimes\tof\tthe\tyear\tin\treligious\nobservances\tfor... | [
0.04863883554935455,
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0.05473362281918526,
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0.004414706025272608,
0.10379756987094879,
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0.020218567922711372,
0.07102391123771667,
0.1108185201883316,
-0.028579534962773323,
0.05831525847315788,
0.04416585... |
observances\tfor\tcenturies.\tApplying\t\nintermittent\tfasting\t(IF)\n\ttype\tregimes\tas\tan\tapproach\tto\nweight\tloss\thas\trecently\tbeen\tpopularized\tby\tvarious\tdiet\tbooks\twhich\tclaim\tthere\tare\tmetabolic\nadvantages\tto\tIF\tleading\tto\tfaster,\tor\tmore,\tweight\tloss.\nIn\tthe\tpopular\tliterature\tI... | [
0.02367761731147766,
-0.029035354033112526,
0.06985709816217422,
-0.018788887187838554,
-0.07991258054971695,
0.00016096739273052663,
0.1317671835422516,
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0.060173772275447845,
0.09760673344135284,
-0.043119385838508606,
0.07938537746667862,
0.0... |
the\tsame\t8\thours\tdaily,\t(2)\tan\talternating\tpattern\tof\tunder-\tand\tovereating\tdays,\t(3)\tfasting\t2\tdays\nper\tweek\tand\n\teating\tnormally\tthe\tother\t5\tdays,\tand\t(4)\thaving\tregular\tsplurge\tdays\t(in\tthe\tmiddle\tof\nstretches\tof\tfasting).\nWhile\tthere\tare\tmultiple\tstudies\tpertaining\tto\... | [
-0.009433519095182419,
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0.0848463624715805,
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-0.10171356797218323,
0.01464767660945654,
0.08876613527536392,
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0.010280704125761986,
0.04704613238573074,
0.09904633462429047,
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0.017583603039383888,
0.018... |
biomarkers\tof\tcardiovascular\tdisease\tor\tlongevity\tand\thave\tnot\tlooked\tat\tweight\tloss\tas\tan\toutcome.\nAdditionally,\tmany\thave\tno\tcontrol\tor\tcomparison\tgroups.\tReviews\tof\tstudies\tthat\thave\n\tcompared\tIF\nwith\ta\tconstant-calorie-restriction\tgroup\t(\nDavis\tet\tal,\t2016\n;\t\nHarris\tet\ta... | [
0.003982375841587782,
-0.038241852074861526,
0.0017672092653810978,
-0.06379492580890656,
0.036136846989393234,
0.01804940029978752,
0.05470189079642296,
0.07238322496414185,
-0.04580876976251602,
0.04985718056559563,
0.09835628420114517,
-0.04962202534079552,
-0.02137850597500801,
0.09089... |
Davis\tet\tal,\t2016\n;\t\nHarris\tet\tal,\t2018\n;\t\nHeadland\tet\tal,\t2016\n)\nfind\tno\tdifferences\tin\tweight\tloss,\tbody\tcomposition,\tor\tinsulin\tsensitivity.\nSome\tpopular\tIF\tregimes\thave\tbeen\tcriticized\tfor\tpromoting\tan\tunhealthy\t“anything\tgoes”\tdiet\ton\nnonfasting\tdays,\twhich\tseems\tto\t... | [
0.012755568139255047,
-0.012933685444295406,
0.0622885636985302,
-0.042956650257110596,
-0.10677210986614227,
0.049285538494586945,
0.09458856284618378,
-0.026906032115221024,
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0.03305472806096077,
0.07715646177530289,
-0.05507926642894745,
0.04829368740320206,
0.02645... |
Diet\tquality,\n\thowever,\tbecomes\tmore—not\tless—important\tduring\tany\tongoing\tperiod\tof\tenergy\nrestriction.\nIn\tsummary,\tIF\tis\tno\tmore\teffective\tthan\tother\tapproaches\tto\tcalorie\trestriction\tand\tthe\teffects\tof\nusing\tIF\tfor\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance\thave\tyet\tto\tbe\tstudied.\nLow-carbohyd... | [
-0.013872145675122738,
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0.07285534590482712,
0.033308789134025574,
-0.06782137602567673,
0.018051225692033768,
0.14376427233219147,
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0.018964240327477455,
0.06439986824989319,
-0.06083974987268448,
0.008325348608195782,
-0.046... |
Low-carbohydrate\tand\tketogenic\tdiets\nWhen\tcarbohydrate\tintake\tis\tless\tthan\t50\tg\tper\tday,\t\nketosis\n\tprovides\tthe\tbrain\tand\tskeletal\tmuscles\nwith\n\tan\talternate\tenergy\tsource\tin\tthe\tform\tof\t\nketones\n\tderived\tfrom\tlipolysis\t(the\tbreakdown\tof\tfat).\nKetones\tare\tbelieved\tto\timpro... | [
0.004472213797271252,
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0.06564057618379593,
0.006836231332272291,
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0.004874359350651503,
0.12236052751541138,
0.06991788744926453,
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0.056898243725299835,
0.08952618390321732,
-0.046497561037540436,
0.03246953338384628,
0.02714... |
Low-carbohydrate\tand\tketogenic\tdiets\tprovide\trapid\tinitial\tweight\tloss\tfrom\tdiuresis\tsecondary\tto | [
0.02499280869960785,
-0.013455447740852833,
0.019571976736187935,
0.07626128196716309,
-0.037696391344070435,
-0.021276289597153664,
0.11203741282224655,
0.08503802120685577,
-0.05445516109466553,
0.014259221032261848,
0.06007043644785881,
-0.08871983736753464,
-0.04911727458238602,
-0.031... |
the\tcarbohydrate\trestriction;\tearly\tweight\tloss\tmay\tbe\t≥60%\twater.\tThis\tdiuretic\teffect\tis\ta\tresult\tof\ndepleted\tliver\tand\n\tmuscle\tglycogen\twhich\tholds\tthree\tto\tfour\ttimes\tits\tweight\tin\twater.\nIn\ta\tclassic\tenergy-nitrogen\tbalance\tmethod\tstudy\tcomparing\tan\t800-calorie\tketogenic\... | [
-0.025941744446754456,
-0.04263441264629364,
0.05964120104908943,
0.04460689425468445,
-0.00902453064918518,
0.0005110935890115798,
0.11354096978902817,
0.02951047755777836,
-0.05910010263323784,
0.03555088862776756,
0.04235789179801941,
-0.07500303536653519,
0.010673773474991322,
0.017418... |
800-calorie\tmixed\tdiet,\tsubjects\tdid\tlose\tweight\tmore\trapidly\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthe\tketogenic\tdiet\nperiod,\thowever\tthe\textra\tweight\tloss\twas\tdue\tsolely\tto\texcess\twater\tlosses.\tBoth\tdiets\tled\tto\tthe\nsame\tamount\tof\tbody\tfat\tand\n\tprotein\t(LBM)\tlosses\t(\nYang\tand\tVan\tItallie... | [
-0.03357511758804321,
-0.034755103290081024,
0.012589855119585991,
0.04488978162407875,
-0.0656621903181076,
-0.005510060582309961,
0.06482631713151932,
0.04519013687968254,
-0.04340124875307083,
-0.03187781572341919,
0.022307710722088814,
-0.06936530768871307,
0.005703568458557129,
-0.048... |
protein\t(LBM)\tlosses\t(\nYang\tand\tVan\tItallie,\t1976\n).\tA\trecent\tmuch\nshorter\tversion\tof\tthis\ttype\tof\tstudy\tby\tthe\tNIH\talso\tfound\tno\tadvantage\tto\tthe\tketogenic\tdiet\t(\nHall\net\tal,\t2015\n).\nThe\timpact\tof\ta\tketogenic\tdiet\ton\tthe\tmicrobiome\tand\toverall\tnutrient\tintake\tare\ttwo\... | [
-0.024839743971824646,
-0.10309325903654099,
0.010705255903303623,
-0.058962080627679825,
-0.042907752096652985,
0.01843866892158985,
0.0794682726264,
0.07668890804052353,
-0.006193541456013918,
0.050121527165174484,
0.08750329911708832,
-0.04779847711324692,
0.019932493567466736,
0.053530... |
concern.\tA\trecent\tstudy\ton\tthe\teffect\tof\ta\tketogenic\tdiet\ton\tthe\tgut\tmicrobiota\tfound\ta\tbacterial\ngroup\tsupposed\tto\tbe\tinvolved\n\tin\tthe\texacerbation\tof\tthe\tinflammatory\tcondition\tof\tthe\tgut\tmucosa\nassociated\twith\tthe\tketogenic\tdiet\tpattern\t(\nTagliabue\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tThe\tr... | [
-0.0005440290551632643,
-0.029034072533249855,
0.027358340099453926,
-0.02220798470079899,
-0.11709915101528168,
-0.0016704967711120844,
0.07466530799865723,
0.004913053475320339,
-0.027596985921263695,
0.0269367266446352,
0.1377270370721817,
-0.06778661161661148,
0.05348372831940651,
0.00... |
Tagliabue\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tThe\trecommended\tupper\tlimit\tfor\ndietary\tfat\tis\t35%\tof\tcalorie\tintake\tper\tthe\tdietary\treference\tintakes,\twhich\tare\tintended\tto\tensure\nadequate\tmicronutrients\tand\tshield\tagainst\tpreventable\tdiseases\t(see\t\nAppendix\t19\n\ton\tthe\tketogenic\ndiet).\nHigh-protein... | [
-0.006192627362906933,
-0.0852893739938736,
0.04338332265615463,
-0.030723026022315025,
-0.04921028017997742,
-0.0008867740398272872,
0.08997830748558044,
0.07165501266717911,
-0.019031131640076637,
0.04817427694797516,
0.08212335407733917,
-0.06004852429032326,
0.0007867505773901939,
0.03... |
Appendix\t19\n\ton\tthe\tketogenic\ndiet).\nHigh-protein\t(rather\n\tthan\thigh-fat)\tvariants\tof\tlow-carbohydrate\tand\tketogenic\tdiets\tinclude\tthe\nZone\tand\tSouth\tBeach\tDiets,\twhich\trestrict\tcarbohydrates\tto\tno\tmore\tthan\t40%\tof\ttotal\tcalories,\nwith\tfat\tand\tprotein\teach\tproviding\t30%\tof\tto... | [
0.009638074785470963,
-0.07663220167160034,
0.0686243548989296,
-0.014983251690864563,
-0.06129203736782074,
-0.04437550529837608,
0.06705716252326965,
0.04276616871356964,
-0.06898503005504608,
0.04442896321415901,
0.09001662582159042,
0.01931619644165039,
0.033326875418424606,
0.02849334... |
choices\twithin\tthe\tlow-carbohydrate\tcategory\tand\tinclude\tgenerous\tamounts\tof\tfiber\tand\tfresh\tfruits\nand\tvegetables,\tand\tthey\tstress\tthe\n\tkind\tof\tfat,\twith\temphasis\ton\tmonounsaturated\tand\npolyunsaturated\tfat\tand\tlimitation\tof\tsaturated\tfat.\tFor\tmore\tinformation\tabout\ta\tketogenic\... | [
0.031073881313204765,
-0.030603300780057907,
0.0640556663274765,
-0.0044919210486114025,
-0.04892013594508171,
0.029827546328306198,
0.1464698761701584,
-0.0350448377430439,
0.012152676470577717,
0.047481708228588104,
0.07898277789354324,
-0.05906514823436737,
0.033038221299648285,
0.00485... |
the\tconditions\tfor\twhich\tit\thas\tbeen\tstudied,\tsee\t\nAppendix\t19\n.\nUnanswered\tquestions\tabout\tthe\tketogenic\tdiet\tinclude:\n•\t\nWhat\tare\tthe\tlong-term\t(1\tyear\tor\tlonger)\teffects,\tis\tit\tsafe?\n•\t\nDo\tthe\tdiet’s\thealth\tbenefits\textend\tto\thigher\trisk\tindividuals\n\twith\tmultiple\thea... | [
0.015998778864741325,
-0.024103621020913124,
0.07907752692699432,
-0.04389599338173866,
-0.10852798074483871,
0.013807274401187897,
0.08194120973348618,
0.016865529119968414,
-0.015074262395501137,
0.06505674868822098,
0.07471954077482224,
-0.014585566706955433,
0.0318722277879715,
0.00968... |
with\tmultiple\thealth\tconditions\nand\tthe\telderly?\tFor\twhich\tdisease\tconditions\tdo\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tthe\tdiet\toutweigh\tthe\trisks?\n•\t\nAs\tfat\tis\tthe\tprimary\tenergy\tsource,\twhat\tis\tthe\teffect\tof\tsuch\ta\thigh-fat\tdiet\tthat\tincludes\tso\nmuch\tsaturated\tfat?\n•\t\nIs\tthe\thigh\tfat,\tmode... | [
0.002447747625410557,
-0.07660623639822006,
0.07901601493358612,
-0.021978484466671944,
-0.1198541522026062,
-0.026829121634364128,
0.08068998157978058,
0.04660237953066826,
-0.04810989275574684,
0.029207304120063782,
0.055270250886678696,
-0.057018425315618515,
0.04037310183048248,
0.0168... |
interfere\twith\tnormal\tprotein\tand\tfat\tmetabolism,\tsuch\n\tas\theart,\tkidney,\tand\tliver\tdiseases?\n•\t\nIs\ta\tketogenic\tdiet\ttoo\trestrictive\tfor\tperiods\tof\trapid\tgrowth?\n•\t\nIs\tthe\tketogenic\tdiet\tsafe\tand\tis\tit\teffective\tfor\tathletes?\nThe\t\ncarbohydrate-insulin\ttheory\tof\tobesity\n\ti... | [
0.027229465544223785,
-0.06077076867222786,
0.036090921610593796,
0.02781851962208748,
-0.029379362240433693,
0.014303364790976048,
0.1456453949213028,
0.03232785686850548,
-0.05176213011145592,
0.05321810394525528,
0.0747319757938385,
0.009430788457393646,
-0.0007265997701324522,
0.023271... |
is\tthe\tfoundation\tof\tlow-carbohydrate\tand\tketogenic\ndiets.\tThe\tbasic\ttheory\tis\tthat\tcarbohydrates\tstimulate\tinsulin\tsecretion\tcausing\tincreased\tfat\nstorage,\twhich\tincreases\tappetite\n\tand\tsuppresses\tmetabolism\tresulting\tin\tweight\tgain.\tLow\ncarbohydrate\tintake\tdoes\tdecrease\tinsulin\ts... | [
0.03069101646542549,
-0.07182890921831131,
0.05938529223203659,
-0.011850015260279179,
-0.09469685703516006,
0.017215469852089882,
0.10843966156244278,
0.016432512551546097,
-0.01716739498078823,
0.0549844466149807,
0.08260726183652878,
-0.0688120424747467,
0.015230716206133366,
0.01682851... |
Abassi,\t2018\n).\tThe\tinsulin\ttheory\thowever,\tonly\ndescribes\tpostprandial\tenergy\tmetabolism\twhile\tignoring\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\t24-hour\tenergy\tmetabolism\npicture.\tInsulin\tlevels\tdon’t\tremain\televated,\tand\tovernight—in\tthe\tfasting\tstate—fat\toxidation\nincreases,\treducing\tfat\tstores.\tA\tnet\t... | [
0.0006973459967412055,
-0.0741811990737915,
0.08804042637348175,
0.003944871947169304,
-0.11639628559350967,
-0.012128127738833427,
0.1002819836139679,
0.07847000658512115,
-0.036172520369291306,
-0.002427478786557913,
0.09448039531707764,
-0.04871656745672226,
0.05087602511048317,
0.03081... |
fat\tstores\tonly\toccurs\twith\tpositive\tenergy\tbalance.\nRecent\tcarefully\tcontrolled\tmetabolic\tlaboratory\tstudies\tappear\tto\thave\tinvalidated\tthe\tinsulin\ntheory\tof\tobesity\t(\nHall\tet\tal,\t2015\n;\t\nHall\tand\tGuo,\t2017\n).\tA\trecent\tsystematic\treview\tof\thigh\tquality | [
0.01823713257908821,
-0.08339811116456985,
0.0694517195224762,
-0.0011063652345910668,
-0.1020185723900795,
-0.019527768716216087,
0.08977476507425308,
0.02548588067293167,
-0.06334289908409119,
0.04274841770529747,
0.07384255528450012,
-0.04074948653578758,
0.007899449206888676,
0.0215374... |
;\t\nHall\tand\tGuo,\t2017\n).\tA\trecent\tsystematic\treview\tof\thigh\tquality\nrandomized\tcontrolled\ttrials\t(RCTs)\tcomparing\tlow-carbohydrate\twith\tisoenergetic\t(having\tthe\tsame\ntotal\tcalories)\tbalanced\tdiets\tfound\tessentially\n\tno\tdifference\tin\tweight\tloss,\tmeasures\tof\tglycemic\ncontrol,\tblo... | [
-0.02412365935742855,
-0.04949329048395157,
0.031245777383446693,
0.014592626132071018,
-0.09308087825775146,
-0.027912933379411697,
0.08614999800920486,
0.04995499178767204,
-0.011348219588398933,
0.03625371679663658,
0.07371573150157928,
-0.010211402550339699,
0.04192803427577019,
0.0052... |
Naude\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nVery-low-fat\t(high-carbohydrate)\tdiets\nVery-low-fat\t(high-carbohydrate)\tdiets\tcontain\tless\tthan\t10%\tof\tcalories\tfrom\tfat,\tsuch\tas\tthe\toriginal\nDr.\tDean\tOrnish’s\tProgram\tfor\tReversing\tHeart\tDisease\tand\tthe\tPritikin\tProgram.\tTen\tpercent\tof\nenergy\tfrom\tfat\thowe... | [
0.030672384425997734,
-0.054990027099847794,
0.05993856117129326,
0.004702570382505655,
-0.09136059135198593,
-0.011443132534623146,
0.10030922293663025,
0.02225646935403347,
-0.03499350696802139,
0.01115358341485262,
0.08553940057754517,
-0.06929080933332443,
0.02449764683842659,
-0.03029... |
energy\tfrom\tfat\thowever\n\tis\twell\tbelow\tthe\tcurrent\tacceptable\tmacronutrient\tdistribution\trange\n(AMDR)\tfor\tfat\twhich\tis\t20%\tto\t35%\tof\ttotal\tcalorie\tintake\t(\nNational\tAcademy\tof\tSciences\tInstitute\tof\nMedicine,\t2005\n).\tLess\tthan\t20%\tfat\tmay\tnegatively\timpact\tessential\tfatty\taci... | [
-0.02432888373732567,
-0.08516373485326767,
0.023833759129047394,
0.045622993260622025,
-0.0220221858471632,
0.01429032813757658,
0.07781203836202621,
0.03488698974251747,
0.004277166444808245,
0.019825207069516182,
0.0930987000465393,
-0.06192506477236748,
0.02215992659330368,
0.032316677... |
nutrient\tabsorption\t(\nTable\t20.5\n).\tLess\trestrictive\tand\tmore\tpopular\tvariations\tof\tthese\tdiets\tdo\tallow\nfat\tas\t20%\tof\ttotal\n\tenergy\tintake.\tWeight\tloss\ton\tthese\tdiets\tis\tdue\tsolely\tto\tenergy\trestriction.\nBecause\tfat\tprovides\tmore\tthan\ttwo\ttimes\tthe\tenergy\tper\tgram\tas\tpro... | [
-0.00006618414772674441,
-0.09402653574943542,
0.05638498440384865,
-0.025788607075810432,
-0.05828201398253441,
-0.0034591550938785076,
0.12637628614902496,
0.05233701318502426,
-0.06588322669267654,
0.038027044385671616,
0.08270732313394547,
-0.06194593757390976,
0.034598760306835175,
0.... |
versus\t4\tkcal),\tlimiting\tfat\tis\ttheoretically\tthe\tmost\tefficient\tway\tto\tdecrease\tcalories.\tThe\nunforeseen\tconsequence\tof\tsevere\tfat\trestriction\thowever\tis\tcompensatory\tintake\tof\tsugar\tand/or\nprocessed\tcarbohydrates\twhich\tcan\n\ttrigger\tmetabolic\tsyndrome.\nTABLE\t20.5\nAcceptable\tMacro... | [
0.017736800014972687,
-0.07983537018299103,
0.03292332962155342,
-0.02940235659480095,
-0.09324876219034195,
-0.03114703856408596,
0.02178790047764778,
0.04654153063893318,
0.043281301856040955,
0.03748416528105736,
0.10614318400621414,
-0.043907031416893005,
0.03035663068294525,
0.0563705... |
2005\nPrevious\tGuidelines\nProtein\n10%\tto\t35%\n10%\tto\t35%\nCarbohydrate\n45%\tto\t65%\n50%\tor\tmore\nFat\n20%\tto\t35%\n30%\tor\tless\nNAS\tIOM:\tDietary\tReference\tIntakes\tfor\tEnergy,\tCarbohydrate,\tFiber,\tFat,\tFatty\tacids,\tCholesterol,\tProtein,\tand\tAmino\tAcids\t(Macronutrients),\t\nThe\nNational\tA... | [
-0.0412597618997097,
-0.09006407111883163,
0.021010680124163628,
0.002235769061371684,
-0.04266355186700821,
-0.003998622763901949,
0.05856425687670708,
0.08474985510110855,
-0.05308534950017929,
-0.015616625547409058,
0.09684152156114578,
-0.03480590507388115,
0.0043318732641637325,
0.015... |
Balanced-nutrient\treduction\tdiets\tare\tless\tcommon\tamong\tso-called\t“popular”\tdiets.\tThe\tfull\ndocument\tof\tthe\t(2015–2020)\tDietary\tGuidelines\tfor\tAmericans\toutlines\tthe\tdetails\tof\tthree\teating\nplans\tin\tits\tappendices\tthat\tqualify:\tthe\tHealthy\tU.S.-Style\tEating\tPattern,\tHealthy\tMediter... | [
-0.027458278462290764,
-0.07851600646972656,
0.06160186603665352,
-0.02603629231452942,
-0.0885784924030304,
0.0032990379258990288,
0.04654338210821152,
-0.050165243446826935,
-0.022493990138173103,
0.07378886640071869,
0.09671897441148758,
-0.07436741143465042,
0.018491230905056,
-0.04779... |
Style\tEating\tPattern,\tand\tHealthy\tVegetarian\n\tEating\tPattern.\nReduced-energy\tdiets\tfor\tweight\tmanagement\tshould\tbe\tnutritionally\tsound,\tnot\tharmful,\tand\nfeasible\tto\tmaintain\tover\ttime.\tThis\trequires\tsustainability\tin\tterms\tof\tease\tof\tadherence,\tusing\nreadily\tavailable\tand\taffordab... | [
-0.004720611032098532,
-0.03727108985185623,
0.0858030766248703,
0.03415195643901825,
-0.0546080619096756,
0.016359450295567513,
0.10102721303701401,
-0.02396300435066223,
-0.06358974426984787,
0.02917340025305748,
0.08311682194471359,
-0.05587371066212654,
0.02065245620906353,
-0.00292843... |
Naude\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tThe\nU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tAgriculture\t(USDA)\tsupported\ta\tscientific\treview\tof\tpopular\tdiets\tto\n\tassess\ttheir\nefficacy\tfor\tweight\tloss\tand\tweight\tmaintenance,\tas\twell\tas\ttheir\teffect\ton\tmetabolic\tparameters,\nmental\twell-being,\tand\treduction\tof\tchronic\tdisease.... | [
0.031630635261535645,
-0.04577966406941414,
0.03733079880475998,
-0.00459420308470726,
-0.03554336354136467,
-0.013683264143764973,
0.0556488037109375,
-0.016507945954799652,
-0.025949498638510704,
0.0646437332034111,
0.10207565128803253,
-0.11797955632209778,
0.005685094278305769,
0.01539... |
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