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adipocytes\t(\nBray\tand\tBouchard,\t2014\n).\nOther\tHormones\nCharacteristics\tand\tFunction\nThyroid\thormones\nModulate\tthe\ttissue\tresponsiveness\tto\tthe\tcatecholamines\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tSNS.\tA\ndecrease\tin\ttriiodothyronine\tlowers\tthe\tresponse\tto\tSNS\tactivity\tand\tdiminishes\nadaptive\tthermogenesi... | [
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Women\tshould\tbe\ttested\tfor\thypothyroidism,\tparticularly\nafter\tmenopause.\tWeight\tregain\tafter\tweight\tloss\tmay\tbe\ta\tfunction\tof\ta\nhypometabolic\tstate;\tenergy\trestriction\tproduces\ta\ttransient,\thypothyroid,\nhypometabolic\tstate.\nVisfatin\nAn\tadipocytokine\tprotein\tsecreted\tby\tvisceral\tadip... | [
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effect;\tplasma\tlevels\tincrease\twith\tincreasing\tadiposity\tand\tinsulin\tresistance.\nAdrenomedullin\nA\tnew\tregulatory\tpeptide\tsecreted\tby\tadipocytes\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tinflammatory\nprocesses.\nBMI\n,\tBody\tmass\tindex;\t\nCCK\n,\tcholecystokinin;\t\nCNS\n,\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem;\t\nCRF\n,\tcorticotro... | [
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GIP\n,\tglucose-dependent\ninsulinotropic\tpeptide;\t\nGLP-1,\n\tglucagon-like\tpeptide\t1;\t\nIL-6\n,\tinterleukin-6;\t\nPYY\n3-36\n,\tpeptide\tYY3-36;\t\nSNS\n,\tsympathetic\tnervous\tsystem;\t\nTNF\n-α,\ttumor\nnecrosis.\nThomas\tS,\tSchauer\tP:\tBariatric\tsurgery\tand\tthe\tgut\thormone\tresponse,\t\nNutr\tClin\tP... | [
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25:175,\t2010;\tBray\tGA,\tBouchard\tC:\t\nHandbook\tof\tobesity,\ned\t3,\tBoca\tRaton,\tFla,\t2014,\tCRC\tPress.\nMetabolic\trate\tand\tvoluntary\tactivity\nThe\tRMR\t(see\t\nChapter\t2\n)\texplains\t60%\tto\t70%\tof\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure.\tRMR\tdeclines\twith\tage.\nWhen\tthe\tbody\tis\tdeprived\tof\tadequate\t... | [
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restriction,\tRMR\ndrops,\ttherefore\tconserving\tenergy.\tThe\tmore\tsevere\tthe\tenergy\trestriction,\tthe\tgreater\tthe\tpotential\nreduction\tin\tRMR;\tup\tto\t15%\twith\tvery-low-calorie\tdiets\t(VLCDs).\tThis\tsuppression\tof\tRMR\tis\nbeyond\twhat\tis\tattributable\tto\tweight\tloss\t(which\tconsists\tof\tboth\t... | [
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adaptation\tto\tenergy\tscarcity.\tMost\tbut\tnot\tall\treviews\tof\tthe\tsubject\tfind\tRMR\tnormalizes\n\tpost-\nweight\tloss\twith\tmaintenance\tlevel\tenergy\tintakes\t(\nOstendorf\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tOngoing\tsuppression\tof\nRMR\tmay\tresult\tfrom\textreme\tapproaches\tto\tweight\tloss.\nActivity\tthermogenesis\t... | [
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is\tthe\tenergy\texpended\tin\tvoluntary\tactivity,\tthe\tmost\tvariable\ncomponent\tof\tenergy\texpenditure.\tUnder\tnormal\tcircumstances\tphysical\tactivity\taccounts\tfor\t15%\tto\n30%\tof\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure.\t\nNonexercise\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(NEAT)\n\tis\tthe\tenergy | [
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Nonexercise\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(NEAT)\n\tis\tthe\tenergy\nexpended\tfor\tall\tactivity\tthat\tis\tnot\tsleeping,\teating,\tor\tsports-like\texercise.\tIt\tincludes\tgoing\tto\nwork,\ttyping,\tdoing\tyard\twork,\ttoe-tapping,\teven\tfidgeting\t(see\t\nChapter\t2\n).\tNEAT\tvaries\tas\tmuch\tas | [
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Chapter\t2\n).\tNEAT\tvaries\tas\tmuch\tas\n2000\tkcal/day\tbetween\tindividuals,\tand\tit\thas\tbeen\ttheorized\tto\thave\tuntapped\tpotential\tvalue\tin\nweight\tmanagement.\tProponents\tof\tNEAT\tsuggest\tstanding\tand\tambulating\tfor\t2.5\thours\n\tper\tday,\nand\treengineering\twork,\tschool,\tand\thome\tenvironm... | [
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Garland\net\tal,\t2011\n).\tHowever,\tpassive\tcompensation,\tby\treducing\tother\tforms\tof\tphysical\tactivity,\tmay\tprove\nto\tbalance\toff\tincreases\tin\tNEAT\t(\nO’Neal\tet\tal,\t2017\n)\tand\tthere\tis\tpresently\tno\tevidence\tshowing\nthat\tstrategies\tpromoting\tNEAT\tare\teffective\tfor\tweight\tloss\tor\to... | [
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Chung\tet\tal,\n2018\n).\n\t\nFocus\tOn\nSignals\tfrom\ta\tHost\tof\tHormones\nA\thost\tof\thormones—insulin,\tleptin,\tadiponectin,\tand\tghrelin,\tamong\tothers—communicate\twith\nthe\thypothalamus\tto\tregulate\ta\tperson’s\tfood\tintake.\tThese\tregulatory\thormones\tgovern\tfeeding\nin\tresponse\tto\tsignals\torig... | [
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Insulin\n\tcontrols\tthe\tamount\n\tof\tglucose\tin\tthe\tblood\tby\tmoving\tit\tinto\tthe\tcells\tfor\tenergy.\nLeptin\n,\twhich\tis\tproduced\tmainly\tby\tfat\tcells,\tcontributes\tto\tlong-term\tfullness\tby\tsensing\tthe\nbody’s\toverall\tenergy\tstores.\tAdiponectin\tis\talso\tmade\tby\tfat\tcells\tand\thelps\tthe... | [
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better\tto\tinsulin\tby\tboosting\tmetabolism.\t\nGhrelin\n,\tthe\thunger\thormone,\ttells\tthe\tbrain\twhen\tthe\nstomach\tis\tempty,\tprompting\thunger\tpangs.\nThe\n\tstomach\tcommunicates\twith\tthe\tbrain\tvia\tthe\t\nvagus\tnerve\n,\tpart\tof\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\nsystem\tthat\ttravels\tfrom\tthe\tbrain\tto\t... | [
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stretch\treceptors\tsend\ta\tmessage\tto\tthe\tbrain\tindicating\tsatiety\t(\nGuo\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tGastric\tbypass\nsurgery\treduces\tthe\tstomach\tto\tthe\tsize\tof\tan\tegg,\tand\ttriggers\ta\tsharp\tdrop\tin\tghrelin\tlevels,\nwhich\tlessens\thunger\n\tand\toral\tintake.\tTraditional\tdieting,\thowever,\ttends\tt... | [
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Overweight\tand\tobesity\nOverweight\tand\tobesity\toccur\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tan\timbalance\tbetween\ttotal\tenergy\tintake\t(food\tand\nbeverages\tconsumed)\tand\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure.\tDespite\tthis\tseemingly\tstraightforward\tmodel,\nthe\tfactors\twhich\tact\tto\tdysregulate\tenergy\tbalance\tare\tcomplex.\tL... | [
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genetic\tfactors\thave\ta\tmultifaceted\tinteraction\twith\tpsychological,\tcultural,\tand\tphysiologic\ninfluences.\tOver\tthe\tyears,\tmany\thypotheses\thave\tevolved\thowever\tno\tsingle\ttheory\tcan\tcompletely | [
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FIG.\t20.4\nCDC\tObesity\tPrevalence\tMap\tPrevalence\tof\tobesity\tamong\tU.S.\tadults\tin\t2017.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(Centers\tfor\nDisease\tControl\tand\tPrevention\t[CDC]\tBehavioral\tRisk\tFactor\tSurveillance\tSystem\tSurvey,\t2017.)\n\t\nNew\tDirections\nPartnership\tfor\ta\tHealthier\tAmerica\tAddressing\tChildhood... | [
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Because\tthe\tnumber\tof\tobese\tchildren\n\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\thas\ttripled\tsince\t1980,\tand\tobesity\nnow\trivals\tsmoking\tas\tthe\tlargest\tcause\tof\tpreventable\tdeath\tand\tdisease,\ta\tfoundation\twas\nlaunched\tin\tthe\tspring\tof\t2010\tto\taddress\tthis\tserious\tepidemic\tof\tchildhood\tobesity.\tTh... | [
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foundation,\tPartnership\tfor\ta\tHealthier\tAmerica\n,\n\thas\tas\tits\tmission\tthe\tsimple\tconcept\tthat\nchildren\tshould\thave\tgood,\tnutritious\tfood\tto\teat\tand\tthe\tchance\n\tto\tbe\tphysically\tactive\tevery\tday\nto\tbecome\thealthy\tadults.\nThe\tobjectives\tof\tthe\tpartnership\tare\tto\tsupport\tthe\t... | [
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obesity\tchallenge\t“within\ta\tgeneration”\tset\tby\tformer\tFirst\tLady\tMichelle\tObama,\twho\thistorically\nhas\tserved\tas\tHonorary\tChairperson\tof\tthe\torganization.\tThe\tPartnership\tbrings\ttogether\tthe\npublic\tand\tprivate\tsectors,\torganizations,\tbusiness\tand\n\tthought\tleaders,\tthe\tmedia,\tand\ts... | [
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thought\tleaders,\tthe\tmedia,\tand\tstates\tand\nlocal\tcommunities\tto\tmake\tmeaningful\tand\tmeasurable\tcommitments\tfor\tfighting\tchildhood\nobesity.\tThe\tplan\thas\tfour\tpillars:\n•\t\nOffering\tparents\tthe\ttools\tand\tinformation\tthey\tneed\tto\tmake\thealthy\tchoices\tfor\ttheir\nchildren\n•\t\nIntroduci... | [
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children\n•\t\nIntroducing\thealthier\tfood\tinto\tthe\tnation’s\tschools\n•\t\nEnsuring\tthat\tall\tfamilies\thave\taccess\tto\thealthy,\taffordable\tfood\tin\n\ttheir\tcommunities\n•\t\nIncreasing\topportunities\tfor\tchildren\tto\tbe\tphysically\tactive,\tboth\tin\tand\tout\tof\tschool\nThe\tpartnership\taims\tto\ts... | [
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States\tto\timplement\tand\tsustain\tthe\tfour-pillar\tplan.\nElements\tof\tenergy\tbalance\tdysregulation\nGenetics\nWith\tthe\texception\tof\trare\tmonogenic\ttypes\tof\tobesity\t(as\tin\tPrader-Willi’s\n\tsyndrome\tand\tBardet-\nBiedl’s\tsyndrome),\tmore\tand\tmore\tresearch\tshows\tthat\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tobesi... | [
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complex\tinteraction\twith\tnumerous\tgenetic\tvariants\tand\tenvironmental\tfactors\trelated\tto\tenergy\nintake\tand\texpenditure\t(\nGoodarzi,\t2018\n).\tHormonal\tand\tneural\tfactors\tinvolved\tin\tweight\tregulation\ninclude\tshort-term\tand\tlong-term\t“signals”\tthat\tdetermine\tsatiety\tand\tfeeding\tactivity.... | [
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defects\nin\ttheir\texpression\tor\tinteraction\tmay\tcontribute\tsignificantly\tto\tweight\tgain.\t\nNutritional\tgenomics\nis\tthe\tstudy\tof\tthe\tinteractions\tbetween\tdietary\tcomponents\tand\tthe\tinstructions\tin\ta\tcell\tor\tgenome,\nand\tthe\tresulting\tchanges\tin\tmetabolites\tthat\taffect\tgene\texpressio... | [
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0.08733876049518585,
-0.016471611335873604,
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0.014... |
Camp\tand\tTrujillo,\t2014\n)\t(see\nChapter\t6\n).\nThe\tnumber\tand\tsize\tof\tfat\tcells,\tregional\tdistribution\tof\tbody\tfat,\tand\n\tRMR\talso\tare\tinfluenced\tby\ngenes.\tStudies\tof\ttwins\tconfirm\tthat\tgenes\tdetermine\t50%\tto\t70%\tof\tthe\tpredisposition\tto\tobesity.\nAlthough\tnumerous\tgenes\tare\ti... | [
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Ob\n\tgene,\tthe\nadiponectin\t(ADIPOQ)\n\tgene,\tthe\t“fat\tmass\tand\tobesity\tassociated”\tgene\tor\t\nFTO\n\tgene,\tand\tthe\t\nbeta\n3\n-\nadrenoreceptor\n\tgene.\tThe\t\nOb\n\tgene\tproduces\tleptin\t(\nFerguson,\t2010\n).\tThe\t\nbeta3-adrenoreceptor\ngene,\tlocated\tprimarily\tin\tthe\tadipose\ttissue,\tis\ttho... | [
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humans.\nNutritional\tand/or\tlifestyle\tchoices\tcan\teither\tactivate\tor\tinhibit\tthese\tobesity-triggering\tgenes.\nThus\tthe\tformula\tfor\tsuccessful\tlong-term\tweight\tmanagement\tcould\tnecessitate\tthe\tbehavioral | [
0.036427177488803864,
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0.0545322485268116,
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0.0307... |
application\tof\tindividual\tgenetics.\tGenetic\tresearch\tis\tcurrently\tdrawing\tsignificant\tattention\tfrom\nprivate\tinterests\tinvested\tin\tcapitalizing\ton\tgenetic-based\t“individualized\tmedicine\tand\tnutrition”\n(\nLoos,\t2018\n).\tDespite\thundreds\tof\t“obesity\tgenes”\thaving\tbeen\tidentified,\thowever,... | [
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0.0008282614... |
the\tpoint\tof\tbeing\table\tto\tapply\tgenetic\tinformation\tto\ta\tfew\tindividual\ttreatments.\tOne\tsuch\ntreatment\tis\tcongenital\tleptin\tdeficiency,\twhich\tcan\tbe\ttreated\twith\tdaily\tinjections\tof\trecombinant\nhuman\n\tleptin\t(\nChoquet,\t2011\n).\tWell\tknown\tobesity\tresearcher\tClaude\tBouchard,\tPh... | [
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0.0791359692811966,
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0.0269855... |
).\tWell\tknown\tobesity\tresearcher\tClaude\tBouchard,\tPhD,\trecently\nexplained\tthat\tregardless\tof\tthe\tgrowing\tbody\tof\tgenetic\tresearch,\t“it\tis\thard\tto\tsee\thow\twe\tcan\t[yet]\nanchor\ta\tprevention\tor\ttreatment\tstrategy\ton\tour\tgenes,”\tand\tthat,\t“despite\tall\tthe\tnoise | [
0.006890239659696817,
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0.06327203661203384,
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surrounding\tthis\t[obesity\tgene]\tissue,\tit\tstill\tcomes\tdown\tto\tchanging\tyour\tbehavior.\tIt’s\tdiet\tand\nexercise”\t(\nEndocrine\tToday,\t2018\n)\t(see\t\nClinical\tInsight:\n\tRandomized\tControlled\tTrial\tMatching\tDiet\nto\tGenetic\tPredisposition\tFails\tto\tImprove\tWeight\tLoss\n).\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT | [
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).\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nRandomized\tControlled\tTrial\tMatching\tDiet\tto\tGenetic\tPredisposition\tFails\tto\nImprove\tWeight\tLoss\nThe\tfirst\trandomized\tcontrolled\ttrial\t(RCT)\tto\ttest\tif\tgenetic\tpredisposition\timproved\tweight\tloss\nin\tresponse\tto\ta\thealthy\tlow-fat\tvs.\thealthy\thigh-fat\n\tdiet\tsho... | [
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diet\tshowed\tno\tdifference\tin\tweight\tloss\n(\nGardner\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tWill\tpersonalized\tmedicine\tand\tnutrition\teventually\tbecome\tthe\tprevailing\napproach\tto\ttreatment\tof\tdisease—including\toverweight\tand\tobesity?\tThis\talmost\tcertainly\twill\tbe\nthe\tcase.\tHowever,\taccording\tto\ta\tnumber\t... | [
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medicine\tusing\tnutritional\tgenomics\tremains\tahead\tof\tthe\tscience\t(\nCaulfield,\t2015\n;\t\nEndocrine\nToday,\t2018\n;\t\nMozaffarian,\t2016\n).\nInadequate\tphysical\tactivity\nThe\tview\tthat\tinactivity\tis\ta\tmajor\tfactor\tin\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\toverweight\tand\tobesity\tis\tdebated.\tIt | [
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is\ttrue\tthat\tlack\tof\tregular\tphysical\tactivity\tis\ta\tfact\tfor\tAmericans\tof\tall\tages.\tOnly\t21%\tof\tadults\nmeet\tthe\trecommended\tlevels\tof\tweekly\tphysical\tactivity\t(150\tminutes\tper\tweek\tof\tmoderate-\nintensity\taerobic\tactivity\n\tand\ttwo\tsessions\tof\tmuscle\tstrengthening)\tfor\tgeneral... | [
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250\tto\t300\tminutes\tof\tmoderate-intensity\taerobic\tactivity\tper\tweek\tis\trecommended\tfor\tweight\tloss\nand\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance\t(\nChin\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tHowever,\tresearchers\tpushing\tback\ton\tthe\tphysical\nactivity\temphasis\tpoint\tout\tthat\t“you\tcan’t\toutrun\ta\tbad\tdiet,”\tand\targue\ttha... | [
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fast\tfood,\tand\tovereating\n\tin\tgeneral\twill\tsave\tfar\tmore\tcalories\tthan\tpeople\twill\texpend\thitting\nweekly\tphysical\tactivity\ttargets\t(\nFulton,\t2016\n;\t\nMalhotra\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nMedication\tusage\tand\tweight\tgain\nAlthough\tweight\tgain\tcan\tbe\tdue\tto\tdisease,\tclinicians\talso\tshould\t... | [
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patient’s\tmedication\tmay\tbe\tcontributing.\tDiabetes\tmedications,\tthyroid\thormone\treplacement,\npsychotropics,\tantidepressants,\n\tsteroids,\tand\tantihypertensive\tmedications\tcan\tbe\tproblematic.\tThe\nuse\tof\tsuch\tmedications\tmust\tbe\tconsidered\tcarefully,\tand\talternatives\twith\tless\tdeleterious\t... | [
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selected\twhen\tpossible\t(\nAppendix\t13\n).\nSleep,\tstress,\tand\tcircadian\trhythms\nLack\tof\tadequate\tsleep\talters\tthe\tendocrine\tregulation\tof\thunger\tand\tappetite.\tHormones\tthat\taffect\nappetite\tare\tactivated\tand\tmay\tpromote\texcessive\n\tenergy\tintake.\tRecurrent\tsleep\tdeprivation\tcan | [
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energy\tintake.\tRecurrent\tsleep\tdeprivation\tcan\nmodify\tthe\tamount,\tcomposition,\tand\tdistribution\tof\tfood\tintake\tand\tmay\tbe\tcontributing\tto\tthe\nobesity\tepidemic.\tIt\tis\testimated\tthat\tmore\tthan\t50\tmillion\tAmericans\tsuffer\tfrom\tsleep\tdeprivation.\nOthers\tmay\thave\tshift\twork\tor\texpos... | [
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circadian\trhythms\tand\tenhancing\tthe\tprevalence\tof\tobesity\t(\nGaraulet\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nThere\tis\talso\ta\trelationship\tbetween\tinadequate\tsleep,\tdisrupted\tcircadian\trhythm,\tgenes,\tand\tthe\ndevelopment\tof\tmetabolic\tsyndrome.\tStress\tis\tanother\tfactor.\tThe\tadrenal\thormone\tcortisol\tis | [
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released\twhen\tan\tindividual\tis\tunder\tstress.\tCortisol\tstimulates\tinsulin\trelease\tto\tmaintain\tblood\nglucose\tlevels\tin\tthe\t“fight-or-flight”\tresponse;\tincreased\tappetite\teventually\tfollows.\tChronic\tstress\nwith\tconstantly\televated\tcortisol\tlevels\tcan\talso\tlead\tto\tappetite\tchanges. | [
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Cortisol\tlevels\tare\ttypically\thigh\tin\tthe\tearly\tmorning\tand\tlow\taround\tmidnight.\tIndividuals\twith\nnight-eating\tsyndrome\t(NES)\n\tmay\thave\ta\tdelayed\tcircadian\trhythm\tof\tmeal\tintake\tdue\tto\ngenetically\tprogrammed\tneuroendocrine\tfactors,\tincluding\taltered\tcortisol\tlevels\t(\nStunkard\tand... | [
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0.02670... |
Stunkard\tand\tLu,\n2010\n).\nTaste,\tsatiety,\tand\tportion\n\tsizes\nFood\tand\tits\ttaste\telements\tevoke\tpleasure\tresponses.\tThe\tendless\tvariety\tand\treasonable\tcost\tof\nfood\t(especially\thighly\tprocessed\tfood)\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tcontributes\tto\thigher\tcalorie\tintake; | [
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people\teat\tmore\twhen\toffered\ta\tvariety\tof\tchoices\tthan\twhen\ta\tsingle\tfood\tis\tavailable.\tNormally,\tas\nfoods\tare\tconsumed,\tthey\tbecome\tless\tdesirable;\tthis\tphenomenon\tis\tknown\tas\t\nsensory-specific\nsatiety\n.\tThe\topposite\tsituation\tis\tthe\t“all-you-can-eat\tbuffet,”\tin\twhich\tthe\tdi... | [
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one\tfood\tbut\thas\tmany\tchoices\tremaining\tfor\tthe\tnext\tcourse.\tFrom\tan\tevolutionary\tperspective\nsensory-specific\tsatiety\tpromoted\tthe\tintake\tof\ta\tvaried\tand\tnutritionally\tbalanced\tdiet;\tthe\tmodern\nfood\tenvironment\thowever\tprovides\ttoo\tmany\t(energy-dense,\tlow-nutrient)\tchoices.\nLeptin... | [
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0.0004822... |
Leptin\n\tis\ta\thormone,\tmade\n\tby\tfat\tcells,\tthat\tdecreases\tappetite.\t\nGhrelin\n\tis\ta\thormone\tthat\nincreases\tappetite\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\ttime\telapsed\tsince\tthe\tlast\tmeal.\tLevels\tof\tleptin,\tthe\tappetite\nsuppressor,\tare\tlower\tin\tindividuals\twith\ta\tlower\tbody\tweight\tand\thigher\t... | [
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correlate\tto\tone’s\ttotal\tadipose\ttissue.\tHowever,\tfor\treasons\tyet\tto\tbe\telucidated,\tpeople\twith\tobesity | [
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0.022579... |
are\tseemingly\tresistant\tto\n\tthe\tappetite-suppressing\teffects\tof\tleptin\tand\tare\tsometimes\treferred\tto\tas\nleptin\tresistant.\nPassive\tovereating\tis\tpartly\tthe\tresult\tof\texcessive\tportion\tsizes\tthat\tare\tnow\taccepted\tas\tnormal.\nThe\tportions\tand\tcalories\tthat\trestaurants\tand\tfast-food\... | [
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often\texceed\ta\tperson’s\tenergy\tneeds\tfor\tthe\tentire\tday.\nObesogens\nEndocrine\tdisrupting\tchemicals\t(EDCs)\n\tare\texogenous\tchemicals\tthat\tcan\tinterfere\twith\tany\taspect\nof\thormone\taction.\tMost\tEDCs\tare\tpersistent\torganic\tpollutants\t(POPs),\twhich\tare\tmanufactured | [
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0.0033588684163987637,
0.08624641597270966,
0.02816026471555233,
0.011514314450323582,
0.04833146557211876,
0.08517401665449142,
-0.04259972646832466,
0.02629636973142624,
0.0233... |
chemicals\tin\tthe\tenvironment\t(water,\tfood,\tand\tfood\tpackaging),\tthat\tare\tbecoming\tincreasingly\nimplicated\tin\tbodyweight\tdysregulation.\tThe\toriginal\t“obesogen\thypothesis”\t(\nGrün\tand\tBlumberg,\n2006\n)\tpertained\tto\tfetal\tEDC\texposure\tleading\tto\tobesity\n\tin\tlater\tlife.\tMost\tEDCs\tare\... | [
-0.011923274025321007,
-0.03801340609788895,
0.06814255565404892,
-0.011948379687964916,
-0.013425425626337528,
0.022498449310660362,
0.08709162473678589,
0.05227141082286835,
0.000646268657874316,
0.03214769810438156,
0.07420122623443604,
-0.08196977525949478,
0.01757320947945118,
0.01349... |
in\tlater\tlife.\tMost\tEDCs\tare\tlipophilic\tand\nstored\tin\tadipose\ttissue.\tSome\tEDCs\thave\t3-\tto\t8-year\thalf-lives\tin\tthe\thuman\tbody.\tHigher\texposure\nlevels\tmay\tbe\tassociated\twith\tinsulin\tresistance,\texpansion\tof\tfat\tstorage,\talterations\tin\tsatiety\tand\nappetite\tregulation,\tgreater\tr... | [
0.012306933291256428,
-0.023520993068814278,
0.051663994789123535,
-0.003106915857642889,
-0.06571771949529648,
-0.0029485251288861036,
0.038328029215335846,
0.0069530317559838295,
-0.0006952898111194372,
0.04725909233093262,
0.10858947783708572,
-0.06797461956739426,
0.0023181121796369553,
... |
weight\tgain\t(\nLiu,\t2018\n).\tExamples\tof\tsuspected\t\nobesogens\n\tare\tbisphenol-A\t(BPA)\tand\tphthalates\t(in\nfood\tcontainers\tand\tpackaging),\torganochlorine\tand\torganophosphate\t(banned\tpesticides),\tand\nperfluoroalkyl\tsubstances\t(industrial\tmarine\tapplications)\t(\nNappi,\t2016\n).\t(See\t\nClini... | [
-0.0767170786857605,
-0.026748230680823326,
0.06101905182003975,
0.037557099014520645,
0.025946684181690216,
0.011564498767256737,
0.1029311940073967,
0.02790648490190506,
0.02881617099046707,
-0.013971025124192238,
0.09830907732248306,
-0.06238032504916191,
-0.018002057448029518,
0.008033... |
).\t(See\t\nClinical\tInsight:\nWhat’s\tin\tthat\tFat\tWhen\tYou\tLose\tIt?\n)\nViruses\tand\tpathogens\nIn\tthe\tlast\ttwo\tdecades,\tat\tleast\t10\tadipogenic\tpathogens\thave\tbeen\tidentified,\tincluding\tviruses,\nscrapie\n\tagents\t(spongiform\tencephalopathies\tfrom\tsheep\tor\tgoats),\tbacteria,\tand\tgut\tmicr... | [
-0.028831832110881805,
0.011636822484433651,
0.025245482102036476,
-0.08760473132133484,
-0.03700720891356468,
-0.01251592580229044,
0.035772453993558884,
0.04230950400233269,
-0.015328393317759037,
0.07520954310894012,
0.10668472945690155,
-0.03542657569050789,
-0.0038854642771184444,
0.0... |
Whether\t“infectobesity”\tis\ta\trelevant\tcontributor\tto\tthe\tobesity\tepidemic\tremains\tto\tbe\tdetermined.\nA\thuman\tadenovirus,\tadenovirus-36\t(Ad-36),\tis\tcapable\tof\tinducing\tadiposity\tin\texperimentally\ninfected\tanimals\tby\tincreasing\tthe\treplication,\tdifferentiation,\tlipid\taccumulation,\tand\ti... | [
-0.020412202924489975,
-0.07689593732357025,
0.023284513503313065,
-0.049632102251052856,
-0.057243186980485916,
-0.02263718470931053,
0.07351654767990112,
0.05689312890172005,
0.010327748022973537,
0.07356752455234528,
0.10133492946624756,
-0.027160802856087685,
0.010948091745376587,
0.07... |
sensitivity\tin\tfat\n\tcells\tand\treducing\tleptin\tsecretion\tand\texpression.\tA\tgrowing\tnumber\tof\tstudies\nhave\tfound\thigher\tlevels\tof\tAd-36\tantibodies\tin\tsubjects\twith\tobesity\t(\nPonterio\tand\tGnessi,\t2015\n).\tTo\ndate,\tthree\tmeta-analyses\thave\tshown\tan\tassociation\tbetween\tAd-36\tinfecti... | [
0.0005858917720615864,
-0.05119464173913002,
0.022205302491784096,
0.0011833399767056108,
-0.0708002820611,
-0.04666284844279289,
0.06553179770708084,
0.09865213185548782,
0.0016416215803474188,
-0.012404595501720905,
0.05035300552845001,
-0.027674173936247826,
0.037725288420915604,
0.0573... |
adults\tand\tchildren\t(\nTambo\tand\tPace,\t2016\n).\nGut\tmicroflora\tand\tdiet\nResearchers\tstudying\tthe\tmicrobiome\thave\tproposed\n\tthat\tthe\tgut\tmay\thave\ta\tbigger\trole\tin\tenergy\nbalance\tthan\tpreviously\tthought.\tA\tnumber\tof\ttheories\tattempt\tto\texplain\thow\tthis\tcomplicated\nprocess\tmight\... | [
0.012738012708723545,
-0.03409423306584358,
0.07861530035734177,
-0.015857113525271416,
-0.11218326538801193,
0.003884871955960989,
0.10638166218996048,
-0.02327982895076275,
-0.010566053912043571,
0.06805574893951416,
0.08335889875888824,
-0.0667746514081955,
0.03309844434261322,
0.032151... |
Krajmalnik-Brown\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tEssentially,\tindigestible\tcomplex\npolysaccharides\tpromote\tand\tmaintain\ta\thealthy\tmicrobiome.\tA\thighly\tprocessed-food\tdiet\n(essentially\tdevoid\tof\tindigestible\tpolysaccharides)\tbegins\tand\treinforces\ta\tdownward\n\tspiral\tof\ninflammation,\tincreased\ttendency\tt... | [
0.0024831420741975307,
-0.07264475524425507,
0.07430653274059296,
-0.013628075830638409,
-0.10910341143608093,
0.013190414756536484,
0.11313920468091965,
0.014423634856939316,
-0.041423697024583817,
0.055730707943439484,
0.08808590471744537,
-0.09284646809101105,
0.00534776272252202,
-0.00... |
Assessment\nOverweight\n\tand\t\nobesity\n\tare\tdefined\tas\tabnormal\tor\texcessive\tfat\taccumulation\tthat\tmay\timpair\nhealth\t(\nWHO,\t2018\n).\t\nBody\tmass\tindex\t(BMI)\n\tis\tcalculated\tby\tthe\tformula:\tweight\t(in\nkilograms)/height\t(in\tmeters)\n2\n.\tIt\tis\tpossible\tto\tbe\toverweight\tbased\ton\tBM... | [
-0.0037567110266536474,
-0.0239433404058218,
0.04287094622850418,
0.03226040303707123,
-0.12198641896247864,
-0.05540117248892784,
0.034132301807403564,
0.05049154907464981,
-0.036461204290390015,
0.0026531917974352837,
0.05171164870262146,
-0.1021777093410492,
0.005579256918281317,
0.0660... |
obese.\tIt\tis\talso\tpossible\tto\thave\ta\thealthy\tBMI\tbut\tstill\thave\texcessive\tbody\tfat.\tIn\tfact,\tnormal\nweight\tobesity\t(NWO)\tallows\tpatients\tat\tgreater\trisk\tfor\tcardiovascular\tdisease\t(CVD)\tand\tcoronary\nartery\tdisease\t(CAD)\tto\tgo\tunnoticed\tby\ttheir\tphysicians\t(\nAshraf\tand\tBaweja... | [
0.007003880571573973,
-0.04909418523311615,
0.04802313446998596,
0.042095739394426346,
-0.10329929739236832,
-0.04195054620504379,
0.08403220027685165,
0.01581715978682041,
-0.06067286431789398,
0.01097322441637516,
0.06332703679800034,
-0.08167202025651932,
-0.015132703818380833,
0.025333... |
Ashraf\tand\tBaweja,\t2013\n).\tThese\tsituations\noccur\tbecause\tBMI\tis\tonly\ta\tproxy\tfor\tadiposity\trather\tthan\ta\tdirect\tmeasurement.\tHowever,\tbecause\nBMI\tis\tderived\tfrom\treadily\tavailable\tmeasurements\tof\theight\tand\tweight\tit\tis\tthe\tmost\tconvenient\nclinical\tapproach\tto\testimate\tbody\t... | [
-0.021172428503632545,
-0.01592617854475975,
0.051415566354990005,
-0.034233540296554565,
-0.08050805330276489,
-0.0251308586448431,
0.06129857152700424,
-0.02598017267882824,
-0.03840317577123642,
0.04065471887588501,
0.06918453425168991,
-0.018717706203460693,
0.0716778039932251,
-0.0103... |
individuals\twith\ta\tBMI\tof\t≥25\tas\toverweight\tand\tthose\twith\ta\tBMI\tof\t≥30\tas\tobese\t(\nTable\t20.3\n).\nBased\ton\tpercent\tbody\tfat\tcontent\tobesity\tis\t≥25%\tin\tmen\tand\t≥30%\tin\twoman.\tSee\t\nChapter\t5\n\tfor\ta\ndetailed\n\tdiscussion\tof\tbody\tfat\tassessment. | [
0.029818853363394737,
-0.02342088334262371,
0.03824629634618759,
0.030359791591763496,
-0.05902226269245148,
-0.002138580195605755,
0.07923470437526703,
-0.00027314366889186203,
-0.04448922723531723,
0.0943421944975853,
0.09751717746257782,
-0.12058332562446594,
0.006269039120525122,
0.033... |
TABLE\t20.3\nClassification\tof\tOverweight\tand\tObesity\nClassification\tof\tOverweight\tand\tObesity\tby\tBMI,\tWaist\tCircumference,\tand\tAssociated\tDisease\nRisk\n*\nDisease\tRisk\n*\n\t\nRelative\tto\tNormal\tWeight\tand\tWaist\tCircumference\nBMI\n(kg/m\n2\n)\nObesity\nClass\nMen\t≤102\tcm\t(≤40\tin)\tWomen\t≤... | [
0.010006862692534924,
0.017554832622408867,
0.019778570160269737,
0.002522022696211934,
-0.060525331646203995,
-0.03340717777609825,
0.06465769559144974,
0.06941297650337219,
-0.06636067479848862,
0.036195769906044006,
0.05004781112074852,
-0.11890936642885208,
0.04476402327418327,
0.03357... |
>\t102\tcm\t(>40\tin)\t>\t88\ncm\t(>35\tin)\nUnderweight\n<18.5\n___\n___\nNormal\n+\n18.5-24.9\n___\n___\nOverweight\n25.0-29.9\nIncreased\nHigh\nObesity\n30.0-34.9\nI\nHigh\nVery\tHigh\n35.0-39.9\nII\nVery\tHigh\nVery\tHigh\nExtreme\nObesity\n≥40\nIII\nExtremely\tHigh\nExtremely\tHigh | [
0.031192060559988022,
0.010499343276023865,
0.03888465836644173,
-0.004206996876746416,
-0.0636332556605339,
-0.03243217244744301,
0.023838337510824203,
0.035591140389442444,
-0.11761081218719482,
0.07036374509334564,
0.008965195156633854,
-0.08776810765266418,
0.05018899217247963,
0.02223... |
Very\tHigh\nExtreme\nObesity\n≥40\nIII\nExtremely\tHigh\nExtremely\tHigh\nFrom\tNational\tInstitutes\tof\tHealth,\tNational\tHeart,\tLung,\tand\tBlood\tInstitute:\tClinical\tGuidelines\ton\tthe\tIdentification,\tEvaluation,\tand\tTreatment\tof\nOverweight\tand\tObesity\tin\tAdults:\tEvidence\tReport,\tNIH\tPublication\... | [
0.046945229172706604,
-0.03646736219525337,
0.06001909449696541,
-0.043896716088056564,
-0.14122265577316284,
-0.03642196208238602,
0.07375412434339523,
0.03391031175851822,
-0.011055643670260906,
0.06965246796607971,
0.04760352894663811,
-0.020712032914161682,
0.04487426206469536,
0.01419... |
*\nDisease\trisk\tfor\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\thypertension,\n\tand\tCVD.\n+\nIncreased\twaist\tcircumference\tcan\talso\tbe\ta\tmarker\tfor\tincreased\trisk\teven\tin\tpersons\tof\tnormal\tweight.\nBecause\tBMI\tis\ta\tcrude\tproxy\tfor\tbody\tfat,\tand\talso\tfails\tto\taccount\tfor\tbody\tfat\tdistribution, | [
-0.04061933234333992,
-0.02798565849661827,
0.040553685277700424,
-0.008336888626217842,
-0.04055733233690262,
-0.005179734900593758,
0.13077722489833832,
-0.0036845614667981863,
0.0006613056175410748,
0.03551200032234192,
0.10531904548406601,
-0.06758388876914978,
0.05486726015806198,
0.0... |
morbidity\tand\tmortality\tstudies\tusing\tBMI\tconsistently\tproduce\t“J”\tshaped\tcurves,\twhich\tat\tfirst\nseem\tto\tsuggest\tthat\tlower\tBMIs\tare\tas\tunhealthy\tas\tthe\thigher\tBMIs\t(class\tII\tobesity\n\tor\tabove).\nWhen\twaist-to-hip\tratio\t(WHR)\tor\tweight-to-height\tratio\t(WHtR)\tare\tsubstituted\tfor... | [
0.017003944143652916,
0.030009077861905098,
0.08667697757482529,
0.0012398742837831378,
-0.09849581122398376,
0.002045960398390889,
0.07924160361289978,
-0.002594014396890998,
-0.03208421170711517,
0.06360114365816116,
0.08762052655220032,
-0.023792363703250885,
0.013993269763886929,
-0.00... |
both\tdemonstrate\tpositive\t(linear)\trelationships\twith\tmortality\t(\nCarmienke\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tSimilarly,\tA\nBody\tShape\tIndex\t(ABSI),\twhich\tincorporates\twaist\tcircumference\t(WC)\twith\theight\tand\tweight\tinto\none\tformula,\thas\talso\tbeen\tshown\tto\tbe\ta\tbetter\tmortality\tpredictor\tthan\tBMI\... | [
-0.03709157928824425,
-0.009171906858682632,
0.0043693180195987225,
0.021536871790885925,
-0.10501120984554291,
0.02049562707543373,
0.0349339134991169,
-0.011724756099283695,
0.031869903206825256,
-0.009298657067120075,
0.15211620926856995,
-0.05500441789627075,
-0.017727581784129143,
0.0... |
Krakauer\tand\nKrakauer,\t2014\n).\nWhen\tWC\tand\tpercentage\tof\tfat\tare\tboth\thigh,\tthey\tare\tsignificant\tpredictors\tof\theart\tfailure\tand\nother\trisks\tassociated\twith\tobesity.\tWC\tis\ta\tstrong\tcorrelate\tof\tinsulin\tsensitivity\tindex\tin\tolder\nadults\t(\nHuth\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tA\tWHR\tof\tmore\... | [
-0.012547476217150688,
0.02089332602918148,
0.0026138005778193474,
0.06126583740115166,
-0.04993053898215294,
0.08161109685897827,
0.06018245592713356,
-0.02247435785830021,
0.00690491683781147,
0.030481385067105293,
0.05075693875551224,
-0.06657855212688446,
-0.03170612454414368,
-0.01169... |
risk\tfor\tcardiovascular\tevents.\tSimilarly,\tWC\t≥\t40\tinches\tin\tmen\tand\t≥35\tinches\tin\twomen\tsignifies\nincreased\trisk,\tequivalent\tto\ta\tBMI\tof\t25\tto\t34.\nHealth\trisks\tand\tlongevity\nIn\tmost\tpeople,\tobesity\tcan\tbe\tviewed\tas\tmetabolically\tunhealthy.\tChronic\tdiseases\tsuch\tas\theart | [
0.014634870924055576,
0.017697032541036606,
0.042772579938173294,
-0.025482473894953728,
-0.05303322896361351,
0.019973188638687134,
0.11436747014522552,
0.041371796280145645,
-0.04132837802171707,
0.11031264066696167,
0.08722849190235138,
-0.09043751657009125,
0.019329862669110298,
0.0402... |
disease,\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\thypertension,\tstroke,\tgallbladder\tdisease,\tinfertility,\tsleep\tapnea,\thormonal\ncancers,\tand\tosteoarthritis\ttend\tto\tworsen\tas\tthe\tdegree\tof\tobesity\tincreases\t(\nFig.\t20.5\n;\tsee\t\nTable\n20.3\n). | [
0.0022071092389523983,
-0.09616928547620773,
0.004720790311694145,
-0.0012433495139703155,
-0.10321950167417526,
0.02412503957748413,
0.05248349905014038,
0.07453688234090805,
-0.05253385752439499,
0.051996227353811264,
0.04227373003959656,
-0.02346731163561344,
-0.008712338283658028,
0.02... |
FIG.\t20.5\nThe\tmedical\tcomplications\tof\tobesity\tare\textensive.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(Reprinted\twith\tpermission\tfrom\tDelichatsios\tHK:\nObesity\tassessment\tin\tthe\tprimary\tcare\toffice,\tHarvard\tMedical\tSchool.\t23rd\tAnnual\tInternational\tConference-Practical\tapproaches\nto\tthe\ttreatment\tof\tobesity,\tB... | [
-0.02154572121798992,
0.019665272906422615,
0.0233268141746521,
-0.04102734848856926,
-0.047287315130233765,
-0.005948124453425407,
0.025460710749030113,
0.07166679203510284,
0.055173806846141815,
0.06301458179950714,
0.06861332803964615,
0.017983678728342056,
0.03250882402062416,
0.015668... |
to\tthe\ttreatment\tof\tobesity,\tBoston,\tJune\t18-20\t2009).\nThere\tis\ta\tsubset\tof\tobese\tpersons\twho\tpresent\tas\tmetabolically\thealthy.\tThis\tsubgroup,\n\tthe\nmetabolically\thealthy\tobese\t(MHO),\thas\tappropriate\tinsulin\tsensitivity\tand\tabsence\tof\tdiabetes,\ndyslipidemia,\tand\thypertension\t(\nBo... | [
-0.008533544838428497,
-0.02494371309876442,
0.014687289483845234,
-0.0036174210254102945,
-0.09624865651130676,
0.04571323096752167,
0.0678677037358284,
0.021865053102374077,
0.037693850696086884,
0.0557347796857357,
0.11731282621622086,
-0.0250205397605896,
0.056814614683389664,
0.036836... |
Boonchaya-anant\tand\tApovian,\t2014\n).\tThere\tis\tcurrently\tno\nuniversal\tdefinition\tof\tMHO.\tHowever,\tthe\tidea\tthat\tMHO\tmight\tbe\tbenign\tand\tnot\trequire\ttreatment\nis\tdebatable.\tIn\tlong-term\tfollow-up\tMHO\tadults\twere\tat\tincreased\trisk\tfor\tall-cause\tmortality\tand\nCVD\t(\nKramer\tet\tal,\... | [
-0.0037059213500469923,
-0.028295978903770447,
0.0681874230504036,
-0.04784147068858147,
-0.10308339446783066,
0.00989046785980463,
0.08424389362335205,
-0.02328028902411461,
-0.014290290884673595,
0.09170761704444885,
0.08793297410011292,
-0.037526004016399384,
0.05611142888665199,
0.0002... |
).\tResearchers\tare\turging\tthat\ttreatment\tof\tMHO\tnot\tbe\tignored\tuntil\nmetabolic\tsymptoms\toccur\t(\nAtkinson\tand\tMacdonald,\t2018\n).\nInflammation\nObesity\tis\tnow\trecognized\tas\ta\tchronic\tand\tsystemic\tinflammatory\tdisease\twhereas\tit\twas\tonce\nbelieved\tthat\texcess\tadipose\tstores\twere\tin... | [
0.022421428933739662,
-0.05407484248280525,
0.06422284990549088,
-0.03337709605693817,
-0.11500930786132812,
0.013781346380710602,
0.08053787797689438,
-0.004896423313766718,
0.017269005998969078,
0.057244427502155304,
0.07155250012874603,
-0.03205125406384468,
0.028511954471468925,
0.0021... |
range\tof\tactive\tsubstances\t(tumor\tnecrosis\tfactor,\tinterleukin-6,\n\tC-reactive\tprotein\t[CRP],\tetc.),\tmost\nbut\tnot\tall\t(adiponectin)\tinvolved\tin\tinflammatory\tactions.\tThe\toverall\tresult\tunderlies\tdevelopment\nof\thyperlipidemia,\tmetabolic\tsyndrome,\tdiabetes\tmellitus,\tmuscle\tprotein\tloss,\... | [
-0.017399461939930916,
-0.021398819983005524,
0.014929802156984806,
-0.01249469630420208,
-0.024940166622400284,
0.036215633153915405,
0.034086450934410095,
0.11878039687871933,
-0.01120754238218069,
0.024453794583678246,
0.05830974131822586,
-0.002374861855059862,
0.09333302825689316,
0.0... |
some\tcancers\t(\nBueno\tet\tal,\t2014\n;\t\nGrimble,\t2010\n;\t\nRocha\tand\tFolco,\t2011\n).\nIrrespective\tof\tthe\tgrowing\tbody\tof\tdata\ton\tthe\tsystemic\tinflammatory\tsystems\tset\toff\tby\n\tobesity,\nthe\tprecise\ttrigger\tis\tyet\tto\tbe\tdetermined.\tOne\ttheory\tis\tthat\tnutrient\toverload\tin\tadipocyt... | [
-0.01362451072782278,
-0.0898590013384819,
0.013651798479259014,
-0.05513111501932144,
-0.10785610228776932,
0.022090822458267212,
0.08672983944416046,
0.014708097092807293,
0.02448333241045475,
0.09457775950431824,
0.1082128956913948,
-0.05073507875204086,
0.029229898005723953,
0.05575390... |
induces\tintracellular\tstress,\twhich\tresults\tin\tactivation\tof\tinflammatory\tcascades\t(\nEllulu\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nAs\tdiscussed\tearlier,\tother\tfactors\timplicated\tin\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tinflammation\tinclude\nmicrobiome-derived\tendotoxins,\tenvironmental\tchemicals,\tviruses,\tsaturated\tfats,\tand\tch... | [
-0.04298768937587738,
-0.07792980223894119,
0.033709753304719925,
-0.01679123006761074,
-0.06020168587565422,
0.052627675235271454,
0.06315989792346954,
0.0817556232213974,
0.01159389317035675,
0.09071028977632523,
0.09453608095645905,
-0.0627586767077446,
0.05421533063054085,
0.0844417884... |
overeating.\n\tA\tdietary\tchange\tto\tan\tantiinflammatory\tdiet\tand\tregular\tphysical\tactivity\tcan\treduce\nobesity-related\tinflammation.\t(For\tdiscussion\tof\tinflammation,\tsee\t\nChapter\t7\n.)\nNonalcoholic\tfatty\tliver\tdisease\t(NAFLD)\n\tis\tassociated\twith\toverweight\tand\tobesity\tand\tmay\nprogress... | [
0.041035205125808716,
-0.13336795568466187,
0.08548877388238907,
0.04156620055437088,
-0.11265718936920166,
-0.004956421907991171,
0.12462674081325531,
0.03680887073278427,
-0.015821468085050583,
0.032149363309144974,
0.06555517762899399,
-0.026348941028118134,
-0.027072595432400703,
0.073... |
progress\tto\tend-stage\tliver\tdisease\t(see\t\nChapter\t28\n).\tObesity\tis\talso\ta\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tvarious\tcancers,\ninfertility,\tpoor\twound\thealing,\tand\n\tpoor\tantibody\tresponse\tto\thepatitis\tB\tvaccine.\tThus\tthe\tcosts\tof\nobesity\tare\tstaggering.\tThe\tCDC\testimates\tthe\tdirect\tcost\tof\tcar... | [
-0.02793177217245102,
-0.07181347906589508,
0.028804538771510124,
-0.04293493926525116,
-0.0879262164235115,
-0.001347566256299615,
0.025392211973667145,
0.030417872592806816,
-0.002025351393967867,
0.06728238612413406,
0.0958557277917862,
-0.020026467740535736,
0.010757289826869965,
0.041... |
CDC,\n2008\n).\tThe\tInternal\tRevenue\tService\tissued\ta\trule\tin\t2002\tqualifying\tobesity\tas\ta\tdisease,\tallowing\ntaxpayers\tto\tclaim\tweight\tloss\texpenses\tas\ta\tmedical\tdeduction\tif\tundertaken\tto\ttreat\tan\texisting\ndisease.\nThe\tU.S.\tgovernment\trecognizes\n\tthe\timmense\teffect\tof\tobesity\t... | [
0.0514163039624691,
-0.054570380598306656,
0.053738679736852646,
-0.010655905120074749,
-0.09272722154855728,
0.0059951236471533775,
0.016779545694589615,
-0.002552976366132498,
-0.0039366064593195915,
0.08695880323648453,
0.10639446973800659,
-0.031098579987883568,
0.016862358897924423,
0... |
the\timmense\teffect\tof\tobesity\ton\tthe\thealth\tand\tfinancial\twell-\nbeing\tof\tits\tcitizens.\tHealthy\tPeople\t2020\tobjectives\talso\tidentify\tthe\timplications\tof\toverweight\tand\nobesity\t(see\t\nChapter\t8\n).\tThe\tobjectives\tinclude\ttargets\tto\tincrease\tthe\tproportion\tof\tadults\twho\tare | [
0.021349679678678513,
-0.04422839730978012,
0.05709819123148918,
-0.0008091726340353489,
-0.10207048058509827,
0.015963179990649223,
0.08242916315793991,
-0.05572217330336571,
0.017178481444716454,
0.08940045535564423,
0.08105036616325378,
-0.0912521705031395,
0.04392252117395401,
0.022371... |
at\ta\thealthy\tweight\tand\tto\treduce\tthe\tproportion\tof\tadults,\tchildren,\tand\tadolescents\twho\tare\tobese.\nOverweight\tadolescents\toften\n\tbecome\tobese\tadults;\tobese\tindividuals\tare\tat\tincreased\trisk\tfor\ncomorbidities\n\tof\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\thypertension,\tstroke,\tcertain\tcancers,\tinfertili... | [
-0.014110761694610119,
-0.07219167053699493,
0.016377946361899376,
0.013283134438097477,
-0.07771984487771988,
0.0009777791565284133,
0.11641445010900497,
0.028622234240174294,
-0.05721164867281914,
0.02942075952887535,
0.0903017669916153,
-0.06284210830926895,
0.013295285403728485,
0.0363... |
conditions.\nFat\tdeposition\tand\tthe\tmetabolic\tsyndrome\nRegional\tpatterns\tof\tfat\tdeposit\tare\tcontrolled\tgenetically\tand\tdiffer\tbetween\tand\tamong\tmen\tand\nwomen.\tTwo\tmajor\ttypes\tof\tfat\tdeposition\tare\texcess\tsubcutaneous\ttruncal-abdominal\n\tfat\t(the\tapple- | [
0.02239798940718174,
0.007236354984343052,
0.07663377374410629,
0.0011659611482173204,
-0.07855841517448425,
-0.005228592548519373,
0.05913972854614258,
0.03207945451140404,
-0.017282098531723022,
0.005882217548787594,
0.09223894029855728,
-0.00716456538066268,
-0.02161269634962082,
0.0678... |
shaped\t\nandroid\tfat\tdistribution\n)\tand\texcess\tgluteofemoral\tfat\tin\tthighs\tand\tbuttocks\t(the\tpear-\nshaped\t\ngynoid\tfat\tdistribution\n).\tThe\tandroid\tshape\tis\tmore\tcommon\tamong\tmen.\tGynoid\tfat\ndeposition\tin\twomen\tduring\tchild-bearing\tyears\tis\tutilized\tto\tsupport\tthe\tdemands\tof\tpr... | [
-0.012398171238601208,
-0.012441286817193031,
0.06837297230958939,
0.007760586217045784,
-0.10965599864721298,
-0.00873635709285736,
0.04587208852171898,
0.025672299787402153,
0.016602136194705963,
0.02720719762146473,
0.11500591039657593,
-0.008327653631567955,
-0.04756689444184303,
0.003... |
lactation.\tWomen\twith\tthe\tgynoid\ttype\tof\tobesity\tdo\tnot\tdevelop\tthe\timpairments\tof\tglucose\nmetabolism\n\tin\tthose\twith\tan\tandroid\tdeposition\t(\nWajchenberg,\t2013\n).\tPostmenopausal\twomen\tmore\nclosely\tfollow\tthe\tmale\tpattern\tof\tabdominal\tfat\tstores,\tsometimes\treferred\tto\tas\t“belly\... | [
0.05286231264472008,
-0.07556342333555222,
0.08557312935590744,
-0.0033399120438843966,
-0.13760100305080414,
0.005938414484262466,
0.037756819278001785,
0.005889218766242266,
-0.02101738192141056,
0.05433094501495361,
0.09828005731105804,
-0.04845056310296059,
-0.028781671077013016,
0.020... |
Abdominal\tfat\n\tis\tan\tindicator\tof\tfat\tsurrounding\tinternal\torgans\tor\tvisceral\tfat.\tAccording\tto\ta\nmajor\tstudy\tdone\tthrough\tthe\tBrigham\tand\tWomen’s\tHospital\tin\tBoston\tover\t7\tyears\tand\tincluding\nmore\tthan\t3000\tpeople\t(Framingham\n\tStudy\tpatients\twere\tused),\tthose\twith\thigher\ta... | [
0.028559817001223564,
-0.05017024651169777,
0.06639118492603302,
-0.01213167142122984,
-0.1191725954413414,
-0.0509447380900383,
0.07958082854747772,
-0.0008750116103328764,
-0.05828964337706566,
0.0063948663882911205,
0.10518662631511688,
-0.042505793273448944,
-0.02496013045310974,
0.016... |
Study\tpatients\twere\tused),\tthose\twith\thigher\tamounts\tof\nabdominal\tfat,\tversus\tfat\tin\tother\tparts\tof\tthe\tbody,\twere\tfound\tto\thave\thigher\trisks\tof\tcancer\tand\nheart\tdisease\t(\nBritton\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tMany\tother\treputable\tscientific\tstudies\thave\tbeen\tperformed,\nvalidating\tthe\tfin... | [
0.007797182071954012,
-0.048988357186317444,
0.03651100769639015,
-0.04510729759931564,
-0.1079215258359909,
-0.0000013492239077095292,
0.07240858674049377,
0.03911178186535835,
-0.022270750254392624,
0.034719523042440414,
0.049311984330415726,
0.00397858303040266,
0.0298757366836071,
0.03... |
validating\tthe\tfindings\trepeatedly.\nVisceral\tobesity,\tor\texcessive\tVAT\tunder\tthe\tperitoneum\tand\tin\tthe\tintraabdominal\tcavity,\tis\ncorrelated\thighly\n\twith\tinsulin\tresistance\tand\tdiabetes.\t\nMetabolic\tsyndrome\t(MetS)\n\tconsists\tof\nthree\tor\tmore\tof\tthe\tfollowing\tabnormalities:\twaist\tc... | [
-0.01421850174665451,
-0.016892200335860252,
0.051456570625305176,
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-0.023969845846295357,
0.08467976748943329,
0.027828726917505264,
-0.0017796416068449616,
0.046259813010692596,
0.044207967817783356,
-0.018373772501945496,
0.06131132319569588,
... |
cm\t(35\tin)\tin\twomen,\tserum\tTGs\t≥150\tmg/dL,\thigh-density\tlipoprotein\t(HDL)\tlevel\tless\tthan\t40\nmg/dL\tin\tmen\tand\tless\tthan\t50\tmg/dL\tin\twomen,\tblood\tpressure\t135/85\tmm\tHg\tor\thigher,\tor\tfasting\nglucose\t100\tmg/dL\tor\thigher.\tIncreased\n\tvisceral\tfat\tis\ta\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tCAD,\tdy... | [
-0.04306861385703087,
-0.04575102776288986,
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0.002457930939272046,
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0.04650812968611717,
0.10421360284090042,
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0.0449608750641346,
0.06530526280403137,
-0.01581716537475586,
0.049228277057409286,
0.016681... |
hypertension,\tstroke,\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\tand\tMetS\t(\nWajchenberg,\t2013\n).\tBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tVAT\tand\nlow\tcardiorespiratory\tfitness\t(CRF)\tlevels\tare\tassociated\twith\ta\tdeteriorated\tcardiometabolic\trisk\nprofile.\tAchieving\ta\tlow\tlevel\tof\tVAT\tand\ta\thigh\tlevel\tof\tCRF\tis\tan\timportant\t... | [
0.009275496937334538,
-0.03449582681059837,
0.04004254937171936,
-0.019119324162602425,
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0.09611714631319046,
0.03518352285027504,
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0.007568486500531435,
0.09129425883293152,
-0.05297381803393364,
0.0401226170361042,
0.01194... |
cardiometabolic\thealth.\nWeight\tdiscrimination\nWidespread\n\tbias\tand\tdiscrimination\tbased\ton\tweight\thave\tbeen\tdocumented\tin\teducation,\nemployment,\tand\thealth\tcare.\tLike\tother\tforms\tof\tprejudice,\tthis\tstems\tfrom\ta\tlack\tof\tunderstanding\nof\tthe\tchronic,\tcomplex,\tand\tsometimes\tintractab... | [
-0.00021851331985089928,
-0.03367183730006218,
0.032731227576732635,
-0.022306740283966064,
-0.13842152059078217,
0.007491801865398884,
0.06390190869569778,
-0.023316847160458565,
0.008031361736357212,
0.055520813912153244,
0.06993311643600464,
-0.038766082376241684,
0.03159867227077484,
0... |
The\tUnited\tStates\tis\tthe\tfirst\t(and\tonly)\tcountry\tthat\tcurrently\tclassifies\tobesity\tas\ta\tdisease;\tthe\ndisease\tclassification\n\twas\tnecessary\tin\torder\tfor\tinsurance\tto\tcover\tobesity\ttreatment\twithin\tthe\tU.S.\nhealth\tcare\tsystem\t(\nMüller\tand\tGeisler,\t2017\n).\tThe\tvast\tmajority\tof... | [
-0.0024036921095103025,
-0.033691082149744034,
0.04636574536561966,
-0.06522608548402786,
-0.10400943458080292,
0.03233480826020241,
0.07662353664636612,
-0.026760747656226158,
-0.0019198402296751738,
0.07199231535196304,
0.0924132913351059,
-0.03477175906300545,
0.04011211916804314,
0.027... |
).\tThe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tdoes\tnot\nconsider\tobesity\ta\tprotected\tclass\tand\ttherefore\tweight-based\temployment\tdiscrimination\tdoes\tnot\nhave\ta\tbasis\tfor\ta\tlegal\tclaim\t(\nPomeranz\tand\tPuhl,\t2013\n).\tBoth\tadults\tand\tchildren\twith\ta\tlarger\nbody\tsize\texperience\tadverse... | [
0.021828489378094673,
-0.022063693031668663,
0.037127647548913956,
-0.0025975010357797146,
-0.0681629329919815,
0.024518322199583054,
0.10400743782520294,
-0.028031866997480392,
-0.0363154411315918,
0.060088809579610825,
0.11281675845384598,
-0.06780769675970078,
0.02430761232972145,
0.015... |
social,\teducational,\tand\tpsychological\tconsequences\tas\ta\tresult\tof\nweight\tbias.\tThey\talso\tface\tdiscrimination\tfrom\thealthcare\tproviders\tand\tthis\tcan\taffect\ttheir\nwillingness\tto\tseek\tmedical\tcare.\tIt\tis\tessential\tto\tbreak\tdown\tthe\tbarriers\tcaused\tby\tignorance\tand | [
0.04405834153294563,
-0.060131583362817764,
0.04558103531599045,
-0.007661058101803064,
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0.05312122032046318,
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0.08518727868795395,
0.11085958778858185,
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0.007978454232215881,
-0.0... |
indifference.\tPatient\tsupport\tgroups\thelp\tto\tcorrect\tthe\tnegative\teffect\tof\tthis\ttype\tof\tdiscrimination.\nManagement\tof\tobesity\tin\n\tadults\nIn\t1998\tthe\tNational\tHeart,\tLung,\tand\tBlood\tInstitute\t(NHLBI)\tin\tcollaboration\twith\tNational\nInstitute\tof\tDiabetes\tand\tDigestive\tand\tKidney\t... | [
0.0452946275472641,
-0.034101702272892,
0.0808233693242073,
0.022790679708123207,
-0.12012425065040588,
-0.002553543308749795,
0.10132784396409988,
0.058606427162885666,
0.009003955870866776,
0.028470179066061974,
0.08341803401708603,
0.01174438837915659,
0.017432715743780136,
0.0238259602... |
Clinical\tGuidelines\ton\nthe\tIdentification,\tEvaluation,\tand\tTreatment\tof\tOverweight\tand\tObesity\tin\tAdults:\tEvidence\tReport\n.\nIt\twas\tthe\tfirst\tfederal\tclinical\tpractice\tguidelines\tto\tdeal\twith\toverweight\tand\tobesity\tissues\ndeveloped\n\tusing\tevidence-based\tmedicine\tmethodology.\tThe\tgu... | [
-0.005488487426191568,
-0.03244093433022499,
0.043996091932058334,
-0.04708164930343628,
-0.07856301963329315,
-0.006230984348803759,
0.03501731529831886,
0.09639977663755417,
-0.02630019746720791,
0.03813569247722626,
0.0315464623272419,
-0.002593324054032564,
-0.02276049740612507,
0.0740... |
evidence\tbehind\tthe\trecommendations\tfor\tweight\tloss\tand\tweight\tloss\tmaintenance\tas\twell\tas\npractical\tstrategies\tfor\timplementing\tthe\trecommendations.\tThe\t1998\tclinical\tguidelines\twere\npartially\tupdated\tin\t2013\taddressing\tfive\tspecific\tquestions\tand\tpublished\tin\tthree\tmajor\tmedical\... | [
-0.006535083521157503,
0.02481117472052574,
0.06915872544050217,
-0.0013805399648845196,
-0.025855889543890953,
0.03739991411566734,
0.018100392073392868,
0.020683953538537025,
-0.0237286239862442,
0.038136955350637436,
0.0732201337814331,
-0.034188736230134964,
0.00233452464453876,
0.0288... |
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