0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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become\tmore\tsignificant\tin\tcost,\tmorbidity,\tand\tmortality\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates.\tPrevention\tand\ntreatment\tare\tequally\timportant\n\tto\tthe\tquality\tof\tlife.\nBone\tstructure\tand\tbone\tphysiology\nBone\tis\ta\tterm\tused\tto\tmean\tboth\tan\torgan,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tfemur,\tand\ta\ttissue,\tsuch\tas\tt... | [
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tissue.\tEach\tbone\tcontains\tbone\ttissues\tof\ttwo\tmajor\ttypes,\ttrabecular\tand\tcortical.\tThese\ttissues\nundergo\tbone\tmodeling\tduring\tgrowth\t(height\tgain)\tand\tbone\tremodeling\tafter\tgrowth\tceases.\nBone\tmass\tis\ta\tgeneric\tterm\tthat\trefers\tto\t\nbone\tmineral\tcontent\t(BMC)\n.\t\nBone\tminera... | [
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bone\tmineral\tcontent\t(BMC)\n.\t\nBone\tmineral\tdensity\n(BMD)\n\tdescribes\tthe\tmineral\tcontent\tof\tbone\tper\tunit\tof\tbone.\tNeither\tBMC\tnor\tBMD\tprovides\ninformation\ton\tthe\tmicroarchitectural\t(three-dimensional)\tstructural\tquality\tof\tbone\ttissue\t(i.e.,\nindex\tof\trisk\tof\tfracture).\nComposit... | [
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Composition\tof\tbone\nBone\tconsists\tof\tan\torganic\tmatrix\tor\t\nosteoid\n,\tprimarily\tcollagen\tfibers,\tin\twhich\tsalts\tof\tcalcium\nand\tphosphate\tare\tdeposited\tin\tcombination\n\twith\thydroxyl\tions\tin\tcrystals\tof\t\nhydroxyapatite\n.\tThe\ncable-like\ttensile\tstrength\tof\tcollagen\tand\tthe\thardn... | [
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great\tstrength.\tOther\tcomponents\tof\tthe\tbone\tmatrix\tinclude\tosteocalcin,\tosteopontin,\tand\tseveral\nother\tmatrix\tproteins.\nTypes\tof\tbone\ttissue\nApproximately\t80%\tof\tthe\tskeleton\tconsists\tof\tcompact\tor\tcortical\tbone\ttissue.\tShafts\tof\tthe\tlong\nbones\tcontain\tprimarily\t\ncortical\tbone\... | [
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,\twhich\tconsists\tof\tosteons\tor\tHaversian\tsystems\tthat\tundergo\ncontinuous\tbut\tslow\tremodeling,\tand\tboth\tcontain\tan\touter\tperiosteal\tlayer\tof\tcompact\ncircumferential\tlamellae\tand\tan\tinner\tendosteal\tlayer\tof\ttrabecular\ttissue.\tThe\tremaining\t20%\tof\tthe\nskeleton\tis\t\ntrabecular\n\tor\... | [
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cancellous\tbone\n\ttissue,\twhich\texists\tin\tthe\tknobby\tends\tof\tthe\tlong\nbones,\tthe\tiliac\n\tcrest\tof\tthe\tpelvis,\tthe\twrists,\tscapulas,\tvertebrae,\tand\tthe\tregions\tof\tbones\tthat\tline\nthe\tmarrow.\tTrabecular\tbone\tis\tless\tdense\tthan\tcortical\tbone\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tan\topen\tstructure\to... | [
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interconnecting\tbony\tspicules\tthat\tresemble\ta\tsponge\tin\tappearance.\nThe\telaborate\tinterconnecting\tcomponents\t(columns\tand\tstruts)\tof\ttrabecular\tbone\tadd\tsupport\tto\nthe\tcortical\tbone\tshell\tof\tthe\tlong\tbones\tand\n\tprovide\ta\tlarge\tsurface\tarea\tthat\tis\texposed\tto | [
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provide\ta\tlarge\tsurface\tarea\tthat\tis\texposed\tto\ncirculating\tfluids\tfrom\tthe\tmarrow\tand\tis\tlined\tby\ta\tdisproportionately\tlarger\tnumber\tof\tcells\tthan\ncortical\tbone\ttissue.\tTherefore\ttrabecular\tbone\ttissue\tis\tmuch\tmore\tresponsive\tto\testrogens\tor\tthe\nlack\tof\testrogens\tthan\tcortic... | [
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lack\tof\testrogens\tthan\tcortical\tbone\ttissue\t(\nFig.\t23.1\n).\tThe\tloss\tof\ttrabecular\tbone\ttissue\tlate\tin\tlife\tis\nlargely\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\toccurrence\tof\n\tfractures,\tespecially\tthose\tof\tthe\tspine\t(vertebral\nfractures). | [
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FIG.\t23.1\nSchematic\tdiagram\tof\tthe\tstructure\tof\ta\tlong\tbone\t(hemisection\tof\ta\tlong\tbone,\tsuch\tas\tthe\ttibia).\nThe\tends\tof\tthe\tlong\tbones\tcontain\thigh\tpercentages\tof\ttrabecular\t(cancellous)\tbone\ttissue,\twhereas\tthe\nshaft\tcontains\tpredominately\tcortical\tbone\ttissue.\t\nInset\tA\n\t... | [
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Inset\tA\n\tincludes\tan\tenlarged\tsection\t(approximately\t100-\nfold)\tof\tthe\tgrowth\tplate\t(epiphysis)\tand\tthe\tsubjacent\thyperproliferative\n\tzone\tcontaining\tcartilage\tcells\nstacked\tlike\tcoins.\t\nInset\tB\n\tincludes\ta\tsection\tof\tcollagen\tmolecules\t(triple\thelices)\tsurrounded\tby\tmineralized | [
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deposits\t(dark\tspheroids)\tat\ta\tmagnification\tof\tapproximately\t1,000,000-fold.\tThese\tcollagen-mineral\ncomplexes\texist\tin\tboth\ttrabecular\tand\tcortical\tbone\ttissues.\t\nInset\tC\n\tshows\tthe\tcross-section\tof\thalf\tof\tthe\nmidshaft\tof\ta\tlong\tbone\t(magnification\t10-fold).\n\tThis\tsection\tof\t... | [
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This\tsection\tof\tcortical\tbone\ttissue\tcontains\tvertical\tHaversian\nsystems\t(osteons)\tthat\trun\tparallel\twith\tthe\tshaft\taxis;\tmany\tare\trequired\tto\textend\tthis\tsystem\tfrom\tone\tend\nof\tthe\tshaft\tto\tthe\tother.\tAt\tthe\tcenter\tof\teach\tosteon\tis\ta\tcanal\tthat\tcontains\tan\tartery\tthat\ts... | [
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tissues\twith\tnutrients\tand\toxygen,\ta\tvein\tfor\tremoving\twastes,\tand\ta\tnerve\tfor\treturning\tafferent\trelays\tto\n\tthe\nbrain.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(Copyright\tJohn\tJ.\tB.\tAnderson\tand\tSanford\tC.\tGarner.)\nBone\tcells\nOsteoblasts\n\tare\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tformation\tor\tproduction\tof\tbone\ttissue,... | [
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osteoclasts\n\tgovern\nthe\tresorption\tor\tbreakdown\tof\tbone\t(also\tsee\t\nBone\tModeling\n\tand\t\nBone\tRemodeling\n\tlater\tin\tthis\nchapter).\tThe\tfunctions\tof\tthese\ttwo\tcell\ttypes\tare\tlisted\tin\t\nTable\t23.1\n.\nTABLE\t23.1\nFunctions\tof\tOsteoblasts\n\tand\tOsteoclasts\nOsteoblasts\nOsteoclasts\nB... | [
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Bone\tFormation\nBone\tResorption\nSynthesis\tof\tmatrix\tproteins:\n•\t\nCollagen\ttype\t1\t(90%);\n•\t\nOsteocalcin\tand\tothers\t(10%)\nDegradation\tof\tbone\ttissue\tvia\tenzymes\tand\tacid\n(H\n+\n)\tsecretion\nMineralization\nCommunication:\tSecretion\tof\tcytokines\tthat\tact\ton\nosteoblasts\nCommunication:\tSe... | [
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osteoclasts\nTwo\tother\timportant\n\tcell\ttypes\talso\texist\tin\tbone\ttissue,\t\nosteocytes\n\tand\tbone-lining\tcells\t(inactive\nosteoblasts),\tboth\tof\twhich\tare\tderived\tfrom\tosteoblasts.\tThe\torigin\tof\tthe\tosteoblasts\tand\nosteoclasts\tis\tfrom\tprimitive\tprecursor\tcells\tfound\tin\tbone\tmarrow,\ts... | [
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growth\tfactors\tas\tpart\tof\ttheir\tdifferentiation\tto\tbecome\tmature,\tfunctional\tbone\tcells.\nCartilage\nIn\tthe\tembryo,\tcartilage\n\tforms\tthe\tfirst\ttemporary\tskeleton,\tuntil\tit\tdevelops\tinto\ta\tmature\tbone\nmatrix.\tIn\tthe\tadult,\tcartilage\tis\tfound\tas\tflexible\tsupports\tin\tareas\tsuch\tas... | [
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Cartilage\tis\tnot\tbone,\tand\tit\tis\tneither\tvascularized\tnor\tcalcified.\nCalcium\thomeostasis | [
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Bone\ttissue\tserves\tas\ta\treservoir\tof\tcalcium\tand\tother\tminerals.\t\nCalcium\thomeostasis\n\trefers\tto\tthe\nprocess\tof\tmaintaining\ta\tconstant\n\tserum\tcalcium\tconcentration.\tThe\tserum\tcalcium\tis\tregulated\tby\ncomplex\tmechanisms\tthat\tbalance\tcalcium\tintake\tand\texcretion\twith\tbodily\tneeds... | [
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intake\tis\tnot\tadequate,\thomeostasis\tis\tmaintained\tby\tdrawing\ton\tmineral\tfrom\tthe\tbone\tto\tkeep\tthe\nserum\tcalcium\tion\tconcentration\tat\tits\tset\tlevel\t(approximately\t8.5\tto\t10\tmg/dL).\tHomeostasis\tcan\tbe\naccomplished\tby\tdrawing\tfrom\ttwo\tmajor\tskeletal\n\tsources:\treadily\tmobilizable\... | [
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sources:\treadily\tmobilizable\tcalcium\tions\tin\tthe\nbone\tfluid\tor\tosteoclastic\tresorption\tfrom\tthe\tbone\ttissue\titself.\tThe\tdaily\tturnover\tof\tskeletal\ncalcium\tions\t(transfers\tin\tand\tout\tof\tbone)\tsupports\tthe\tdynamic\tactivity\tof\tbone\ttissue\tin\tcalcium\nhomeostasis.\nSerum\tcalcium\tconc... | [
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parathyroid\nhormone\t(PTH)\n\tand\t\n1,\t25\tdihydroxy\tvitamin\tD\n3\n\t(calcitriol)\n.\tIf\tserum\tcalcium\tlevels\tfall,\tPTH\nwill\tincrease\treabsorption\tfrom\tthe\tkidney\tand\tbone,\tand\tcalcitriol\twill\tincrease\tgut\tabsorption\tand\ninitiate\tosteoclastic\tactivity\tfor\tbone\tbreakdown.\tIncreased\tserum... | [
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primarily\tdue\tto\thyperparathyroidism.\tSerum\tcalcium\tincludes\tfree\tcalcium\t(formerly\tcalled\tionized\ncalcium)\tand\talbumin-bound\tcalcium.\nBone\tmodeling\nBone\tmodeling\n\tis\tthe\tterm\tapplied\tto\tthe\tgrowth\tof\tthe\tskeleton.\tBone\tformation\tand\tresorption\nare\tnot\tlinked\tas\tthey\tare\tin\trem... | [
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(growth\tplates\tthat\tundergo\thyperproliferation)\tand\tcircumferentially\tin\tlamellae;\tat\teach\tlocation,\ncells\tundergo\tdivision\tand\tcontribute\tto\tthe\tformation\tof\tnew\tbone\ttissue\t(see\t\nFig.\t23.1\n).\tAlthough\nwe\ttypically\tconsider\n\tbone\tmodeling\tcomplete\tby\tthe\ttime\tmature\theight\tis\... | [
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0.06389189511537552,
-0.016950471326708794,
-0.0032805439550429583,
0.09057169407606125,
0.13967187702655792,
-0.04934521019458771,
-0.009583641774952412,
0.... |
can\toccur\tlater\tin\tlife,\tespecially\tin\tresponse\tto\tphysical\tactivity.\tBone\tmodeling\tresults\tin\tthe\nformation\tof\tnew\tbone,\tbut\tit\tdoes\tnot\tremove\tor\trepair\told\tbone\tas\tis\tseen\tin\tbone\tremodeling\n(\nLangdahl\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nDuring\tthe\tgrowth\tperiod,\tformation\texceeds\tthe\treso... | [
-0.028058264404535294,
-0.06918611377477646,
0.01694098301231861,
-0.07416702806949615,
-0.08760379999876022,
-0.03245783597230911,
0.0427275113761425,
0.015221483074128628,
-0.014829931780695915,
0.08745131641626358,
0.102084219455719,
0.021874012425541878,
0.05783989652991295,
0.05933932... |
Peak\tbone\tmass\t(PBM)\n\tis\nreached\tby\n\t30\tyears\tof\tage\tor\tso\t(\nFig.\t23.2\n).\tThe\tlong\tbones\tstop\tgrowing\tin\tlength\tby\tapproximately\nage\t18\tin\tfemales\tand\tage\t20\tin\tmales,\tbut\tbone\tmass\tcontinues\tto\taccumulate\tfor\ta\tfew\tmore\tyears\nby\ta\tprocess\tknown\tas\tconsolidation\t(i.... | [
-0.014065616764128208,
-0.017347287386655807,
0.003917490132153034,
-0.0819256603717804,
-0.10035891085863113,
-0.013975126668810844,
0.03095945715904236,
0.05100658908486366,
-0.04013965651392937,
0.02376401610672474,
0.0730215460062027,
-0.016768088564276695,
0.07521507143974304,
0.01460... |
when\tBMD\tacquisition\tceases\tis\tvariable\tand\tdepends\ton\tdiet\tand\ton\tphysical\tactivity,\tgenetics,\tand\nhormonal\n\tinfluences.\nFIG.\t23.2\nThe\tearly\tgain\tand\tlater\tloss\tof\tbone\tin\tfemales.\tPeak\tbone\tmineral\tdensity\t(BMD)\tis\ttypically\nachieved\tby\tage\t30.\tMenopause\toccurs\tat\tapproxim... | [
-0.009199741296470165,
-0.06574980169534683,
0.09664397686719894,
-0.018125420436263084,
-0.09475657343864441,
-0.008856169879436493,
0.06429139524698257,
0.05899889022111893,
-0.01406685821712017,
0.05082600191235542,
0.06392968446016312,
-0.04700962081551552,
0.04416133090853691,
0.02607... |
women\ttypically\tenter\tthe\tfracture\trisk\trange\tafter\tage\t60.\tMen\thave\ta\tmore\tgradual\tdecline\tin\tBMD,\twhich\nstarts\tat\t50\tyears.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(Copyright\tJohn\tJ.\tB.\tAnderson\tand\tSanford\tC.\tGarner.)\nPBM\tis\tgreater\tin\tmen\tthan\tin\twomen\tbecause\tof\tmen’s\tlarger\tframe\tsizes.\tThe\t... | [
-0.02912743389606476,
-0.00297348340973258,
0.06437265127897263,
-0.07228606939315796,
-0.07328736037015915,
-0.004113278817385435,
0.031069409102201462,
-0.021849624812602997,
-0.0027264091186225414,
0.0846535712480545,
0.07091429084539413,
-0.011051248759031296,
0.01808224245905876,
-0.0... |
most\tmales\taccounts\tfor\tthe\tgreater\tPBM.\tThe\tvariation\tin\tBMD\twithin\tan\tethnicity\tis\tgreater\tthan\namong\tethnicities.\tGenetics,\tskeletal\tsize,\tand\tpresence\tor\tabsence\tof\tchronic\tdisease\tinfluence\nBMD,\tand\tsocial,\tenvironmental,\tand\tpersonal\tfactors\talso\tinfluence\tprobability\tof\tf... | [
0.06705240905284882,
-0.06724221259355545,
0.053086310625076294,
-0.04415708780288696,
-0.10475809127092361,
-0.013476251624524593,
0.08303266763687134,
0.029092419892549515,
0.007295120973140001,
0.0891948938369751,
0.0944501981139183,
-0.06430680304765701,
0.041318267583847046,
0.0383741... |
(\nLeslie,\t2012\n).\nBone\tremodeling\nBone\tis\ta\tdynamic\torgan\tboth\tduring\tgrowth\tand\tmaintenance.\t\nBone\tremodeling\n\tis\ta\tprocess\tin\nwhich\tbone\tis\tcontinuously\tresorbed\tthrough\tthe\taction\tof\tthe\tosteoclasts\tand\treformed\tthrough\tthe\naction\tof\tthe\tosteoblasts.\tThe\tremodeling\tproces... | [
0.03196893632411957,
-0.08635498583316803,
0.07717450708150864,
-0.036976639181375504,
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0.025726143270730972,
-0.003707618685439229,
0.001420573447830975,
0.11212224513292313,
0.09140443801879883,
0.014575175009667873,
0.011008418165147305,
0.027... |
activation\n\tof\tpreosteoclastic\ncells\tin\tthe\tbone\tmarrow.\tInterleukin\t(IL)-1\tand\tother\tcytokines\treleased\tfrom\tbone-lining\n\tcells\tact\tas\nthe\ttriggers\tin\tthe\tactivation\tof\tprecursor\tstem\tcells\tin\tbone\tmarrow.\tThe\tpreosteoclast\tcells\tfrom\nthe\tbone\tmarrow\tmigrate\tto\tthe\tsurfaces\t... | [
-0.056826796382665634,
-0.08576814085245132,
0.04259321838617325,
-0.0400833822786808,
-0.08901827037334442,
0.029759293422102928,
0.1261696219444275,
0.032515671104192734,
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0.04621681571006775,
0.11418194323778152,
-0.029963171109557152,
0.023662015795707703,
-0.000... |
osteoclasts\tthen\tcover\ta\tspecific\tarea\tof\ttrabecular\tor\tcortical\tbone\ttissue.\tAcids\tand\tproteolytic\nenzymes\treleased\tby\tthe\tosteoclasts\tform\tsmall\tcavities\ton\tbone\tsurfaces\tand\t\nresorb\n\tboth\tbone\nmineral\tand\tmatrix\ton\tthe\tsurface\tof\ttrabecular\tbone\tor\tcortical\tbone.\tThe\treso... | [
-0.05540594831109047,
-0.061389874666929245,
0.029298504814505577,
-0.017171425744891167,
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-0.0058183204382658005,
0.048876773566007614,
0.01060840766876936,
0.004601812455803156,
0.08790767937898636,
0.06899256259202957,
-0.01756390742957592,
0.008231673389673233,
0.061... |
rapid,\tand\tit\tis\tcompleted\twithin\ta\tfew\tdays,\twhereas\tthe\trefilling\tof\tthese\tcavities\tby\tosteoblasts\tis | [
0.03202265128493309,
-0.04925847426056862,
0.009388971142470837,
-0.02462867461144924,
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0.02227696031332016,
0.1121961772441864,
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0.004103571642190218,
0.0641895979642868,
0.09654399007558823,
-0.033360328525304794,
-0.013554103672504425,
0.030798... |
slow\t(i.e.,\ton\tthe\torder\tof\t3\tto\t6\tmonths\tor\teven\tas\tlong\tas\t1\tyear\tor\tmore\tin\tolder\tadults).\nThe\t\nrebuilding\n\tor\t\nformation\n\tstage\tinvolves\tsecretion\tof\t\ncollagen\n\tand\tother\tmatrix\tproteins\n\tby\tthe\nosteoblasts,\talso\tderived\tfrom\tprecursor\tstem\tcells\tin\tbone\tmarrow.\... | [
-0.03246593102812767,
-0.06934360414743423,
0.04428556561470032,
-0.044201504439115524,
-0.11961459368467331,
0.00039994242251850665,
0.06983456015586853,
-0.009385579265654087,
0.00593267846852541,
0.04705772548913956,
0.10637416690587997,
0.00903746485710144,
0.031923845410346985,
0.0285... |
mature\ttriple-stranded\tfibers,\tand\tother\tmatrix\tproteins\tare\tsecreted.\tWithin\ta\tfew\tdays,\tsalts\tof\ncalcium\tand\tphosphate\tbegin\tto\tprecipitate\ton\tthe\tcollagen\tfibers,\tdeveloping\tinto\tcrystals\tof\nhydroxyapatite.\tApproximately\t4%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tbone\tsurface\tis\tinvolved\tin\tremodeling\t... | [
-0.041404690593481064,
-0.047421060502529144,
0.05576241388916969,
-0.02822704054415226,
-0.06497880071401596,
-0.026307938620448112,
0.07111724466085434,
0.017828572541475296,
-0.038941483944654465,
0.051422055810689926,
0.1050862967967987,
-0.05414583161473274,
0.031858738511800766,
0.02... |
time\n\tas\tnew\tbone\tis\trenewed\tcontinually\tthroughout\tthe\tskeleton.\tEven\tin\tthe\tmature\tskeleton,\tbone\nremains\ta\tdynamic\ttissue.\tNormal\tbone\tturnover\tis\tillustrated\tin\t\nFig.\t23.3\n.\nFIG.\t23.3\nNormal\tbone\tturnover\tin\thealthy\tadults.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(Copyright\tJohn\tJ.\tB.\tAnderson\tan... | [
-0.04084748029708862,
0.01055071223527193,
0.0575220100581646,
-0.10318486392498016,
-0.07277997583150864,
0.02947041019797325,
0.025017965584993362,
-0.028884535655379295,
0.03291792422533035,
0.038976360112428665,
0.08922909945249557,
-0.04363822191953659,
0.018404455855488777,
-0.011215... |
Source:\n\t(Copyright\tJohn\tJ.\tB.\tAnderson\tand\tSanford\tC.\tGarner.)\nWhen\tthe\tresorption\tand\tformation\tphases\tare\tin\tbalance,\tthe\tsame\tamount\tof\tbone\ttissue\texists\tat\nthe\tcompletion\tof\tthe\tformation\tphase\tas\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthe\tresorption\tphase.\tThe\tbenefit\tto\tthe\nskeleton\t... | [
-0.05014287680387497,
0.007265485357493162,
0.0267072394490242,
-0.07243014127016068,
-0.04830034822225571,
-0.01322576031088829,
0.07108744978904724,
-0.02549893967807293,
0.05835561826825142,
0.03605429455637932,
0.07968435436487198,
-0.021924497559666634,
0.040783170610666275,
-0.013504... |
With\taging,\nosteoclastic\tresorption\tbecomes\trelatively\tgreater\tthan\tformation\tby\tosteoblasts.\tThis\timbalance\nbetween\tformation\tand\tresorption\tis\treferred\tto\tas\t“uncoupling”\tof\tthe\tosteoblastic\tand\tosteoclastic\nactivity.\nBecause\tof\tthe\tuncoupling\tof\tcell\tactivity,\tage\tis\tan\timportan... | [
0.005985097959637642,
-0.05933348461985588,
0.040919676423072815,
-0.025491826236248016,
-0.10085435211658478,
-0.02737717144191265,
0.07304788380861282,
0.022169915959239006,
-0.0040647005662322044,
0.08569306135177612,
0.05811004713177681,
-0.043023355305194855,
0.015848327428102493,
0.0... |
tissue\tand\ttrabecular\tbone\ttissue\tundergo\tdifferent\tpatterns\tof\taging.\tLoss\tof\n\tcortical\tbone\toccurs\naround\tage\t50,\twith\tan\tincrease\tin\tcortical\tporosity\tin\tboth\tgenders.\tTrabecular\tbone\tloss\tmay\tbegin\nmuch\tearlier.\tIn\tmen\ttrabecular\tbone\tloss\treflects\tthinning\tof\tthe\ttrabecu... | [
0.006834905594587326,
-0.04338906332850456,
0.09985028207302094,
-0.028918078169226646,
-0.10470648109912872,
-0.0263375211507082,
0.08584770560264587,
0.0010658971732482314,
-0.045524321496486664,
0.13714855909347534,
0.10495594888925552,
-0.04727434739470482,
-0.0007724007009528577,
0.06... |
trabecular\tbone\tloss\tappears\tto\tbe\tbecause\tof\ttrabecula\tloss\tentirely\t(\nFarr\tand\tKhosla,\t2015\n).\nOsteopenia\tand\tosteoporosis\nThis\tloss\tof\tbone\tcan\tcontinue\tthroughout\taging,\teventually\n\tleading\tto\tosteopenia\tor\tosteoporosis.\nHowever,\tit\tis\timportant\tto\tremember\tthat\tnot\tall\to... | [
-0.004504483658820391,
-0.042439404875040054,
0.035174280405044556,
-0.03294745460152626,
-0.10737025737762451,
-0.008117901161313057,
0.05961413308978081,
0.010377191938459873,
-0.009566103108227253,
0.07900397479534149,
0.08350907266139984,
-0.00043131591519340873,
-0.032287854701280594,
... |
bone\tdisease\tcan\toccur\tin\tyounger\tpeople,\talthough\trarely.\tDifferences\tbetween\tnormal\tand\nosteoporotic\tbone—both\ttrabecular\tand\tcortical\ttissues—are\tshown\tin\t\nFig.\t23.4\n.\nFIG.\t23.4\nDifference\tbetween\tnormal\tbone\t\n(A)\n\tand\tosteoporotic\tbone\t\n(B)\n.\n\t\nSource:\n\t(From\tMaher\tAB\t... | [
-0.01140670571476221,
-0.024200156331062317,
0.07555647194385529,
-0.0443245992064476,
-0.12088096886873245,
-0.014879201538860798,
0.07393867522478104,
0.010469947010278702,
-0.05039306357502937,
0.06927698105573654,
0.06718559563159943,
-0.033108316361904144,
-0.0036902441643178463,
0.01... |
Prevalence\nThe\tprevalence\tof\tosteoporosis\tdepends\ton\tthe\tdiagnostic\tcriteria.\tPrevalence\testimates\tusing\tBMD\nT-scores\tof\t<2.5\tat\tthe\tfemur\tneck\tand/or\tspine\tsuggest\tthat\t10.3%\tof\tadults\tover\t50\tyears\tin\tthe\nUnited\tStates\thave\tosteoporosis\n\t(\nWright\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tWhen\tthe\tF... | [
0.036876481026411057,
-0.006782508920878172,
-0.018289808183908463,
0.0212682094424963,
-0.11202213913202286,
-0.008936325088143349,
-0.03139427676796913,
0.03928720951080322,
-0.07076571136713028,
0.0015059004072099924,
0.09156973659992218,
-0.021843895316123962,
-0.021153172478079796,
0.... |
(\nWright\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tWhen\tthe\tFracture\tRisk\tAssessment\tTool\n(FRAX)\tcalculations\tare\tused\tas\tthe\tdiagnostic\tcriteria,\t11.6%\tof\tmen\tand\t13.0%\tof\twomen\tover\tage\n50\twere\tpredicted\tto\thave\tosteoporosis.\tWhen\tidentified\tlow\ttrauma\tfracture\tis\ta\tdiagnosis,\twith\tor | [
-0.01613699272274971,
0.011610278859734535,
0.042481761425733566,
-0.010802794247865677,
-0.09252989292144775,
-0.02662806771695614,
0.03698969632387161,
0.03636791557073593,
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0.02596966177225113,
0.06204283609986305,
-0.02091495878994465,
0.009386276826262474,
0.0243... |
instead\tof\tthe\tlow\tT-score\tor\tFRAX\tscore,\tthe\tosteoporosis\tprevalence\testimates\tincrease\tto\t16%\tof\nmen\tand\t29.9%\tof\twomen\tover\t50\tyears\t(\nWright\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\nTypes\tof\tosteoporosis\nOsteoporosis\tis\tconsidered\tto\thave\ta\tbroad\tspectrum\tof\tvariant\tforms.\t\nPrimary\tosteoporosis\... | [
0.016839150339365005,
-0.017215024679899216,
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0.006500929594039917,
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0.003254944458603859,
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0.019530929625034332,
0.015305591747164726,
-0.009887837804853916,
-0.0210063848644495,
-... |
Primary\tosteoporosis\n\toccurs\nas\ta\tresult\tof\tthe\tnatural\taging\tprocess.\tBMD\tdeclines\tboth\twith\tage\tand\twith\tthe\tloss\tof\testrogen\nafter\tmenopause.\tFor\twomen,\tprimary\tosteoporosis\tis\tmore\tlikely\t10\tto\t15\tyears\tafter\tmenopause,\nand\tin\tmen,\taround\tage\t65\tto\t80\t(\nJi\tand\tYu,\t2... | [
-0.01939072646200657,
-0.016535362228751183,
0.034227754920721054,
-0.01531696692109108,
-0.04941542446613312,
-0.003967928234487772,
0.021604880690574646,
0.020553244277834892,
-0.0263983141630888,
0.08463606238365173,
0.09257203340530396,
-0.02461020089685917,
-0.006763707846403122,
-0.0... |
Ji\tand\tYu,\t2015\n).\tHowever,\tlifestyle\tfactors\n\tand\tgenetics\talso\ninfluence\tif\tand\twhen\tosteoporosis\tmay\toccur.\t\nSecondary\tosteoporosis\n\tresults\twhen\tan\tidentifiable\ndrug\tor\tdisease\tprocess\tcauses\tloss\tof\tbone\ttissue\t(\nBox\t23.1\n).\nBOX\t23.1\nMedical\tConditions\tthat\tDeplete\tCal... | [
-0.04986688122153282,
-0.006350992247462273,
0.05335674434900284,
0.006185977254062891,
-0.06987717747688293,
0.005713848862797022,
0.09261979162693024,
-0.0030847867019474506,
-0.04246162250638008,
0.020475031808018684,
0.10064222663640976,
-0.026512455195188522,
0.00006231141014723107,
0... |
Osteoporosis\nChronic\tdiarrhea\tor\tintestinal\tmalabsorption\nChronic\tobstructive\tlung\tdisease\nChronic\trenal\tdisease\nDiabetes\nHemiplegia\nHyperparathyroid\tdisease\nHyperthyroidism\nScurvy\nSubtotal\tgastrectomy\nCauses\tand\trisk\tfactors\nOsteoporosis\tis\ta\tcomplex,\theterogeneous\tdisorder\tand\tmany\tri... | [
-0.0035699428990483284,
-0.050277166068553925,
0.05653700977563858,
0.018146522343158722,
-0.10335569828748703,
-0.03013591468334198,
0.024150187149643898,
0.026025477796792984,
-0.07353349030017853,
0.08159306645393372,
0.05463258922100067,
0.0035185900051146746,
-0.017705315724015236,
0.... |
lifetime.\tLow\tBMD\tis\tcommon\tto\tall\ttypes\tof\tosteoporosis,\tbut\tan\timbalance\tbetween\t\nbone\nresorption\n\tand\tformation\tresults\tfrom\tan\tarray\tof\tfactors\tcharacteristic\tof\teach\tform\tof\tthis\tdisease.\nRisk\tfactors\n\tfor\tosteoporosis\tinclude\tage,\trace,\tgender,\tand\tfactors\tnoted\tin\t\n... | [
-0.02509099245071411,
-0.04980013892054558,
0.033690404146909714,
0.00979588646441698,
-0.04697352275252342,
-0.020812155678868294,
0.06405120342969894,
0.05124925449490547,
-0.030748074874281883,
0.038406290113925934,
0.06639929115772247,
-0.012845134362578392,
-0.004534871317446232,
0.03... |
Box\t23.2\n.\nBOX\t23.2\nRisk\tFactors\tfor\tDeveloping\tOsteoporosis\nAge,\tespecially\tolder\tthan\tage\t60\nAmenorrhea\tin\twomen\tas\ta\tresult\tof\texcessive\texercise\nAndrogen\tdepletion\twith\thypogonadism\tin\tmen\nCigarette\tsmoking\nEstrogen\tdepletion\tfrom\tmenopause\tor\tearly\toophorectomy\nEthnicity:\tw... | [
-0.020122218877077103,
-0.030334901064634323,
0.04577713832259178,
0.0008261915645562112,
-0.05895792692899704,
-0.015211358666419983,
0.03283969685435295,
-0.012540013529360294,
-0.039325930178165436,
0.04276087135076523,
0.04753962531685829,
0.0015283682150766253,
-0.0085191885009408,
0.... |
Excessive\tintake\tof\talcohol,\n\tcaffeine,\tfiber\nFemale\tgender\nFamily\thistory\tof\tosteoporosis\nInadequate\tcalcium\tor\tvitamin\tD\tintake\nLack\tof\texercise\nProlonged\tuse\tof\tcertain\tmedications\t(see\t\nBox\t23.3\n)\nSarcopenia\nUnderweight,\tlow\tbody\tmass\tindex,\tlow\tbody\tfatness\nAlcohol | [
0.01400008611381054,
-0.09464266151189804,
0.056727323681116104,
0.06623625010251999,
-0.06290550529956818,
0.007852860726416111,
0.083312027156353,
0.014077192172408104,
-0.046817950904369354,
-0.007424823474138975,
0.028016753494739532,
-0.006778659299015999,
0.0031749499030411243,
0.031... |
Sarcopenia\nUnderweight,\tlow\tbody\tmass\tindex,\tlow\tbody\tfatness\nAlcohol\nExcessive\talcohol\tconsumption\tis\ta\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tdeveloping\tosteoporosis,\tprobably\tbecause\tof\ttoxic\neffects\ton\tosteoblasts.\tModerate\talcohol\n\tintake\tseems\tto\thave\tno\tdetrimental\teffect\ton\tbone,\tand | [
0.013449051417410374,
-0.11391989886760712,
0.05382874980568886,
0.040115050971508026,
-0.10715331882238388,
0.00729353167116642,
0.11966846883296967,
0.0007936987676657736,
-0.0496646873652935,
0.008363342843949795,
0.05121392011642456,
-0.03538723662495613,
0.013015762902796268,
0.022478... |
intake\tseems\tto\thave\tno\tdetrimental\teffect\ton\tbone,\tand\nsome\tstudies\tshow\ta\tmodest\tpositive\teffect.\tThree\tor\tmore\tdrinks\tper\tday\tis\tassociated\twith\nincreased\trisk\tof\tfalling\tand\tmay\tpose\tother\tthreats\tto\tbone\thealth\t(\nAbrahamsen\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nBody\tweight | [
-0.012135538272559643,
-0.059901170432567596,
0.07775916904211044,
0.060936566442251205,
-0.09271655976772308,
0.046964894980192184,
0.11293189227581024,
-0.03608468919992447,
-0.05476948991417885,
-0.004593320190906525,
0.09130259603261948,
-0.10467848181724548,
-0.0032925812993198633,
-0... |
There\tis\ta\tstrong\tcorrelation\tbetween\tBMD\tand\tBMI\tsuggesting\tthat\ta\tBMI\tof\t<21\tkg/m\n2\n\tis\nassociated\twith\tlow\tBMD\tand\tgreater\tfracture\trisk\n\tin\twomen.\nCigarette\tsmoking\nThere\tare\tdirect\tand\tindirect\tcellular\teffects\ton\tbone\tcaused\tby\tsmoking,\tas\twell\tas\tpossible | [
0.022333823144435883,
-0.02898283675312996,
0.0539943128824234,
-0.01651960238814354,
-0.09148335456848145,
0.009628558531403542,
0.09752853959798813,
0.00048772283480502665,
-0.022188374772667885,
0.05159230902791023,
0.1011025682091713,
-0.055892933160066605,
0.04526735469698906,
0.01049... |
hormonal\tchanges\tand\tlower\tdietary\tcalcium\tabsorption.\tSmoking\tmay\talso\tbe\tassociated\twith\tlower\nbody\tweight,\tdecreased\tphysical\tactivity,\tand\tpoor\tdiet\t(\nAbrahamsen\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nEthnicity\nOsteoporosis\tis\ta\tmultifactorial\tdisease,\tand\tdetermining\tthe\trole\tof\tethnicity\n\tin\tost... | [
0.026265373453497887,
-0.04489517956972122,
0.03756687790155411,
0.03742888569831848,
-0.07620105892419815,
0.000942216778639704,
0.07211136817932129,
0.01772404834628105,
-0.0639803558588028,
0.07104238867759705,
0.09930793941020966,
-0.016081128269433975,
-0.005577368661761284,
0.0102407... |
in\tosteoporosis,\tBMD,\nbone\tstrength,\tbone\tquality,\tand\tfracture\tincidence\tis\tdifficult.\tWhile\tgenetics\thave\tmade\tstrides\tin\ndetermining\tthe\trole\tof\tethnicity\tor\trace\tin\tthese\toutcomes,\tthe\tblending\tof\tethnicities\tand\traces\talso\nmakes\tdefinitive\tstatements\telusive.\tIn\taddition,\te... | [
0.028344422578811646,
-0.052667710930109024,
0.04536176845431328,
-0.004952724557369947,
-0.0862998440861702,
0.006117918062955141,
0.05775653198361397,
-0.014392340555787086,
-0.012268664315342903,
0.06713922321796417,
0.0613328218460083,
-0.01953674666583538,
0.02647951990365982,
0.02396... |
that\tcould\talso\taffect\tthese\toutcomes,\tsuch\tas\tdiet\tand\tphysical\tactivity.\n\tA\trelated\tissue\tis\tbody\tframe\nsize,\toften\tassociated\twith\tan\tethnic\tgroup\t(\nRivadeneira\tand\tUitterlinden,\t2017\n).\nLimited\tweight-bearing\texercise\nAccrual\tand\tmaintenance\tof\thealthy\tbone\trequires\texposur... | [
0.0018368976889178157,
-0.06786591559648514,
0.07008641213178635,
-0.0069959876127541065,
-0.08536717295646667,
-0.031011847779154778,
0.0806167721748352,
0.02643299289047718,
-0.056089136749506,
0.04480435326695442,
0.0919494777917862,
-0.0463980995118618,
-0.03373299539089203,
0.04426527... |
the\tlifespan.\tImmobility\tin\tvarying\tdegrees\tis\twell\trecognized\tas\ta\tcause\tof\tbone\tloss.\tInvalids\nconfined\tto\tbed\tor\tpersons\tunable\tto\tmove\tfreely\tare\tcommonly\n\taffected.\tAstronauts\tliving\tin\nconditions\tof\tzero\tgravity\tfor\tonly\ta\tfew\tdays\texperience\tbone\tloss,\tespecially\tin\t... | [
0.029746774584054947,
-0.0765920951962471,
0.044401511549949646,
-0.013118251226842403,
-0.12006601691246033,
-0.017487959936261177,
0.10104160010814667,
-0.018818313255906105,
0.0009025256149470806,
0.0517001673579216,
0.07702668011188507,
-0.0465623214840889,
0.03601836785674095,
0.04377... |
extremities;\tappropriate\texercise\tis\ta\tfeature\tof\ttheir\tdaily\troutines.\nLoss\tof\tmenses\nAcceleration\tof\tbone\tloss\tcoincides\twith\tmenopause,\teither\tnatural\tor\tsurgical,\tat\twhich\ttime\tthe\novaries\tstop\tproducing\testrogen.\tIn\tassociation\twith\tthe\tdecline\tin\testrogen,\tmore\n\tbone\tsite... | [
0.024495134130120277,
-0.06785404682159424,
0.019297439604997635,
-0.008631501346826553,
-0.08529847860336304,
0.007456519175320864,
0.07870298624038696,
0.03609475865960121,
-0.06578336656093597,
0.09652435779571533,
0.10572920739650726,
-0.03071841038763523,
-0.013712769374251366,
0.0466... |
bone\tsites\tare\nundergoing\tresorption\tand\tfor\ta\tlonger\ttime,\twith\tbone\tformation\tdiminished.\tCompensatory\nmechanisms\tfor\tthe\tefflux\tof\tcalcium\tfrom\tbone\tduring\tthis\tperiod\tof\tenhanced\tresorption\tinclude\ndecreased\trenal\tcalcium\treabsorption,\tdecreased\tintestinal\tcalcium\tabsorption,\ta... | [
-0.004568634554743767,
-0.019296368584036827,
0.06697633117437363,
-0.046874821186065674,
-0.09835254400968552,
-0.05571828782558441,
0.09006794542074203,
-0.001899349270388484,
-0.007673550862818956,
0.09177044779062271,
0.055822063237428665,
-0.022487757727503777,
0.04832860082387924,
0.... |
secretion\t(\nDrake\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nAny\tinterruption\tof\tmenstruation\tfor\tan\textended\tperiod\tresults\tin\n\tbone\tloss.\tThe\tamenorrhea\tthat\naccompanies\texcessive\tweight\tloss\tseen\tin\tpatients\twith\tanorexia\tnervosa\tor\tin\thypothalamic\namenorrhea,\twhich\toccurs\tin\tindividuals\twho\tparticipat... | [
-0.0075953188352286816,
-0.037700023502111435,
0.05375099554657936,
0.03495714068412781,
-0.07552092522382736,
0.027198221534490585,
0.08067218959331512,
-0.0004193791246507317,
-0.02026418223977089,
0.06937690824270248,
0.10918430238962173,
-0.041705820709466934,
0.05396336317062378,
0.05... |
associated\twith\tlifetime\tlow\tbone\tdensity,\tcompromised\tbone\tarchitecture,\tand\tincreased\tfracture\nrisk\t(\nChou\tand\tMantzoros,\t2018\n).\nNutrients\nMany\tnutrients\tand\tseveral\tnonnutrients\n\thave\tbeen\timplicated\tas\tcausal\trisk\tfactors\tfor\nosteoporosis.\tPoor\tcalcium\tand\tvitamin\tD\tintake\t... | [
-0.022550685331225395,
-0.03478400409221649,
0.015083919279277325,
0.05060921609401703,
-0.03674207627773285,
0.019668659195303917,
0.049685850739479065,
0.0647190734744072,
-0.023101750761270523,
-0.02351183071732521,
0.08035174757242203,
0.0031666867434978485,
0.013757140375673771,
-0.00... |
and\tfracture\trisk.\tVitamin\tC\tassists\tin\tthe\tformation\tof\tcollagen,\twhich\tis\tnecessary\tfor\thealthy\nbones.\tOther\tnutrients\tthat\tmay\tplay\ta\trole\tinclude\tprotein\t(when\tit\tis\ttoo\thigh\tor\ttoo\tlow),\tvitamins\nA,\tB\n6\n,\tB\n12\n,\tE,\tand\tK,\tas\twell\tas\tthiamin\t(\nAbrahamsen\tet\tal,\t2... | [
0.029099246487021446,
-0.03712962940335274,
0.04985526576638222,
-0.0749170184135437,
-0.11203044652938843,
0.01909996196627617,
0.0783657357096672,
0.017010677605867386,
-0.0013538358034566045,
0.07390353828668594,
0.07720325887203217,
-0.033100735396146774,
0.04377095773816109,
0.0407023... |
Abrahamsen\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nMedications\nA\tnumber\tof\tmedications\tcontribute\tadversely\tto\tosteoporosis,\teither\tby\tinterfering\twith\tcalcium\nabsorption\tor\tby\tactively\tpromoting\tcalcium\tloss\tfrom\tbone\t(\nBox\t23.3\n).\tFor\texample,\tcorticosteroids\naffect\tvitamin\tD\tmetabolism\tand\tcan\tlead\t... | [
-0.01851673796772957,
-0.06126018613576889,
0.03347097337245941,
-0.056882478296756744,
-0.09000718593597412,
0.005141086410731077,
0.08600132912397385,
0.03970816358923912,
-0.0032831504940986633,
0.06502369046211243,
0.08880271762609482,
-0.01522326935082674,
0.0531562902033329,
0.042448... |
hormone\tcan\tpromote\tloss\tof\tbone\tmass\tover\ttime.\nBOX\t23.3\nMedications\tthat\tIncrease\n\t\nCalcium\tLoss\tand\tPromote\tRisk\tof\nOsteoporosis\nAluminum-containing\tantacids\nCorticosteroids\nCyclosporine\nHeparin\nLasix\tand\tthiazide\tdiuretics\nLithium\nMedroxyprogesterone\tacetate\nMethotrexate\nPhenobar... | [
0.005686404649168253,
-0.04638294130563736,
-0.0006337420199997723,
0.0030154273845255375,
-0.043520405888557434,
0.01506066508591175,
0.0286070816218853,
0.06918627768754959,
-0.04115348309278488,
0.08714567869901657,
0.07125777751207352,
0.0005051165935583413,
0.0047921231016516685,
0.04... |
Phenobarbital\nPhenothiazine\tderivatives\nPhenytoin\t(Dilantin)\nThyroid\thormone\nTetracycline\nSarcopenia\nSarcopenia\n\tis\tdefined\tas\ta\tloss\tof\tskeletal\tmuscle,\twith\tassociated\tdecline\n\tin\tmuscle\tfunction.\tThis | [
0.01904420368373394,
-0.0628865659236908,
0.02792704664170742,
0.03699265420436859,
-0.11948782950639725,
0.014685198664665222,
0.06110607460141182,
0.07398165017366409,
0.010613983497023582,
0.05894768610596657,
0.08258657902479172,
-0.03537983074784279,
-0.011111785657703876,
0.060881849... |
results\tin\tincreased\trisk\tfor\tfalls\tand\tdisability.\tSarcopenia\tis\tassociated\twith\tlow\tbone\tmass,\nosteoporosis,\tand\thip\tfractures\tin\tmost\tstudies\t(\nOliveira\tand\tVaz,\t2015\n).\nDiagnosis\tand\tmonitoring\nBone\tdensitometry\n\tmeasures\tbone\tmass\ton\tthe\tbasis\tof\ttissue\tabsorption\tof\tpho... | [
-0.00121851556468755,
-0.004697529133409262,
0.04382401704788208,
-0.00938435085117817,
-0.09142939001321793,
-0.015673009678721428,
0.0892094224691391,
0.04270736873149872,
-0.014870668761432171,
0.04940355569124222,
0.07636427879333496,
-0.0017666943604126573,
0.03823929652571678,
0.0520... |
x-ray\ttubes.\tDual-energy\tx-ray\tabsorptiometry\t(DEXA)\t(see\t\nChapter\t5\n)\tis\tavailable\n\tin\tmost\thospitals\nand\tmany\tclinics\tfor\tthe\tmeasurement\tof\tthe\ttotal\tbody\tand\tregional\tskeletal\tsites\tsuch\tas\tthe\nlumbar\tvertebrae\tand\tthe\tproximal\tfemur\t(hip).\tResults\tof\tDEXA\tmeasurements\ta... | [
-0.015431318432092667,
-0.04274474456906319,
0.037803709506988525,
-0.011767192743718624,
-0.06659005582332611,
-0.05451555177569389,
0.07719813287258148,
0.013727150857448578,
-0.005362675990909338,
0.09809476137161255,
0.08378385007381439,
-0.02256588265299797,
0.014348036609590054,
0.05... |
expressed\tas\tT-scores.\tWhen\tthe\tBMD\tT-score\tis\t2.5\tstandard\tdeviations\t(SDs)\tbelow\tthe\tmean,\ta\ndiagnosis\tof\tosteoporosis\tis\tmade;\tbetween\t1\tand\t2.5\tSD\tis\tconsidered\tlow\tbone\tmass\tor\tosteopenia;\nand\twithin\t1\tSD\tof\tthe\tadult\tmean\tis\tconsidered\tnormal.\nDefinitions | [
0.0008338260231539607,
-0.017686864361166954,
-0.00003312302578706294,
-0.01106448844075203,
-0.030790552496910095,
0.019146008417010307,
0.0054772538132965565,
0.07175527513027191,
0.011162703856825829,
0.052655767649412155,
0.038931142538785934,
-0.030229682102799416,
-0.00933252926915884,... |
and\twithin\t1\tSD\tof\tthe\tadult\tmean\tis\tconsidered\tnormal.\nDefinitions\nWhen\tBMD\tfalls\tsufficiently\tbelow\thealthy\tvalues\t(1\tSD\taccording\tto\tWorld\tHealth\tOrganization\n[WHO]\tstandards)\tlow\tbone\tmass\tor\t\nosteopenia\n\texists.\t\nOsteoporosis\n\toccurs\twhen\tthe\tBMD\nbecomes\tso\tlow\t(greate... | [
-0.003345704637467861,
-0.03446541354060173,
0.04624762386083603,
-0.04500772804021835,
-0.1186576560139656,
-0.022532843053340912,
0.043164171278476715,
-0.023555666208267212,
-0.036120083183050156,
0.06748060882091522,
0.1288832575082779,
-0.0014161841245368123,
0.03214683011174202,
0.03... |
ordinary\tstrains.\tHowever,\tthe\tNational\tOsteoporosis\n\tFoundation\t(NOF)\tstates\tthat\tthe\tWHO\tBMD\ndiagnostic\tclassification\tshould\tnot\tbe\tapplied\tto\tpremenopausal\twomen,\tmen\tyounger\tthan\t50\tyears\nof\tage,\tor\tchildren.\tClinical\tassessment\tand\tethnically\tadjusted\tZ-scores\tare\tthought\tt... | [
-0.0039978669956326485,
-0.015116017311811447,
0.06967540085315704,
-0.015502078458666801,
-0.1033543050289154,
-0.007068049628287554,
0.04178790748119354,
-0.003254401031881571,
-0.025243885815143585,
0.043703172355890274,
0.07282277941703796,
-0.03416603058576584,
0.0471138171851635,
0.0... |
reflective\tof\tthe\tnorms\tin\tother\tgroups.\nUltrasound\tmeasurements\tof\tbone\nUltrasound\tinstruments\tmeasure\tthe\tvelocity\tof\tsound\twaves\ttransmitted\tthrough\tbone\n\tand\nbroadband\tultrasound\tattenuation\t(BUA).\tMeasurements\tat\tthe\tcalcaneus\t(heel)\tcorrelate\tfairly\twell\nwith\tBMD\tmeasurements... | [
-0.004085985943675041,
-0.04732085391879082,
0.0890972688794136,
0.002818250097334385,
-0.10403623431921005,
-0.012116463854908943,
0.057685960084199905,
-0.07892723381519318,
-0.028683114796876907,
0.06583553552627563,
0.07135234773159027,
-0.08014000207185745,
0.0357075072824955,
0.00111... |
considered\tscreening\ttools,\twhereas\tDEXA\tmeasurements\tare\tconsidered\tdiagnostic.\nFracture\trisk\tassessment\nThe\tWHO\tCollaborating\tCentre\tfor\tMetabolic\tBone\tDisease,\thoused\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tSheffield,\nUnited\tKingdom,\tdeveloped\tan\talgorithm\tto\tpredict\tfracture\tby\tusing\tfemoral\thead\... | [
0.014780155383050442,
0.00973251648247242,
0.04894763231277466,
-0.021900473162531853,
-0.08887536078691483,
-0.03452233225107193,
0.06639409810304642,
-0.010060001164674759,
-0.017406785860657692,
0.039074692875146866,
0.06686896830797195,
-0.012803681194782257,
0.045189253985881805,
0.06... |
indicators\tof\tlow\tbone\tmass\t(\nKanis\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tThis\tuses\teconomic\tmodeling\tto\tguide\tthe\tmost\tcost-\neffective\tinstances\tto\tbegin\tmedications\t(\nBorgström\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tVertebral\tfractures\tthat\tare\nconfirmed\tby\tx-rays\tare\ta\tstrong\tpredictor\tof\tfuture\tvertebral\tfractures,\t... | [
0.005239064805209637,
-0.01051606610417366,
0.042124174535274506,
-0.00561705743893981,
-0.06099103391170502,
0.005403123330324888,
0.06156433746218681,
0.032057445496320724,
0.014696426689624786,
0.010482879355549812,
0.059615377336740494,
-0.021137407049536705,
0.04772573709487915,
0.044... |
sites\t(\nKanis\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nIn\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tthe\tNational\tBone\tHealth\tAlliance\trecognizes\tFRAX\tas\ta\tmeans\tto\tdiagnose\nosteoporosis\trisk;\thowever,\texperiencing\tprevious\tfractures\tand\tBMD\ttesting\tare\tother\ttools\tthat\tcan\nbe\tused\t(\nSiris\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tSeveral\tadditional\... | [
-0.0012695803306996822,
-0.01846136897802353,
0.06532736122608185,
0.001978341955691576,
-0.08520767092704773,
-0.030709633603692055,
0.07890844345092773,
-0.03724142536520958,
-0.031096823513507843,
0.037076834589242935,
0.09616919606924057,
-0.029782569035887718,
0.04416977986693382,
0.0... |
).\tSeveral\tadditional\tscreening\tmeasures\thave\tbeen\tdeveloped\tand\nsuggested\tby\tthe\tU.S.\tPreventative\tServices\tTask\tForce\tas\tbeing\tmoderately\taccurate\n\tat\tpredicting\nosteoporosis\t(\nCurry,\t2018\n).\tSee\t\nTable\t23.2\n.\nTABLE\t23.2\nScreening\tTools\tfor\tOsteoporosis\nTool\tName\nAbbreviation... | [
-0.003846521722152829,
-0.04495235159993172,
0.059728655964136124,
-0.005550116766244173,
-0.06015782058238983,
0.006182905752211809,
0.056839462369680405,
-0.012957890518009663,
-0.04749429598450661,
0.02099810726940632,
0.08480418473482132,
0.006562240421772003,
0.009043077006936073,
-0.... |
Full\tName\nAuthors\nVariables\tUsed\nFRAX\nFracture\tRisk\nAssessment\nTool\nKanis\tet\tal,\n2011\nGender,\tage,\tBMI,\tparental\thistory\tof\thip\tfracture,\ntobacco\tsmoking,\tuse\tof\toral\tglucocorticoids,\ncauses\tof\tsecondary\tosteoporosis,\talcohol\nORAI\nOsteoporosis\tRisk\nAssessment\nInstrument\nCadarette\t... | [
-0.013440190814435482,
-0.03544746711850166,
0.01133833546191454,
0.03458922356367111,
-0.03862928971648216,
-0.0277593731880188,
0.014888790436089039,
0.016775183379650116,
-0.06768858432769775,
0.04483618587255478,
0.08616898953914642,
-0.020379282534122467,
-0.006464705802500248,
-0.022... |
al,\t2000\nAge,\tweight,\testrogen\nOSIRIS\nOsteoporosis\nIndex\tof\tRisk\nSedrine\tet\nal,\t2002\nAge,\tweight,\testrogen,\tprevious\tfracture\nOST\nOsteoporosis\nSelf-\nAssessment\nTool\nRichy\tet\tal,\n2004\nAge,\tweight\nSCORE\nSimplified\nCalculated\nRisk\nEstimation\nScore\nVon\tMühlen,\net\tal,\n1999\nAge,\tweig... | [
-0.007559129968285561,
-0.02593364752829075,
-0.032403524965047836,
0.05264684557914734,
-0.05386383458971977,
-0.013138451613485813,
-0.01550514716655016,
0.030476687476038933,
-0.08811778575181961,
0.030740655958652496,
0.036829058080911636,
-0.026916328817605972,
-0.0065014297142624855,
... |
estrogen,\trace\nBMI\n,\tBody\tmass\tindex\nBone\tmarkers\nEnzymes\tor\tdegradation\tproducts\tin\tserum\tor\turine\thave\tbeen\tused\tfor\tresearch\tand\tare\n\tbeginning\nto\tbe\tused\tmore\toften\tto\tmonitor\tdrug\ttreatment\teffectiveness.\tFor\tbone\tformation,\tserum\nosteocalcin,\tserum\tbone\talkaline\tphospha... | [
-0.03665103390812874,
-0.10491818934679031,
-0.017737168818712234,
-0.009653568267822266,
-0.018209051340818405,
0.0064878822304308414,
0.08737310022115707,
0.03931616619229317,
-0.038208357989788055,
0.05255318805575371,
0.12182110548019409,
0.0033805479761213064,
0.01260334812104702,
0.0... |
(P1NP)\tare\toften\tused.\tFor\tbone\tresorption,\tserum\tand\turine\tC-telopeptide\tof\ttype\t1\tcollagen\tand | [
-0.0374290831387043,
-0.041826050728559494,
-0.013560911640524864,
-0.05967553332448006,
-0.008798613213002682,
-0.016967464238405228,
0.16907967627048492,
0.06684516370296478,
0.0026670722290873528,
0.024739202111959457,
0.07963787019252777,
-0.011708853766322136,
-0.032294970005750656,
0... |
urine\tN-telopeptide\tof\ttype\t1\tcollagen\tare\tused.\tFormation\tmarkers\tare\tuseful\tin\tmonitoring\tthe\neffectiveness\n\tof\tanabolic\tmedications,\twhereas\tresorptive\tmarkers\tare\tuseful\tfor\tmonitoring\nantiresorptive\tmedications\t(\nChapurlat\tand\tConfavreux,\t2016\n).\nClinical\tInsight\nPostmenopausal... | [
-0.03588118404150009,
-0.015980781987309456,
0.08575544506311417,
-0.01817598193883896,
-0.06668662279844284,
-0.0546056292951107,
0.10153152048587799,
0.055488791316747665,
-0.027892200276255608,
0.02677854336798191,
0.04525420069694519,
0.0021377389784902334,
-0.004056607373058796,
0.044... |
Clinical\tInsight\nPostmenopausal\tWomen\tat\tHigh\tRisk\tfor\tHip\tFracture\nIt\tis\timportant\tto\tidentify\twomen\twho\tare\tat\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tosteoporosis\tas\tearly\tas\tpossible\nso\tthat\tmeasures\tcan\tbe\ttaken\tto\tmonitor\tbone\tstatus\tand\tto\tprevent\tfurther\tbone\tloss.\n\tBecause | [
-0.01541580818593502,
-0.022718127816915512,
0.06921984255313873,
-0.01211283728480339,
-0.08290961384773254,
-0.02150668576359749,
0.07257580757141113,
0.049292970448732376,
-0.07316930592060089,
0.07182277739048004,
0.03251338750123978,
-0.023339105769991875,
-0.016718482598662376,
-0.01... |
Because\nlow\tbone\tmineral\tdensity\t(BMD)\tis\ta\tmajor\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tosteoporosis,\tits\tassessment\tis\tclinically\nuseful.\tAssessment\tof\tbone\tstatus\tbased\ton\tthe\texistence\tof\tone\tor\tmore\trisk\tfactors\tsuch\tas\tage,\nheight,\tweight,\tsmoking\tstatus,\talcohol\tconsumption,\tdrug\tuse,\tcalcium... | [
0.02411142736673355,
-0.10317070037126541,
0.06088700518012047,
-0.021710168570280075,
-0.08219784498214722,
0.00795411691069603,
0.03366260230541229,
0.02152762934565544,
0.04039312154054642,
0.04826201871037483,
0.04952248930931091,
-0.029169069603085518,
0.017512861639261246,
0.01430743... |
size,\tand\tselected\tbone\tmarkers\tis\tnot\tsufficiently\taccurate.\tBMD\tas\tmeasured\tby\tbone\ndensitometry\n\tis\tmore\tclinically\tuseful.\tTypically,\ttotal\tbody\tBMD\tand\tthe\tregional\tsites\tsuch\tas\tthe\nproximal\tfemur\tand\tlumbar\tvertebrae\tare\tmeasured\tby\tdual-energy\tx-ray\tabsorptiometry. | [
0.029248878359794617,
-0.05780638009309769,
0.0391111858189106,
0.000514577201101929,
-0.08255746215581894,
-0.049599651247262955,
0.08821060508489609,
0.050255291163921356,
-0.02449699118733406,
0.07299668341875076,
0.06323415786027908,
-0.052017007023096085,
-0.0016219370299950242,
0.041... |
A\tBMD\tmeasurement\tof\tan\tat-risk\twoman\tentering\tmenopause\t(before\tbecoming\testrogen\ndeficient)\tserves\tas\ta\tbaseline\tfor\tsubsequent\tmeasurements\tas\tthe\tindividual\tbecomes\nincreasingly\testrogen\tdeficient\tand\tloses\tbone\tmass.\n\tThis\tinformation\thelps\tphysicians\tand | [
0.02799859456717968,
0.014732682146131992,
0.007830958813428879,
0.03917669132351875,
-0.031038451939821243,
0.028822490945458412,
0.07959599047899246,
0.02227817475795746,
-0.03274695947766304,
0.10316289961338043,
0.1451801210641861,
-0.04300222173333168,
-0.040974561125040054,
0.0369893... |
This\tinformation\thelps\tphysicians\tand\npatients\tmake\tdecisions\tabout\tthe\tneed\tfor\tand\tuse\tof\tdrug\ttherapy\tsuch\tas\tbisphosphonates,\nparathyroid\thormone\tdrugs,\tand\testrogen\tagonist\tor\tantagonists.\tFor\tmen\tor\twomen\ton\tlong-term\nglucocorticosteroid\ttherapy,\ta\tBMD\tmeasurement\tmay\tindic... | [
0.023586153984069824,
0.001621805946342647,
0.06444833427667618,
-0.05492530018091202,
-0.07923295348882675,
-0.007257929537445307,
0.08659610152244568,
-0.00857746135443449,
-0.00167494872584939,
0.11417874693870544,
0.10890307277441025,
-0.017928490415215492,
0.017622414976358414,
0.0296... |
bone-preserving\tmedication\tor\tcalcitonin.\nNutrition\tand\tbone\nEnergy\nCalories\n\tdo\tnot\thave\ta\tdirect\teffect\ton\tbone;\trather,\tinadequate\tcalories\tleading\tto\tlow\tbody\tweight\nor\ttoo\tmany\tcalories\tleading\tto\toverweight\tboth\thave\teffects\ton\tbone.\tBeing\tunderweight\tis | [
-0.04766153171658516,
-0.0808192789554596,
0.04634060338139534,
0.034351177513599396,
-0.12472379952669144,
-0.01699831150472164,
0.06186933070421219,
0.0010201057884842157,
-0.04539240524172783,
0.044113386422395706,
0.08816750347614288,
-0.012327550910413265,
0.029664773494005203,
0.0339... |
considered\ta\trisk\tfactor\tfor\tosteoporosis,\twhile\tbeing\toverweight\tmay\tbe\tprotective.\tWhile\tBMI\tand\nBMD\tare\tpositively\tcorrelated,\tand\tfracture\trisk\tfor\thip\tand\tspine\tis\tlower\tin\tobese\tversus\tnonobese,\nfracture\trisk\n\tis\thigher\tin\tobese\tindividuals\tat\tthe\tproximal\thumerus,\tuppe... | [
-0.009058915078639984,
-0.006260923109948635,
0.06472326070070267,
-0.004066162742674351,
-0.0803041085600853,
0.0022351329680532217,
0.07459373772144318,
0.045435830950737,
-0.03847759962081909,
0.042031243443489075,
0.06927578896284103,
-0.04028942435979843,
0.018367985263466835,
0.03895... |
Fassio\tet\nal,\t2018\n).\nProtein\nBoth\tprotein\tand\tcalcium\tare\timportant\tcomponents\tof\tPBM,\tespecially\tbefore\tpuberty.\tAdequate\nprotein\tintake,\twith\tadequate\tcalcium\tintake,\tis\tneeded\tfor\toptimal\tbone\thealth.\tProtein\tintakes\ngreater\tthan\tthe\trecommended\tdietary\tallowance\t(RDA)\tmay\tb... | [
-0.0187537781894207,
-0.07458630204200745,
0.06317364424467087,
-0.07302451878786087,
-0.10766378790140152,
0.021970044821500778,
0.09299661219120026,
0.046739090234041214,
0.034117937088012695,
0.06103529408574104,
0.06952033191919327,
-0.007256602868437767,
0.06742541491985321,
0.0022857... |
the\nloss\tof\tBMD,\treduce\tthe\trisk\tof\thip\tfracture,\tand\tpromote\tbone\thealth,\tproviding\tthat\tcalcium\tintakes\nare\talso\tadequate\t(\nRizzoli\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tHowever,\tvery-high-protein\tdiets\tused\tspecifically\tfor\tweight\nloss\thave\tbeen\tlinked\tto\tdecreased\tBMD\t(\nCampbell\tand\tTang,\t2010... | [
-0.0428406223654747,
-0.12729530036449432,
0.022829851135611534,
-0.053073279559612274,
-0.11938730627298355,
-0.026411928236484528,
0.04592699557542801,
0.0713629275560379,
-0.002888954011723399,
0.05400102958083153,
0.0835680365562439,
-0.016753995791077614,
-0.005407373886555433,
0.0559... |
Campbell\tand\tTang,\t2010\n).\nMinerals\nCalcium\nCalcium\tintake\tin\tthe\tprimary\tprevention\tof\tosteoporosis\thas\treceived\tmuch\tattention.\tThe\tInstitute\nof\tMedicine\t(IOM)\tdietary\treference\tintakes\t(DRIs)\tfor\tcalcium\tand\tvitamin\tD\tare\tgiven\tas\tRDAs.\tThe\nRDA\tfor\tcalcium\tfrom\tpreadolescenc... | [
-0.03128525987267494,
-0.0056504858657717705,
0.043767090886831284,
-0.0010566172422841191,
-0.0687193050980568,
-0.0173875130712986,
0.09267964214086533,
0.017519140616059303,
-0.014380947686731815,
0.056061308830976486,
0.10791686177253723,
-0.027453692629933357,
0.054656755179166794,
0.... |
increased\tto\t1300\tmg/day\tfor\tboth\tgenders\t(\nIOM,\t2011\n).\tThe\tRDAs\tfor\tcalcium\tin\tadults,\tpregnant\nand\tlactating\twomen,\tand\tchildren\tare\tlisted\ton\tthe\tinside\tcover.\nThe\tDietary\tGuidelines\tfor\tAmericans\tidentified\n\tcalcium\tas\tan\tunderconsumed\tnutrient\t(\nU.S.\nDepartment\tof\tHeal... | [
-0.03005927801132202,
0.007452103309333324,
0.05593670532107353,
-0.021148858591914177,
-0.07570233941078186,
-0.027168793603777885,
0.05630358308553696,
-0.010803859680891037,
-0.005552579183131456,
0.04908367246389389,
0.09060434252023697,
-0.046909913420677185,
0.03545350581407547,
-0.0... |
).\tFood\tsources\nare\trecommended\tfirst\tfor\tsupplying\tcalcium\tneeds\tbecause\tof\tthe\tcoingestion\tof\tother\tessential\nnutrients\tthat\taid\tin\tabsorption.\tIn\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tthe\tprimary\tsource\tof\tcalcium\tis\tdairy\tfoods.\nHowever,\tcalcium\tfortification\tof\tnondairy\tfoods\tsuch\tas\tnondairy... | [
-0.005984891671687365,
-0.07323034107685089,
0.011334044858813286,
-0.006392584647983313,
-0.0746917650103569,
0.014024259522557259,
0.10627757012844086,
-0.014966091141104698,
0.0038948417641222477,
0.07258378714323044,
0.13285000622272491,
-0.06535635143518448,
0.08485091477632523,
-0.00... |
milks\tand\tother\tbeverages,\tjuices,\nbreakfast\tcereals,\tbread,\tand\tsome\tcrackers\tis\tcommon.\nCalcium\tbioavailability\tfrom\tfoods\tis\tgenerally\tgood,\tand\tthe\tamount\tof\tcalcium\tin\tthe\tfood\tis\tmore\nimportant\tthan\tits\tbioavailability.\tHowever,\tthe\torder\tof\tconcern\trelative\tto\tcalcium\tab... | [
-0.004024840425699949,
-0.08337464183568954,
0.055467117577791214,
-0.02656005322933197,
-0.0868523046374321,
-0.006839505862444639,
0.08932065963745117,
-0.012289384379982948,
-0.019367557018995285,
0.052019473165273666,
0.09079472720623016,
-0.046320222318172455,
0.03356563299894333,
0.0... |
efficiency\tis\tfirst\tthe\tindividual’s\tneed\tfor\tcalcium,\tsecond\tthe\tamount\tconsumed\tbecause\tabsorption\nefficiency\n\tis\tinversely\trelated\tto\tamount\tconsumed,\tand\tthird\tthe\tintake\tof\tabsorption\tenhancers\tor\ninhibitors.\tFor\texample,\tabsorption\tfrom\tfoods\thigh\tin\toxalic\tand\tphytic\tacid... | [
0.02223070338368416,
-0.03150952607393265,
0.004659437108784914,
-0.03173629939556122,
-0.06219605728983879,
-0.014064004644751549,
0.11298580467700958,
0.026809675619006157,
-0.02221902832388878,
0.06048348918557167,
0.09217099100351334,
-0.03866304084658623,
0.07435820996761322,
0.029483... |
legumes)\tis\tlower\tthan\tfrom\tdairy\tproducts.\nThe\tamount\tof\tcalcium\tin\tfoods\tvaries\twith\tthe\tbrand,\tserving\tsize,\tand\tfortification.\tRead\tthe\nNutrition\tFacts\tlabel\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tamount\tof\tcalcium\tper\tserving.\n\tMultiply\tthe\tdaily\tvalue\t(DV)\npercentage\tby\t10\tto\tdetermine\tthe\... | [
0.007019344717264175,
-0.031241167336702347,
0.013035687617957592,
-0.04210290312767029,
-0.06870653480291367,
0.003228941699489951,
0.08352004736661911,
0.0203408095985651,
-0.016370173543691635,
0.05245077610015869,
0.11889276653528214,
-0.07677004486322403,
0.09869128465652466,
0.004417... |
calcium\t(see\t\nChapter\t12\n).\tLabeling\tfor\t“excellent”\t(>200\tmg/serving)\tand\t“good”\t(100\tto\t200\nmg/serving)\tsources\tof\tcalcium\tare\tregulated\tby\tthe\tFood\tand\tDrug\tAdministration\t(FDA)\t(\nFDA,\n2013\n).\nReaching\tRDA\tlevels\tof\tcalcium\tfrom\tfoods\tshould\tbe\tthe\tfirst\tgoal,\tbut\tif\tin... | [
-0.030005909502506256,
-0.05595008656382561,
0.03206530958414078,
0.012534364126622677,
-0.07996811717748642,
-0.04366009682416916,
0.07163765281438828,
0.08173440396785736,
-0.01332109048962593,
-0.006341507192701101,
0.07034459710121155,
-0.04722604900598526,
0.013345996849238873,
-0.019... |
amounts\tof\ncalcium\tfrom\tfoods\tare\tconsumed,\tsupplements\tof\tcalcium\tare\trecommended\tto\treach\tthe\tage-\nspecific\tRDA.\tAn\tincreasing\tpercentage\tof\tthe\tpopulation\tis\ttaking\tcalcium\tsupplements.\tPersons\nwho\tshould\ttake\tsupplements\tinclude\tthose\tnot\tmeeting\tthe\tRDA\ton\tmost\tdays,\tthose... | [
0.00977786723524332,
0.011256881058216095,
-0.022795235738158226,
-0.038442984223365784,
-0.09136843681335449,
-0.02658034674823284,
0.07176841795444489,
0.02829616889357567,
0.019421430304646492,
0.06717018038034439,
0.0582096092402935,
-0.09752824157476425,
0.07965809851884842,
-0.019753... |
corticosteroids,\tthose\twith\tlow\tbone\tmass\tor\tosteoporosis,\twomen\twho\tare\tperimenopausal\tor | [
0.016922583803534508,
0.019620360806584358,
0.007174100261181593,
-0.021456945687532425,
-0.07293934375047684,
0.03543781861662865,
-0.0015170970000326633,
0.02699819952249527,
-0.012480595149099827,
0.07118688523769379,
0.09817081689834595,
-0.018840162083506584,
-0.04170253127813339,
0.0... |
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