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with\taging,\tthis\tdifference\tbecomes\tless\tpronounced\t(\nCooper\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nHormonal\tstatus.\nHormones\taffect\tmetabolic\trate.\tEndocrine\tdisorders,\tsuch\tas\thyperthyroidism\tand\thypothyroidism,\nincrease\tor\tdecrease\tenergy\texpenditure,\trespectively\t(see\t\nChapter\t30\n).\tStimulation\n\tof\t... | [
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Chapter\t30\n).\tStimulation\n\tof\tthe\nsympathetic\tnervous\tsystem\tduring\tperiods\tof\temotional\texcitement\tor\tstress\tcauses\tthe\trelease\tof\nepinephrine,\twhich\tpromotes\tglycogenolysis\tand\tincreased\tcellular\tactivity.\tGhrelin\tand\tpeptide\tYY\nare\tgut\thormones\tinvolved\tin\tappetite\tregulation\t... | [
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Larson-Meyer\tet\tal,\n2010\n).\tThe\tmetabolic\trate\tof\twomen\tfluctuates\twith\tthe\tmenstrual\tcycle.\tDuring\tthe\tluteal\tphase\n(i.e.,\n\tthe\ttime\tbetween\tovulation\tand\tthe\tonset\tof\tmenstruation),\tmetabolic\trate\tincreases\tslightly\n(\nFerraro\tet\tal,\t1992\n).\tDuring\tpregnancy,\tgrowth\tin\tuteri... | [
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the\tmother’s\tincreased\tcardiac\tworkload,\tcontributes\tto\tgradual\tincreases\tin\tBEE\tof\taround\t15%\n(\nChapter\t14\n).\nTemperature.\nFevers\tincrease\tREE\tby\tapproximately\t7%\tfor\teach\tdegree\tof\tincrease\tin\tbody\n\ttemperature\tabove\n98.6°F\tor\t13%\tfor\teach\tdegree\tmore\tthan\t37°C,\tas\tnoted\t... | [
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Hardy\tand\tDuBois,\n1937\n).\nOther\tfactors.\nCaffeine,\tnicotine,\tand\talcohol\t\nstimulate\tmetabolic\trate.\tCaffeine\tintakes\tof\t200\tto\t350\tmg\tin\tmen\t\nor\n240\tmg\tin\twomen\tmay\tincrease\tmean\tREE\tby\t7%\tto\t11%\tand\t8%\tto\t15%,\trespectively\t(\nCompher\tet\nal,\t2006\n).\tNicotine\tuse\tincreas... | [
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4%\tin\tmen\tand\tby\t6%\tin\twomen;\nalcohol\tconsumption\tincreases\tREE\tin\twomen\tby\t9%\t(\nCompher\tet\tal,\t2006\n).\tUnder\tconditions\tof\nstress\tand\tdisease,\tenergy\texpenditure\tmay\tincrease\tor\tdecrease,\tbased\ton\tthe\tclinical\tsituation. | [
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Energy\texpenditure\tmay\tbe\thigher\tin\tpeople\twho\tare\tobese\t(\nWang\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tEnergy\texpenditure\nmay\tbe\tdepressed\tduring\tstarvation\tand\tchronic\tdieting\t(\nVolp\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\tA\tcase\n\tstudy\ndemonstrated\tdecreased\tenergy\texpenditure\tin\tpeople\twith\tbulimia\tthat\twas\timproved\tw... | [
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increased\tconsistently\t(\nSedlet\tand\tIreton-Jones,\t1989\n).\nThermic\teffect\tof\tfood\nThe\t\nthermic\teffect\tof\tfood\t(TEF)\n\tis\tthe\tincrease\tin\tenergy\texpenditure\tassociated\twith\tthe\nconsumption,\tdigestion,\tand\tabsorption\tof\tfood.\tThe\tTEF\taccounts\tfor\tapproximately\t10%\tof\tTEE\n(\nIreton... | [
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(\nIreton-Jones,\t2010\n).\tThe\n\tTEF\tmay\talso\tbe\tcalled\tdiet-induced\tthermogenesis,\tspecific\tdynamic\naction,\tor\tthe\tspecific\teffect\tof\tfood.\tTEF\tcan\tbe\tseparated\tinto\tobligatory\tand\tfacultative\t(or\nadaptive)\tsubcomponents.\t\nObligatory\tthermogenesis\n\tis\tthe\tenergy\trequired\tto\tdigest... | [
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is\tthe\tenergy\trequired\tto\tdigest,\tabsorb,\tand\nmetabolize\tnutrients,\tincluding\tthe\tsynthesis\tand\tstorage\tof\tprotein,\tfat,\tand\tcarbohydrate.\tAdaptive\nor\t\nfacultative\tthermogenesis\n\tis\tthe\n\t“excess”\tenergy\texpended\tin\taddition\tto\tthe\tobligatory\nthermogenesis\tand\tis\tthought\tto\tbe\t... | [
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stimulated\tby\tsympathetic\tnervous\tactivity.\nThe\tTEF\tvaries\twith\tthe\tcomposition\tof\tthe\tdiet,\twith\tenergy\texpenditure\tincreasing\tdirectly\tafter\nfood\tintake,\tparticularly\tafter\tconsumption\tof\ta\tmeal\thigher\tin\tprotein\tcompared\twith\ta\tmeal\thigher\nin\tfat\n\t(\nTentolouris\tet\tal,\t2008\... | [
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waste\twhen\tcarbohydrate\tis\tconverted\tto\tfat\tfor\tstorage.\tThe\tmacronutrient\toxidation\trate\tis\tnot\ndifferent\tin\tlean\tand\tobese\tindividuals\t(\nTentolouris\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\tAlthough\tthe\textent\tof\tTEF\tdepends\non\tthe\tsize\tand\tmacronutrient\tcontent\tof\tthe\tmeal,\tTEF\tdecreases\tafter\ting... | [
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minutes,\n\tso\teffects\ton\tTEE\tare\tsmall.\tFor\tpractical\tpurposes,\tTEF\tis\tcalculated\tas\tno\tmore\tthan\tan\nadditional\t10%\tof\tthe\tREE.\tSpicy\tfoods\tenhance\tand\tprolong\tthe\teffect\tof\tthe\tTEF.\tCaffeine,\ncapsaicin,\tand\tdifferent\tteas\tsuch\tas\tgreen,\twhite,\tand\toolong\ttea\talso\tmay\tincr... | [
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expenditure\tand\tfat\toxidation\tand\tsuppress\thunger\t(\nHursel\tand\tWesterterp-Plantenga,\t2010\n;\nReinbach\tet\tal,\t2009\n).\tThe\trole\n\tof\tTEF\tin\tweight\tmanagement\tis\tdiscussed\tin\t\nChapter\t20\n.\nEnteral\tnutrition\t(tube\tfeeding)\tas\twell\tas\tparenteral\tnutrition\texert\ta\tthermic\teffect\ton... | [
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expenditure,\twhich\tshould\tbe\tconsidered\tin\tpatients\treceiving\tnutrition\tsupport.\tLeuck\tand\ncolleagues\tfound\tthat\tenergy\texpenditure\tof\tpatients\treceiving\tenteral\tnutrition\tintermittently\tvs.\ncontinuously\twas\tincreased\tat\tnight\tand\tincreased\n\tin\tassociation\twith\teach\tintermittent\tfee... | [
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in\tassociation\twith\teach\tintermittent\tfeeding\n(\nLeuck\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tA\tcase\tstudy\tof\ta\tlong-term\thome\tparenteral\tnutrition\tpatient\tshowed\tan\nincrease\tin\tenergy\texpenditure\twhen\tthe\tintravenous\tnutrition\twas\tbeing\tinfused\t(\nIreton-Jones,\n2010\n).\tThese\tare\timportant\tconsideration... | [
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receiving\tenteral\tor\tparenteral\tnutrition\t(see\t\nChapter\t12\n).\nActivity\n\tthermogenesis\nBeyond\tREE\tand\tTEF,\tenergy\tis\texpended\tin\tphysical\tactivity,\teither\texercise-related\tor\tas\tpart\tof\ndaily\twork\tand\tmovement.\tThis\tis\treferred\tto\tas\t\nactivity\tthermogenesis\n.\tActivity\tthermogen... | [
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activity\tthermogenesis\n.\tActivity\tthermogenesis\n(AT)\tincludes\tnonexercise\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(NEAT),\tthe\tenergy\texpended\tduring\tactivities\tof\ndaily\tliving,\tand\tthe\tenergy\texpended\tduring\tsports\tor\tfitness\texercise.\nThe\tcontribution\n\tof\tphysical\tactivity\tis\tthe\tmost\tvariable\tcom... | [
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as\t100\tkcal/day\tin\tsedentary\tpeople\tor\tas\thigh\tas\t3000\tkcal/day\tin\tathletes.\t\nNEAT\n\trepresents\tthe\nenergy\texpended\tduring\tthe\tworkday\tand\tduring\tleisure-type\tactivities\t(e.g.,\tshopping,\tfidgeting,\neven\tgum\tchewing),\twhich\tmay\taccount\tfor\tvast\tdifferences\tin\tenergy\tcosts\tamong\... | [
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Appendix\t10\n).\tTEE\treflects\tREE,\n\tTEF,\tand\tenergy\texpended\tfor\texercise,\tas\tdepicted\tin\t\nFig.\t2.2\n. | [
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FIG.\t2.2\nThe\tcomponents\tof\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure:\tactivity,\tthermic\teffect\tof\tfood\t(TEF),\tand\tbasal\tor\nresting\tmetabolic\trate.\nIndividual\tAT\tvaries\tconsiderably,\tdepending\ton\tbody\tsize\tand\tthe\tefficiency\tof\tindividual\thabits\tof\nmotion.\tThe\tlevel\tof\tfitness\talso\taffects\tthe\t... | [
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variations\tin\tmuscle\tmass.\tAT\ttends\tto\tdecrease\twith\tage,\ta\ttrend\n\tthat\tis\tassociated\twith\ta\tdecline\tin\nFFM\tand\tan\tincrease\tin\tfat\tmass.\tIn\tgeneral,\tmen\thave\tgreater\tskeletal\tmuscle\tthan\twomen,\twhich\nmay\taccount\tfor\ttheir\thigher\tAT.\tThe\tmeasurement\tof\tphysical\tactivity\tis... | [
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related\tto\tchildren,\tadolescents,\tor\tadults\t(\nMindell\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tHowever,\tthis\tremains\tan\timportant\ncomponent\tof\tthe\toverall\tenergy\tintake\trecommendation\tsuggesting\n\tthat\tlow-cost\tquantitative\nassessment\tmethods\tare\tneeded\t(e.g.,\theart\trate\tmonitoring)\talong\twith\tthe\ttypical\... | [
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and\testimate.\nAdditional\tconsiderations\tin\tenergy\texpenditure\nExcess\tpost-exercise\toxygen\tconsumption\t(EPOC)\n\tis\tinfluenced\tby\tthe\tduration\tand\tmagnitude\nof\tphysical\tactivity.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tof\thigh-intensity\tintermittent\texercise,\tthere\twas\tan\tincrease\tin\tenergy\nexpenditure | [
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expenditure\n\tduring\tactivity,\talthough\tthe\teffect\ton\tmetabolic\trate\tpost-activity\twas\tminor\t(\nKelly\tet\tal,\n2013\n).\tHabitual\texercise\tdoes\tnot\tcause\ta\tsignificantly\tprolonged\tincrease\tin\tmetabolic\trate\tunless\nFM\tis\tdecreased\tand\tFFM\tis\tincreased,\tand\tthen\tthis\tincrease\tin\tener... | [
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during\tthe\tactivity\titself.\nAmputations\tresulting\tfrom\ttrauma,\twounds,\tor\tdisease\tprocesses\taffect\tbody\tsize;\n\tpresumably\nthen,\tthey\twould\taffect\tactivity\tenergy\texpenditure.\tHowever,\ta\tstudy\tof\tenergy\texpenditure\trelated\nto\tlevel\tof\tamputation\t(partial\tfoot\tto\ttransfemoral)\tat\tv... | [
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0.055224645882844925,
0... |
unilateral\tamputees,\tand\tno\tdifferences\tin\tenergy\texpenditure\twere\tfound\tbetween\tlevels\tof\namputation\tor\tspeed\twhen\twalking\t(\nGöktepe\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nMeasurement\tof\tenergy\texpenditure\nThe\n\tstandard\tunit\tfor\tmeasuring\tenergy\tis\tthe\t\ncalorie\n,\twhich\tis\tthe\tamount\tof\theat\tenerg... | [
-0.009465590119361877,
-0.037183620035648346,
0.08287665247917175,
-0.022501463070511818,
-0.052243996411561966,
0.040829677134752274,
0.14276079833507538,
0.015895074233412743,
-0.040566567331552505,
0.05400564894080162,
0.12317921966314316,
-0.03672211244702339,
0.058438148349523544,
0.0... |
calorie\n,\twhich\tis\tthe\tamount\tof\theat\tenergy\trequired\nto\traise\tthe\ttemperature\tof\t1\tmL\tof\twater\tat\t15°C\tby\t1°C.\tBecause\tthe\tamount\tof\tenergy\tinvolved\tin\nthe\tmetabolism\tof\tfood\tis\tfairly\tlarge,\tthe\t\nkilocalorie\n\t(kcal),\t1000\tcalories,\tis\tused\tto\tmeasure\tit.\tA | [
-0.009726048447191715,
-0.06656742841005325,
0.04520699009299278,
0.01711813174188137,
-0.06469409167766571,
0.0016751493094488978,
0.12147447466850281,
0.03365711867809296,
-0.022487647831439972,
0.030193377286195755,
0.06429144740104675,
-0.1507595032453537,
0.03564904257655144,
-0.01119... |
kilocalorie\n\t(kcal),\t1000\tcalories,\tis\tused\tto\tmeasure\tit.\tA\npopular\tconvention\tis\tto\tdesignate\tkilocalorie\tby\tCalorie\t(with\ta\tcapital\tC).\tIn\tthis\ttext,\thowever,\nkilocalorie\tis\tabbreviated\tkcal.\tThe\t\njoule\n\t(J)\tmeasures\tenergy\tin\tterms\tof\tmechanical\twork\tand\tis\tthe | [
-0.005992774851620197,
-0.05551840737462044,
0.07827203720808029,
-0.011662216857075691,
-0.14246679842472076,
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0.11997660994529724,
0.026004258543252945,
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0.07948466390371323,
0.10400605946779251,
-0.0858735665678978,
0.03358134627342224,
0.0577... |
joule\n\t(J)\tmeasures\tenergy\tin\tterms\tof\tmechanical\twork\tand\tis\tthe\namount\tof\tenergy\trequired\tto\taccelerate\twith\ta\tforce\tof\t1\tNewton\t(N)\tfor\ta\tdistance\tof\t1\tm;\tthis\nmeasurement\tis\twidely\tused\tin\tcountries\tother\tthan\tthe\tUnited\tStates.\tOne\tkcal\tis\tequivalent\tto\n4.184\tkiloj... | [
0.019430283457040787,
-0.033992696553468704,
0.03388454020023346,
-0.020088551566004753,
-0.11781126260757446,
-0.006895539816468954,
0.06437516212463379,
0.026328379288315773,
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0.054519470781087875,
0.06688765436410904,
-0.03826336935162544,
0.013210977427661419,
0.0... |
4.184\tkilojoules\t(kJ).\nBecause\tvarious\tmethods\tare\tavailable\tto\tmeasure\thuman\tenergy\texpenditure,\tit\n\tis\timportant\tto\ngain\tan\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tdifferences\tin\tthese\tmethods\tand\thow\tthey\tcan\tbe\tapplied\tin\tpractical\nand\tresearch\tsettings.\nDirect\tcalorimetry\nDirect\tcalorimetry | [
0.02824167162179947,
0.022597743198275566,
0.07214879244565964,
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0.05959675461053848,
0.08867491781711578,
-0.08505468815565109,
0.012600229121744633,
0.0260... |
and\tresearch\tsettings.\nDirect\tcalorimetry\nDirect\tcalorimetry\n\tis\tpossible\tonly\twith\tspecialized\tand\texpensive\tequipment.\tAn\tindividual\tis\nmonitored\tin\ta\troom-type\tstructure\t(a\twhole-room\tcalorimeter)\tthat\tpermits\ta\tmoderate\tamount\tof\nactivity.\tIt\tincludes\tequipment\tthat\tmonitors\n\... | [
0.03222217038273811,
0.007897348143160343,
0.06673537194728851,
-0.020596394315361977,
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0.11526108533143997,
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0.016742588952183723,
0.0746186152100563,
0.109108567237854,
-0.050878629088401794,
0.056877460330724716,
0.0463384... |
the\tamount\tof\theat\tproduced\tby\tthe\tindividual\tinside\nthe\tchamber\tor\troom.\tDirect\tcalorimetry\tprovides\ta\tmeasure\tof\tenergy\texpended\tin\tthe\tform\tof\theat\nbut\tprovides\tno\tinformation\ton\tthe\tkind\tof\tfuel\tbeing\toxidized.\tThe\tmethod\talso\tis\tlimited\tby\tthe\nconfined\tnature\tof\tthe\t... | [
0.0037854297552257776,
-0.027587389573454857,
0.05475611239671707,
-0.02803868055343628,
-0.11473452299833298,
0.024906586855649948,
0.0844017043709755,
-0.02408367209136486,
0.017170190811157227,
0.08808863162994385,
0.09754180908203125,
-0.05835237354040146,
0.08931981772184372,
0.023232... |
not\trepresentative\tof\ta\tfree-living\t(i.e.,\tengaged\tin\n\tnormal\tdaily\tactivities)\tindividual\tin\ta\tnormal\nenvironment,\tbecause\tphysical\tactivity\twithin\tthe\tchamber\tis\tlimited.\tHigh\tcost,\tcomplex\nengineering,\tand\tscarcity\tof\tappropriate\tfacilities\taround\tthe\tworld\talso\tlimit\tthe\tuse\... | [
0.06182132288813591,
-0.07125461846590042,
0.08801519870758057,
-0.02202860452234745,
-0.10738268494606018,
-0.026779890060424805,
0.09106767922639847,
-0.05081820860505104,
0.00012953043915331364,
0.06696048378944397,
0.09455259889364243,
-0.0985787883400917,
0.042747337371110916,
0.03170... |
Indirect\tcalorimetry\nIndirect\tcalorimetry\t(IC)\n\tis\ta\tmore\tcommonly\tused\tmethod\tfor\tmeasuring\tenergy\texpenditure.\tAn\nindividual’s\toxygen\tconsumption\tand\n\tcarbon\tdioxide\tproduction\tare\tquantified\tover\ta\tgiven\tperiod.\nThe\tWeir\tequation\t(1949)\tand\ta\tconstant\trespiratory\tquotient\tvalu... | [
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0.053468216210603714,
0.06265554577112198,
0.005248358007520437,
-0.05879359692335129,
0.053972482681274414,
0.0394727922976017,
0.041649866849184036,
0.031954459846019745,
0.04389755800366402,
0.07981773465871811,
-0.04926885664463043,
0.009153123944997787,
0.031095739... |
oxygen\tconsumption\tto\tREE.\tThe\tequipment\tvaries\tbut\tusually\tinvolves\tan\tindividual\tbreathing\tinto\na\tmouthpiece\t(with\tnose\tclips),\ta\tmask\tthat\tcovers\tthe\tnose\tand\tmouth,\tor\ta\tventilated\thood\tthat\ncaptures\tall\texpired\tcarbon\tdioxide\t(\nFig.\t2.3\n).\tVentilated\thoods\tare\tuseful\tfo... | [
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0.03148062154650688,
0.1024029552936554,
-0.00010552506864769384,
-0.01136107463389635,
-0.019586004316806793,
0.06116054207086563,
-0.0026246539782732725,
-0.004928657319396734,
0.06413408368825912,
0.10772282630205154,
-0.053138185292482376,
-0.01934642530977726,
-0... |
measurements.\nFIG.\t2.3\nA,\n\tMeasuring\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\tusing\ta\tventilated\thood\tsystem.\t(Courtesy\tMRC\nMitochondrial\tBiology\tUnit,\tCambridge,\tEngland.).\t\nB,\n\tMeasuring\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\tusing\ta\thandheld\nsystem.\n\tSource:\t\n(Courtesy\tKorr.)\nIC\tmeasurements\tare\tachiev... | [
0.018036438152194023,
0.03453354164958,
0.0826030746102333,
-0.03435276076197624,
-0.06944070756435394,
-0.03673166036605835,
0.08133872598409653,
0.011860075406730175,
-0.06903355568647385,
0.060709964483976364,
0.09356828033924103,
-0.11019625514745712,
0.045418623834848404,
0.0792453214... |
metabolic\tmeasurement\tcart\n\tor\tan\nindirect\tcalorimeter\n.\tThere\tare\tvarious\ttypes\tof\tmetabolic\tmeasurement\n\tcarts,\tvarying\tfrom\tlarger\nequipment\tthat\tmeasures\toxygen\tconsumption\tand\tcarbon\tdioxide\tproduction\tonly,\tto\tequipment\nthat\talso\thas\tthe\tcapability\tof\tproviding\tpulmonary\tf... | [
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0.05568941310048103,
-0.00041023074300028384,
-0.07547213137149811,
0.010066832415759563,
0.0899127870798111,
0.029702669009566307,
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0.05770154669880867,
0.0959891527891159,
-0.05157732218503952,
0.0159233920276165,
0.04743... |
larger\tcarts\tare\tmore\texpensive\tbecause\tof\tthe\texpanded\tcapabilities,\tincluding\tmeasurement\ninterface\tfor\tIC\tmeasurements\tof\thospitalized\tpatients\twho\tare\tventilator\tdependent.\tMetabolic\ncarts\toften\tare\tused\tat\thospitals\tto\tassess\tenergy\trequirements\tand\tare\tfound\tmost\ttypically\ti... | [
0.001966620096936822,
0.005741841159760952,
0.04550829902291298,
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0.06019788607954979,
0.026056841015815735,
0.015551567077636719,
0.02557551860809326,
0.05035695433616638,
-0.008839898742735386,
0.04254065081477165,
0.02250... |
intensive\tcare\tunit\t(\nIreton-Jones,\t2010\n).\tIndividuals\tand\tpatients\twho\tare\tbreathing\tspontaneously\nmay\thave\ttheir\tenergy\texpenditure\tmeasured\twith\tsmaller\t“handheld”\tindirect\tcalorimeters\ndesigned\tspecifically\tfor\tmeasuring\toxygen\tconsumption\twhile\tusing\ta\tstatic\tvalue\tfor\tcarbon\... | [
-0.023344120010733604,
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0.07182393968105316,
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0.10992811620235443,
0.05862261354923248,
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0.018576478585600853,
0.07097607105970383,
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0.04538991302251816,
0.0... |
production.\n\tThese\thave\teasy\tmobility\tand\tare\trelatively\tlow\tcost\t(\nHipskind\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nA\tstrict\tprotocol\tshould\tbe\tfollowed\t\nbefore\tperforming\tIC\tmeasurement.\tFor\thealthy\tpeople,\ta\nminimum\tof\t\na\t4-hour\tfast\tafter\tmeals\tand\tsnacks\tis\trecommended.\tCaffeine\t\nshould\tbe\ta... | [
0.00660855183377862,
-0.033913757652044296,
0.04874713346362114,
-0.03417975828051567,
-0.06190023943781853,
0.01361930277198553,
0.07451234012842178,
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0.050848156213760376,
0.08179758489131927,
-0.01559462584555149,
0.032605309039354324,
0.0138... |
should\tbe\tavoided\tfor\tat\nleast\t4\thours,\tand\talcohol\tand\tsmoking\t\nfor\tat\tleast\t2\thours.\tTesting\tshould\toccur\tno\tsooner\tthan\t2\nhours\t\nafter\tmoderate\n\texercise;\tafter\tvigorous\tresistance\texercise,\ta\t\n14-hour\tperiod\tis\tadvised\n(\nCompher\tet\tal,\t2006\n).\tTo\tachieve\ta\t\nsteady-... | [
-0.009639901109039783,
-0.042864397168159485,
0.07361730933189392,
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-0.08452175557613373,
0.032831404358148575,
0.07309024035930634,
0.0027468898333609104,
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0.0025357785634696484,
0.06486399471759796,
-0.007026205770671368,
0.0044852434657514095,
0... |
steady-state\tmeasurement,\tthere\tshould\tbe\ta\trest\tperiod\tof\t10\tto\n20\tminutes\tbefore\tthe\tmeasurement\tis\ttaken.\tAn\tIC\tmeasurement\tduration\tof\t10\tminutes,\twith\tthe\nfirst\t5\tminutes\tdeleted\tand\tthe\tremaining\t5\tminutes\thaving\ta\tcoefficient\tof\tvariation\tless\tthan\t10%,\nindicates\ta\ts... | [
-0.02352023869752884,
-0.026307879015803337,
0.06161221116781235,
-0.020183006301522255,
-0.07825268805027008,
0.0012771248584613204,
0.06440955400466919,
0.0039686537347733974,
-0.03131929785013199,
0.0498245432972908,
0.07481802254915237,
-0.04333954304456711,
0.05577704310417175,
0.0299... |
indicates\ta\tsteady-state\n\tmeasurement\t(\nCompher\tet\tal,\t2006\n).\tWhen\tthe\tmeasurement\tconditions | [
-0.019067974761128426,
0.057437095791101456,
0.042937058955430984,
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0.03268130123615265,
0.05076086148619652,
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0.005045343656092882,
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0.019623853266239166,
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0.053269919008016586,
0.00... |
listed\there\tare\tmet\tand\ta\tsteady\tstate\tis\tachieved,\tenergy\texpenditure\tcan\tbe\tmeasured\tat\tany\ttime\nduring\tthe\tday.\tA\tsuggested\tprotocol\tfor\tREE\tmeasurements\tis\tfound\tin\t\nTable\t2.1\n.\nTABLE\t2.1\nREE\tMeasurement\tProtocol\t(Adults)\nREE\tMeasurement\tPreparation\n•\t\nFood\t–\tfast\tfor... | [
0.014619150198996067,
0.02495846524834633,
0.05827891081571579,
0.041879553347826004,
-0.021804314106702805,
-0.001221089973114431,
0.061737384647130966,
0.024122504517436028,
-0.05280335992574692,
0.05306214466691017,
0.08957397937774658,
-0.03371039032936096,
0.019997863098978996,
0.0324... |
•\t\nCaffeine\t–\tnone\tfor\t4\thours\n•\t\nNicotine\t–\tnone\tfor\t2.5\thours\n•\t\nExercise\t–\tnone\tfor\t4\thours\nSimplify:\tRule\tof\t4’s\t–\tno\tfood,\tcaffeine,\tnicotine,\texercise\tfor\t4\thours\tbefore\tthe\tREE\nmeasurement\nREE\tMeasurement\tConditions\n•\t\nRest\tperiod\tpre-REE:\thealthy\tadult\t20-30\tm... | [
0.013898932375013828,
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0.050529804080724716,
-0.02721567079424858,
-0.12347470968961716,
-0.03230685740709305,
0.04116079956293106,
0.03650857135653496,
-0.024179495871067047,
0.04155977442860603,
0.04685865715146065,
-0.029943397268652916,
0.038561221212148666,
0.0463... |
•\t\nGas\tcollection\tdevice:\n•\t\nVentilated\thood/canopy,\tmouthpiece\t&\tnose\tclip,\tfacemask\n•\t\nAmbient\troom\ttemp\t72-77°F\n•\t\nQuiet\tand\tdim\tlight\n•\t\nContinue\tfor\t10\tmins\tor\tas\tper\tindividual\tprotocol\nUsed\twith\tPermission:\tIreton-Jones,\tC.\tGood\tNutrition\tGood\tLiving\t(Adapted)\nEnerg... | [
-0.028151486068964005,
0.04229865223169327,
0.028720341622829437,
-0.029249656945466995,
-0.019024444743990898,
-0.03324168175458908,
0.08909320831298828,
-0.008567636832594872,
-0.0014895079657435417,
0.034551478922367096,
0.050675585865974426,
-0.0344272255897522,
0.043775688856840134,
-... |
Cooney\tand\nFrankenfield,\t2012\n).\tEquipment\tused\tfor\tthe\tpatient\twho\tis\tventilator\n\tdependent\tmay\tbe\tdifferent\nfrom\tthat\tused\tfor\tthe\tambulatory\tindividual;\thowever,\ta\tprotocol\tspecifying\tthe\tconditions\tof\nmeasurement\tshould\tbe\tused\tfor\tthese\tpatients\tas\twell\t(\nIreton-Jones,\t20... | [
0.014003613963723183,
0.0100198769941926,
0.06792723387479782,
-0.053160324692726135,
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0.039117231965065,
0.07554138451814651,
-0.036428969353437424,
-0.020253725349903107,
-0.018149055540561676,
0.08304668217897415,
-0.005372668616473675,
0.009869820438325405,
0.01352... |
Ireton-Jones,\t2010\n).\tWhen\tthese\tconditions\nare\tmet,\tIC\tcan\tbe\tapplied\tfor\tmeasuring\tthe\tenergy\texpenditure\tof\tacute\tor\tcritically\till\tinpatients,\noutpatients,\tor\thealthy\tindividuals.\nRespiratory\tquotient\nWhen\toxygen\n\tconsumption\tand\tcarbon\tdioxide\tproduction\tare\tmeasured,\tthe\t\n... | [
-0.02563657984137535,
-0.022042041644454002,
0.01566408947110176,
-0.016720691695809364,
-0.06199999526143074,
-0.0025990663561969995,
0.09305133670568466,
0.05299266427755356,
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0.05108200013637543,
0.11212408542633057,
-0.03392459452152252,
0.03894806653261185,
0.086... |
respiratory\tquotient\n(RQ)\n\tmay\tbe\tcalculated\tas\tnoted\tin\tthe\tfollowing\tequation.\tThe\tRQ\tindicates\tthe\tfuel\tmixture\tbeing\nmetabolized.\tThe\tRQ\tfor\tcarbohydrate\tis\t1\tbecause\tthe\tnumber\tof\tcarbon\tdioxide\tmolecules\nproduced\tis\tequal\tto\tthe\tnumber\tof\toxygen\tmolecules\tconsumed.\nRQ\t... | [
-0.00743187265470624,
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0.004518646746873856,
-0.04127797856926918,
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-0.018212081864476204,
0.034248046576976776,
0.05520948767662048,
0.01957845129072666,
0.07121504843235016,
0.04580904543399811,
-0.03204626217484474,
0.0648258626461029,
0.0748477... |
RQ\t=\tvolume\tof\tCO\n2\n\texpired/volume\tof\tO\n2\n\tconsumed\t(VCO\n2\n\t/VO\n2\n)\nRQ\tvalues:\n1\t=\tcarbohydrate\n0.85\t=\tmixed\tdiet\n0.82\t=\tprotein\n0.7\t=\tfat\n≤0.65\t=\tketone\tproduction\nRQs\tgreater\tthan\t1\tare\tassociated\twith\tnet\tfat\tsynthesis,\tcarbohydrate\t(glucose)\tintake,\tor\ttotal | [
-0.0668082907795906,
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0.039523832499980927,
0.11554031074047089,
0.002773069078102708,
0.03957735374569893,
0.0028901766054332256,
-0.08376968652009964,
-0.010355479083955288,
0.0... |
caloric\tintake\tthat\tis\texcessive,\twhereas\ta\tvery\tlow\tRQ\tmay\tbe\tseen\tunder\tconditions\tof\tinadequate\nnutrient\tintake\t(\nMcClave\tet\tal,\t2003\n).\tAlthough\tRQ\thas\tbeen\tused\tto\tdetermine\tthe\tefficacy\n\tof\nnutrition\tsupport\tregimens\tfor\thospitalized\tpatients,\tMcClave\tfound\tthat\tchange... | [
0.016762863844633102,
-0.06785853207111359,
0.009395099245011806,
0.028857208788394928,
-0.08973117172718048,
0.026205511763691902,
0.07958824932575226,
0.0432736836373806,
0.0024272191803902388,
0.014261669479310513,
0.10094478726387024,
-0.02558487467467785,
0.024406300857663155,
-0.0027... |
correlate\tto\tpercent\tcalories\tprovided\tor\trequired,\tindicating\tlow\tsensitivity\tand\tspecificity\tthat\nlimits\tthe\tefficacy\tof\tRQ\tas\tan\tindicator\tof\toverfeeding\tor\tunderfeeding.\tHowever,\tuse\tof\tRQ\tis\nappropriate\tas\ta\tmarker\tof\ttest\tvalidity\t(to\tconfirm\tmeasured\tRQ\tvalues\tare\tin\tp... | [
0.03669118881225586,
-0.05612284690141678,
0.02923024632036686,
-0.022886546328663826,
-0.07253845036029816,
0.025270255282521248,
0.09111293405294418,
-0.01348736323416233,
0.026878399774432182,
0.04982126131653786,
0.12152492254972458,
-0.04336339980363846,
0.05338877812027931,
0.0767217... |
and\n\ta\tmarker\tfor\trespiratory\ttolerance\tof\tthe\tnutrition\tsupport\tregimen.\nOther\tmethods\tof\tmeasuring\tenergy\texpenditure\nAlternative\tmethods\tof\tmeasuring\tenergy\texpenditure\tremain\tin\tthe\tresearch\tsetting\tbecause\tof\tthe\nneed\tfor\tspecialized\tequipment\tand\texpertise.\nDoubly\tlabeled\tw... | [
0.03228836879134178,
-0.029110103845596313,
0.08148209750652313,
-0.008588247001171112,
-0.018017709255218506,
-0.006947674322873354,
0.13069316744804382,
0.005654498469084501,
-0.05132260173559189,
0.042138248682022095,
0.08897791802883148,
-0.06040641665458679,
0.059427808970212936,
0.06... |
need\tfor\tspecialized\tequipment\tand\texpertise.\nDoubly\tlabeled\twater.\nThe\tdoubly\tlabeled\twater\t(DLW)\ttechnique\tfor\tmeasuring\tTEE\tis\tconsidered\tthe\tgold\tstandard\tfor\ndetermining\tenergy\n\trequirements\tand\tenergy\tbalance\tin\thumans.\tThe\tDLW\tmethod\tis\tbased\ton\tthe | [
-0.015773579478263855,
-0.015835698693990707,
0.07923585176467896,
-0.058863136917352676,
-0.04906100407242775,
0.018036840483546257,
0.11796107143163681,
0.03176563233137131,
-0.05152731388807297,
0.02152896486222744,
0.08787768334150314,
-0.09782803803682327,
0.0075429268181324005,
0.068... |
principle\tthat\tcarbon\tdioxide\tproduction\tcan\tbe\testimated\tfrom\tthe\tdifference\tin\tthe\telimination\nrates\tof\tbody\thydrogen\tand\toxygen.\tAfter\tan\toral\tloading\tdose\tof\twater\tlabeled\twith\tdeuterium\toxide\n(\n2\nH\n2\nO)\tand\toxygen-18\t(H\n2\n18\nO)—hence\tthe\tterm\t\ndoubly\tlabeled\twater\n—i... | [
-0.0026511175092309713,
0.03811855986714363,
0.06669528037309647,
-0.05612935870885849,
0.002246730262413621,
0.020752908661961555,
0.056981515139341354,
-0.009276531636714935,
0.009195756167173386,
0.06790653616189957,
0.07874243706464767,
-0.05502241104841232,
0.018209166824817657,
0.037... |
2\nH\n2\nO\tis\neliminated\tfrom\tthe\tbody\tas\twater,\n\tand\tthe\tH\n2\n18\nO\tis\teliminated\tas\twater\tand\tcarbon\tdioxide.\tThe\nelimination\trates\tof\tthe\ttwo\tisotopes\tare\tmeasured\tfor\t10\tto\t14\tdays\tby\tperiodic\tsampling\tof\tbody\nwater\tfrom\turine,\tsaliva,\tor\tplasma.\tThe\tdifference\tbetween... | [
0.01617737114429474,
-0.0002490239858161658,
0.05459369719028473,
-0.06030957028269768,
-0.08661659806966782,
-0.018611250445246696,
0.06587065011262894,
-0.023099349811673164,
0.003787519410252571,
0.05690556764602661,
0.09568614512681961,
-0.07537995278835297,
0.03669720143079758,
0.0051... |
carbon\tdioxide\tproduction.\tCarbon\tdioxide\tproduction\tthen\tcan\tbe\tequated\tto\tTEE\tusing\tstandard\tIC\ntechniques\tfor\tthe\tcalculation\tof\tenergy\n\texpenditure.\nThe\tcaloric\tvalue\tof\tAT\tcan\tbe\testimated\tby\tusing\tthe\tDLW\tmethod\tin\tconjunction\twith\tIC\tand\tcan\nbe\tused\tto\tdetermine\tadhe... | [
0.003365140175446868,
-0.030966082587838173,
0.053013939410448074,
-0.024106817319989204,
-0.07223588228225708,
0.014144300483167171,
0.08610118180513382,
-0.011417197994887829,
0.016677316278219223,
0.0769672691822052,
0.08745875954627991,
-0.07273451238870621,
0.05946142226457596,
0.0314... |
Wong\net\tal,\t2014\n).\tThe\tDLW\ttechnique\tis\tmost\tapplicable\tas\ta\tresearch\ttool;\tthe\tstable\tisotopes\tare\nexpensive,\tand\texpertise\tis\trequired\tto\toperate\tthe\thighly\tsophisticated\tand\tcostly\tmass\nspectrometer\n\tfor\tthe\tanalysis\tof\tthe\tisotope\tenrichments.\tThese\tdisadvantages\tmake\tth... | [
0.03565293923020363,
-0.029584834352135658,
0.08224853873252869,
0.020356716588139534,
-0.08307408541440964,
-0.00291674816980958,
0.11672955751419067,
-0.032390229403972626,
-0.008231159299612045,
0.03654954209923744,
0.08514457195997238,
-0.05654161423444748,
0.02953408658504486,
-0.0100... |
technique\timpractical\tfor\tdaily\tuse\tby\tclinicians.\nMeasuring\tactivity-related\tenergy\texpenditure\nTriaxial\tmonitors.\nA\ttriaxial\tmonitor\thas\talso\tbeen\tused\tto\t\nmeasure\tenergy\trelated\tto\tactivity.\tIt\tmore\tefficiently\nmeasures\t\nmultidirectional\tmovement\tby\temploying\tthree\tuniaxial\tmoni... | [
0.043370697647333145,
-0.08137825131416321,
0.07295036315917969,
-0.03587045893073082,
-0.12383485585451126,
-0.009434898383915424,
0.10332679003477097,
0.02281535230576992,
-0.07895711064338684,
0.06621935963630676,
0.08869243413209915,
-0.06096721813082695,
0.02470642328262329,
0.0688222... |
a\treview\tof\tnumerous\narticles,\t\nPlasqui\tand\tWesterterp\t(2007)\n\tfound\tthat\ta\ttriaxial\tmonitor\tcorrelated\twith\tenergy\nexpenditure\tmeasured\tusing\tDLW\ttechnique.\tApplication\tof\tan\teasily\taccessible\tand\tuseable\tmonitor\nallows\tdetermination\tof\treal\tactivity\tlevels,\tthereby\treducing\terr... | [
-0.018054593354463577,
-0.06861384212970734,
0.03384590893983841,
-0.008562876842916012,
-0.06809690594673157,
0.021908586844801903,
0.08340456336736679,
-0.010154747404158115,
0.020034966990351677,
0.05122099071741104,
0.10678883641958237,
-0.011853547766804695,
0.04557538405060768,
0.031... |
underreporting\tof\tactual\tenergy\texpenditure\tfor\tweight\tmanagement.\nPhysical\tactivity\tquestionnaire\nPhysical\n\tactivity\tquestionnaires\t(PAQs)\tare\tthe\tsimplest\tand\tleast\texpensive\ttools\tfor\tgaining\ninformation\tabout\tan\tindividual’s\tactivity\tlevel.\tReporting\terrors\tare\tcommon\tamong\tPAQs,... | [
0.04056219384074211,
-0.008097992278635502,
0.07024822384119034,
0.06060929596424103,
-0.10104740411043167,
-0.014314275234937668,
0.11012925207614899,
0.00600214209407568,
-0.04998253285884857,
0.008784599602222443,
0.09515021741390228,
-0.045586585998535156,
0.007157534826546907,
0.02296... |
can\tlead\tto\tdiscrepancies\tbetween\tcalculated\tenergy\texpenditure\tand\tthat\tdetermined\tby\tDLW\n(\nNeilson\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\tFor\thealthy\tindividuals,\tthis\tmay\taccount\tfor\tslowed\tweight\tloss\tor\tgain\tand,\tas\nsuch,\ta\tneed\tto\tmodify\n\tcaloric\tintake.\nEstimating\tenergy\trequirements\nEquation... | [
-0.002823465270921588,
-0.03384663164615631,
0.06500428169965744,
0.0019277575192973018,
-0.060364656150341034,
0.0009007251937873662,
0.1150374487042427,
0.023765716701745987,
-0.05671435967087746,
0.032957956194877625,
0.09080348908901215,
-0.06543627381324768,
0.056060541421175,
0.04975... |
Equations\tfor\testimating\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\nOver\tthe\tyears\tseveral\tequations\thave\tbeen\tdeveloped\tto\testimate\tthe\tREE.\tEquations\tare\tavailable\nthat\tallow\tthe\testimation\tof\tREE\tas\tderived\tfrom\tmeasurement\tusing\tIC\tin\tadults.\tUntil\trecently,\tthe\nHarris-Benedict\tequations\twer... | [
-0.004014223348349333,
-0.022363198921084404,
0.04545701667666435,
-0.007385047152638435,
-0.07379075884819031,
-0.0306652020663023,
-0.022504212334752083,
0.009213466197252274,
0.018852582201361656,
0.11703240871429443,
0.04654684662818909,
-0.05118522047996521,
0.0693507194519043,
0.0347... |
and\till\tor\tinjured\tindividuals\t(\nHarris\tand\tBenedict,\t1919\n).\tThe\tHarris-Benedict\tequations\thave\tbeen\nfound\tto\toverestimate\tREE\tin\tnormal-weight\tand\tobese\tindividuals\tby\t7%\tto\t27%\t(\nFrankenfield\tet\tal,\n2003\n).\tA\tstudy\tcomparing\tmeasured\tREE\twith\testimated\tREE\tusing\tthe\tMiffl... | [
-0.019068235531449318,
0.0164356529712677,
0.07632837444543839,
-0.03659491240978241,
-0.05214163288474083,
0.03424297645688057,
0.0015199928311631083,
-0.0001940154907060787,
0.020198415964841843,
0.042796917259693146,
0.041953183710575104,
-0.0429692417383194,
0.0030829268507659435,
-0.0... |
Owen\tequations,\tand\tHarris-Benedict\tequations\tfor\tmales\tand\tfemales\tfound\tthat\tthe\tMifflin-St.\tJeor\nequations\n\twere\tmost\taccurate\tin\testimating\tREE\tin\tboth\tnormal\tweight\tand\tobese\tpeople\n(\nFrankenfield\tet\tal,\t2003\n).\tThe\tMifflin-St\tJeor\tequations\twere\tdeveloped\tfrom\tmeasured\tR... | [
-0.012446113862097263,
0.002336371224373579,
0.10480643808841705,
-0.03641080483794212,
-0.03576446324586868,
0.04145525023341179,
0.02964213117957115,
-0.0010240254923701286,
0.00614171801134944,
0.06645525246858597,
0.041169263422489166,
-0.03203203156590462,
0.0015334498602896929,
0.010... |
IC\tin\t251\tmales\tand\t247\tfemales;\t47%\tof\tthese\tindividuals\thad\ta\tbody\tmass\tindex\t(BMI)\tbetween\t30\nand\t42\tkg/m\n2\n\t(\nMifflin\tet\tal,\t1990\n).\tMifflin-St.\tJeor\tequations\tare\tused\ttoday\tto\testimate\tenergy\nexpenditure\tof\thealthy\tindividuals\n\tand\tin\tsome\tpatients\tand\tare\tas\tfol... | [
-0.017086679115891457,
-0.023084325715899467,
0.0013537465129047632,
-0.0066031236201524734,
-0.06837451457977295,
-0.027452776208519936,
0.11190605163574219,
0.10995212942361832,
-0.037125226110219955,
-0.023560047149658203,
0.08574120700359344,
-0.06867855787277222,
0.030034976080060005,
... |
and\tin\tsome\tpatients\tand\tare\tas\tfollows:\nAlthough\tthe\tHarris-Benedict\tequations\thave\tbeen\tapplied\tto\till\tand\tinjured\tpeople,\tthese\nequations,\tas\twell\tas\tthose\tof\tMifflin,\twere\tdeveloped\tfor\tuse\tin\thealthy\tindividuals,\tand\ttheir\napplication\tto\tany\tother\tpopulation\tis\tquestionab... | [
0.0038794847205281258,
-0.03536028414964676,
0.07241607457399368,
-0.05239035189151764,
-0.1212766021490097,
0.016404369845986366,
0.06676483154296875,
-0.025867555290460587,
0.028987200930714607,
0.035895418375730515,
0.09153377264738083,
-0.0075193606317043304,
0.06593286246061325,
0.024... |
Benedict\tequations\twere\tdeveloped\tno\tlonger\treflects\tthe\tpopulation,\tand\ttherefore\tuse\tof\tthese\nequations\tis\n\tnot\trecommended.\nMagnetic\tresonance\timaging\t(MRI),\tcomputer\ttomography\t(CT),\tand\tdual-energy\tx-ray\nabsorptiometry\t(DEXA)\thave\tbeen\tinvestigated\tas\tmethods\tto\tevaluate\tREE\t... | [
-0.0365496464073658,
-0.048483956605196,
0.059930380433797836,
-0.04850946366786957,
-0.10882697254419327,
-0.010502167977392673,
0.029060009866952896,
0.006814887281507254,
0.03956219553947449,
0.018982501700520515,
0.056079354137182236,
-0.01133571844547987,
0.05882226303219795,
0.025816... |
LBM\tand\tfat\tmass\tin\thumans\t(\nGallagher\tet\tal,\t1998\n).\tWhile\tbody\tweight,\tage,\theight,\tand\tgender\nmay\tbe\tsimilar\tamong\tindividuals\tor\tgroups,\tbody\tcell\tmass\tdiffers,\tand\tthis\tcreates\tthe\tvariations\tin\nREE\n\tthat\tmay\tconfound\tweight\tloss,\tgain,\tor\tmaintenance\twhen\tpredicting\... | [
-0.0036300455685704947,
0.012952451594173908,
0.08379881829023361,
-0.005918726325035095,
-0.03584478050470352,
-0.017438162118196487,
0.05596771463751793,
-0.032556574791669846,
-0.03979383036494255,
0.05619289353489876,
0.08223794400691986,
-0.07570197433233261,
0.04645652696490288,
-0.0... |
usually\testimated\tfrom\tstatistical\tequations,\tusing\timaging\ttechniques\tto\testimate\tthe\tREE\tfrom\norgan-tissue\tmass\tcomponents\tallows\tfor\tdistinct\tindividuality\tof\tREE\t(\nHeymsfield\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tThis\nwill\tprovide\tgreater\taccuracy\tin\tdetermining\tREE\tby\tassessing\tenergy\texpenditure\t... | [
0.03908633813261986,
-0.02924136258661747,
0.08075986057519913,
-0.026105506345629692,
-0.07700084149837494,
-0.01718495599925518,
0.04957468807697296,
-0.0015603973297402263,
-0.005922987591475248,
0.07776209712028503,
0.07811535894870758,
-0.0647660419344902,
0.019834700971841812,
0.0453... |
body\tcell\tmass\n\tand\tbody\tcomposition.\nEnergy\texpenditure\tof\till\tor\tinjured\tpatients\talso\tcan\tbe\testimated\tor\tmeasured\tusing\tIC.\tEnergy\nexpenditure\tmay\tbe\taffected\tby\tillness\tor\tinjury;\thowever,\tseveral\tstudies\thave\tshown\tthis\tincrease\nto\tbe\tvariable\tfrom\ta\tsignificant\tincreas... | [
-0.0003680093795992434,
-0.0405987985432148,
0.07172181457281113,
-0.009626644663512707,
-0.09434420615434647,
0.01254495419561863,
0.1179988831281662,
-0.010057161562144756,
-0.049907103180885315,
0.026662660762667656,
0.11658655107021332,
-0.021785397082567215,
0.06833916157484055,
0.051... |
dialysis\tpatients\thave\tnot\tbeen\tshown\tto\thave\tan\tincrease\tin\tREE\tcompared\n\twith\thealthy\tadults\n(\nDombrowski\tand\tHeuberger,\t2018\n).\tIn\tpatients\treceiving\thome\tparenteral\tnutrition,\tmeasured\tREEs\nwere\trelated\tto\tenergy\texpenditures\tpredicted\tusing\t20\tkcal/kg\tor\tthe\tIreton-Jones\t... | [
-0.04291418939828873,
0.013572356663644314,
0.061110641807317734,
0.005315392278134823,
-0.10782115906476974,
-0.012868331745266914,
0.07521414756774902,
0.05035167559981346,
-0.008532914333045483,
0.009641814976930618,
0.062336236238479614,
0.0172182098031044,
0.01164983119815588,
0.02454... |
(\nŁawiński\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tTherefore\tassumptions\tof\tREE\tare\toften\tinaccurate—measurement\tof\tREE\tis\nbest\teven\tin\tnonacute\tpatient\tcare.\tFor\tenergy\trequirements\tfor\tcritically\till\tpatients,\tsee\n\t\nChapter\n37\n.\nDetermining\tTEE\nThe\tequations\tfor\testimating\tor\tmeasuring\tenergy\texpen... | [
-0.011109626851975918,
0.031462136656045914,
0.051585447043180466,
-0.044632915407419205,
-0.041325073689222336,
0.018150245770812035,
0.06883243471384048,
0.03901791200041771,
-0.025522645562887192,
0.06476891040802002,
0.0883626863360405,
-0.029940327629446983,
0.05189014598727226,
0.064... |
for\tTEF\tand\tactivity\tmust\tbe\tadded.\tAs\tstated\tpreviously,\tthe\tTEF\tmay\tbe\tconsidered\tas\tan\toverall\nadditive\tfactor\twithin\tactivity\tthermogenesis\tin\tcalculations\tof\tTEE.\tA\tsimplified\tway\tof\tpredicting\nphysical\tactivity\tadditions\tto\tREE\tis\tthrough\tthe\tuse\tof\testimates\tof\n\tthe\t... | [
0.05360811576247215,
-0.09257687628269196,
0.06547819823026657,
0.0046724299900233746,
-0.06315942853689194,
-0.004651494789868593,
0.06397581845521927,
-0.03527023270726204,
-0.010531830601394176,
0.09489214420318604,
0.07541884481906891,
-0.06932719796895981,
0.005057099740952253,
0.0587... |
the\tlevel\tof\tphysical\tactivity,\nwhich\tare\tthen\tmultiplied\tby\tthe\tmeasured\tor\tpredicted\tREE.\tTo\testimate\tTEE\tfor\tminimal\tactivity, | [
0.05575462430715561,
-0.05922336131334305,
0.015761520713567734,
-0.008246459998190403,
-0.04516460373997688,
-0.02484844997525215,
0.03568704053759575,
-0.02404668927192688,
0.011917159892618656,
0.051438502967357635,
0.07246358692646027,
-0.07055824995040894,
0.028389906510710716,
0.0649... |
increase\tREE\tby\t10%\tto\t20%;\tfor\tmoderate\tactivity,\tincrease\tREE\tby\t25%\tto\t40%;\tfor\tstrenuous\nactivity,\tincrease\tREE\tby\t45%\tto\t60%.\tThese\tlevels\tare\tranges\tused\tin\tpractice\tand\tcan\tbe\nconsidered\t“expert\topinion”\trather\tthan\tevidence\tbased\tat\tthis\ttime.\nEstimating\n\tenergy\tre... | [
0.011876944452524185,
-0.027064606547355652,
0.07723279297351837,
-0.009474639780819416,
-0.023440172895789146,
-0.03289997577667236,
0.10417523980140686,
0.06630480289459229,
-0.06267771124839783,
0.06339026242494583,
0.0834357887506485,
-0.08957602828741074,
0.03560421243309975,
0.046241... |
Estimating\n\tenergy\trequirements\tfrom\tenergy\tintake\nTraditionally,\trecommendations\tfor\tenergy\trequirements\twere\tbased\ton\tself-recorded\testimates\t(e.g.,\ndiet\trecords)\tor\tself-reported\testimates\t(e.g.,\t24-hour\trecalls)\tof\tfood\tintake.\tHowever,\tthese\nmethods\tdo\tnot\tprovide\taccurate\tor\tu... | [
0.0012376367812976241,
-0.055017609149217606,
0.03032412938773632,
-0.01808958873152733,
-0.05242621898651123,
0.006534827873110771,
0.09127091616392136,
0.08695624023675919,
-0.03787975758314133,
0.057849448174238205,
0.07330071926116943,
-0.10423532128334045,
0.05458411946892738,
0.03967... |
percentage\tof\tpeople\twho\tunderestimate\tor\tunderreport\ttheir\tfood\tintake\n\tranges\tfrom\t10%\tto\t45%,\ndepending\ton\tthe\tperson’s\tage,\tgender,\tand\tbody\tcomposition.\tThis\toccurs\tin\tthe\tcompromised\npatient\tpopulation\tas\twell\t(\nRibeiro\tet\tal,\t2014\n)\t(see\t\nChapter\t4\n).\nMany\tonline\tpr... | [
0.031056305393576622,
-0.027235206216573715,
0.03867487609386444,
-0.03639473021030426,
-0.09525179117918015,
0.02439757063984871,
0.08569195121526718,
0.00033380367676727474,
-0.013357575051486492,
0.06617467850446701,
0.1614069789648056,
-0.06881894916296005,
0.046061668545007706,
0.0332... |
consumed\tinto\ta\tprogram\tthat\testimates\tthe\tmacronutrient\tand\tmicronutrient\tcontent.\tThese\nprograms\tallow\tusers\tto\tenter\tdata\n\tand\treceive\ta\tsummary\treport,\toften\twith\ta\tdetailed\treport\nprovided\tto\tthe\thealth\tprofessional\tas\twell.\tWidely\tavailable\tprograms\tinclude\tFood\tProdigy\ta... | [
0.030622659251093864,
-0.042124152183532715,
-0.013876952230930328,
-0.015211337246000767,
-0.08398976176977158,
-0.009590200148522854,
0.1104167029261589,
0.015267900191247463,
-0.009437316097319126,
0.03325571492314339,
0.10738741606473923,
-0.004911430645734072,
0.04699559882283211,
-0.... |
MyPlate\tTracker\tfrom\tthe\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tAgriculture\t(see\t\nChapter\t4\n).\nOther\tprediction\tequations\nThe\tNational\tAcademy\tof\tSciences,\tInstitute\tof\tMedicine\t(IOM),\tand\tFood\tand\tNutrition\tBoard,\tin\npartnership\twith\tHealth\tCanada,\tdeveloped\n\tthe\testimated\tenergy\trequirements\tfor\... | [
0.027280034497380257,
-0.019055455923080444,
0.0339931920170784,
-0.0848056972026825,
-0.08238290995359421,
0.004853273741900921,
0.061932094395160675,
0.05939553678035736,
0.02271321602165699,
0.09270848333835602,
0.06988709419965744,
-0.060507625341415405,
0.05885278806090355,
0.01570015... |
the\testimated\tenergy\trequirements\tfor\tmen,\twomen,\nchildren,\tand\tinfants\tand\tfor\tpregnant\tand\tlactating\twomen\t(\nIOM,\t2005\n).\tThe\t\nestimated\tenergy\nrequirement\t(EER)\n\tis\tthe\taverage\tdietary\tenergy\tintake\tpredicted\tto\tmaintain\tenergy\tbalance\tin\ta\nhealthy\tadult\tof\ta\tdefined\tage,... | [
0.004160831216722727,
-0.034179121255874634,
0.07162365317344666,
-0.03281407430768013,
-0.037530384957790375,
-0.006073783151805401,
0.13067953288555145,
0.05227572098374367,
-0.01240561529994011,
0.05171627923846245,
0.09604139626026154,
-0.09181846678256989,
0.05530020594596863,
0.05081... |
good\thealth.\tIn\tchildren\tand\tpregnant\tand\tlactating\twomen,\n\tthe\tEER\tis\ttaken\tto\tinclude\tthe\tenergy\nneeds\tassociated\twith\tthe\tdeposition\tof\ttissues\tor\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tmilk\tat\trates\tconsistent\twith\tgood\nhealth.\t\nTable\t2.2\n\tlists\taverage\tdietary\treference\tintake\t(DRI)\tvalues\... | [
0.016002537682652473,
-0.05404628440737724,
0.09300146996974945,
-0.033407870680093765,
-0.12879356741905212,
0.020589275285601616,
0.13728782534599304,
0.007759747561067343,
-0.0484745055437088,
0.03912000358104706,
0.08171868324279785,
-0.048099156469106674,
0.06402695178985596,
0.034214... |
people\tof\treference\theight,\tweight,\tand\tage\tfor\teach\tlife-stage\tgroup\t(\nIOM,\t2002\n;\t\n2005\n). | [
0.020325051620602608,
-0.03444255515933037,
0.006157064810395241,
-0.008141208440065384,
-0.043901849538087845,
0.0796600952744484,
0.08066912740468979,
-0.011890366673469543,
-0.008845360018312931,
0.059998828917741776,
0.0863068550825119,
-0.06183284893631935,
-0.02104360982775688,
-0.00... |
TABLE\t2.2\nDietary\tReference\tIntake\tValues\tfor\tEnergy\tfor\tActive\n\tIndividuals\n*\nACTIVE\tPAL\tEER\n(kcal/day)\nLife-Stage\nGroup\nCriterion\nMale\nFemale\nInfants\n0-6\tmo\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n570\n520\t(3\tmo)\n7-12\tmo\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n743\n676\t(9\tmo)\n... | [
0.04869601130485535,
-0.03445335105061531,
0.049212031066417694,
-0.005732129793614149,
-0.0906413272023201,
0.056329961866140366,
0.07472241669893265,
0.05512070655822754,
-0.049649544060230255,
0.02771308831870556,
0.0728917345404625,
-0.08534592390060425,
0.017349086701869965,
0.0537780... |
1-2\tyr\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n1046\n992\t(24\tmo)\n3-8\tyr\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n1742\n1642\t(6\tyr)\n9-13\tyr\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n2279\n2071\t(11\tyr)\n14-18\tyr\nEnergy\texpenditure\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n3152\n2368\t(16\tyr)\nAdults\n>18\tyr\nEn... | [
0.01821248233318329,
-0.03690563142299652,
0.05694248527288437,
-0.033345840871334076,
-0.06892446428537369,
0.013464231975376606,
0.06540428847074509,
0.045448653399944305,
-0.04956968128681183,
0.056334659457206726,
0.09983479976654053,
-0.029583590105175972,
0.03353828936815262,
0.06982... |
Energy\texpenditure\n3067\n†\n2403\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\nPregnant\tWomen\n14-18\tyr\nAdolescent\tfemale\tEER\t+\tChange\tin\tTEE\t+\tPregnancy\tenergy\ndeposition\nFirst\ttrimester\n2368\t(16\tyr)\nSecond\ntrimester\n2708\t(16\tyr)\nThird\ttrimester\n2820\t(16\tyr)\n19-50\tyr\nAdult\tfemale\tEER\t+\tChange\tin\tTEE\t+\tPregn... | [
-0.01506082620471716,
-0.023341305553913116,
-0.011381121352314949,
0.013380013406276703,
-0.020017703995108604,
0.023582063615322113,
0.00795790459960699,
0.0726969763636589,
-0.05338656157255173,
0.054546475410461426,
0.0690523162484169,
-0.05515434592962265,
-0.029513081535696983,
0.023... |
deposition\nFirst\ttrimester\n2403\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\nSecond\ntrimester\n2743\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\nThird\ttrimester\n2855\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\nLactating\n\tWomen\n14-18\tyr\nAdolescent\tfemale\tEER\t+\tMilk\tenergy\toutput\t−\tWeight\tloss\nFirst\t6\tmo\n2698\t(16\tyr)\nSecond\t6\tmo\n2768\t(16\tyr)\n19-50\tyr\nAdult\tfemale\tEER\t... | [
-0.04484571889042854,
-0.024091362953186035,
0.02520926110446453,
-0.05194084718823433,
-0.04391585290431976,
0.015078484080731869,
0.010455922223627567,
0.11585510522127151,
-0.05655178055167198,
0.04949340969324112,
0.06334489583969116,
-0.04920339211821556,
-0.0002777520567178726,
0.091... |
First\t6\tmo\n2733\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\nSecond\t6\tmo\n2803\n†\n\t(19\tyr)\n*\nFor\thealthy\tactive\tAmericans\tand\tCanadians\tat\tthe\treference\theight\tand\tweight.\n†\nSubtract\t10\tkcal/day\tfor\tmen\tand\t7\tkcal/day\tfor\twomen\n\tfor\teach\tyear\tof\tage\tabove\t19\tyears.\nEER,\n\tEstimated\tenergy\trequirement;\t... | [
-0.017273589968681335,
-0.010896078310906887,
0.07449996471405029,
-0.008088719099760056,
-0.07418417185544968,
0.0011850768933072686,
0.08536793291568756,
-0.0004785659839399159,
-0.05016905069351196,
0.050196919590234756,
0.12897875905036926,
-0.09101659059524536,
0.019984228536486626,
0... |
PAL,\n\tphysical\tactivity\tlevel;\t\nTEE,\n\ttotal\tenergy\texpenditure.\nFrom\tInstitute\tof\tMedicine\tof\tThe\tNational\tAcademies:\t\nDietary\treference\tintakes\tfor\tenergy,\tcarbohydrate,\tfiber,\tfat,\tfatty\tacids,\tcholesterol,\tprotein,\nand\tamino\tacids\n,\tWashington,\tDC,\t2002/2005,\tThe\tNational\tAca... | [
-0.011585683561861515,
-0.09042951464653015,
0.0747697502374649,
-0.020841708406805992,
-0.07630053907632828,
0.004003024194389582,
0.0900547206401825,
0.04014378786087036,
0.000026734560378827155,
0.0030202188063412905,
0.06908036768436432,
-0.044561754912137985,
0.051400717347860336,
0.0... |
Supported\tby\tDLW\tstudies,\tprediction\n\tequations\thave\tbeen\tdeveloped\tto\testimate\tenergy\nrequirements\tfor\tpeople\taccording\tto\ttheir\tlife-stage\tgroup.\t\nBox\t2.1\n\tlists\tthe\tEER\tprediction\nequations\tfor\tpeople\tof\tnormal\tweight.\tTEE\tprediction\tequations\talso\tare\tlisted\tfor\tvarious | [
-0.010467743501067162,
-0.036208827048540115,
0.00561421737074852,
-0.03619668632745743,
-0.015301361680030823,
0.0474545955657959,
0.062275223433971405,
0.012381100095808506,
-0.06288277357816696,
-0.00016644892457406968,
0.07907528430223465,
-0.040415599942207336,
0.047996584326028824,
0... |
overweight\tand\tobese\tgroups,\tas\twell\tas\tfor\tweight\tmaintenance\tin\tobese\tgirls\tand\tboys.\tAll\nequations\thave\tbeen\tdeveloped\tto\tmaintain\tcurrent\tbody\tweight\t(and\tpromote\n\tgrowth\twhen\nappropriate)\tand\tcurrent\tlevels\tof\tphysical\tactivity\tfor\tall\tsubsets\tof\tthe\tpopulation;\tthey\tare... | [
0.029482049867510796,
-0.05399336665868759,
0.05608677491545677,
0.0272989459335804,
-0.050585076212882996,
-0.009747345931828022,
0.06163203716278076,
0.03408721461892128,
-0.038745831698179245,
0.0668606385588646,
0.08668500930070877,
-0.059762999415397644,
0.022814471274614334,
0.024421... |
intended\tto\tpromote\tweight\tloss\t(\nIOM,\t2002\n;\t\n2005\n).\nBOX\t2.1\nEstimated\tEnergy\tExpenditure\tPrediction\tEquations\tat\tFour\nPhysical\tActivity\tLevels\nEER\tfor\tinfants\tand\tyoung\tchildren\t0-2\tyears\t(within\tthe\t3rd\tto\t97th\tpercentile\tfor\nweight-for-height)\nEER\t=\tTEE\t+\tEnergy\tdeposit... | [
0.03885839879512787,
-0.004209599457681179,
0.09366927295923233,
0.0002975522947963327,
-0.06621934473514557,
-0.006303397938609123,
0.06289802491664886,
0.06685580313205719,
-0.056874241679906845,
0.04430101439356804,
0.08084730803966522,
-0.05937753990292549,
0.06501797586679459,
0.04334... |
weight-for-height)\nEER\t=\tTEE\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\n0-3\tmonths\t(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t−\t100)\t+\t175\t(kcal\tfor\tenergy\tdeposition)\n4-6\tmonths\t(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t−\t100)\t+\t56\t(kcal\tfor\tenergy\tdeposition)\n7-12\tmonths\t(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tinfant\t[kg]\t−100)\t+\t22\t(kcal\tfo... | [
0.03352903947234154,
-0.0008393469615839422,
0.027001773938536644,
0.0025800075381994247,
-0.08540764451026917,
0.051331765949726105,
0.06229301914572716,
0.10187521576881409,
-0.07566329091787338,
0.017156295478343964,
0.04444470256567001,
-0.1146145761013031,
0.04768016189336777,
0.04476... |
13-35\tmonths\t(89\t×\tWeight\tof\tchild\t[kg]\t−\t100)\t+\t20\t(kcal\tfor\tenergy\tdeposition)\nEER\tfor\tboys\t3-8\tyears\t(within\tthe\t5th\tto\t85th\tpercentile\tfor\tBMI)§\nEER\t=\tTEE\tEnergy\tdeposition\nEER\t=\t88.5\t−\t61.9\t×\tAge\t(yr)\t+\tPA\t×\t(26.7\t×\tWeight\t[kg]\t+\t903\t×\tHeight\t[m])\t+\t20\t(kcal\... | [
-0.015849465504288673,
-0.010172181762754917,
0.029413405805826187,
0.0018719611689448357,
-0.06469409167766571,
0.026289494708180428,
-0.004645895212888718,
0.05474426969885826,
-0.016068775206804276,
0.004081961698830128,
0.06245540454983711,
-0.07544758170843124,
0.029219310730695724,
0... |
energy\tdeposition)\nEER\tfor\tboys\t9-18\tyears\t(within\tthe\t5th\tto\t85th\tpercentile\tfor\tBMI)\nEER\t=\tTEE\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\nEER\t=\t88.5\t−\t61.9\t×\tAge\t(yr)\t+\tPA\t×\t(26.7\t×\tWeight\t[kg]\t+\t903\t×\tHeight\t[m])\t+\t25\t(kcal\tfor\nenergy\tdeposition)\nin\twhich\nPA\t=\tPhysical\tactivity\tcoeffici... | [
-0.02373942732810974,
-0.034542016685009,
0.04795657843351364,
0.032022278755903244,
-0.039918094873428345,
-0.010057633742690086,
0.06275197118520737,
0.024557966738939285,
0.003626595251262188,
0.04467356204986572,
0.033841148018836975,
-0.08954975008964539,
0.051687318831682205,
0.01132... |
PA\t=\t1\tif\tPAL\tis\testimated\tto\tbe\t≥\t1\t<\t1.4\t(Sedentary)\nPA\t=\t1.13\tif\tPAL\tis\testimated\tto\tbe\t≥\t1.4\t<\t1.6\t(Low\tactive)\nPA\t=\t1.26\tif\tPAL\tis\testimated\tto\tbe\t≥\t1.6\t<\t1.9\t(Active)\nPA\t=\t1.42\tif\tPAL\tis\testimated\tto\tbe\t≥\t1.9\t<\t2.5\t(Very\tactive)\nEER\tfor\tgirls\t3-8\tyears... | [
0.030899440869688988,
-0.007320038508623838,
0.08263296633958817,
-0.021942129358649254,
-0.0779171735048294,
-0.06223952770233154,
0.023221682757139206,
0.04408999904990196,
-0.015440345741808414,
0.07556890696287155,
0.03902987763285637,
-0.04494712874293327,
0.08188705146312714,
0.02843... |
EER\t=\tTEE\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\nEER\t=\t135.3\t−\t30.8\t×\tAge\t(yr)\n\t+\tPA\t×\t(10\t×\tWeight\t[kg]\t+\t934\t×\tHeight\t[m])\t+\t20\t(kcal\tfor\nenergy\tdeposition)\nEER\tfor\tgirls\t9-18\tyears\t(within\tthe\t5th\tto\t85th\tpercentile\tfor\tBMI)\nEER\t=\tTEE\t+\tEnergy\tdeposition\nEER\t=\t135.3\t−\t30.8\t×\tAg... | [
-0.026055296882987022,
-0.009470387361943722,
0.04568350687623024,
-0.037842150777578354,
-0.021135231480002403,
0.025309816002845764,
0.05236505717039108,
0.04531548172235489,
-0.015765313059091568,
0.012446733191609383,
0.07316967844963074,
-0.07386525720357895,
0.02525944821536541,
0.03... |
energy\tdeposition)\nin\twhich\nPA\t=\tPhysical\tactivity\tcoefficient\tfor\tgirls\t3-18\tyears:\nPA\t=\t1\t(Sedentary)\nPA\t=\t1.16\t(Low\n\tactive)\nPA\t=\t1.31\t(Active)\nPA\t=\t1.56\t(Very\tactive)\nEER\tfor\tmen\t19\tyears\tand\tolder\t(BMI\t18.5-25\tkg/m\n2\n)\nEER\t=\tTEE\nEER\t=\t662\t−\t9.53\t×\tAge\t(yr)\t+\t... | [
0.009683705866336823,
-0.008124785497784615,
0.023272940889000893,
0.02451782301068306,
-0.07190829515457153,
-0.06624925136566162,
0.028449086472392082,
0.056845635175704956,
-0.014167972840368748,
0.019140096381306648,
0.03969636932015419,
-0.10827922075986862,
0.03991809859871864,
0.008... |
in\twhich\nPA\t=\tPhysical\tactivity\tcoefficient:\nPA\t=\t1\t(Sedentary)\nPA\t=\t1.11\t(Low\tactive)\nPA\t=\t1.25\t(Active)\nPA\t=\t1.48\t(Very\tactive)\nEER\tfor\twomen\t19\tyears\tand\tolder\t(BMI\t18.5-25\tkg/m\n2\n)\nEER\t=\tTEE\nEER\t=\t354\t−\t6.91\t×\tAge\t(yr)\t+\tPA\t×\t(9.36\t×\tWeight\t[kg]\t+\t726\t×\tHeig... | [
0.006654185242950916,
-0.03448176383972168,
0.03828945755958557,
-0.008061476051807404,
-0.0750710740685463,
-0.027490409091114998,
0.03582487255334854,
0.07633037120103836,
-0.03229526802897453,
0.029225926846265793,
0.04070384427905083,
-0.11861973255872726,
0.04125269129872322,
0.041365... |
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