0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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osmotically\timportant\twere\tit\tnot\tfor\tthe\taction\tof\tbacteria\tin\tthe\tcolon.\tThe\tdisposal\tof\tresidual\nsubstrates\tthrough\tproduction\tof\tSCFAs\tis\tcalled\t\ncolonic\tsalvage\n.\tSCFAs\tproduced\tin\tfermentation\nare\trapidly\tabsorbed\tand\ttake\twater\twith\tthem.\tThey\talso\tserve\n\tas\tfuel\tfor... | [
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as\tfuel\tfor\tthe\tcolonocytes\tand\tthe\nmicrobiota,\tstimulate\tcolonocyte\tproliferation\tand\tdifferentiation,\tenhance\tthe\tabsorption\tof\nelectrolytes\tand\twater,\tand\treduce\tthe\tosmotic\tload\tof\tmalabsorbed\tsugars.\tSCFAs\talso\tmay\thelp\nslow\tthe\tmovement\tof\tGI\tcontents\tand\tparticipate\tin\tse... | [
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The\tability\tto\tsalvage\tcarbohydrates\tis\tlimited\tin\thumans.\tColonic\tfermentation\tnormally\n\tdisposes\nof\t20\tto\t25\tg\tof\tcarbohydrates\tover\t24\thours.\tExcess\tamounts\tof\tcarbohydrates\tand\tfermentable\nfiber\tin\tthe\tcolon\tcan\tcause\tincreased\tgas\tproduction,\tabdominal\tdistention,\tbloating,... | [
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flatulence,\tdecreased\tcolonic\tpH,\tand\tdiarrhea.\tOver\ttime,\tadaptation\toccurs\tin\tindividuals\nconsuming\tdiets\thigh\tin\tfiber.\tCurrent\trecommendations\tare\tfor\tthe\tconsumption\tof\tapproximately\n14\tg\tof\tdietary\n\tfiber\tper\t1000\tkcal\tconsumed\teach\tday.\tThis\trecommendation\tcan\tbe\tmet\tby | [
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consuming\tample\tfruits,\tvegetables,\tlegumes,\tseeds,\tand\twhole\tgrains\tand\tis\taimed\tto\t(1)\tsupport\ncardiovascular\thealth,\t(2)\tmaintain\tthe\thealth\tof\tthe\tcolonic\tepithelium,\t(3)\tprevent\tconstipation,\tand\n(4)\tsupport\tstable,\thealth-promoting\tmicrobiota. | [
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Digestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tspecific\ttypes\tof\tnutrients\nCarbohydrates\n\tand\tfiber\nMost\tdietary\tcarbohydrates\tare\tconsumed\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tstarches,\tdisaccharides,\tand\nmonosaccharides.\tStarches,\tor\tpolysaccharides,\tusually\tmake\tup\tthe\tgreatest\tproportion\tof\ncarbohydrates.\tStarches\tare\... | [
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molecules\tthat\tare\tjoined\ttogether,\tprimarily\tin\talpha\t1-4\tor\t1-6\tlinkages.\tMost\tof\tthe\tdietary\nstarches\tare\t\namylopectins\n,\tthe\tbranching\tpolysaccharides,\tand\tamylose,\tthe\tstraight\tchain–type\npolymers.\nDietary\tfiber\talso\tis\tmade\tlargely\tof\tchains\tand\tbranches\tof\tsugar\tmolecule... | [
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hydrogens\tare\tpositioned\ton\tthe\tbeta\t(opposite)\tside\tof\tthe\toxygen\tin\tthe\tlink\tinstead\tof\tthe\talpha\nside.\tHumans\thave\tsignificant\tability\tto\tdigest\tstarch\tbut\tnot\tmost\tfiber;\tthis\texemplifies\tthe\n“stereospecificity”\tof\n\tenzymes.\nIn\tthe\tmouth,\tthe\tenzyme\tsalivary\tamylase\topera... | [
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the\tdigestive\taction\tby\thydrolyzing\ta\tsmall\tamount\tof\tthe\tstarch\tmolecules\tinto\tsmaller\tfragments\n(\nFig.\t1.6\n).\tAmylase\tdeactivates\tafter\tcontact\twith\thydrochloric\tacid.\tIf\tdigestible\tcarbohydrates\nremained\tin\tthe\tstomach\tlong\tenough,\tacid\thydrolysis\tcould\teventually\treduce\tmost\... | [
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0.006... |
monosaccharides.\tHowever,\tthe\tstomach\tusually\tempties\tbefore\tsignificant\tdigestion\tcan\ttake\tplace.\nBy\tfar,\tmost\tcarbohydrate\tdigestion\toccurs\tin\tthe\tproximal\tsmall\tintestine.\nFIG.\t1.6\nThe\tgradual\tbreakdown\tof\tlarge\tstarch\tmolecules\tinto\tglucose\tby\tdigestion\tenzymes. | [
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Pancreatic\tamylase\tbreaks\tthe\tlarge\tstarch\tmolecules\tat\tthe\t1-4\tlinkages\tto\tcreate\tmaltose,\nmaltotriose,\tand\t“alpha-limit”\tdextrins\tremaining\tfrom\tthe\tamylopectin\tbranches.\tEnzymes\tfrom\tthe\nbrush\tborder\tof\tthe\tenterocytes\tfurther\tbreak\tthe\tdisaccharides\tand\toligosaccharides\tinto\nmo... | [
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monosaccharides.\tFor\n\texample,\t\nmaltase\n\tlocated\tat\tthe\tenterocyte\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tbreaks\ndown\tthe\tdisaccharide\tmaltose\tinto\ttwo\tmolecules\tof\tglucose.\tThe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\talso\ncontains\tthe\tenzymes\t\nsucrase\n,\t\nlactase\n,\tand\t\nisomaltase\n,\twhich\tact\ton\tsucrose,\tlac... | [
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FIG.\t1.7\nStarch,\tsucrose,\tmaltotriose,\tand\tgalactose\tare\tdigested\tto\ttheir\tconstituent\tsugars.\tGlucose\tand\ngalactose\tare\ttransported\tthrough\tthe\tapical\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tof\tthe\tenterocyte\tby\ta\tsodium-\ndependent\ttransporter,\tglucose\t(galactose)\tcotransporter;\tfructose\tis\ttranspor... | [
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0.05368335172533989,
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0.05750... |
(GLUT5).\tGlucose,\tfructose,\tand\tgalactose\tare\ttransported\tacross\tthe\tserosal\tmembrane\n\tby\tthe\tsodium-\nindependent\ttransporter,\tGLUT2.\nThe\tresultant\tmonosaccharides\t(i.e.,\tglucose,\tgalactose,\tand\tfructose)\tpass\tthrough\tthe\nenterocytes\tand\tinto\tthe\tbloodstream\tvia\tthe\tcapillaries\tof\t... | [
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0.0245... |
portal\tvein\tto\tthe\tliver.\tAt\tlow\tconcentrations,\tglucose\tand\tgalactose\tare\tabsorbed\tby\tactive\ntransport,\tprimarily\tby\ta\tsodium-dependent\tactive\ttransporter\tcalled\n\tthe\tsodium-glucose\ncotransporter\t(SGLT1).\tAt\thigher\tluminal\tconcentrations\tof\tglucose,\tthe\tfacilitative\ttransporter | [
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0.0530... |
GLUT2\tbecomes\ta\tprimary\troute\tfor\ttransport\tof\tglucose\tfrom\tthe\tlumen\tinto\tthe\tenterocyte.\nFructose\tis\tabsorbed\tfrom\tthe\tintestinal\tlumen\tacross\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tusing\tthe\nfacilitative\ttransporter,\tGLUT5.\tAll\tthree\tmonosaccharides—glucose,\tgalactose,\tand\tfructose—exit | [
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the\tbasolateral\tmembrane\tof\tthe\tenterocyte\tinto\tportal\tcirculation\tusing\tthe\tfacilitative\ttransporter,\nGLUT2.\nThe\tactive\ttransporter,\tSGLT1,\tis\tkey\tto\tthe\tability\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tto\tabsorb\t7\tL\tof\tfluid\teach\nday\tand\tprovides\tthe\tbasis\tfor\twhy\toral\trehydration\tsolutions,\... | [
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0.0447... |
should\tbe\tused\tto\ttreat\tdehydration.\tIn\taddition\tto\ttransporting\tsodium\tand\tglucose,\n\tSGLT1\nfunctions\tas\ta\tmolecular\twater\tpump.\tFor\teach\tmolecule\tof\tglucose\tabsorbed\tby\tSGLT1,\ttwo\nmolecules\tof\tsodium\tand\t210\tmolecules\tof\twater\talso\tare\tabsorbed.\tGiven\tthat\tthis\tis\ta\tmajor | [
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0.1205... |
pathway\tfor\twater\tabsorption\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\tto\tfacilitate\twater\tabsorption,\tsodium\tand\nglucose\talso\tmust\tbe\tpresent\tin\tthe\tright\tamounts.\tThis\texplains\twhy\tthe\tmost\teffective\toral\nrehydration\tsolutions\n\toften\tinclude\tboth\tsugar\tand\tsalt,\tin\taddition\tto\twater. | [
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often\tinclude\tboth\tsugar\tand\tsalt,\tin\taddition\tto\twater.\nSome\tforms\tof\tcarbohydrates\t(i.e.,\tcellulose,\themicellulose,\tpectin,\tgum,\tand\tother\tforms\tof\tfiber)\ncannot\tbe\tdigested\tby\thumans\tbecause\tneither\tsalivary\tnor\tpancreatic\tamylase\thas\tthe\tability\tto | [
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split\tthe\tlinkages\tconnecting\tthe\tconstituent\tsugars.\tThese\tcarbohydrates\tpass\trelatively\tunchanged\ninto\tthe\tcolon,\twhere\tthey\tare\tpartially\tfermented\n\tby\tbacteria\tin\tthe\tcolon.\tHowever,\tunlike\thumans,\ncows\tand\tother\truminants\tcan\tsubsist\ton\thigh-fiber\tfood\tbecause\tof\tthe\tbacter... | [
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0.0127... |
carbohydrates\tthat\ttakes\tplace\tin\tthe\trumen.\tOther\tresistant\tstarches\tand\tsugars\tare\talso\tless\twell\ndigested\tor\tabsorbed\tby\thumans;\tthus\ttheir\tconsumption\tmay\tresult\tin\tsignificant\tamounts\tof\tstarch\nand\tsugar\tin\tthe\tcolon.\tThese\tresistant\tstarches\n\tand\tsome\ttypes\tof\tdietary\t... | [
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and\tsome\ttypes\tof\tdietary\tfiber\tare\tfermented\tinto\nSCFAs\tand\tgases.\tStarches\tresistant\tto\tdigestion\ttend\tto\tinclude\tplant\tfoods\twith\ta\thigh\tprotein\tand\nfiber\tcontent\tsuch\tas\tthose\tfrom\tlegumes\tand\twhole\tgrains.\nProteins\nProtein\tintake\tin\tthe\tWestern\tworld\tranges\tfrom\tapproxi... | [
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the\tprotein\tconsumed\tis\tfrom\tanimal\tsources.\tAdditional\tprotein\tis\tadded\n\tall\talong\tthe\tGIT\tfrom\ngastrointestinal\tsecretions\tand\tsloughed\tepithelial\tcells.\tThe\tGIT\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tactive\tsynthetic\ntissues\tin\tthe\tbody,\tand\tthe\tlife\tspan\tof\tenterocytes\tmigrating\tfrom\tthe\tcr... | [
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0.10342352837324142,
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0.0182046... |
are\tshed\tis\tonly\t3\tto\t5\tdays.\tThe\tnumber\tof\tcells\tshed\tdaily\tis\tin\tthe\trange\tof\t10\tto\t20\tbillion.\tThe\nlatter\taccounts\tfor\tan\tadditional\t50\tto\t60\tg\tof\tprotein\tthat\tis\tdigested\n\tand\t“recycled”\tand\tcontributes\nto\tthe\tdaily\tsupply.\tIn\tgeneral,\tanimal\tproteins\tare\tmore\tef... | [
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0.07137410342693329,
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0.04205568... |
human\tphysiology\tallows\tfor\tvery\teffective\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tlarge\tamounts\tof\tingested\nprotein\tsources.\nProtein\tdigestion\tbegins\tin\tthe\tstomach,\twhere\tsome\tof\tthe\tproteins\tare\tsplit\tinto\tproteoses,\npeptones,\tand\tlarge\tpolypeptides.\tInactive\tpepsinogen\n\tis\tconverted\tinto... | [
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0.030824214220046997,
0.012869412079453468,
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0.018446091562509537,
0.10013124346733093,
0.03207268938422203,
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0.07980868220329285,
0.07891812175512314,
-0.031759850680828094,
-0.00006517596921185032,
0.0... |
is\tconverted\tinto\tthe\tenzyme\tpepsin\twhen\tit\ncontacts\thydrochloric\tacid\tand\tother\tpepsin\tmolecules.\tUnlike\tany\tof\tthe\tother\tproteolytic\tenzymes,\npepsin\tdigests\tcollagen,\tthe\tmajor\tprotein\tof\tconnective\ttissue.\tMost\tprotein\tdigestion\ttakes\tplace\tin\nthe\tupper\tportion\tof\tthe\tsmall\... | [
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0.03916035592556,
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0.030875669792294502,
0.11145106703042984,
0.02655578963458538,
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0.054934725165367126,
0.08486627042293549,
-0.015096026472747326,
0.036998625844717026,
0.05315... |
fractions\tare\tfermented\tby\tcolonic\tmicrobes.\nContact\n\tbetween\tchyme\tand\tthe\tintestinal\tmucosa\tallows\tfor\tthe\taction\tof\tthe\tbrush\tborder–bound\nenterokinase\n,\tan\tenzyme\tthat\ttransforms\tinactive\tpancreatic\t\ntrypsinogen\n\tinto\tactive\t\ntrypsin\n,\tthe\nmajor\tpancreatic\tprotein-digesting\... | [
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0.01873018965125084,
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0.06912906467914581,
0.03059365414083004,
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0.07565386593341827,
0.1120682880282402,
-0.055146366357803345,
0.024321475997567177,
0.061604... |
proteolytic\tenzymes.\tPancreatic\ttrypsin,\tchymotrypsin,\tand\tcarboxypeptidase\tbreak\tdown\tintact\nprotein\tand\tcontinue\tthe\n\tbreakdown\tstarted\tin\tthe\tstomach\tuntil\tsmall\tpolypeptides\tand\tamino\tacids | [
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0.05825503170490265,
0.06957712769508362,
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0.07... |
are\tformed.\nProteolytic\tpeptidases\tlocated\ton\tthe\tbrush\tborder\talso\tact\ton\tpolypeptides,\tbreaking\tthem\tdown\ninto\tamino\tacids,\tdipeptides,\tand\ttripeptides.\tThe\tfinal\tphase\tof\tprotein\tdigestion\ttakes\tplace\tin\tthe\nbrush\tborder,\twhere\tsome\tof\tthe\tdipeptides\tand\ttripeptides\tare\thydr... | [
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0.0457400344312191,
0.08923718333244324,
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0.023234130814671516,
0.010... |
amino\tacids\tby\n\tpeptide\thydrolases.\nEnd\tproducts\tof\tprotein\tdigestion\tare\tabsorbed\tas\tboth\tamino\tacids\tand\tsmall\tpeptides.\tSeveral\ntransport\tmolecules\tare\trequired\tfor\tthe\tdifferent\tamino\tacids,\tprobably\tbecause\tof\tthe\twide\ndifferences\tin\tthe\tsize,\tpolarity,\tand\tconfiguration\to... | [
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0.09404953569173813,
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0.028888070955872536,
0.054007... |
transporters\tare\tsodium\tor\tchloride\tdependent,\tand\tsome\tare\tnot.\tConsiderable\tamounts\tof\ndipeptides\n\tand\ttripeptides\talso\tare\tabsorbed\tinto\tintestinal\tcells\tusing\ta\tpeptide\ttransporter,\ta\tform\nof\tactive\ttransport\t(\nWuensch\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\tAbsorbed\tpeptides\tand\tamino\tacids\tare\t... | [
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0.04772917553782463,
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0.03747750073671341,
0.07942552864551544,
-0.04261849820613861,
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0.050... |
).\tAbsorbed\tpeptides\tand\tamino\tacids\tare\ttransported\tto\tthe\nliver\tvia\tthe\tportal\tvein\tfor\tmetabolism\tby\tthe\tliver\tand\tare\treleased\tinto\tthe\tgeneral\tcirculation.\nThe\tpresence\tof\tantibodies\tto\tmany\tfood\tproteins\tin\tthe\tcirculation\tof\thealthy\tindividuals\tindicates\nthat | [
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0.10141988098621368,
0.0975806713104248,
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0.03647903725504875,
0.043317504... |
that\n\timmunologically\tsignificant\tamounts\tof\tlarge\tintact\tpeptides\tescape\thydrolysis\tand\tcan\tenter\nthe\tportal\tcirculation.\tThe\texact\tmechanisms\tthat\tcause\ta\tfood\tto\tbecome\tan\tallergen\tare\tnot\nentirely\tclear,\tbut\tthese\tfoods\ttend\tto\tbe\thigh\tin\tprotein,\tto\tbe\trelatively\tresista... | [
0.01591363549232483,
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0.0752011314034462,
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0.1345176249742508,
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0.08547256141901016,
0.10411584377288818,
-0.047355420887470245,
0.023892030119895935,
0.03228645... |
digestion,\tand\tto\tproduce\tan\timmunoglobulin\tresponse\t(see\t\nChapter\t25\n).\tWith\tnew\ttechnology,\tit\tis\npossible\tto\tmap\n\tand\tcharacterize\tallergenic\tpeptides;\tthis\teventually\twill\tlead\tto\tbetter\tdiagnosis\tand\ndevelopment\tof\tsafe\timmunotherapy\ttreatments\t(\nMelioli\tet\tal,\t2014\n). | [
0.016062458977103233,
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0.08419447392225266,
0.10292544960975647,
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-0.009948850609362125,
0.052... |
development\tof\tsafe\timmunotherapy\ttreatments\t(\nMelioli\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\nAlmost\tall\tprotein\tis\tabsorbed\tby\tthe\ttime\tit\treaches\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tjejunum,\tand\tonly\t1%\tof\ningested\tprotein\tis\tfound\tin\tthe\tfeces.\tSmall\tamounts\tof\tamino\tacids\tmay\tremain\tin\tthe\tepithelial\ncells\tand\t... | [
0.022151149809360504,
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0.03601887449622154,
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0.11744756996631622,
0.087577223777771,
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0.04227585345506668,
0.02434390... |
cells\tand\tare\tused\tfor\tsynthesis\tof\tnew\tproteins,\n\tincluding\tintestinal\tenzymes\tand\tnew\tcells.\nLipids\nApproximately\t97%\tof\tdietary\tlipids\tare\tin\tthe\tform\tof\ttriglycerides,\tand\tthe\trest\tare\tfound\tas\nphospholipids\tand\tcholesterol.\tOnly\tsmall\tamounts\tof\tfat\tare\tdigested\tin\tthe\... | [
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0.0405854769051075,
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0.06105802208185196,
0.09586754441261292,
-0.045749932527542114,
-0.015728214755654335,
0.020876811... |
and\tin\tthe\tstomach\tfrom\tthe\taction\tof\tgastric\tlipase.\t\nGastric\tlipase\n\thydrolyzes\tsome\ttriglycerides,\nespecially\tshort-chain\ttriglycerides\t(such\tas\n\tthose\tfound\tin\tbutter),\tinto\tfatty\tacids\tand\tglycerol.\nHowever,\tmost\tfat\tdigestion\ttakes\tplace\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tas\ta\tresu... | [
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0.04105211794376373,
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0.017988691106438637,
0.10181217640638351,
-0.02949357219040394,
0.01961629092693329,
0.0237737... |
bile\tsalts\tand\thydrolysis\tby\tpancreatic\tlipase.\tAs\tin\tthe\tcase\tof\tcarbohydrates\tand\tprotein,\tthe\ncapacity\tfor\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tdietary\tfat\tis\tin\texcess\tof\tordinary\tneeds.\nEntrance\tof\tfat\tand\tprotein\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tstimulates\n\tthe\trelease\tof\tCCK,\tsecretin... | [
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0.0021970097441226244,
0.050188660621643066,
0.095792256295681,
-0.004412811249494553,
0.02346212975680828,
0.0283216... |
the\trelease\tof\tCCK,\tsecretin,\tand\nGIP,\twhich\tinhibit\tgastric\tsecretions\tand\tmotility,\tthus\tslowing\tthe\tdelivery\tof\tlipids.\tAs\ta\tresult,\ta\nportion\tof\ta\tlarge,\tfatty\tmeal\tmay\tremain\tin\tthe\tstomach\tfor\t4\thours\tor\tlonger.\tIn\taddition\tto\tits\nmany\tother\tfunctions,\tCCK\tstimulates... | [
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0.024814436212182045,
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0.0711682140827179,
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0.010792776942253113,
0.08366771042346954,
0.08380667120218277,
-0.029018249362707138,
0.03511693328619003,
0.0440... |
peristaltic\taction\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tand\tthe\tsurfactant\n\tand\temulsification\taction\tof\tbile\treduces\nthe\tfat\tglobules\tinto\ttiny\tdroplets,\tthus\tmaking\tthem\tmore\taccessible\tto\tdigestion\tby\tthe\tmost\tpotent\nlipid-digesting\tenzyme,\tpancreatic\tlipase.\nBile\tis\ta\tliver\tsecretion\tcom... | [
0.0352456234395504,
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0.026425354182720184,
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0.011292161419987679,
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0.046087492257356644,
0.09615302830934525,
-0.05912867560982704,
0.012539493851363659,
0.0468119... |
chenodeoxycholic\tacids\twith\tglycine\tor\ttaurine),\tbile\tpigments\t(which\tcolor\tthe\tfeces),\tinorganic\nsalts,\tsome\tprotein,\tcholesterol,\n\tlecithin,\tand\tmany\tcompounds\tsuch\tas\tdetoxified\tdrugs\tthat\tare\nmetabolized\tand\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tliver.\tFrom\tits\tstorage\torgan,\tthe\tgallbladder,\tappr... | [
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0.041759636253118515,
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0.020095646381378174,
0.09031085669994354,
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0.0461084246635437,
0.051... |
bile\tis\tsecreted\tdaily\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\tstimulus\tof\tfood\tin\tthe\tduodenum\tand\tstomach.\nEmulsification\tof\tfats\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tis\tfollowed\tby\ttheir\tdigestion,\tprimarily\tby\tpancreatic\nlipase,\tinto\tfree\tfatty\tacids\tand\tmonoglycerides.\n\tPancreatic\tlipase\ttypically\tcleaves\t... | [
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0.03763110563158989,
0.12405891716480255,
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0.0019521535141393542,
0.0062... |
Pancreatic\tlipase\ttypically\tcleaves\tthe\tfirst\tand\tthird\nfatty\tacids,\tleaving\ta\tsingle\tfatty\tacid\testerified\tto\tthe\tmiddle\tglycerol\tcarbon.\tWhen\tthe\nconcentration\tof\tbile\tsalts\treaches\ta\tcertain\tlevel,\tthey\tform\t\nmicelles\n\t(small\taggregates\tof\tfatty | [
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0.042714476585388184,
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0.08163038641214371,
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0.04729248955845833,
0.04098190739750862,
0.0717744380235672,
-0.042778726667165756,
0.01598556898534298,
0.029121775... |
micelles\n\t(small\taggregates\tof\tfatty\nacids,\tmonoglycerides,\tcholesterol,\tbile\tsalts,\tand\tother\tlipids),\twhich\tare\torganized\twith\tthe\tpolar\nends\tof\tthe\tmolecules\toriented\ttoward\tthe\twatery\n\tlumen\tof\tthe\tintestine.\tThe\tproducts\tof\tlipid\ndigestion\tare\tsolubilized\trapidly\tin\tthe\tc... | [
0.004956729244440794,
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0.03812781348824501,
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0.10431717336177826,
0.023112917318940163,
0.003959489520639181,
0.039588622748851776,
0.08161667734384537,
-0.012750424444675446,
0.0087763462215662,
0.063470... |
brush\tborder\t(\nFig.\t1.8\n). | [
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0.03592798858880997,
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0.017132295295596123,
0.07613489776849747,
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0.017905650660395622,
0.09754232317209244,
0.019407790154218674,
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0.... |
FIG.\t1.8\nSummary\tof\tfat\tabsorption.\nAt\tthe\tsurface\tof\tthe\t\nunstirred\twater\tlayer\t(UWL),\n\tthe\tslightly\tacidic\tand\twatery\tplate\tthat\nforms\ta\tboundary\tbetween\tthe\tintestinal\tlumen\tand\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembranes,\tthe\tlipids\tdetach\nfrom\tthe\tmicelles.\tRemnants\tof\tthe\tmicelles\tret... | [
0.00797479972243309,
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0.05898468941450119,
-0.06605272740125656,
-0.1071275919675827,
0.013242269866168499,
0.03557852655649185,
0.004327946342527866,
0.009536572732031345,
0.04192785918712616,
0.07566013932228088,
-0.03246387466788292,
0.026302168145775795,
0.03274405... |
monoglycerides\tand\tfatty\tacids\tthus\tare\tleft\tto\tmake\ttheir\tway\tacross\tthe\tlipophobic\n\tUWL\tto\tthe\nmore\tlipid-friendly\tmembrane\tcells\tof\tthe\tbrush\tborder.\tUpon\trelease\tof\tthe\tlipid\tcomponents,\nluminal\tbile\tsalts\tare\treabsorbed\tactively\tin\tthe\tterminal\tileum\tand\treturned\tto\tthe... | [
0.012152114883065224,
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0.04640105739235878,
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-0.045215949416160583,
0.07399269938468933,
0.013610509224236012,
0.02782866358757019,
0.038066331297159195,
0.09242597967386246,
-0.03808275982737541,
-0.010233630426228046,
0.0081... |
the\tgut\tin\tbile\tsecretions.\tThis\tefficient\trecycling\tprocess\tis\tknown\tas\tthe\t\nenterohepatic\ncirculation\n.\tThe\tpool\tof\tbile\tacids\tmay\tcirculate\tfrom\t3\tto\t15\ttimes\tper\tday,\tdepending\ton\tthe\namount\n\tof\tfood\tingested.\nThe\tcellular\tmechanism(s)\twhereby\tfatty\tacids\ttraverse\tthe\t... | [
0.024313488975167274,
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0.03438735380768776,
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0.05261271819472313,
0.0012630257988348603,
0.0011313696159049869,
0.06159207224845886,
0.1184215396642685,
-0.0789019986987114,
0.031175576150417328,
0.038494... |
passive\tdiffusion\t(a\tform\tof\ttransport\tthat\tdoes\tnot\trequire\tenergy),\tand\tactive\ttransport\tprocesses.\nTraditionally,\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tlipid\twas\tthought\tto\tbe\tpassive,\twherein\tlipid\tmolecules\twould\nsolubilize\tthrough\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane\tin\ta\tmanner\tdriven\tby\tdiffusion\tdown... | [
0.047630660235881805,
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0.02374897338449955,
-0.0597800612449646,
-0.07480423152446747,
-0.006567138247191906,
0.1069376990199089,
0.03810365870594978,
-0.031774282455444336,
0.07715293020009995,
0.09425942599773407,
-0.02476164512336254,
0.052500635385513306,
0.0682309... |
concentration\tgradient\tinto\tthe\tenterocyte.\tThe\tinwardly\tdirected\tconcentration\tgradient\twas\nthought\tto\tbe\tmaintained\tin\tthe\tfed\tstate\tby\tthe\thigh\tconcentration\tof\tfatty\tacids\twithin\tthe\nintestinal\tlumen\tand\tthe\trapid\tscavenging\tof\tfree\tfatty\tacids\tfor\ttriglyceride\treformation\to... | [
0.09896895289421082,
-0.09345189481973648,
0.05627238750457764,
-0.014831412583589554,
-0.11249148100614548,
0.006018688902258873,
0.118308886885643,
0.024425925686955452,
0.003533309092745185,
0.0769539549946785,
0.09464791417121887,
-0.05391865596175194,
0.02225097082555294,
0.0321327075... |
the\tenterocyte.\tCurrent\ttheories\tindicate\tthat\tboth\tpassive\tdiffusion\tand\tcarrier-mediated\nmechanisms\tcontribute\n\tto\tlipid\tabsorption.\tAt\tlow\tfatty\tacid\tconcentrations,\tcarrier-mediated\nmechanisms\ttake\tprecedence\twith\tlittle\tpassive\tdiffusion\toccurring.\tHowever,\twhen\tfree\tfatty\tacid | [
0.05311856046319008,
-0.058039046823978424,
0.04322986304759979,
-0.03241216763854027,
-0.10794863849878311,
-0.008546819910407066,
0.0945858508348465,
-0.02547268196940422,
0.05122344195842743,
0.0676451101899147,
0.0656038448214531,
-0.04537444934248924,
0.06171923503279686,
0.0121306385... |
concentration\tin\tthe\tintestinal\tlumen\tis\thigh,\tabsorption\tof\tfatty\tacids\tvia\tpassive\tdiffusion\tbecomes\nquantitatively\timportant.\nIn\tthe\tenterocyte,\tthe\tfatty\tacids\tand\tmonoglycerides\tare\treassembled\tinto\tnew\ttriglycerides.\nOthers\n\tare\tfurther\tdigested\tinto\tfree\tfatty\tacids\tand\tgl... | [
0.07602830976247787,
-0.09478046745061874,
0.06033056229352951,
-0.01765991561114788,
-0.11767099052667618,
-0.011096598580479622,
0.11987730860710144,
0.04187304899096489,
-0.010945937596261501,
0.07339200377464294,
0.08619043231010437,
-0.04263925179839134,
-0.0010138805955648422,
0.0482... |
triglycerides.\tThese\ttriglycerides,\talong\twith\tcholesterol,\tfat-soluble\tvitamins,\tand\tphospholipids,\tare\nsurrounded\tby\ta\tlipoprotein\tcoat,\tforming\tchylomicrons\t(see\t\nFig.\t1.8\n).\tThe\tlipoprotein\tglobules\tpass\ninto\tthe\tlymphatic\tsystem\tinstead\tof\tentering\tportal\tblood\tand\tare\ttranspo... | [
-0.020236171782016754,
-0.07295023649930954,
-0.02364613302052021,
-0.028604749590158463,
-0.05856577306985855,
0.003447925206273794,
0.028473617509007454,
0.0869009718298912,
-0.006585334427654743,
-0.02514730952680111,
0.11758604645729065,
-0.033873844891786575,
-0.015361377969384193,
0.... |
and\temptied\n\tinto\tthe\tsystemic\tcirculation\tat\tthe\tjunction\tof\tthe\tleft\tinternal\tjugular\tand\tleft\nsubclavian\tveins.\tThe\tchylomicrons\tthen\tare\tcarried\tthrough\tthe\tbloodstream\tto\tseveral\ttissues,\nincluding\tliver,\tadipose\ttissue,\tand\tmuscle.\tIn\tthe\tliver,\ttriglycerides\tfrom\tthe\tchy... | [
-0.004801813513040543,
-0.038703400641679764,
0.031335387378931046,
-0.023699596524238586,
-0.11675684154033661,
-0.0034785785246640444,
0.05058100074529648,
-0.0007119725923985243,
0.03276105970144272,
0.05024343356490135,
0.11112435162067413,
-0.0681614875793457,
-0.0033249761909246445,
... |
repackaged\tinto\tvery-low-density\tlipoproteins\tand\ttransported\tprimarily\tto\tthe\tadipose\ttissue\tfor\nmetabolism\tand\tstorage.\nUnder\tnormal\tconditions\tapproximately\t95%\tto\t97%\tof\tingested\tfat\tis\tabsorbed\tinto\tlymph\tvessels.\nBecause\tof\ttheir\tshorter\tlength\tand\tthus\tincreased\tsolubility,\... | [
0.0025702931452542543,
-0.08589881658554077,
0.011644229292869568,
-0.034226126968860626,
-0.08940137177705765,
-0.037887636572122574,
0.08567316830158234,
0.08207466453313828,
-0.003006318351253867,
0.02705342508852482,
0.09290942549705505,
-0.016790123656392097,
0.003758900100365281,
0.0... |
medium-chain\tfatty\tacids)\tcan\tbe\tabsorbed\tdirectly\tinto\tcolonic\tmucosal\tcells\twithout\tthe\tpresence\nof\tbile\tand\tmicelle\tformation.\tAfter\tentering\tmucosal\tcells,\tthey\tare\table\tto\tgo\tdirectly\twithout\nesterification\n\tinto\tthe\tportal\tvein,\twhich\tcarries\tthem\tto\tthe\tliver. | [
0.045484039932489395,
-0.04347867891192436,
0.06061481684446335,
-0.03332475200295448,
-0.12771746516227722,
-0.028532881289720535,
0.07697836309671402,
0.00904066301882267,
0.044129353016614914,
0.042528800666332245,
0.09753698110580444,
-0.04033788666129112,
0.06169036403298378,
0.042623... |
into\tthe\tportal\tvein,\twhich\tcarries\tthem\tto\tthe\tliver.\nIncreased\tmotility,\tintestinal\tmucosal\tchanges,\tpancreatic\tinsufficiency,\tor\tthe\tabsence\tof\tbile\tcan\ndecrease\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tfat.\tWhen\tundigested\tfat\tappears\tin\tthe\tfeces,\tthe\tcondition\tis\tknown\tas\nsteatorrhea\t(see\t\nCha... | [
0.03849198669195175,
-0.09631074219942093,
0.044274505227804184,
-0.04305383190512657,
-0.16478301584720612,
-0.0011722482740879059,
0.07898406684398651,
-0.02154621295630932,
0.036776747554540634,
0.06184730306267738,
0.10762426257133484,
-0.03710602968931198,
0.05430687963962555,
0.04024... |
steatorrhea\t(see\t\nChapter\t27\n).\tMedium-chain\ttriglycerides\t(MCTs)\thave\tfatty\tacids\t8\tto\t12\tcarbons | [
-0.028599875047802925,
-0.05682836472988129,
-0.02114984020590782,
0.014440200291574001,
-0.06780332326889038,
-0.023627586662769318,
0.009207201190292835,
0.08658337593078613,
0.02630028873682022,
-0.018091460689902306,
0.08184197545051575,
-0.06415598839521408,
-0.08510417491197586,
0.00... |
long;\tMCTs\tare\tclinically\tvaluable\tfor\tindividuals\n\twho\tlack\tnecessary\tbile\tsalts\tfor\tlong-chain\tfatty\nacid\tmetabolism\tand\ttransport.\tSupplements\tfor\tclinical\tuse\tnormally\tare\tprovided\tin\tthe\tform\tof\toil\nor\ta\tdietary\tbeverage\twith\tother\tmacronutrients\tand\tmicronutrients.\nVitamin... | [
-0.021398473531007767,
-0.05192415788769722,
0.0474710613489151,
0.010236713103950024,
-0.03213891759514809,
0.01749642938375473,
0.07430203258991241,
0.04461159184575081,
-0.031413692981004715,
0.010725056752562523,
0.09959107637405396,
-0.034527987241744995,
0.03740011900663376,
0.032791... |
Vitamins\tand\tminerals\nVitamins\tand\tminerals\tfrom\tfoods\tare\tmade\tavailable\tas\tmacronutrients\tand\tare\tdigested\tand\nabsorbed\tacross\tthe\tmucosal\tlayer,\tprimarily\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\n\t(\nFig.\t1.9\n).\tBesides\tadequate\npassive\tand\ttransporter\tmechanisms,\tvarious\tfactors\taffect\tthe\tbi... | [
-0.028177106752991676,
-0.05423244461417198,
0.034871652722358704,
0.017162444069981575,
-0.023126184940338135,
0.03280475735664368,
0.11177702993154526,
0.05080106109380722,
-0.055848684161901474,
0.015475606545805931,
0.09239272028207779,
-0.05135942995548248,
0.00505985738709569,
0.0051... |
minerals,\tincluding\tthe\tpresence\tor\tabsence\tof\tother\tspecific\tnutrients,\tacid\tor\talkali,\tphytates,\tand\noxalates.\tThe\tliters\tof\tfluid\tthat\tare\tsecreted\teach\tday\tfrom\tthe\tGIT\tserve\tas\ta\tsolvent,\ta\tvehicle\tfor\nchemical\treactions,\tand\ta\tmedium\tfor\ttransfer\tof\tseveral\tnutrients.\n... | [
-0.01344403624534607,
-0.09085713326931,
0.04436499625444412,
0.02346774749457836,
-0.045841559767723083,
-0.02764209173619747,
0.12072715163230896,
0.0052114734426140785,
-0.05718933790922165,
0.050145141780376434,
0.06580551713705063,
-0.05734292417764664,
0.04232063889503479,
0.01860022... |
Sites\tof\tsecretion\tand\tabsorption\tin\tthe\tgastrointestinal\ttract.\nAt\tleast\tsome\tvitamins\tand\twater\tpass\tunchanged\tfrom\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tinto\tthe\tblood\tby\npassive\tdiffusion,\tbut\tseveral\tdifferent\tmechanisms\tmay\tbe\tused\tto\ttransport\tindividual\tvitamins\nacross\tthe\tmucosa.\tDrugs\t... | [
0.03137652203440666,
-0.09627746045589447,
0.029154056683182716,
-0.036603379994630814,
-0.05264831706881523,
-0.03944450616836548,
0.08595818281173706,
-0.04710900038480759,
-0.042029961943626404,
0.07034484297037125,
0.08749132603406906,
-0.003357666777446866,
0.07473550736904144,
0.0316... |
Thus\tdrugs\tmay\tshare\tor\tcompete\twith\n\tmechanisms\tfor\tthe\tabsorption\tnutrients\tinto\tintestinal\tcells.\nMineral\tabsorption\tis\tmore\tcomplex,\tespecially\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tthe\tcation\tminerals.\tThese\ncations,\tsuch\tas\tselenium,\tare\tmade\tavailable\tfor\tabsorption\tby\tthe\tprocess\tof\t\nchel... | [
0.009664352051913738,
-0.04154161736369133,
0.009280174039304256,
-0.03420098498463631,
-0.09153828769922256,
-0.004089294001460075,
0.1319080889225006,
-0.020559700205922127,
-0.009273930452764034,
0.0962558165192604,
0.0997123196721077,
-0.041325926780700684,
0.07108922302722931,
0.04555... |
chelation\n,\tin\twhich\ta\nmineral\tis\tbound\tto\ta\tligand—usually\tan\tacid,\tan\torganic\tacid,\tor\tan\tamino\tacid—so\tthat\tit\tis\tin\ta\nform\tabsorbable\tby\tintestinal\tcells\t(see\t\nChapter\t11\n).\nIron\tand\tzinc\tabsorption\tshare\tseveral\tcharacteristics\tin\tthat\tthe\tefficiency\tof\tabsorption\tpa... | [
0.018668515607714653,
-0.05703102424740791,
0.022093987092375755,
-0.02752687595784664,
-0.08752696216106415,
-0.010149989277124405,
0.13427281379699707,
0.01637258753180504,
0.015332989394664764,
0.05143817514181137,
0.09613893181085587,
-0.04701542481780052,
0.041273947805166245,
0.05635... |
depends\ton\tthe\tneeds\tof\tthe\thost.\tThey\talso\tuse\tat\tleast\tone\ttransport\tprotein,\tand\teach\thas\nmechanisms\tto\tincrease\tabsorption\twhen\tstores\tare\tinadequate.\tBecause\tphytates\tand\toxalates\tfrom\nplants\timpair\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tiron\tand\tzinc,\tabsorption\tis\tgenerally\tbetter\twhen\tani... | [
0.04328878968954086,
-0.08078570663928986,
0.050980132073163986,
-0.060636941343545914,
-0.11467240005731583,
0.01667114906013012,
0.1229039803147316,
-0.023516956716775894,
0.0025659208185970783,
0.09385006129741669,
0.07782170176506042,
-0.014003404416143894,
0.044809356331825256,
0.0388... |
consumed.\n\tFermenting,\tsoaking,\tsprouting\tand\tpretreatment\twith\tphytase\tenzymes\timproves\tthe\nbioavailability\tof\tiron\tand\tzinc\tfrom\tplant\tbased\tfoods\tsuch\tas\tgrains,\tlegumes,\tnuts\tand\tseeds\n(\nGupta\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tThe\tabsorption\tof\tzinc\tis\timpaired\twith\tdisproportionately\tincreas... | [
0.02196666970849037,
-0.04959718883037567,
-0.016775337979197502,
0.007631664164364338,
-0.04664451256394386,
0.0026959890965372324,
0.13771837949752808,
0.038257550448179245,
-0.015392269007861614,
0.05127432942390442,
0.13218539953231812,
-0.04002774506807327,
0.024608585983514786,
0.007... |
magnesium,\tcalcium,\tand\tiron.\tCalcium\tabsorption\tinto\tthe\tenterocyte\toccurs\tthrough\tchannels\tin\nthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane,\n\twhere\tit\tis\tbound\tto\ta\tspecific\tprotein\tcarrier\tfor\ttransportation\tacross\nthe\tbasolateral\tmembrane.\tThe\tprocess\tis\tregulated\tby\tthe\tpresence\tof\tvitamin\tD.... | [
-0.018487660214304924,
-0.12147518247365952,
0.030229883268475533,
-0.02104363776743412,
-0.0875822976231575,
-0.019619425758719444,
0.13074851036071777,
0.007361052092164755,
-0.014689390547573566,
0.04550424963235855,
0.05509093776345253,
-0.04068979620933533,
0.05884009972214699,
0.0363... |
absorbed\tby\ta\tsodium\tphosphorus\tcotransporter,\twhich\talso\tis\tregulated\tby\tvitamin\tD\tor\tlow\nphosphate\tintake.\nThe\tGIT\tis\tthe\tsite\tof\timportant\tinteractions\tamong\tminerals.\tSupplementation\twith\tlarge\tamounts\nof\tiron\tor\tzinc\tmay\n\tdecrease\tthe\tabsorption\tof\tcopper.\tIn\tturn,\tthe\t... | [
0.03643331676721573,
-0.1042150929570198,
0.04170621186494827,
-0.037731628865003586,
-0.07968084514141083,
-0.023133529350161552,
0.13837312161922455,
0.014633247628808022,
-0.01405222900211811,
0.08434770256280899,
0.07375429570674896,
0.0017533833160996437,
0.05105198174715042,
0.049009... |
and\tmolybdenum\tabsorption.\tCobalt\tabsorption\tis\tincreased\tin\tpatients\twith\tiron\tdeficiency,\tbut\ncobalt\tand\tiron\tcompete\tand\tinhibit\tone\tanother’s\tabsorption.\tThese\tinteractions\tare\tprobably\tthe\nresult\tof\tan\toverlap\tof\tmineral\tabsorption\tmechanisms.\nMinerals\tare\ttransported\tin\tbloo... | [
0.016226928681135178,
-0.07998751103878021,
0.033408716320991516,
-0.05310247093439102,
-0.12420689314603806,
-0.010659923776984215,
0.1542591005563736,
0.021399129182100296,
-0.002317780163139105,
0.0654941126704216,
0.08504383265972137,
-0.01188602577894926,
0.07235883921384811,
0.049639... |
2\nIntake:\tEnergy\nCarol\tS.\tIreton-Jones,\tPhD,\tRDN,\tLD,\tCNSC,\tFASPEN,\tFAND\nKEY\tTERMS\nactivity\tthermogenesis\t(AT)\nbasal\tenergy\texpenditure\t(BEE)\nbasal\tmetabolic\trate\t(BMR)\ncalorie\ndirect\tcalorimetry\nestimated\tenergy\trequirement\t(EER)\nexcess\tpost-exercise\toxygen\tconsumption\t(EPOC)\nfacul... | [
-0.04928867146372795,
-0.1100844070315361,
0.0352938175201416,
-0.02089698240160942,
-0.05842931196093559,
0.00103087502066046,
0.07942979782819748,
0.0825473815202713,
-0.034151095896959305,
0.031492091715335846,
0.06016414985060692,
-0.04671354591846466,
0.014682373963296413,
0.039318941... |
facultative\tthermogenesis\nfat-free\tmass\t(FFM)\nhigh-metabolic-rate\torgan\t(HMRO)\nindirect\tcalorimetry\n\t(IC)\nkilocalorie\t(kcal)\nlean\tbody\tmass\t(LBM)\nmetabolic\tequivalents\t(METs)\nnonexercise\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(NEAT)\nobligatory\tthermogenesis\nphysical\tactivity\tlevel\t(PAL)\nrespiratory\tquot... | [
-0.055761102586984634,
-0.0807151049375534,
0.04541260004043579,
0.02453678660094738,
-0.08340238779783249,
0.009092530235648155,
0.019744213670492172,
0.08214721828699112,
-0.04736686497926712,
0.08652382344007492,
0.06899148970842361,
-0.09717189520597458,
-0.042777180671691895,
0.041478... |
respiratory\tquotient\t(RQ)\nresting\tenergy\texpenditure\t(REE)\nresting\tmetabolic\trate\t(RMR)\nthermic\teffect\tof\tfood\t(TEF)\ntotal\tenergy\texpenditure\t(TEE)\nEnergy\tmay\tbe\tdefined\tas\t“the\tcapacity\tto\tdo\twork.”\tThe\tultimate\n\tsource\tof\tall\tenergy\tin\tliving\norganisms\tis\tthe\tsun.\tThrough\tt... | [
-0.01935124397277832,
-0.06277026981115341,
0.045130688697099686,
0.002010684460401535,
-0.08704998344182968,
-0.017555249854922295,
0.07758621871471405,
0.039764322340488434,
-0.0013562706299126148,
0.0658511146903038,
0.11777733266353607,
-0.046587247401475906,
0.05661027133464813,
0.073... |
sunlight\treaching\ttheir\tleaves\tand\tcapture\tit\twithin\tthe\tchemical\tbonds\tof\tglucose.\tProteins,\tfats,\nand\tother\tcarbohydrates\tare\tsynthesized\tfrom\tthis\tbasic\tcarbohydrate\tto\tmeet\tthe\tneeds\tof\tthe\nplant.\tAnimals\tand\thumans\tobtain\tthese\tnutrients\tand\tthe\tenergy\tthey\tcontain\n\tby\tc... | [
-0.007123671937733889,
-0.04809693992137909,
0.06463704258203506,
0.0342431366443634,
-0.022842271253466606,
0.0342961810529232,
0.12606419622898102,
-0.018758196383714676,
0.0002533862425480038,
0.06981559097766876,
0.09919610619544983,
-0.0756208524107933,
0.018744049593806267,
0.0165115... |
by\tconsuming\tplants\nand\tthe\tflesh\tof\tother\tanimals.\nThe\tbody\tmakes\tuse\tof\tthe\tenergy\tfrom\tdietary\tcarbohydrates,\tproteins,\tfats,\tand\talcohol;\tthis\nenergy\tis\tlocked\tin\tchemical\tbonds\twithin\tfood\tand\tis\treleased\tthrough\tmetabolism.\tEnergy\tmust\tbe\nsupplied\tregularly\tto\tmeet\tthe\... | [
0.014222400262951851,
-0.091507688164711,
0.08135969936847687,
-0.014404850080609322,
-0.1063183918595314,
0.05356966704130173,
0.12166591733694077,
0.004356183111667633,
-0.03961236774921417,
0.06281263381242752,
0.0761076956987381,
-0.0439368300139904,
0.036562662571668625,
0.00448892172... |
form\tof\theat,\twhich\tdissipates\tinto\tthe\tatmosphere,\n\tunique\tcellular\tprocesses\tfirst\tmake\tpossible\tits\nuse\tfor\tall\tthe\ttasks\trequired\tfor\tlife.\tThese\tprocesses\tinvolve\tchemical\treactions\tthat\tmaintain\tbody\ntissues,\telectrical\tconduction\tof\tthe\tnerves,\tmechanical\twork\tof\tthe\tmus... | [
0.012455493211746216,
-0.0365048423409462,
0.03198568522930145,
-0.047426220029592514,
-0.10655059665441513,
-0.017859362065792084,
0.05686216801404953,
-0.04367858171463013,
0.018063608556985855,
0.10097987949848175,
0.08480573445558548,
-0.06441105157136917,
0.05537308007478714,
0.022161... |
maintain\tbody\ttemperature.\nEnergy\trequirements\nEnergy\trequirements\tare\tdefined\tas\tthe\tdietary\tenergy\tintake\tthat\tis\trequired\tfor\tgrowth\tor\nmaintenance\tin\ta\tperson\tof\ta\tdefined\tage,\tgender,\tweight,\theight,\tand\tlevel\tof\tphysical\tactivity.\tIn\nchildren\tand\tpregnant\tor\tlactating\twom... | [
0.021005522459745407,
-0.04781081900000572,
0.06265797466039658,
-0.010695156641304493,
-0.06253165006637573,
0.0018713296158239245,
0.11997509002685547,
-0.0027187892701476812,
-0.03443294018507004,
0.06727596372365952,
0.10036520659923553,
-0.0680539608001709,
0.02702643908560276,
0.0228... |
the\tdeposition\tof\ttissues\tor\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tmilk\tat\trates\tconsistent\twith\tgood\thealth.\tIn\till\tor\tinjured\npeople,\tthe\tstressors\thave\tan\teffect\tby\tincreasing\tor\tdecreasing\tenergy\texpenditure.\nBody\tweight\n\tis\tone\tindicator\tof\tenergy\tadequacy\tor\tinadequacy.\tThe\tbody\thas\tthe\tu... | [
0.03108842484652996,
-0.07074159383773804,
0.052004218101501465,
-0.016346922144293785,
-0.12596936523914337,
0.041160568594932556,
0.105667844414711,
-0.02146400883793831,
-0.01951143890619278,
0.06453800946474075,
0.09984657168388367,
-0.009968246333301067,
0.07147886604070663,
0.0398593... |
shift\tthe\tfuel\tmixture\tof\tcarbohydrates,\tproteins,\tand\tfats\tto\taccommodate\tenergy\tneeds.\tHowever,\nconsuming\ttoo\tmuch\tor\ttoo\tlittle\tenergy\tover\ttime\tresults\tin\tbody\tweight\tchanges.\tThus\tbody\tweight\nreflects\tadequacy\tof\tenergy\tintake,\tbut\tit\tis\tnot\ta\treliable\tindicator\tof\tmacro... | [
-0.009477811865508556,
-0.11669877916574478,
0.0636284202337265,
0.0013312523951753974,
-0.07761581242084503,
0.04143454506993294,
0.12048764526844025,
0.035247232764959335,
-0.07109937816858292,
0.03506535664200783,
0.07774461060762405,
-0.06264831870794296,
0.03030320815742016,
0.0521148... |
micronutrient\tadequacy.\n\tIn\taddition,\tbecause\tbody\tweight\tis\taffected\tby\tbody\tcomposition,\ta\tperson | [
-0.011200254783034325,
-0.10611148923635483,
0.00903727300465107,
0.08462303876876831,
-0.03259265050292015,
0.0630669817328453,
0.13017381727695465,
0.008626303635537624,
-0.005683694034814835,
0.018943021073937416,
0.11616113781929016,
-0.07008621841669083,
0.014430753886699677,
-0.01374... |
with\ta\thigher\tlean\tmass\tto\tbody\tfat\tmass\tor\tbody\tfat\tmass\tto\tlean\tmass\tmay\trequire\tdifferent\tenergy\nintakes\tcompared\twith\tthe\tnorm\tor\t“average”\tperson.\tObese\tindividuals\thave\thigher\tenergy\tneeds\nbecause\tof\tan\tincrease\tin\tbody\tfat\tmass\tand\tlean\tbody\tmass\t(\nKee\tet\tal,\t201... | [
0.027318337932229042,
-0.016500666737556458,
0.08006571978330612,
0.005770781077444553,
-0.07590755075216293,
0.004828291945159435,
0.12528079748153687,
0.015837237238883972,
-0.09232407808303833,
0.04057283699512482,
0.07647716253995895,
-0.050950661301612854,
0.03686490282416344,
0.05937... |
).\nComponents\tof\tenergy\texpenditure\nEnergy\tis\texpended\n\tby\tthe\thuman\tbody\tin\tthe\tform\tof\t\nbasal\tenergy\texpenditure\t(BEE)\n,\tthermic\neffect\tof\tfood\t(TEF),\tand\tactivity\tthermogenesis\t(AT).\tThese\tthree\tcomponents\tmake\tup\ta\tperson’s\ndaily\t\ntotal\tenergy\texpenditure\t(TEE)\n.\nBasal\... | [
0.0070572663098573685,
-0.08753632754087448,
0.06584674119949341,
0.0048252190463244915,
-0.0885252133011818,
0.04950014874339104,
0.12741605937480927,
0.0011967156315222383,
-0.050562936812639236,
0.06426328420639038,
0.12049321085214615,
-0.060088545083999634,
0.04961918294429779,
0.0254... |
BEE,\tor\t\nbasal\tmetabolic\trate\t(BMR)\n,\tis\tthe\tminimum\tamount\tof\tenergy\texpended\tthat\tis\ncompatible\twith\tlife.\tAn\tindividual’s\tBEE\treflects\tthe\tamount\tof\n\tenergy\tused\tfor\t24\thours\twhile\nphysically\tand\tmentally\tat\trest\tin\ta\tthermoneutral\tenvironment\tthat\tprevents\tthe\tactivatio... | [
0.03029715269804001,
-0.048178087919950485,
0.07190470397472382,
-0.03800380229949951,
-0.09170403331518173,
0.025107527151703835,
0.10375671833753586,
-0.027543073520064354,
-0.03072073869407177,
0.07630673050880432,
0.12678149342536926,
-0.07529602199792862,
0.05003718286752701,
0.006648... |
generating\tprocesses,\tsuch\tas\tshivering.\tMeasurements\tof\tBEE\tshould\tbe\tdone\tbefore\tan\tindividual\nhas\tengaged\tin\tany\tphysical\tactivity\t(preferably\ton\tawakening\tfrom\tsleep)\tand\t10\tto\t12\thours\tafter\nthe\tingestion\tof\tany\tfood,\tdrink,\tor\tnicotine.\tThe\tBEE\tremains\tremarkably\n\tconst... | [
-0.023715775460004807,
-0.06471552699804306,
0.04876719042658806,
-0.019954994320869446,
-0.08059030026197433,
0.005802524741739035,
0.12007830291986465,
0.006322324741631746,
-0.03203501179814339,
0.06359164416790009,
0.0746595710515976,
-0.07101340591907501,
0.06875911355018616,
0.025019... |
constant\ton\ta\tdaily\tbasis.\nResting\tenergy\texpenditure\t(REE)\n,\tor\t\nresting\tmetabolic\trate\t(RMR)\n,\tis\tthe\tenergy\texpended\nin\tthe\tactivities\tnecessary\tto\tsustain\tnormal\tbody\tfunctions\tand\thomeostasis.\tThese\tactivities\tinclude\nrespiration\tand\tcirculation,\tthe\tsynthesis\tof\torganic\tc... | [
0.0029313864652067423,
-0.07230966538190842,
0.045577164739370346,
-0.008722192607820034,
-0.11905749887228012,
0.0017952003981918097,
0.09298770874738693,
0.03833981975913048,
-0.03789322450757027,
0.06146152690052986,
0.10689916461706161,
-0.07630614191293716,
0.042841874063014984,
0.065... |
membranes.\tREE,\tor\tRMR,\tincludes\tthe\tenergy\trequired\tby\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\n\tand\tfor\tthe\nmaintenance\tof\tbody\ttemperature.\tIt\tdoes\tnot\tinclude\tthermogenesis,\tactivity,\tor\tother\tenergy\nexpenditure\tand\tis\thigher\tthan\tthe\tBEE\tby\t10%\tto\t20%\t(\nIreton-Jones,\t2010\n).\tThe\tter... | [
-0.014827223494648933,
-0.09668782353401184,
0.038710229098796844,
-0.021486641839146614,
-0.08997098356485367,
-0.0004087946144863963,
0.14578142762184143,
-0.0008956083911471069,
-0.04337625205516815,
0.07876688987016678,
0.08684682101011276,
-0.05459561571478844,
-0.004334625788033009,
... |
and\nRMR\n\tand\t\nBEE\n\tand\t\nBMR\n\tcan\tbe\tused\tinterchangeably,\tbut\t\nREE\n\tand\t\nBEE\n\tare\tused\tin\tthis\tchapter.\nFactors\taffecting\tresting\tenergy\texpenditure\nNumerous\tfactors\tcause\tthe\tREE\tto\tvary\tamong\tindividuals,\n\tbut\tbody\tsize\tand\tcomposition\thave\tthe\ngreatest\teffect.\tSee\... | [
0.01937064714729786,
-0.05839717760682106,
0.08917571604251862,
-0.013273408636450768,
-0.08228723704814911,
0.01037204172462225,
0.10548700392246246,
-0.03584190830588341,
-0.03456509858369827,
0.09134474396705627,
0.0850616917014122,
-0.05164613574743271,
0.03291936591267586,
0.018811289... |
for\tdiscussion\tof\tmethods\tused\tto\tdetermine\tbody\tcomposition.\nAge.\nBecause\tREE\tis\thighly\taffected\tby\tthe\tproportion\tof\t\nlean\tbody\tmass\t(LBM)\n,\tit\tis\thighest\tduring\nperiods\tof\trapid\tgrowth,\tespecially\tthe\tfirst\tand\tsecond\tyears\tof\tlife.\tGrowing\tinfants\tmay\tstore\tas\nmuch\tas\... | [
0.05990033969283104,
-0.049668893218040466,
0.05347267910838127,
-0.016489099711179733,
-0.0747135728597641,
-0.0035734556149691343,
0.07334079593420029,
-0.004949198104441166,
-0.027957795187830925,
0.112681545317173,
0.11731661111116409,
-0.05184384062886238,
0.04916682094335556,
0.01398... |
much\tas\t12%\tto\t15%\tof\tthe\tenergy\tvalue\tof\ttheir\tfood\tin\tthe\n\tform\tof\tnew\ttissue.\tAs\ta\tchild\tbecomes\nolder,\tthe\tenergy\trequirement\tfor\tgrowth\tis\treduced\tto\tapproximately\t1%\tof\tTEE.\tAfter\tearly\nadulthood\tthere\tis\ta\tdecline\tin\tREE\tof\t1%\tto\t2%\tper\tkilogram\tof\t\nfat-free\t... | [
-0.0054640634916722775,
-0.0937247946858406,
0.044544968754053116,
-0.0374717079102993,
-0.05371556058526039,
-0.03577137365937233,
0.061680808663368225,
0.07575282454490662,
-0.026282962411642075,
0.08185690641403198,
0.11013298481702805,
-0.052774205803871155,
0.017469998449087143,
0.059... |
fat-free\tmass\t(FFM)\n\tper\tdecade\n(\nKeys\tet\tal,\t1973\n).\tFortunately,\texercise\tcan\thelp\tmaintain\ta\thigher\tLBM\tand\ta\thigher\tREE.\nDecreases\tin\tREE\twith\tincreasing\tage\tmay\tbe\tpartly\trelated\tto\tage-associated\tchanges\n\tin\tthe\nrelative\tsize\tof\tLBM\tcomponents\t(\nCooper\tet\tal,\t2013\... | [
0.0021817651577293873,
-0.032035164535045624,
0.08811356127262115,
0.006690019741654396,
-0.07246394455432892,
-0.01603621058166027,
0.047164008021354675,
-0.00896647572517395,
-0.018520496785640717,
0.05850141495466232,
0.0886538028717041,
-0.06148998439311981,
0.01977381482720375,
-0.010... |
Cooper\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nBody\tcomposition.\nFFM,\tor\tLBM,\tmakes\tup\tmost\tof\tthe\tmetabolically\tactive\ttissue\tin\tthe\tbody\tand\tis\tthe\tprimary\npredictor\tof\tREE.\tFFM\tcontributes\tto\tapproximately\t80%\tof\tthe\tvariations\tin\tREE\t(\nWang\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nBecause\tof\ttheir\tgreater\tFFM,\tathlet... | [
0.0166989304125309,
0.006020209286361933,
0.07631086558103561,
-0.019366754218935966,
-0.04855263978242874,
-0.005023088771849871,
0.06852222234010696,
-0.03583148866891861,
-0.01590639539062977,
0.08501172065734863,
0.08093034476041794,
-0.07023605704307556,
0.05548641085624695,
0.0233174... |
5%\thigher\tREE\tthan\tnonathletic\n\tindividuals.\tOrgans\tin\tthe\tbody\tcontribute\tto\theat\tproduction\t(\nFig.\n2.1\n).\tApproximately\t60%\tof\tREE\tcan\tbe\taccounted\tfor\tby\tthe\theat\tproduced\tby\t\nhigh-metabolic-rate\norgans\t(HMROs)\n:\tthe\tliver,\tbrain,\theart,\tspleen,\tintestines,\tand\tkidneys).\t... | [
0.026642784476280212,
-0.04092894494533539,
0.030727125704288483,
0.004471916705369949,
-0.035055723041296005,
-0.03035055845975876,
0.040284525603055954,
0.022754939272999763,
-0.02092975378036499,
0.11124150454998016,
0.14786218106746674,
-0.12645891308784485,
-0.027493586763739586,
-0.0... |
FFM\tbetween\tethnic\tgroups\tmay\tbe\trelated\tto\tthe\ttotal\tmass\tof\tthese\tas\twell\tas\tmusculature\tand\npresence\tof\tobesity\t(\nWang\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\n\tRelatively\tsmall\tindividual\tvariation\tin\tthe\tmass\tof\tthe\tliver,\nbrain,\theart,\tspleen,\tand\tkidneys,\tcollectively\tor\tindividually,\tcan\tsi... | [
0.043617893010377884,
-0.0435357429087162,
0.06291334331035614,
-0.039620187133550644,
-0.08524520695209503,
-0.019100405275821686,
0.043343424797058105,
-0.048334211111068726,
0.019583024084568024,
0.07978026568889618,
0.08795306086540222,
-0.05243135988712311,
0.02573719434440136,
0.0193... |
Javed\tet\tal,\n2010\n).\tAs\ta\tresult,\testimating\tthe\tpercentage\tof\tenergy\texpenditure\tthat\tappendages\t(arms\tand\tlegs)\naccount\tfor\tin\toverall\tdaily\tenergy\texpenditure\tis\tdifficult,\talthough\tit\tis\tpresumably\ta\tsmall\tamount. | [
-0.0012159592006355524,
-0.006618972402065992,
0.09149028360843658,
-0.005084998439997435,
-0.07716058194637299,
0.026322918012738228,
0.1581324189901352,
0.02036392316222191,
-0.00799131952226162,
0.018105732277035713,
0.11784721165895462,
-0.046793267130851746,
0.07758626341819763,
0.052... |
FIG.\t2.1\nProportional\tcontribution\tof\torgans\tand\ttissues\tto\tcalculated\tresting\tenergy\nexpenditure.\n\tSource:\t\n(Modified\tand\tused\twith\tpermission\tfrom\tGallagher\tD\tet\tal:\tOrgan-tissue\tmass\tmeasurement\tallows\nmodeling\tof\tREE\tand\tmetabolically\tactive\ttissue\tmass,\t\nAm\tJ\tPhysiol\tEndoc... | [
-0.036685511469841,
-0.021603064611554146,
0.06098705530166626,
0.0026408531703054905,
-0.036670029163360596,
-0.013265445828437805,
0.056658994406461716,
0.05971236154437065,
-0.012172755785286427,
0.10489186644554138,
0.12177450209856033,
-0.010318292304873466,
-0.02289608307182789,
0.03... |
275:E249,\t1998.\tCopyright\tAmerican\nPhysiological\tSociety.)\nBody\tsize.\nLarger\tpeople\tgenerally\thave\thigher\n\tmetabolic\trates\tthan\tsmaller\tpeople,\tbut\ttall,\tthin\tpeople\thave\nhigher\tmetabolic\trates\tthan\tshort,\tstocky\tpeople.\tFor\texample,\tif\ttwo\tpeople\tweigh\tthe\tsame\tbut\tone | [
0.03011113591492176,
-0.03375597670674324,
0.05703107267618179,
0.004494603257626295,
-0.09092676639556885,
0.010592734441161156,
0.062137678265571594,
-0.027388008311390877,
-0.08884787559509277,
0.06243617460131645,
0.09550387412309647,
-0.09011423587799072,
0.006848122458904982,
-0.0328... |
person\tis\ttaller,\tthe\ttaller\tperson\thas\ta\tlarger\tbody\tsurface\tarea\tand\ta\thigher\tmetabolic\trate.\tObesity\nis\ta\tmajor\tconfounder\tin\tthe\tdetermination\tof\tenergy\tneeds.\tDetermination\tof\tbody\tfat\tpercentage\nmay\tbe\thelpful\tin\tincreasing\tthe\n\tpreciseness\tof\tan\tequation,\tbut\tmethodol... | [
0.03751777112483978,
-0.03246408328413963,
0.07931125164031982,
-0.008506907150149345,
-0.10137512534856796,
0.003836545627564192,
0.09779272228479385,
-0.015667637810111046,
-0.029003866016864777,
0.08458629250526428,
0.10145165771245956,
-0.09040143340826035,
0.009190988726913929,
0.0195... |
preciseness\tof\tan\tequation,\tbut\tmethodology\trelated\tto\nmeasurement\tof\tbody\tfat\tmay\tcause\tinaccuracies\tin\tbody\tfat\tand\tREE\t(\nWang\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\nClimate.\nThe\tREE\tis\taffected\tby\textremes\tin\tenvironmental\ttemperature.\tPeople\tliving\tin\ttropical\tclimates\nusually\thave\tREEs\tthat\tar... | [
0.03846457228064537,
-0.030111901462078094,
0.11615010350942612,
-0.00012989291280973703,
-0.06939591467380524,
-0.034467294812202454,
0.06719480454921722,
-0.024073299020528793,
-0.03826199099421501,
0.08170387893915176,
0.09355952590703964,
-0.08658981323242188,
0.020141711458563805,
0.0... |
temperatures\tgreater\tthan\t86°F\timposes\ta\tsmall\tadditional\n\tmetabolic\tload\tof\tapproximately\t5%\tfrom\nincreased\tsweat\tgland\tactivity.\tThe\textent\tto\twhich\tenergy\tmetabolism\tincreases\tin\textremely\tcold\nenvironments\tdepends\ton\tthe\tinsulation\tavailable\tfrom\tbody\tfat\tand\tprotective\tcloth... | [
0.0007398640736937523,
-0.051276568323373795,
0.06873805075883865,
0.024001838639378548,
-0.04460286349058151,
-0.017193913459777832,
0.12206137925386429,
0.030871475115418434,
-0.03890033811330795,
0.05719383433461189,
0.1003405973315239,
-0.09504847228527069,
0.06078808754682541,
0.02542... |
Gender.\nGender\tdifferences\tin\tmetabolic\trates\tare\tattributable\tprimarily\tto\tdifferences\tin\tbody\tsize\tand\ncomposition.\tWomen,\twho\tgenerally\thave\tmore\tfat\tin\tproportion\n\tto\tmuscle\tthan\tmen,\thave\tmetabolic\nrates\tthat\tare\tapproximately\t5%\tto\t10%\tlower\tthan\tmen\tof\tthe\tsame\tweight\... | [
0.052410226315259933,
-0.03102383203804493,
0.10129445046186447,
0.013107147999107838,
-0.08797982335090637,
-0.023151932284235954,
0.07445433735847473,
-0.08144405484199524,
-0.03317109867930412,
0.08433093130588531,
0.08612963557243347,
-0.07273732125759125,
0.008247112855315208,
-0.0042... |
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