0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
|---|---|
).\tIncreased\tserum\tosmolality\tor\tdecreased\tblood\tvolume\tleads\nto\tthe\trelease\tof\tantidiuretic\thormone\twhich\tsignals\tthe\tkidneys\tto\tconserve\n\twater.\tIn\tthe\tpresence\nof\tlow\tECF\tvolume,\tthe\tkidneys\trelease\trenin\tto\tproduce\tangiotensin\tII\t(the\t\nrenin-angiotensin\nsystem | [
0.023199066519737244,
-0.09040517359972,
0.025899367406964302,
0.008688261732459068,
-0.05316770821809769,
0.049406200647354126,
0.07511163502931595,
0.024826116859912872,
0.04198610037565231,
0.04867261275649071,
0.07862352579832077,
-0.02223902754485607,
0.021718787029385567,
0.048863079... |
renin-angiotensin\nsystem\n).\tAngiotensin\tII\thas\tseveral\tfunctions,\tincluding\tstimulation\tof\tvasoconstriction\tand\tthe\nthirst\tcenters.\nWater\tintake\nThirst\tis\tregulated\tby\tthe\thypothalamus\tand\tcontrols\twater\tintake\tin\thealthy\tindividuals.\tSensitivity\nto\tthirst\tis\tdecreased\tin\tolder\tind... | [
0.018215825781226158,
-0.056302014738321304,
0.08743416517972946,
-0.024449674412608147,
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0.010433110408484936,
0.08778179436922073,
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0.04891592636704445,
0.07935502380132675,
-0.044377412647008896,
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0.0... |
to\tthirst\tis\tdecreased\tin\tolder\tindividuals,\tchronically\n\tor\tacutely\till\tpatients,\tinfants,\tand\tathletes\nleading\tto\ta\thigher\tpotential\tfor\twater\tdeficits.\tSources\tof\twater\tinclude\tfluids\t(oral,\tenteral\ttube\nfeeding,\tparenteral\tfluids),\tfood,\tand\toxidative\tmetabolism\t(\nTables\t3.1... | [
-0.00877793412655592,
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0.04201439395546913,
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0.08918984234333038,
0.03840329870581627,
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0.027955379337072372,
0.07459227740764618,
-0.04135353863239288,
0.04235106334090233,
0.0565730... |
,\t\n3.2\n,\tand\t\n3.3\n).\tThe\toxidation\tof\nfoods\tin\tthe\tbody\tproduces\t\nmetabolic\twater\n\tas\tan\tend\tproduct.\tThe\toxidation\tof\t100\tg\tof\tfat,\ncarbohydrate,\tor\tprotein\tyields\t107,\t55,\tor\t41\tg\n\tof\twater,\trespectively,\tfor\ta\ttotal\tof\tapproximately\n200\tto\t300\tmL/day\t(\nWhitmire,\... | [
-0.054195135831832886,
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0.03158554434776306,
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0.0770050436258316,
0.022394327446818352,
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0.00366424722597003,
0.09933701902627945,
-0.0762973502278328,
0.037860408425331116,
0.0392... |
Canada,\t2015\n).\nTABLE\t3.1\nContent\tof\tCommon\tIntravenous\tFluids\nFluid\nDextrose\n(g/L)\nSodium\n(mEq/L)\nChloride\n(mEq/L)\nAdditional\tComponents\n(mEq/L)\n0.45%\tNaCl\n0\n77\n77\nn/a\n0.9%\tNaCl\n0\n154\n154\nn/a\n3%\tSaline\n0\n513\n513\nn/a\n5%\tDextrose\tin\nwater\n50\n0\n0\nn/a\nD\n5\n0.45%\tNaCl\n50\n77... | [
-0.03374842181801796,
-0.07624198496341705,
0.008163431659340858,
-0.03739459440112114,
-0.025781700387597084,
-0.02620377391576767,
0.040457963943481445,
0.013019866310060024,
-0.024535929784178734,
0.0532187893986702,
0.03380611911416054,
-0.10466545075178146,
0.026411324739456177,
0.072... |
5\n0.9%\tNaCl\n50\n154\n154\nn/a\n10%\tDextrose\n100\n0\n0\nn/a\nLactated\tRinger’s\n(LR)\n0\n130\n109\nPotassium\t4\nCalcium\t3\nLactate\t28\nD\n5\nLR\n50\n130\n109\nPotassium\n\t4\nCalcium\t3\nLactate\t28 | [
-0.07111004739999771,
-0.023452112451195717,
-0.039621882140636444,
-0.08019618690013885,
-0.05076257139444351,
0.012090339325368404,
0.013032648712396622,
0.08787908405065536,
-0.018248261883854866,
0.042143311351537704,
0.04568188637495041,
-0.1446671038866043,
-0.06067543104290962,
0.05... |
TABLE\t3.2\nPercentage\tof\tWater\tin\tCommon\tFoods\nFood\nPercentage\nLettuce,\ticeberg\n96\nCelery\n95\nCucumbers\n95\nCabbage,\traw\n92\nWatermelon\n92\nBroccoli,\tboiled\n91\nMilk,\tnonfat\n91\nSpinach\n91\nGreen\tbeans,\tboiled\n89\nCarrots,\traw\n88\nOranges\n87\nCereals,\tcooked\n85\nApples,\traw,\twithout\tski... | [
-0.03635049983859062,
-0.04678243398666382,
-0.0363440103828907,
-0.051727887243032455,
-0.021973730996251106,
-0.028274623677134514,
0.03700300306081772,
-0.010376115329563618,
-0.07349953800439835,
0.015053626149892807,
0.0704629048705101,
-0.09792570024728775,
0.020961521193385124,
0.03... |
Grapes\n81\nPotatoes,\tboiled\n77\nEggs\n75\nBananas\n74\nFish,\thaddock,\tbaked\n74\nChicken,\troasted,\twhite\tmeat\n70\nCorn,\tboiled\n65\nBeef,\tsirloin\n59\nCheese,\tSwiss\n38\nBread,\twhite\n37\nCake,\tangel\tfood\n34\nButter\n16\nAlmonds,\tblanched\n5\nSaltines\n3\nSugar,\twhite\n1\nOils\n0 | [
-0.035601984709501266,
0.005764346569776535,
-0.02799653820693493,
-0.00678609311580658,
-0.0439179353415966,
0.030609726905822754,
0.039359044283628464,
-0.024159938097000122,
-0.11125742644071579,
0.03949311375617981,
0.06917987763881683,
-0.07534896582365036,
0.011272935196757317,
0.010... |
34\nButter\n16\nAlmonds,\tblanched\n5\nSaltines\n3\nSugar,\twhite\n1\nOils\n0\nFrom\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\tAgriculture\t(USDA),\tAgricultural\tResearch\tService\t(ARS):\tNutrient\tdatabase\tfor\tstandard\treference.\nhttp://ndb.nal.usda.gov\n.\nTABLE\n\t3.3\nWater\tContent\tof\tEnteral\tNutrition\tFormulations\nEnteral... | [
0.03290406987071037,
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-0.03449903801083565,
-0.03721492737531662,
-0.023360878229141235,
-0.08239009976387024,
-0.014480065554380417,
0.023689759895205498,
-0.053558897227048874,
0.060338109731674194,
0.0187335517257452,
-0.11285833269357681,
0.009109456092119217,
0.00... |
Percentage\tof\tFree\tWater\n1.0\tkcal/mL\n84%\n1.2\tkcal/mL\n81%\n1.5\tkcal/mL\n76%\n2.0\tkcal/mL\n69%\nTonicity\tof\tbody\tfluids\tcan\tbe\tmeasured\t(serum\tosmolality)\tor\testimated\tfrom\tthe\tfollowing\nformula:\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nOsmotic\tForces\nOsmotic\tpressure\n\tis\tdirectly\tproportional\tto\t\nthe\tnumb... | [
0.024465544149279594,
-0.11034710705280304,
-0.021561574190855026,
-0.006833713501691818,
0.009073969908058643,
-0.029018577188253403,
0.06854157894849777,
0.10597480088472366,
-0.021678974851965904,
0.009182917885482311,
0.07219448685646057,
-0.07195857167243958,
0.01982644759118557,
0.06... |
the\tnumber\tof\tparticles\tin\tsolution\tand\tusually\nrefers\tto\tthe\tpressure\tat\tthe\tcell\tmembrane.\tOsmotic\tpressure\tof\tintracellular\tfluid\tis\ta\tfunction\tof\nits\tpotassium\tcontent\tbecause\tpotassium\tis\n\tthe\tpredominant\tcation\tthere.\tIn\tcontrast,\tthe\tosmotic | [
0.016636444255709648,
-0.0738588497042656,
0.018111446872353554,
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0.011510651558637619,
0.10348865389823914,
0.02507900260388851,
0.036025650799274445,
0.04514074698090553,
0.07475176453590393,
-0.07824832201004028,
0.014493657276034355,
0.053488... |
pressure\tof\textracellular\tfluid\t(ECF)\tmay\tbe\tconsidered\trelative\tto\tits\tsodium\tcontent\tbecause\nsodium\tis\tthe\tmajor\tcation\tpresent\tin\tECF.\tAlthough\tvariations\tin\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tsodium\tand\npotassium\tions\tare\tthe\tprincipal\tcauses\tof\twater\tshifts\tbetween\tthe\tvarious\tfluid\tcom... | [
-0.023798516020178795,
-0.07573901861906052,
0.051816266030073166,
-0.031639378517866135,
-0.02103620581328869,
0.0016534350579604506,
0.09567943960428238,
-0.021924281492829323,
0.02092551998794079,
0.0337795615196228,
0.06629662960767746,
-0.0812443196773529,
0.05301294103264809,
0.04996... |
chloride\tand\tphosphate\talso\tinfluence\twater\tbalance.\tProteins\n\tcannot\tdiffuse\tbecause\tof\ttheir\tsize\nand\tthus\talso\tplay\ta\tkey\trole\tin\tmaintaining\tosmotic\tequilibrium.\t\nOncotic\tpressure\n,\tor\t\ncolloidal\nosmotic\tpressure\n,\tis\tthe\tpressure\tat\tthe\tcapillary\tmembrane.\tIt\tis\tmaintai... | [
-0.006843120325356722,
-0.10014332830905914,
0.03518972545862198,
-0.06497865170240402,
-0.07352837920188904,
0.019990717992186546,
0.12147527188062668,
0.02545689232647419,
0.021439483389258385,
0.03508652746677399,
0.07262887805700302,
-0.05118504911661148,
0.06507012248039246,
0.0461264... |
proteins\tin\tthe\tplasma\tand\tinterstitial\tfluids.\tOncotic\tpressure\thelps\tretain\twater\twithin\tblood\nvessels,\tpreventing\tits\tleakage\tfrom\tplasma\tinto\tthe\tinterstitial\tspaces.\n\tIn\tpatients\twith\tan\nexceptionally\tlow\tplasma\tprotein\tcontent,\tsuch\tas\tthose\twho\tare\tunder\tphysiologic\tstres... | [
-0.0033685797825455666,
-0.050032999366521835,
0.05558854714035988,
-0.014631274156272411,
-0.07457428425550461,
-0.0045867846347391605,
0.10906719416379929,
0.05620119348168373,
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0.03684906288981438,
0.10436668246984482,
-0.037809520959854126,
0.02196260169148445,
0... |
certain\tdiseases,\twater\tleaks\tinto\tthe\tinterstitial\tspaces,\tcausing\tedema\tor\tthird\tspacing;\tthus\tthe\nfluid\tis\tcalled\t\n“third\tspace”\tfluid\n.\nOsmoles\tand\tmilliosmoles\nConcentrations\tof\tindividual\tionic\tconstituents\tof\textracellular\tor\tintracellular\tfluids\tare\nexpressed\tin\tterms\tof\... | [
-0.05786975100636482,
-0.07293104380369186,
0.02262810803949833,
-0.05732808634638786,
-0.05282439664006233,
-0.03918083384633064,
0.07347942888736725,
0.015197313390672207,
0.003629920072853565,
0.030605534091591835,
0.096468485891819,
-0.03704941272735596,
0.07487974315881729,
0.03491183... |
milliosmoles\tper\tliter\t(mOsm/L).\tOne\tmole\tequals\tthe\tgram\tmolecular\nweight\tof\ta\tsubstance;\twhen\tdissolved\tin\t1\tL\tof\twater,\tit\tbecomes\t1\tosmole\t(Osm).\tOne\nmilliosmole\t(mOsm)\tequals\t1/1000th\tof\tan\tosmole.\nOsmolality\n\tis\ta\tmeasure\tof\tthe\tosmotically\tactive\tparticles\tper\tkilogra... | [
-0.027896495535969734,
-0.05167825520038605,
0.044199030846357346,
-0.014775616116821766,
-0.08199535310268402,
-0.03708648681640625,
0.06159387156367302,
0.003111044643446803,
0.004410312045365572,
0.022993505001068115,
0.10495219379663467,
-0.07507399469614029,
0.09174492955207825,
0.034... |
the\tparticles\tare\tdispersed.\tIt\tis\texpressed\tas\tmilliosmoles\tof\tsolute\tper\tkilogram\tof\tsolvent\n(mOsm/kg).\t\nOsmolarity\n\tis\tthe\tterm\tformerly\tused\tto\tdescribe\tconcentration—milliosmoles\tper\nliter\tof\tthe\tentire\tsolution—but\tosmolality\tis\tnow\tthe\tmeasurement\tfor\tmost\tclinical\twork. | [
0.016195259988307953,
-0.04055798798799515,
0.03208469972014427,
-0.034942783415317535,
-0.08293135464191437,
-0.033221788704395294,
0.04847351834177971,
0.014821196906268597,
0.029133334755897522,
0.06349589675664902,
0.09435026347637177,
-0.04814683273434639,
0.07419896125793457,
0.03222... |
However,\tin\treference\tto\tcertain\tconditions\tsuch\tas\thyperlipidemia,\tit\tmakes\ta\tdifference\twhether\nosmolality\tis\tstated\tas\tmilliosmoles\tper\tkilogram\tof\tsolvent\tor\tper\tliter\tof\tsolution.\nThe\taverage\tsum\tof\tthe\tconcentration\n\tof\tall\tthe\tcations\tin\tserum\tis\tabout\t150\tmEq/L.\tThe\... | [
0.035010963678359985,
-0.04357168450951576,
0.027546914294362068,
-0.07810017466545105,
-0.08195751905441284,
-0.01858578808605671,
0.05690637603402138,
0.00942611787468195,
0.06127627193927765,
0.06294961273670197,
0.1089920923113823,
-0.01465518493205309,
0.05295572802424431,
0.056742399... |
of\tall\tthe\tcations\tin\tserum\tis\tabout\t150\tmEq/L.\tThe\tcation\nconcentration\tis\tbalanced\tby\t150\tmEq/L\tof\tanions,\tyielding\ta\ttotal\tserum\tosmolality\tof\tabout\t300\nmOsm/L.\tAn\tosmolar\timbalance\tis\tcaused\tby\ta\tgain\tor\tloss\tof\twater\trelative\tto\ta\tsolute.\tAn\nosmolality\tof\tless\tthan\... | [
0.0318998247385025,
-0.019485479220747948,
0.04033592343330383,
-0.060127343982458115,
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0.06533908098936081,
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0.01044459082186222,
0.05188851058483124,
0.0666603371500969,
-0.039888009428977966,
0.06993561238050461,
0.02634... |
than\t300\tmOsm/L\tindicates\ta\twater\tdeficit.\nWater\n\tintoxication\tand\tfluid\toverload\nWater\tintoxication\toccurs\tas\ta\tresult\tof\twater\tintake\tin\texcess\tof\tthe\tbody’s\tability\tto\texcrete\twater.\nThe\tincreased\t\nICF\n\tvolume\tis\taccompanied\tby\tosmolar\tdilution.\tThe\tincreased\tvolume\tof\tI... | [
0.02651672065258026,
-0.07211468368768692,
0.05233447998762131,
-0.06853745877742767,
-0.07782209664583206,
-0.04172898828983307,
0.10079970955848694,
0.011050987988710403,
0.006782724522054195,
0.05868660286068916,
0.056819669902324677,
-0.0767158791422844,
0.07677501440048218,
0.06875216... |
the\tcells,\tparticularly\tthe\tbrain\tcells,\tto\tswell,\tleading\tto\theadache,\tnausea,\tvomiting,\tmuscle\ntwitching,\tblindness,\tand\tconvulsions\twith\timpending\tstupor.\tIf\tleft\n\tuntreated,\twater\tintoxication\tcan\nbe\tfatal.\tWater\tintoxication\tis\tnot\tcommonly\tseen\tin\tnormal,\thealthy\tindividuals... | [
0.014653502963483334,
-0.052376341074705124,
0.08210353553295135,
-0.028076527640223503,
-0.15532286465168,
0.004093681927770376,
0.12158776819705963,
-0.025608308613300323,
0.01044565811753273,
0.03945133090019226,
0.09374027699232101,
-0.071405328810215,
0.04266094043850899,
0.0099367592... |
endurance\tathletes\twho\tconsume\tlarge\tamounts\tof\telectrolyte-free\tbeverages\tduring\tevents,\nindividuals\twith\tpsychiatric\tillness,\tor\tas\ta\tresult\tof\twater\tdrinking\tcontests\t(\nAdetoki\tet\tal,\t2013\n).\nFluid\toverload,\tor\t\nhypervolemia\n,\toccurs\twhen\texcess\tfluid\taccumulation\n\tis\tpresen... | [
-0.04030067101120949,
-0.016977442428469658,
0.03155404329299927,
0.00373841798864305,
-0.07622477412223816,
0.00039180804742500186,
0.08871554583311081,
0.00884655024856329,
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0.01619500108063221,
0.06843076646327972,
-0.03903040662407875,
0.03959766402840614,
0.04282... |
,\toccurs\twhen\texcess\tfluid\taccumulation\n\tis\tpresent\twithin\tthe\nbody,\tleading\tto\texcess\tin\tcirculating\tblood\tvolume.\tThis\tmay\toccur\tas\ta\tresult\tof\texcess\tfluid\tintake\n(via\toral,\tenteral,\tor\tparenteral\troute),\tinjury\tor\tillness\tcausing\tstress\tto\tthe\tbody,\tor\tdiagnoses\tsuch | [
0.012781702913343906,
-0.04309966415166855,
0.0411190502345562,
-0.04871951788663864,
-0.11000826954841614,
-0.016414424404501915,
0.0875730961561203,
-0.0273455660790205,
0.027163784950971603,
0.054385460913181305,
0.07679250836372375,
-0.027744358405470848,
0.07387173920869827,
0.0249022... |
as\tkidney,\theart,\tor\tliver\tdisease.\tSymptoms\tof\tfluid\toverload\tmay\toften\tinclude\tgeneralized\tor\nlocalized\tswelling,\tsudden\tweight\tgain,\tdyspnea,\torthopnea,\tpulmonary\n\tcongestion,\tor\tmodifications\nin\tarterial\tpressures.\tTreatment\tfor\tfluid\toverload\tis\toften\tdictated\tby\tthe\tinherent... | [
-0.006513737142086029,
-0.05421264097094536,
-0.00009231371222995222,
-0.007712069433182478,
-0.07326972484588623,
-0.03683643043041229,
0.04882531240582466,
0.03566733002662659,
-0.00553441746160388,
0.0342545211315155,
0.05298836901783943,
0.03685913607478142,
0.06382723152637482,
0.0475... |
may\tinclude\treduction\tin\tfluid\tintake,\tdiuretic\ttherapy,\tand\tsodium\trestriction.\nWater\telimination\nWater\tloss\tnormally\toccurs\tthrough\tthe\tkidneys\tas\turine\tand\tthrough\tthe\tGI\ttract\tin\tthe\tfeces\n(measurable,\t\nsensible\twater\tloss\n),\tas\twell\tas\tthrough\tair\texpired\tfrom\n\tthe\tlung... | [
0.026677671819925308,
-0.03222597390413284,
0.10145022720098495,
-0.024420205503702164,
-0.05721159279346466,
-0.02615566924214363,
0.10038900375366211,
0.002904118737205863,
-0.01039324700832367,
0.053742311894893646,
0.0693482831120491,
-0.06439593434333801,
0.04785385727882385,
0.033483... |
the\tlungs\tand\twater\tvapor\nlost\tthrough\tthe\tskin\t(nonmeasurable,\t\ninsensible\twater\tloss\n).\tThe\tkidney\tis\tthe\tprimary\tregulator\nof\tsensible\twater\tloss.\tUnder\tnormal\tconditions\tthe\tkidneys\thave\tthe\tability\tto\tadjust\tto\tchanges\tin\nbody\twater\tcomposition\tby\teither\tdecreasing\tor\ti... | [
0.011452630162239075,
-0.04730134829878807,
0.0905308723449707,
-0.04200592264533043,
-0.0984073281288147,
-0.0052010370418429375,
0.07221215963363647,
-0.022315971553325653,
0.020133215934038162,
0.03928695619106293,
0.05983596667647362,
-0.06439575552940369,
0.060721058398485184,
0.04295... |
are\tsubstances\tin\tthe\tdiet\tthat\tincrease\turinary\texcretion,\tsuch\tas\talcohol\n\tand\tcaffeine.\nInsensible\twater\tloss\tis\tcontinuous\tand\tusually\tunconscious.\tHigh\taltitude,\tlow\thumidity,\tand\thigh\ntemperatures\tcan\tincrease\tinsensible\tfluid\tloss\tthrough\tthe\tlungs\tand\tthrough\tsweat.\tAthl... | [
0.04053368419408798,
-0.016394704580307007,
0.11028550565242767,
-0.023423753678798676,
-0.06854617595672607,
0.00698655704036355,
0.1348665952682495,
-0.045282863080501556,
-0.04999847710132599,
0.049335651099681854,
0.040799371898174286,
-0.07337930053472519,
0.03642326220870018,
0.02188... |
lose\t6%\tto\t10%\tof\tbody\tweight\tin\tsweat\tloss\tand\tfluids\tneed\tto\tbe\treplaced.\tDehydration\tleads\tto\tan\nincrease\tin\tcore\tbody\ttemperature,\twhich\trises\t0.15\tto\t0.20°\tC\tfor\tevery\t1%\tof\tbody\n\tweight\tlost\tdue\nto\tsweating\t(\nCasa\tet\tal,\t2000\n).\tIn\thigh-risk\tconditions,\tit\tis\ts... | [
-0.0031167843844741583,
0.02194894105195999,
0.01857481338083744,
0.0712040588259697,
-0.01992448978126049,
0.024874767288565636,
0.09708467125892639,
0.013896012678742409,
-0.05597274377942085,
-0.006848517805337906,
0.020290853455662727,
-0.07866668701171875,
0.04197108745574951,
-0.0181... |
activity\tfluid\tloss\tand\tconsume\t1\tto\t1.25\tL\tof\tfluid\tfor\teach\t1\tkg\tof\tbody\twater\tlost\tduring\texercise\n(Binkley,\t2002).\nThe\tGI\ttract\tcan\tbe\ta\tmajor\tsource\tof\twater\tloss\t(\nFig.\t3.3\n).\tUnder\tnormal\tconditions\tthe\twater\ncontained\tin\tthe\t7\tto\t9\tL\tof\tdigestive\tjuices\tand\t... | [
0.008343696594238281,
-0.055952467024326324,
0.05117980018258095,
0.0043771653436124325,
-0.09055683016777039,
-0.014087450690567493,
0.07809261232614517,
0.007819240912795067,
-0.007294727023690939,
0.01064245030283928,
0.06638770550489426,
-0.05022558197379112,
0.039381977170705795,
0.05... |
secreted\tdaily\tinto\tthe\tGI\ttract\tis\nreabsorbed\talmost\tentirely\tin\tthe\tileum\tand\tcolon,\texcept\tfor\tabout\t100\tmL\tthat\tis\texcreted\tin\tthe\nfeces.\tBecause\tthis\tvolume\tof\treabsorbed\tfluid\tis\tabout\ttwice\tthat\tof\tthe\tblood\tplasma,\texcessive\tGI\nfluid\tlosses\tthrough\tdiarrhea\tmay\thav... | [
0.0143513735383749,
-0.028999069705605507,
0.03626823052763939,
-0.05480245500802994,
-0.10211645066738129,
0.014135017059743404,
0.07504722476005554,
-0.019488248974084854,
-0.014187411405146122,
0.08330951631069183,
0.08972039073705673,
-0.008353996090590954,
0.07152193784713745,
0.00167... |
old\tindividuals. | [
0.0038368389941751957,
0.02113982103765011,
0.036446843296289444,
0.017949333414435387,
-0.0724538043141365,
-0.006818681489676237,
0.12153884023427963,
-0.017168954014778137,
-0.04195452481508255,
0.015983927994966507,
0.05472828820347786,
-0.06104840710759163,
-0.036941275000572205,
0.03... |
FIG.\t3.3\nContent\tof\tGastrointestinal\tSecretions\nCholeric\tdiarrhea,\tacute\tdiarrhea\tcaused\tby\tcontaminated\tfood\tor\twater\tcontaining\tthe\tbacteria\nvibrio\tcholera\n,\tis\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tloss\tof\tmany\tlives\tin\tdeveloping\tcountries\tand\thydration\tcan\tbe\ncorrected\twithout\tintravenous\tflu... | [
-0.008400237187743187,
-0.055723533034324646,
0.039462413638830185,
-0.014300822280347347,
-0.05130147561430931,
0.003977687563747168,
0.059091970324516296,
0.006035324186086655,
-0.030111830681562424,
0.05701139569282532,
0.11379165202379227,
-0.0707082599401474,
0.029375482350587845,
0.0... |
of\twater,\tsugar,\tand\tsalt\tand\tis\thighly\teffective\n\tin\timproving\thydration\tstatus\t(\nParrish\tand\tDiBaise,\n2015\n).\tOther\tabnormal\tfluid\tlosses\tmay\toccur\tas\ta\tresult\tof\temesis,\themorrhage,\tfistula\tdrainage,\nburn\tand\twound\texudates,\tgastric\tand\tsurgical\ttube\tdrainage,\tand\tthe\tuse... | [
0.03365778923034668,
-0.044000715017318726,
0.07589559257030487,
-0.019840307533740997,
-0.06415858119726181,
-0.004781982861459255,
0.08252154290676117,
0.007253851741552353,
0.008909718133509159,
0.05537331476807594,
0.06712022423744202,
-0.04156047850847244,
0.0446723997592926,
0.038780... |
When\twater\tintake\tis\tinsufficient\tor\twater\tloss\tis\texcessive,\thealthy\tkidneys\tcompensate\tby\nconserving\twater\tand\texcreting\tmore\tconcentrated\turine.\tThe\trenal\n\ttubules\tincrease\twater\nreabsorption\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\thormonal\taction\tof\tvasopressin.\tHowever,\tthe\tconcentration\tof\tthe | [
0.0001763900654623285,
-0.05421934649348259,
0.08030100911855698,
-0.07457622140645981,
-0.0974724143743515,
0.014198112301528454,
0.08439435064792633,
-0.03919427469372749,
0.02926540933549404,
0.035511862486600876,
0.05521214008331299,
-0.11388183385133743,
0.055516671389341354,
0.047934... |
urine\tmade\tby\tthe\tkidneys\thas\ta\tlimit:\tapproximately\t1400\tmOsm/L.\tOnce\tthis\tlimit\thas\tbeen\nreached,\tthe\tbody\tloses\tits\tability\tto\texcrete\tsolutes.\tThe\tability\tof\tthe\tkidneys\tto\tconcentrate\turine\nmay\tbe\tcompromised\tin\tolder\tindividuals\tor\tin\tyoung\tinfants,\tresulting\tin\tincrea... | [
-0.013519207946956158,
-0.04901113361120224,
0.09465786069631577,
-0.06036614254117012,
-0.11863123625516891,
-0.047841425985097885,
0.09151209890842438,
0.0018173462012782693,
-0.027294743806123734,
0.05705209821462631,
0.04794051870703697,
-0.035599235445261,
0.06337903439998627,
0.03279... |
risk\tof\ndeveloping\tdehydration\tor\thypernatremia,\tespecially\tduring\tillness.\nSigns\tof\tdehydration\tinclude\theadache,\tfatigue,\tdecreased\tappetite,\tlightheadedness,\tpoor\tskin\nturgor\t(although\tthis\tmay\tbe\tpresent\tin\twell-hydrated\tolder\tpersons),\tskin\ttenting\ton\tthe\tforearm, | [
0.03965719789266586,
-0.013063945807516575,
0.02920818328857422,
-0.009577806107699871,
-0.008761872537434101,
0.0588616244494915,
0.10020124912261963,
0.006322910543531179,
0.01974382810294628,
0.03248521685600281,
0.09514684230089188,
-0.06831855326890945,
0.07279018312692642,
0.00785715... |
concentrated\turine,\tdecreased\turine\toutput,\tsunken\teyes,\tdry\tmucous\tmembranes\tof\tthe\tmouth\tand\nnose,\torthostatic\tblood\tpressure\n\tchanges,\tand\ttachycardia.\tIn\ta\tdehydrated\tperson\tthe\tspecific\ngravity,\ta\tmeasure\tof\tthe\tdissolved\tsolutes\tin\turine,\tincreases\tabove\tthe\tnormal\tlevels,... | [
-0.006785609759390354,
-0.05880105867981911,
0.07542914897203445,
-0.004124662838876247,
-0.1282171607017517,
0.00854011531919241,
0.12571343779563904,
0.02050069347023964,
0.0011282955529168248,
0.03386890888214111,
0.04886035993695259,
-0.1033046767115593,
0.05090823024511337,
0.03324107... |
becomes\tremarkably\tdarker.\nHigh\tambient\ttemperature\tand\tdehydration\tadversely\taffect\texercise\tperformance.\tFluids\tof\nappropriate\tcomposition\tin\tappropriate\tamounts\tare\tessential\t(see\t\nClinical\tInsight\n:\tWater\nRequirements:\tWhen\tEight\tIs\tNot\tEnough\n).\nClinical\tassessment\tof\tfluid\tst... | [
0.013260986655950546,
-0.07093140482902527,
0.07368390262126923,
-0.03533554449677467,
-0.08332223445177078,
-0.016501467674970627,
0.09775795042514801,
0.009844249114394188,
0.002540143672376871,
0.06132209673523903,
0.07084032148122787,
-0.04981089010834694,
0.038902901113033295,
0.06351... |
).\nClinical\tassessment\tof\tfluid\tstatus\nA\tvariety\tof\tmethods\tto\testimate\tfluid\trequirements\tare\tbased\ton\tage,\tcaloric\tintake,\tand\tweight.\nObesity\thas\tled\tto\tchallenges\twith\tusing\tweight-based\tcalculations\tfor\tfluid\trequirements,\tas\twater\naccounts\tfor\tonly\t45%\tto\t55%\tof\tbody\twe... | [
-0.010825465433299541,
0.018596744164824486,
0.009775415994226933,
-0.010689081624150276,
-0.0848567858338356,
-0.05545545741915703,
0.07857946306467056,
0.023907119408249855,
-0.0036514413077384233,
-0.007979299873113632,
0.05870160087943077,
-0.07944206893444061,
0.06385685503482819,
0.0... |
In\tclinical\tpractice,\tfluid\testimations\tshould\tbe\tindividualized\n\tto\teach\tpatient,\tespecially\tthose\twith\ncardiac,\tliver,\tor\trenal\tfailure,\tand\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tongoing\thigh-volume\tGI\tlosses.\nIn\tmost\tcases\ta\tsuitable\tdaily\twater\tintake\t(fluids\tand\tincluding\tfoods)\tis\tapproxima... | [
-0.014529846608638763,
-0.046755217015743256,
0.05354040116071701,
-0.05665199086070061,
-0.0666169673204422,
-0.0505046583712101,
0.09321136027574539,
0.09233509004116058,
0.024889348074793816,
0.00023373997828457505,
0.05337781459093094,
-0.04122294485569,
0.0465717539191246,
0.093110896... |
cups)\tfor\tadult\tmales\tand\t2.7\tL\t(11+\tcups)\tfor\tadult\tfemales,\tdepending\ton\tbody\tsize\t(\nInstitute\tof\nMedicine\tof\tthe\tNational\tAcademies,\t2005\n).\tBecause\tsolid\tfood\tprovides\n\t19%\tof\ttotal\tdaily\tfluid\nintake,\tthis\tequals\t750\tmL\tof\twater\tor\tapproximately\t3\tcups\tdaily.\tWhen\tt... | [
-0.024318834766745567,
-0.021182172000408173,
0.021618572995066643,
-0.0497187115252018,
-0.07600918412208557,
-0.02157250978052616,
0.07129966467618942,
0.05301874503493309,
-0.029000118374824524,
-0.025802133604884148,
0.019642723724246025,
-0.0950455442070961,
0.03986851125955582,
0.027... |
300\tmL\t(about\t1\tcup)\tof\twater\tcontributed\tby\toxidative\tmetabolism,\tmen\tshould\tconsume\tabout\t11.5\ncups\tand\twomen\tneed\t7\tcups\tof\tfluids\tdaily.\tTotal\tfluid\tintake\tcomes\tfrom\tdrinking\twater,\tother\nliquids,\tand\tfood;\tthe\tadequate\tintake\t(AI)\tfor\twater\tis\tfor\ttotal\tdaily\twater\n\... | [
-0.030249422416090965,
-0.02785339020192623,
0.02073032222688198,
-0.0831422433257103,
-0.06590518355369568,
-0.048041943460702896,
0.08325102925300598,
0.017383839935064316,
-0.01813291572034359,
0.01864675059914589,
0.033105652779340744,
-0.08842688798904419,
0.06240783631801605,
0.01450... |
intake\tand\tincludes\tall\ndietary\twater\tsources.\nUnfortunately\tthere\tis\tno\tgold\tstandard\tto\tassess\thydration\tstatus.\tClinicians\tmust\tcarefully\tassess | [
0.04183625429868698,
-0.017042899504303932,
0.09898524731397629,
-0.005931631661951542,
-0.05023575574159622,
0.002260875655338168,
0.11101709306240082,
-0.03308941796422005,
-0.03166910260915756,
-0.00031408952781930566,
0.06829914450645447,
-0.11452943086624146,
0.006298667751252651,
0.0... |
data\tfrom\ta\tvariety\tof\tsources,\tincluding\tphysical\texamination\tby\tthe\tmedical\tteam,\tnutrition-focused\nphysical\texaminations,\timaging\treports\t(e.g.,\tidentifying\tabnormal\tfluid\tcollections\twithin\tthe\tlungs,\nascites),\tlaboratory\tstudies\t(i.e.,\tserum\n\tsodium),\tsubjective\treport\tof\tsympto... | [
0.03886794671416283,
-0.04067915678024292,
0.012795002199709415,
-0.02421986311674118,
-0.08699004352092743,
-0.055263686925172806,
0.053532835096120834,
0.05917166545987129,
0.003222155850380659,
-0.002666961867362261,
0.051902689039707184,
-0.04031916707754135,
0.06449035555124283,
0.020... |
sodium),\tsubjective\treport\tof\tsymptoms\tfrom\tpatients,\nsudden\tweight\tchanges,\tmedications,\tand\tvital\tsigns.\tIn\tclinical\tsettings\tit\tis\timportant\tto\nacknowledge\tall\tsources\tof\tfluid\tdelivery\t(oral,\tenteral\tfeeding\ttube,\tintravenous\tfluids,\tparenteral\nnutrition,\tand\tintravenous\tfluids\... | [
0.013226766139268875,
-0.061774611473083496,
0.055558059364557266,
-0.011280550621449947,
-0.08244984596967697,
-0.01225682720541954,
0.08594338595867157,
0.06494423747062683,
-0.05373522266745567,
-0.009797616861760616,
0.05765984207391739,
-0.04507333040237427,
0.0715876892209053,
0.0578... |
urine,\tdiuretic\tmedications,\tand\tGI\tsecretions\t(e.g.,\n\temesis,\tgastric\tsecretions,\tsurgical\tdrains,\tstool,\nfistulas)\t(\nPopkin\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nOf\tnote,\tthirst\tis\tnot\tan\teffective\tsignal\tto\tconsume\tfluids\tin\tinfants,\theavily\texercising\tathletes\n(\nCasa,\t2015\n),\tindividuals\tin\textr... | [
-0.026252105832099915,
-0.008913435973227024,
0.08653341978788376,
-0.034195248037576675,
-0.08244036138057709,
-0.014062060974538326,
0.09283099323511124,
0.02023094892501831,
-0.01750781387090683,
0.026243366301059723,
0.06184826046228409,
-0.04501538351178169,
0.03281916677951813,
0.028... |
diminished\tthirst\tsensation.\tHospitalized\tpatients,\tregardless\tof\tthe\tdiagnosis,\tare\tat\trisk\tfor\twater\nand\telectrolyte\n\timbalance.\tOlder\tadults\tare\tparticularly\tsusceptible\tbecause\tof\tfactors\tsuch\tas\nimpaired\trenal\tconcentrating\tability,\tfever,\tdiarrhea,\tvomiting,\tand\ta\tdecreased\ta... | [
0.023653024807572365,
-0.06923601776361465,
0.07021595537662506,
-0.02811046689748764,
-0.10934992879629135,
-0.034993913024663925,
0.07996337115764618,
0.09341824799776077,
-0.009979834780097008,
0.023258216679096222,
0.07493570446968079,
-0.01621304266154766,
0.049608029425144196,
0.0336... |
themselves.\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nWater\tRequirements:\tWhen\tEight\tIs\tNot\tEnough\nThere\tis\tno\tstorage\tform\tof\twater,\tand\ttherefore\tfluid\trequirements\tand\tfluid\tlosses\tmust\tbe\nmaintained\tat\tequilibrium.\tOften\tclinicians\n\tquickly\testimate\tfluid\trequirements\tbased\ton\tenergy | [
0.0338057205080986,
-0.055885668843984604,
0.05020802840590477,
-0.040356896817684174,
-0.1051277220249176,
-0.026507394388318062,
0.11542476713657379,
0.017213884741067886,
-0.004925553221255541,
0.056093502789735794,
0.06372543424367905,
-0.08074561506509781,
0.01765931025147438,
0.04086... |
quickly\testimate\tfluid\trequirements\tbased\ton\tenergy\nrequirements\t(1\tmL/kcal\tfor\tadults\tand\t1.5\tmL/kcal\tfor\tinfants)\tor\tapproximately\t35\tmL/kg\tof\nusual\tbody\tweight\tin\tnonobese\tadults,\t50\tto\t60\tmL/kg\tin\tchildren,\tand\t150\tmL/kg\tin\tinfants.\nAt\tcertain\tpoints\twithin\tthe\tlifecycle,... | [
-0.04738878086209297,
-0.01593257300555706,
0.026095235720276833,
-0.015809878706932068,
-0.08765166997909546,
-0.02860930934548378,
0.09348690509796143,
0.03602068871259689,
-0.024551905691623688,
0.0110893240198493,
0.09541117399930954,
-0.10919550806283951,
0.033077094703912735,
-0.0073... |
more\twater\tbecause\tof\tthe\tlimited\tcapacity\tof\tthe\tkidneys\tto\n\thandle\ta\tlarge\trenal\tsolute\tload,\nhigher\tpercentage\tof\tbody\twater,\tand\tlarge\tsurface\tarea\tper\tunit\tof\tbody\tweight.\tA\tlactating\nwoman’s\tneed\tfor\twater\talso\tincreases,\tapproximately\t2\t½\tto\t3\tcups\tper\tday\tfor\tmil... | [
-0.011344618164002895,
-0.07122597843408585,
0.056023988872766495,
-0.05843670293688774,
-0.0647604838013649,
-0.0221933014690876,
0.07183732092380524,
-0.011935251764953136,
-0.020059335976839066,
0.046670544892549515,
0.05105596035718918,
-0.0741528570652008,
0.06440973281860352,
0.02420... |
Knowledge\tof\tdisease\tstates\talso\thelps\tin\tdetermining\twhen\thigher\tfluid\trequirements\tmay\noccur.\tFluid\tintake\tshould\texceed\tthe\texcretion\tof\tsensible\tand\tinsensible\tlosses\tin\n\torder\tto\nprevent\tdehydration.\tIn\tpatients\twith\tShort\tBowel\tSyndrome\t(SBS),\tinadequate\tabsorption\tof | [
0.02709820307791233,
-0.02310100756585598,
0.013445225544273853,
-0.01917997933924198,
-0.0932220071554184,
-0.018441850319504738,
0.11860600858926773,
0.0031156749464571476,
-0.02370251715183258,
0.0583341084420681,
0.08187668025493622,
-0.02075362764298916,
0.07423999905586243,
0.0521957... |
fluid\tcan\tlead\tto\tdehydration.\tSBS\tpatients\twith\tan\tenterostomy\t(or\tcolon\tnot\tconnected\tto\tthe\nsmall\tbowel)\toften\thave\tincreased\tfluid\trequirements\tand\tare\tat\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdehydration\nif\ttoo\tmuch\tstool\tis\tlost\tdue\tto\tmalabsorption.\tLike\tchildren\twith\tinfectious\tdiarrh... | [
0.010884935036301613,
-0.03296082839369774,
0.08271545171737671,
-0.010615861043334007,
-0.0651993528008461,
-0.014187374152243137,
0.16622187197208405,
0.02733655832707882,
0.003854513866826892,
0.008647403679788113,
0.08320987224578857,
-0.04314824193716049,
0.033837493509054184,
0.07645... |
countries,\n\tSBS\tpatients\tbenefit\tfrom\tthe\tuse\tof\toral\trehydration\tsolutions\tby\tmouth,\tin\torder\tto\nutilize\tthe\tactive\tco-transport\tof\tsodium\tand\tglucose\tmolecules\tat\tthe\tintestinal\tbrush\tborder,\nwhich\thelps\tmaintain\thydration\t(Matarese,\t2005).\tUse\tof\toral\trehydration\tsolution\tsi... | [
0.03054691106081009,
-0.05929378792643547,
0.06439831107854843,
-0.017219990491867065,
-0.06577212363481522,
0.015398195013403893,
0.08766795694828033,
-0.009771540760993958,
-0.002995146904140711,
0.058742981404066086,
0.10496781021356583,
-0.04425353184342384,
0.010074792429804802,
0.052... |
throughout\tthe\tday\tand\tseparating\tfluids\tfrom\tmeals\tcan\tbe\thelpful\tstrategies\tfor\thelping\tSBS\npatients\tmaintain\ttheir\thydration\n\tstatus.\tWhen\toral\tintake\talone\tis\tnot\tsufficient\tto\tprevent\ndehydration,\tparenteral\tfluids\tmay\tbe\tneeded.\tUse\tof\tparental\tfluids\tcan\tbe\ttemporary\t(e... | [
0.007081399671733379,
-0.026873214170336723,
0.06047207862138748,
-0.030472850427031517,
-0.03878055512905121,
-0.04565102979540825,
0.06445101648569107,
-0.004325222689658403,
-0.0027163780760020018,
0.0353664830327034,
0.0750809982419014,
-0.037775635719299316,
0.03493529558181763,
0.023... |
to\tan\tacute\tevent\tsuch\tas\ta\turinary\ttract\tinfection\tin\tan\telderly\tadult)\tor\tchronic\tfor\tcertain\ndisease\tstates\t(e.g.,\tSBS\tor\tgastrointestinal\tfistula).\nFluid\tneeds\tof\thospitalized\tpatients\tshould\tbe\tindividualized\tand\tadequacy\tof\tfluid\tintake\nassessed\tfrom\tphysical\texamination\t... | [
0.005283458158373833,
-0.03492668271064758,
0.06649307161569595,
-0.029326310381293297,
-0.10937543213367462,
-0.011997053399682045,
0.10708945989608765,
0.02920728363096714,
-0.019382689148187637,
0.02419036068022251,
0.07765810936689377,
-0.025292765349149704,
0.0501277856528759,
0.05994... |
imaging\treports,\tlaboratory\tstudies\t(Na,\tBUN,\tCr,\tHgb/Hct,\talbumin,\tetc.),\tsubjective\treport\tof\nsymptoms\tfrom\tpatients,\tsudden\tweight\tchanges,\tmedications,\tand\tvital\tsigns.\nElectrolytes\nElectrolytes\n\tare\tminerals\twith\telectric\tcharges\tthat\tdissociate\tin\ta\tsolution\tinto\tpositive\tor\... | [
0.028806794434785843,
-0.0634554848074913,
0.01651899330317974,
-0.06208765134215355,
-0.07765676081180573,
-0.050254371017217636,
0.09878730028867722,
0.08984176814556122,
0.01462159026414156,
0.03153616189956665,
0.09429508447647095,
-0.021431664004921913,
0.06860878318548203,
0.07281798... |
negatively\n\tcharged\tions.\tElectrolytes\tcan\tbe\tsimple\tinorganic\tsalts\tof\tsodium,\tpotassium,\tor\nmagnesium,\tor\tcomplex\torganic\tmolecules;\tthey\tplay\ta\tkey\trole\tin\ta\thost\tof\tnormal\tmetabolic\nfunctions\t(\nTable\t3.4\n).\tOne\tmilliequivalent\t(mEq)\tof\tany\tsubstance\thas\tthe\tcapacity\tto\tc... | [
-0.033031076192855835,
-0.05939001590013504,
0.008465389721095562,
-0.021265773102641106,
-0.09120778739452362,
-0.03480546921491623,
0.10962534695863724,
0.03546597808599472,
0.03372002765536308,
0.05594291910529137,
0.11014746129512787,
-0.04268175736069679,
0.045368824154138565,
0.07257... |
chemically\twith\t1\tmEq\tof\ta\tsubstance\twith\tan\topposite\tcharge.\tFor\tunivalent\tions\t(e.g.,\tNa\n+\n),\t1\nmillimole\t(mmol)\tequals\t1\tmEq;\tfor\n\tdivalent\tions\t(e.g.,\tCa\n++\n),\t1\tmmol\tequals\t2\tmEq\t(see\t\nAppendix\t1\nfor\tconversion\tguidelines).\nTABLE\t3.4\nElectrolyte\tClassification\nElectr... | [
-0.034705135971307755,
-0.06876201182603836,
0.01582079939544201,
-0.021377375349402428,
-0.03772968798875809,
-0.00423551956191659,
0.059982359409332275,
0.059838179498910904,
-0.01835133507847786,
0.028309661895036697,
0.059009991586208344,
-0.03486735373735428,
0.06548744440078735,
0.09... |
Electrolyte\nLocation\nCations\nSodium\nExtracellular\tcation\nPotassium\nIntracellular\tcation\nCalcium\nExtracellular\tcation\nMagnesium\nIntracellular\tcation\nAnions\nChloride\nExtracellular\tAnion\nCO\n2\nExtracellular\tAnion\nPhosphorus\t(inorganic)\nIntracellular\n\tAnion\nThe\tmajor\t\nextracellular | [
-0.028223786503076553,
-0.08203227818012238,
0.005092157516628504,
0.010303954593837261,
-0.038328174501657486,
-0.03321053460240364,
0.10183081030845642,
0.011330767534673214,
-0.01779099740087986,
0.06520704180002213,
0.056671760976314545,
-0.061831917613744736,
0.016422703862190247,
0.0... |
Phosphorus\t(inorganic)\nIntracellular\n\tAnion\nThe\tmajor\t\nextracellular\n\telectrolytes\tare\tsodium,\tcalcium,\tchloride,\tand\tbicarbonate.\tPotassium, | [
-0.0326976515352726,
-0.07054838538169861,
0.05055711418390274,
-0.011389432474970818,
-0.018010137602686882,
-0.03908470645546913,
0.1355603039264679,
0.0031835264526307583,
0.015490485355257988,
0.05734427273273468,
0.030223242938518524,
-0.072707898914814,
-0.01778864674270153,
0.062934... |
magnesium,\tand\tphosphate\tare\tthe\tmajor\t\nintracellular\n\telectrolytes.\tThese\telements,\twhich\texist\tas\nions\tin\tbody\tfluids,\tare\tdistributed\tthroughout\tall\tbody\tfluids.\tElectrolytes\tare\tresponsible\tfor\nmaintenance\tof\tphysiologic\tbody\tfunctions,\tcellular\tmetabolism,\tneuromuscular\tfunctio... | [
-0.060230132192373276,
-0.07063324004411697,
0.06336846202611923,
-0.022617820650339127,
-0.067771315574646,
-0.05884584039449692,
0.14336661994457245,
0.06191639602184296,
-0.03784951940178871,
0.05993462726473808,
0.0697842463850975,
-0.0170931164175272,
0.03607477620244026,
0.0276569705... |
osmotic\n\tequilibrium.\tAlthough\toral\tintake\tvaries,\thomeostatic\tmechanisms\tregulate\tthe\nconcentrations\tof\telectrolytes\tthroughout\tthe\tbody.\nChanges\tin\teither\tintracellular\tor\textracellular\telectrolyte\tconcentrations\tcan\thave\ta\tmajor\timpact\non\tbodily\tfunctions.\tThe\t\nNa/K-ATPase\tpump\n\... | [
-0.0085670854896307,
-0.11001380532979965,
0.04733998700976372,
-0.056567344814538956,
-0.1412891447544098,
-0.0269324891269207,
0.07194583117961884,
0.030393436551094055,
0.008681069128215313,
0.09766411781311035,
0.10664522647857666,
-0.04924721270799637,
0.028207549825310707,
0.08099135... |
Na/K-ATPase\tpump\n\tclosely\tregulates\tcellular\telectrolyte\tcontents\tby\nactively\tpumping\tsodium\tout\tof\tcells\tin\texchange\tfor\tpotassium.\tOther\telectrolytes\n\tfollow\tion\ngradients\t(gradient\tof\telectrical\tpotential\tfor\tmovement\tacross\ta\tmembrane).\nCalcium\nAlthough\tapproximately\t99%\tof\tth... | [
-0.061492156237363815,
-0.07582639902830124,
0.01966278627514839,
-0.0508289597928524,
-0.09668375551700592,
-0.03748165816068649,
0.11348798125982285,
0.034483637660741806,
0.003631330793723464,
0.0222320593893528,
0.06798293441534042,
-0.08622562140226364,
0.0565209835767746,
0.088527135... |
Calcium\nAlthough\tapproximately\t99%\tof\tthe\tbody’s\tcalcium\t(Ca\n++\n)\tis\tstored\tin\tthe\tskeleton\t(bones\tand\tteeth),\nthe\tremaining\t1%\thas\timportant\tphysiologic\tfunctions.\tIonized\tCa\n++\n\twithin\tthe\tvascular\ncompartment\tis\ta\tcation\twith\ta\tpositive\tcharge.\tApproximately\thalf\tof\tthe\tC... | [
-0.009290515445172787,
-0.0898139476776123,
0.07385929673910141,
0.005003892816603184,
-0.12442853301763535,
-0.023477843031287193,
0.06722410768270493,
0.04787874594330788,
-0.02951926738023758,
0.08722995221614838,
0.04689428582787514,
-0.04373892396688461,
0.025095665827393532,
0.059538... |
++\n\tfound\tin\tthe\nintravascular\tcompartment\n\tis\tbound\tto\tthe\tserum\tprotein\talbumin.\tThus,\twhen\tserum\talbumin\tlevels\nare\tlow,\ttotal\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tdecrease\tbecause\tof\thypoalbuminemia.\nThe\tbinding\tability\tof\tCa\n++\n\tand\tits\tionized\tcontent\tin\tblood\thave\timplications\tfor\tnormal\... | [
-0.02330126240849495,
-0.0736217126250267,
0.03371420130133629,
-0.011156938970088959,
-0.06906580924987793,
0.055268704891204834,
0.0750126764178276,
0.03732220456004143,
-0.017985736951231956,
0.07877431809902191,
0.07652407139539719,
-0.00836092047393322,
0.04243776574730873,
0.04289707... |
homeostatic\tmechanisms.\tBlood\ttests\tfor\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\toften\tmeasure\ttotal\tand\tionized\tCa\n++\n\tlevels.\nIonized\t(or\tfree,\tunbound)\tCa\n++\n\tis\tthe\tactive\tform\tof\tCa\n++\n\tand\tis\tnot\timpacted\n\tby\thypoalbuminemia.\nIn\thealthy\tadults,\tnormal\tlevels\tfor\tserum\ttotal\tCa\n++\n\tare\tabo... | [
-0.03997817635536194,
-0.06306727975606918,
0.03702394291758537,
0.0005444457638077438,
-0.03885263577103615,
0.02991206757724285,
0.05876820161938667,
0.08413491398096085,
0.0025140116922557354,
0.0544523224234581,
0.04960973560810089,
-0.0416858047246933,
0.08196702599525452,
0.031383123... |
are\tabout\t8.5\tto\t10.5\tmg/dL,\twhereas\tnormal\nlevels\tfor\tionized\tCa\n++\n\tare\t4.5\tto\t5.5\tmEq/L\t(refer\tto\tthe\treference\tranges\tfor\teach\treporting\nlaboratory).\nFunctions\nCa\n++\n\tis\tan\textracellular\tcation\tnecessary\tfor\tblood\tclotting;\tCa\n++\n\tregulates\tnerve\ttransmission,\nmuscle\tc... | [
-0.011128191836178303,
-0.053438812494277954,
0.004192296415567398,
-0.06225791200995445,
-0.06977114081382751,
-0.00035822679637931287,
0.09860648214817047,
0.05845971778035164,
0.005847369786351919,
0.0620250403881073,
0.08319278806447983,
-0.015079928562045097,
0.04360412061214447,
0.06... |
Ca\n++\n\tis\tregulated\tby\nparathyroid\thormone\t(PTH),\tcalcitonin,\tvitamin\tD,\tand\tphosphorus.\tThrough\ta\tcomplex\tsystem\tof\nregulation\tamong\tmultiple\torgans,\tincluding\tthe\tkidney,\tGI\ttract,\tand\tbone,\tCa\n++\n\tabsorption\tcan\tbe\nenhanced\tto\tincrease\tCa\n++\n\treabsorption\tto\tmaintain\thome... | [
-0.032873429358005524,
-0.06046929955482483,
0.008636935614049435,
-0.08120615780353546,
-0.12871479988098145,
0.027309473603963852,
0.09858991205692291,
0.029348863288760185,
0.012512002140283585,
0.0806407555937767,
0.08873192965984344,
-0.06108657643198967,
0.07796193659305573,
0.058143... |
++\n\tlevels\tare\tlow,\nPTH\tcauses\trelease\tof\tCa\n++\n\tfrom\tthe\tbones\tand\tstimulates\tincreased\tabsorption\tfrom\tthe\n\tGI\ttract.\nCalcitonin\tworks\tin\tthe\topposite\tdirection,\tshutting\toff\tthe\trelease\tof\tCa\n++\n\tfrom\tthe\tbone\tand\ndecreasing\tGI\tabsorption.\tVitamin\tD\tstimulates\twhile\tp... | [
-0.024767238646745682,
-0.07172524929046631,
0.013284607790410519,
-0.0377621129155159,
-0.1028623878955841,
0.002695924136787653,
0.11531449854373932,
0.019102459773421288,
-0.011529072187840939,
0.06424357742071152,
0.07441031187772751,
-0.03640877455472946,
0.06633647531270981,
0.028895... |
++\n\tabsorption\tin\tthe\tGI\ntract.\nIn\tthe\tsetting\tof\thypoalbuminemia,\tserum\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tare\tnot\taccurate\tbecause\tnearly\t50%\tof\nCa\n++\n\tis\tprotein\tbound.\tAn\tionized\tCa\n++\n\tlevel\tis\tthe\tmost\taccurate\tassay\tfor\tCa\n++\n\tbecause\tit\n\tis\tthe\nactive\tform\tand\tis\tnot\taffected\t... | [
-0.0145639106631279,
-0.049664825201034546,
0.017080161720514297,
-0.03418055176734924,
-0.056448161602020264,
0.038005392998456955,
0.10401634871959686,
0.021551886573433876,
-0.01690502092242241,
0.07916194945573807,
0.08293171226978302,
-0.06320340931415558,
0.050930071622133255,
0.0345... |
Ca\n++\n\tare\tapproximately\t8.5\tto\t10.5\tmg/dL,\twhereas\tnormal\tlevels\tfor\tionized\tCa\n++\n\tare\t4.5\tto\t5.5\nmEq/L\t(refer\tto\tthe\treference\tranges\tfor\teach\treporting\tlaboratory).\tWhen\tionized\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tare\nnot\tavailable,\ta\tsimple\tformula\tmay\tbe\tused.\tThe\t\ncorrected\tcalcium\n\t... | [
-0.023583512753248215,
-0.014694268815219402,
0.037359997630119324,
-0.046310678124427795,
-0.0967007651925087,
0.024729689583182335,
0.049180395901203156,
0.031831398606300354,
0.05468582361936569,
0.05330132320523262,
0.11412253230810165,
-0.054890137165784836,
0.05253357067704201,
0.063... |
formula\taccounts\tfor\ta\t0.8\nmg/dL\n\tdecrease\tin\tCa\n++\n\tfor\teach\t1\tg/dL\tdecrease\tin\tserum\talbumin\tbelow\t4\tg/dL.\tThe\tcorrected\ncalcium\tformula\tis\nIonized\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tare\taltered\tinversely\tby\tchanges\tin\tacid–base\tbalance;\tas\tserum\tpH\trises,\tCa\n++\nbinds\twith\tprotein,\n\tlead... | [
0.014514717273414135,
-0.05022601783275604,
0.007657921873033047,
-0.07784850895404816,
-0.1021629050374031,
0.02155439183115959,
-0.010391337797045708,
0.07197821885347366,
0.02917191945016384,
0.06456992030143738,
0.07836832851171494,
-0.041480716317892075,
0.06161797419190407,
0.0532672... |
++\n\tlevels.\tAs\tpH\tis\tlowered,\tthe\topposite\toccurs.\nBecause\tCa\n++\n\thas\tan\timportant\trole\tin\tcardiac,\tnervous\tsystem,\tand\tskeletal\tmuscle\tfunction,\nhypocalcemia\tand\thypercalcemia\tcan\tbecome\tlife\tthreatening.\nCommon\tcauses\tof\thypercalcemia\tare\tcancer\twith\tthe\tpresence\tof\tbone\tme... | [
-0.010266191326081753,
-0.005873564165085554,
0.05721888691186905,
0.007770197466015816,
-0.02951405756175518,
0.04951857030391693,
0.10237251967191696,
0.014481228776276112,
-0.01902184821665287,
0.0668809711933136,
0.09809774160385132,
-0.03913314640522003,
0.06421864777803421,
0.0065776... |
hyperparathyroidism,\twhen\tthere\tis\ta\tlarge\tamount\tof\tCa\n++\n\tmoved\tinto\tthe\tECF.\tSymptoms\n\tof\nhypercalcemia\tinclude\tlethargy,\tnausea,\tvomiting,\tmuscle\tweakness,\tand\tdepression.\tTreatment\nusually\tis\tdirected\tat\ttreating\tthe\tunderlying\tcause\tof\tthe\tproblem,\tdiscontinuing\tCa\n++\n-co... | [
0.029933592304587364,
-0.01633116975426674,
0.03997237607836723,
-0.034778811037540436,
-0.07539136707782745,
0.01354845892637968,
0.08715564757585526,
0.030535243451595306,
-0.011818615719676018,
0.06139005720615387,
0.10834600776433945,
-0.007972911931574345,
0.08522850275039673,
0.02054... |
++\n-containing\nmedications,\tand\tincreasing\tthe\texcretion\tof\tCa\n++\n\tthough\tthe\tkidneys\t(by\tdelivery\tof\tintravenous\nfluids\tfollowed\tby\tdiuretic\tmedications).\nHypocalcemia\toften\tis\tmarked\twith\tnumbness\tor\ttingling,\thyperactive\n\treflexes,\ttetany,\tlethargy,\nmuscle\tweakness,\tconfusion,\t... | [
-0.012050872668623924,
-0.010456954129040241,
0.027325231581926346,
0.0048974500969052315,
-0.03924168646335602,
0.03890262916684151,
0.09577581286430359,
0.026203392073512077,
-0.020099615678191185,
0.037944450974464417,
0.09169989079236984,
0.0209368709474802,
0.07318514585494995,
0.0115... |
magnesium\tlevels,\tmedications\tthat\tcause\tCa\n++\n\tlosses,\thypoalbuminemia,\tvitamin\tD\tdeficiency,\tor\nhypoparathyroidism.\tOral\tCa\n++\n\tsupplements\tare\tmost\toften\tthe\tfirst-line\ttherapy\tin\tthe\tabsence\tof\nsymptoms.\tBecause\tother\thormones,\telectrolytes,\tand\tvitamins\tare\tinvolved\tin\tCa\n+... | [
-0.06365758925676346,
-0.07545417547225952,
0.04639299586415291,
0.015667926520109177,
-0.04254062473773956,
0.02105092629790306,
0.10941044986248016,
0.059878986328840256,
-0.06206928938627243,
0.06789008527994156,
0.06545081734657288,
0.006305854767560959,
0.07483011484146118,
0.01867078... |
++\n\tregulation,\nthese\tare\tassessed\tin\tthe\tsetting\tof\ttrue\thypocalcemia.\tLow\tphosphorus\tand\tmagnesium\tlevels\tmust\nbe\treplete\tbefore\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tcan\tbe\tcorrected\t(\nRhoda\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nAbsorption\tand\texcretion\nApproximately\t20%\tto\t60%\tof\tdietary\tCa\n++\n\tis\tabsorbed\tand\tis... | [
-0.030574515461921692,
-0.05805625766515732,
0.022692915052175522,
-0.018807746469974518,
-0.07296614348888397,
0.01815871149301529,
0.1275636851787567,
0.03623698279261589,
-0.01463338453322649,
0.05704852193593979,
0.06364665180444717,
-0.020443160086870193,
0.05465492233633995,
0.041467... |
to\tmaintain\tsteady\tserum\tCa\n++\n\tlevels\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tfluctuating\tintake.\tThe\tileum\tis\tthe\tmost\nimportant\tsite\tof\tCa\n++\n\tabsorption.\tCa\n++\n\tis\tabsorbed\tvia\tpassive\ttransport\tand\tthrough\ta\tvitamin\tD–\nregulated\ttransport\tsystem.\nThe\tkidney\tis\tthe\tmain\tsite\tof\tCa\n++\n\texc... | [
0.006892758887261152,
-0.054251957684755325,
0.016699008643627167,
-0.08977408707141876,
-0.11364518105983734,
0.027180597186088562,
0.09033630043268204,
-0.010757886804640293,
-0.013279463164508343,
0.09733837097883224,
0.05606265738606453,
-0.021826257929205894,
0.06174437329173088,
0.04... |
++\n\texcretion.\tThe\tmajority\tof\tserum\tCa\n++\n\tis\tbound\tto\tproteins\tand\nnot\tfiltered\tby\tthe\tkidneys;\tonly\tabout\t100\tto\t200\tmg/day\tis\texcreted\tin\tthe\turine\tin\tnormal\tadults.\nCa\n++\n\tis\talso\texcreted\tthrough\tsweat\tand\tfeces. | [
-0.008475024253129959,
-0.012536143884062767,
0.0775991901755333,
-0.031310755759477615,
-0.1196470707654953,
0.07569758594036102,
0.1591121107339859,
-0.015159478411078453,
-0.013227970339357853,
0.046067748218774796,
0.0765821635723114,
-0.06543320417404175,
0.04759935662150383,
0.004877... |
Sources\nDairy\tproducts\n\tare\tthe\tmain\tsource\tof\tCa\n++\n\tin\tthe\tAmerican\tdiet,\twith\tsome\tgreen\tvegetables,\tnuts,\nlegumes,\tcanned\tfish\tincluding\tbones,\tand\tCa\n++\n-enriched\ttofu\thaving\tmoderate\tamounts\tof\tCa\n++\n.\nFood\tmanufacturers\tfortify\tmany\tfoods\twith\tadditional\tCa\n++\n,\tsu... | [
-0.08225852996110916,
-0.007622762583196163,
-0.02265273593366146,
0.005169624462723732,
-0.02839037962257862,
0.02798551507294178,
0.05005543678998947,
0.006047090981155634,
0.006016592960804701,
0.02682332880795002,
0.14134566485881805,
-0.043912943452596664,
0.06355556845664978,
-0.0047... |
some\tbioavailability\t(see\t\nAppendix\t39\n).\nRecommended\tintakes\nIn\tadults,\trecommended\tintakes\tof\tCa\n++\n\trange\tfrom\t1000\tto\t1300\n\tmg/day,\tdepending\ton\tage\tand\ngender.\tAn\tupper\tlimit\tfor\tCa\n++\n\tintake\thas\tbeen\testimated\tto\tbe\tapproximately\t2500\tto\t3000\tmg/day\n(see\tinside\tco... | [
-0.05754052475094795,
-0.019689999520778656,
0.02925199642777443,
-0.01244882307946682,
-0.10181092470884323,
-0.06841246038675308,
0.08885352313518524,
0.04018810763955116,
-0.02737518958747387,
0.0233510360121727,
0.07565508782863617,
-0.04819650202989578,
0.05489072948694229,
0.03315336... |
(see\tinside\tcover).\tExcessive\tintake\tof\tCa\n++\n\tmay\tlead\tto\tkidney\tstones\tand\tgastrointestinal\tside\neffects\tlike\tconstipation.\nSodium\nSodium\t(Na\n+\n)\tis\tthe\tmajor\tcation\tof\tECF\twith\ta\tnormal\trange\tof\t135\tto\t145\tmEq/L\t(refer\tto\tthe\nreference\tranges\tfor\teach\treporting\tlaborat... | [
-0.012907704338431358,
-0.0681128278374672,
0.051880333572626114,
-0.00818831566721201,
-0.07580670714378357,
-0.016399377956986427,
0.11410310864448547,
-0.009925104677677155,
0.004755462519824505,
0.036268774420022964,
0.09345157444477081,
-0.030461885035037994,
0.05806973576545715,
0.04... |
Secretions\tsuch\tas\tbile\tand\tpancreatic\tjuice\tcontain\nsubstantial\tamounts\tof\tNa\n+\n.\tGastric\tsecretions\tand\tdiarrhea\talso\tcontain\tNa\n+\n,\tbut\tcontrary\tto\ncommon\tbelief,\tsweat\tis\thypotonic\tand\tcontains\ta\trelatively\tsmall\tamount\tof\tNa\n+\n.\tApproximately\n35%\tto\t40%\tof\tthe\ttotal\t... | [
-0.004765362478792667,
-0.05216163396835327,
0.028155125677585602,
-0.019627217203378677,
-0.07160817086696625,
0.004392796196043491,
0.11914770305156708,
0.025884127244353294,
-0.011336280964314938,
0.09131892770528793,
0.09665513038635254,
-0.06839308142662048,
0.011880106292665005,
0.05... |
+\n\tis\tin\tthe\tskeleton\tand\tthe\tremainder\tis\tin\tbody\tfluids.\nFunctions\nAs\tthe\tpredominant\tion\tof\tthe\tECF,\tNa\n+\n\tthus\tregulates\n\textracellular\tand\tplasma\tvolume.\tNa\n+\n\tis\talso\nimportant\tin\tneuromuscular\tfunction\tand\tmaintenance\tof\tacid–base\tbalance.\tMaintenance\tof\tserum\nNa\n... | [
0.008589996956288815,
-0.057170577347278595,
0.023528805002570152,
-0.04293934255838394,
-0.08955702930688858,
0.007183422334492207,
0.08975014090538025,
0.06158498674631119,
-0.018391845747828484,
0.08966758847236633,
0.09817847609519958,
-0.04263196885585785,
0.008047719486057758,
0.0586... |
Na\n+\n\tlevels\tis\tvital,\tbecause\tsevere\t\nhyponatremia\n\tcan\tlead\tto\tseizures,\tcoma,\tand\tdeath.\nExtracellular\tNa\n+\n\tconcentrations\tare\tmuch\thigher\tthan\tintracellular\tlevels\t(normal\tserum\tNa\n+\n\tis\naround\t135\tmEq/L,\twhereas\tintracellular\tlevels\tare\taround\t10\tmEq/L).\tThe\n\tsodium-... | [
-0.035407278686761856,
-0.07209660857915878,
0.06300007551908493,
-0.019582532346248627,
-0.048880286514759064,
-0.0005169973592273891,
0.0769898071885109,
0.056007031351327896,
-0.04527246206998825,
0.044202420860528946,
0.060467302799224854,
-0.08284006267786026,
0.04546982795000076,
0.0... |
pump\tis\tan\tactive\ttransport\tsystem\tthat\tworks\tto\tkeep\tNa\n+\n\toutside\tthe\tcell\tthrough\texchange\twith\npotassium.\tThe\tNa/K-ATPase\tpump\trequires\tcarriers\tfor\tNa\n+\n\tand\tpotassium\talong\twith\tenergy\tfor\nproper\tfunction.\tExportation\tof\tNa\n+\n\tfrom\tthe\tcell\tis\tthe\tdriving\tforce\tfor... | [
-0.01797350123524666,
-0.0613417886197567,
0.0745777040719986,
-0.08634809404611588,
-0.06366883218288422,
0.029468711465597153,
0.13636356592178345,
-0.014755511656403542,
-0.028681110590696335,
0.028051448985934258,
0.06542355567216873,
-0.03205256909132004,
0.022743770852684975,
0.08296... |
+\n\tfrom\tthe\tcell\tis\tthe\tdriving\tforce\tfor\tfacilitated\ttransporters,\nwhich\timport\tglucose,\tamino\tacids,\tand\tother\tnutrients\tinto\tthe\tcells.\nHyponatremia.\nAssessing\thyponatremia\tor\thypernatremia\ttakes\tinto\tconsideration\tthe\trole\tof\tNa\n+\n\tin\tregulating\tfluid\nbalance\tand\trequires\t... | [
0.010412376374006271,
-0.04236278682947159,
0.03680361807346344,
-0.0321391299366951,
-0.08028582483530045,
0.03832771256566048,
0.09550470113754272,
-0.006215971428900957,
0.007057512179017067,
0.07443632930517197,
0.11623752862215042,
-0.04479474201798439,
0.05148255452513695,
0.01329270... |
common\telectrolyte\tdisorders\tamong\thospitalized\tpatients\tand\toccurs\tin\t25%\tof\tinpatients.\tWhen\nhyponatremia\tis\tbelow\t125\tmEq/L,\tsymptoms\tgenerally\tbecome\tapparent.\tPatients\tmay\tdisplay\tsigns\nof\theadache,\n\tlethargy,\trestlessness,\tdecreased\treflexes,\tseizures,\tor\tcoma\tin\textreme\tcase... | [
0.02488674409687519,
-0.04355417191982269,
0.02588420733809471,
-0.04719782620668411,
-0.11077125370502472,
-0.017597036436200142,
0.07905878871679306,
0.060732875019311905,
0.003289044601842761,
0.010039820335805416,
0.11909656226634979,
-0.011467396281659603,
0.029734348878264427,
0.0230... |
are\tthree\tbasic\tcauses\tfor\thyponatremia.\tHypertonic\thyponatremia\tis\tdue\tto\texcess\tdelivery\tof\nmannitol\tor\thyperglycemia,\twhich\tcauses\tserum\tNa\n+\n\tto\tincrease\tby\t1.6\tmEq\tfor\tevery\t100\tmg/dL\nrise\tin\tserum\tglucose.\tMannitol\tis\tsometimes\tused\tfor\tthe\ttreatment\tof\tcerebral\tedema\... | [
-0.0057029519230127335,
-0.05471217632293701,
0.05469764396548271,
-0.0324828065931797,
-0.07357287406921387,
0.035021740943193436,
0.0816793218255043,
-0.00267637986689806,
0.008289250545203686,
0.06949355453252792,
0.0880182757973671,
-0.04648762196302414,
0.05179130658507347,
0.02048071... |
failure.\tIt\tincreases\tserum\n\tosmolality,\twhich\tleads\tto\tdilutional\thyponatremia\tfrom\twater\tmovement\nout\tof\tthe\tcells.\tIsotonic\thyponatremia\toccurs\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\thyperlipidemia\tor\nhyperproteinemia,\tbecause\tthe\taqueous\tcomponent\tthat\tNa\n+\n\tis\tdissolved\tand\tresults\tin\ta\tfalse... | [
0.0009902419988065958,
-0.03155379742383957,
0.054987259209156036,
0.0025618693325668573,
-0.035677991807460785,
0.04735295847058296,
0.07041367143392563,
0.01952468603849411,
0.0010680998675525188,
0.056238021701574326,
0.06977829337120056,
-0.02967005968093872,
0.07692315429449081,
0.016... |
+\n\tis\tdissolved\tand\tresults\tin\ta\tfalsely\tlow\nvalue\t(this\tis\tmainly\ta\tlaboratory\tartifact\tand\tis\tnot\toften\tseen\tin\tclinical\tpractice).\tThe\tfinal\ttype\tis\nhypotonic\thyponatremia.\tEvaluation\n\tdepends\ton\tfluid\tstatus\tto\tevaluate\tthe\tthree\tsubtypes.\nIsovolemic\thyponatremia\tcan\tbe\... | [
0.020879758521914482,
-0.039881087839603424,
0.06542271375656128,
-0.00807303749024868,
-0.08634532243013382,
0.017768310382962227,
0.06394972652196884,
0.01820417493581772,
-0.0010930999414995313,
0.045923758298158646,
0.08964674174785614,
-0.0363335981965065,
0.013734587468206882,
0.0094... |
inappropriate\tantidiuretic\thormone\tsecretion\t(SIADH).\tSIADH\t(see\t\nChapter\t30\n)\tcan\tresult\tfrom\ncentral\tnervous\tsystem\tdisorders,\tpulmonary\tdisorders,\ttumors,\tand\tcertain\tmedications.\tThe\ntreatment\tis\tusually\twater\trestriction.\tHypervolemic\thypotonic\n\thyponatremia\tis\tcharacterized\tby\... | [
-0.00815259013324976,
0.029510200023651123,
0.09099604934453964,
-0.007498504593968391,
-0.031157203018665314,
-0.0004244060255587101,
0.05162762850522995,
0.017847664654254913,
-0.016756996512413025,
0.025887344032526016,
0.06783779710531235,
-0.031609661877155304,
0.024442465975880623,
0... |
excess\tTBW\tand\tNa\n+\n\t(overall\thigher\texcess\twater\tthan\tNa\n+\n)\tbecause\tof\treduced\texcretion\tof\twater\nor\texcess\tfree\twater\tadministration.\tCardiac,\trenal,\tor\thepatic\tfailure\tare\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tcauses,\nand\tpatients\thave\tedema\tor\tascites\ton\tphysical\texamination.\tThe\ttreatment\t... | [
-0.026797648519277573,
-0.04084966331720352,
0.06429916620254517,
-0.017829742282629013,
-0.05466246232390404,
-0.04039899632334709,
0.03877099230885506,
0.062860868871212,
-0.006003297865390778,
0.012780028395354748,
0.02645612694323063,
-0.043983474373817444,
0.05032511055469513,
0.04823... |
diuretics\tto\taid\tin\tdecreasing\tTBW,\tand\toral\tNa\n+\n\trestriction\talso\tmay\n\tbe\tbeneficial.\tThe\tfinal\ttype\tis\nhypovolemic\thypotonic\thyponatremia,\tcharacterized\tby\ta\tdeficit\tin\tTBW\tand\tNa\n+\n\tthat\trequires\ntreatment\twith\tfluid\treplacement.\tOften\tfluid\tlosses\tleading\tto\thypovolemia... | [
-0.024745583534240723,
-0.029731623828411102,
0.07060842216014862,
-0.02175581268966198,
-0.03813639655709267,
0.004349173977971077,
0.07786112278699875,
0.043292805552482605,
-0.02239898219704628,
0.04692334681749344,
0.09869006276130676,
-0.01797449216246605,
0.020338375121355057,
0.0299... |
excessive\tvomiting,\texcessive\tsweating\t(marathon\tathletes),\tdiarrhea,\twound\tdrainage/burns,\thigh-\nvolume\tgastrointestinal\tsecretions,\tor\texcessive\tdiuretic\tuse.\tEquations\tto\tcalculate\n\tfluid\tdeficits\tcan\nbe\tused\tto\treplace\thalf\tof\tthe\tfluid\tdeficit\tin\tthe\tfirst\t24\thours.\tCorrecting... | [
0.0023380920756608248,
-0.07574398815631866,
0.07458126544952393,
0.010503041557967663,
-0.08502563834190369,
-0.04755163565278053,
0.07231534272432327,
0.042848844081163406,
-0.04005301371216774,
0.0028090798296034336,
-0.014363988302648067,
-0.009755700826644897,
0.01312627550214529,
0.0... |
+\n\tlevels\tmust\tbe\tdone\nslowly\t(max\tof\t8\tto\t12\tmEq\tin\t24\thours)\tto\tprevent\tosmotic\tdemyelinating\tsyndrome\tthat\tis\tseen\twith\nrapid\tcorrection\t(\nRhoda\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nHypernatremia.\nA\tserum\tNa\n+\n\tlevel\tgreater\tthan\t145\tmEq/L\tis\tclassified\tas\thypernatremia,\tand\tthere\tare\tva... | [
-0.0069588483311235905,
-0.036916304379701614,
0.03419170901179314,
-0.051228053867816925,
-0.06931916624307632,
0.04011259973049164,
0.052046291530132294,
0.028783511370420456,
-0.025523101910948753,
0.05583735182881355,
0.09521281719207764,
-0.023534612730145454,
0.07107935100793839,
0.0... |
types.\tHypovolemic\thypernatremia\n\tis\tcaused\tby\ta\tloss\tof\tNa\n+\n\tand\tTBW\twhen\twater\tlosses\texceed\nNa\n+\n\tlosses.\tIt\tis\timportant\tto\tidentify\tthe\tcause\tof\tthe\tfluid\tlosses\tso\tthat\tthey\tcan\tbe\tcorrected\tand\nprevented\tin\tthe\tfuture.\tThe\ttreatment\tis\tto\tslowly\treplace\tfluid\t... | [
0.0027957104612141848,
-0.016781451180577278,
0.05786323547363281,
-0.026179643347859383,
-0.09133248776197433,
0.022985560819506645,
0.07975415885448456,
0.0062532080337405205,
-0.003727678209543228,
0.0524621456861496,
0.056511472910642624,
-0.034531936049461365,
0.03017779439687729,
0.0... |
solution.\tHypervolemic\thypernatremia\tis\tcaused\tby\texcessive\tintake\tof\tNa\n+\n\tresulting\tin\thigher\tNa\n+\ngain\tthan\twater\tgains.\tThe\ttreatment\tis\n\tto\trestrict\tNa\n+\n\t(especially\tin\tintravenous\tfluids)\tand\tpossibly\nthe\tuse\tof\tdiuretics.\tIsovolemic\thypernatremia\tis\tseen\twith\tdisease... | [
-0.008760511875152588,
-0.0207255519926548,
0.09011442214250565,
-0.05245416983962059,
-0.10585565865039825,
-0.007383519783616066,
0.10805417597293854,
0.034635089337825775,
-0.04664761200547218,
0.056596092879772186,
0.06614845991134644,
-0.06933508068323135,
0.022252630442380905,
0.0713... |
Signs\tof\thypernatremia\tinclude\tlethargy,\tthirst,\thyperreflexia,\tseizures,\tcoma,\tor\tdeath.\tFormulas\tfor\ncalculating\ta\twater\tdeficit\tare\thelpful\tto\tguide\tfluid\treplacement.\tFree\twater\tdeficit\tis\tcalculated\tas\nfollows\t(\nKingley,\t2005\n): | [
0.004973954055458307,
-0.03338581696152687,
0.052289288491010666,
-0.017095446586608887,
-0.0324341244995594,
0.023483114317059517,
0.02225009724497795,
0.003750792471691966,
0.005508992355316877,
0.02375619485974312,
0.07684878259897232,
-0.06750776618719101,
0.02915685623884201,
0.014826... |
Absorption\tand\texcretion\nNa\n+\n\tis\tabsorbed\treadily\tfrom\tthe\tintestine\tand\tcarried\tto\tthe\tkidneys,\twhere\tit\tis\tfiltered\tand\nreturned\tto\tthe\tblood\tto\tmaintain\tappropriate\tlevels.\tThe\tamount\tabsorbed\tis\tproportional\tto\tthe\nintake\tin\thealthy\tadults.\nAbout\t90%\tto\t95%\tof\tnormal\t... | [
0.0426957830786705,
-0.0447741262614727,
0.08188055455684662,
-0.003852296620607376,
-0.0860157385468483,
-0.014767316170036793,
0.15229356288909912,
0.0014802971854805946,
-0.01956401765346527,
0.05848969146609306,
0.07897602766752243,
-0.047398123890161514,
0.03719460219144821,
0.0332209... |
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