Split (1)

train · 729k rows

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Throughout this course, we have discussed several ways in which politics are connected with sport and have been for centuries. In two other classes of mine, Global Sports Cultures and the History and Sociology of Sport, we have taken case studies in which we’ve learned how deeply ingrained sport is with not only politics, but culture, as well. For centuries, sport has been used as a tool to appease, control, and occupy the masses. In other words, for leaders like Roman Emperors, British Royalty, or even factory even, sports were chiefly used as a way to deflect pressure and unrest from the reality of their lives. But how did sport move away from the status of a distraction to a pivotal component of society? To answer this question, I’ll take a case study of the sport of lacrosse and its origins and evolution. On October 22, 2014, a Canadian soldier was shot and killed while standing guard at a war memorial in Ottawa, Ontario. There were then shots fired inside Parliament as well, targeting the nations Capital. The media reported that there were up to three gunmen involved in this shooting, which resulted in two people wounded and two men killed, one of which was one of the shooters (Gillies). The city of Ottawa is in shock, and the police have warned people downtown to “stay away from windows and rooftops” (Gillies). Canadian officials are currently doing everything they can to find the remaining shooters, and any others involved. Continue reading It is the fastest growing sport in the United States in the modern day era. Yet, majority of the country has never heard of the sport or let alone know the rules in how to play. For a sport that has been around before our ancestors’ presence was made in America, it gets little recognition on a national level. What is not to enjoy or even respect about a sport that asks so much on a physical level? Men compete against one another in a violent way that is similar to football with physicality and hockey with the use of stick work and hand skills. Blood, sweat and tears, just like any other sport, are shed upon the countless hours men around the country put in. The sport in which I mention is lacrosse. Recently in our Political Science class, we spoke of what the criteria is for a sport to be given the title as “national.” Throughout every different class there were several underlying themes that remained apparent. The most common themes mentioned in each group was that the sport was popular among the country, the level of play must vary, it must be accessible to view/media coverage and the sport is in someway culturally engrained to the country. All of which are valid qualities for a sport to be successful in a country. Sports obviously must be popular among the people to create revenue and gain media attention. The sport also must offer different levels of play such as recreational JV, varsity, inter-mural collegiate and professional for every person interested in participating to have a chance to showcase their skills or learn the basics of the game. Lastly it is necessary for the sport to have some cultural impact. Football for instance has become a corner stone of weekends for American families. It allows people to connect with one another through a common interest and share a Saturday or Sunday afternoon rooting on their hometown team. In one of our readings, British Sports and Pastimes, the author goes in depth of what a national sport means to the country of England. The novel explains the impact that sports have on a society both culturally and socially. He explains how sports in England have shaped and molded how people go about their business in their daily lives. Sports in essence have created a balance that allows those who work to take a step back. This meaning, that the balance between work and play has become a reality more than a fantasy. Men can provide for their family without taking time away from their leisure. It also created the idea of nationalism, which gave the English a sense of pride over of countries and allowed them to believe they were a step above the rest of the pack. In my eyes lacrosse will fit these characteristics in America within the next decade. It is already growing at a rate in which most of our country will have some common knowledge of what the sport is and how it is played. Yes, it is not as popular as some of the lower tier sports in America, but it is making strides to get there. It is a fast moving sport filled with constant action and skill that keeps fans on their feet. Lacrosse is a sport that anyone can pick up and possess skill at with enough time and effort put forward. There are thousands of high school programs that offer spots for anyone interested in playing the sport. The collegiate level is the most known and intense form of lacrosse. With 67 D1 programs and over 1500 D2/D3 programs, college lacrosse is the most competitive form there is. As for professional it is still low grade, but it is continuing to bring in new sponsors and form new teams in new states such as Florida. It also has gained media coverage through ESPN over the years and has begun to create their first couple of superstars that are known around the athletic world. Players such as Paul Rabil and Rob Pannell, have made waves among the lacrosse world. They are now the poster boys of the sport with multiple sponsorships such as Red Bull, Wheaties, Warrior, Motive Pure and others. Lastly and most importantly, lacrosse has been around before the dawn of America. Before we stepped foot on this soil, Native Americans roamed the lands with wooden sticks and a round rock ball which in turn was the birth of lacrosse. They used lacrosse as a means of preparation of war and a means to heal and please their God or Creater. In modern day society, lacrosse now gives our country a sense of nationalism for it will compete as an Olympic sport in the follow Olympics as summer event. With America as a heavy favorite, much like basketball, it is hard not to be proud of your country for being constant contender for the gold medal. Although lacrosse isn’t seen by all as a national sport, it has definitely made steps in the right direction to become one. With heavy support and continuous growth it is hard to picture where this sport might be in the next 10 years.	<urn:uuid:d94006a2-0d38-412f-bc24-28d4306f0374>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://politicaltheory005.wordpress.com/2014/10/23/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00158.warc.gz	en	0.98043	1,297	3.640625	4	[ 0.049318939447402954, 0.40050992369651794, 0.28974348306655884, -0.5161044001579285, 0.44997891783714294, 0.45617663860321045, 0.5954924821853638, 0.21262425184249878, 0.2722804546356201, 0.16408132016658783, 0.0964227020740509, -0.1415712833404541, 0.0021224673837423325, 0.227740153670310...	2	Throughout this course, we have discussed several ways in which politics are connected with sport and have been for centuries. In two other classes of mine, Global Sports Cultures and the History and Sociology of Sport, we have taken case studies in which we’ve learned how deeply ingrained sport is with not only politics, but culture, as well. For centuries, sport has been used as a tool to appease, control, and occupy the masses. In other words, for leaders like Roman Emperors, British Royalty, or even factory even, sports were chiefly used as a way to deflect pressure and unrest from the reality of their lives. But how did sport move away from the status of a distraction to a pivotal component of society? To answer this question, I’ll take a case study of the sport of lacrosse and its origins and evolution. On October 22, 2014, a Canadian soldier was shot and killed while standing guard at a war memorial in Ottawa, Ontario. There were then shots fired inside Parliament as well, targeting the nations Capital. The media reported that there were up to three gunmen involved in this shooting, which resulted in two people wounded and two men killed, one of which was one of the shooters (Gillies). The city of Ottawa is in shock, and the police have warned people downtown to “stay away from windows and rooftops” (Gillies). Canadian officials are currently doing everything they can to find the remaining shooters, and any others involved. Continue reading It is the fastest growing sport in the United States in the modern day era. Yet, majority of the country has never heard of the sport or let alone know the rules in how to play. For a sport that has been around before our ancestors’ presence was made in America, it gets little recognition on a national level. What is not to enjoy or even respect about a sport that asks so much on a physical level? Men compete against one another in a violent way that is similar to football with physicality and hockey with the use of stick work and hand skills. Blood, sweat and tears, just like any other sport, are shed upon the countless hours men around the country put in. The sport in which I mention is lacrosse. Recently in our Political Science class, we spoke of what the criteria is for a sport to be given the title as “national.” Throughout every different class there were several underlying themes that remained apparent. The most common themes mentioned in each group was that the sport was popular among the country, the level of play must vary, it must be accessible to view/media coverage and the sport is in someway culturally engrained to the country. All of which are valid qualities for a sport to be successful in a country. Sports obviously must be popular among the people to create revenue and gain media attention. The sport also must offer different levels of play such as recreational JV, varsity, inter-mural collegiate and professional for every person interested in participating to have a chance to showcase their skills or learn the basics of the game. Lastly it is necessary for the sport to have some cultural impact. Football for instance has become a corner stone of weekends for American families. It allows people to connect with one another through a common interest and share a Saturday or Sunday afternoon rooting on their hometown team. In one of our readings, British Sports and Pastimes, the author goes in depth of what a national sport means to the country of England. The novel explains the impact that sports have on a society both culturally and socially. He explains how sports in England have shaped and molded how people go about their business in their daily lives. Sports in essence have created a balance that allows those who work to take a step back. This meaning, that the balance between work and play has become a reality more than a fantasy. Men can provide for their family without taking time away from their leisure. It also created the idea of nationalism, which gave the English a sense of pride over of countries and allowed them to believe they were a step above the rest of the pack. In my eyes lacrosse will fit these characteristics in America within the next decade. It is already growing at a rate in which most of our country will have some common knowledge of what the sport is and how it is played. Yes, it is not as popular as some of the lower tier sports in America, but it is making strides to get there. It is a fast moving sport filled with constant action and skill that keeps fans on their feet. Lacrosse is a sport that anyone can pick up and possess skill at with enough time and effort put forward. There are thousands of high school programs that offer spots for anyone interested in playing the sport. The collegiate level is the most known and intense form of lacrosse. With 67 D1 programs and over 1500 D2/D3 programs, college lacrosse is the most competitive form there is. As for professional it is still low grade, but it is continuing to bring in new sponsors and form new teams in new states such as Florida. It also has gained media coverage through ESPN over the years and has begun to create their first couple of superstars that are known around the athletic world. Players such as Paul Rabil and Rob Pannell, have made waves among the lacrosse world. They are now the poster boys of the sport with multiple sponsorships such as Red Bull, Wheaties, Warrior, Motive Pure and others. Lastly and most importantly, lacrosse has been around before the dawn of America. Before we stepped foot on this soil, Native Americans roamed the lands with wooden sticks and a round rock ball which in turn was the birth of lacrosse. They used lacrosse as a means of preparation of war and a means to heal and please their God or Creater. In modern day society, lacrosse now gives our country a sense of nationalism for it will compete as an Olympic sport in the follow Olympics as summer event. With America as a heavy favorite, much like basketball, it is hard not to be proud of your country for being constant contender for the gold medal. Although lacrosse isn’t seen by all as a national sport, it has definitely made steps in the right direction to become one. With heavy support and continuous growth it is hard to picture where this sport might be in the next 10 years.	1,291	ENGLISH	1
Welcome to Owls! For our D.T. challenge day, our school had to build their own boats which would then have to hold as many cubes as possible in water. We had basic materials to use such as paper, tape and string. There were a lot of various designs that were put to the test. In the end, we had a winner whose boat held a whopping 124 cubes! What a great and challenging day. History and Geography With our topic being linked by Extreme Earth, we connected our History and Geography with a focus on Volcanoes and the city of Pompeii in Ancient Rome. We studied what actually creates Volcanoes and how often they occur, we then learned what exactly happened on the day MT Vesuvius erupted. We used our knwoledge on how volcanoes are formed to explain the 'rumblings' of Pompeii before it was destroyed and how people may believe it was somesupernatural force without any knowledge on volcanoes or their inner workings. In science this term, we learned about kinetic forces. We particularly looked at how friction works. We learned what friction means and then we put it into practice with a fun experiment. Using our knowledge, we predicted what items on a ramp would cause the most friction and the least, then we placed the ramp at certain angles and pushed a toy tractor down the ramps, we recorded the height of the ramps when the tractor began to roll down. We then compared the results to our predictions. Towards the end of term, the whole school celebrated Harvest time by holding a performance festival at the community centre. Our class put on a performed reading of Squeak's Harvest. A fun short story about a field mouse who moves home and finds a harvest festival where he learns the meaning of love and being thankful. We had some volunteers perform as our excellent readers while the rest of the class did amazing jobs at performing as the characters of the story. We returned after a short break ready to get right back onto our learning and to have more fun doing so. This term, we learned more about division, multiplication. We also moved onto statistics and 3d shapes. We had a fun lesson where we put together various 3d shapes based on net designs. This helped improve our understanding of 3d shapes and we then identified how many faces, edges and vertices those shapes had. We returned to volcanoes for our D.T. task. We worked in pairs to build our very own volcanoes out of using paper mache. We then painted those volcanoes to help make them look realistic. We utilised our knowledge on what volcanoes normally look like and our team work skills to create a brilliant and accurate model. Trip to Peterborough As part of our learning in R.E. we were very fortunate to go to a Hindu temple to experience another type of religious service. We got to witness a morning prayer service and was able to look around at all the beautiful statues that represented the various Gods and Goddesses. The children learned a lot from the volunteers at the temple. After that excitement, it was followed by even more as we went to visit the main library. Again the children learned more about the building and how to find and loan books. They were very enthusiastic and many even wanted to become members of the library to borrow books. The children especially enjoyed the super challenging library treasure hunt that Mr Richardson had put together for them. In art, we learned about the talented artist Archimboldo. He was unique as he painted portraits of people using fruits, vegetables and other objects related to the seasons to create his subject's face and shoulders. This was a fun challenge for the children who had to really think what type of objects they would need to create a sketch of their partner in this particular style. They had to make sure it was detailed enough so we could tell what they had used. We had some fantastic results! After the October half term, we returned to school ready and excited to learn! We experienced and learned lots of new things this term, take a look below to see what we have done. The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology On Thursday 22nd November, Owls class were lucky enough to go on an adventure all the way to Cambridge to visit the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. On this visit we learned all about the Stone Age, Iron Age and Bronze Age. The children used their senses to explore the sounds, sights and smells of the past. By handling ancient objects and using the museums multisensory bags, pupils were challenged with identifying which era certain objects were from and thought about similarities and differences between then and now. We have been learning lots of new skills during our ICT lessons this term. We have been using the laptops to design, write and debug their very own programs. We were given challenges to design a character and make the character move from point A to B by writing an algorithm. Along the way we found some errors in our algorithms, so we paired up and assisted one another in debugging the instructions. In the end we had some fantastic characters who were completing some difficult journeys across our laptop screens, all thanks to the children's excellent algorithms! In Maths, we have been having lots of fun during our learning. At the start of the term we were looking at shapes, not only did we have to identify different shapes, whether they were 2D or 3D, their properties and see if we could spot any around the school, we had to make our own 3D shapes! During the term we also had a look a measuring and comparing lots of different things such as weight, capacity and mass. We had a very practical lesson where we had to estimate then measure different amounts of liquid and the capacity of different instruments used to hold liquid. This term saw Anti-Bullying week at school, and we were all invited to wear odd socks (outside of our trousers). As part of an English class, Owls created an Anti-Bullying Rap. We considered and used all of the different features of a rap, each group managed to make every line rhyme! It was a very fun afternoon and it allowed us to discuss different ways that we can stop bullying, what to do and how to ensure that all children play happily every day. A School Day Out! On Wednesday 19th September, Owls and Herons went on an adventure to Peterborough. We were very lucky because we got invited into both a Mosque and a Cathedral. In the Mosque we saw a beautiful chandelier and were taught lots of fantastic information about the Muslim religion. We discovered that they pray 5 times a day, and have 5 rules they live by, known as the 5 Pillars. When we left the Mosque we were treated to a packet of crisps and a drink to say thank you for coming, they were very yummy! Later that day we went to the Cathedral where we stood in amazement looking up at Tim Peake's Spacecraft show. We saw the real Soyuz spacecraft, parachute and spacesuit that he wore and used up in space. It was very exciting and we learned lots of facts! DT Day - Let's Go Fly A Kite We are lucky enough as a school to, each year, partake in a DT Day. The children love the DT days as it allows them to explore and be as creative as they can! This year, we made our very own kites. We spent the morning creating and decorating our kites. Once we had done this, everyone in school went outside to the school field and flew their kite. Unfortunately some of the kite strings got very tangled, however after a quick reconstruction of the kites, they were back up and flying. It was a fantastic day, and one we will remember for a very long time! In Owls class this term, our work has been influenced by the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. We have done lots of learning, and thought a lot about how Britain changed through these different eras. During one of our lessons, we all became Neolithic hunter-gatherers and we were all SO hungry! We had to go round the school, playground and field to investigate and locate some food! The hunter-gatherers used their tools to either catch animals or find berries or nuts. After all of this food, we we not so hungry anymore! It was a very interesting food, as we had to think about how much time, energy and planning had to go into the hunter-gatherers getting food. Design and Technology Our Design and Technology lessons this term were heavily influenced by our Stone Age to Iron Age topic. We have been carefully designing, creating and decorating jewellery from these eras. We very carefully created a blue print for our jewellery, considering the materials, size and colour scheme we were going to use. After that we created our beads using clay or pasta, we then painted the jewellery and constructed it.	<urn:uuid:3525edc5-5655-4384-ac37-35b093b58636>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sutton-st-james.lincs.sch.uk/owls/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00075.warc.gz	en	0.983062	1,846	3.671875	4	[ -0.2831133008003235, 0.22967906296253204, 0.6689416766166687, 0.10824920237064362, -0.42161595821380615, 0.19090363383293152, 0.020643360912799835, 0.365209698677063, -0.13060197234153748, -0.11133934557437897, 0.00790762435644865, -0.7098214626312256, 0.10778483003377914, 0.40798169374465...	1	Welcome to Owls! For our D.T. challenge day, our school had to build their own boats which would then have to hold as many cubes as possible in water. We had basic materials to use such as paper, tape and string. There were a lot of various designs that were put to the test. In the end, we had a winner whose boat held a whopping 124 cubes! What a great and challenging day. History and Geography With our topic being linked by Extreme Earth, we connected our History and Geography with a focus on Volcanoes and the city of Pompeii in Ancient Rome. We studied what actually creates Volcanoes and how often they occur, we then learned what exactly happened on the day MT Vesuvius erupted. We used our knwoledge on how volcanoes are formed to explain the 'rumblings' of Pompeii before it was destroyed and how people may believe it was somesupernatural force without any knowledge on volcanoes or their inner workings. In science this term, we learned about kinetic forces. We particularly looked at how friction works. We learned what friction means and then we put it into practice with a fun experiment. Using our knowledge, we predicted what items on a ramp would cause the most friction and the least, then we placed the ramp at certain angles and pushed a toy tractor down the ramps, we recorded the height of the ramps when the tractor began to roll down. We then compared the results to our predictions. Towards the end of term, the whole school celebrated Harvest time by holding a performance festival at the community centre. Our class put on a performed reading of Squeak's Harvest. A fun short story about a field mouse who moves home and finds a harvest festival where he learns the meaning of love and being thankful. We had some volunteers perform as our excellent readers while the rest of the class did amazing jobs at performing as the characters of the story. We returned after a short break ready to get right back onto our learning and to have more fun doing so. This term, we learned more about division, multiplication. We also moved onto statistics and 3d shapes. We had a fun lesson where we put together various 3d shapes based on net designs. This helped improve our understanding of 3d shapes and we then identified how many faces, edges and vertices those shapes had. We returned to volcanoes for our D.T. task. We worked in pairs to build our very own volcanoes out of using paper mache. We then painted those volcanoes to help make them look realistic. We utilised our knowledge on what volcanoes normally look like and our team work skills to create a brilliant and accurate model. Trip to Peterborough As part of our learning in R.E. we were very fortunate to go to a Hindu temple to experience another type of religious service. We got to witness a morning prayer service and was able to look around at all the beautiful statues that represented the various Gods and Goddesses. The children learned a lot from the volunteers at the temple. After that excitement, it was followed by even more as we went to visit the main library. Again the children learned more about the building and how to find and loan books. They were very enthusiastic and many even wanted to become members of the library to borrow books. The children especially enjoyed the super challenging library treasure hunt that Mr Richardson had put together for them. In art, we learned about the talented artist Archimboldo. He was unique as he painted portraits of people using fruits, vegetables and other objects related to the seasons to create his subject's face and shoulders. This was a fun challenge for the children who had to really think what type of objects they would need to create a sketch of their partner in this particular style. They had to make sure it was detailed enough so we could tell what they had used. We had some fantastic results! After the October half term, we returned to school ready and excited to learn! We experienced and learned lots of new things this term, take a look below to see what we have done. The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology On Thursday 22nd November, Owls class were lucky enough to go on an adventure all the way to Cambridge to visit the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. On this visit we learned all about the Stone Age, Iron Age and Bronze Age. The children used their senses to explore the sounds, sights and smells of the past. By handling ancient objects and using the museums multisensory bags, pupils were challenged with identifying which era certain objects were from and thought about similarities and differences between then and now. We have been learning lots of new skills during our ICT lessons this term. We have been using the laptops to design, write and debug their very own programs. We were given challenges to design a character and make the character move from point A to B by writing an algorithm. Along the way we found some errors in our algorithms, so we paired up and assisted one another in debugging the instructions. In the end we had some fantastic characters who were completing some difficult journeys across our laptop screens, all thanks to the children's excellent algorithms! In Maths, we have been having lots of fun during our learning. At the start of the term we were looking at shapes, not only did we have to identify different shapes, whether they were 2D or 3D, their properties and see if we could spot any around the school, we had to make our own 3D shapes! During the term we also had a look a measuring and comparing lots of different things such as weight, capacity and mass. We had a very practical lesson where we had to estimate then measure different amounts of liquid and the capacity of different instruments used to hold liquid. This term saw Anti-Bullying week at school, and we were all invited to wear odd socks (outside of our trousers). As part of an English class, Owls created an Anti-Bullying Rap. We considered and used all of the different features of a rap, each group managed to make every line rhyme! It was a very fun afternoon and it allowed us to discuss different ways that we can stop bullying, what to do and how to ensure that all children play happily every day. A School Day Out! On Wednesday 19th September, Owls and Herons went on an adventure to Peterborough. We were very lucky because we got invited into both a Mosque and a Cathedral. In the Mosque we saw a beautiful chandelier and were taught lots of fantastic information about the Muslim religion. We discovered that they pray 5 times a day, and have 5 rules they live by, known as the 5 Pillars. When we left the Mosque we were treated to a packet of crisps and a drink to say thank you for coming, they were very yummy! Later that day we went to the Cathedral where we stood in amazement looking up at Tim Peake's Spacecraft show. We saw the real Soyuz spacecraft, parachute and spacesuit that he wore and used up in space. It was very exciting and we learned lots of facts! DT Day - Let's Go Fly A Kite We are lucky enough as a school to, each year, partake in a DT Day. The children love the DT days as it allows them to explore and be as creative as they can! This year, we made our very own kites. We spent the morning creating and decorating our kites. Once we had done this, everyone in school went outside to the school field and flew their kite. Unfortunately some of the kite strings got very tangled, however after a quick reconstruction of the kites, they were back up and flying. It was a fantastic day, and one we will remember for a very long time! In Owls class this term, our work has been influenced by the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. We have done lots of learning, and thought a lot about how Britain changed through these different eras. During one of our lessons, we all became Neolithic hunter-gatherers and we were all SO hungry! We had to go round the school, playground and field to investigate and locate some food! The hunter-gatherers used their tools to either catch animals or find berries or nuts. After all of this food, we we not so hungry anymore! It was a very interesting food, as we had to think about how much time, energy and planning had to go into the hunter-gatherers getting food. Design and Technology Our Design and Technology lessons this term were heavily influenced by our Stone Age to Iron Age topic. We have been carefully designing, creating and decorating jewellery from these eras. We very carefully created a blue print for our jewellery, considering the materials, size and colour scheme we were going to use. After that we created our beads using clay or pasta, we then painted the jewellery and constructed it.	1,821	ENGLISH	1
A commodity used as a medium of exchange or a designation of value. In the OT, money took different forms, including metals, goods, and livestock. Among the oldest references to “money” in the OT are descriptions of transactions carried out by the Hebrew patriarchs. Abimelech harmed Sarah and paid restitution to her husband, Abraham (Gen 20:14-16 ). Abimelech paid Abraham “sheep and oxen, and male and female slaves” that were the equivalent of “a thousand pieces of silver,” apparently vindication for whatever evil had been done. The Hebrew word usually used for “money” (kesef) literally means “silver.” Because silver was more common than gold, which had to be imported from Egypt or Anatolia, most biblical transactions used silver. Achan reported to Joshua on spoils taken from Jericho (Josh 7:21 ), including money in the form of rings and bars. The gold Job received from his family when his riches were restored (Job 42:11 ) included rings. The necessity of coining money was resisted, but in Ezra 2:68–69, families made freewill offerings for the refurbishing of the Temple, giving the treasury “sixty-one thousand darics of gold, five thousand minas of silver, and one hundred priestly robes.” The daric and the mina were Persian coins. By the NT period, Roman coinage had become one of the means used by the imperial government to hold the empire together. Coined money, legally authorized by governments, became the standard of exchange for goods, services, and payment of taxes. One denarius was the usual salary paid to a laborer for one day’s work (Matt 20:2 ). It was also the Temple tax in Jesus’s time and was probably the coin referred to in Matt. 22:21. 14Then Abimelech took sheep and oxen, and male and female slaves, and gave them to Abraham, and restored his wife Sarah to him.15Abimelech said, “My land is bef ... View more 21when I saw among the spoil a beautiful mantle from Shinar, and two hundred shekels of silver, and a bar of gold weighing fifty shekels, then I coveted them an ... View more 11Then there came to him all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and they ate bread with him in his house; they showed him sympathy and c ... View more 2After agreeing with the laborers for the usual daily wage, he sent them into his vineyard.	<urn:uuid:6baff56e-2297-4578-8452-98c71ddb6264>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://bibleodyssey.org/en/HarperCollinsBibleDictionary/m/money	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00173.warc.gz	en	0.984656	553	3.265625	3	[ -0.15725740790367126, 0.3488542437553406, -0.12165398895740509, 0.1429186463356018, -0.0500190332531929, -0.3422143757343292, 0.5567207336425781, -0.03859017789363861, -0.09570540487766266, -0.026698242872953415, 0.27374014258384705, -0.3118278384208679, -0.03526584804058075, 0.05952018499...	2	A commodity used as a medium of exchange or a designation of value. In the OT, money took different forms, including metals, goods, and livestock. Among the oldest references to “money” in the OT are descriptions of transactions carried out by the Hebrew patriarchs. Abimelech harmed Sarah and paid restitution to her husband, Abraham (Gen 20:14-16 ). Abimelech paid Abraham “sheep and oxen, and male and female slaves” that were the equivalent of “a thousand pieces of silver,” apparently vindication for whatever evil had been done. The Hebrew word usually used for “money” (kesef) literally means “silver.” Because silver was more common than gold, which had to be imported from Egypt or Anatolia, most biblical transactions used silver. Achan reported to Joshua on spoils taken from Jericho (Josh 7:21 ), including money in the form of rings and bars. The gold Job received from his family when his riches were restored (Job 42:11 ) included rings. The necessity of coining money was resisted, but in Ezra 2:68–69, families made freewill offerings for the refurbishing of the Temple, giving the treasury “sixty-one thousand darics of gold, five thousand minas of silver, and one hundred priestly robes.” The daric and the mina were Persian coins. By the NT period, Roman coinage had become one of the means used by the imperial government to hold the empire together. Coined money, legally authorized by governments, became the standard of exchange for goods, services, and payment of taxes. One denarius was the usual salary paid to a laborer for one day’s work (Matt 20:2 ). It was also the Temple tax in Jesus’s time and was probably the coin referred to in Matt. 22:21. 14Then Abimelech took sheep and oxen, and male and female slaves, and gave them to Abraham, and restored his wife Sarah to him.15Abimelech said, “My land is bef ... View more 21when I saw among the spoil a beautiful mantle from Shinar, and two hundred shekels of silver, and a bar of gold weighing fifty shekels, then I coveted them an ... View more 11Then there came to him all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and they ate bread with him in his house; they showed him sympathy and c ... View more 2After agreeing with the laborers for the usual daily wage, he sent them into his vineyard.	551	ENGLISH	1
There are many challenges and impacts in the early years of the industrial revolution. First and foremost, the influential labor force of the industrial revolution has transformed many social societies. In the 16th century England, most women were involved in industry and agriculture and their home was central of production center. Women have an important role in every aspect such as in running farms, trafficking and landed farms. In the 17th century, labour division increased and women at that time lost their jobs. In addition, women also do not become important people in industrial companies and the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home. Enclosure movement is a cause of the industrial revolution which defines as wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improving crop production, such as the rotation of crops. People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland. In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built. Enclosure movement gives an effect which poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed. Wife reduced to unpaid household work. Middle and upper women confined to the idle domestic existence and supervising servants. Women at the low class were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Machines capable of huge outputs were cause small hand weavers redundant and too expensive. Then, people were forced to work and factories to earn money. Because of this situation, urbanization was created. The labours who work for a long time hours just can earn less money. Higher living expenses have given a burden to society to adapt their lives in the urban life. The people who established the textile mill factories hired children and women to increase their profit and to decrease their labour cost by giving poor working conditions and paying them low wages. The factories were taken advantages of children because child labor was the cheapest labor of all. Some of these machines were so easy to operate that a small child could perform the simple, repetitive tasks. Some maintenance tasks, such as squeezing into tight spaces, could be performed more easily by children than adults. And, children did not try to join workers unions or go on strike. Best of all, they were paid 1/10 of what men were paid. It’s not surprising, then, that children were heavily employed in the first factories in history. In 1789, in Richard Arkwright’s new spinning factory, two-thirds of 1,150 factory workers were children (Ashton 93). In addition, the industrial revolution has led to a breakdown of family members. Work and home life became sharply separated. Men earned money for their families. Women took care of the home and saw their economic role decline. The residential area of a shared, slums and poor sanitation has caused infant mortality increased which 50% of infants died before the age of 2 (Stearns, 1991). The children spent in the factories prevented them from spending time with their neighbors, friends, and family. Then, the children who forced to be a labour, have little education, and stunted growth occur to themselves.	<urn:uuid:cde779c7-1281-4da9-8fb4-a7cdc16463dc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://youmademydayphotography.com/there-effect-which-poor-farmers-bankrupt-and-unemployed-wife/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00327.warc.gz	en	0.985332	632	4.21875	4	[ 0.014532249420881271, -0.13964992761611938, 0.3160914182662964, 0.2466057389974594, 0.10801942646503448, 0.18205872178077698, -0.2682775855064392, 0.14080199599266052, -0.44542863965034485, -0.1314559280872345, 0.15706251561641693, -0.10095395147800446, -0.04853268712759018, -0.02807798795...	3	There are many challenges and impacts in the early years of the industrial revolution. First and foremost, the influential labor force of the industrial revolution has transformed many social societies. In the 16th century England, most women were involved in industry and agriculture and their home was central of production center. Women have an important role in every aspect such as in running farms, trafficking and landed farms. In the 17th century, labour division increased and women at that time lost their jobs. In addition, women also do not become important people in industrial companies and the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home. Enclosure movement is a cause of the industrial revolution which defines as wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improving crop production, such as the rotation of crops. People began moving to cities, where they could more easily work in factories than on farmland. In England, population growth caused former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from southeastern England to the northwest, where factories were being built. Enclosure movement gives an effect which poor farmers bankrupt and unemployed. Wife reduced to unpaid household work. Middle and upper women confined to the idle domestic existence and supervising servants. Women at the low class were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Machines capable of huge outputs were cause small hand weavers redundant and too expensive. Then, people were forced to work and factories to earn money. Because of this situation, urbanization was created. The labours who work for a long time hours just can earn less money. Higher living expenses have given a burden to society to adapt their lives in the urban life. The people who established the textile mill factories hired children and women to increase their profit and to decrease their labour cost by giving poor working conditions and paying them low wages. The factories were taken advantages of children because child labor was the cheapest labor of all. Some of these machines were so easy to operate that a small child could perform the simple, repetitive tasks. Some maintenance tasks, such as squeezing into tight spaces, could be performed more easily by children than adults. And, children did not try to join workers unions or go on strike. Best of all, they were paid 1/10 of what men were paid. It’s not surprising, then, that children were heavily employed in the first factories in history. In 1789, in Richard Arkwright’s new spinning factory, two-thirds of 1,150 factory workers were children (Ashton 93). In addition, the industrial revolution has led to a breakdown of family members. Work and home life became sharply separated. Men earned money for their families. Women took care of the home and saw their economic role decline. The residential area of a shared, slums and poor sanitation has caused infant mortality increased which 50% of infants died before the age of 2 (Stearns, 1991). The children spent in the factories prevented them from spending time with their neighbors, friends, and family. Then, the children who forced to be a labour, have little education, and stunted growth occur to themselves.	647	ENGLISH	1
Edmund, second son of King Henry III , was created 1st Earl of Lancaster. He chose a red rose as his emblem. Although it was not part of their flag, the red rose became synonymous with the House of Lancaster. 1362 (13th November) Edward III’s third son, Lionel, died. 1362 (13th November) Edward III’s fourth son, John of Gaunt was created Duke of Lancaster. 1376 (8th June) Edward III’s eldest son, Edward Prince of Wales, known as the Black Prince died. His 9 year old son, Richard became heir to the throne. 1377 (21st June) King Edward III died. He was succeeded by his grandson Richard II who was aged 10 years. Edward III’s fifth son, Edmund of Langley was created Duke of York. He chose the white rose as his emblem. The white rose symbolically represented the Virgin Mary. Over time the white rose became synonymous with the royal house of York. 1399 (3rd February) John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, died. His son, Henry Bolingbroke inherited the title Dukedom of Lancaster. 1399 (30th September) Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Earl of Lancaster, overthrew his cousin, Richard II after Richard refused to let him inherit his father’s lands. He was crowned King Henry IV and Richard was imprisoned. 1399 (10th November) Henry IV’s created his son, Henry Duke of Lancaster. Richard II died in captivity, probably starved to death. 1402 (1st August) Edward III’s son Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, died. His son Edward inherited the title Duke of York. 1413 (20th March) Henry IV died. He was succeeded by his son Henry V An act was passed that declared that the lands and titles of the Duchy of Lancaster should be merged with the crown. 1415 (25th October) Edward, Duke of York, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt. Edward’s nephew Richard – eldest son of Edward’s brother Richard was next in line to inherit the Dukedom of York but as his father Richard had been executed the previous month for treason the title was forfeited to the crown. 1422 (31st August) Henry V died. He was succeeded by his son, Henry VI aged 9 months. 1422 (1st September) Henry VI’s uncles, John, Duke of Bedford, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry Beaufort acted as regents for the infant King. 1422 (21st October) Charles VI of France died. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, Henry VI became King of France. Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort disagreed on how to manage the French. 1425 (24th February) Richard, heir to the Dukedom of York, whose title had been forfeited due to his father’s treason, had the title restored to him. 1435 (14th September) John, Duke of Bedford, Protector of the young King, died. 1435 (21st September) Congress of Arras This meeting between representatives of the French, English and Burgundians sought to find a peace. The Treaty of Arras found agreement between France and Burgundy which broke the Burgundians allegiance to the English and ultimately left the English in a much weaker position in France. 1437 (12th November) Henry VI took over personal rule. 1444 (22nd May) 1447 (23rd February) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, uncle to the King, had been very critical of Henry’s marriage and the treaty with France. He was accused of treason and was imprisoned in Bury St Edmunds where he died before he could be tried. Richard Duke of York returned to England having served a year as Lieutenant of Ireland. Richard Duke of York declared his intention to remove Somerset and other evil counsellors from the King’s council. He marched to London where he demanded to be recognised as lawful heir to the throne. King Henry VI suffered a mental breakdown and was considered unfit to rule. The grandson of John of Gaunt, John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, a Lancastrian favourite of King Henry and Margaret of Anjou took control of government. 1453 (13th October) A son, Edward, was born to King Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou at the Palace of Westminster. He was created Duke of Cornwall. 1454 (15th March) King Henry’s son, Edward, was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. 1454 (27th March) Richard, Duke of York became protector in place of the Duke of Somerset because many royal councillors were unhappy with the way Somerset was handling government. Henry VI regained his mental capacity. He dismissed Richard of York and put Somerset back in control of government. Richard Duke of York, his father the Earl of Salisbury and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick began raising troops against Henry VI and the Duke of Somerset. 1455 (22nd May) First Battle of St Albans This battle saw the forces of Warwick, Salisbury and Richard Duke of York defeat the Lancastrians led by Somerset and Northumberland. Somerset was killed and Henry VI was captured. 1455 (3rd May) With the King under his control, Richard Duke of York, became Protector of the realm again. Richard Duke of York, was dismissed as regent when Henry resumed personal rule supported by Queen Margaret. 1459 (23rd September) Battle of Blore Heath Richard Duke of York, supported by his father, the Earl of Salisbury fought off a Lancastrian attack that was supported by the Percy family of Northumbria. 1459 (12th – 13th October) Rout of Ludlow Threatened by Margaret of Anjou and her supporters, Richard of York, Warwick and the Nevilles mustered their supporters at Ludlow but when the main Lancastrian army appeared their men deserted. Richard of York fled to Ireland. His son Edward, Earl of March was taken to Calais with his grandfather, Salisbury and the Earl of Warwick. Richard of York and his family had all their titles and lands forfeited by Act of Attainder. 1460 (26th June) Edward, Earl of March, son of Richard of York, accompanied by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Salisbury landed at Sandwich at the head of an army and marched towards London. 1460 (2nd July) Edward Earl of March rode north with the Earl of Warwick. 1460 (10th July) Battle of Northampton Edward, Earl of March and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, defeated a Lancastrian force led by Humphrey, Stafford and Buckingham and captured Henry VI. Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward fled to Harlech Castle. 1460 (14th July) Edward Earl of March and Warwick returned to London with Henry VI in captivity. 1460 (19th July) Edward Earl of March and Warwick used their forces to defeat the Lancastrian forces in the Tower of London. Richard of York, claimed the throne but the nobility refused to accept him as anything other than heir to the throne. 1460 (25th October) Act of Accord Richard Duke of York, was named successor to the throne over Henry VI’s son, Edward. 1460 (30th December) Battle of Wakefield Queen Margaret, unwilling to accept the disinheritence of her son Edward, raised an army in the north. Richard of York was forced to march north where he was defeated and killed by the Lancastrian force. 1460 (30th December) Edward Earl of March inherited his father’s titles of Duke of York, Earl of Ulster and Earl of Cambridge. 1460 (31st December) Henry VI was released from captivity but was still mentally unstable and as a consequence was unfit to rule. Edward Duke of York was put forward as a claimant to the throne by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. 1461 (2nd February) Battle of Mortimer’s Cross Edward Duke of York led a Yorkist army that defeated a Lancastrian force led by the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire that was on route to join Margaret of Anjou’s advance on London. 1461 (17th February) Second Battle of St Albans The Yorkists were defeated in this battle that saw Henry VI returned to Lancastrian hands. 1461 (after 17th February) Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou failed to take action to secure their place on the throne. 1461 (late February) Edward of York joined forces with Warwick and marched towards London. 1461 (4th March) 1461 (29th March) Battle of Towton Edward of York pursued the Lancastrians north and attacked them near Tadcaster. After a long fight in heavy snowfall, the Lanastrians were defeated having suffered heavy casualties. Following the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton, Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward fled to Scotland where they were given refuge. 1461 (28th June) Edward IV was crowned King at Westminster Abbey. 1461 (after June) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick was the real power behind the crown and made decisions and shaped policy. 1461 (1st November) Warwick was created High Admiral of England and Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster. Warwick successfully negotiated a truce with Scotland. Margaret of Anjou invaded England with French troops and with the support of northern nobles including Ralph Percy took the castles of Alnwick and Bamburgh. Warwick had recaptured Alnwick and Bamburgh castles. The leaders of the rebellion were pardoned and Warwick returned to London. 1463 (late March) Ralph Percy and northern nobles rose in support of Henry VI and took Northumberland and Norham. Warwick returned to the north and took Norham but was unable to take Northumberland. Unable to put the rebellions down, Warwick negotiated a truce with France which would be sealed with the marriage of Edward IV to the French King’s sister. Without French support the Lancastrians were unable to maintain their hold on the north. The leaders of the rebellion were executed. 1464 (1st May) King Edward IV secretly married Elizabeth Woodville , daughter of Richard Woodville, Baron Rivers. Edward announced his marriage. Warwick was angry with Edward because he had promised the French that Edward would seal their alliance with a royal marriage between the two countries. 1465 (24th July) The former Henry VI was captured by Yorkist forces and taken to the Tower of London. 1466 (11th February) A daughter, Elizabeth , was born to Edward and Elizabeth Woodville at the Palace of Westminster. She was known as Elizabeth of York. Warwick was sent to negotiate with both the French and the Burgundians. Any truce would be sealed with the marriage of Edward’s sister Margaret. Warwick believed that a truce with France would be best for the country. King Edward IV made the Queen’s father, Baron Rivers, treasurer. Rivers pressed for an alliance with the Burgundians bringing him into conflict with Warwick who favoured a French alliance. Warwick learned that Edward IV had gone behind his back and signed a treaty with the Burgundians. Warwick was frustrated and annoyed that Edward favoured his wife’s relatives rather than his trusted advisors. 1467 (late October) Warwick was accused of plotting to return Henry VI to the throne. Warwick refused to attend court to answer the charge but instead sent a letter of denial which the King accepted. Warwick, frustrated by his lack of power over Edward IV, turned his attention to Edward’s younger brother, George, Duke of Clarence , who he possibly intended to make King in Edward’s stead. Warwick secretly organised a rebellion, against Edward in the North. The rebellion, known as Robin of Redesdale’s Rebellion, was quickly put down by the Yorkists. 1469 (26th July) Battle of Edgecote Moor Warwick raised an army of northern rebels led by Sir John Conyers, Edward IV’s cousin. They defeated a force of Welsh loyalists led by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. 1469 (late July) Warwick captured Edward IV, and executed Baron Rivers and his son. With Edward in captivity he married his daughter to Edward’s brother, George Duke of Clarence. Warwick then attempted to rule in Edward’s name but he was not supported by the nobility. Warwick moved Edward IV to Middleham Castle where he remained under house arrest. 1469 (10th September) Failing to gain the support of the nobility and with the country descending into disorder Warwick was forced to release Edward. Edward IV and Warwick tried to work together but when Edward went against Warwick’s advice and restored Henry Percy to Northumberland their relationship broke down. 1470 (12th March) Battle of Losecoat Field Warwick and George Duke of Clarence, with Lancastrian support, rebelled against Edward IV but were defeated. They fled to France. 1470 (1st May) The Earl of Warwick made an alliance with Margaret of Anjou. 1470 (13th September) Warwick and the Duke of Clarence at the head of an army returned to England and landed at Plymouth. 1470 (2nd October) In the face of mounting opposition from Warwick, Edward IV fled to Burgundy. 1470 (30th October) Henry VI was restored to the English throne with Warwick as chief minister. 1470 (2nd November) A son, Edward , was born to King Edward and Elizabeth Woodville at the Palace of Westminster. 1470 (13th December) Warwick’s daughter, Anne Neville , married Henry VI’s son and heir, Prince Edward at Angers Cathedral. Edward IV’s titles and lands were confiscated by Parliament. 1471 (14th March) Edward IV returned to England, landing at Ravenspur in Yorkshire at the head of a Burgundian Yorkist army. He was joined by the Earl of Northumberland and his brother George Duke of Clarence who defected from Warwick. 1471 (14th April) Battle of Barnet The Lancastrians, led by the Earl of Warwick, met Edward’s Yorkist force at Barnet. After a three hour fight in thick fog, two Lancastrian divisions mistakenly attacked each other and the army broke and fled. Warwick also fled but was knocked off his horse and killed. 1471 (4th May) Battle of Tewekesbury Edward of York, supported by his brother, Richard of Gloucester, attacked Margaret of Anjou’s Lancastrian forces as they were leaving for Wales. The Lancastrians were defeated and Edward, Prince of Wales, was killed. Margaret of Anjou was captured. 1471 (22nd May) Edward IV returned triumphant to London. It is believed that King Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London on the same day. Margaret of Anjou was placed under house arrest. 1471 (25th June) Edward IV’s son, Edward , was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. 1472 (12th July) Edward IV’s brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester, married Anne Neville, daughter of the Earl of Warwick. 1473 (17th August) A son, Richard, was born to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville at the Dominican Friary, Shrewsbury. He was known as Richard of Shrewsbury 1474 (28th May) Edward IV’s second son, Richard, was created Duke of York. Since this time the monarch’s second son has traditionally been given the title Duke of York. Edward IV negotiated a peace with Scotland. Edward IV invaded France with a large army to support his Burgundian allies against France. Treaty of Picquigny Having received no help from Burgundy Edward decided to negotiate a peace with France. This was a seven year peace treaty between Louis XI and Edward IV that agreed that Louis would pay a yearly sum of money to keep the English away from France. Louis also agreed to pay a ransom to free Margaret of Anjou. 1478 (18th February) Edward IV had his brother, George Duke of Clarence, tried for treason and executed. 1479 (8th July) Edward’s son, Prince Edward, was created Earl of March. King Edward became ill. He nominated his brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester to be regent for his young son Edward in the event of his death. 1483 (9th April) King Edward IV died at the Palace of Westminster. He was buried in St George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle. In accordance with Edward’s wishes, Richard became Lord High Protector. 1483 (14th April) Prince Edward was given the news that his father had died at Ludlow Castle where he was staying with his Woodville relatives. 1483 (16th April) Richard Duke of Gloucester, who was in the North, was informed of his brother’s death. He wrote to Lord Rivers, at Ludlow Castle pledging loyalty to the young king. 1483 (21st April) Richard held a funeral ceremony for his brother. He also made the nobility swear an oath of fealty to the young King Edward V. 1483 (23rd April) Richard left York to travel to London. 1483 (24th April) Edward V began the journey south to London escorted by his Woodville family. The Woodvilles were keen to get Edward to London and have him crowned as soon as possible so as not to lose power. 1483 (30th April) Richard Duke of Gloucester met Edward and his party as they were travelling south. He arrested Earl Rivers, Richard Grey and Thomas Vaughan and sent them north where they were placed in captivity. He took Edward and continued on to the Tower of London. 1483 (1st May) On hearing of her father’s arrest, Elizabeth Woodville , her son Richard, her five daughters and her brother Lionel sought sanctuary at Westminster Abbey. 1483 (4th May) Richard and Edward reached London. This day had originally been intended for the coronation ceremony. 1483 (8th May) Richard was officially appointed Lord Protector. 1483 (10th May) Richard announced that the King’s coronation wold take place on 22nd June. 1483 (19th May) Edward V reached the Tower of London. 1483 (early June) The Duke of Buckingham told Richard that he suspected William Hastings of being disloyal and plotting with the Woodvilles. 1483 (13th June) William Hastings was summoned to a Council meeting in the Tower of London. He was charged with treason and executed without trial on the same day. 1483 (16th June) Edward V’s brother Richard joined him in the Tower of London. Elizabeth Woodville had been persuaded to give him up in the hopes of maintaining the safety of her other children. 1483 (17th June) Richard III announced that the King’s coronation would now take place in October. 1483 (22nd June) Ralph Shaw preached a sermon stating that Edward IV had been contracted to marry Eleanor Butler when he married Elizabeth Woodville and that the marriage was therefore invalid and his children all illegitimate. 1483 (25th June) Parliament declared that as Edward IV’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid and the children of Richard of Gloucester’s older brother, George Duke of Clarence had been denied succession rights, then Richard Duke of Gloucester was the rightful King. 1483 (25th June) Earl River was found guilty of treason and executed the same day. 1483 (26th June) Richard, Duke of Gloucester, took the throne as King Richard III. Edward V and his brother Richard were last seen playing in the gardens of the Tower. 1483 (6th July) Richard Duke of Gloucester was crowned King Richard III, his wife, Anne Neville was crowned Queen consort. Edward V and Prince Richard were notably absent from the coronation. 1483 (9th July) The princes’ servants were dismissed. 1483 (mid July) Richard III, accompanied by his wife and son left London to make a progress of the country. The princes, Edward and Richard were last seen at the windows of the Tower of London. 1483 (24th August) Richard III’s son, Edward, was created Prince of Wales. 1483 (29th August) Richard III reached York on his progress. He was well received by the city. 1483 (10th October) The Duke of Buckingham rebelled against Richard’s rule. Buckingham was supported by Henry Tudor , son of Edmund Tudor (who was the son of Owen Tudor and Henry V’s widow, Catherine of Valois) and Margaret Beaufort 1483 (2nd November) Buckingham was executed. 1483 (25th December) Henry Tudor announced that he was the rightful King of England and that when he took the throne he would marry Edward IV’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York King Richard III, his wife and son, made a progress of Kent. 1484 (23rd January) This act, passed by Parliament, formally declared Richard to be lawful King and settled the succession on his son Edward. The children of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville were declared illegitimate. 1484 (1st March) Elizabeth Woodville paid homage to Richard and left sanctuary with her daughters. 1484 (9th April) Richard’s son, Edward died. 1484 (mid July) Richard III moved the Council of the North to Sandal in Yorkshire. 1485 (16th March) Richard’s wife, Anne Neville died probably of tuberculosis. 1485 (7th August) Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven in Wales at the head of an army. 1485 (18th August) Richard called his army to muster at Leicester. 1485 (21st August) Richard, at the head of his army, left Leicester and marched to meet the forces of Henry Tudor. 1485 (22nd August) Battle of Bosworth Field This decisive battle between the forces of Henry Tudor and Richard III, saw Richard killed and Henry proclaimed King Henry VII on the battlefield. 1485 (25th August) Richard III was buried quickly and quietly in the church of Greyfriars, Leicester. 1486 (18th January) Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV. The marriage united the houses of Lancaster and York. The Tudor rose is a symbol of the union of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.	<urn:uuid:a1246add-36f4-4117-b4d5-3035837119ca>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.totallytimelines.com/wars-of-the-roses-causes-and-events-1265-1486/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00217.warc.gz	en	0.983591	5,018	3.734375	4	[ -0.39948683977127075, 0.4420996606349945, -0.06871117651462555, 0.10317210108041763, -0.4721182882785797, -0.12287391722202301, 0.3277829885482788, -0.2089603841304779, 0.2734452486038208, -0.19587981700897217, -0.029222384095191956, -0.32766807079315186, 0.15162445604801178, -0.0242699235...	4	Edmund, second son of King Henry III , was created 1st Earl of Lancaster. He chose a red rose as his emblem. Although it was not part of their flag, the red rose became synonymous with the House of Lancaster. 1362 (13th November) Edward III’s third son, Lionel, died. 1362 (13th November) Edward III’s fourth son, John of Gaunt was created Duke of Lancaster. 1376 (8th June) Edward III’s eldest son, Edward Prince of Wales, known as the Black Prince died. His 9 year old son, Richard became heir to the throne. 1377 (21st June) King Edward III died. He was succeeded by his grandson Richard II who was aged 10 years. Edward III’s fifth son, Edmund of Langley was created Duke of York. He chose the white rose as his emblem. The white rose symbolically represented the Virgin Mary. Over time the white rose became synonymous with the royal house of York. 1399 (3rd February) John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, died. His son, Henry Bolingbroke inherited the title Dukedom of Lancaster. 1399 (30th September) Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Earl of Lancaster, overthrew his cousin, Richard II after Richard refused to let him inherit his father’s lands. He was crowned King Henry IV and Richard was imprisoned. 1399 (10th November) Henry IV’s created his son, Henry Duke of Lancaster. Richard II died in captivity, probably starved to death. 1402 (1st August) Edward III’s son Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, died. His son Edward inherited the title Duke of York. 1413 (20th March) Henry IV died. He was succeeded by his son Henry V An act was passed that declared that the lands and titles of the Duchy of Lancaster should be merged with the crown. 1415 (25th October) Edward, Duke of York, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt. Edward’s nephew Richard – eldest son of Edward’s brother Richard was next in line to inherit the Dukedom of York but as his father Richard had been executed the previous month for treason the title was forfeited to the crown. 1422 (31st August) Henry V died. He was succeeded by his son, Henry VI aged 9 months. 1422 (1st September) Henry VI’s uncles, John, Duke of Bedford, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry Beaufort acted as regents for the infant King. 1422 (21st October) Charles VI of France died. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, Henry VI became King of France. Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort disagreed on how to manage the French. 1425 (24th February) Richard, heir to the Dukedom of York, whose title had been forfeited due to his father’s treason, had the title restored to him. 1435 (14th September) John, Duke of Bedford, Protector of the young King, died. 1435 (21st September) Congress of Arras This meeting between representatives of the French, English and Burgundians sought to find a peace. The Treaty of Arras found agreement between France and Burgundy which broke the Burgundians allegiance to the English and ultimately left the English in a much weaker position in France. 1437 (12th November) Henry VI took over personal rule. 1444 (22nd May) 1447 (23rd February) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, uncle to the King, had been very critical of Henry’s marriage and the treaty with France. He was accused of treason and was imprisoned in Bury St Edmunds where he died before he could be tried. Richard Duke of York returned to England having served a year as Lieutenant of Ireland. Richard Duke of York declared his intention to remove Somerset and other evil counsellors from the King’s council. He marched to London where he demanded to be recognised as lawful heir to the throne. King Henry VI suffered a mental breakdown and was considered unfit to rule. The grandson of John of Gaunt, John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, a Lancastrian favourite of King Henry and Margaret of Anjou took control of government. 1453 (13th October) A son, Edward, was born to King Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou at the Palace of Westminster. He was created Duke of Cornwall. 1454 (15th March) King Henry’s son, Edward, was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. 1454 (27th March) Richard, Duke of York became protector in place of the Duke of Somerset because many royal councillors were unhappy with the way Somerset was handling government. Henry VI regained his mental capacity. He dismissed Richard of York and put Somerset back in control of government. Richard Duke of York, his father the Earl of Salisbury and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick began raising troops against Henry VI and the Duke of Somerset. 1455 (22nd May) First Battle of St Albans This battle saw the forces of Warwick, Salisbury and Richard Duke of York defeat the Lancastrians led by Somerset and Northumberland. Somerset was killed and Henry VI was captured. 1455 (3rd May) With the King under his control, Richard Duke of York, became Protector of the realm again. Richard Duke of York, was dismissed as regent when Henry resumed personal rule supported by Queen Margaret. 1459 (23rd September) Battle of Blore Heath Richard Duke of York, supported by his father, the Earl of Salisbury fought off a Lancastrian attack that was supported by the Percy family of Northumbria. 1459 (12th – 13th October) Rout of Ludlow Threatened by Margaret of Anjou and her supporters, Richard of York, Warwick and the Nevilles mustered their supporters at Ludlow but when the main Lancastrian army appeared their men deserted. Richard of York fled to Ireland. His son Edward, Earl of March was taken to Calais with his grandfather, Salisbury and the Earl of Warwick. Richard of York and his family had all their titles and lands forfeited by Act of Attainder. 1460 (26th June) Edward, Earl of March, son of Richard of York, accompanied by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Salisbury landed at Sandwich at the head of an army and marched towards London. 1460 (2nd July) Edward Earl of March rode north with the Earl of Warwick. 1460 (10th July) Battle of Northampton Edward, Earl of March and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, defeated a Lancastrian force led by Humphrey, Stafford and Buckingham and captured Henry VI. Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward fled to Harlech Castle. 1460 (14th July) Edward Earl of March and Warwick returned to London with Henry VI in captivity. 1460 (19th July) Edward Earl of March and Warwick used their forces to defeat the Lancastrian forces in the Tower of London. Richard of York, claimed the throne but the nobility refused to accept him as anything other than heir to the throne. 1460 (25th October) Act of Accord Richard Duke of York, was named successor to the throne over Henry VI’s son, Edward. 1460 (30th December) Battle of Wakefield Queen Margaret, unwilling to accept the disinheritence of her son Edward, raised an army in the north. Richard of York was forced to march north where he was defeated and killed by the Lancastrian force. 1460 (30th December) Edward Earl of March inherited his father’s titles of Duke of York, Earl of Ulster and Earl of Cambridge. 1460 (31st December) Henry VI was released from captivity but was still mentally unstable and as a consequence was unfit to rule. Edward Duke of York was put forward as a claimant to the throne by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. 1461 (2nd February) Battle of Mortimer’s Cross Edward Duke of York led a Yorkist army that defeated a Lancastrian force led by the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire that was on route to join Margaret of Anjou’s advance on London. 1461 (17th February) Second Battle of St Albans The Yorkists were defeated in this battle that saw Henry VI returned to Lancastrian hands. 1461 (after 17th February) Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou failed to take action to secure their place on the throne. 1461 (late February) Edward of York joined forces with Warwick and marched towards London. 1461 (4th March) 1461 (29th March) Battle of Towton Edward of York pursued the Lancastrians north and attacked them near Tadcaster. After a long fight in heavy snowfall, the Lanastrians were defeated having suffered heavy casualties. Following the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton, Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward fled to Scotland where they were given refuge. 1461 (28th June) Edward IV was crowned King at Westminster Abbey. 1461 (after June) Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick was the real power behind the crown and made decisions and shaped policy. 1461 (1st November) Warwick was created High Admiral of England and Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster. Warwick successfully negotiated a truce with Scotland. Margaret of Anjou invaded England with French troops and with the support of northern nobles including Ralph Percy took the castles of Alnwick and Bamburgh. Warwick had recaptured Alnwick and Bamburgh castles. The leaders of the rebellion were pardoned and Warwick returned to London. 1463 (late March) Ralph Percy and northern nobles rose in support of Henry VI and took Northumberland and Norham. Warwick returned to the north and took Norham but was unable to take Northumberland. Unable to put the rebellions down, Warwick negotiated a truce with France which would be sealed with the marriage of Edward IV to the French King’s sister. Without French support the Lancastrians were unable to maintain their hold on the north. The leaders of the rebellion were executed. 1464 (1st May) King Edward IV secretly married Elizabeth Woodville , daughter of Richard Woodville, Baron Rivers. Edward announced his marriage. Warwick was angry with Edward because he had promised the French that Edward would seal their alliance with a royal marriage between the two countries. 1465 (24th July) The former Henry VI was captured by Yorkist forces and taken to the Tower of London. 1466 (11th February) A daughter, Elizabeth , was born to Edward and Elizabeth Woodville at the Palace of Westminster. She was known as Elizabeth of York. Warwick was sent to negotiate with both the French and the Burgundians. Any truce would be sealed with the marriage of Edward’s sister Margaret. Warwick believed that a truce with France would be best for the country. King Edward IV made the Queen’s father, Baron Rivers, treasurer. Rivers pressed for an alliance with the Burgundians bringing him into conflict with Warwick who favoured a French alliance. Warwick learned that Edward IV had gone behind his back and signed a treaty with the Burgundians. Warwick was frustrated and annoyed that Edward favoured his wife’s relatives rather than his trusted advisors. 1467 (late October) Warwick was accused of plotting to return Henry VI to the throne. Warwick refused to attend court to answer the charge but instead sent a letter of denial which the King accepted. Warwick, frustrated by his lack of power over Edward IV, turned his attention to Edward’s younger brother, George, Duke of Clarence , who he possibly intended to make King in Edward’s stead. Warwick secretly organised a rebellion, against Edward in the North. The rebellion, known as Robin of Redesdale’s Rebellion, was quickly put down by the Yorkists. 1469 (26th July) Battle of Edgecote Moor Warwick raised an army of northern rebels led by Sir John Conyers, Edward IV’s cousin. They defeated a force of Welsh loyalists led by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. 1469 (late July) Warwick captured Edward IV, and executed Baron Rivers and his son. With Edward in captivity he married his daughter to Edward’s brother, George Duke of Clarence. Warwick then attempted to rule in Edward’s name but he was not supported by the nobility. Warwick moved Edward IV to Middleham Castle where he remained under house arrest. 1469 (10th September) Failing to gain the support of the nobility and with the country descending into disorder Warwick was forced to release Edward. Edward IV and Warwick tried to work together but when Edward went against Warwick’s advice and restored Henry Percy to Northumberland their relationship broke down. 1470 (12th March) Battle of Losecoat Field Warwick and George Duke of Clarence, with Lancastrian support, rebelled against Edward IV but were defeated. They fled to France. 1470 (1st May) The Earl of Warwick made an alliance with Margaret of Anjou. 1470 (13th September) Warwick and the Duke of Clarence at the head of an army returned to England and landed at Plymouth. 1470 (2nd October) In the face of mounting opposition from Warwick, Edward IV fled to Burgundy. 1470 (30th October) Henry VI was restored to the English throne with Warwick as chief minister. 1470 (2nd November) A son, Edward , was born to King Edward and Elizabeth Woodville at the Palace of Westminster. 1470 (13th December) Warwick’s daughter, Anne Neville , married Henry VI’s son and heir, Prince Edward at Angers Cathedral. Edward IV’s titles and lands were confiscated by Parliament. 1471 (14th March) Edward IV returned to England, landing at Ravenspur in Yorkshire at the head of a Burgundian Yorkist army. He was joined by the Earl of Northumberland and his brother George Duke of Clarence who defected from Warwick. 1471 (14th April) Battle of Barnet The Lancastrians, led by the Earl of Warwick, met Edward’s Yorkist force at Barnet. After a three hour fight in thick fog, two Lancastrian divisions mistakenly attacked each other and the army broke and fled. Warwick also fled but was knocked off his horse and killed. 1471 (4th May) Battle of Tewekesbury Edward of York, supported by his brother, Richard of Gloucester, attacked Margaret of Anjou’s Lancastrian forces as they were leaving for Wales. The Lancastrians were defeated and Edward, Prince of Wales, was killed. Margaret of Anjou was captured. 1471 (22nd May) Edward IV returned triumphant to London. It is believed that King Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London on the same day. Margaret of Anjou was placed under house arrest. 1471 (25th June) Edward IV’s son, Edward , was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. 1472 (12th July) Edward IV’s brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester, married Anne Neville, daughter of the Earl of Warwick. 1473 (17th August) A son, Richard, was born to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville at the Dominican Friary, Shrewsbury. He was known as Richard of Shrewsbury 1474 (28th May) Edward IV’s second son, Richard, was created Duke of York. Since this time the monarch’s second son has traditionally been given the title Duke of York. Edward IV negotiated a peace with Scotland. Edward IV invaded France with a large army to support his Burgundian allies against France. Treaty of Picquigny Having received no help from Burgundy Edward decided to negotiate a peace with France. This was a seven year peace treaty between Louis XI and Edward IV that agreed that Louis would pay a yearly sum of money to keep the English away from France. Louis also agreed to pay a ransom to free Margaret of Anjou. 1478 (18th February) Edward IV had his brother, George Duke of Clarence, tried for treason and executed. 1479 (8th July) Edward’s son, Prince Edward, was created Earl of March. King Edward became ill. He nominated his brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester to be regent for his young son Edward in the event of his death. 1483 (9th April) King Edward IV died at the Palace of Westminster. He was buried in St George’s Chapel in Windsor Castle. In accordance with Edward’s wishes, Richard became Lord High Protector. 1483 (14th April) Prince Edward was given the news that his father had died at Ludlow Castle where he was staying with his Woodville relatives. 1483 (16th April) Richard Duke of Gloucester, who was in the North, was informed of his brother’s death. He wrote to Lord Rivers, at Ludlow Castle pledging loyalty to the young king. 1483 (21st April) Richard held a funeral ceremony for his brother. He also made the nobility swear an oath of fealty to the young King Edward V. 1483 (23rd April) Richard left York to travel to London. 1483 (24th April) Edward V began the journey south to London escorted by his Woodville family. The Woodvilles were keen to get Edward to London and have him crowned as soon as possible so as not to lose power. 1483 (30th April) Richard Duke of Gloucester met Edward and his party as they were travelling south. He arrested Earl Rivers, Richard Grey and Thomas Vaughan and sent them north where they were placed in captivity. He took Edward and continued on to the Tower of London. 1483 (1st May) On hearing of her father’s arrest, Elizabeth Woodville , her son Richard, her five daughters and her brother Lionel sought sanctuary at Westminster Abbey. 1483 (4th May) Richard and Edward reached London. This day had originally been intended for the coronation ceremony. 1483 (8th May) Richard was officially appointed Lord Protector. 1483 (10th May) Richard announced that the King’s coronation wold take place on 22nd June. 1483 (19th May) Edward V reached the Tower of London. 1483 (early June) The Duke of Buckingham told Richard that he suspected William Hastings of being disloyal and plotting with the Woodvilles. 1483 (13th June) William Hastings was summoned to a Council meeting in the Tower of London. He was charged with treason and executed without trial on the same day. 1483 (16th June) Edward V’s brother Richard joined him in the Tower of London. Elizabeth Woodville had been persuaded to give him up in the hopes of maintaining the safety of her other children. 1483 (17th June) Richard III announced that the King’s coronation would now take place in October. 1483 (22nd June) Ralph Shaw preached a sermon stating that Edward IV had been contracted to marry Eleanor Butler when he married Elizabeth Woodville and that the marriage was therefore invalid and his children all illegitimate. 1483 (25th June) Parliament declared that as Edward IV’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid and the children of Richard of Gloucester’s older brother, George Duke of Clarence had been denied succession rights, then Richard Duke of Gloucester was the rightful King. 1483 (25th June) Earl River was found guilty of treason and executed the same day. 1483 (26th June) Richard, Duke of Gloucester, took the throne as King Richard III. Edward V and his brother Richard were last seen playing in the gardens of the Tower. 1483 (6th July) Richard Duke of Gloucester was crowned King Richard III, his wife, Anne Neville was crowned Queen consort. Edward V and Prince Richard were notably absent from the coronation. 1483 (9th July) The princes’ servants were dismissed. 1483 (mid July) Richard III, accompanied by his wife and son left London to make a progress of the country. The princes, Edward and Richard were last seen at the windows of the Tower of London. 1483 (24th August) Richard III’s son, Edward, was created Prince of Wales. 1483 (29th August) Richard III reached York on his progress. He was well received by the city. 1483 (10th October) The Duke of Buckingham rebelled against Richard’s rule. Buckingham was supported by Henry Tudor , son of Edmund Tudor (who was the son of Owen Tudor and Henry V’s widow, Catherine of Valois) and Margaret Beaufort 1483 (2nd November) Buckingham was executed. 1483 (25th December) Henry Tudor announced that he was the rightful King of England and that when he took the throne he would marry Edward IV’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York King Richard III, his wife and son, made a progress of Kent. 1484 (23rd January) This act, passed by Parliament, formally declared Richard to be lawful King and settled the succession on his son Edward. The children of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville were declared illegitimate. 1484 (1st March) Elizabeth Woodville paid homage to Richard and left sanctuary with her daughters. 1484 (9th April) Richard’s son, Edward died. 1484 (mid July) Richard III moved the Council of the North to Sandal in Yorkshire. 1485 (16th March) Richard’s wife, Anne Neville died probably of tuberculosis. 1485 (7th August) Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven in Wales at the head of an army. 1485 (18th August) Richard called his army to muster at Leicester. 1485 (21st August) Richard, at the head of his army, left Leicester and marched to meet the forces of Henry Tudor. 1485 (22nd August) Battle of Bosworth Field This decisive battle between the forces of Henry Tudor and Richard III, saw Richard killed and Henry proclaimed King Henry VII on the battlefield. 1485 (25th August) Richard III was buried quickly and quietly in the church of Greyfriars, Leicester. 1486 (18th January) Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV. The marriage united the houses of Lancaster and York. The Tudor rose is a symbol of the union of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.	4,973	ENGLISH	1
If DDay was successfully repelled,how long would the war have dragged on and would Germany have got the A-bomb forced a treaty with the west? - jeffrey fLv 77 months ago The war would probably have lasted another three or four years. By 1944, Germany had given up developing the A-bomb; Hitler had decided it was a frivolous weapon and a large laboratory had been sabotaged, which really set back German efforts to built the A-bomb. - Anonymous7 months ago Correction - it should be ''If the D-Day INVASION had been repelled...'' Answer - no. The Americans would still have beaten them to the bomb and Berlin would probably have been vaporized. - RWPossumLv 77 months ago The idea that Germany was working on the A bomb is a myth. The physicist Heisenberg was approached by the German army and asked about the feasibility of building an A bomb. He answered that it would take time and resources Germany didn't have. He headed a project to develop a nuclear power plant, and this didn't get very far. Heisenberg was right about what was needed to build the bomb. The US project called for the construction of entire towns and was the most expensive defense project ever. "In 1941, he visited Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to discuss nuclear research. Nazi architect Albert Speer consulted Heisenberg about the possibility of turning the knowledge into a nuclear weapon. Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, and would require significant monetary and manpower resources. By the end of 1942, it was apparent the German nuclear energy program would not end the war effort in the near term. Instead, German scientists focused their efforts ..." THOSE OF YOU WHO CAN READ, READ THIS UNDER "SOURCE" BELOW. - bluebellbkkLv 77 months ago But it wasn't repelled. So I think you must mean, "If D Day HAD BEEN REPELLED, how long" etc. - How do you think about the answers? You can sign in to vote the answer. - SharonLv 67 months ago USA was well ahead of Germany in developing the A Bomb, so the war would have ended with Berlin being nuked - TorukoLv 67 months ago Germany started their previously scheduled war too early, wouldn't have time to better equip their armed forces, and would have left all of Europe as a dominion to plunder by USSR leadership. Adolf Hitler was his own worst enemy. Taking his regime change into death also. Leaving us our dedicated rag pickers unhappy with history and out looking for excuses. - GreywolfLv 77 months ago Nazi Germany did not have the resources to fight a long war, in particular not on two fronts. They were losing aircraft and pilots faster than they could replace them, and.ran out of fuel for vehicles long before they got anywhere in Russia. Defending against the Normandy invasion would have left them wide open to the Russians. - KillmousekyLv 77 months ago The question is simply too vague to answer adequately. Had the Normandy landing been repelled, it's unlikely the Allies would have tried to land in S. France for at least several more months. If it was turned back quickly enough, the Wehrmacht might have been able to transfer powerful armoured forces east. This could have turned the Soviet "Operation Bagration" into a fiasco & set its plans back considerably. It's doubtful that Germany could have created more than a "dirty bomb", but possible that the Allies may have been receptive to peace talks: The U.K. was reaching the end of its tether by mid-'44, & the U.S. might have been anxious to have an end of things in the Pacific. When you ask such a vague question, it's possible to answer with almost anything, & it can't really be disputed. - Anonymous7 months ago Until Operation Dragoon was successful and the Soviet Union met up with the western Allies further to the west than it did in reality. In neither scenario did Germany get the A-bomb and forced a treaty with the west.	<urn:uuid:58d70548-1ad3-4f0a-9237-285a6c15154d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20190623051121AAq9IMH	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00441.warc.gz	en	0.981243	864	3.375	3	[ -0.42008644342422485, 0.3779243230819702, -0.16093704104423523, 0.1392534077167511, 0.3140580654144287, 0.10836603492498398, -0.270988792181015, -0.010459729470312595, -0.19348803162574768, -0.324819952249527, 0.29891201853752136, -0.18269824981689453, 0.13223423063755035, 0.23743247985839...	1	If DDay was successfully repelled,how long would the war have dragged on and would Germany have got the A-bomb forced a treaty with the west? - jeffrey fLv 77 months ago The war would probably have lasted another three or four years. By 1944, Germany had given up developing the A-bomb; Hitler had decided it was a frivolous weapon and a large laboratory had been sabotaged, which really set back German efforts to built the A-bomb. - Anonymous7 months ago Correction - it should be ''If the D-Day INVASION had been repelled...'' Answer - no. The Americans would still have beaten them to the bomb and Berlin would probably have been vaporized. - RWPossumLv 77 months ago The idea that Germany was working on the A bomb is a myth. The physicist Heisenberg was approached by the German army and asked about the feasibility of building an A bomb. He answered that it would take time and resources Germany didn't have. He headed a project to develop a nuclear power plant, and this didn't get very far. Heisenberg was right about what was needed to build the bomb. The US project called for the construction of entire towns and was the most expensive defense project ever. "In 1941, he visited Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to discuss nuclear research. Nazi architect Albert Speer consulted Heisenberg about the possibility of turning the knowledge into a nuclear weapon. Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, and would require significant monetary and manpower resources. By the end of 1942, it was apparent the German nuclear energy program would not end the war effort in the near term. Instead, German scientists focused their efforts ..." THOSE OF YOU WHO CAN READ, READ THIS UNDER "SOURCE" BELOW. - bluebellbkkLv 77 months ago But it wasn't repelled. So I think you must mean, "If D Day HAD BEEN REPELLED, how long" etc. - How do you think about the answers? You can sign in to vote the answer. - SharonLv 67 months ago USA was well ahead of Germany in developing the A Bomb, so the war would have ended with Berlin being nuked - TorukoLv 67 months ago Germany started their previously scheduled war too early, wouldn't have time to better equip their armed forces, and would have left all of Europe as a dominion to plunder by USSR leadership. Adolf Hitler was his own worst enemy. Taking his regime change into death also. Leaving us our dedicated rag pickers unhappy with history and out looking for excuses. - GreywolfLv 77 months ago Nazi Germany did not have the resources to fight a long war, in particular not on two fronts. They were losing aircraft and pilots faster than they could replace them, and.ran out of fuel for vehicles long before they got anywhere in Russia. Defending against the Normandy invasion would have left them wide open to the Russians. - KillmousekyLv 77 months ago The question is simply too vague to answer adequately. Had the Normandy landing been repelled, it's unlikely the Allies would have tried to land in S. France for at least several more months. If it was turned back quickly enough, the Wehrmacht might have been able to transfer powerful armoured forces east. This could have turned the Soviet "Operation Bagration" into a fiasco & set its plans back considerably. It's doubtful that Germany could have created more than a "dirty bomb", but possible that the Allies may have been receptive to peace talks: The U.K. was reaching the end of its tether by mid-'44, & the U.S. might have been anxious to have an end of things in the Pacific. When you ask such a vague question, it's possible to answer with almost anything, & it can't really be disputed. - Anonymous7 months ago Until Operation Dragoon was successful and the Soviet Union met up with the western Allies further to the west than it did in reality. In neither scenario did Germany get the A-bomb and forced a treaty with the west.	879	ENGLISH	1
T HE Danes were neighbors of the Norwegian Vikings, and like them were fond of the sea and piracy. They plundered the English coasts for more than a century; and most of northern and eastern England became for a time a Danish country with Danish kings. What saved the rest of the country to the Saxons was the courage of the great Saxon king, Alfred. Alfred was the son of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons. He had a loving mother who brought him up with great care. Up to the age of twelve, it is said, he was not able to read well, in spite of the efforts of his mother and others to teach him. When Alfred was a boy there were no printed books. The wonderful art of printing was not invented until about the year 1440—nearly six hundred years later than Alfred's time. Moreover, the art of making paper had not yet been invented. Consequently the few books in use in Alfred's time were written by skillful penmen, who wrote generally on leaves of parchment, which was sheepskin carefully prepared so that it might retain ink. One day Alfred's mother showed him and his elder brothers a beautiful volume which contained a number of the best Saxon ballads. Some of the words in this book were written in brightly colored letters, and upon many of the leaves were painted pictures of gaily-dressed knights and ladies. "Oh, what a lovely book!" exclaimed the boys. "Yes, it is lovely," replied the mother. "I will give it to whichever of you children can read it the best in a week." Alfred began at once to take lessons in reading, and studied hard day after day. His brothers passed their time in amusements and made fun of Alfred's efforts. They thought he could not learn to read as well as they could, no matter how hard he should try. At the end of the week the boys read the book to their mother, one after the other. Much to the surprise of his brothers, Alfred proved to be the best reader and his mother gave him the book. While still very young Alfred was sent by his father to Rome to be anointed by His Holiness, the Pope. It was a long and tiresome journey, made mostly on horseback. With imposing, solemn ceremony he was anointed by the Holy Father. Afterwards he spent a year in Rome receiving religious instruction. I N the year 871, when Alfred was twenty-two years old, the Danes invaded various parts of England. Some great battles were fought, and Alfred's elder brother Ethelred, king of the West Saxons, was killed. Thus Alfred became king. The Danes still continued to fight the Saxons, and defeated Alfred in a long and severe struggle. They took for themselves the northern and eastern parts of England. Moreover, Danes from Denmark continued to cross the sea and ravage the coast of Saxon England. They kept the people in constant alarm. Alfred therefore determined to meet the pirates on their own element, the sea. So he built and equipped the first English navy, and in 875 gained the first naval victory ever won by the English. A few years after this, however, great numbers of Danes from the northern part of England came pouring into the Saxon lands. Alfred himself was obliged to flee for his life. Invasion of England by the Danes For many months he wandered through forests and over hills to avoid being taken by the Danes. He sometimes made his home in caves and in the huts of shepherds and cowherds. Often he tended the cattle and sheep and was glad to get a part of the farmer's dinner in pay for his services. Once, when very hungry, he went into the house of a cowherd and asked for something to eat. The cowherd's wife was baking cakes and she said she would give him some when they were done. "Watch the cakes and do not let them burn, while I go across the field to look after the cows," said the woman, as she hurried away. Alfred took his seat in the chimney-corner to do as he was told. But soon his thoughts turned to his troubles and he forgot about the cakes. When the woman came back she cried out with vexation, for the cakes were burned and spoiled. "You lazy, good-for-nothing man!" she said, "I warrant you can eat cakes fast enough; but you are too lazy to help me bake them." With that she drove the poor hungry Alfred out of her house. In his ragged dress he certainly did not look like a king, and she had no idea that he was anything but a poor beggar. S OME of Alfred's friends discovered where he was hiding and joined him. In a little time a body of soldiers came to him and a strong fort was built by them. From this fort Alfred and his men went out now and then and gave battle to small parties of the Danes. Alfred was successful and his army grew larger and larger. One day he disguised himself as a wandering minstrel and went into the camp of the Danes. He strolled here and there, playing on a harp and singing Saxon ballads. At last, Guthrum, the commander of the Danes, ordered the minstrel to be brought to his tent. Alfred the Great in the Danish camp Alfred went. "Sing to me some of your charming songs," said Guthrum. "I never heard more beautiful music." So the kingly harper played and sang for the Dane, and went away with handsome presents. But better than that, he had gained information that was of the greatest value. In a week he attacked the Danish forces and defeated them with great slaughter in a battle which lasted all day and far into the night. Guthrum was taken prisoner and brought before Alfred. Taking his harp in his hands, Alfred played and sang one of the ballads with which he had entertained Guthrum in the camp. The Dane started in amazement and exclaimed: "You, then, King Alfred, were the wandering minstrel?" "Yes," replied Alfred, "I was the musician whom you received so kindly. Your life is now in my hands; but I will give you your liberty if you will become a Christian and never again make war on my people." "King Alfred," said Guthrum, "I will become a Christian, and so will all my men if you will grant liberty to them as to me; and henceforth, we will be your friends." Alfred then released the Danes, and they were baptized as Christians. An old road running across England from London to Chester was then agreed upon as the boundary between the Danish and Saxon kingdoms; and the Danes settled in East Anglia, as the eastern part of England was called. Years of peace and prosperity followed for Alfred's kingdom. During these years the king rebuilt the towns that had been destroyed by the Danes, erected new forts, and greatly strengthened his army and navy. He also encouraged trade; and he founded a school like that established by Charlemagne. He himself translated a number of Latin books into Saxon, and probably did more for the cause of education than any other king that ever wore the English crown.	<urn:uuid:40908f3a-3daf-4dff-ab96-4fa884aa4d4d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/displayitem.php?item=books/haaren/middle/alfred	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00447.warc.gz	en	0.992433	1,537	3.546875	4	[ 0.0569177009165287, 0.6798152327537537, -0.07004004716873169, -0.20219406485557556, -0.27036944031715393, -0.17528462409973145, -0.4735175371170044, 0.13159093260765076, -0.2140187919139862, -0.24752718210220337, 0.05151887983083725, 0.013861010782420635, 0.31536197662353516, 0.33579155802...	4	T HE Danes were neighbors of the Norwegian Vikings, and like them were fond of the sea and piracy. They plundered the English coasts for more than a century; and most of northern and eastern England became for a time a Danish country with Danish kings. What saved the rest of the country to the Saxons was the courage of the great Saxon king, Alfred. Alfred was the son of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons. He had a loving mother who brought him up with great care. Up to the age of twelve, it is said, he was not able to read well, in spite of the efforts of his mother and others to teach him. When Alfred was a boy there were no printed books. The wonderful art of printing was not invented until about the year 1440—nearly six hundred years later than Alfred's time. Moreover, the art of making paper had not yet been invented. Consequently the few books in use in Alfred's time were written by skillful penmen, who wrote generally on leaves of parchment, which was sheepskin carefully prepared so that it might retain ink. One day Alfred's mother showed him and his elder brothers a beautiful volume which contained a number of the best Saxon ballads. Some of the words in this book were written in brightly colored letters, and upon many of the leaves were painted pictures of gaily-dressed knights and ladies. "Oh, what a lovely book!" exclaimed the boys. "Yes, it is lovely," replied the mother. "I will give it to whichever of you children can read it the best in a week." Alfred began at once to take lessons in reading, and studied hard day after day. His brothers passed their time in amusements and made fun of Alfred's efforts. They thought he could not learn to read as well as they could, no matter how hard he should try. At the end of the week the boys read the book to their mother, one after the other. Much to the surprise of his brothers, Alfred proved to be the best reader and his mother gave him the book. While still very young Alfred was sent by his father to Rome to be anointed by His Holiness, the Pope. It was a long and tiresome journey, made mostly on horseback. With imposing, solemn ceremony he was anointed by the Holy Father. Afterwards he spent a year in Rome receiving religious instruction. I N the year 871, when Alfred was twenty-two years old, the Danes invaded various parts of England. Some great battles were fought, and Alfred's elder brother Ethelred, king of the West Saxons, was killed. Thus Alfred became king. The Danes still continued to fight the Saxons, and defeated Alfred in a long and severe struggle. They took for themselves the northern and eastern parts of England. Moreover, Danes from Denmark continued to cross the sea and ravage the coast of Saxon England. They kept the people in constant alarm. Alfred therefore determined to meet the pirates on their own element, the sea. So he built and equipped the first English navy, and in 875 gained the first naval victory ever won by the English. A few years after this, however, great numbers of Danes from the northern part of England came pouring into the Saxon lands. Alfred himself was obliged to flee for his life. Invasion of England by the Danes For many months he wandered through forests and over hills to avoid being taken by the Danes. He sometimes made his home in caves and in the huts of shepherds and cowherds. Often he tended the cattle and sheep and was glad to get a part of the farmer's dinner in pay for his services. Once, when very hungry, he went into the house of a cowherd and asked for something to eat. The cowherd's wife was baking cakes and she said she would give him some when they were done. "Watch the cakes and do not let them burn, while I go across the field to look after the cows," said the woman, as she hurried away. Alfred took his seat in the chimney-corner to do as he was told. But soon his thoughts turned to his troubles and he forgot about the cakes. When the woman came back she cried out with vexation, for the cakes were burned and spoiled. "You lazy, good-for-nothing man!" she said, "I warrant you can eat cakes fast enough; but you are too lazy to help me bake them." With that she drove the poor hungry Alfred out of her house. In his ragged dress he certainly did not look like a king, and she had no idea that he was anything but a poor beggar. S OME of Alfred's friends discovered where he was hiding and joined him. In a little time a body of soldiers came to him and a strong fort was built by them. From this fort Alfred and his men went out now and then and gave battle to small parties of the Danes. Alfred was successful and his army grew larger and larger. One day he disguised himself as a wandering minstrel and went into the camp of the Danes. He strolled here and there, playing on a harp and singing Saxon ballads. At last, Guthrum, the commander of the Danes, ordered the minstrel to be brought to his tent. Alfred the Great in the Danish camp Alfred went. "Sing to me some of your charming songs," said Guthrum. "I never heard more beautiful music." So the kingly harper played and sang for the Dane, and went away with handsome presents. But better than that, he had gained information that was of the greatest value. In a week he attacked the Danish forces and defeated them with great slaughter in a battle which lasted all day and far into the night. Guthrum was taken prisoner and brought before Alfred. Taking his harp in his hands, Alfred played and sang one of the ballads with which he had entertained Guthrum in the camp. The Dane started in amazement and exclaimed: "You, then, King Alfred, were the wandering minstrel?" "Yes," replied Alfred, "I was the musician whom you received so kindly. Your life is now in my hands; but I will give you your liberty if you will become a Christian and never again make war on my people." "King Alfred," said Guthrum, "I will become a Christian, and so will all my men if you will grant liberty to them as to me; and henceforth, we will be your friends." Alfred then released the Danes, and they were baptized as Christians. An old road running across England from London to Chester was then agreed upon as the boundary between the Danish and Saxon kingdoms; and the Danes settled in East Anglia, as the eastern part of England was called. Years of peace and prosperity followed for Alfred's kingdom. During these years the king rebuilt the towns that had been destroyed by the Danes, erected new forts, and greatly strengthened his army and navy. He also encouraged trade; and he founded a school like that established by Charlemagne. He himself translated a number of Latin books into Saxon, and probably did more for the cause of education than any other king that ever wore the English crown.	1,500	ENGLISH	1
FREE Catholic Classes King of England, born 28 June, 1491; died 28 January, 1547. He was the second son and third child of his father, Henry VII. His elder brother Arthur died in April, 1502, and consequently Henry became heir to the throne when he was not yet quite eleven years old. It has been asserted that Henry's interest in theological questions was due to the bias of his early education, since he had at first been destined by his father for the Church. But a child of eleven can hardly have formed lifelong intellectual tastes, and it is certain that secular titles, such as those of Earl Marshal and Viceroy of Ireland, were heaped upon him when he was five. On the other hand there can be no question as to the boy's great precocity and as to the liberal scope of the studies which he was made to pursue from his earliest years. After Arthur's death a project was at once formed of marrying him to his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon, who, being born in December, 1485, was more than five years his senior. The negotiations for a papal dispensation took some little time, and the Spanish Queen Isabella , the mother of Catherine, then nearing her end, grew very impatient. Hence a hastily drafted Brief containing the required dispensation was privately sent to Spain in 1504, to be followed some months later by a Bull to the same effect which was of a more public character. The existence of these two instruments afterwards caused complications. Owing, however, to some political scheming of Henry VII -- who was trying to outwit his rival Ferdinand -- Prince Henry, on attaining the age of fourteen, was made to record a formal protest against the proposed marriage with Catherine, as a matter arranged without his consent. Still, when his father died in 1509, Henry carried out the marriage nine weeks after his accession, he being then eighteen, and showing from the first a thorough determination to be his own master. Great popularity was won for the new reign by the attainder and execution of Empson and Dudley, the instruments of the late king's extortion. Besides this, it is unanimously attested by contemporaries that the young sovereign possessed every gift of mind and person which could arouse the enthusiasm of his people. His skill in manly sports was almost equalled by his intelligence and his devotion to letters. Of the complicated foreign policy which marked the beginning of his reign no detail can be given here. Thanks partly to Henry's personality, but still more to the ability of Wolsey, who soon took the first place in the council chamber, England for the first time became a European power. In 1512 Henry joined Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Spain, and the Venetians in forming the "Holy League" against the King of France. Julius was feverishly bent on chasing the "barbarians" (i.e. the French and other foreigners) out of Italy, and Henry cooperated by collecting ships and soldiers to attack the French king in his own dominions. No very conspicuous success attended his arms, but there was a victory at Guinegate outside Therouanne, and the Scotch, who, as the allies of France, had threatened invasion, were disastrously defeated at Flodden in 1513. During all this time Henry remained on excellent terms with the Holy See. In April, 1510, Julius sent him the golden rose, and in 1514 Leo X bestowed the honorific cap and sword, which were presented with much solemnity at St. Paul's. The League having been broken up by the selfish policy of Ferdinand, Henry VIII now made peace with France and for some years held the balance of power on the Continent, though not without parting with a good deal of money. Wolsey was made a cardinal in 1515 and exercised more influence than ever, but it was somewhat against his advice that Henry, in 1519, secretly became a candidate for the succession to the empire, though pretending at the same time to support the candidature of Francis, his ally. When, however, Charles V was successful, the French king could not afford to quarrel with Henry, and a somewhat hollow and insincere renewal of their friendship took place in June, 1520, at the famous "Field of the Cloth of Gold", when the most elaborate courtesies were exchanged between the two monarchs. The prospect of this rapprochement had so alarmed the Emperor Charles that, a month before it took place, he visited Henry in England. In point of fact a continuous game of intrigue was being played by all three monarchs, which lasted until the period when Henry's final breach with Rome led him to turn his principal attention to domestic concerns. Meanwhile the strength of Henry's position at home had been much developed by Wolsey's judicious diplomacy, and, despite the costliness of some of England's demonstrations against France, before the French king became the emperor's prisoner at Pavia, the odium of the demand for money fell upon the minister, while Henry retained all his popularity. Indeed, whatever disaffection might be felt, the people had no leader to make rebellion possible. The old nobility, partly as a result of the Wars of the Roses, and partly owing to the repressive policy dictated by the dynastic fears of Henry VII, had been reduced to impotence. In 1521 the most prominent noble in England, the Duke of Buckingham, was condemned to death for high treason by a subservient House of Peers, simply because the king suspected him of aiming at the succession and had determined that he must die. At the same period Henry's prestige in the eyes of the clergy, and not the clergy only, was strengthened by his famous book, the Assertio Septem Sacramentorum . This book was written against Luther and in vindication of the Church's dogmatic teaching regarding the sacraments and the Sacrifice of the Mass, while the supremacy of the papacy is also insisted upon in unequivocal terms. There is no reason to doubt that the substance of the book was really Henry's. Pope Leo X was highly pleased with it and conferred upon the king the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith ), which is maintained to this day as part of the royal style of the English Crown. All this success and adulation were calculated to develop the natural masterfulness of Henry's character. He had long shown to discerning eyes, like those of Sir Thomas More , that he would brook contradiction in nothing. Without being guilty of notable profligacy in comparison with the other monarchs of his time, it is doubtful if Henry's married life had ever been pure, even from the first, and we know that in 1519 he had, by Elizabeth Blount, a son whom, at the age of six, he made the Duke of Richmond. He had also carried on an intrigue with Mary Boleyn which led to some complications at a later date. Such was Henry when, probably about the beginning of the year 1527, he formed a violent passion for Mary's younger sister, Anne. It is possible that the idea of the divorce had suggested itself to the king much earlier than this ( see Brown, "Venetian Calendars", II, 479), and it is highly probable that it was motivated by the desire of male issue, of which he had been disappointed by the death in infancy of all Catherine's children save Mary. Anne Boleyn was restrained by no moral scruples, but she saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined that she would only yield as his acknowledged queen. Anyway, it soon became the one absorbing object of the king's desires to secure a divorce from Catherine, and in the pursuit of this he condescended to the most unworthy means. He had it put about that the Bishop of Tarbes, when negotiating an alliance in behalf of the French king, had raised a doubt as to the Princess Mary's legitimacy. He also prompted Wolsey, as legate, to hold with Archbishop Warham a private and collusive inquiry, summoning Henry to prove before them that his marriage was valid. The only result was to give Catherine an inkling of what was in the king's mind, and to elicit from her a solemn declaration that the marriage had never been consummated. From this it followed that there had never been any impediment of "affinity" to bar her union with Henry, but only the much more easily dispensed impediment known as publicae honestatis . The best canonists of the time also held that a papal dispensation which formally removed the impediment of affinity also involved by implication that of publicae honestatis , or "public decency." The collective suit was thereupon dropped, and Henry now set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See , acting in this independently of Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his design so far as it related to Anne. William Knight, the king's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the declaration of nullity of his union with Catherine, on the ground that the dispensing Bull of Julius II was obreptitious -- i.e. obtained by false pretences. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connexion. This clearly had reference to Anne Boleyn, and the fictitious nature of Henry's conscientious scruples about his marriage is betrayed by the fact that he himself was now applying for a dispensation of precisely the same nature as that which he scrupled about, a dispensation which he later on maintained the pope had no power to grant. As the pope was at that time the prisoner of Charles V, Knight had some difficulty in obtaining access to him. In the end the king's envoy had to return without accomplishing much, though the (conditional) dispensation for a new marriage was readily accorded. Henry had now no choice but to put his great matter into the hands of Wolsey, and Wolsey, although the whole divorce policy ran counter to his better judgment, strained every nerve to secure a decision in his master's favour. An account of the mission of Gardiner and Foxe and of the failure of the divorce proceedings before the papal commissioners, Wolsey and Campeggio, mainly on account of the production of the Brief, has been given in some detail in the article CLEMENT VII, to which the reader is referred. The revocation of the cause to Rome in July, 1529, owing, no doubt, in part to Queen Catherine's most reasonable protests against her helplessness in England and the compulsion to which she was subjected, had many important results. First among these we must count the disgrace and fall of Wolsey, hitherto the only real check upon Henry's wilfulness. The incredible meanness of the praemunire, and consequent confiscation, which the cardinal was pronounced to have incurred for obtaining the cardinalate and legateship from Rome -- though of course this had been done with the king's full knowledge and consent -- would alone suffice to stamp Henry as one of the basest of mankind. But, secondly, we may trace to this same crisis the rise of both Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, the two great architects of Henry's new policy. It was Cranmer who, in the autumn of 1529, made the momentous suggestion that the king should consult the universities of Europe upon the question of the nullity of his marriage, a suggestion which at once brought its author into favour. The project was carried out as soon as possible with a lavish expenditure of bribes, and the use of other means of pressure. The result was naturally highly favourable to the king's wishes, though the universities which lay within the dominions of Charles V were not consulted. The answers were submitted to Parliament, where the king still kept the pretense of having no personal interest in the matter. He professed to be suffering from scruples of conscience, now rendered more acute by such a weight of learned opinion. With the same astuteness he persuaded the leading nobility of the kingdom to write to the pope praying him to give sentence in Henry's favour for fear that worse might follow. All this drew the king into closer relations with Cranmer, who was made ambassador to the emperor, and who, a year or two afterwards, despite the fact that he had just married Osiander's niece (his second wife), was summoned home to become Archbishop of Canterbury. The necessary Bulls and the pallium were obtained from Rome under threat that the law (referred to again below) for the abolition of annates and first-fruits would be made permanent. The vacillating Clement -- who probably hoped that by making every other kind of concession he might be able to maintain the position he had assumed upon the more vital question of the divorce -- conceded Bulls and pallium. But to benefit by them it was necessary that Cranmer should take certain prescribed oaths of obedience to the Holy See. He took the oaths, but committed to writing a solemn protest that he considered the oaths in no way binding in conscience, a procedure which even so prejudiced a historian as Mr. H.A. Fisher cannot refrain from describing as a "signal dishonesty." "If", asks Dr. Lingard, "it be simony to purchase spiritual office by money, what is it to purchase the same by perjury ?" The father of the new Church of England, and future compiler of its liturgy, was not entering upon his functions under very propitious auspices. But the Church which was soon to be brought into being probably owes even more to Thomas Cromwell than to its first archbishop. It is Cromwell who seems to have suggested to Henry as a deliberate policy that he should abolish the imperium in imperio , throw off the papal supremacy, and make himself the supreme head of his own religion. This was in fact the course which from the latter part of 1529 Henry undeviatingly followed, though he did not at first go to lengths from which there was no retreat. The first blow was struck at the clergy by involving them in Wolsey's praemunire. Some anti-clerical disaffection there had always been, partly, no doubt, the remnants of Lollardy, as was instanced in the case of Richard Hunne, 1515. This, of late years, had been a good deal aggravated by the importation into England of Tyndale's annotated New Testament and other books of heretical tendency, which, though prohibited and burnt by authority, still made their way among the people. Henry and his ministers had, therefore, some popular support upon which they could fall back, if necessary, in their campaign to reduce the clergy to abject submission. At the beginning of 1531 the Convocation of Canterbury were informed that they could purchase a pardon for the praemunire they had incurred by presenting the king with the enormous sum of 100,000 pounds. Further, they were bidden to recognize the king as "Protector and Supreme Head of the Church of England." Convocation struggled desperately against the demand, and in the end succeeded in inserting the qualification "so far as is allowed by the law of Christ." But this was only a brief respite. A year later Parliament under pressure passed an edict forbidding the payment to the Holy See of Annates or first-fruits, but the operation of it was for the present suspended at the sovereign's pleasure, and the king was meanwhile solicited to come to an amicable understanding with "His Holiness" on the subject of the divorce. The measure amounted to a decently veiled threat to withdraw this source of income from the Holy See altogether if the divorce was refused. Still the pope held out, and so did the queen. Only a little time before, a deputation of lords and bishops -- of course by the king's order -- had visited Catherine and had rudely urged her to withdraw the appeal in virtue of which the king, contrary to his dignity, had been cited to appear personally at Rome ; but though deprived of all counsel, she stood firm. In the May of 1532 further pressure was brought to bear upon Convocation, and resulted in the so-called "Submission of the Clergy ", by which they practically renounced all right of legislation except in dependence upon the king. An honest man like Sir Thomas More could no longer pretend to work with the Government, and he resigned the chancellorship, which he had held since the fall of Wolsey. The situation was too strained to last, and the end came through the death of Archbishop Warham in August, 1532. In the appointment of Cranmer as his successor, the king knew that he had secured a subservient tool who desired nothing better than to see the papal authority overthrown. Anne Boleyn was then enceinte, and the king, relying, no doubt, on what Cranmer when consecrated would be ready to do for him, went through a form of marriage with her on 25 January, 1533. On 15 April Cranmer received consecration. On 23 May, Parliament having meanwhile forbidden all appeals to Rome, Cranmer pronounced Henry's former marriage invalid. On 28 May he declared the marriage with Anne valid. On 1 June Anne was crowned, and on 7 September she gave birth to a daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth. Clement, who had previously sent to Henry more than one monition upon his desertion of Catherine, issued a Bull of excommunication on 11 July, declaring, also, his divorce and remarriage null. In England Catherine was deprived of her title of Queen, and Mary her daughter was treated as a bastard. Much sympathy was aroused among the populace, to meet which severe measures were taken against the more conspicuous of the disaffected, particularly the "Nun of Kent", who claimed to have had revelations of God's displeasure at the recent course of events. In the course of the next year the breach with Rome was completed. Parliament did all that was required of it. Annates, Peter's Pence, and other payments to Rome were finally abolished. An Act of Succession entailed the crown on the children of Anne Boleyn, and an oath was drawn up to be exacted of every person of lawful age. It was the refusal to take this oath, the preamble of which declared Henry's marriage with Catherine null from the beginning, which sent More and Fisher to the Tower, and eventually to the block. A certain number of Carthusian monks, Brigittines, and Observant Franciscans imitated their firmness and shared their fate. All these have been beatified in modern times by Pope Leo XIII. There were, however, but a handful who were thus true to their convictions. Declarations were obtained from the clergy in both provinces "that the Bishop of Rome hath no greater jurisdiction conferred upon him by God in this kingdom of England than any other foreign bishop ", while Parliament, in November, declared the king "Supreme Head of the Church of England ", and shortly afterwards Cromwell, a layman, was appointed vicar-general to rule the English Church in the king's name. Though the people were cowed, these measures were not carried out without much disaffection, and, to stamp out any overt expression of this, Cromwell and his master now embarked upon a veritable reign of terror. The martyrs already referred to were most of them brought to the scaffold in the course of 1535, but fourteen Dutch Anabaptists also suffered death by burning in the same year. There followed a visitation of the monasteries, unscrupulous instruments like Layton, Legh, and Price being appointed for the purpose. They played, of course, into the king's hand and compiled comperta abounding in charges of disgraceful immorality, which have been shown to be at least grossly exaggerated. In pursuance of the same policy Parliament, in February, 1536, acting under great pressure, voted to the king the property of all religious houses with less than 200 pounds a year of annual income, recommending that the inmates should be transferred to the larger houses where " religion happily was right well observed." The dissolution, when carried out, produced much popular resentment, especially in Lincolnshire and the northern counties. Eventually, in the autumn of 1536, the people banded together in a very formidable insurrection known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The insurgents rallied under the device of the Five Wounds , and they were only induced to disperse by the deceitful promises of Henry's representative, the Duke of Norfolk. The suppression of the larger monasteries rapidly followed, and with these were swept away numberless shrines, statues, and objects of pious veneration, on the pretext that these were purely superstitious. It is easy to see that the lust of plunder was the motive which prompted this wholesale confiscation. ( See S UPPRESSION OF THE M ONASTERIES .) Meanwhile, Henry, though taking advantage of the spirit of religious innovation now rife among the people whenever it suited his purpose, remained still attached to the sacramental system in which he had been brought up. In 1539 the Statute of the Six Articles enforced, under the severest penalties, such doctrines as transubstantiation, Communion under one kind, auricular confession, and the celibacy of the clergy. Under this act offenders were sent to the stake for their Protestantism just as ruthlessly as the aged Margaret, Countess of Salisbury , was attainted by Parliament and eventually beheaded, simply because Henry was irritated by the denunciations of her son Cardinal Pole. Neither was the king less cruel towards those who were nearest to him. Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, his second and fifth wives, perished on the scaffold, but their whilom lord only paraded his indifference regarding the fate to which he had condemned them. On 30 July, 1540, of six victims who were dragged to Smithfield, three were Reformers burnt for heretical doctrine, and the other three Catholics, hanged and quartered for denying the king's supremacy. Of all the numerous miserable beings whom Henry sent to execution, Cromwell, perhaps, is the only one who fully deserved his fate. Looking at the last fifteen years of Henry's life, it is hard to find one single feature which does not evoke repulsion, and the attempts made by some writers to whitewash his misdeeds only give proof of the extraordinary prejudice with which they approach the subject. Henry's cruelties continued to the last, and so likewise did his inconsistencies. One of the last measures of confiscation of his reign was an act of suppression of chantries, but Henry by his last will and testament established what were practically chantries to have Masses said for his own soul. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:89614a85-2617-4144-aefa-e264b81a9cf0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5661	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00516.warc.gz	en	0.98649	4,852	3.40625	3	[ -0.011319492012262344, 0.29516759514808655, 0.11257673799991608, -0.4726555645465851, -0.22865888476371765, -0.40227746963500977, -0.03166580945253372, 0.11390547454357147, 0.21994487941265106, -0.26158908009529114, -0.32754039764404297, -0.2996574640274048, -0.13888883590698242, 0.2258969...	1	FREE Catholic Classes King of England, born 28 June, 1491; died 28 January, 1547. He was the second son and third child of his father, Henry VII. His elder brother Arthur died in April, 1502, and consequently Henry became heir to the throne when he was not yet quite eleven years old. It has been asserted that Henry's interest in theological questions was due to the bias of his early education, since he had at first been destined by his father for the Church. But a child of eleven can hardly have formed lifelong intellectual tastes, and it is certain that secular titles, such as those of Earl Marshal and Viceroy of Ireland, were heaped upon him when he was five. On the other hand there can be no question as to the boy's great precocity and as to the liberal scope of the studies which he was made to pursue from his earliest years. After Arthur's death a project was at once formed of marrying him to his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon, who, being born in December, 1485, was more than five years his senior. The negotiations for a papal dispensation took some little time, and the Spanish Queen Isabella , the mother of Catherine, then nearing her end, grew very impatient. Hence a hastily drafted Brief containing the required dispensation was privately sent to Spain in 1504, to be followed some months later by a Bull to the same effect which was of a more public character. The existence of these two instruments afterwards caused complications. Owing, however, to some political scheming of Henry VII -- who was trying to outwit his rival Ferdinand -- Prince Henry, on attaining the age of fourteen, was made to record a formal protest against the proposed marriage with Catherine, as a matter arranged without his consent. Still, when his father died in 1509, Henry carried out the marriage nine weeks after his accession, he being then eighteen, and showing from the first a thorough determination to be his own master. Great popularity was won for the new reign by the attainder and execution of Empson and Dudley, the instruments of the late king's extortion. Besides this, it is unanimously attested by contemporaries that the young sovereign possessed every gift of mind and person which could arouse the enthusiasm of his people. His skill in manly sports was almost equalled by his intelligence and his devotion to letters. Of the complicated foreign policy which marked the beginning of his reign no detail can be given here. Thanks partly to Henry's personality, but still more to the ability of Wolsey, who soon took the first place in the council chamber, England for the first time became a European power. In 1512 Henry joined Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Spain, and the Venetians in forming the "Holy League" against the King of France. Julius was feverishly bent on chasing the "barbarians" (i.e. the French and other foreigners) out of Italy, and Henry cooperated by collecting ships and soldiers to attack the French king in his own dominions. No very conspicuous success attended his arms, but there was a victory at Guinegate outside Therouanne, and the Scotch, who, as the allies of France, had threatened invasion, were disastrously defeated at Flodden in 1513. During all this time Henry remained on excellent terms with the Holy See. In April, 1510, Julius sent him the golden rose, and in 1514 Leo X bestowed the honorific cap and sword, which were presented with much solemnity at St. Paul's. The League having been broken up by the selfish policy of Ferdinand, Henry VIII now made peace with France and for some years held the balance of power on the Continent, though not without parting with a good deal of money. Wolsey was made a cardinal in 1515 and exercised more influence than ever, but it was somewhat against his advice that Henry, in 1519, secretly became a candidate for the succession to the empire, though pretending at the same time to support the candidature of Francis, his ally. When, however, Charles V was successful, the French king could not afford to quarrel with Henry, and a somewhat hollow and insincere renewal of their friendship took place in June, 1520, at the famous "Field of the Cloth of Gold", when the most elaborate courtesies were exchanged between the two monarchs. The prospect of this rapprochement had so alarmed the Emperor Charles that, a month before it took place, he visited Henry in England. In point of fact a continuous game of intrigue was being played by all three monarchs, which lasted until the period when Henry's final breach with Rome led him to turn his principal attention to domestic concerns. Meanwhile the strength of Henry's position at home had been much developed by Wolsey's judicious diplomacy, and, despite the costliness of some of England's demonstrations against France, before the French king became the emperor's prisoner at Pavia, the odium of the demand for money fell upon the minister, while Henry retained all his popularity. Indeed, whatever disaffection might be felt, the people had no leader to make rebellion possible. The old nobility, partly as a result of the Wars of the Roses, and partly owing to the repressive policy dictated by the dynastic fears of Henry VII, had been reduced to impotence. In 1521 the most prominent noble in England, the Duke of Buckingham, was condemned to death for high treason by a subservient House of Peers, simply because the king suspected him of aiming at the succession and had determined that he must die. At the same period Henry's prestige in the eyes of the clergy, and not the clergy only, was strengthened by his famous book, the Assertio Septem Sacramentorum . This book was written against Luther and in vindication of the Church's dogmatic teaching regarding the sacraments and the Sacrifice of the Mass, while the supremacy of the papacy is also insisted upon in unequivocal terms. There is no reason to doubt that the substance of the book was really Henry's. Pope Leo X was highly pleased with it and conferred upon the king the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith ), which is maintained to this day as part of the royal style of the English Crown. All this success and adulation were calculated to develop the natural masterfulness of Henry's character. He had long shown to discerning eyes, like those of Sir Thomas More , that he would brook contradiction in nothing. Without being guilty of notable profligacy in comparison with the other monarchs of his time, it is doubtful if Henry's married life had ever been pure, even from the first, and we know that in 1519 he had, by Elizabeth Blount, a son whom, at the age of six, he made the Duke of Richmond. He had also carried on an intrigue with Mary Boleyn which led to some complications at a later date. Such was Henry when, probably about the beginning of the year 1527, he formed a violent passion for Mary's younger sister, Anne. It is possible that the idea of the divorce had suggested itself to the king much earlier than this ( see Brown, "Venetian Calendars", II, 479), and it is highly probable that it was motivated by the desire of male issue, of which he had been disappointed by the death in infancy of all Catherine's children save Mary. Anne Boleyn was restrained by no moral scruples, but she saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined that she would only yield as his acknowledged queen. Anyway, it soon became the one absorbing object of the king's desires to secure a divorce from Catherine, and in the pursuit of this he condescended to the most unworthy means. He had it put about that the Bishop of Tarbes, when negotiating an alliance in behalf of the French king, had raised a doubt as to the Princess Mary's legitimacy. He also prompted Wolsey, as legate, to hold with Archbishop Warham a private and collusive inquiry, summoning Henry to prove before them that his marriage was valid. The only result was to give Catherine an inkling of what was in the king's mind, and to elicit from her a solemn declaration that the marriage had never been consummated. From this it followed that there had never been any impediment of "affinity" to bar her union with Henry, but only the much more easily dispensed impediment known as publicae honestatis . The best canonists of the time also held that a papal dispensation which formally removed the impediment of affinity also involved by implication that of publicae honestatis , or "public decency." The collective suit was thereupon dropped, and Henry now set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See , acting in this independently of Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his design so far as it related to Anne. William Knight, the king's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the declaration of nullity of his union with Catherine, on the ground that the dispensing Bull of Julius II was obreptitious -- i.e. obtained by false pretences. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connexion. This clearly had reference to Anne Boleyn, and the fictitious nature of Henry's conscientious scruples about his marriage is betrayed by the fact that he himself was now applying for a dispensation of precisely the same nature as that which he scrupled about, a dispensation which he later on maintained the pope had no power to grant. As the pope was at that time the prisoner of Charles V, Knight had some difficulty in obtaining access to him. In the end the king's envoy had to return without accomplishing much, though the (conditional) dispensation for a new marriage was readily accorded. Henry had now no choice but to put his great matter into the hands of Wolsey, and Wolsey, although the whole divorce policy ran counter to his better judgment, strained every nerve to secure a decision in his master's favour. An account of the mission of Gardiner and Foxe and of the failure of the divorce proceedings before the papal commissioners, Wolsey and Campeggio, mainly on account of the production of the Brief, has been given in some detail in the article CLEMENT VII, to which the reader is referred. The revocation of the cause to Rome in July, 1529, owing, no doubt, in part to Queen Catherine's most reasonable protests against her helplessness in England and the compulsion to which she was subjected, had many important results. First among these we must count the disgrace and fall of Wolsey, hitherto the only real check upon Henry's wilfulness. The incredible meanness of the praemunire, and consequent confiscation, which the cardinal was pronounced to have incurred for obtaining the cardinalate and legateship from Rome -- though of course this had been done with the king's full knowledge and consent -- would alone suffice to stamp Henry as one of the basest of mankind. But, secondly, we may trace to this same crisis the rise of both Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, the two great architects of Henry's new policy. It was Cranmer who, in the autumn of 1529, made the momentous suggestion that the king should consult the universities of Europe upon the question of the nullity of his marriage, a suggestion which at once brought its author into favour. The project was carried out as soon as possible with a lavish expenditure of bribes, and the use of other means of pressure. The result was naturally highly favourable to the king's wishes, though the universities which lay within the dominions of Charles V were not consulted. The answers were submitted to Parliament, where the king still kept the pretense of having no personal interest in the matter. He professed to be suffering from scruples of conscience, now rendered more acute by such a weight of learned opinion. With the same astuteness he persuaded the leading nobility of the kingdom to write to the pope praying him to give sentence in Henry's favour for fear that worse might follow. All this drew the king into closer relations with Cranmer, who was made ambassador to the emperor, and who, a year or two afterwards, despite the fact that he had just married Osiander's niece (his second wife), was summoned home to become Archbishop of Canterbury. The necessary Bulls and the pallium were obtained from Rome under threat that the law (referred to again below) for the abolition of annates and first-fruits would be made permanent. The vacillating Clement -- who probably hoped that by making every other kind of concession he might be able to maintain the position he had assumed upon the more vital question of the divorce -- conceded Bulls and pallium. But to benefit by them it was necessary that Cranmer should take certain prescribed oaths of obedience to the Holy See. He took the oaths, but committed to writing a solemn protest that he considered the oaths in no way binding in conscience, a procedure which even so prejudiced a historian as Mr. H.A. Fisher cannot refrain from describing as a "signal dishonesty." "If", asks Dr. Lingard, "it be simony to purchase spiritual office by money, what is it to purchase the same by perjury ?" The father of the new Church of England, and future compiler of its liturgy, was not entering upon his functions under very propitious auspices. But the Church which was soon to be brought into being probably owes even more to Thomas Cromwell than to its first archbishop. It is Cromwell who seems to have suggested to Henry as a deliberate policy that he should abolish the imperium in imperio , throw off the papal supremacy, and make himself the supreme head of his own religion. This was in fact the course which from the latter part of 1529 Henry undeviatingly followed, though he did not at first go to lengths from which there was no retreat. The first blow was struck at the clergy by involving them in Wolsey's praemunire. Some anti-clerical disaffection there had always been, partly, no doubt, the remnants of Lollardy, as was instanced in the case of Richard Hunne, 1515. This, of late years, had been a good deal aggravated by the importation into England of Tyndale's annotated New Testament and other books of heretical tendency, which, though prohibited and burnt by authority, still made their way among the people. Henry and his ministers had, therefore, some popular support upon which they could fall back, if necessary, in their campaign to reduce the clergy to abject submission. At the beginning of 1531 the Convocation of Canterbury were informed that they could purchase a pardon for the praemunire they had incurred by presenting the king with the enormous sum of 100,000 pounds. Further, they were bidden to recognize the king as "Protector and Supreme Head of the Church of England." Convocation struggled desperately against the demand, and in the end succeeded in inserting the qualification "so far as is allowed by the law of Christ." But this was only a brief respite. A year later Parliament under pressure passed an edict forbidding the payment to the Holy See of Annates or first-fruits, but the operation of it was for the present suspended at the sovereign's pleasure, and the king was meanwhile solicited to come to an amicable understanding with "His Holiness" on the subject of the divorce. The measure amounted to a decently veiled threat to withdraw this source of income from the Holy See altogether if the divorce was refused. Still the pope held out, and so did the queen. Only a little time before, a deputation of lords and bishops -- of course by the king's order -- had visited Catherine and had rudely urged her to withdraw the appeal in virtue of which the king, contrary to his dignity, had been cited to appear personally at Rome ; but though deprived of all counsel, she stood firm. In the May of 1532 further pressure was brought to bear upon Convocation, and resulted in the so-called "Submission of the Clergy ", by which they practically renounced all right of legislation except in dependence upon the king. An honest man like Sir Thomas More could no longer pretend to work with the Government, and he resigned the chancellorship, which he had held since the fall of Wolsey. The situation was too strained to last, and the end came through the death of Archbishop Warham in August, 1532. In the appointment of Cranmer as his successor, the king knew that he had secured a subservient tool who desired nothing better than to see the papal authority overthrown. Anne Boleyn was then enceinte, and the king, relying, no doubt, on what Cranmer when consecrated would be ready to do for him, went through a form of marriage with her on 25 January, 1533. On 15 April Cranmer received consecration. On 23 May, Parliament having meanwhile forbidden all appeals to Rome, Cranmer pronounced Henry's former marriage invalid. On 28 May he declared the marriage with Anne valid. On 1 June Anne was crowned, and on 7 September she gave birth to a daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth. Clement, who had previously sent to Henry more than one monition upon his desertion of Catherine, issued a Bull of excommunication on 11 July, declaring, also, his divorce and remarriage null. In England Catherine was deprived of her title of Queen, and Mary her daughter was treated as a bastard. Much sympathy was aroused among the populace, to meet which severe measures were taken against the more conspicuous of the disaffected, particularly the "Nun of Kent", who claimed to have had revelations of God's displeasure at the recent course of events. In the course of the next year the breach with Rome was completed. Parliament did all that was required of it. Annates, Peter's Pence, and other payments to Rome were finally abolished. An Act of Succession entailed the crown on the children of Anne Boleyn, and an oath was drawn up to be exacted of every person of lawful age. It was the refusal to take this oath, the preamble of which declared Henry's marriage with Catherine null from the beginning, which sent More and Fisher to the Tower, and eventually to the block. A certain number of Carthusian monks, Brigittines, and Observant Franciscans imitated their firmness and shared their fate. All these have been beatified in modern times by Pope Leo XIII. There were, however, but a handful who were thus true to their convictions. Declarations were obtained from the clergy in both provinces "that the Bishop of Rome hath no greater jurisdiction conferred upon him by God in this kingdom of England than any other foreign bishop ", while Parliament, in November, declared the king "Supreme Head of the Church of England ", and shortly afterwards Cromwell, a layman, was appointed vicar-general to rule the English Church in the king's name. Though the people were cowed, these measures were not carried out without much disaffection, and, to stamp out any overt expression of this, Cromwell and his master now embarked upon a veritable reign of terror. The martyrs already referred to were most of them brought to the scaffold in the course of 1535, but fourteen Dutch Anabaptists also suffered death by burning in the same year. There followed a visitation of the monasteries, unscrupulous instruments like Layton, Legh, and Price being appointed for the purpose. They played, of course, into the king's hand and compiled comperta abounding in charges of disgraceful immorality, which have been shown to be at least grossly exaggerated. In pursuance of the same policy Parliament, in February, 1536, acting under great pressure, voted to the king the property of all religious houses with less than 200 pounds a year of annual income, recommending that the inmates should be transferred to the larger houses where " religion happily was right well observed." The dissolution, when carried out, produced much popular resentment, especially in Lincolnshire and the northern counties. Eventually, in the autumn of 1536, the people banded together in a very formidable insurrection known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. The insurgents rallied under the device of the Five Wounds , and they were only induced to disperse by the deceitful promises of Henry's representative, the Duke of Norfolk. The suppression of the larger monasteries rapidly followed, and with these were swept away numberless shrines, statues, and objects of pious veneration, on the pretext that these were purely superstitious. It is easy to see that the lust of plunder was the motive which prompted this wholesale confiscation. ( See S UPPRESSION OF THE M ONASTERIES .) Meanwhile, Henry, though taking advantage of the spirit of religious innovation now rife among the people whenever it suited his purpose, remained still attached to the sacramental system in which he had been brought up. In 1539 the Statute of the Six Articles enforced, under the severest penalties, such doctrines as transubstantiation, Communion under one kind, auricular confession, and the celibacy of the clergy. Under this act offenders were sent to the stake for their Protestantism just as ruthlessly as the aged Margaret, Countess of Salisbury , was attainted by Parliament and eventually beheaded, simply because Henry was irritated by the denunciations of her son Cardinal Pole. Neither was the king less cruel towards those who were nearest to him. Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, his second and fifth wives, perished on the scaffold, but their whilom lord only paraded his indifference regarding the fate to which he had condemned them. On 30 July, 1540, of six victims who were dragged to Smithfield, three were Reformers burnt for heretical doctrine, and the other three Catholics, hanged and quartered for denying the king's supremacy. Of all the numerous miserable beings whom Henry sent to execution, Cromwell, perhaps, is the only one who fully deserved his fate. Looking at the last fifteen years of Henry's life, it is hard to find one single feature which does not evoke repulsion, and the attempts made by some writers to whitewash his misdeeds only give proof of the extraordinary prejudice with which they approach the subject. Henry's cruelties continued to the last, and so likewise did his inconsistencies. One of the last measures of confiscation of his reign was an act of suppression of chantries, but Henry by his last will and testament established what were practically chantries to have Masses said for his own soul. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	4,970	ENGLISH	1
Augustus Caesar (27 BCE – 14 CE) was the name of the first and, by most accounts, greatest Roman emperor. Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. Octavian was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, and then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BCE the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the illustrious one"), and he was then known as Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. Owing to the many names the man went by in his life, it is common to call him Octavius when referring to events between 63 and 44 BCE, Octavian when referring to events between 44 and 27 BCE, and Augustus regarding events from 27 BCE to his death in 14 CE. It should be noted, however, that Octavian himself, between the years 44 and 27 BCE, never went by that name, choosing instead to align himself closely with his great uncle by carrying the same name; a decision which prompted Mark Antony’s famous accusation, as recorded by Cicero,“You, boy, owe everything to your name”. After Julius Caesar’s assassination in March of 44 BCE, Octavian allied himself with Caesar’s close friend and relative, Mark Antony. Together with another supporter of Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Antony and Octavian formed the Second Triumvirate in October of 43 BCE. Their first order of business seems to have been the systematic killing of any political rivals and supporters of Caesar’s assassins. Exactly which of the three was most responsible for the killings is disputed by ancient and modern writers alike with some claiming Octavian innocent and others ascribing to him the most bloodshed. Having cleansed Rome of the 'bad blood’ of their opposition, the Second Trimvirate then turned their attention to Caesar’s assassins. At the Battle of Phillipi in October 42 BCE, the forces of Brutus and Cassius were defeated by those of the Second Triumvirate forcing both assassins to kill themselves. Between 38 and 36 BCE, Octavian and Lepidus battled Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar’s great rival) for rule of Rome with Antony lending aid from Egypt. The Second Triumvirate was victorious over Pompeius, and Lepidus, glorying in the triumph and confident of his strength, insulted Octavian by ordering him to leave Sicily, the theatre of operations, with his troops. Octavian, however, offered Lepidus’s troops more money than Lepidus could pay and his army defected to Octavian. Lepidus was stripped of all his titles save Pontifex Maximus and the Second Triumvirate came to an end. Augustus, Antony & Cleopatra During this time, however, relations between Octavian and Mark Antony began to deteriorate. In 40 BCE, in an effort to solidify their alliance, Octavian had given his sister, Octavia Minor, in marriage to Antony. Antony, though, had allied himself closely with Cleopatra VII of Egypt (the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of his son Caesarion) and, in fact, had become her lover. Octavian charged that Antony had mis-used his sister when Antony divorced Octavia in favor of Cleopatra in 33 BCE which prompted Antony to write Octavian, “What’s upset you? Because I go to bed with Cleopatra? But she’s my wife and I’ve been doing so for nine years, not just recently. Does it really matter where, or with what women, you get your excitement?” To Octavian, Antony’s behavior in the east, both in private, politically and militarily, was intolerable. He forced the priestesses of the temple of Vesta in Rome to surrender Antony’s will and had it read in the Senate. The will gave away Roman territories to Antony’s sons and contained directions for a great mausoleum to be built in Alexandria for Antony and Cleopatra, among other stipulations which Octavian felt threatened the grandeur of Rome and branded Antony a renegade. Among the worst of Antony’s offenses was his declaration that Caesarion was the true heir of Julius Caesar, not Octavian. The Senate revoked Antony’s consulship and declared war on Cleopatra VII. At the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BCE Octavian’s forces, under the General Agrippa, defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra, scattered them (many had already defected to Octavian’s side before the battle) and pursued the survivors until 1 August 30 BCE when, after the loss of Alexandria, Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. Octavian had Caesarion strangled (stating that “two Caesars are one too many”) and Antony’s eldest son executed as a possible threat to Rome. Octavian was now the supreme ruler of Rome and all her territories but, in order to keep from making the same mistake his adoptive father had of seeming to covet power, Octavian was careful to characterize all of his political strategems as being for the good of the Republic of Rome. In January of 27 BCE, Octavian resigned his powers humbly only to receive them back from the grateful Senate who also bestowed upon him the title Augustus. Octavian was careful not to refer to himself by that title at any time in public, simply calling himself 'Princeps’, or, First Citizen. So carefully did Octavian play the political game in Rome that his claims to restoration of the Republic seemed in earnest, even when he gained supreme power, giving him absolute control over Rome and her colonies. Augustus as Emperor Popular already with the soldiers of his army, the title Augustus solidified his power in the provinces as Imperator, or commander-in-chief (from which the English word 'emperor’ is derived). The month of August was named in his honor. In the year 19 BCE, he was given Imperium Maius (supreme power) over every province in the Roman Empire and, from that time on, Augustus Caesar ruled supremely, the first emperor of Rome and the measure by which all later emperors would be judged. By 2 BCE Augustus was declared Pater Patriae, the father of his country. The era of Augustus’ reign was a golden age in every respect. The peace which Augustus restored and kept (the Pax Romana) caused the economy, the arts and agriculture to flourish. An ambitious building program was initiated in which Augustus completed the plans made by Julius Caesar and then continued on with his own grand designs. In his famous inscription Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) he claims to have restored or built 82 temples in one year. The famous public baths of Rome were constructed under Augustus by his second-in-command, Agrippa, and the poet Virgil composed his epic the Aeneid. Augustus took great personal concern in the arts and was a personal patron of many artists. He passed many sweeping reforms as well as laws to maintain stability in marriage and to raise the birth rate in Rome, making adultery illegal, offering tax incentives to families with over three children and penalties for childless marriages. So strictly did Augustus himself adhere to his laws that he banished his own daughter, Julia, and his grand-daughter, for adultery. Augustus died at Nola in 14 CE. His official last words were, “I found Rome a city of clay but left it a city of marble” which aptly describes Augustus’ achievements during his reign as emperor. According to his wife Livia and his adopted son Tiberius, however, his last words were actually, “Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit.” Augustus’ body was brought back to Rome in state and, on the day of the funeral, all businesses in Rome closed out of respect for the emperor. He was succeeded by Tiberius who he had adopted in 4 CE and who read the eulogy (along with his own son, Drusus) at Augustus’ famously grand funeral. The emperor’s body was cremated and his ashes interred in his mausoleum. Augustus’ death was mourned as the loss of a great ruler of immense talent and vision, and he was proclaimed a god among the host of the Roman pantheon.	<urn:uuid:7089e323-d86c-4fe0-b453-204f0e0d460f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ancient.eu/augustus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00316.warc.gz	en	0.98456	1,818	3.546875	4	[ -0.2555443048477173, 0.19605857133865356, 0.31189584732055664, 0.35519224405288696, -0.3761005401611328, -0.4492418169975281, 0.49486133456230164, 0.3994686007499695, 0.635051429271698, -0.28298649191856384, 0.2829371988773346, -0.6517645120620728, -0.3556630611419678, 0.14968818426132202,...	2	Augustus Caesar (27 BCE – 14 CE) was the name of the first and, by most accounts, greatest Roman emperor. Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. Octavian was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, and then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BCE the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the illustrious one"), and he was then known as Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. Owing to the many names the man went by in his life, it is common to call him Octavius when referring to events between 63 and 44 BCE, Octavian when referring to events between 44 and 27 BCE, and Augustus regarding events from 27 BCE to his death in 14 CE. It should be noted, however, that Octavian himself, between the years 44 and 27 BCE, never went by that name, choosing instead to align himself closely with his great uncle by carrying the same name; a decision which prompted Mark Antony’s famous accusation, as recorded by Cicero,“You, boy, owe everything to your name”. After Julius Caesar’s assassination in March of 44 BCE, Octavian allied himself with Caesar’s close friend and relative, Mark Antony. Together with another supporter of Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Antony and Octavian formed the Second Triumvirate in October of 43 BCE. Their first order of business seems to have been the systematic killing of any political rivals and supporters of Caesar’s assassins. Exactly which of the three was most responsible for the killings is disputed by ancient and modern writers alike with some claiming Octavian innocent and others ascribing to him the most bloodshed. Having cleansed Rome of the 'bad blood’ of their opposition, the Second Trimvirate then turned their attention to Caesar’s assassins. At the Battle of Phillipi in October 42 BCE, the forces of Brutus and Cassius were defeated by those of the Second Triumvirate forcing both assassins to kill themselves. Between 38 and 36 BCE, Octavian and Lepidus battled Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey Magnus, Julius Caesar’s great rival) for rule of Rome with Antony lending aid from Egypt. The Second Triumvirate was victorious over Pompeius, and Lepidus, glorying in the triumph and confident of his strength, insulted Octavian by ordering him to leave Sicily, the theatre of operations, with his troops. Octavian, however, offered Lepidus’s troops more money than Lepidus could pay and his army defected to Octavian. Lepidus was stripped of all his titles save Pontifex Maximus and the Second Triumvirate came to an end. Augustus, Antony & Cleopatra During this time, however, relations between Octavian and Mark Antony began to deteriorate. In 40 BCE, in an effort to solidify their alliance, Octavian had given his sister, Octavia Minor, in marriage to Antony. Antony, though, had allied himself closely with Cleopatra VII of Egypt (the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of his son Caesarion) and, in fact, had become her lover. Octavian charged that Antony had mis-used his sister when Antony divorced Octavia in favor of Cleopatra in 33 BCE which prompted Antony to write Octavian, “What’s upset you? Because I go to bed with Cleopatra? But she’s my wife and I’ve been doing so for nine years, not just recently. Does it really matter where, or with what women, you get your excitement?” To Octavian, Antony’s behavior in the east, both in private, politically and militarily, was intolerable. He forced the priestesses of the temple of Vesta in Rome to surrender Antony’s will and had it read in the Senate. The will gave away Roman territories to Antony’s sons and contained directions for a great mausoleum to be built in Alexandria for Antony and Cleopatra, among other stipulations which Octavian felt threatened the grandeur of Rome and branded Antony a renegade. Among the worst of Antony’s offenses was his declaration that Caesarion was the true heir of Julius Caesar, not Octavian. The Senate revoked Antony’s consulship and declared war on Cleopatra VII. At the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BCE Octavian’s forces, under the General Agrippa, defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra, scattered them (many had already defected to Octavian’s side before the battle) and pursued the survivors until 1 August 30 BCE when, after the loss of Alexandria, Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. Octavian had Caesarion strangled (stating that “two Caesars are one too many”) and Antony’s eldest son executed as a possible threat to Rome. Octavian was now the supreme ruler of Rome and all her territories but, in order to keep from making the same mistake his adoptive father had of seeming to covet power, Octavian was careful to characterize all of his political strategems as being for the good of the Republic of Rome. In January of 27 BCE, Octavian resigned his powers humbly only to receive them back from the grateful Senate who also bestowed upon him the title Augustus. Octavian was careful not to refer to himself by that title at any time in public, simply calling himself 'Princeps’, or, First Citizen. So carefully did Octavian play the political game in Rome that his claims to restoration of the Republic seemed in earnest, even when he gained supreme power, giving him absolute control over Rome and her colonies. Augustus as Emperor Popular already with the soldiers of his army, the title Augustus solidified his power in the provinces as Imperator, or commander-in-chief (from which the English word 'emperor’ is derived). The month of August was named in his honor. In the year 19 BCE, he was given Imperium Maius (supreme power) over every province in the Roman Empire and, from that time on, Augustus Caesar ruled supremely, the first emperor of Rome and the measure by which all later emperors would be judged. By 2 BCE Augustus was declared Pater Patriae, the father of his country. The era of Augustus’ reign was a golden age in every respect. The peace which Augustus restored and kept (the Pax Romana) caused the economy, the arts and agriculture to flourish. An ambitious building program was initiated in which Augustus completed the plans made by Julius Caesar and then continued on with his own grand designs. In his famous inscription Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) he claims to have restored or built 82 temples in one year. The famous public baths of Rome were constructed under Augustus by his second-in-command, Agrippa, and the poet Virgil composed his epic the Aeneid. Augustus took great personal concern in the arts and was a personal patron of many artists. He passed many sweeping reforms as well as laws to maintain stability in marriage and to raise the birth rate in Rome, making adultery illegal, offering tax incentives to families with over three children and penalties for childless marriages. So strictly did Augustus himself adhere to his laws that he banished his own daughter, Julia, and his grand-daughter, for adultery. Augustus died at Nola in 14 CE. His official last words were, “I found Rome a city of clay but left it a city of marble” which aptly describes Augustus’ achievements during his reign as emperor. According to his wife Livia and his adopted son Tiberius, however, his last words were actually, “Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit.” Augustus’ body was brought back to Rome in state and, on the day of the funeral, all businesses in Rome closed out of respect for the emperor. He was succeeded by Tiberius who he had adopted in 4 CE and who read the eulogy (along with his own son, Drusus) at Augustus’ famously grand funeral. The emperor’s body was cremated and his ashes interred in his mausoleum. Augustus’ death was mourned as the loss of a great ruler of immense talent and vision, and he was proclaimed a god among the host of the Roman pantheon.	1,788	ENGLISH	1
Friday April 5, 2013 \| 1 comment When we last left off, we were speaking of the Sage of Tea, Lu Yu, who wrote one of the most comprehensive treatises on tea, Cha Jing, or The Classic of Tea. We know that tea during Lu Yu’s time (Eighth Century) referred to green tea, and more specifically, steamed green tea, similar to the sencha of today. From the Eighth Century to the 14th Century, an important shift in the production of tea took place with the advent of “chao qing,” or roasting, as opposed to steaming. This important development transformed the landscape of tea production. Roasting involves using a wok (or equivalent) to dry the leaves as opposed to steaming them, which was the norm during Lu Yu’s time. This shift eventually paved the way for the production of other teas. Two types of yellow teas have been referenced throughout history: - Shou zhou huang cha – the cultivar with naturally yellow buds produced in Liu An during the Tang Dynasty - Junshan Yinzhen, Huoshan Huangya, and Mengding Huangya – the yellow tea that we know today Yellow tea is believed to have first commenced production around 1570, when “chao qing” green tea was accidentally subjected to humidity and, as in the case of many great inventions, culminated in a new discovery. Yellow tea then came to refer to teas that are subjected to an additional step known as “men huang,” or “stewing until it yellows,” which results in the leaves and the liquor being “yellowed” and most of the grassiness removed. Dark tea (heicha) is more accurately translated as black tea, but that has come to denote the category of tea that refers to nearly fully oxidized teas, such as Keemun, Lapsang Souchong, and most of the teas historically produced by the former British colonies. As such, heicha is translated as “dark tea” and is also known as post-fermented tea. If yellow tea was invented due to a mistake in the production of green tea, then dark tea was invented due to a mistake that occurred in the transportation and storage of green tea. During the 11th Century, Sichuan green teas were often transported to the border for the minority tribes on horseback. As those areas were dry and arid, vegetables were scarce and cooked tea became a staple of their diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. For easy transportation, tea was compressed into bricks and cakes and carried on horseback. Unfortunately, that was before the time of vacuum sealing, oxygen absorbers, and desiccants. During the two to three months that the teas traveled via horseback, they were subjected to natural elements, including sunlight and rain. If you took out your green tea today and exposed it to sunlight and moisture, within two weeks it would look more like black tea. That was the case with teas then; the natural microbes led to teas being fermented by the time the mares had completed their trek. However, there was an altogether different complexion being imparted by these natural elements and that became a trademark of the minority tribes. Eventually, producers replicated the moisture and heat by a process known as “wodui,” or “heaping,” which is used in the production of Shu Puer, Hunan Dark Tea, Liu Bao Dark Tea, and other types of heicha. So, how did green tea evolve further into white tea, black tea, and, of course, my personal favorite, oolong tea? That is a tale for next month’s post! The photo is courtesy of Peony Tea Solutions.	<urn:uuid:80fb5aa4-518f-4f2d-aae7-5d28e56ad5ca>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tching.com/2013/04/the-evolution-of-tea-part-ii-from-green-to-yellow-black/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00411.warc.gz	en	0.980781	803	3.4375	3	[ -0.2110578864812851, -0.27851608395576477, 0.28235703706741333, 0.08345893025398254, 0.1164703369140625, 0.11464560031890869, 0.3415132164955139, -0.27176743745803833, -0.06683161854743958, 0.03367549926042557, 0.04364299029111862, -0.46377894282341003, -0.06609508395195007, 0.298749446868...	1	Friday April 5, 2013 \| 1 comment When we last left off, we were speaking of the Sage of Tea, Lu Yu, who wrote one of the most comprehensive treatises on tea, Cha Jing, or The Classic of Tea. We know that tea during Lu Yu’s time (Eighth Century) referred to green tea, and more specifically, steamed green tea, similar to the sencha of today. From the Eighth Century to the 14th Century, an important shift in the production of tea took place with the advent of “chao qing,” or roasting, as opposed to steaming. This important development transformed the landscape of tea production. Roasting involves using a wok (or equivalent) to dry the leaves as opposed to steaming them, which was the norm during Lu Yu’s time. This shift eventually paved the way for the production of other teas. Two types of yellow teas have been referenced throughout history: - Shou zhou huang cha – the cultivar with naturally yellow buds produced in Liu An during the Tang Dynasty - Junshan Yinzhen, Huoshan Huangya, and Mengding Huangya – the yellow tea that we know today Yellow tea is believed to have first commenced production around 1570, when “chao qing” green tea was accidentally subjected to humidity and, as in the case of many great inventions, culminated in a new discovery. Yellow tea then came to refer to teas that are subjected to an additional step known as “men huang,” or “stewing until it yellows,” which results in the leaves and the liquor being “yellowed” and most of the grassiness removed. Dark tea (heicha) is more accurately translated as black tea, but that has come to denote the category of tea that refers to nearly fully oxidized teas, such as Keemun, Lapsang Souchong, and most of the teas historically produced by the former British colonies. As such, heicha is translated as “dark tea” and is also known as post-fermented tea. If yellow tea was invented due to a mistake in the production of green tea, then dark tea was invented due to a mistake that occurred in the transportation and storage of green tea. During the 11th Century, Sichuan green teas were often transported to the border for the minority tribes on horseback. As those areas were dry and arid, vegetables were scarce and cooked tea became a staple of their diet, providing essential vitamins and minerals. For easy transportation, tea was compressed into bricks and cakes and carried on horseback. Unfortunately, that was before the time of vacuum sealing, oxygen absorbers, and desiccants. During the two to three months that the teas traveled via horseback, they were subjected to natural elements, including sunlight and rain. If you took out your green tea today and exposed it to sunlight and moisture, within two weeks it would look more like black tea. That was the case with teas then; the natural microbes led to teas being fermented by the time the mares had completed their trek. However, there was an altogether different complexion being imparted by these natural elements and that became a trademark of the minority tribes. Eventually, producers replicated the moisture and heat by a process known as “wodui,” or “heaping,” which is used in the production of Shu Puer, Hunan Dark Tea, Liu Bao Dark Tea, and other types of heicha. So, how did green tea evolve further into white tea, black tea, and, of course, my personal favorite, oolong tea? That is a tale for next month’s post! The photo is courtesy of Peony Tea Solutions.	767	ENGLISH	1
college of arts and sciences upenn Mayflower Compact would have been a document that outlined how Plymouth Colony was governed. It was the first governing document for the colony that's published by the colonists, who later was recognized to historians as the Pilgrims. The name Mayflower as based on the ship that they used. Before they chosen the colony, they crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. One in the peculiar areas of the Pilgrims was that more than half them were separatists who have been seeking freedom of religion after being denied the legal right to practice Christianity. Therefore, the act of crossing the Atlantic was considered self-determination. It was an act that was from the will of English Church. Mayflower Compact was signed on November 11, 1620. It would have been a pact that has been signed by 41 ships, which contained 100 as well as passengers. From each ship, a male adult signed the Compact, meaning Compact had signatures of 41 male adults each representing the ship. This means that basically, this was pact between 100 and twelve pilgrims signed in what is today Province town Harbor New Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Another important part of Mayflower Compact is who's was signed with fair and equal laws that has been meant for that general good in the settlement and driven from the will of majority. Being the initial written laws inside new land, Mayflower Compact gave and determined authority among settlers and was force approximately 1691. Among the major highlights with the Compact was who's outlined clearly the independence with the colony and clearly stated that the colony was without any English law. Mayflower Compact was the very first democratic governance document in the United States and yes it was the base for first step toward United State Constitution drafted more than 150 years afterwards. R&B music is huge and in all probability the most used of all music categories. Some would point out that is simply because it covers countless sub kinds of music. But, true music lovers will say it is simply because R&B captures people?s minds and bodies a lot more than every other music. Rhythm and blues speaks to people over some other music as it becomes part of the soul. Few people can tune in to an R&B tune without clapping or singing along or breaking into dance. It affects everyone and if it doesn?t, you?re not breathing! The natural way of thinking that would emanate in your thoughts, because it would in your lover's, would be to blame your spouse. 'What has happened to the guy/girl? Why is he/she not showing just as much curiosity about their bond as he/she did earlier'? These may be the pattern of questions arising in the minds of both of you. When we understand that something isn't the actual way it should be, our first impulse will be to hire a roofer that will put the culprit on. It is that you are carrying huge force on your shoulders and have a strong urge to unload it on the shoulder of another person. But when lovers tend to unload their burdens on each other's shoulders, obviously, neither is certain to get any relief. Over the years, the of cable television have soared. This is true, irrespective of your residential location. At the same time, consumers happen to be plagued, by low wages. This has encouraged many consumers to seek out approaches to spend less. There are numerous solutions to make this happen and you should not neglect reducing your weight in your cable tv subscription. Within this article, you will learn about among the best solutions to make it happen!	<urn:uuid:e87450b4-8fab-4255-8ca9-a387617d3910>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.ziolkowski-transport.puad.netstrefa.pl/wp-content/uploads/art/?5004916-1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00317.warc.gz	en	0.984317	715	4.1875	4	[ 0.08162304759025574, -0.09978438168764114, 0.5003085136413574, -0.7122772336006165, -0.0634198784828186, 0.07365831732749939, -0.0383160375058651, -0.03543906658887863, 0.08753407746553421, 0.14355166256427765, -0.20517416298389435, 0.24738633632659912, -0.04044831544160843, 0.017459454014...	1	college of arts and sciences upenn Mayflower Compact would have been a document that outlined how Plymouth Colony was governed. It was the first governing document for the colony that's published by the colonists, who later was recognized to historians as the Pilgrims. The name Mayflower as based on the ship that they used. Before they chosen the colony, they crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. One in the peculiar areas of the Pilgrims was that more than half them were separatists who have been seeking freedom of religion after being denied the legal right to practice Christianity. Therefore, the act of crossing the Atlantic was considered self-determination. It was an act that was from the will of English Church. Mayflower Compact was signed on November 11, 1620. It would have been a pact that has been signed by 41 ships, which contained 100 as well as passengers. From each ship, a male adult signed the Compact, meaning Compact had signatures of 41 male adults each representing the ship. This means that basically, this was pact between 100 and twelve pilgrims signed in what is today Province town Harbor New Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Another important part of Mayflower Compact is who's was signed with fair and equal laws that has been meant for that general good in the settlement and driven from the will of majority. Being the initial written laws inside new land, Mayflower Compact gave and determined authority among settlers and was force approximately 1691. Among the major highlights with the Compact was who's outlined clearly the independence with the colony and clearly stated that the colony was without any English law. Mayflower Compact was the very first democratic governance document in the United States and yes it was the base for first step toward United State Constitution drafted more than 150 years afterwards. R&B music is huge and in all probability the most used of all music categories. Some would point out that is simply because it covers countless sub kinds of music. But, true music lovers will say it is simply because R&B captures people?s minds and bodies a lot more than every other music. Rhythm and blues speaks to people over some other music as it becomes part of the soul. Few people can tune in to an R&B tune without clapping or singing along or breaking into dance. It affects everyone and if it doesn?t, you?re not breathing! The natural way of thinking that would emanate in your thoughts, because it would in your lover's, would be to blame your spouse. 'What has happened to the guy/girl? Why is he/she not showing just as much curiosity about their bond as he/she did earlier'? These may be the pattern of questions arising in the minds of both of you. When we understand that something isn't the actual way it should be, our first impulse will be to hire a roofer that will put the culprit on. It is that you are carrying huge force on your shoulders and have a strong urge to unload it on the shoulder of another person. But when lovers tend to unload their burdens on each other's shoulders, obviously, neither is certain to get any relief. Over the years, the of cable television have soared. This is true, irrespective of your residential location. At the same time, consumers happen to be plagued, by low wages. This has encouraged many consumers to seek out approaches to spend less. There are numerous solutions to make this happen and you should not neglect reducing your weight in your cable tv subscription. Within this article, you will learn about among the best solutions to make it happen!	732	ENGLISH	1
The Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen was born on January 21, 1738, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was a soldier, farmer, frontiersman, and author during the American Revolution. Allen was perhaps best known for being the militia leader of a special group of soldiers in the Revolutionary War known as the Green Mountain Boys, a ragtag group of Vermont Territory frontiersmen who made a formidable army. In May of 1775, Ethan Allen, along with future traitor Benedict Arnold, led the Green Mountain Boys in the successful seizure of the British Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York. Allen was captured by the British Royal Navy in September 1775 while trying to capture Montreal, Quebec, for the Patriots. He was released in 1778. Ethan Allen at Fort Ticonderoga Working to Make Vermont a State After his release by the British, Allen worked hard to help establish the eventual state of Vermont and even considered an offer from the British to make Vermont a separate British province. Some of the land purchased by Ethan Allen would eventually become the state's largest city: Burlington. In addition to being a soldier and Revolutionary War militia leader, Ethan Allen was also a respected author who wrote papers that were widely read about his experiences in the Revolutionary War, the formation of Vermont, and his political philosophies. Ethan Allen married twice and had eight children of his own. He died in the Vermont territory on February 12, 1789. His death came just two years before the Vermont Territory was granted statehood.	<urn:uuid:b2273a59-59db-45d5-89c2-85fd5507881b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/ethan-allen-biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00208.warc.gz	en	0.987716	308	3.453125	3	[ -0.5665162801742554, 0.19109244644641876, 0.5146746039390564, 0.22059808671474457, -0.3112228810787201, -0.008933573961257935, 0.4617801010608673, 0.192927747964859, -0.3747778832912445, 0.18282340466976166, -0.054749634116888046, -0.01645197719335556, 0.16107162833213806, 0.33915263414382...	1	The Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen was born on January 21, 1738, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was a soldier, farmer, frontiersman, and author during the American Revolution. Allen was perhaps best known for being the militia leader of a special group of soldiers in the Revolutionary War known as the Green Mountain Boys, a ragtag group of Vermont Territory frontiersmen who made a formidable army. In May of 1775, Ethan Allen, along with future traitor Benedict Arnold, led the Green Mountain Boys in the successful seizure of the British Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York. Allen was captured by the British Royal Navy in September 1775 while trying to capture Montreal, Quebec, for the Patriots. He was released in 1778. Ethan Allen at Fort Ticonderoga Working to Make Vermont a State After his release by the British, Allen worked hard to help establish the eventual state of Vermont and even considered an offer from the British to make Vermont a separate British province. Some of the land purchased by Ethan Allen would eventually become the state's largest city: Burlington. In addition to being a soldier and Revolutionary War militia leader, Ethan Allen was also a respected author who wrote papers that were widely read about his experiences in the Revolutionary War, the formation of Vermont, and his political philosophies. Ethan Allen married twice and had eight children of his own. He died in the Vermont territory on February 12, 1789. His death came just two years before the Vermont Territory was granted statehood.	328	ENGLISH	1
1542 (8th December) Mary Queen of Scots was born to James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland. 1542 (13th December) Mary became Queen of Scotland after her father, James V of Scotland, died less than a month after being defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss by the English. 1542 (after 13th December) Mary’s half-brother, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, was nominated as regent for the infant queen. 1543 (1st July) Treaty of Greenwich This treaty between Scotland and England was sealed with an agreement that Prince Edward of England would marry Mary when they came of age. 1543 (27th July) Mary and her mother were taken to Stirling Castle which was inland. There were concerns that Mary could be taken overseas. 1543 (9th September) Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland at the Chapel Royal in Stirling Castle. The ceremony was performed by Cardinal David Beaton. The Earl of Arran renounced the Treaty of Greenwich. Henry VIII was unhappy with Scotland’s rejection of the treaty and began making a series of attacks on Scotland to force Scotland to agree to the marriage of Mary to Edward. This aggressive treatment of Scotland is often known as the ‘Rough Wooing’. The Earl of Hertford raided Edinburgh. Mary was moved to Dunkeld for her own safety. 1546 (1st March) Catholic Cardinal Beaton ordered the arrest and execution of the Protestant reformer George Wishart. Wishart was burnt at the stake. 1546 (29th May) Cardinal Beaton was assassinated by the Protestant supporters of George Wishart who whad been executed on Beaton’s orders. 1547 (28th January) Henry VIII, King of England died. He was succeeded by his son Edward. However, Edward was still a minor so his uncle Edward Seymour acted as regent. Seymour continued to press for Scotland to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich and allow the marriage of Edward to Mary. 1547 (9th September) Battle of Pinkie The Scots were defeated by the English. Mary was moved to Inchmahome Priory for her own safety. Mary was moved to Dumbarton Castle. 1548 (7th July) Treaty of Haddington This treaty between Scotland and France agreed that France would provide military aid to Scotland against any English attack. The treaty also agreed that Mary would marry the French King’s son, Francis, heir to the French throne. 1548 (7th August) Mary’s mother, worried that the English would force Mary to marry King Edward of England, sent Mary to France to live with the French royal family. She set sail from Dumbarton, accompanied by an entourage of trusted companions. 1548 (14th August) Mary landed in Brittany The King of France, Henri II was enchanted by Mary but his wife, Catherine de Medici resented her presence. Mary began her education in France. She was taught music, dancing, poetry, needlework, falconry and also French, Latin, Italian, Spanish and Greek. Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, with the help of French troops, managed to take the regency from James Hamilton, Earl of Arran. 1558 (4th April) Prior to her marriage to Francis, Mary signed a secret agreement with Henri II, that if she died without an heir Scotland and her claim to the English crown would pass to France. 1558 (24th April) Mary married Francis, heir to the French throne at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. 1558 (17th November) Queen Mary I of England died and was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth who was a Protestant. Many Catholics believed that Elizabeth was illegitimate and that Mary, as the legitimate granddaughter of Henry VIII’s sister Margaret, was the rightful Queen of England. Henri II of France proclaimed that his son Francis and Mary were the rightful King and Queen of England. 1559 (3rd April) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis This treaty, signed by France and Spain, ended the fighting between the two countries over Italy. Mary’s father-in-law, King Henri II of France, was fatally wounded during a tournament held to celebrate the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. 1559 (10th July) King Henri II of France died. Mary became Queen of France after her husband Francis, succeeded his father to become King Francis II of France. Elizabeth sent troops to Scotland to help Protestants make Protestantism the religion of Scotland. A Protestant Huguenot uprising in France meant that French troops could no longer be sent to Scotland to support Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise maintain Catholicism in Scotland. 1560 (11th June) Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, regent of Scotland, died at Edinburgh Castle. 1560 (6th July) Treaty of Edinburgh This was a treaty between England, Scotland and France. It was agreed that the English and French would remove their troops from Scotland. 1560 (5th December) Mary’s husband, King Francis II of France died. Mary did not want to remain in France where the court was dominated by her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medici, who was now regent for the young King Charles IX, so decided to return to Scotland. Mary met with Catholic and Protestant representatives from Scotland. She decided to follow the advice of her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, and not try to change Scotland to Catholicism. Mary met Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley for the first time in France where he had come to pay his respects for the loss of Mary’s husband. 1561 (14th August) Mary left France and sailed to Scotland. 1561 (19th August) Mary landed at Leith. She was welcomed by her half-brother, James Stuart who advised her to take a moderate stance with regard to religion. 1561 (2nd September) Mary made her official entry to Edinburgh the capital of Scotland. Negotiations were underway for a meeting between Mary and her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England but were abandoned when English troops were sent to France to take Le Havre. Mary was considering marrying the heir to the Spainsh throne, Don Carlos, but the plans were abandoned after Don Carlos suffered brain damage after falling down some stairs. 1565 (17th February) Mary met her cousin Henry Stuart, for the second time and determined to marry him. 1565 (28th July) It was proclaimed that after her marriage the rule of Scotland would be headed by the King and Queen of the Scots. This showed that it was Mary’s intention to give Darnley the rights of a King. 1565 (29th July) Mary married her cousin, the Catholic Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in the Chapel Royal of Holyrood House. 1565 (30th July) Mary’s announcement that her husband would be King of Scotland did not go down well with her ministers. They had not given consent for Darnley to be King and were furious with Mary. 1565 (26th August) Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, was not happy with Mary’s marriage to her Catholic cousin and raised a rebellion against her. Mary managed to put the rebellion down. Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, left Scotland and sought refuge in England. Mary became pregnant. 1565 (late October) Mary’s husband was angry when she refused to grant him the right to inherit the Scottish throne if she died without an heir (the Crown Matrimonial). Mary was very unhappy in her marriage. She had quickly realised that Darnley was a lazy womaniser and began to spend more time with her Italian secretary David Rizzio. Protestant lords in Scotland were concerned that Mary was spending too much time with Rizzio and were worried that he was a Catholic influence on her. 1566 (9th March) A group of Protestant lords entered Mary’s apartments at Holyrood Palace and murdered Rizzio in front of her. 1566 (after 9th March) Darnley hoped that the murder of Rizzio would force Mary to grant him the Crown Matrimonial. Mary refused to back down and, six months pregnant, removed herself from her husband and took up residence in Edinburgh Castle. 1566 (19th June) Mary gave birth to a son, James , at Edinburgh Castle. Mary was determined to divorce her husband Lord Darnley. Mary was taken very ill and at one point was thought to be dying but she recovered. Mary had become close to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who promised to help her be free of Darnley. Mary’s husband, Lord Darnley, who had been taken ill with a fever, feared for his life and went to stay with his father in Glasgow. Mary asked Darnley to return to Edinburgh. He complied and moved into a house at Kirk o’ Field where Mary visited him regularly. 1567 (9th February) Mary visited Darnley as usual before attending a wedding celebration. 1567 (10th February) In the early hours of the morning, Darnley’s house was blwon up. Darnley was found in the grounds of the property and it appeared he had been suffocated. It was believed that Bothwell was behind the murder but Mary was also incriminated. 1567 (12th April) Bothwell was acquitted of the murder of Mary’s husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley 1567 (around 22nd April) Mary visited her son, James. It was the last time she saw him. 1567 (24th April) Mary was either abducted by Bothwell or went with him of her own free will to Dunbar Castle. 1567 (3rd May) James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, divorced his wife. 1567 (6th May) Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. 1567 (15th May) Mary Queen of Scots married James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, the man behind her husband’s murder. The marriage shocked people including Scottish councillors who now believed that she may have been party to Darnley’s murder. 1567 (after 15th May) Mary’s marriage to Bothwell had left her opposed by the majority of the lords who raised an army against her. 1567 (15th June) Mary, who was pregnant, surrendered to the Scottish lords at Carberry Hill after many of her troops deserted her. She was taken to Edinburgh. 1567 (16th June) Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. 1567 (around 22nd July) Mary miscarried twins. 1567 (24th July) Mary Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate the throne in favour of her infant son who became King James VI of Scotland . Mary’s half-brother, Earl of Moray, was regent. Mary remained imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle and her son was taken to Stirling Castle to be raised as a Protestant away from his mother’s Catholic influence. 1568 (2nd May) Mary escaped Loch Leven Castle with the help of the owner of the castle, George Douglas. She began to rally troops loyal to herself. 1568 (13th May) Battle of Langside Mary’s army of around 6,000 men, was beaten by Moray’s smaller force of Scottish Protestants. Mary fled the field and spent the night at Dundrennan Abbey. 1568 (16th May) Mary crossed the Solway Firth into England where she sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth I . She was taken to Wokington Hall. 1568 (18th May) Mary was escorted to Carlisle Castle where she was placed under virtual house arrest. 1568 (mid July) Mary was moved to Bolton Castle which was further from the Scottish border. Elizabeth I had ordered an inquiry to determine whether she had played a part in Darnley’s murder. The inquiry was held at York. Mary was keen to meet her cousin, Queen Elizabeth, face to face, but Elizabeth delayed the meeting wanting clear proof that Mary had played no part in Darnley’s murder before agreeing to the meeting. 1568 (late October) Mary’s half-brother, Earl of Moray, gave a number of letters and documents known as the casket letters to the inquiry at York as evidence against Mary. Mary argued that they had been forged but it has never been proved whether they were genuine or not. However, the commissioners of the inquiry believed them to be genuine. Elizabeth I decided that as the inquiry believed Mary to be guilty of Darnley’s murder that she would not meet her cousin in person. Elizabeth was also very worried that Mary would try to take the English throne. Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle and placed under house arrest. The owner of Tutbury Castle, the Earl of Shrewsbury was lenient with Mary and allowed her to have a retinue of her trusted friends with her. Elizabeth I negotiated with the Scots to effect Mary’s return to Scotland but it became clear that they did not want her to return. A number of northern Catholic nobles mounted a rebellion against the rule of Elizabeth I. They wanted to replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. However, the uprising failed when it was discovered that Mary had been moved to Coventry. More than 750 people were executed for their part in the rebellion. 1570 (23rd January) Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, was assassinated. Elizabeth I was increasingly concerned about the threat Mary posed. Her chief ministers, Francis Walsingham and William Cecil placed spies in Mary’s household. This was a plot to depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Qyueen of Scots. It was led by Roberto Ridolfi, a Florentine banker from London, who had enlisted the support of the Duke of Norfolk, the King of Spain and the Pope. The plot failed after incriminating letters were discovered. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed. Ridolfi was abroad when the plot was discovered and avoided capture. This was a plot hatched by Francis Throckmorton, to murder Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. The plot failed after his actions were discovered by Francis Walsingham. Bond of Association This was a document drawn up by Walsingham that meant anyone attempting to take the throne from Elizabeth or make an attempt on her life would be executed. William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth. Mary was moved to the moated manor house at Chartley which was more secure. Her custodian was Amias Paulet, who kept Mary under stricter control than the Earl of Shrewsbury. The Babington Plot Francis Walsingham uncovered a new plot to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots. Anthony Babington had sent secret coded letters to Mary Queen of Scots organising her escape from imprisonment and her overthrow of Elizabeth as Queen. 1586 (11th August) Mary was arrested and charged with being a party to the Babington Plot. 1586 (21st September) Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle. 1586 (15th October) Mary Queen of Scots was put on trial for her part in the Babington Plot. She was found guilty and sentenced to death. However, Elizabeth, who feared reprisals from Europe, did not sign the death warrant. 1587 (8th February) Elizabeth had finally been persuaded by her ministers to sign the death warrant. They decided to act on it promptly before Elizabeth could change her mind and Mary Queen of Scots was executed at Fotheringay Castle. When Elizabeth found out about the execution she was deeply upset and annoyed with her ministers. She claimed that although she had signed the warrant she had told her ministers not to carry it out. 1587 (late July) Mary was buried at Peterborough Cathedral. Mary’s body was removed from Peterborough Cathedral and reinterred in Westminster Abbey.	<urn:uuid:15865e15-ec55-4c23-bf12-bd144c7d9e53>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.totallytimelines.com/mary-queen-of-scots-1542-1587/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00117.warc.gz	en	0.987134	3,520	3.65625	4	[ -0.1464897245168686, -0.031884096562862396, 0.15862181782722473, -0.010236517526209354, -0.21029388904571533, -0.36036062240600586, -0.11716096848249435, -0.16090461611747742, 0.31970638036727905, 0.13351789116859436, -0.3911692798137665, -0.5932488441467285, 0.11520493030548096, -0.185648...	1	1542 (8th December) Mary Queen of Scots was born to James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland. 1542 (13th December) Mary became Queen of Scotland after her father, James V of Scotland, died less than a month after being defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss by the English. 1542 (after 13th December) Mary’s half-brother, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, was nominated as regent for the infant queen. 1543 (1st July) Treaty of Greenwich This treaty between Scotland and England was sealed with an agreement that Prince Edward of England would marry Mary when they came of age. 1543 (27th July) Mary and her mother were taken to Stirling Castle which was inland. There were concerns that Mary could be taken overseas. 1543 (9th September) Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland at the Chapel Royal in Stirling Castle. The ceremony was performed by Cardinal David Beaton. The Earl of Arran renounced the Treaty of Greenwich. Henry VIII was unhappy with Scotland’s rejection of the treaty and began making a series of attacks on Scotland to force Scotland to agree to the marriage of Mary to Edward. This aggressive treatment of Scotland is often known as the ‘Rough Wooing’. The Earl of Hertford raided Edinburgh. Mary was moved to Dunkeld for her own safety. 1546 (1st March) Catholic Cardinal Beaton ordered the arrest and execution of the Protestant reformer George Wishart. Wishart was burnt at the stake. 1546 (29th May) Cardinal Beaton was assassinated by the Protestant supporters of George Wishart who whad been executed on Beaton’s orders. 1547 (28th January) Henry VIII, King of England died. He was succeeded by his son Edward. However, Edward was still a minor so his uncle Edward Seymour acted as regent. Seymour continued to press for Scotland to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich and allow the marriage of Edward to Mary. 1547 (9th September) Battle of Pinkie The Scots were defeated by the English. Mary was moved to Inchmahome Priory for her own safety. Mary was moved to Dumbarton Castle. 1548 (7th July) Treaty of Haddington This treaty between Scotland and France agreed that France would provide military aid to Scotland against any English attack. The treaty also agreed that Mary would marry the French King’s son, Francis, heir to the French throne. 1548 (7th August) Mary’s mother, worried that the English would force Mary to marry King Edward of England, sent Mary to France to live with the French royal family. She set sail from Dumbarton, accompanied by an entourage of trusted companions. 1548 (14th August) Mary landed in Brittany The King of France, Henri II was enchanted by Mary but his wife, Catherine de Medici resented her presence. Mary began her education in France. She was taught music, dancing, poetry, needlework, falconry and also French, Latin, Italian, Spanish and Greek. Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, with the help of French troops, managed to take the regency from James Hamilton, Earl of Arran. 1558 (4th April) Prior to her marriage to Francis, Mary signed a secret agreement with Henri II, that if she died without an heir Scotland and her claim to the English crown would pass to France. 1558 (24th April) Mary married Francis, heir to the French throne at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. 1558 (17th November) Queen Mary I of England died and was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth who was a Protestant. Many Catholics believed that Elizabeth was illegitimate and that Mary, as the legitimate granddaughter of Henry VIII’s sister Margaret, was the rightful Queen of England. Henri II of France proclaimed that his son Francis and Mary were the rightful King and Queen of England. 1559 (3rd April) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis This treaty, signed by France and Spain, ended the fighting between the two countries over Italy. Mary’s father-in-law, King Henri II of France, was fatally wounded during a tournament held to celebrate the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. 1559 (10th July) King Henri II of France died. Mary became Queen of France after her husband Francis, succeeded his father to become King Francis II of France. Elizabeth sent troops to Scotland to help Protestants make Protestantism the religion of Scotland. A Protestant Huguenot uprising in France meant that French troops could no longer be sent to Scotland to support Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise maintain Catholicism in Scotland. 1560 (11th June) Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, regent of Scotland, died at Edinburgh Castle. 1560 (6th July) Treaty of Edinburgh This was a treaty between England, Scotland and France. It was agreed that the English and French would remove their troops from Scotland. 1560 (5th December) Mary’s husband, King Francis II of France died. Mary did not want to remain in France where the court was dominated by her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medici, who was now regent for the young King Charles IX, so decided to return to Scotland. Mary met with Catholic and Protestant representatives from Scotland. She decided to follow the advice of her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, and not try to change Scotland to Catholicism. Mary met Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley for the first time in France where he had come to pay his respects for the loss of Mary’s husband. 1561 (14th August) Mary left France and sailed to Scotland. 1561 (19th August) Mary landed at Leith. She was welcomed by her half-brother, James Stuart who advised her to take a moderate stance with regard to religion. 1561 (2nd September) Mary made her official entry to Edinburgh the capital of Scotland. Negotiations were underway for a meeting between Mary and her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England but were abandoned when English troops were sent to France to take Le Havre. Mary was considering marrying the heir to the Spainsh throne, Don Carlos, but the plans were abandoned after Don Carlos suffered brain damage after falling down some stairs. 1565 (17th February) Mary met her cousin Henry Stuart, for the second time and determined to marry him. 1565 (28th July) It was proclaimed that after her marriage the rule of Scotland would be headed by the King and Queen of the Scots. This showed that it was Mary’s intention to give Darnley the rights of a King. 1565 (29th July) Mary married her cousin, the Catholic Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in the Chapel Royal of Holyrood House. 1565 (30th July) Mary’s announcement that her husband would be King of Scotland did not go down well with her ministers. They had not given consent for Darnley to be King and were furious with Mary. 1565 (26th August) Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, was not happy with Mary’s marriage to her Catholic cousin and raised a rebellion against her. Mary managed to put the rebellion down. Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, left Scotland and sought refuge in England. Mary became pregnant. 1565 (late October) Mary’s husband was angry when she refused to grant him the right to inherit the Scottish throne if she died without an heir (the Crown Matrimonial). Mary was very unhappy in her marriage. She had quickly realised that Darnley was a lazy womaniser and began to spend more time with her Italian secretary David Rizzio. Protestant lords in Scotland were concerned that Mary was spending too much time with Rizzio and were worried that he was a Catholic influence on her. 1566 (9th March) A group of Protestant lords entered Mary’s apartments at Holyrood Palace and murdered Rizzio in front of her. 1566 (after 9th March) Darnley hoped that the murder of Rizzio would force Mary to grant him the Crown Matrimonial. Mary refused to back down and, six months pregnant, removed herself from her husband and took up residence in Edinburgh Castle. 1566 (19th June) Mary gave birth to a son, James , at Edinburgh Castle. Mary was determined to divorce her husband Lord Darnley. Mary was taken very ill and at one point was thought to be dying but she recovered. Mary had become close to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who promised to help her be free of Darnley. Mary’s husband, Lord Darnley, who had been taken ill with a fever, feared for his life and went to stay with his father in Glasgow. Mary asked Darnley to return to Edinburgh. He complied and moved into a house at Kirk o’ Field where Mary visited him regularly. 1567 (9th February) Mary visited Darnley as usual before attending a wedding celebration. 1567 (10th February) In the early hours of the morning, Darnley’s house was blwon up. Darnley was found in the grounds of the property and it appeared he had been suffocated. It was believed that Bothwell was behind the murder but Mary was also incriminated. 1567 (12th April) Bothwell was acquitted of the murder of Mary’s husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley 1567 (around 22nd April) Mary visited her son, James. It was the last time she saw him. 1567 (24th April) Mary was either abducted by Bothwell or went with him of her own free will to Dunbar Castle. 1567 (3rd May) James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, divorced his wife. 1567 (6th May) Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. 1567 (15th May) Mary Queen of Scots married James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, the man behind her husband’s murder. The marriage shocked people including Scottish councillors who now believed that she may have been party to Darnley’s murder. 1567 (after 15th May) Mary’s marriage to Bothwell had left her opposed by the majority of the lords who raised an army against her. 1567 (15th June) Mary, who was pregnant, surrendered to the Scottish lords at Carberry Hill after many of her troops deserted her. She was taken to Edinburgh. 1567 (16th June) Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. 1567 (around 22nd July) Mary miscarried twins. 1567 (24th July) Mary Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate the throne in favour of her infant son who became King James VI of Scotland . Mary’s half-brother, Earl of Moray, was regent. Mary remained imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle and her son was taken to Stirling Castle to be raised as a Protestant away from his mother’s Catholic influence. 1568 (2nd May) Mary escaped Loch Leven Castle with the help of the owner of the castle, George Douglas. She began to rally troops loyal to herself. 1568 (13th May) Battle of Langside Mary’s army of around 6,000 men, was beaten by Moray’s smaller force of Scottish Protestants. Mary fled the field and spent the night at Dundrennan Abbey. 1568 (16th May) Mary crossed the Solway Firth into England where she sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth I . She was taken to Wokington Hall. 1568 (18th May) Mary was escorted to Carlisle Castle where she was placed under virtual house arrest. 1568 (mid July) Mary was moved to Bolton Castle which was further from the Scottish border. Elizabeth I had ordered an inquiry to determine whether she had played a part in Darnley’s murder. The inquiry was held at York. Mary was keen to meet her cousin, Queen Elizabeth, face to face, but Elizabeth delayed the meeting wanting clear proof that Mary had played no part in Darnley’s murder before agreeing to the meeting. 1568 (late October) Mary’s half-brother, Earl of Moray, gave a number of letters and documents known as the casket letters to the inquiry at York as evidence against Mary. Mary argued that they had been forged but it has never been proved whether they were genuine or not. However, the commissioners of the inquiry believed them to be genuine. Elizabeth I decided that as the inquiry believed Mary to be guilty of Darnley’s murder that she would not meet her cousin in person. Elizabeth was also very worried that Mary would try to take the English throne. Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle and placed under house arrest. The owner of Tutbury Castle, the Earl of Shrewsbury was lenient with Mary and allowed her to have a retinue of her trusted friends with her. Elizabeth I negotiated with the Scots to effect Mary’s return to Scotland but it became clear that they did not want her to return. A number of northern Catholic nobles mounted a rebellion against the rule of Elizabeth I. They wanted to replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. However, the uprising failed when it was discovered that Mary had been moved to Coventry. More than 750 people were executed for their part in the rebellion. 1570 (23rd January) Mary’s half-brother, James Stuart, Earl of Moray, was assassinated. Elizabeth I was increasingly concerned about the threat Mary posed. Her chief ministers, Francis Walsingham and William Cecil placed spies in Mary’s household. This was a plot to depose Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Qyueen of Scots. It was led by Roberto Ridolfi, a Florentine banker from London, who had enlisted the support of the Duke of Norfolk, the King of Spain and the Pope. The plot failed after incriminating letters were discovered. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed. Ridolfi was abroad when the plot was discovered and avoided capture. This was a plot hatched by Francis Throckmorton, to murder Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. The plot failed after his actions were discovered by Francis Walsingham. Bond of Association This was a document drawn up by Walsingham that meant anyone attempting to take the throne from Elizabeth or make an attempt on her life would be executed. William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth. Mary was moved to the moated manor house at Chartley which was more secure. Her custodian was Amias Paulet, who kept Mary under stricter control than the Earl of Shrewsbury. The Babington Plot Francis Walsingham uncovered a new plot to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots. Anthony Babington had sent secret coded letters to Mary Queen of Scots organising her escape from imprisonment and her overthrow of Elizabeth as Queen. 1586 (11th August) Mary was arrested and charged with being a party to the Babington Plot. 1586 (21st September) Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle. 1586 (15th October) Mary Queen of Scots was put on trial for her part in the Babington Plot. She was found guilty and sentenced to death. However, Elizabeth, who feared reprisals from Europe, did not sign the death warrant. 1587 (8th February) Elizabeth had finally been persuaded by her ministers to sign the death warrant. They decided to act on it promptly before Elizabeth could change her mind and Mary Queen of Scots was executed at Fotheringay Castle. When Elizabeth found out about the execution she was deeply upset and annoyed with her ministers. She claimed that although she had signed the warrant she had told her ministers not to carry it out. 1587 (late July) Mary was buried at Peterborough Cathedral. Mary’s body was removed from Peterborough Cathedral and reinterred in Westminster Abbey.	3,466	ENGLISH	1
The Old Glory is a 17- by 10- feet weather-beaten banner. It has been a primary artifact second to Francis Scott Key’s Star-Spangled Banner in American history. This banner has been a symbol of patriotism since it represents success, sovereignty, and righteousness. Many individuals in America refer to the American flag as the Old Glory, but only a few of them know how this name was coined. The original flag that was known as “Old Glory” came into existence about one hundred and eighty-four years ago. History Of “Old Glory” The drama and chronology of the American flag started way back in 1831. A young sea captain by the name William Driver was celebrating his birthday party. He was also enjoying the promotion as the shipmaster of the brig Charles Doggett. Friends and family who had gathered to celebrate with him had a present for him. These individuals presented Driver with a large American flag that had twenty-four stars. He unfurled it for the first time, and his reaction was “Old Glory.” That is how the name “Old Glory” came into existence. That voyage with Charles Doggett was quite memorable since they rescued number mutineers of the bounty. The following years, Driver waved his “Old Glory” from the mast as he sailed his ship. Life Away From The Sea Driver moved with his three children to Nashville in 1837. He made this move after losing his wife. Driver decided to marry again and had six more children. His brothers also lived nearby. Since he was no longer flying his flag from the mast of the ship, Driver would raise the flag every morning at his home in Nashville, Tennessee. Diver would continue to fly his beloved flag even as grumblings of secession continued to grow in the southern states of America. Tennessee managed to secede from the Union on the 8th of July in 1861. Confederates in Nashville demanded the Old Glory of driver. Driver was very loyal to his Union that was in the North. He never gave up his Old Glory despite the massive pressure that the Confederates mounted on him. Interestingly, he decided to sew it into a coverlet and hid the coverlet. Driver ended up encountering other problems. His own home was split between the Southern and Northern-born. One of his sons made up his mind to join the Confederate Army and was killed in a war. Nashville became the first city to fall in February 1862 to the Union forces. The Union sympathizers replaced the Confederate flag with Old Glory. Over the years, the Old Glory went through repairs, and ten more stars were added. Driver sewed a small anchor at the lower right corner. Driver had another flag that was smaller and had a little wear. It is believed that this flag was only used for ceremonial purposes. These two flags are part of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian. Driver passed on in 1886. He was buried at Nashville City Cemetery. Therefore the name “Old Glory” was a beloved ensign of one sailor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:8900d3d8-397d-49b6-83a4-8b5d8090115c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/why-is-the-us-flag-called-old-glory.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00344.warc.gz	en	0.986817	663	3.421875	3	[ -0.06751719117164612, 0.6541351675987244, 0.04988180100917816, -0.05048362910747528, -0.3764532804489136, 0.27562594413757324, 0.21148252487182617, -0.023545589298009872, 0.1435895711183548, 0.003908122424036264, 0.18861310184001923, 0.10655232518911362, -0.07915991544723511, -0.0804655551...	2	The Old Glory is a 17- by 10- feet weather-beaten banner. It has been a primary artifact second to Francis Scott Key’s Star-Spangled Banner in American history. This banner has been a symbol of patriotism since it represents success, sovereignty, and righteousness. Many individuals in America refer to the American flag as the Old Glory, but only a few of them know how this name was coined. The original flag that was known as “Old Glory” came into existence about one hundred and eighty-four years ago. History Of “Old Glory” The drama and chronology of the American flag started way back in 1831. A young sea captain by the name William Driver was celebrating his birthday party. He was also enjoying the promotion as the shipmaster of the brig Charles Doggett. Friends and family who had gathered to celebrate with him had a present for him. These individuals presented Driver with a large American flag that had twenty-four stars. He unfurled it for the first time, and his reaction was “Old Glory.” That is how the name “Old Glory” came into existence. That voyage with Charles Doggett was quite memorable since they rescued number mutineers of the bounty. The following years, Driver waved his “Old Glory” from the mast as he sailed his ship. Life Away From The Sea Driver moved with his three children to Nashville in 1837. He made this move after losing his wife. Driver decided to marry again and had six more children. His brothers also lived nearby. Since he was no longer flying his flag from the mast of the ship, Driver would raise the flag every morning at his home in Nashville, Tennessee. Diver would continue to fly his beloved flag even as grumblings of secession continued to grow in the southern states of America. Tennessee managed to secede from the Union on the 8th of July in 1861. Confederates in Nashville demanded the Old Glory of driver. Driver was very loyal to his Union that was in the North. He never gave up his Old Glory despite the massive pressure that the Confederates mounted on him. Interestingly, he decided to sew it into a coverlet and hid the coverlet. Driver ended up encountering other problems. His own home was split between the Southern and Northern-born. One of his sons made up his mind to join the Confederate Army and was killed in a war. Nashville became the first city to fall in February 1862 to the Union forces. The Union sympathizers replaced the Confederate flag with Old Glory. Over the years, the Old Glory went through repairs, and ten more stars were added. Driver sewed a small anchor at the lower right corner. Driver had another flag that was smaller and had a little wear. It is believed that this flag was only used for ceremonial purposes. These two flags are part of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian. Driver passed on in 1886. He was buried at Nashville City Cemetery. Therefore the name “Old Glory” was a beloved ensign of one sailor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	659	ENGLISH	1
According to Thucydides, Hellenes were called the people of Hellas. Greek mythology states that were named after Hellene. A more scientific approach places the origin of the name in Epirus, the land of the Dorians, where people were called Selle or Helle. The spread of the worship of Zeus in the rest of Greece (the basis of which was in Dodoni), the Dorian tendency to form amfictionies and the increasing popularity of the Delphic religion lead to the use of the name in a way that denoted the people that today is known as Greeks. Before that the Hellenes (or Greeks) were distinguished in phylae such as Achaians, Dorians, Ionians, etc. In 212 AD the Roman emperor Caracalla gave people from Roman provinces equal rights to those of the citizens of Rome and the right to call themselves "Romans". The name Hellenes, which by then had become a synonym of attachment to old religions, was replaced by the name Roman. After the independence of modern Greece from the Ottoman Empire the new founded country was named officially "Hellenic Republic" (or 'Hellas") and the people "Hellenes". The name by which the country and the people are broadly known, though, is Greece and Greeks respectively.	<urn:uuid:7c463366-92f7-4b96-b165-ed1476454be3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.infomutt.com/h/he/hellenes.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00120.warc.gz	en	0.984305	267	3.75	4	[ 0.12266917526721954, 0.009343286044895649, 0.055899761617183685, -0.13516901433467865, -0.22764675319194794, -0.3554046154022217, 0.48011156916618347, 0.0363457016646862, 0.03872464969754219, 0.10241682827472687, -0.04818405956029892, -0.623710572719574, -0.263677716255188, 0.1607139706611...	4	According to Thucydides, Hellenes were called the people of Hellas. Greek mythology states that were named after Hellene. A more scientific approach places the origin of the name in Epirus, the land of the Dorians, where people were called Selle or Helle. The spread of the worship of Zeus in the rest of Greece (the basis of which was in Dodoni), the Dorian tendency to form amfictionies and the increasing popularity of the Delphic religion lead to the use of the name in a way that denoted the people that today is known as Greeks. Before that the Hellenes (or Greeks) were distinguished in phylae such as Achaians, Dorians, Ionians, etc. In 212 AD the Roman emperor Caracalla gave people from Roman provinces equal rights to those of the citizens of Rome and the right to call themselves "Romans". The name Hellenes, which by then had become a synonym of attachment to old religions, was replaced by the name Roman. After the independence of modern Greece from the Ottoman Empire the new founded country was named officially "Hellenic Republic" (or 'Hellas") and the people "Hellenes". The name by which the country and the people are broadly known, though, is Greece and Greeks respectively.	273	ENGLISH	1
Old Hollywood Makeup For centuries, the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the 1890s, film-makers sought to capture the power of live theatre on the cinema screen. Most of these film-makers started as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical melodramas. Visually, early narrative films had adapted little from the stage, and their narratives had adapted very little from vaudeville and melodrama. Before the visual style which would become known as “classical continuity”, scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot and character relationships. Cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility.	<urn:uuid:16eece03-43d3-4ece-8934-9508b7c29641>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sinergocios.info/old-hollywood-makeup/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00040.warc.gz	en	0.985066	168	3.40625	3	[ 0.18676884472370148, 0.29651719331741333, 0.34951141476631165, -0.06654850393533707, -0.21306860446929932, 0.591899037361145, -0.40775126218795776, 0.1323804408311844, -0.1999400407075882, 0.04200119525194168, 0.052970800548791885, 0.2776012420654297, -0.16161732375621796, 0.38529539108276...	1	Old Hollywood Makeup For centuries, the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the 1890s, film-makers sought to capture the power of live theatre on the cinema screen. Most of these film-makers started as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical melodramas. Visually, early narrative films had adapted little from the stage, and their narratives had adapted very little from vaudeville and melodrama. Before the visual style which would become known as “classical continuity”, scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot and character relationships. Cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility.	163	ENGLISH	1
Buckingham Palace is best known as a residence of the British monarchs located in the City of Westminster. Today, the palace is the administrative headquarters of the Monarchs. It was originally built for the Duke of Buckingham in the early 18th century and has been in a private ownership for at least 150 years. However, during the 19th century, the Palace was enlarged by two British architects, John Nash and Edward Blore. Only few additions to the Palace were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East front, which contains the balcony on which the royal family traditionally greets the crowd. Buckingham Palace was mainly built in Neo-classical architectural style, which was basically inspired by Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome architecture. The exterior was made of Bath stone in Neo-classical French design. The East front of the palace was refaced in Portland stone in 1913. The palace has a total of 775 rooms. Many of the original 19th interior designs have survived and are still to be seen, including the widespread of coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis. Smaller reception rooms were furnished in Chinese style. • Buckingham Palace has the largest private garden in London. • The palace has its own chapel, swimming pool, post office, doctor’s surgery and cinema. The Buckingham Palace 2.6 The Houses of Parliament Palace of Westminster, also commonly known as the Houses of Parliament, lies on the bank of the river Thames in the City of Westminster, London. Palace of Westminster, as it is now, is a replacement to a medieval building complex that was completely demolished by fire in 1834. Primarily, it was built as a residence of the Kings of the England until the fire destroyed the complex. After that, it served as the home of Parliament and the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice. Nowadays, the Palace is the centre of political life in the United Kingdom After it was demolished in the fire there was an open competition for the reconstruction of the Palace. Charles Barry won the competition with his design for a building in Perpendicular Gothic style which is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin who was a real master of drawing details, trained by his father. Neither of them lived long enough to see the realisation of their master plan. The Palace was completed with Barry’s son Edward taking over the work. The Palace was built with a sand-coloured limestone from the Anston Quarry in Yorkshire. However, the stone quickly began to decay and was replaced by Clipsham stone, a honey-coloured limestone from the Medwells Quarry in Rutland. Towers of the Palace were originally designed as chimneys. At the north-eastern end of the palace is the most famous of its towers, the Elizabeth Tower (former Clock Tower), commonly known as Big Ben. The Houses of Parliament (Big Ben on the right) The Lord Chamber is the most lavishly-decorated room in the Palace....	<urn:uuid:83d416fe-6ba0-48d6-b892-1006e72b4e93>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/arhitecture-of-london-the-buckingham-palace	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00247.warc.gz	en	0.986946	627	3.296875	3	[ 0.08502237498760223, 0.29134055972099304, 0.5910325050354004, -0.10555282235145569, 0.0122334910556674, 0.2760372757911682, 0.11527328938245773, -0.04598919674754143, 0.15142805874347687, 0.08110900223255157, -0.13336855173110962, -0.5307417511940002, -0.364870548248291, 0.3202297389507293...	1	Buckingham Palace is best known as a residence of the British monarchs located in the City of Westminster. Today, the palace is the administrative headquarters of the Monarchs. It was originally built for the Duke of Buckingham in the early 18th century and has been in a private ownership for at least 150 years. However, during the 19th century, the Palace was enlarged by two British architects, John Nash and Edward Blore. Only few additions to the Palace were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East front, which contains the balcony on which the royal family traditionally greets the crowd. Buckingham Palace was mainly built in Neo-classical architectural style, which was basically inspired by Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome architecture. The exterior was made of Bath stone in Neo-classical French design. The East front of the palace was refaced in Portland stone in 1913. The palace has a total of 775 rooms. Many of the original 19th interior designs have survived and are still to be seen, including the widespread of coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis. Smaller reception rooms were furnished in Chinese style. • Buckingham Palace has the largest private garden in London. • The palace has its own chapel, swimming pool, post office, doctor’s surgery and cinema. The Buckingham Palace 2.6 The Houses of Parliament Palace of Westminster, also commonly known as the Houses of Parliament, lies on the bank of the river Thames in the City of Westminster, London. Palace of Westminster, as it is now, is a replacement to a medieval building complex that was completely demolished by fire in 1834. Primarily, it was built as a residence of the Kings of the England until the fire destroyed the complex. After that, it served as the home of Parliament and the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice. Nowadays, the Palace is the centre of political life in the United Kingdom After it was demolished in the fire there was an open competition for the reconstruction of the Palace. Charles Barry won the competition with his design for a building in Perpendicular Gothic style which is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin who was a real master of drawing details, trained by his father. Neither of them lived long enough to see the realisation of their master plan. The Palace was completed with Barry’s son Edward taking over the work. The Palace was built with a sand-coloured limestone from the Anston Quarry in Yorkshire. However, the stone quickly began to decay and was replaced by Clipsham stone, a honey-coloured limestone from the Medwells Quarry in Rutland. Towers of the Palace were originally designed as chimneys. At the north-eastern end of the palace is the most famous of its towers, the Elizabeth Tower (former Clock Tower), commonly known as Big Ben. The Houses of Parliament (Big Ben on the right) The Lord Chamber is the most lavishly-decorated room in the Palace....	629	ENGLISH	1
History of strength trainingThe History of Fitness On the walls of the funerary chapel in Beni-Hassan in Egypt is a drawing. Depicted in this drawing are three figures, lifting what appears to be bags above their heads. Although no one can say with certainty that they are actually performing strength-training exercises the impression is very reminiscent of Indian club training. This drawing is 4500 years old and is thought to be the earliest record in existence of resistance exercises. Even in Britain in 1896 B.C. there was a game called the wheel feat, which was a kind of weight throwing competition. However strength training really developed in Greece around the sixth century B.C. to improve performance in the Olympic Game’s. It is quite obvious that strength training and the muscular physique were important to the Greeks. You only have to look at their art. Strength is the predominant characteristic of nude statues found all over Greece, and non-shows this more so than the drawings and statures of Apollo and Hercules with strongly defined muscles and powerful physiques. The Greek athletes used jumping weights called ‘halteres’. They varied in size and shape and it is believed that this is where the modern dumbbell originates. In the second century A.D. things really progressed when a celebrated Greek physician called Galen devised a systematic range of strength exercises using implements such as the halteres, along with heavy lifting and isometric exercises. The Romans also used similar training techniques but not only for the games but to promote prowess in battle. The Romans to understood the importance of strength training and its connection with health and wellbeing. When the Roman Empire collapsed these training methods almost disappeared as Christianity grew and their philosophy of temperance spread. The body was no longer a thing to be admired and the only physical training practiced was to improve the skills for warfare. Strength training ceased to exist for almost a thousand years but the writings of the Greeks and Romans were preserved. It wasn’t until the 16th century that written references to strength training appeared once more. Sir Thomas Elyot in 1531 wrote about Galen’s weight training exercises and other writer’s, Joachim Camerarius and the French essayist Michel de Montaigne also wrote about the benefits of resistance training and described some of the methods employed. In 1710 Thomas Topham was born in Islington, England and he grew to be a remarkable natural strongman. So much so that Dr John Theophilus did a scientific study of him and this became one of the first research papers on resistance training. Topham went on to perform publicly with his first strong man exhibition taking place in the Midlands market town of Derby in 1736. In the United States in 1772, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter to his son and he mentions how pleased he was that his son is exercising and how important it was to prevent disease and illness. He later wrote in 1786 how he himself had stopped drinking wine and exercised daily with dumbbells. In Europe during the late 18th century there was much greater emphasis placed on physical education. The German teacher Johann Gutsmuth wrote The Encyclopaedia Of Bodily Exercises and he and another German, Friederich Jahn went on to invent items of fitness equipment with the latter designing the parallel bars. Jahn also sponsored physical culture festivals. At some of these festivals as many as 30,000 people would attend. During the 19th century in Britain, Europe and the United States, weight training grew dramatically. The Triat’s gym in Paris was huge and would rival any of the gyms today. In 1824 Charles Beck arrived in New York from Germany. He established the first gymnasium in the U.S. in Massachusetts. Another American exercise guru at the time was Dr George Barker Windship who was born in Massachusetts in 1834 and after receiving his M.D. from Harvard University in 1857, went on to tour America and Canada extolling the virtues of weightlifting. By the early 20th century most strongmen were professionals. Probably the most famous was a Prussian, Frederick Muller (1867-1925) who used the stage name Eugen Sandow. Sandow’s early claim to fame was breaking the ‘Test Your Strength Machines’ that were so popular in Brussels, by simply overloading them. Many times the police would be called to arrest him for vandalism but when he explained that he had put his coin in them but he was just too strong for them, there was little the police could do. However it gave him the publicity that he desired. In 1889 he went to London and joined the strongman team of Samson and Cyclops were he proved to be stronger than both men. In 1893 he found himself at the Chicago World’s Fair were he teamed up with the promoter Florenz Ziegfeld. He then went on to earn $1500-$3500 a week at the fair, a staggering amount of money for the time. A young man called Barnarr MacFadden saw his shows and they had a huge influence on him. MacFadden went on to publish a magazine called Physical Culture and by 1926 had a circulation of 400.000 making MacFadden a personal fortune of 30 million dollars. As well as strongmen there was strongwomen. The most famous being a German woman called Katie Brumbach who used the stage name Sandwina. She was so strong that she could twist horse-shoes and carry a 600lb cannon on one shoulder. Many strongmen at the time would not appear with her, afraid of being shown up. However by 1930 vaudeville had almost disappeared and with it came the end of the professional strongman. While all this was happening on the professional entertainment front the amateur side of weightlifting had become increasingly popular. Many serious amateur lifters were furious at some of the things their professional counterparts professed they could do and wanted to disassociate themselves from what they felt were preposterous claims. They wanted to bring in the element of competition but with regulated and fair rules and this all began in 1891 with the formation of the German Athletic Association. By 1896 three of the first four modern Olympiads included weightlifting. Also around this time in France a new lift was developed called a ‘clean lift’ were the weight is taken to the shoulder in one motion rather than the ‘continental’ lift were it is bought up in two or more movements. This lift took over from the ‘continental’ lift. In 1898 the first ‘World Championships” took place but although at this time it only featured British and European weightlifters. In 1911 the British Amateur Weightlifters Association was formed but it wasn’t until the 1920’s that America formed The American Continental Weightlifters Association, modelled on the rules of the British Amateur Weightlifters Association. These associations were absorbed by the Amateur Athletic Union that then adopted the French rules for lifting. The main reason for this was so that the U.S could join the International Weightlifting Federation, which was formed in 1920 to promote and conduct international competition. However there were many other facets of lifting including Powerlifting. Although the first official U.S. National Powerlifting Championships didn’t take place until 1965, there are now more participants of this style of lifting than the Olympic style. This is because powerlifting requires more strength and less technique that Olympic lifting and so is easier to learn and more familiar. Bodybuilding became another form of competition. Here the goal is to use the weights to develop the perfect looking physique, with huge muscular definition and perfect muscular proportions. This kind of competition is not new, the Greeks staged this kind of contest as part of the Panathenaean Festivals. Eugen Sandow ran physique contests in London, giving prices to the best muscular men and in 1904 the first U.S contest took place promoted by Barnarr MacFadden. But the first true bodybuilding competition took place in 1947 in Philadelphia, and was called ‘Mr Universe’ In America from the 1920’s, the mail order business had a huge effect on the amateur weightlifting scene. Names such as Charles Atlas and Earle E Liedermam dominated the market. Magazines influenced young men all over America the most famous being Strength and Health published by the late Bob Hoffman and Muscle and Fitness and Flex published by Joe Weider. Joe Weider became one of the biggest names associated with weightlifting through the 1970’s and onwards. Joe Weider’s brother Ben formed the International Federation of Bodybuilders and between them they took people like Lou Ferrigno and Arnold Schwarzenegger to stardom. The films of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1980’s and early 1990’s promoted weightlifting and bodybuilding even further and they were probably the golden times for resistance training. Shows like Gladiators on British TV also had a huge impact. However in the mid 1990’s stories of steroid abuse filled the media and changed the way people viewed weight training. The spit and sawdust gyms started to fade away to be substitute by swank new health clubs designed to appeal to women as much as men. Through the 1990’s they replaced the bars and clubs as the new place to meet people. Bodybuiling began to decline and fitness training took over. Fit became the new buzz- word and the weightlifting training routines adapted to meet this demand. Manufacturers of fitness equipment moved with the times. Nautilus who had invented the single station weight stack machine back in 1971 had lead the way but now faced competition from a dozen or more suppliers. Each one bringing out more stylish, user friendly, machines. Today the market is truly professional, dominated both in the U.K and America by health club chains offering high tech equipment and plush environments. In the home market it is now possible to buy health club quality fitness equipment that can be at your disposal 24 hrs a day. Its easy to think that we are a million miles away from the Greeks of 600BC but when it comes down to it the principals are still the same. To get stronger and improve our physiques we still have to do the same thing, progressively lift weights. The difference today is that it is backed by science and packaged differently to appeal to a more sophisticated society. The future of course is difficult to predict. The obesity epidemic, dominating most of western society is worrying. You can have the best fitness equipment and facilities in the world but if no one is prepared to use it, it all goes to waste. For people in the fitness industry this is going to be one of the main challenges but it’s a challenge worth taking on. Muscle burns calories, so strength training is a vital part of weight management. What will probably happen is machines will be designed to be less intimidating and weight training programmes will be devised to meet this changing market. If this can be achieved and people begin to see the benefits then weight training will be alive and well for a long, long time to come.	<urn:uuid:b26e34f7-6934-453e-81e3-64c0f0c23bfe>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blog.fitnessoptions.co.uk/index.php/history-of-strength-training/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00447.warc.gz	en	0.980344	2,290	3.484375	3	[ -0.07089686393737793, 0.37132057547569275, 0.38987451791763306, 0.1673816293478012, -0.5791151523590088, 0.12357454001903534, -0.06454278528690338, 0.08945935219526291, 0.08581924438476562, -0.03270775079727173, -0.08077001571655273, -0.6466591954231262, -0.4700995683670044, 0.542821288108...	3	History of strength trainingThe History of Fitness On the walls of the funerary chapel in Beni-Hassan in Egypt is a drawing. Depicted in this drawing are three figures, lifting what appears to be bags above their heads. Although no one can say with certainty that they are actually performing strength-training exercises the impression is very reminiscent of Indian club training. This drawing is 4500 years old and is thought to be the earliest record in existence of resistance exercises. Even in Britain in 1896 B.C. there was a game called the wheel feat, which was a kind of weight throwing competition. However strength training really developed in Greece around the sixth century B.C. to improve performance in the Olympic Game’s. It is quite obvious that strength training and the muscular physique were important to the Greeks. You only have to look at their art. Strength is the predominant characteristic of nude statues found all over Greece, and non-shows this more so than the drawings and statures of Apollo and Hercules with strongly defined muscles and powerful physiques. The Greek athletes used jumping weights called ‘halteres’. They varied in size and shape and it is believed that this is where the modern dumbbell originates. In the second century A.D. things really progressed when a celebrated Greek physician called Galen devised a systematic range of strength exercises using implements such as the halteres, along with heavy lifting and isometric exercises. The Romans also used similar training techniques but not only for the games but to promote prowess in battle. The Romans to understood the importance of strength training and its connection with health and wellbeing. When the Roman Empire collapsed these training methods almost disappeared as Christianity grew and their philosophy of temperance spread. The body was no longer a thing to be admired and the only physical training practiced was to improve the skills for warfare. Strength training ceased to exist for almost a thousand years but the writings of the Greeks and Romans were preserved. It wasn’t until the 16th century that written references to strength training appeared once more. Sir Thomas Elyot in 1531 wrote about Galen’s weight training exercises and other writer’s, Joachim Camerarius and the French essayist Michel de Montaigne also wrote about the benefits of resistance training and described some of the methods employed. In 1710 Thomas Topham was born in Islington, England and he grew to be a remarkable natural strongman. So much so that Dr John Theophilus did a scientific study of him and this became one of the first research papers on resistance training. Topham went on to perform publicly with his first strong man exhibition taking place in the Midlands market town of Derby in 1736. In the United States in 1772, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter to his son and he mentions how pleased he was that his son is exercising and how important it was to prevent disease and illness. He later wrote in 1786 how he himself had stopped drinking wine and exercised daily with dumbbells. In Europe during the late 18th century there was much greater emphasis placed on physical education. The German teacher Johann Gutsmuth wrote The Encyclopaedia Of Bodily Exercises and he and another German, Friederich Jahn went on to invent items of fitness equipment with the latter designing the parallel bars. Jahn also sponsored physical culture festivals. At some of these festivals as many as 30,000 people would attend. During the 19th century in Britain, Europe and the United States, weight training grew dramatically. The Triat’s gym in Paris was huge and would rival any of the gyms today. In 1824 Charles Beck arrived in New York from Germany. He established the first gymnasium in the U.S. in Massachusetts. Another American exercise guru at the time was Dr George Barker Windship who was born in Massachusetts in 1834 and after receiving his M.D. from Harvard University in 1857, went on to tour America and Canada extolling the virtues of weightlifting. By the early 20th century most strongmen were professionals. Probably the most famous was a Prussian, Frederick Muller (1867-1925) who used the stage name Eugen Sandow. Sandow’s early claim to fame was breaking the ‘Test Your Strength Machines’ that were so popular in Brussels, by simply overloading them. Many times the police would be called to arrest him for vandalism but when he explained that he had put his coin in them but he was just too strong for them, there was little the police could do. However it gave him the publicity that he desired. In 1889 he went to London and joined the strongman team of Samson and Cyclops were he proved to be stronger than both men. In 1893 he found himself at the Chicago World’s Fair were he teamed up with the promoter Florenz Ziegfeld. He then went on to earn $1500-$3500 a week at the fair, a staggering amount of money for the time. A young man called Barnarr MacFadden saw his shows and they had a huge influence on him. MacFadden went on to publish a magazine called Physical Culture and by 1926 had a circulation of 400.000 making MacFadden a personal fortune of 30 million dollars. As well as strongmen there was strongwomen. The most famous being a German woman called Katie Brumbach who used the stage name Sandwina. She was so strong that she could twist horse-shoes and carry a 600lb cannon on one shoulder. Many strongmen at the time would not appear with her, afraid of being shown up. However by 1930 vaudeville had almost disappeared and with it came the end of the professional strongman. While all this was happening on the professional entertainment front the amateur side of weightlifting had become increasingly popular. Many serious amateur lifters were furious at some of the things their professional counterparts professed they could do and wanted to disassociate themselves from what they felt were preposterous claims. They wanted to bring in the element of competition but with regulated and fair rules and this all began in 1891 with the formation of the German Athletic Association. By 1896 three of the first four modern Olympiads included weightlifting. Also around this time in France a new lift was developed called a ‘clean lift’ were the weight is taken to the shoulder in one motion rather than the ‘continental’ lift were it is bought up in two or more movements. This lift took over from the ‘continental’ lift. In 1898 the first ‘World Championships” took place but although at this time it only featured British and European weightlifters. In 1911 the British Amateur Weightlifters Association was formed but it wasn’t until the 1920’s that America formed The American Continental Weightlifters Association, modelled on the rules of the British Amateur Weightlifters Association. These associations were absorbed by the Amateur Athletic Union that then adopted the French rules for lifting. The main reason for this was so that the U.S could join the International Weightlifting Federation, which was formed in 1920 to promote and conduct international competition. However there were many other facets of lifting including Powerlifting. Although the first official U.S. National Powerlifting Championships didn’t take place until 1965, there are now more participants of this style of lifting than the Olympic style. This is because powerlifting requires more strength and less technique that Olympic lifting and so is easier to learn and more familiar. Bodybuilding became another form of competition. Here the goal is to use the weights to develop the perfect looking physique, with huge muscular definition and perfect muscular proportions. This kind of competition is not new, the Greeks staged this kind of contest as part of the Panathenaean Festivals. Eugen Sandow ran physique contests in London, giving prices to the best muscular men and in 1904 the first U.S contest took place promoted by Barnarr MacFadden. But the first true bodybuilding competition took place in 1947 in Philadelphia, and was called ‘Mr Universe’ In America from the 1920’s, the mail order business had a huge effect on the amateur weightlifting scene. Names such as Charles Atlas and Earle E Liedermam dominated the market. Magazines influenced young men all over America the most famous being Strength and Health published by the late Bob Hoffman and Muscle and Fitness and Flex published by Joe Weider. Joe Weider became one of the biggest names associated with weightlifting through the 1970’s and onwards. Joe Weider’s brother Ben formed the International Federation of Bodybuilders and between them they took people like Lou Ferrigno and Arnold Schwarzenegger to stardom. The films of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1980’s and early 1990’s promoted weightlifting and bodybuilding even further and they were probably the golden times for resistance training. Shows like Gladiators on British TV also had a huge impact. However in the mid 1990’s stories of steroid abuse filled the media and changed the way people viewed weight training. The spit and sawdust gyms started to fade away to be substitute by swank new health clubs designed to appeal to women as much as men. Through the 1990’s they replaced the bars and clubs as the new place to meet people. Bodybuiling began to decline and fitness training took over. Fit became the new buzz- word and the weightlifting training routines adapted to meet this demand. Manufacturers of fitness equipment moved with the times. Nautilus who had invented the single station weight stack machine back in 1971 had lead the way but now faced competition from a dozen or more suppliers. Each one bringing out more stylish, user friendly, machines. Today the market is truly professional, dominated both in the U.K and America by health club chains offering high tech equipment and plush environments. In the home market it is now possible to buy health club quality fitness equipment that can be at your disposal 24 hrs a day. Its easy to think that we are a million miles away from the Greeks of 600BC but when it comes down to it the principals are still the same. To get stronger and improve our physiques we still have to do the same thing, progressively lift weights. The difference today is that it is backed by science and packaged differently to appeal to a more sophisticated society. The future of course is difficult to predict. The obesity epidemic, dominating most of western society is worrying. You can have the best fitness equipment and facilities in the world but if no one is prepared to use it, it all goes to waste. For people in the fitness industry this is going to be one of the main challenges but it’s a challenge worth taking on. Muscle burns calories, so strength training is a vital part of weight management. What will probably happen is machines will be designed to be less intimidating and weight training programmes will be devised to meet this changing market. If this can be achieved and people begin to see the benefits then weight training will be alive and well for a long, long time to come.	2,352	ENGLISH	1
The Battle of Hattin between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid occurred on Saturday, July 4, 1187. The Crusader forces were captured or killed by the Muslim armies ruled by Saladin which removed most of their ability to wage a war. The Battle of Hattin Islamic forces became an major military power in the Holy Land , overpowering Jerusalem and several of the Crusader-held cities. The Third Crusade was prompted after several Christian defeats, beginning two years after the Battle of Hattin. The Battle occurred in Isarel near Tiberias. The battlefield had a distinct feature, a double hill, which was between a pass through the northern mountains and the road from Acre. In 1186 Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem, after the death of his wife's Sybilla's son Baldwin IV. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided between the “court faction” of Sybilla, Guy, and newcomers to the kingdom such as Gerard of Ridefort, Raynald of Chatallan, and the nobles faction whom was lead by Raymond III of Tripoli, whom opposed the succession of Guy. Raymond of Tripolli was not impressed as he watched his barons head towards Jerusalem to make obeisance to Queen Sybilla and King Guy. It was a tense situation and a warfare nearly erupted between Guy and Raymond, whom was wanting to besiege Tiberias. However is was avoided through the mediation of Balian of Ibelin, Raymonds supporter. The Muslim states surrounding the kingdom were united during the 1170s and 1180s through Saladin. In 1169, Saladin had been appointed vizier of Egypt and came to rule the country as Sultan. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now encompassed by Muslim territory under one leader. At the Battle of Montgisard in 1177, the crusaders defeated Saladin and in the 1180s there was an unstable truce between the two sides, which was eventually broken by the raids of Raynald on Muslim caravans passing his fief of Oultrejordain. Raymond made a separate truce with Saladin when Guy became king. An embassy went to Tripoli from Jerusalem to negotiate a settlement between Guy and Raymond. At the Battle of Cresson on May 1 this embassy was defeated by a force under the command of Al-Afdal. Raymond was consumed by guilt, and made peace with Guy, who then assembled the whole entire army of the kingdom and headed north to meet Saladin. Raymond and Guy met with the weight of the crusader army at Acre. Saladin intended to attract Guy into moving his army away from Saffuriya. The garrison at Tiberias attempted to pay Saladin off, but he refused the offer. The fortress fell the same day and a tower was mined, when it fell Saladin's army charged the break killing the opposition and took prisoners. Saladin took over Acre, Jaffa, Toron, Nablus, Beirut and Ascalon. Conrad of Montferrat saved Tyre and Jerusalem was defended by Patriarch Heraclius, Balian and Queen Sibylla, whom negotiated its surrender to Saladin on the 2nd of October. Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre gave Europe the news of the devastating defeat at Hattin. Plans were made for a new crusade by Pope Gregory VIII.	<urn:uuid:7d20f873-119a-4616-a635-f92666b78b3a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Eastern-Wars/the-battle-of-hattin.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00039.warc.gz	en	0.983537	699	3.46875	3	[ -0.3113674521446228, 0.5101065635681152, 0.2007196694612503, -0.2865685224533081, -0.3086557984352112, -0.3909103274345398, 0.21720905601978302, 0.35470932722091675, -0.1554526388645172, 0.06361381709575653, -0.08205028623342514, -0.5728136301040649, 0.12146341800689697, -0.074644245207309...	1	The Battle of Hattin between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid occurred on Saturday, July 4, 1187. The Crusader forces were captured or killed by the Muslim armies ruled by Saladin which removed most of their ability to wage a war. The Battle of Hattin Islamic forces became an major military power in the Holy Land , overpowering Jerusalem and several of the Crusader-held cities. The Third Crusade was prompted after several Christian defeats, beginning two years after the Battle of Hattin. The Battle occurred in Isarel near Tiberias. The battlefield had a distinct feature, a double hill, which was between a pass through the northern mountains and the road from Acre. In 1186 Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem, after the death of his wife's Sybilla's son Baldwin IV. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided between the “court faction” of Sybilla, Guy, and newcomers to the kingdom such as Gerard of Ridefort, Raynald of Chatallan, and the nobles faction whom was lead by Raymond III of Tripoli, whom opposed the succession of Guy. Raymond of Tripolli was not impressed as he watched his barons head towards Jerusalem to make obeisance to Queen Sybilla and King Guy. It was a tense situation and a warfare nearly erupted between Guy and Raymond, whom was wanting to besiege Tiberias. However is was avoided through the mediation of Balian of Ibelin, Raymonds supporter. The Muslim states surrounding the kingdom were united during the 1170s and 1180s through Saladin. In 1169, Saladin had been appointed vizier of Egypt and came to rule the country as Sultan. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now encompassed by Muslim territory under one leader. At the Battle of Montgisard in 1177, the crusaders defeated Saladin and in the 1180s there was an unstable truce between the two sides, which was eventually broken by the raids of Raynald on Muslim caravans passing his fief of Oultrejordain. Raymond made a separate truce with Saladin when Guy became king. An embassy went to Tripoli from Jerusalem to negotiate a settlement between Guy and Raymond. At the Battle of Cresson on May 1 this embassy was defeated by a force under the command of Al-Afdal. Raymond was consumed by guilt, and made peace with Guy, who then assembled the whole entire army of the kingdom and headed north to meet Saladin. Raymond and Guy met with the weight of the crusader army at Acre. Saladin intended to attract Guy into moving his army away from Saffuriya. The garrison at Tiberias attempted to pay Saladin off, but he refused the offer. The fortress fell the same day and a tower was mined, when it fell Saladin's army charged the break killing the opposition and took prisoners. Saladin took over Acre, Jaffa, Toron, Nablus, Beirut and Ascalon. Conrad of Montferrat saved Tyre and Jerusalem was defended by Patriarch Heraclius, Balian and Queen Sibylla, whom negotiated its surrender to Saladin on the 2nd of October. Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre gave Europe the news of the devastating defeat at Hattin. Plans were made for a new crusade by Pope Gregory VIII.	728	ENGLISH	1
In all, the Allied Forces had about 16 million military deaths and at least 14 million civilian deaths. In all, the Axis powers had about 8 million military deaths and at least 4 million civilian death( not including those who died in the Holocaust). At least 17 million people were victims of Nazi persecution. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the president of the U.S.A. during WW2. Nazi’s also targeted Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, disabled people, the elderly, and Roma in the Holocaust. The Americans officially joined the war in December 7, 1941. Many Jews often dyed their hair to avoid being sent to die because they were “to old”. Prisoners in concentration camps also used beet juice and even their own blood to give themselves a more healthy appearance because they often were a very sickly pale complexion. Auschwitz–Birkenau camp had the highest death count at 1,100,000 deaths. When the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by Soviet troops most of the prisoners were ill or dying. One of the Russian officers who helped with the liberating of Auschwitz said, “I realized that they were prisoners and not workers so I called out, “You are free, come out!”. (Learn more about the liberation of Auschwitz) There are many memorials honoring those who lost their lived in the war all across Europe: like in Germany, Washington DC, Poland, Japan, Italy, Russia, England and France to name a few. (Some memorial sites) (more sites)	<urn:uuid:64b0da1f-6b7a-4946-9efb-5837aa07fed6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nope.video.blog/2019/05/15/random-fact-9-world-war-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00304.warc.gz	en	0.985218	325	3.359375	3	[ -0.37032556533813477, 0.7456904053688049, 0.047442447394132614, 0.08417901396751404, 0.05508734658360481, 0.3509151339530945, 0.3313562572002411, 0.28352949023246765, 0.10536392033100128, -0.28856220841407776, 0.5692221522331238, 0.07577212154865265, -0.06375107169151306, 0.466183781623840...	1	In all, the Allied Forces had about 16 million military deaths and at least 14 million civilian deaths. In all, the Axis powers had about 8 million military deaths and at least 4 million civilian death( not including those who died in the Holocaust). At least 17 million people were victims of Nazi persecution. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the president of the U.S.A. during WW2. Nazi’s also targeted Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, disabled people, the elderly, and Roma in the Holocaust. The Americans officially joined the war in December 7, 1941. Many Jews often dyed their hair to avoid being sent to die because they were “to old”. Prisoners in concentration camps also used beet juice and even their own blood to give themselves a more healthy appearance because they often were a very sickly pale complexion. Auschwitz–Birkenau camp had the highest death count at 1,100,000 deaths. When the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by Soviet troops most of the prisoners were ill or dying. One of the Russian officers who helped with the liberating of Auschwitz said, “I realized that they were prisoners and not workers so I called out, “You are free, come out!”. (Learn more about the liberation of Auschwitz) There are many memorials honoring those who lost their lived in the war all across Europe: like in Germany, Washington DC, Poland, Japan, Italy, Russia, England and France to name a few. (Some memorial sites) (more sites)	325	ENGLISH	1
When explorers came to the America's they discovered hundreds of Indian Tribes inhabiting the continent. All of these Nations were considered as individual sovereign entities and were treated as such by European governments as per their laws. Federally Recognized Tribes as they are known today represent those groups of people who have established a trust relationship with the US Government. There are also many groups known as Non Recognized Petitioning Tribes that currently seek to establish formal relations with the U.S. Colonial governments and later the United States treated with the indigenous people as they did with foreign countries and allowed them to regulate their own affairs. The young United States made agreements with hundreds of tribes, exchanging lands for payments and access rights. Treaties are defined as legally binding contracts between parties that cannot be changed or cancelled without consent by all concerned. These peoples were recognized as separate, sovereign entities and treaties established distinct boundaries between villages and colonial territories. Tribal nations were not conquered by the U.S. armed forces, as many believe. Rather, lands were obtained through negotiation and contractual consent. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 declared: "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent" As time went on, however, the Europeans claimed dominion over all the territories of the future United States and those claims began to encroach on the rights of the people living there. As the United States grew in size and power, additional land was required for settlement and development. The U.S. began a policy of Indian removal, which was in effect from 1816 to 1846. Through treaties and coercion the government actively, and sometimes forcibly, removed indigenous peoples to areas west of the Mississippi River. Eventually this plan resulted in termination of many Tribes through a policy of bribes and legal coercion and unjust court rulings that favored government interests. This genocidal plan of forced removal that resulted in the death of countless untold numbers of people that scattered families from one end of heaven to the other and has resulted in millions of folks living today who are of Native descent who has only stories and legends concerning their ancestral history. In an attempt to educate others concerning our history, we offer the following resource to aid those who have a desire to learn where the Nations lived prior to colonization of the continent to give accurate understanding of just where traditional lands were located prior to the coming of the white man. Please visit the above map of North America showing the locations of our people from around the year of 1650 AD.	<urn:uuid:21401099-95e3-4061-a885-d2f23b36f9f6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.comanchelodge.com/american-indian-tribes.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00036.warc.gz	en	0.980497	524	4.1875	4	[ -0.3115854859352112, 0.14692029356956482, 0.4005933701992035, -0.08709482848644257, -0.5115044713020325, -0.25552234053611755, 0.2946665287017822, -0.17748473584651947, -0.15283530950546265, 0.24470089375972748, 0.38345229625701904, -0.13351786136627197, -0.06663037836551666, 0.10928787291...	6	When explorers came to the America's they discovered hundreds of Indian Tribes inhabiting the continent. All of these Nations were considered as individual sovereign entities and were treated as such by European governments as per their laws. Federally Recognized Tribes as they are known today represent those groups of people who have established a trust relationship with the US Government. There are also many groups known as Non Recognized Petitioning Tribes that currently seek to establish formal relations with the U.S. Colonial governments and later the United States treated with the indigenous people as they did with foreign countries and allowed them to regulate their own affairs. The young United States made agreements with hundreds of tribes, exchanging lands for payments and access rights. Treaties are defined as legally binding contracts between parties that cannot be changed or cancelled without consent by all concerned. These peoples were recognized as separate, sovereign entities and treaties established distinct boundaries between villages and colonial territories. Tribal nations were not conquered by the U.S. armed forces, as many believe. Rather, lands were obtained through negotiation and contractual consent. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 declared: "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent" As time went on, however, the Europeans claimed dominion over all the territories of the future United States and those claims began to encroach on the rights of the people living there. As the United States grew in size and power, additional land was required for settlement and development. The U.S. began a policy of Indian removal, which was in effect from 1816 to 1846. Through treaties and coercion the government actively, and sometimes forcibly, removed indigenous peoples to areas west of the Mississippi River. Eventually this plan resulted in termination of many Tribes through a policy of bribes and legal coercion and unjust court rulings that favored government interests. This genocidal plan of forced removal that resulted in the death of countless untold numbers of people that scattered families from one end of heaven to the other and has resulted in millions of folks living today who are of Native descent who has only stories and legends concerning their ancestral history. In an attempt to educate others concerning our history, we offer the following resource to aid those who have a desire to learn where the Nations lived prior to colonization of the continent to give accurate understanding of just where traditional lands were located prior to the coming of the white man. Please visit the above map of North America showing the locations of our people from around the year of 1650 AD.	526	ENGLISH	1
What was the Watergate scandal and its effect on the presidency? The Watergate Scandal was a sordid series of events involving criminal conduct and corrupt activity in the executive department which extended to the President himself and ultimately brought about the first presidential resignation in U.S. History. It severely damaged the prestige of the office of the President, which recovered, albeit slowly, following the election of Jimmy Carter. The scandal began when a group of burglars, working for the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) broke into Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Office Complex (hence the name of the scandal.) Investigative reporting by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of the Washington Post revealed that the break-in had been orchestrated by Richard Nixon's top advisers. Although Nixon himself was not involved in planning the actual burglary, he later interfered with the investigation, attempted to protect guilty parties, and even fired the special prosecutor investigating the scandal to protect himself. When evidence of Nixon's involvement in attempting to subvert the investigation became apparent, the House Judiciary Committee voted articles of impeachment. Had he remained in office, he almost certainly would have been convicted and removed from office. Because of the intense media coverage and Nixon's own blatent attempts to subvert the investigation, the prestige of the Presidency was severely damaged. Nixon's actions were criminal, and he might well have been sent to prison; however he was pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. Ford's pardon of Nixon was a significant factor in Ford's defeat when he ran for election in his own right. He was defeated by Jimmy Carter who had a reputation as a Washington outsider and an honest man. Although Carter's success as president is problematic, he did restore trust in the office of President. The prestige of the office was fully restored under Ronald Reagan. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:5f51228a-c57e-4983-b2bc-1c250faafb3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-was-the-watergate-scandal-and-its-effect-on-340549?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00340.warc.gz	en	0.983882	372	3.84375	4	[ 0.19291622936725616, 0.09763548523187637, 0.48029109835624695, -0.1506827026605606, 0.18522806465625763, 0.2051822692155838, 0.15354740619659424, -0.30276820063591003, 0.3810347020626068, 0.2998374402523041, 0.2070409059524536, 0.6348540186882019, 0.23541970551013947, 0.12198259681463242, ...	3	What was the Watergate scandal and its effect on the presidency? The Watergate Scandal was a sordid series of events involving criminal conduct and corrupt activity in the executive department which extended to the President himself and ultimately brought about the first presidential resignation in U.S. History. It severely damaged the prestige of the office of the President, which recovered, albeit slowly, following the election of Jimmy Carter. The scandal began when a group of burglars, working for the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) broke into Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Office Complex (hence the name of the scandal.) Investigative reporting by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of the Washington Post revealed that the break-in had been orchestrated by Richard Nixon's top advisers. Although Nixon himself was not involved in planning the actual burglary, he later interfered with the investigation, attempted to protect guilty parties, and even fired the special prosecutor investigating the scandal to protect himself. When evidence of Nixon's involvement in attempting to subvert the investigation became apparent, the House Judiciary Committee voted articles of impeachment. Had he remained in office, he almost certainly would have been convicted and removed from office. Because of the intense media coverage and Nixon's own blatent attempts to subvert the investigation, the prestige of the Presidency was severely damaged. Nixon's actions were criminal, and he might well have been sent to prison; however he was pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. Ford's pardon of Nixon was a significant factor in Ford's defeat when he ran for election in his own right. He was defeated by Jimmy Carter who had a reputation as a Washington outsider and an honest man. Although Carter's success as president is problematic, he did restore trust in the office of President. The prestige of the office was fully restored under Ronald Reagan. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	370	ENGLISH	1
Outline an argument that may have led Pascal to this conclusion and critically consider one objection to it. Early probability Games of chance The modern mathematics of chance is usually dated to a correspondence between the French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in Suppose two players, A and B, are playing a three-point game, each having wagered 32 pistoles, and are interrupted after A has two points and B has one. How much should each receive? Fermat and Pascal proposed somewhat different solutions, though they agreed about the numerical answer. Each undertook to define a set of equal or symmetrical cases, then to answer the problem by comparing the number for A with that for B. Fermat, however, gave his answer in terms of the chances, or probabilities. He reasoned that two more games would suffice in any case to determine a victory. There are four possible outcomes, each equally likely in a fair game of chance. Of these four sequences, only the last would result in a victory for B. Thus, the odds for A are 3: In that case, the positions of A and B would be equal, each having won two games, and each would be entitled to 32 pistoles. A should receive his portion in any case. This first round can now be treated as a fair game for this stake of 32 pistoles, so that each player has an expectation of Games of chance such as this one provided model problems for the theory of chances during its early period, and indeed they remain staples of the textbooks. Fermat and Pascal were not the first to give mathematical solutions to problems such as these. More than a century earlier, the Italian mathematician, physician, and gambler Girolamo Cardano calculated odds for games of luck by counting up equally probable cases. His little book, however, was not published untilby which time the elements of the theory of chances were already well known to mathematicians in Europe. It will never be known what would have happened had Cardano published in the s. It cannot be assumed that probability theory would have taken off in the 16th century. Cardano, moreover, had no great faith in his own calculations of gambling odds, since he believed also in luck, particularly in his own. In the Renaissance world of monstrosities, marvels, and similitudes, chance—allied to fate—was not readily naturalized, and sober calculation had its limits. It was, for example, used by the Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens in his short treatise on games of chance, published in Huygens refused to define equality of chances as a fundamental presumption of a fair game but derived it instead from what he saw as a more basic notion of an equal exchange. Most questions of probability in the 17th century were solved, as Pascal solved his, by redefining the problem in terms of a series of games in which all players have equal expectations. The new theory of chances was not, in fact, simply about gambling but also about the legal notion of a fair contract. A fair contract implied equality of expectations, which served as the fundamental notion in these calculations. Measures of chance or probability were derived secondarily from these expectations. Probability was tied up with questions of law and exchange in one other crucial respect. Chance and riskin aleatory contracts, provided a justification for lending at interest, and hence a way of avoiding Christian prohibitions against usury. Lenders, the argument went, were like investors; having shared the risk, they deserved also to share in the gain. For this reason, ideas of chance had already been incorporated in a loose, largely nonmathematical way into theories of banking and marine insurance. From aboutinitially in the Netherlands, probability began to be used to determine the proper rates at which to sell annuities. Jan de Wit, leader of the Netherlands from tocorresponded in the s with Huygens, and eventually he published a small treatise on the subject of annuities in Annuities in early modern Europe were often issued by states to raise money, especially in times of war. This formula took no account of age at the time the annuity was purchased. Wit lacked data on mortality rates at different ages, but he understood that the proper charge for an annuity depended on the number of years that the purchaser could be expected to live and on the presumed rate of interest. Despite his efforts and those of other mathematicians, it remained rare even in the 18th century for rulers to pay much heed to such quantitative considerations. Life insurance, too, was connected only loosely to probability calculations and mortality records, though statistical data on death became increasingly available in the course of the 18th century. The first insurance society to price its policies on the basis of probability calculations was the Equitable, founded in London in But from medieval times to the 18th century and even into the 19th, a probable belief was most often merely one that seemed plausible, came on good authority, or was worthy of approval. Probability, in this sense, was emphasized in England and France from the late 17th century as an answer to skepticism.Blaise Pascal (/ p æ ˈ s k æ l, p ɑː ˈ s k ɑː l /; French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June – 19 August ) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Probability and statistics: Probability and statistics, the branches of mathematics concerned with the laws governing random events, including the collection, analysis, interpretation, and display of numerical data. Learn more about the history of probability and statistics in this article. It took him until the age of thirty to finally perfect the machine, which was known at the Pascaline. It makes mathematics a lot easier to understand and is one of the most important tools used by people. Blaise Pascal (–) Blaise Pascal was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, inventor, and theologian. In mathematics, he was an early pioneer in . Pascal’s Wager, written by Blaise Pascal, in essence states that it is prudent to believe in God’s existence because it is the best bet. Even if one assumes, that God’s existence is extremely unlikely, betting on it makes sense, for its results far outweighs the results from not betting on God’s existence. - Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He had many important contributions to the mathematics and physics such as: the construction of mechanical calculators, considerations on probability theory, the study of fluids, concepts of the pressure and vacuum, and the Pascal Triangle.	<urn:uuid:22483bac-946d-4aea-9d1a-80c13f6f85ea>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sutukuweceb.r-bridal.com/an-analysis-of-the-topic-of-the-role-of-blaise-pascal-62410tc.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00127.warc.gz	en	0.980143	1,424	3.640625	4	[ -0.6943432688713074, 0.06332692503929138, -0.05924148112535477, -0.026447560638189316, -0.39412200450897217, 0.07903522998094559, 0.27607518434524536, 0.3629719614982605, 0.6024463772773743, -0.1550801694393158, -0.33463168144226074, -0.3666541874408722, -0.18961745500564575, 0.31700640916...	1	Outline an argument that may have led Pascal to this conclusion and critically consider one objection to it. Early probability Games of chance The modern mathematics of chance is usually dated to a correspondence between the French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in Suppose two players, A and B, are playing a three-point game, each having wagered 32 pistoles, and are interrupted after A has two points and B has one. How much should each receive? Fermat and Pascal proposed somewhat different solutions, though they agreed about the numerical answer. Each undertook to define a set of equal or symmetrical cases, then to answer the problem by comparing the number for A with that for B. Fermat, however, gave his answer in terms of the chances, or probabilities. He reasoned that two more games would suffice in any case to determine a victory. There are four possible outcomes, each equally likely in a fair game of chance. Of these four sequences, only the last would result in a victory for B. Thus, the odds for A are 3: In that case, the positions of A and B would be equal, each having won two games, and each would be entitled to 32 pistoles. A should receive his portion in any case. This first round can now be treated as a fair game for this stake of 32 pistoles, so that each player has an expectation of Games of chance such as this one provided model problems for the theory of chances during its early period, and indeed they remain staples of the textbooks. Fermat and Pascal were not the first to give mathematical solutions to problems such as these. More than a century earlier, the Italian mathematician, physician, and gambler Girolamo Cardano calculated odds for games of luck by counting up equally probable cases. His little book, however, was not published untilby which time the elements of the theory of chances were already well known to mathematicians in Europe. It will never be known what would have happened had Cardano published in the s. It cannot be assumed that probability theory would have taken off in the 16th century. Cardano, moreover, had no great faith in his own calculations of gambling odds, since he believed also in luck, particularly in his own. In the Renaissance world of monstrosities, marvels, and similitudes, chance—allied to fate—was not readily naturalized, and sober calculation had its limits. It was, for example, used by the Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens in his short treatise on games of chance, published in Huygens refused to define equality of chances as a fundamental presumption of a fair game but derived it instead from what he saw as a more basic notion of an equal exchange. Most questions of probability in the 17th century were solved, as Pascal solved his, by redefining the problem in terms of a series of games in which all players have equal expectations. The new theory of chances was not, in fact, simply about gambling but also about the legal notion of a fair contract. A fair contract implied equality of expectations, which served as the fundamental notion in these calculations. Measures of chance or probability were derived secondarily from these expectations. Probability was tied up with questions of law and exchange in one other crucial respect. Chance and riskin aleatory contracts, provided a justification for lending at interest, and hence a way of avoiding Christian prohibitions against usury. Lenders, the argument went, were like investors; having shared the risk, they deserved also to share in the gain. For this reason, ideas of chance had already been incorporated in a loose, largely nonmathematical way into theories of banking and marine insurance. From aboutinitially in the Netherlands, probability began to be used to determine the proper rates at which to sell annuities. Jan de Wit, leader of the Netherlands from tocorresponded in the s with Huygens, and eventually he published a small treatise on the subject of annuities in Annuities in early modern Europe were often issued by states to raise money, especially in times of war. This formula took no account of age at the time the annuity was purchased. Wit lacked data on mortality rates at different ages, but he understood that the proper charge for an annuity depended on the number of years that the purchaser could be expected to live and on the presumed rate of interest. Despite his efforts and those of other mathematicians, it remained rare even in the 18th century for rulers to pay much heed to such quantitative considerations. Life insurance, too, was connected only loosely to probability calculations and mortality records, though statistical data on death became increasingly available in the course of the 18th century. The first insurance society to price its policies on the basis of probability calculations was the Equitable, founded in London in But from medieval times to the 18th century and even into the 19th, a probable belief was most often merely one that seemed plausible, came on good authority, or was worthy of approval. Probability, in this sense, was emphasized in England and France from the late 17th century as an answer to skepticism.Blaise Pascal (/ p æ ˈ s k æ l, p ɑː ˈ s k ɑː l /; French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June – 19 August ) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Probability and statistics: Probability and statistics, the branches of mathematics concerned with the laws governing random events, including the collection, analysis, interpretation, and display of numerical data. Learn more about the history of probability and statistics in this article. It took him until the age of thirty to finally perfect the machine, which was known at the Pascaline. It makes mathematics a lot easier to understand and is one of the most important tools used by people. Blaise Pascal (–) Blaise Pascal was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, inventor, and theologian. In mathematics, he was an early pioneer in . Pascal’s Wager, written by Blaise Pascal, in essence states that it is prudent to believe in God’s existence because it is the best bet. Even if one assumes, that God’s existence is extremely unlikely, betting on it makes sense, for its results far outweighs the results from not betting on God’s existence. - Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He had many important contributions to the mathematics and physics such as: the construction of mechanical calculators, considerations on probability theory, the study of fluids, concepts of the pressure and vacuum, and the Pascal Triangle.	1,399	ENGLISH	1
How did the Bill of Rights come to be included as the first amendments to the Constitution? The Bill of Rights came to be included in the Constitution as a way to make people who leaned toward the Antifederalists more likely to accept the new Constitution. These people were worried about the power of the new federal government. They were afraid it would infringe on their rights the way the British government (they felt) had. Therefore, they were inclined to reject the Constitution and go back to something more like the Articles of Confederation. In order to allay these worries, the Federalist promised that they would consider a list of amendments as soon as the Constitution was ratified. These amendments eventually became the Bill of Rights. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:606a01a0-f449-4894-a949-0cd3e3747216>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-bill-rights-come-included-first-amendments-343840?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00278.warc.gz	en	0.989386	152	4.1875	4	[ -0.5966712236404419, -0.11705891042947769, 0.09894954413175583, -0.27626946568489075, -0.23454336822032928, 0.3937487006187439, 0.4801894426345825, 0.02246202528476715, -0.2166215032339096, 0.158675417304039, -0.06091339886188507, 0.33067095279693604, -0.11774368584156036, -0.1421194374561...	1	How did the Bill of Rights come to be included as the first amendments to the Constitution? The Bill of Rights came to be included in the Constitution as a way to make people who leaned toward the Antifederalists more likely to accept the new Constitution. These people were worried about the power of the new federal government. They were afraid it would infringe on their rights the way the British government (they felt) had. Therefore, they were inclined to reject the Constitution and go back to something more like the Articles of Confederation. In order to allay these worries, the Federalist promised that they would consider a list of amendments as soon as the Constitution was ratified. These amendments eventually became the Bill of Rights. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	150	ENGLISH	1
2006-04-05-Cats could fuel bird flu pandemicUnderstanding Avian Influenza 2006-04-05-Cats could fuel bird flu pandemic Cats are significantly more likely to catch and pass on bird flu than has generally been thought and could help the virus to mutate to cause a human pandemic, scientists said today. The pets' role in the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the potential risk they pose to their owners, have been underestimated by public and animal health bodies, according to a team of leading virologists from the Netherlands. Research at the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam has shown that the cats catch bird flu reasonably easily, either by close contact with infected birds or by eating them, and that they can transmit the virus to other cats. This could give the H5N1 virus new opportunities to adapt to mammals, including humans, making the emergence of a pandemic strain that spreads easily from person to person more likely, the scientists said in the journal Nature. Albert Osterhaus, who led the work, said that the findings make it important for cats to be confined indoors in areas where the disease is endemic, to limit their contact with infected wild birds or poultry. Affected regions of Germany and France have already ordered that cats be kept indoors, but the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has not yet said whether it would make similar provisions should bird flu reach Britain. Dr Osterhaus said that while none of the 191 human cases of bird flu has been contracted from a cat, it is impossible to rule out such transmission. Though infected cats shed much less of the virus than do birds, the very close contact that many owners have with their pets could potentially put them at risk. "The point we are trying to make is that as soon as the virus becomes endemic in wild birds or poultry, it would be wise to realise that cats are susceptible animals," he said. "As soon as you have birds that become sick cats are very effective a catching and eating them. Our advice is that in endemic areas you should keep cats indoors and dogs on the lead. "There is also a public health concern. Although the risk is not large because the level of virus excretion is lower than birds, there is a concern because people tend to take good care of sick pets. It is unlikely that people will get too close to a chicken, but many people do with cats. You would not want an infected cat in a household situation. There is still no need to panic, but if you're in an endemic area you should keep your cats indoors." The first cases of H5N1 among cats were reported in Thailand in 2004, when 14 out of 15 cats in a household near Bangkok became ill and died after eating an infected chicken carcass. Infections were then identified among leopards and tigers fed on poultry at Thai zoos. In Europe, cases have recently been confirmed among domestic cats in Germany and Austria. Dr Osterhaus said it was also clear that infection is prevalent among domestic cats in countries where bird flu is endemic such as in Thailand, Iraq and Indonesia. In the last of these, the feline version of the disease has its own name: "It is sufficiently well known to have been given an onomatopoeic name in the local Javanese dialect. Experiments in Rotterdam have shown that cats can be infected via the respiratory tract, by eating infected meat, or by contact with other infected cats. While the overall risk to humans is difficult to assess, it is impossible to rule out, Dr Osterhaus said. "Apart from the role that cats may play in H5N1 virus transmission to other species, they also may be involved in helping the virus to adapt to efficient human-to-human transmission," he said.	<urn:uuid:602ab957-45fa-442f-9901-b946dc8c4ac9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://birdflu.googida.com/news03/045.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00034.warc.gz	en	0.980265	799	3.328125	3	[ 0.11846134066581726, -0.3726060390472412, 0.32012873888015747, 0.3222660422325134, 0.3451644778251648, 0.23008713126182556, 0.614227294921875, 0.8791952729225159, -0.09703361988067627, 0.2100692093372345, -0.48888224363327026, -0.5074908137321472, 0.15928129851818085, 0.2321341633796692, ...	1	2006-04-05-Cats could fuel bird flu pandemicUnderstanding Avian Influenza 2006-04-05-Cats could fuel bird flu pandemic Cats are significantly more likely to catch and pass on bird flu than has generally been thought and could help the virus to mutate to cause a human pandemic, scientists said today. The pets' role in the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the potential risk they pose to their owners, have been underestimated by public and animal health bodies, according to a team of leading virologists from the Netherlands. Research at the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam has shown that the cats catch bird flu reasonably easily, either by close contact with infected birds or by eating them, and that they can transmit the virus to other cats. This could give the H5N1 virus new opportunities to adapt to mammals, including humans, making the emergence of a pandemic strain that spreads easily from person to person more likely, the scientists said in the journal Nature. Albert Osterhaus, who led the work, said that the findings make it important for cats to be confined indoors in areas where the disease is endemic, to limit their contact with infected wild birds or poultry. Affected regions of Germany and France have already ordered that cats be kept indoors, but the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has not yet said whether it would make similar provisions should bird flu reach Britain. Dr Osterhaus said that while none of the 191 human cases of bird flu has been contracted from a cat, it is impossible to rule out such transmission. Though infected cats shed much less of the virus than do birds, the very close contact that many owners have with their pets could potentially put them at risk. "The point we are trying to make is that as soon as the virus becomes endemic in wild birds or poultry, it would be wise to realise that cats are susceptible animals," he said. "As soon as you have birds that become sick cats are very effective a catching and eating them. Our advice is that in endemic areas you should keep cats indoors and dogs on the lead. "There is also a public health concern. Although the risk is not large because the level of virus excretion is lower than birds, there is a concern because people tend to take good care of sick pets. It is unlikely that people will get too close to a chicken, but many people do with cats. You would not want an infected cat in a household situation. There is still no need to panic, but if you're in an endemic area you should keep your cats indoors." The first cases of H5N1 among cats were reported in Thailand in 2004, when 14 out of 15 cats in a household near Bangkok became ill and died after eating an infected chicken carcass. Infections were then identified among leopards and tigers fed on poultry at Thai zoos. In Europe, cases have recently been confirmed among domestic cats in Germany and Austria. Dr Osterhaus said it was also clear that infection is prevalent among domestic cats in countries where bird flu is endemic such as in Thailand, Iraq and Indonesia. In the last of these, the feline version of the disease has its own name: "It is sufficiently well known to have been given an onomatopoeic name in the local Javanese dialect. Experiments in Rotterdam have shown that cats can be infected via the respiratory tract, by eating infected meat, or by contact with other infected cats. While the overall risk to humans is difficult to assess, it is impossible to rule out, Dr Osterhaus said. "Apart from the role that cats may play in H5N1 virus transmission to other species, they also may be involved in helping the virus to adapt to efficient human-to-human transmission," he said.	792	ENGLISH	1
Staying safe online Our themes of the week aim to raise awareness of important topics and issues, for this week it was Cyber Bullying. A topic such as this is of constant importance in world where children of all ages are online, therefore it is also important for children to be aware of the pitfalls of platforms which can sometimes be viewed as only positive. Assemblies and workshops for the boys in Years 3 and upwards were conducted with the aim of the boys always having a safe online experience. Internal workshops were held, as well as workshops conducted by Barefoot Computing, a national organisation who support teachers with their computing curriculum. The first internal workshop was held for Year 8 who were asked to consider what cyber bullying is and what the difference between bullying and cyber bullying is, this is conjured up some very good answers. The boys were reminded that your digital footprint, no matter how much you attempt to erase it, stays forever so be careful with everything you do online. The boys were shown real life footage of families personally affected by cyber bullying whose message to others was simply to Be Kind. Standing up to bullying and addressing it if you know this is happening to another is the right thing to do. A board was created with offerings of what being kind means to them, presenting some great examples. The workshops ended with offering practical advice on what to do if they did find themselves in the situation of being bullied or knew of it happening elsewhere.	<urn:uuid:ca1784dc-af91-4ddf-b72b-106a934d86fd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.davenies.co.uk/staying-safe-online/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00360.warc.gz	en	0.986911	293	3.28125	3	[ 0.1402684450149536, -0.0944787785410881, 0.2058068960905075, -0.44449228048324585, 0.26080581545829773, 0.19828298687934875, -0.09154123812913895, -0.09205488860607147, -0.2610883414745331, -0.3714826703071594, -0.07962195575237274, 0.12543287873268127, 0.5276437401771545, 0.29107272624969...	2	Staying safe online Our themes of the week aim to raise awareness of important topics and issues, for this week it was Cyber Bullying. A topic such as this is of constant importance in world where children of all ages are online, therefore it is also important for children to be aware of the pitfalls of platforms which can sometimes be viewed as only positive. Assemblies and workshops for the boys in Years 3 and upwards were conducted with the aim of the boys always having a safe online experience. Internal workshops were held, as well as workshops conducted by Barefoot Computing, a national organisation who support teachers with their computing curriculum. The first internal workshop was held for Year 8 who were asked to consider what cyber bullying is and what the difference between bullying and cyber bullying is, this is conjured up some very good answers. The boys were reminded that your digital footprint, no matter how much you attempt to erase it, stays forever so be careful with everything you do online. The boys were shown real life footage of families personally affected by cyber bullying whose message to others was simply to Be Kind. Standing up to bullying and addressing it if you know this is happening to another is the right thing to do. A board was created with offerings of what being kind means to them, presenting some great examples. The workshops ended with offering practical advice on what to do if they did find themselves in the situation of being bullied or knew of it happening elsewhere.	290	ENGLISH	1
In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers (known as hoplites) engaged in battle in the form of one mob for each army which on the command of their generals runs at each other and proceeds to hack blindly at the enemy with little to no direction other then to kill the enemy in front of them. This proved to be very messy and the tide of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of an army. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army. The smallest depth appears to have been that of one man deep. However this was a unique occurrence which is widely believed to be fictitious. The largest depth is that of 120 men deep which was fielded at one time by the Macedonians. On average, the depth of the phalanx appears to be about eight men deep. During the time of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight men deep, but some argue that it evolved into a sixteen man deep phalanx. The Spartans purposely varied the depth of their phalanx so to confuse the enemy about the number of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a very valuable weapon for the military at that time. Armies which did not adapt to the phalanx formation were quickly slaughtered. The use of the phalanx allowed the Greeks to win the Persian Wars. Many historians believe that the development of the phalanx led directly to social changes occurring throughout Greece during the time of the phalanx's implementation. The phalanx formation allowed men to participate in the military who otherwise could not have because a much smaller investment in weapons and armor was needed to participate in the phalanx. The combined increase in the number of those participating in the army and the increase in importance of the common foot soldier lead to the common man being increasingly treated better by the ruling classes. Eventually this may have led to the invention of democracy. The most noticeable difference between ancient Greek and modern warfare is the amount of "intelligence" information. Today our military maneuvers are almost exclusively reliant on information we get from satellites, scouts, or spies in the opposition. The ancient Greeks totally ignored this area of military strategy. Countless tales of armies meeting each other by chance or armies passing within miles of each other without knowledge of the other. Intelligence information seemed to have come by chance for the ancient Greeks rather then by conscious effort. Surprise is also an element of war which in modern times is taken very seriously and which was taken very lightly in ancient Greece. In fact there is evidence that ancient Greek soldiers raised their voices in the form of a marching song when they were told that an enemy was near and may be caught unprepared. This war song, called a paian, was also used to promote organization in the marching army so that all soldiers would march with an even step. In addition, the paian was used to promote courage and bravery. A paian was also used on ships to announce the nearness of the enemy. When the actual battle was joined the paian turned into a war cry. The Spartans often accompanied the paian with a flute or several flutes. The Spartan King would lead the paian as well. The use of the paian for attack appears to have Dorian roots. The Spartans are usually the ones associated with the use of a paian. Thucydides mentions that when the Dorians, from other city-states, started a paian when they were serving in an Athenian army, fear was struck into the hearts of the Athenians. Finally the sizes of the armies were very different from what we are accustomed to today. We are familiar with armies of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions. The entire Spartan army was estimated to be under five thousand men. In the beginning, Greek armies showed almost no pay structure. This was do to the fact that military participation was seen as a man's duty to his city-state or as a form of taxation. Each man was required to provide his own armor for battle. There for only those who could afford armor and weapons could be in the army. Since most men could not afford armor, most could not participate. Those who could afford to participate had other forms of income. However there was a pay system in place by 445 or 444 BC in Athens. The pay system was enacted during a time of peace for Greece, just after the signing of the thirty year peace between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League. The standard rate of pay seems to have been a drachma a day until it was cut in half in 413 BC. However the standard rate over time was between three obols (half a drachma) to a full drachma a day for a hoplite soldier. In Sparta, the military was a way of life. From an early age, children were trained to be strong and to have good fighting skills. With most of their population being helots, or serfs, it was necessary to have a well-organized and highly trained fighting force to put down any revolts. Therefore, even though the Spartan military was comparatively small, it was very strong. Athens derived her military strength from a strong navy. In 481 BC the city of Athens discovered a large silver mine on publicly owned land. Athens used this silver to build a fleet of 200 ships of a type called triremes. This naval force not only gave Athens an advantage against the Persians in the Persian wars, it also gave Athens the power to force the membership of almost all the Aegean islands and many other city-states into the Delian League. The Greek hoplite wore a helmet, breastplate and greaves of bronze. The hoplite is typically armed with a wooden lance for the phalanx formation and a short sword for in close fighting. The round shield was strapped to the left forearm and gripped by a leather strap with the left hand at the opposite end. In the third century B.C. (the 200's) the round shield evolved into a more door-like shield. The shields were easily carried on the back when travelling and were commonly used as a stretcher for carrying the dead off the field of battle. The soldiers were traditionally required to provide for their own weapons and armor, but eventually the responsibility fell to the government and the costs were deducted from the soldiers' pay. There were a variety of reasons for this transfer of responsibility including the state's ability to buy quality armor for all and the benefits of soldiers fighting in armor to which they are accustomed. There is also an aesthetic benefit to having all soldiers, weapons, and banners of the same appearance, not to mention the economic benefit for the city-state when all weapons and armor for the army must be bought within the city-state.	<urn:uuid:8fe5eedb-b783-42ec-9f9b-b5c84608c996>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://ww.novelguide.com/reportessay/history/european-history/spartan-warfare	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00147.warc.gz	en	0.983401	1,440	3.96875	4	[ -0.6632847785949707, 0.45261430740356445, 0.4510037302970886, 0.053945571184158325, -0.3305373191833496, 0.07176331430673599, -0.06446120142936707, 0.4964606761932373, -0.22968214750289917, -0.246457040309906, 0.1289980709552765, -0.3366761803627014, 0.2850869297981262, 0.15280967950820923...	1	In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers (known as hoplites) engaged in battle in the form of one mob for each army which on the command of their generals runs at each other and proceeds to hack blindly at the enemy with little to no direction other then to kill the enemy in front of them. This proved to be very messy and the tide of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of an army. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army. The smallest depth appears to have been that of one man deep. However this was a unique occurrence which is widely believed to be fictitious. The largest depth is that of 120 men deep which was fielded at one time by the Macedonians. On average, the depth of the phalanx appears to be about eight men deep. During the time of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight men deep, but some argue that it evolved into a sixteen man deep phalanx. The Spartans purposely varied the depth of their phalanx so to confuse the enemy about the number of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a very valuable weapon for the military at that time. Armies which did not adapt to the phalanx formation were quickly slaughtered. The use of the phalanx allowed the Greeks to win the Persian Wars. Many historians believe that the development of the phalanx led directly to social changes occurring throughout Greece during the time of the phalanx's implementation. The phalanx formation allowed men to participate in the military who otherwise could not have because a much smaller investment in weapons and armor was needed to participate in the phalanx. The combined increase in the number of those participating in the army and the increase in importance of the common foot soldier lead to the common man being increasingly treated better by the ruling classes. Eventually this may have led to the invention of democracy. The most noticeable difference between ancient Greek and modern warfare is the amount of "intelligence" information. Today our military maneuvers are almost exclusively reliant on information we get from satellites, scouts, or spies in the opposition. The ancient Greeks totally ignored this area of military strategy. Countless tales of armies meeting each other by chance or armies passing within miles of each other without knowledge of the other. Intelligence information seemed to have come by chance for the ancient Greeks rather then by conscious effort. Surprise is also an element of war which in modern times is taken very seriously and which was taken very lightly in ancient Greece. In fact there is evidence that ancient Greek soldiers raised their voices in the form of a marching song when they were told that an enemy was near and may be caught unprepared. This war song, called a paian, was also used to promote organization in the marching army so that all soldiers would march with an even step. In addition, the paian was used to promote courage and bravery. A paian was also used on ships to announce the nearness of the enemy. When the actual battle was joined the paian turned into a war cry. The Spartans often accompanied the paian with a flute or several flutes. The Spartan King would lead the paian as well. The use of the paian for attack appears to have Dorian roots. The Spartans are usually the ones associated with the use of a paian. Thucydides mentions that when the Dorians, from other city-states, started a paian when they were serving in an Athenian army, fear was struck into the hearts of the Athenians. Finally the sizes of the armies were very different from what we are accustomed to today. We are familiar with armies of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions. The entire Spartan army was estimated to be under five thousand men. In the beginning, Greek armies showed almost no pay structure. This was do to the fact that military participation was seen as a man's duty to his city-state or as a form of taxation. Each man was required to provide his own armor for battle. There for only those who could afford armor and weapons could be in the army. Since most men could not afford armor, most could not participate. Those who could afford to participate had other forms of income. However there was a pay system in place by 445 or 444 BC in Athens. The pay system was enacted during a time of peace for Greece, just after the signing of the thirty year peace between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League. The standard rate of pay seems to have been a drachma a day until it was cut in half in 413 BC. However the standard rate over time was between three obols (half a drachma) to a full drachma a day for a hoplite soldier. In Sparta, the military was a way of life. From an early age, children were trained to be strong and to have good fighting skills. With most of their population being helots, or serfs, it was necessary to have a well-organized and highly trained fighting force to put down any revolts. Therefore, even though the Spartan military was comparatively small, it was very strong. Athens derived her military strength from a strong navy. In 481 BC the city of Athens discovered a large silver mine on publicly owned land. Athens used this silver to build a fleet of 200 ships of a type called triremes. This naval force not only gave Athens an advantage against the Persians in the Persian wars, it also gave Athens the power to force the membership of almost all the Aegean islands and many other city-states into the Delian League. The Greek hoplite wore a helmet, breastplate and greaves of bronze. The hoplite is typically armed with a wooden lance for the phalanx formation and a short sword for in close fighting. The round shield was strapped to the left forearm and gripped by a leather strap with the left hand at the opposite end. In the third century B.C. (the 200's) the round shield evolved into a more door-like shield. The shields were easily carried on the back when travelling and were commonly used as a stretcher for carrying the dead off the field of battle. The soldiers were traditionally required to provide for their own weapons and armor, but eventually the responsibility fell to the government and the costs were deducted from the soldiers' pay. There were a variety of reasons for this transfer of responsibility including the state's ability to buy quality armor for all and the benefits of soldiers fighting in armor to which they are accustomed. There is also an aesthetic benefit to having all soldiers, weapons, and banners of the same appearance, not to mention the economic benefit for the city-state when all weapons and armor for the army must be bought within the city-state.	1,457	ENGLISH	1
Patrick Pearse was a central figure in recent Irish History. Patrick Pearse was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse was born in 1879; his father, James, was a stone worker who worked on church buildings in Dublin and his mother, Margaret, came from a family that had endured the Great Famine in 1846 and had left County Meath for Dublin. Here she brought up four children – Patrick was the second. Patrick Pearse had a comfortable childhood as his father was in constant work. It was at school that Patrick Pearse first developed a love of Irish history. He was also taught the Irish language for the first time and while still a teenager, Patrick joined the Gaelic League which was an organisation that wanted to promote the Irish language and Irish literature. Patrick Pearse graduated with a law degree from the King’s Inns and in 1901, he started a BA course in modern languages – at the same time as he was called to the Bar in Dublin. Regardless of his law training, Patrick Pearse was more interested in what he was learning about Ireland as a nation. All his knowledge about law had been based around the English language and Patrick Pearse wanted to know more about what he considered to be the rightful language of Ireland. This was not the Gaelic used in Dublin. Pearse had convinced himself that the real Irish language was based in Connaught and he taught himself the dialect of the area. Connaught was also a region that had been severely affected by the Great Famine. Therefore, the number of people who spoke what Patrick Pearse considered to be proper Gaelic had been greatly reduced. From 1903 to 1909, Pearse developed his involvement in the Gaelic League’s ‘An Claidheamh Soluis’ (The Sword of Light) which sort to expand the use of Gaelic in Irish life, and, inn particular, literature. By 1909, Patrick Pearse had developed some political leanings. He could not accept the impact England and all things English had on Ireland and the Irish people, but his concern was more for Irish culture rather than Irish politics. Patrick Pearse wanted Irish history and culture taught as compulsory subjects in both Irish schools and colleges. He ‘broke’ with the Roman Catholic Church when its national college, Maynooth, demoted courses in Irish history/culture to topics a trainee priest could do rather than had to do. Patrick Pearse was keen for Maynooth to have compulsory Irish courses simply because priests then had a major influence in the areas where they worked – and what use would priests be to developing Irish culture if they knew little or nothing about it? However, all Patrick Pearse’s protests fell on deaf ears. As a result, Pearse founded his own school in Dublin – an “Irish-Ireland” school called St Enda’s. In the school’s prospectus, Pearse wrote that the school would try to: Instruct pupils in a love of the Irish language Educate pupils in a love of chivalry and self-sacrifice Teach pupils to have “charity towards all”; a “sense of civic social duty” However, in the Irish language version of the prospectus, Patrick Pearse wrote that youths: \|“should spend their lives working hard and zealously for their fatherland and, if it should ever be necessary, to die for it.”\| Between 1909 and 1912, Patrick Pearse became more and more interested and involved in politics. Despite a limited income and the problems of keeping St Edna’s on an even financial keel, Pearse launched his own newspaper called “An Barr Buadh” (The Trumpet of Victory). At this time the Home Rule issue had reared its head again. Sinn Fein and other republican movements had far more impact than Patrick Pearse who seemed to many to be no more than a political maverick – a man with a keen sense of romanticism and literature. Many felt that Pearse was out of his depths in politics. There were those who felt that Patrick Pearse‘s input into Irish politics was no more than romanticism with an Irish slant. It may have been at this time that Patrick Pearse developed a belief in martyrdom. By 1913, Patrick Pearse had become more depressed about the way Ireland was going under the rule of London. Those who knew him, described him as becoming more and more melancholy as the year progressed. Others believed that he was becoming more and more fanatical. He helped to organise the Irish Volunteers before the outbreak of World War One. The Irish Volunteers were the public face of the outlawed Irish Republican Brotherhood. In 1914, he was sent on a fund-raising tour of America by Clan-na-Gael, an organisation that aided the Irish Republican Brotherhood. While the tour was a reasonable success financially, not that many Americans were swayed by Pearse’s speeches. By the time World War One had started, Patrick Pearse had taken an extreme political stance. He wanted full Irish independence – not what the suspended Home Rule Bill of 1912 offered. He did not support the part Ireland played in the war effort – he saw the 250,000 volunteers to the British war effort as men who had been taken in by British propaganda. He also split the Irish Volunteers. He took a small number of these men with him when John Redmond gave his agreement to suspend the Home Rule Bill until the war was over. By now, Patrick Pearse had become extreme. He published a pamphlet called “The Murder Machine” which was a severe condemnation of the Irish educational system. He also realised that with London totally focused on the war in Europe, the time was ripe to overthrow British rule in Ireland. However, in this respect, Patrick Pearse was totally wrong. The young men who had volunteered to fight in the war had done so because they wanted to. Patrick Pearse had no mass support in Ireland whereas John Redmond had far more public support in the south. Patrick Pearse also assumed that all those in southern Ireland were completely against British rule – this was not so either. What Patrick Pearse failed to recognise, was that many people in Dublin itself relied on the British for work. They may not have liked this, but work brought in money regardless of where or who it came from. Those who participated in the Easter Uprising of 1916 were in the minority. Patrick Pearse decided to take command of the rebellion and he read out the declaration of independence at the General Post Office. Pearse also was one of the signatories of “Poblacht na h-Eireann” (To the People Of Ireland). If Pearse expected the actions of the rebels in Dublin to spark off other uprisings in other Irish cities and towns, he was mistaken. In Dublin, the people of the city failed to offer the rebels any support. In fact, some Dubliners took the opportunity of the rebellion to loot the shops in Sackville Street. The Uprising was doomed from the start. Patrick Pearse had said: \|“The day is coming when I shall be shot, swept away, and my colleagues like me………Willie (Pearse)? Shot like the others. We’ll all be shot.”\| During the rebellion, Pearse said: \|“When we are all wiped out, people will blame us for everything, condemn us…..(but) in a few years they will see the meaning of what we tried to do.”\| Ironically, he was probably correct in this assessment. Patrick Pearse surrendered to the British army on Friday 28th April. By Saturday 29th April, all the rebels had surrendered. As they were paraded through the streets of Dublin before going to Kilmainham Prison, they were jeered and verbally abused by Dubliners who had seen parts of their city destroyed – and they blamed not the British but Patrick Pearse and his followers. At Kilmainham Prison, Pearse was charged with treason by a military court and sentenced to death. On May 16th, Pearse was shot by firing squad. Eventually fourteen other rebel leaders would also be shot – though, whether Willie Pearse was a ‘leader’ is open to dispute. It would seem that Willie Pearse’s crime was to have been Patrick Pearse’s brother. Patrick Pearse’s body, and those of the other leaders, was thrown into a pit without a coffin or a burial service. Ironically, it was in death that Patrick Pearse found real fame. No-one knew the fate of the rebel leaders until after the executions. Many in Ireland were horrified at the way they had been treated. If Pearse had not got national support in his life, his movement certainly got it after his death. When the news of James Connolly’s execution got out, there was barely concealed outrage in southern Ireland. Pearse had written that he wanted his fame and deeds to “live after me”. This he got. In death, Patrick Pearse was known as the “First President of Ireland” and Irish history and culture became part of the educational system after 1922.	<urn:uuid:93978978-3989-4179-b65c-bb6a583893c0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ireland-1845-to-1922/patrick-pearse/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00331.warc.gz	en	0.988469	1,913	3.703125	4	[ -0.08061768114566803, 0.28502213954925537, -0.07648103684186935, -0.3513243496417999, 0.13983054459095, -0.0059366850182414055, 0.2629898488521576, -0.024184532463550568, 0.3088047504425049, -0.7153815031051636, -0.161529541015625, -0.5499804019927979, -0.30375951528549194, 0.4428544640541...	9	Patrick Pearse was a central figure in recent Irish History. Patrick Pearse was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse was born in 1879; his father, James, was a stone worker who worked on church buildings in Dublin and his mother, Margaret, came from a family that had endured the Great Famine in 1846 and had left County Meath for Dublin. Here she brought up four children – Patrick was the second. Patrick Pearse had a comfortable childhood as his father was in constant work. It was at school that Patrick Pearse first developed a love of Irish history. He was also taught the Irish language for the first time and while still a teenager, Patrick joined the Gaelic League which was an organisation that wanted to promote the Irish language and Irish literature. Patrick Pearse graduated with a law degree from the King’s Inns and in 1901, he started a BA course in modern languages – at the same time as he was called to the Bar in Dublin. Regardless of his law training, Patrick Pearse was more interested in what he was learning about Ireland as a nation. All his knowledge about law had been based around the English language and Patrick Pearse wanted to know more about what he considered to be the rightful language of Ireland. This was not the Gaelic used in Dublin. Pearse had convinced himself that the real Irish language was based in Connaught and he taught himself the dialect of the area. Connaught was also a region that had been severely affected by the Great Famine. Therefore, the number of people who spoke what Patrick Pearse considered to be proper Gaelic had been greatly reduced. From 1903 to 1909, Pearse developed his involvement in the Gaelic League’s ‘An Claidheamh Soluis’ (The Sword of Light) which sort to expand the use of Gaelic in Irish life, and, inn particular, literature. By 1909, Patrick Pearse had developed some political leanings. He could not accept the impact England and all things English had on Ireland and the Irish people, but his concern was more for Irish culture rather than Irish politics. Patrick Pearse wanted Irish history and culture taught as compulsory subjects in both Irish schools and colleges. He ‘broke’ with the Roman Catholic Church when its national college, Maynooth, demoted courses in Irish history/culture to topics a trainee priest could do rather than had to do. Patrick Pearse was keen for Maynooth to have compulsory Irish courses simply because priests then had a major influence in the areas where they worked – and what use would priests be to developing Irish culture if they knew little or nothing about it? However, all Patrick Pearse’s protests fell on deaf ears. As a result, Pearse founded his own school in Dublin – an “Irish-Ireland” school called St Enda’s. In the school’s prospectus, Pearse wrote that the school would try to: Instruct pupils in a love of the Irish language Educate pupils in a love of chivalry and self-sacrifice Teach pupils to have “charity towards all”; a “sense of civic social duty” However, in the Irish language version of the prospectus, Patrick Pearse wrote that youths: \|“should spend their lives working hard and zealously for their fatherland and, if it should ever be necessary, to die for it.”\| Between 1909 and 1912, Patrick Pearse became more and more interested and involved in politics. Despite a limited income and the problems of keeping St Edna’s on an even financial keel, Pearse launched his own newspaper called “An Barr Buadh” (The Trumpet of Victory). At this time the Home Rule issue had reared its head again. Sinn Fein and other republican movements had far more impact than Patrick Pearse who seemed to many to be no more than a political maverick – a man with a keen sense of romanticism and literature. Many felt that Pearse was out of his depths in politics. There were those who felt that Patrick Pearse‘s input into Irish politics was no more than romanticism with an Irish slant. It may have been at this time that Patrick Pearse developed a belief in martyrdom. By 1913, Patrick Pearse had become more depressed about the way Ireland was going under the rule of London. Those who knew him, described him as becoming more and more melancholy as the year progressed. Others believed that he was becoming more and more fanatical. He helped to organise the Irish Volunteers before the outbreak of World War One. The Irish Volunteers were the public face of the outlawed Irish Republican Brotherhood. In 1914, he was sent on a fund-raising tour of America by Clan-na-Gael, an organisation that aided the Irish Republican Brotherhood. While the tour was a reasonable success financially, not that many Americans were swayed by Pearse’s speeches. By the time World War One had started, Patrick Pearse had taken an extreme political stance. He wanted full Irish independence – not what the suspended Home Rule Bill of 1912 offered. He did not support the part Ireland played in the war effort – he saw the 250,000 volunteers to the British war effort as men who had been taken in by British propaganda. He also split the Irish Volunteers. He took a small number of these men with him when John Redmond gave his agreement to suspend the Home Rule Bill until the war was over. By now, Patrick Pearse had become extreme. He published a pamphlet called “The Murder Machine” which was a severe condemnation of the Irish educational system. He also realised that with London totally focused on the war in Europe, the time was ripe to overthrow British rule in Ireland. However, in this respect, Patrick Pearse was totally wrong. The young men who had volunteered to fight in the war had done so because they wanted to. Patrick Pearse had no mass support in Ireland whereas John Redmond had far more public support in the south. Patrick Pearse also assumed that all those in southern Ireland were completely against British rule – this was not so either. What Patrick Pearse failed to recognise, was that many people in Dublin itself relied on the British for work. They may not have liked this, but work brought in money regardless of where or who it came from. Those who participated in the Easter Uprising of 1916 were in the minority. Patrick Pearse decided to take command of the rebellion and he read out the declaration of independence at the General Post Office. Pearse also was one of the signatories of “Poblacht na h-Eireann” (To the People Of Ireland). If Pearse expected the actions of the rebels in Dublin to spark off other uprisings in other Irish cities and towns, he was mistaken. In Dublin, the people of the city failed to offer the rebels any support. In fact, some Dubliners took the opportunity of the rebellion to loot the shops in Sackville Street. The Uprising was doomed from the start. Patrick Pearse had said: \|“The day is coming when I shall be shot, swept away, and my colleagues like me………Willie (Pearse)? Shot like the others. We’ll all be shot.”\| During the rebellion, Pearse said: \|“When we are all wiped out, people will blame us for everything, condemn us…..(but) in a few years they will see the meaning of what we tried to do.”\| Ironically, he was probably correct in this assessment. Patrick Pearse surrendered to the British army on Friday 28th April. By Saturday 29th April, all the rebels had surrendered. As they were paraded through the streets of Dublin before going to Kilmainham Prison, they were jeered and verbally abused by Dubliners who had seen parts of their city destroyed – and they blamed not the British but Patrick Pearse and his followers. At Kilmainham Prison, Pearse was charged with treason by a military court and sentenced to death. On May 16th, Pearse was shot by firing squad. Eventually fourteen other rebel leaders would also be shot – though, whether Willie Pearse was a ‘leader’ is open to dispute. It would seem that Willie Pearse’s crime was to have been Patrick Pearse’s brother. Patrick Pearse’s body, and those of the other leaders, was thrown into a pit without a coffin or a burial service. Ironically, it was in death that Patrick Pearse found real fame. No-one knew the fate of the rebel leaders until after the executions. Many in Ireland were horrified at the way they had been treated. If Pearse had not got national support in his life, his movement certainly got it after his death. When the news of James Connolly’s execution got out, there was barely concealed outrage in southern Ireland. Pearse had written that he wanted his fame and deeds to “live after me”. This he got. In death, Patrick Pearse was known as the “First President of Ireland” and Irish history and culture became part of the educational system after 1922.	1,908	ENGLISH	1
The Confederate battery again abandoned the island in mid-September. The Union occupied the island and used it as a staging area for the campaign against New Orleans in the spring of 1862. During the campaign, as many as 18,000 U.S. troops were stationed on the island. Through the remainder of the war Union ships stopped at the island for repairs and to pick up supplies. The 1st Louisiana Native Guard, one of the first black regiments in the United States Army, were recruited in Louisiana and stationed there for almost three years. The island's harsh environment took its toll on many of the men. More than 230 Union soldiers eventually died and were buried on Ship Island during the Civil War. The remains of many of the casualties were later reburied at Chalmette National Cemetery, near New Orleans. The Corps of Engineers finished the fort shortly after the war. The fort was a lonely outpost, manned by a an ordnance-sergeant until 1903. After 1903, the lighthouse keeper was responsible for maintaining the fort in a state of readiness should it ever be needed for coastal defense.	<urn:uuid:06224afb-cdee-482d-b163-55a822fc37bc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/9791	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00422.warc.gz	en	0.987508	222	3.703125	4	[ -0.3862343430519104, 0.3117600977420807, 0.3635652959346771, -0.1982397586107254, 0.16100938618183136, 0.05684908851981163, -0.10001303255558014, -0.0014038855442777276, -0.14737288653850555, -0.08840411901473999, 0.42741796374320984, 0.00481677008792758, 0.18718425929546356, 0.70464700460...	1	The Confederate battery again abandoned the island in mid-September. The Union occupied the island and used it as a staging area for the campaign against New Orleans in the spring of 1862. During the campaign, as many as 18,000 U.S. troops were stationed on the island. Through the remainder of the war Union ships stopped at the island for repairs and to pick up supplies. The 1st Louisiana Native Guard, one of the first black regiments in the United States Army, were recruited in Louisiana and stationed there for almost three years. The island's harsh environment took its toll on many of the men. More than 230 Union soldiers eventually died and were buried on Ship Island during the Civil War. The remains of many of the casualties were later reburied at Chalmette National Cemetery, near New Orleans. The Corps of Engineers finished the fort shortly after the war. The fort was a lonely outpost, manned by a an ordnance-sergeant until 1903. After 1903, the lighthouse keeper was responsible for maintaining the fort in a state of readiness should it ever be needed for coastal defense.	243	ENGLISH	1
Indian culture is among the oldest in the world, dating back thousands of years. The Indians, and their many belief systems, have always strived to capture the details of their deities, mythologies, and incredible stories that shaped and moulded the cultures within the country. Many of these art styles were developed over hundreds of years in some cases, and showcase how the many different cultures within the subcontinent created their own sense of style and folk art, much of which is still practised to this day. First originating in Rajasthan, Phad art is a form of religious art that is mainly done on scrolls, and depicts the popular folk gods of Pajubi and Debnarayan. The art is set across long pieces of canvas or cloth, which is called phad. The artist will add vegetable colours to add to the narration of the heroic deeds of the deities that form this art. First founded in the Mughal era in the 16th century, this type of art revolves around creating miniature but detailed pieces of expression, often extremely vivid and colourful. Miniature paintings were influenced by Persian styles, and were later adopted by the Rajputs, and this technique is practised today in the Rajasthan. Most of the paintings related to deities and epics, and will often display humans with large eyes, a slimmer waist, and a pointed nose. Also commonly known as Mithila art, Madhubani can be traced back to the kingdom of Janak in Nepal and present day Bihar. It’s among the most popular folk arts, and is practised almost exclusively by women in an attempt to be at one with their gods. This art wasn’t discovered by other cultures until the British found examples following an earthquake during the 1930s that revealed some destroyed houses with Madhubani art inside. Some critics have described the work as mirroring that of Miro or Picasso. Gond is a style of art that is characterised by a belonging in nature. The artwork was first created by the Gondi tribe in Madhya Predesh, whose work mainly depicted fauna and flora. Much of the colour comes from charcoal, leaves, soil, and cow dung. The observing eye will see that the art is made up of many small dots and lines woven together to create a complete image. Much of this style is still emulated to this day, but usually with acrylic paint, and makes for a popular pastime between sessions of the top 5 casino games for Singaporeans. Tanjoro art comes from Southern India, and originates as far back as 1600 AD, which was encouraged by the Nayakas of Thanjavur. It’s possible to recognise one of these paintings by the gold foil that was used, which tends to give the art a surreal look. The panel paintings were done on wooden planks, and most often depicted gods and saints, and borrows much of its styling from art done by the Maratha and Deccani, along with European influences.	<urn:uuid:5a2337da-509a-4797-8244-fd16fc46d3ad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://virtu-art.com/ancient-art/indian-art-styles-still-popular-today/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00041.warc.gz	en	0.980197	617	3.359375	3	[ 0.7294281721115112, 0.5262370705604553, 0.28942447900772095, -0.22192968428134918, -0.2057904452085495, 0.26758331060409546, 0.2866218090057373, -0.2655685245990753, 0.02761710062623024, -0.11817838996648788, -0.013190261088311672, -0.20532351732254028, 0.2493664175271988, 0.57353019714355...	16	Indian culture is among the oldest in the world, dating back thousands of years. The Indians, and their many belief systems, have always strived to capture the details of their deities, mythologies, and incredible stories that shaped and moulded the cultures within the country. Many of these art styles were developed over hundreds of years in some cases, and showcase how the many different cultures within the subcontinent created their own sense of style and folk art, much of which is still practised to this day. First originating in Rajasthan, Phad art is a form of religious art that is mainly done on scrolls, and depicts the popular folk gods of Pajubi and Debnarayan. The art is set across long pieces of canvas or cloth, which is called phad. The artist will add vegetable colours to add to the narration of the heroic deeds of the deities that form this art. First founded in the Mughal era in the 16th century, this type of art revolves around creating miniature but detailed pieces of expression, often extremely vivid and colourful. Miniature paintings were influenced by Persian styles, and were later adopted by the Rajputs, and this technique is practised today in the Rajasthan. Most of the paintings related to deities and epics, and will often display humans with large eyes, a slimmer waist, and a pointed nose. Also commonly known as Mithila art, Madhubani can be traced back to the kingdom of Janak in Nepal and present day Bihar. It’s among the most popular folk arts, and is practised almost exclusively by women in an attempt to be at one with their gods. This art wasn’t discovered by other cultures until the British found examples following an earthquake during the 1930s that revealed some destroyed houses with Madhubani art inside. Some critics have described the work as mirroring that of Miro or Picasso. Gond is a style of art that is characterised by a belonging in nature. The artwork was first created by the Gondi tribe in Madhya Predesh, whose work mainly depicted fauna and flora. Much of the colour comes from charcoal, leaves, soil, and cow dung. The observing eye will see that the art is made up of many small dots and lines woven together to create a complete image. Much of this style is still emulated to this day, but usually with acrylic paint, and makes for a popular pastime between sessions of the top 5 casino games for Singaporeans. Tanjoro art comes from Southern India, and originates as far back as 1600 AD, which was encouraged by the Nayakas of Thanjavur. It’s possible to recognise one of these paintings by the gold foil that was used, which tends to give the art a surreal look. The panel paintings were done on wooden planks, and most often depicted gods and saints, and borrows much of its styling from art done by the Maratha and Deccani, along with European influences.	611	ENGLISH	1
DISCUSSION: Lines 13-16 say that women’s culture disappeared as women went to university, work and politics. Before that, women were in the home. Lines 22-28 describe this more explicitly: the garden, the house, the artifacts of domesticity. This was the world of women. It’s hard to conceive of the extent women were in the home, pre-1865. My grandmothers were both homemakers….after they married. Before marrying, one grandmother left home to work in the city, and the other got a university degree and worked as a schoolteacher. Pre-1865, this was not possible. Women….stayed….at….home. They read, they knitted, they played piano, they walked in the garden. If they left the house, they did so in the company of a male relative. They went to balls, and received suitors at home. If there was a match, they went to their new husband’s house, and the cycle began again. That was their life. - CORRECT. “Domestic” experiences means experiences in the home. Which is where women were before 1865. See lines 13-16 and 22-28. - Regional life was what the local colorists explored, after women escaped from the home. See lines 16-20. - The local colorists were the only artists mentioned (line 20), and their movement arose after women’s culture ended. I’m not sure what else this answer could refer to, but it certainly doesn’t refer to the world of women’s culture. - Women did not go to university until women’s culture dissolved. See lines 13-16. - Same as D. Politics was off limits to women until women’s culture started dissolving. See lines 13-16. Want a free Reading Comp lesson? Get a free sample of the Reading Comprehension Mastery Seminar. Learn tips for solving RC questions	<urn:uuid:540c198a-d646-4934-af0f-17ccbb5bb58a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lsathacks.com/explanations/lsat-preptest-63/reading-comprehension/q-11/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00353.warc.gz	en	0.984354	422	3.28125	3	[ 0.22194364666938782, 0.11829806864261627, 0.39236393570899963, -0.0080857053399086, -0.09716365486383438, -0.05603621527552605, 0.07098384201526642, 0.4180244505405426, 0.1430560201406479, 0.015539847314357758, 0.12416759133338928, 0.2217082530260086, 0.017373519018292427, -0.0552564114332...	2	DISCUSSION: Lines 13-16 say that women’s culture disappeared as women went to university, work and politics. Before that, women were in the home. Lines 22-28 describe this more explicitly: the garden, the house, the artifacts of domesticity. This was the world of women. It’s hard to conceive of the extent women were in the home, pre-1865. My grandmothers were both homemakers….after they married. Before marrying, one grandmother left home to work in the city, and the other got a university degree and worked as a schoolteacher. Pre-1865, this was not possible. Women….stayed….at….home. They read, they knitted, they played piano, they walked in the garden. If they left the house, they did so in the company of a male relative. They went to balls, and received suitors at home. If there was a match, they went to their new husband’s house, and the cycle began again. That was their life. - CORRECT. “Domestic” experiences means experiences in the home. Which is where women were before 1865. See lines 13-16 and 22-28. - Regional life was what the local colorists explored, after women escaped from the home. See lines 16-20. - The local colorists were the only artists mentioned (line 20), and their movement arose after women’s culture ended. I’m not sure what else this answer could refer to, but it certainly doesn’t refer to the world of women’s culture. - Women did not go to university until women’s culture dissolved. See lines 13-16. - Same as D. Politics was off limits to women until women’s culture started dissolving. See lines 13-16. Want a free Reading Comp lesson? Get a free sample of the Reading Comprehension Mastery Seminar. Learn tips for solving RC questions	419	ENGLISH	1
2 Money is anything people accept to pay for goods and services Money can be many different things. For most people today, it’s:CoinsBank notes (bills)Plastic cardsMoney in the bankWhy do you think the US no longer uses $10,000 bills? 3 Money solves many of the drawbacks of the barter system Barter: The exchange of goods and services without the use of money.Bartering was inconvenient and inefficient.Bartering required a “double coincidence of wants.”What are some of the ways that bartering might be inconvenient? 4 Commodity money has inherent worth to most people Some items became very popular to barter with and became recognized as having an inherent worth.Seashells, iron nails, and livestock have all been used as commodity money.Often people would trade for a certain item even if they didn’t need it, because they were confident that they could trade it at a later date.Precious metals became a popular form of commodity money. 5 Representative money represents a commodity in holding Money that represents a commodity being held elsewhere.Representative money can be exchanged for a specific commodity, such as gold or silver.This type of money was easier to make large payments and carry than coin, livestock, tobacco leaves, or other types of commodity money.The US has a representative money system. What does a dollar represent? 6 Money has been around for over 3,000 years In around 1200 BCE, cowrie shells became the first standardized medium of exchangein other words, the first money.Cowrie shells were the most popular currency within Africa. 7 The use of coins was developed as a way to organize money The first use of coins dates back to 700 BCE by the Lydians, a group of people that lived in what is now Turkey.The Lydians used lumps of gold and silver as money. The coins were stamped with pictures to represent their weight and, hence, their value.This method of organizing money eventually spread to different countries.Why do you think gold and silver coins quickly became most popular? 8 Paper money was developed about 900 years ago Paper currency was first used in China in the 13th century.Each paper note was guaranteed by the government to have a certain value.It took 400 years before Europeans caught on and started making paper money. 9 North Americans developed their own form of currency European settlers traded with Native Americans using wampum.Wampum are tiny shells that were strung together and used as money by the Native Americans.By 1637, the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared wampum legal tender.Why would the Europeans have adopted the currency of the Native Americans? 10 The first American paper money was the Continental American paper money first appeared in 1775, when colonists issued their own money called “Continentals.”The new money had no financial backing of gold or silver and quickly became devalued and worthless.“Not worth a Continental” became a common phrase. 11 Banks have existed in the US for only a little over 200 years The first bank in the US was the Pennsylvania Bank, which was founded in 1780.In 1781 Congress chartered the Bank of North America in Philadelphia and it quickly became known as the nation’s first “real” bank.The Bank of North America supported the Revolutionary War. 12 In 1792, Congress passed the Coinage Act The dollar was adopted as the standard monetary unit.The first American coins were half dimes, and were issued in 1793.Silver coins were issued in 1794 and gold coins were issued in 1795.Why do you think the name of the new monetary unit was changed from the Continental to the dollar? 13 The US began issuing paper money in 1861 The first issue of paper money by the US government since the Continentals were “greenbacks.”Greenbacks were printed in $5, $10, and $20 denominations, and were green in color.A total of about $10 million worth were issued.These notes, and all paper money issued since 1861, are still valid and redeemable in current cash at face value. 14 Today we use fiat moneyFiat money is not backed by reserves of another commodity, such as grain or gold.Many modern governments create fiat money by printing more money than they can back.Too much fiat money in circulation can create inflation.The money that we use today is an example of fiat money.Why would a government risk printing more money than it has reserves with which to back it? 15 Today, Federal Reserve notes are the only currency produced Federal Reserve notes represent 99% of all currency in circulation.Over the years, these notes have changed very little.The notes were reduced in size in 1929 and the words "In God We Trust" were added in 1955.What denominations of bills are currently produced? 16 There have been some recent changes to US money Addition of a security threadIssuance of quarters honoring the 50 statesBill redesign to make forging more difficultWhat does the future have in store for money? 17 The world’s currencies are no longer “backed” by governments The value of today’s currency is based on the fact that we all believe that others will take them in exchange for goods and services.Today’s dollars are backed only by our confidence that we can use them to buy products! Think about that for a moment…	<urn:uuid:bcfab649-898c-4dd4-8808-362807ccfbf5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://slideplayer.com/slide/6828639/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00132.warc.gz	en	0.980084	1,119	3.28125	3	[ -0.28008556365966797, -0.3336675465106964, -0.12839412689208984, -0.11657927930355072, 0.055565718561410904, -0.38931649923324585, 0.10353449732065201, -0.1489342898130417, -0.05650494620203972, 0.11914065480232239, 0.39115095138549805, -0.06035526096820831, 0.029139678925275803, 0.1097837...	1	2 Money is anything people accept to pay for goods and services Money can be many different things. For most people today, it’s:CoinsBank notes (bills)Plastic cardsMoney in the bankWhy do you think the US no longer uses $10,000 bills? 3 Money solves many of the drawbacks of the barter system Barter: The exchange of goods and services without the use of money.Bartering was inconvenient and inefficient.Bartering required a “double coincidence of wants.”What are some of the ways that bartering might be inconvenient? 4 Commodity money has inherent worth to most people Some items became very popular to barter with and became recognized as having an inherent worth.Seashells, iron nails, and livestock have all been used as commodity money.Often people would trade for a certain item even if they didn’t need it, because they were confident that they could trade it at a later date.Precious metals became a popular form of commodity money. 5 Representative money represents a commodity in holding Money that represents a commodity being held elsewhere.Representative money can be exchanged for a specific commodity, such as gold or silver.This type of money was easier to make large payments and carry than coin, livestock, tobacco leaves, or other types of commodity money.The US has a representative money system. What does a dollar represent? 6 Money has been around for over 3,000 years In around 1200 BCE, cowrie shells became the first standardized medium of exchangein other words, the first money.Cowrie shells were the most popular currency within Africa. 7 The use of coins was developed as a way to organize money The first use of coins dates back to 700 BCE by the Lydians, a group of people that lived in what is now Turkey.The Lydians used lumps of gold and silver as money. The coins were stamped with pictures to represent their weight and, hence, their value.This method of organizing money eventually spread to different countries.Why do you think gold and silver coins quickly became most popular? 8 Paper money was developed about 900 years ago Paper currency was first used in China in the 13th century.Each paper note was guaranteed by the government to have a certain value.It took 400 years before Europeans caught on and started making paper money. 9 North Americans developed their own form of currency European settlers traded with Native Americans using wampum.Wampum are tiny shells that were strung together and used as money by the Native Americans.By 1637, the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared wampum legal tender.Why would the Europeans have adopted the currency of the Native Americans? 10 The first American paper money was the Continental American paper money first appeared in 1775, when colonists issued their own money called “Continentals.”The new money had no financial backing of gold or silver and quickly became devalued and worthless.“Not worth a Continental” became a common phrase. 11 Banks have existed in the US for only a little over 200 years The first bank in the US was the Pennsylvania Bank, which was founded in 1780.In 1781 Congress chartered the Bank of North America in Philadelphia and it quickly became known as the nation’s first “real” bank.The Bank of North America supported the Revolutionary War. 12 In 1792, Congress passed the Coinage Act The dollar was adopted as the standard monetary unit.The first American coins were half dimes, and were issued in 1793.Silver coins were issued in 1794 and gold coins were issued in 1795.Why do you think the name of the new monetary unit was changed from the Continental to the dollar? 13 The US began issuing paper money in 1861 The first issue of paper money by the US government since the Continentals were “greenbacks.”Greenbacks were printed in $5, $10, and $20 denominations, and were green in color.A total of about $10 million worth were issued.These notes, and all paper money issued since 1861, are still valid and redeemable in current cash at face value. 14 Today we use fiat moneyFiat money is not backed by reserves of another commodity, such as grain or gold.Many modern governments create fiat money by printing more money than they can back.Too much fiat money in circulation can create inflation.The money that we use today is an example of fiat money.Why would a government risk printing more money than it has reserves with which to back it? 15 Today, Federal Reserve notes are the only currency produced Federal Reserve notes represent 99% of all currency in circulation.Over the years, these notes have changed very little.The notes were reduced in size in 1929 and the words "In God We Trust" were added in 1955.What denominations of bills are currently produced? 16 There have been some recent changes to US money Addition of a security threadIssuance of quarters honoring the 50 statesBill redesign to make forging more difficultWhat does the future have in store for money? 17 The world’s currencies are no longer “backed” by governments The value of today’s currency is based on the fact that we all believe that others will take them in exchange for goods and services.Today’s dollars are backed only by our confidence that we can use them to buy products! Think about that for a moment…	1,137	ENGLISH	1
Support our content. Join our Dollar a Day campaign Ayuba Suleiman Diallo was born in 1701, Eastern Senegal he was raised in a religious household which led him to memorise the entire Quran at a young age and familiarize himself with the Maliki Madhab (school of thought). Even from a young age, he was revered for his amazing intelligence and incredible memory. He and his father were slave traders, however, he himself was captured and fell victim to the Atlantic slave trade. When the slavers successfully captured him, they shaved his beard and shipped him off to Annapolis, Maryland in 1731. He was then sold to a family-owned tobacco plantation. Although Diallo experienced tremendous difficulties, he still maintained his daily prayers and Islamic rituals. The family who owned him would humiliate him by mocking him and throwing dirt him when he prayers. This led him to run away from the family, however, he was soon captured and taken to prison. While he was in prison he met an English lawyer named Thomas Bluett. Bluett was impressed by Diallo’s piety, literacy, intelligence and adherence to faith. Bluett wrote about Diallo in his book ‘Some memoirs of the Life of Job’: “His memory was extraordinary; for when he was fifteen years old he could say the whole Alcoran [Quran] by heart…” Diallo wrote a letter to his father who had traveled from Annapolis to England. This letter eventually landed in the hands of James Edward Oglethorpe. James, who just so happened to be the founder of the Georgia colony. Because the letter was written in Arabic, James had the letter translated at Oxford. James was touched by the struggles presented in this letter. In fact, he felt so touched that he paid money to purchase Diallo’s freedom and bring him to England. Additionally James arranged to have slavery banned in Georgia, however, due to economic pressures in Georgia, the ban was lifted. When Diallo arrived in England in 1733, he was treated as equals to the white English people. He would talk to them casually (which was uncommon for black people to do so at the time). Black African people were held in low regards in terms of their intelligence seeing them as inferiors to the majority white, so when Diallo would engage in theological debates with Christian priests and Bishops, people were impressed with his intelligence, monotheistic beliefs, and piety. Before he returned back to his home in Africa in 1734, a portrait was made of Diallo. Ayuba Suleiman Diallo “The Fortunate Slave” This portrait by William Hoare is no doubt beautiful. It’s a realistic depiction of light and shadows reflecting off his face make it look very realistic. However, that isn’t the reason why this portrait is so special. If you have a look at portraits or depictions of people from African descent during the 18th century you’ll find some things that may disturb you. They are often depicted in ways that exaggerate their facial features in unnatural ways and are often never the subject of any painting, reduced to the background leaving the white man or woman the center of attention. If you look closely at this portrait and compare it to William’s other portraits you’ll find that Diallo is illustrated as an equal to the white English people. This portrait is first to depict an African Muslim ex-slave that uses the conventions of British portraiture that were common around this time. This is represented in his posture and frontal direction in his position. Also, another thing to note is that when Diallo agreed to the portrait, he said he’ll do it as long as he is depicted in his traditional garb. But Diallo did not have access to the garb at the time he simply described what the garb looked like, and so what you see is the artist’s interpretation of Diallo’s description. To complete his look, finally, Diallo had hung this red book around his neck for William to illustrate. This is the book is the one of three Quran’s Diallo had written purely from memory. What is so amazing about this story is that Diallo wasn’t concerned with beautifying himself for the portrait like any of us today would do when taking a picture, but rather he wanted to represent his culture, religion and himself through this image. He didn’t lose his true identity as an African Muslim over two hard years of slavery. Betrayed By My Own Country – #OliverBridgeman Interviewed Why Don’t You Pray? \| Whispers Ep 1 The New Grand Mufti of Australia has just been announced … 5 Steps to Staying Positive During Menses in Ramadan Struggling to read the Quran Muslim Media - Islam Lectures, Videos & Information Our mission is to provide a world-class Islamic voice for Muslims and a platform to share the true message of Islam. OnePath Network Inc is a registered nonprofit organization. Donate or Volunteer Today!	<urn:uuid:bcd49bc0-b269-44aa-b3b5-0e73bd57adaf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.onepathnetwork.com/the-fortunate-slave/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00133.warc.gz	en	0.987602	1,062	3.703125	4	[ -0.3278972804546356, 0.6725802421569824, 0.18739855289459229, -0.24475979804992676, -0.6959874629974365, -0.13449501991271973, 0.3699820935726166, -0.12211927771568298, -0.26078179478645325, 0.016982190310955048, -0.07660166174173355, -0.11934866011142731, 0.2617762088775635, 0.11702324450...	1	Support our content. Join our Dollar a Day campaign Ayuba Suleiman Diallo was born in 1701, Eastern Senegal he was raised in a religious household which led him to memorise the entire Quran at a young age and familiarize himself with the Maliki Madhab (school of thought). Even from a young age, he was revered for his amazing intelligence and incredible memory. He and his father were slave traders, however, he himself was captured and fell victim to the Atlantic slave trade. When the slavers successfully captured him, they shaved his beard and shipped him off to Annapolis, Maryland in 1731. He was then sold to a family-owned tobacco plantation. Although Diallo experienced tremendous difficulties, he still maintained his daily prayers and Islamic rituals. The family who owned him would humiliate him by mocking him and throwing dirt him when he prayers. This led him to run away from the family, however, he was soon captured and taken to prison. While he was in prison he met an English lawyer named Thomas Bluett. Bluett was impressed by Diallo’s piety, literacy, intelligence and adherence to faith. Bluett wrote about Diallo in his book ‘Some memoirs of the Life of Job’: “His memory was extraordinary; for when he was fifteen years old he could say the whole Alcoran [Quran] by heart…” Diallo wrote a letter to his father who had traveled from Annapolis to England. This letter eventually landed in the hands of James Edward Oglethorpe. James, who just so happened to be the founder of the Georgia colony. Because the letter was written in Arabic, James had the letter translated at Oxford. James was touched by the struggles presented in this letter. In fact, he felt so touched that he paid money to purchase Diallo’s freedom and bring him to England. Additionally James arranged to have slavery banned in Georgia, however, due to economic pressures in Georgia, the ban was lifted. When Diallo arrived in England in 1733, he was treated as equals to the white English people. He would talk to them casually (which was uncommon for black people to do so at the time). Black African people were held in low regards in terms of their intelligence seeing them as inferiors to the majority white, so when Diallo would engage in theological debates with Christian priests and Bishops, people were impressed with his intelligence, monotheistic beliefs, and piety. Before he returned back to his home in Africa in 1734, a portrait was made of Diallo. Ayuba Suleiman Diallo “The Fortunate Slave” This portrait by William Hoare is no doubt beautiful. It’s a realistic depiction of light and shadows reflecting off his face make it look very realistic. However, that isn’t the reason why this portrait is so special. If you have a look at portraits or depictions of people from African descent during the 18th century you’ll find some things that may disturb you. They are often depicted in ways that exaggerate their facial features in unnatural ways and are often never the subject of any painting, reduced to the background leaving the white man or woman the center of attention. If you look closely at this portrait and compare it to William’s other portraits you’ll find that Diallo is illustrated as an equal to the white English people. This portrait is first to depict an African Muslim ex-slave that uses the conventions of British portraiture that were common around this time. This is represented in his posture and frontal direction in his position. Also, another thing to note is that when Diallo agreed to the portrait, he said he’ll do it as long as he is depicted in his traditional garb. But Diallo did not have access to the garb at the time he simply described what the garb looked like, and so what you see is the artist’s interpretation of Diallo’s description. To complete his look, finally, Diallo had hung this red book around his neck for William to illustrate. This is the book is the one of three Quran’s Diallo had written purely from memory. What is so amazing about this story is that Diallo wasn’t concerned with beautifying himself for the portrait like any of us today would do when taking a picture, but rather he wanted to represent his culture, religion and himself through this image. He didn’t lose his true identity as an African Muslim over two hard years of slavery. Betrayed By My Own Country – #OliverBridgeman Interviewed Why Don’t You Pray? \| Whispers Ep 1 The New Grand Mufti of Australia has just been announced … 5 Steps to Staying Positive During Menses in Ramadan Struggling to read the Quran Muslim Media - Islam Lectures, Videos & Information Our mission is to provide a world-class Islamic voice for Muslims and a platform to share the true message of Islam. OnePath Network Inc is a registered nonprofit organization. Donate or Volunteer Today!	1,031	ENGLISH	1
The Holocaust has been an undisputed fact of history since WW2. Yet there are people out there who deny that it ever happened, or that the events presented to us are altered in some way, be it death count or how the prisoners were actually treated. This belief first appeared almost immediately after the end of World War 2, as people were just learning about the brutality of the Nazi regime. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Combating Holocaust Denial" essay for youCreate order A combination of shock and horror of the violence that could be inflicted upon another human being made belief difficult, and had people creating lighter, less horrific stories to ease them. Historically, Holocaust Denial started as the Nazis destroying all documents of their deeds as to cover up what happened in the horror camps. Then later, people were appalled at the reports that came out regarding the concentration camps. Not to mention that previously, there was an anti German account in the papers called The German Corpse Factory that made fallacious claims. These lies undermined the validity of the news from the camps and made sending relief difficult. Furthermore, when put on trial, the Nazis claimed that the camps were lies put up by the Brits in an attempt to get them sentenced, and cited the Corpse Factory as proof that they had lied once before. Actually the Corpse Factory story is cited as a particular reason for why people doubted the Holocaust because, as the Christian Century put it The parallel between this story and the ‘corpse factory’ atrocity tale of the First World War is too striking to be overlooked. Some early major players in denying would be several members of the SS. They claimed that the Holocaust was nothing but a lie spread throughout the world to discredit and vilify them. They were able to able to build some form of a defense because of precautions they took during, the germans wrote down as little as possible about their plans/ orders to avoid having documents fall into oppositions hands. Most of the killing orders were communicated verbally, particularly with the higher-ups. Hitler’s order to kill Jews was issued only on a need-to-know basis. The leaders generally avoided detailed planning of killing operations, preferring to proceed in a systematic but often improvised manner. The Germans destroyed most documentation that did exist before the end of the war, making it hard to pin them with the crime. With a lack of documented evidence, they were able to convince some of the population that the Holocaust was a lie. Even the modern heralds for Denial, cite this lack of documented evidence as an important detail for denying. Most notable modern denyers include; B.o.B who said in his song Flatline Do your research on David Irving, Stalin was way worse than Hitler, That’s why the POTUS gotta wear a kippah. Historian David Irving, who was cited by English court “”for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence”” as well as distorting historical evidence in his books to portray Hitler in a favorable and sympathetic light. Irving’s beliefs have shifted wildy to Hitler was bad to Hitler was great, even going as far as to say that he and Hitler had a spiritual connection and that it was his job to wipe away the slime that was unjustly applied. Bobby Fischer, chess grandmaster and eleventh world chess champion,was also anti semitic. Jan Hein Donner, Dutch Grandmaster, wrote that at the time of 1961, “”He idolized Hitler and read everything about him that he could lay his hands on. He also championed a brand of anti-semitism that could only be thought up by a mind completely cut off from reality.””. There is also Fred A. Leuchter, infamous for his botched and unscientific report titled the Leuchter Report which has been disproven and has been criticised for a complete disregard for the Scientific Method. These people all had different ways of coming to the belief that the Holocaust was wrong. Irving apparently read several reports and heard several accounts from sources that were later proven to be fallacious, biased, and generally incorrect, although the damage was done, and he started endorsing denial movements. He even got all the neo nazis in England to join one faction that he presided over called Focus. This venture fell short though due to lack of funds. B.o.B seems to have been influenced by the writings and lectures of David Irving, once again, saying in his song Flatline that Irving had done his research and that Stalin was worse than Hitler. Leuchter changed when he was asked to provide a paper detailing if gas chambers existed at Auschwitz to provide defense at Ernie Zundel’s trial. Ernie was a photo retoucher who also operated a small-press called Samisdat Publishers which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood. In 1985, he was convicted under a “”false news”” law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court for “”disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust””. The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. But his conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, resulting in a second trial in 1988, in which he got himself again convicted. The 1988 trial included Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving and Robert Faurisson as witnesses for the defense. Leuchter report was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel’s Samisdat Publishers, and in Britain in 1989 by Irving’s Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zundel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the “”false news”” law unconstitutional. Zundel has a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints. This website landed him in more legal trouble as, in January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling involving a complaint with his website, in which it was found to be defying the Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered Zundel to cease spreading his hate messages. In February 2003, he was arrested again in Tennessee based on an immigration violations matter, and few days later, Zundel was sent back to Canada, where he tried to gain refugee status. Zundel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda. In 2007, Z??ndel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany’s Volksverhetzung law, which bans the spread of hatred against a portion of the population. During this the details of how the Leuchter report came out. He traveled to Auschwitz with a draftsman, a cinematographer supplied by Z??ndel, a translator fluent in German and Polish, and his wife. Once at the former Auschwitz concentration camp site, and another at the Majdanek concentration camp. At these, they filmed Leuchter illegally collecting what he said were quality samples of materials from the wreck of the former gas extermination facilities. His wife and translator were lookouts in case authorities came around. Drawings of where the samples were taken from, the film footage of the sample collection and Leuchter’s notebook detailing the work were given to the trial court as evidence. Leuchter claimed that his work and writings were based on his expert knowledge of gas chamber operation, his visual inspection of what remained of the structures at Auschwitz, and original drawings and blueprints of some of the facilities. He said that the blueprints had been given to him by Auschwitz Museum officials. When questioned about his authority on the subject, he admitted that he wasn’t a toxicologist, he only had a B.A. in art, and then went to say that he didn’t need to be a toxicologist to study toxicology samples. The judge presiding over the hearing said that his methodology was “”ridiculous”” and “”preposterous””, and dismissed many of the report’s conclusions on the basis that they were basically “”second-hand information””, and refused to allow him to testify on the effect of Zyklon B on humans because he had never worked with the substance, and was neither a toxicologist nor a chemist. The judge even dismissed Leuchter’s opinion because it was of “”no greater value than that of an ordinary tourist””. Several of the people Leuchter claimed to have helped him, like DuPont and the officials that gave him the blueprints for the crematoria at the concentration camps, have said that they never helped or offered to help, and that he basically lied.” We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	<urn:uuid:51034a19-a116-49a5-976e-665409808cbf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studydriver.com/combating-holocaust-denial/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00159.warc.gz	en	0.98578	1,900	3.296875	3	[ -0.18737807869911194, 0.6149048805236816, 0.007379326969385147, 0.456464946269989, 0.2788809537887573, 0.2699155807495117, -0.07779155671596527, 0.31557947397232056, 0.0841774269938469, -0.030651167035102844, 0.27454808354377747, -0.056278616189956665, -0.15730249881744385, 0.3986560702323...	1	The Holocaust has been an undisputed fact of history since WW2. Yet there are people out there who deny that it ever happened, or that the events presented to us are altered in some way, be it death count or how the prisoners were actually treated. This belief first appeared almost immediately after the end of World War 2, as people were just learning about the brutality of the Nazi regime. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Combating Holocaust Denial" essay for youCreate order A combination of shock and horror of the violence that could be inflicted upon another human being made belief difficult, and had people creating lighter, less horrific stories to ease them. Historically, Holocaust Denial started as the Nazis destroying all documents of their deeds as to cover up what happened in the horror camps. Then later, people were appalled at the reports that came out regarding the concentration camps. Not to mention that previously, there was an anti German account in the papers called The German Corpse Factory that made fallacious claims. These lies undermined the validity of the news from the camps and made sending relief difficult. Furthermore, when put on trial, the Nazis claimed that the camps were lies put up by the Brits in an attempt to get them sentenced, and cited the Corpse Factory as proof that they had lied once before. Actually the Corpse Factory story is cited as a particular reason for why people doubted the Holocaust because, as the Christian Century put it The parallel between this story and the ‘corpse factory’ atrocity tale of the First World War is too striking to be overlooked. Some early major players in denying would be several members of the SS. They claimed that the Holocaust was nothing but a lie spread throughout the world to discredit and vilify them. They were able to able to build some form of a defense because of precautions they took during, the germans wrote down as little as possible about their plans/ orders to avoid having documents fall into oppositions hands. Most of the killing orders were communicated verbally, particularly with the higher-ups. Hitler’s order to kill Jews was issued only on a need-to-know basis. The leaders generally avoided detailed planning of killing operations, preferring to proceed in a systematic but often improvised manner. The Germans destroyed most documentation that did exist before the end of the war, making it hard to pin them with the crime. With a lack of documented evidence, they were able to convince some of the population that the Holocaust was a lie. Even the modern heralds for Denial, cite this lack of documented evidence as an important detail for denying. Most notable modern denyers include; B.o.B who said in his song Flatline Do your research on David Irving, Stalin was way worse than Hitler, That’s why the POTUS gotta wear a kippah. Historian David Irving, who was cited by English court “”for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence”” as well as distorting historical evidence in his books to portray Hitler in a favorable and sympathetic light. Irving’s beliefs have shifted wildy to Hitler was bad to Hitler was great, even going as far as to say that he and Hitler had a spiritual connection and that it was his job to wipe away the slime that was unjustly applied. Bobby Fischer, chess grandmaster and eleventh world chess champion,was also anti semitic. Jan Hein Donner, Dutch Grandmaster, wrote that at the time of 1961, “”He idolized Hitler and read everything about him that he could lay his hands on. He also championed a brand of anti-semitism that could only be thought up by a mind completely cut off from reality.””. There is also Fred A. Leuchter, infamous for his botched and unscientific report titled the Leuchter Report which has been disproven and has been criticised for a complete disregard for the Scientific Method. These people all had different ways of coming to the belief that the Holocaust was wrong. Irving apparently read several reports and heard several accounts from sources that were later proven to be fallacious, biased, and generally incorrect, although the damage was done, and he started endorsing denial movements. He even got all the neo nazis in England to join one faction that he presided over called Focus. This venture fell short though due to lack of funds. B.o.B seems to have been influenced by the writings and lectures of David Irving, once again, saying in his song Flatline that Irving had done his research and that Stalin was worse than Hitler. Leuchter changed when he was asked to provide a paper detailing if gas chambers existed at Auschwitz to provide defense at Ernie Zundel’s trial. Ernie was a photo retoucher who also operated a small-press called Samisdat Publishers which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood. In 1985, he was convicted under a “”false news”” law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court for “”disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust””. The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. But his conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, resulting in a second trial in 1988, in which he got himself again convicted. The 1988 trial included Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving and Robert Faurisson as witnesses for the defense. Leuchter report was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel’s Samisdat Publishers, and in Britain in 1989 by Irving’s Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zundel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the “”false news”” law unconstitutional. Zundel has a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints. This website landed him in more legal trouble as, in January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling involving a complaint with his website, in which it was found to be defying the Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered Zundel to cease spreading his hate messages. In February 2003, he was arrested again in Tennessee based on an immigration violations matter, and few days later, Zundel was sent back to Canada, where he tried to gain refugee status. Zundel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda. In 2007, Z??ndel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany’s Volksverhetzung law, which bans the spread of hatred against a portion of the population. During this the details of how the Leuchter report came out. He traveled to Auschwitz with a draftsman, a cinematographer supplied by Z??ndel, a translator fluent in German and Polish, and his wife. Once at the former Auschwitz concentration camp site, and another at the Majdanek concentration camp. At these, they filmed Leuchter illegally collecting what he said were quality samples of materials from the wreck of the former gas extermination facilities. His wife and translator were lookouts in case authorities came around. Drawings of where the samples were taken from, the film footage of the sample collection and Leuchter’s notebook detailing the work were given to the trial court as evidence. Leuchter claimed that his work and writings were based on his expert knowledge of gas chamber operation, his visual inspection of what remained of the structures at Auschwitz, and original drawings and blueprints of some of the facilities. He said that the blueprints had been given to him by Auschwitz Museum officials. When questioned about his authority on the subject, he admitted that he wasn’t a toxicologist, he only had a B.A. in art, and then went to say that he didn’t need to be a toxicologist to study toxicology samples. The judge presiding over the hearing said that his methodology was “”ridiculous”” and “”preposterous””, and dismissed many of the report’s conclusions on the basis that they were basically “”second-hand information””, and refused to allow him to testify on the effect of Zyklon B on humans because he had never worked with the substance, and was neither a toxicologist nor a chemist. The judge even dismissed Leuchter’s opinion because it was of “”no greater value than that of an ordinary tourist””. Several of the people Leuchter claimed to have helped him, like DuPont and the officials that gave him the blueprints for the crematoria at the concentration camps, have said that they never helped or offered to help, and that he basically lied.” We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	1,868	ENGLISH	1
Some scientists have speculated that snakes first evolved in water and that their long, slithery bodies were streamlined for swimming. But a new analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all snakes actually lived on land. This ancestral protosnake probably was a nocturnal hunter that slithered across the forest floor about 120 million years ago. And it likely had tiny hind limbs, left over from an even earlier ancestor, says Allison Hsiang, a researcher at Yale University. “They probably weren’t using them in locomotion in any way, but they did probably still have vestigial hind limbs stuck on the back of their bodies,” Hsiang says. The evolutionary origin of snakes has been a bit of a mystery for scientists, because the fossil record has an unfortunate dearth of snakes. “For a long time there weren’t very good snake fossils,” says Hsiang, who explains that researchers had not found “things that sort of told us what snakes looked like early on, or transitional fossils between snakes and their closest ancestors.” That’s because snakes are mostly small, with fragile skeletons that aren’t easily preserved — although there are some notable exceptions, such as Titanoboa, which lived 60 million years ago and could grow longer than 40 feet. In the last decade, though, scientists have discovered a bunch of new snake fossils — some new species, as well as better-quality specimens of known species. “Previously, we just had, say, a few isolated vertebrae,” says Hsiang, “which tells you it’s a snake, but doesn’t really tell you very much else.” The new fossils allowed Hsiang and some colleagues to do a rigorous, comprehensive analysis, to try to determine what the most recent common ancestor of all snakes might have been like. Besides fossils, the team studied the genes and anatomy of living snakes. “We had a total of 73 species, and I believe 15 of those were fossil species,” says Hsiang. Their analysis, described in the issue of BMC Evolutionary Biology published Tuesday, supports the idea of an early snake that slithered over the ground, and perhaps went into burrows to find food. “Snakes probably did not evolve, originally, to be in water,” says Hsiang. “That’s not why they developed this body plan; that’s not what the earliest snakes were doing.” It looks like the ancestral snake had needle-like hooked teeth that it used to grab small, rodent-like critters, which it then swallowed whole. And it probably wouldn’t have been able to eat anything much bigger than its own head.	<urn:uuid:f70d8007-ae1a-4331-8218-268b3bfa4983>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cpr.org/2015/05/20/earths-first-snake-likely-evolved-on-land-not-in-water/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00280.warc.gz	en	0.982042	580	4	4	[ -0.5052502751350403, 0.1683613657951355, 0.2544516324996948, 0.002085744868963957, 0.07309883832931519, -0.25438523292541504, 0.05654186010360718, 0.023964956402778625, 0.020704347640275955, 0.3005717396736145, 0.3969036340713501, -0.48452824354171753, 0.28620362281799316, 0.21326196193695...	3	Some scientists have speculated that snakes first evolved in water and that their long, slithery bodies were streamlined for swimming. But a new analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all snakes actually lived on land. This ancestral protosnake probably was a nocturnal hunter that slithered across the forest floor about 120 million years ago. And it likely had tiny hind limbs, left over from an even earlier ancestor, says Allison Hsiang, a researcher at Yale University. “They probably weren’t using them in locomotion in any way, but they did probably still have vestigial hind limbs stuck on the back of their bodies,” Hsiang says. The evolutionary origin of snakes has been a bit of a mystery for scientists, because the fossil record has an unfortunate dearth of snakes. “For a long time there weren’t very good snake fossils,” says Hsiang, who explains that researchers had not found “things that sort of told us what snakes looked like early on, or transitional fossils between snakes and their closest ancestors.” That’s because snakes are mostly small, with fragile skeletons that aren’t easily preserved — although there are some notable exceptions, such as Titanoboa, which lived 60 million years ago and could grow longer than 40 feet. In the last decade, though, scientists have discovered a bunch of new snake fossils — some new species, as well as better-quality specimens of known species. “Previously, we just had, say, a few isolated vertebrae,” says Hsiang, “which tells you it’s a snake, but doesn’t really tell you very much else.” The new fossils allowed Hsiang and some colleagues to do a rigorous, comprehensive analysis, to try to determine what the most recent common ancestor of all snakes might have been like. Besides fossils, the team studied the genes and anatomy of living snakes. “We had a total of 73 species, and I believe 15 of those were fossil species,” says Hsiang. Their analysis, described in the issue of BMC Evolutionary Biology published Tuesday, supports the idea of an early snake that slithered over the ground, and perhaps went into burrows to find food. “Snakes probably did not evolve, originally, to be in water,” says Hsiang. “That’s not why they developed this body plan; that’s not what the earliest snakes were doing.” It looks like the ancestral snake had needle-like hooked teeth that it used to grab small, rodent-like critters, which it then swallowed whole. And it probably wouldn’t have been able to eat anything much bigger than its own head.	539	ENGLISH	1
Download this free Sunday School lesson on the Birth of Jesus that focuses on Mary and Joseph. It’s part of our new series “Heroes of the Christmas Story” (Celebrated and Lesser-Known) that shares the Biblical story of Christmas. The printable lesson plan below includes coloring pages, activities, game, and craft ideas. Bible Lesson: Mary and Joseph Kids Bible Study on the Birth of Jesus (Christmas) There are a lot of great truths to take from the story of Jesus’ birth. There are also a great many clichés and worn-out elements of the Nativity narrative. In this series, we will encounter several characters and look at the story through the lens of various perspectives. Some of these figures are already well-known, but others will be among the unsung heroes, at least for many people. Lessons will highlight who they are and their significance to the life of Christ and to our lives today. In this lesson, we highlight a couple of main “heroes” of the Nativity story, who hopefully are recognizable by anyone remotely familiar with it. This lesson explores Mary and Joseph, the stepparents of Jesus. Although they are key players in the life of Christ, it can still be easy to skip over details of who they were and what they did after the birth of the Messiah. Character focus: Mary and Joseph, the earthly mother and father of Jesus. Both were rather simple people, but God chose them to be part of His eternal salvation plan. Mary was merely a (likely young) woman betrothed to Joseph, a carpenter. The couple took care of Jesus and raised Him. Although Joseph later fades out of Biblical mention, we know that Mary was present at Christ’s death, and was eager to spread the news about who He was and what He had done. Passage: Matthew chapter 2, selected verses. Importance in the Nativity: God appointed Mary and Joseph to be the parents of Jesus, long before either of them were on Earth. This is evidenced through genealogy descriptions in the gospels, as well as prophecies. Mary was willing to carry Christ in her womb and give birth to Him, and Joseph trusted God’s plan enough to take her as his wife and help in raising Jesus. Significance to us: Mary and Joseph were not celebrities in their time. God used them in a remarkable and miraculous way, because He appointed them and they were willing to be part of His plan. In the same way, we can be part of God’s plan, too! When we trust in Him, anything is possible. Materials Needed for this lesson: Paper, decorative materials, toilet paper tubes, clothespins, popsicle sticks, shoeboxes, fabric or felt, Bibles, pictures, name labels. More Christmas Lessons - Don’t miss all our Christmas Sunday School lessons and Christmas coloring pages - We have dozens of Christmas crafts and printable story of Christmas for kids - Learn the background information on Matthew 2 and the Flight to Egypt a key early event in the Life of Jesus - Get more Christmas Sunday School lessons from Sunday School Works - Don’t miss our Christmas worksheets for Sunday School Lesson Opening Game Activity Lesson Opening: Since we will be discussing the parents of Jesus, as well as following directions, try a couple of simple games that involve those themes: - Who’s your daddy? (Or mother)…print pictures of several celebrities, and also print separate pictures of their parents. Have students guess which parents go with which famous people. - How many ancestors? Test the students’ knowledge of their own family lineage by asking about ancestors. How many “great-grands” can students name of their families? - Simon says/ “Mother may I”… play a classic game of listening and following directions, providing simple instructions that students can only follow given the appropriate introduction. Explain to kids that they will be discussing some very important parents in the Bible. Christmas is fast approaching, and we have been learning about some key figures that accompany the Nativity story. This lesson will cover an extra special couple: Mary and Bible Lesson: Mary, Joseph, the Birth of Jesus Discuss with students who Mary and Joseph were. Sure, they are likely familiar with them as the parents of Jesus, but who were they exactly? We don’t know all of the details, truth be told. But we know a little about them, and we can be certain that God chose those two to take care of His son. Family was an important thing in those days, and Joseph was part of King David’s family line. We know this from Luke… And Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the town of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, 5 to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. 6 And while they were there, the time came for her to give birth. 7 And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in swaddling cloths and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn. -Luke 2:4-7 There are several “genealogies” in the Bible. Describe to students how these lists were God’s way of reminding people of His plan. He knew who Joseph would be and where Jesus would be born. The events of His birth had been planned and foretold. In this passage, Mary is away from home, forced to have her baby in a barn. How did she come to be in this state?? And the angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy—the Son of God. 36 And behold, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son, and this is the sixth month with her who was called barren. 37 For nothing will be impossible with God.” 38 And Mary said, “Behold, I am the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.” And the angel departed from her. -Luke 1:35-37 Mary was told that she would give birth to a very special son. It might have been a little scary for her to consider that. She was probably confused and questioning what it all meant. But look at her reaction. At the end of it all, she agrees to do what God has asked, because she is His servant. Mary was just a girl from a small town. But God used her because she was willing to do what He asked. And what about Joseph? What do we know of him? But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21 She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.” 22 All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet: 23 “Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel” (which means, God with us). 24 When Joseph woke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him: he took his wife, 25 but knew her not until she had given birth to a son. And he called his name Jesus. -Matthew 2:20-25 Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary? And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? 56 And are not all his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all these things?” 57 And they took offense at him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and in his own household.” 58 And he did not do many mighty works there, because of their unbelief. -Matthew 13:55-58 Joseph was a simple carpenter. He was engaged to Mary, but he didn’t know about kings and Messiahs. Yet, like Mary, He trusted in God’s plan and was willing to listen to the angel’s announcements. And Joseph raised Jesus to grow in wisdom and stature. Now, Joseph sort of fades out of the picture in the life of Jesus. But Mary remains prominent. We see her at the wedding in Cana, asking Jesus to help with the wine shortage situation. And more importantly we see her at the end of Christ’s life, at the foot of the cross: but standing by the cross of Jesus were his mother and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. 26 When Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved standing nearby, he said to his mother, “Woman, behold, your son!” 27 Then he said to the disciple, “Behold, your mother!” And from that hour the disciple took her to his own home. -John 19:25-27 Jesus loved His mother, as we can see from His request that John take care of her. He wanted to make sure that she was loved and looked after. And Mary remains a powerhouse of faith, even after the ascension of Jesus. She worked with the disciples to continue establishing the church and spreading the Gospel to others: All these with one accord were devoting themselves to prayer, together with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and his brothers. -Acts 1:14 Mary and Joseph were more than mere figures in the Nativity. They were people who loved and served God, and displayed willingness to do whatever He asked. Because of that, He used them in amazing ways to raise Jesus and to establish the kingdom of God. You know what is especially remarkable about that? We can do the same! We might think we are just simple kids (or adults), nothing too special. But when we give our lives to God and allow Him to do His will, spectacular things can happen! Would you like that? All it takes is faith. Pray, stay in the reading of the Bible, and love others. You never know what God has planned! Close the lesson with prayer and thank God for loving us and coming to die for us. Ask for strength to trust and obey His will in our lives, whatever we may do. Craft: “Stable Scene” and “Nativity Scene” We’ve included the PDF of our Nativity Scene craft ideas in the lesson download above.	<urn:uuid:6ec40679-65cf-4ddb-b26f-c1b9fb43c7e4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ministry-to-children.com/mary-and-joseph-the-birth-of-jesus-sunday-school-lesson/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00119.warc.gz	en	0.980808	2,285	3.640625	4	[ -0.05377011001110077, 0.2868865728378296, 0.35067039728164673, -0.41391420364379883, -0.25137972831726074, 0.4003331959247589, -0.25296837091445923, 0.3655078709125519, 0.2072802484035492, 0.37036946415901184, -0.12674525380134583, 0.2848680019378662, 0.10038014501333237, 0.226373672485351...	9	Download this free Sunday School lesson on the Birth of Jesus that focuses on Mary and Joseph. It’s part of our new series “Heroes of the Christmas Story” (Celebrated and Lesser-Known) that shares the Biblical story of Christmas. The printable lesson plan below includes coloring pages, activities, game, and craft ideas. Bible Lesson: Mary and Joseph Kids Bible Study on the Birth of Jesus (Christmas) There are a lot of great truths to take from the story of Jesus’ birth. There are also a great many clichés and worn-out elements of the Nativity narrative. In this series, we will encounter several characters and look at the story through the lens of various perspectives. Some of these figures are already well-known, but others will be among the unsung heroes, at least for many people. Lessons will highlight who they are and their significance to the life of Christ and to our lives today. In this lesson, we highlight a couple of main “heroes” of the Nativity story, who hopefully are recognizable by anyone remotely familiar with it. This lesson explores Mary and Joseph, the stepparents of Jesus. Although they are key players in the life of Christ, it can still be easy to skip over details of who they were and what they did after the birth of the Messiah. Character focus: Mary and Joseph, the earthly mother and father of Jesus. Both were rather simple people, but God chose them to be part of His eternal salvation plan. Mary was merely a (likely young) woman betrothed to Joseph, a carpenter. The couple took care of Jesus and raised Him. Although Joseph later fades out of Biblical mention, we know that Mary was present at Christ’s death, and was eager to spread the news about who He was and what He had done. Passage: Matthew chapter 2, selected verses. Importance in the Nativity: God appointed Mary and Joseph to be the parents of Jesus, long before either of them were on Earth. This is evidenced through genealogy descriptions in the gospels, as well as prophecies. Mary was willing to carry Christ in her womb and give birth to Him, and Joseph trusted God’s plan enough to take her as his wife and help in raising Jesus. Significance to us: Mary and Joseph were not celebrities in their time. God used them in a remarkable and miraculous way, because He appointed them and they were willing to be part of His plan. In the same way, we can be part of God’s plan, too! When we trust in Him, anything is possible. Materials Needed for this lesson: Paper, decorative materials, toilet paper tubes, clothespins, popsicle sticks, shoeboxes, fabric or felt, Bibles, pictures, name labels. More Christmas Lessons - Don’t miss all our Christmas Sunday School lessons and Christmas coloring pages - We have dozens of Christmas crafts and printable story of Christmas for kids - Learn the background information on Matthew 2 and the Flight to Egypt a key early event in the Life of Jesus - Get more Christmas Sunday School lessons from Sunday School Works - Don’t miss our Christmas worksheets for Sunday School Lesson Opening Game Activity Lesson Opening: Since we will be discussing the parents of Jesus, as well as following directions, try a couple of simple games that involve those themes: - Who’s your daddy? (Or mother)…print pictures of several celebrities, and also print separate pictures of their parents. Have students guess which parents go with which famous people. - How many ancestors? Test the students’ knowledge of their own family lineage by asking about ancestors. How many “great-grands” can students name of their families? - Simon says/ “Mother may I”… play a classic game of listening and following directions, providing simple instructions that students can only follow given the appropriate introduction. Explain to kids that they will be discussing some very important parents in the Bible. Christmas is fast approaching, and we have been learning about some key figures that accompany the Nativity story. This lesson will cover an extra special couple: Mary and Bible Lesson: Mary, Joseph, the Birth of Jesus Discuss with students who Mary and Joseph were. Sure, they are likely familiar with them as the parents of Jesus, but who were they exactly? We don’t know all of the details, truth be told. But we know a little about them, and we can be certain that God chose those two to take care of His son. Family was an important thing in those days, and Joseph was part of King David’s family line. We know this from Luke… And Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the town of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, 5 to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. 6 And while they were there, the time came for her to give birth. 7 And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in swaddling cloths and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn. -Luke 2:4-7 There are several “genealogies” in the Bible. Describe to students how these lists were God’s way of reminding people of His plan. He knew who Joseph would be and where Jesus would be born. The events of His birth had been planned and foretold. In this passage, Mary is away from home, forced to have her baby in a barn. How did she come to be in this state?? And the angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy—the Son of God. 36 And behold, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son, and this is the sixth month with her who was called barren. 37 For nothing will be impossible with God.” 38 And Mary said, “Behold, I am the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.” And the angel departed from her. -Luke 1:35-37 Mary was told that she would give birth to a very special son. It might have been a little scary for her to consider that. She was probably confused and questioning what it all meant. But look at her reaction. At the end of it all, she agrees to do what God has asked, because she is His servant. Mary was just a girl from a small town. But God used her because she was willing to do what He asked. And what about Joseph? What do we know of him? But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21 She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.” 22 All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet: 23 “Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel” (which means, God with us). 24 When Joseph woke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him: he took his wife, 25 but knew her not until she had given birth to a son. And he called his name Jesus. -Matthew 2:20-25 Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary? And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? 56 And are not all his sisters with us? Where then did this man get all these things?” 57 And they took offense at him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and in his own household.” 58 And he did not do many mighty works there, because of their unbelief. -Matthew 13:55-58 Joseph was a simple carpenter. He was engaged to Mary, but he didn’t know about kings and Messiahs. Yet, like Mary, He trusted in God’s plan and was willing to listen to the angel’s announcements. And Joseph raised Jesus to grow in wisdom and stature. Now, Joseph sort of fades out of the picture in the life of Jesus. But Mary remains prominent. We see her at the wedding in Cana, asking Jesus to help with the wine shortage situation. And more importantly we see her at the end of Christ’s life, at the foot of the cross: but standing by the cross of Jesus were his mother and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. 26 When Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved standing nearby, he said to his mother, “Woman, behold, your son!” 27 Then he said to the disciple, “Behold, your mother!” And from that hour the disciple took her to his own home. -John 19:25-27 Jesus loved His mother, as we can see from His request that John take care of her. He wanted to make sure that she was loved and looked after. And Mary remains a powerhouse of faith, even after the ascension of Jesus. She worked with the disciples to continue establishing the church and spreading the Gospel to others: All these with one accord were devoting themselves to prayer, together with the women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and his brothers. -Acts 1:14 Mary and Joseph were more than mere figures in the Nativity. They were people who loved and served God, and displayed willingness to do whatever He asked. Because of that, He used them in amazing ways to raise Jesus and to establish the kingdom of God. You know what is especially remarkable about that? We can do the same! We might think we are just simple kids (or adults), nothing too special. But when we give our lives to God and allow Him to do His will, spectacular things can happen! Would you like that? All it takes is faith. Pray, stay in the reading of the Bible, and love others. You never know what God has planned! Close the lesson with prayer and thank God for loving us and coming to die for us. Ask for strength to trust and obey His will in our lives, whatever we may do. Craft: “Stable Scene” and “Nativity Scene” We’ve included the PDF of our Nativity Scene craft ideas in the lesson download above.	2,214	ENGLISH	1
The stubborn twig is a book authored by Lauren Kessler and which explores a story of Yasui as well as the entire family of the Japanese-American. The book highlights the identity of the American people from the immigrants’ point of view in the history of the United States. This essay supports the fact that the Yasui family story is a true representation of the twentieth Century family immigrants who were being faced by identity problem (Kessler 10). This was aggravated by the moving headlines in famous newspapers, famous radio dramas and prominent newspapers. At a time when people were not allowed to question reports given by the press, the opinion of the public kept on being intensified against the Japanese. Few people could differentiate the Japanese staying in Japan from those who had decided to live in American and were seeking for an American identity. This pressurized the government to consider the Japanese issue concerning the American identity (Kessler 13). This is typical of the twentieth immigrants who used train as a means of transport during migration. Just like many of the immigrants, Masui went to Hood River with empty pockets and big dreams. Many Japanese-Americans lived in Hood River where they worked mainly in fruit tree farms, saw mills including logging camps. The Yasui family worked diligently in their orchards which later own flourished in Hood River. Masuo Yasui was a renowned businessman, an acknowledged community leader as well as one of the most successful orchard owners in Oregon Having been a successful in his businesses, Masuo provided fiscal help to Japanese –Americans who were in need. He also supported the immigrants with legal advice alongside being an advocate especially when the Japanese needed help from the Americans4539. He also helped most of the Japanese immigrant in buying their own land (Kessler 17). This is typical of the twenty first immigrants where those who were placed in strategic position like Masuo assisted their fellow immigrants in finding their American identity, acting as a link between the white community and the immigrants. Pearl Harbor bombing arouse notable suspicion and fear among the Japanese living in America. After the war, each asset belonging to the immigrants was seized by the United States government. This led to the closure of the store belonging to the Yasui family and banning the family from neither taking any goods from the warehouse nor withdrawing any money. This was followed by the seizure of the land belonging to this family. After the wars, the federal bureau of investigation representatives arrested Yasui. This is because the American government viewed him as being a very dangerous alien with a great potential of causing harm to the American people. (Kessler 38). Most of the immigrants faced such kind of treatment from the white community to suppress their efforts of finding the Americans identity. The United States government was afraid of the Japanese because this was a group that seemed so powerful compared to Asians and the Germany. That is why these group of faced all forms of discrimination as a means of suppressing their efforts of finding an American identity. The Yasui family was then forced out of their dwellings and was taken to an internment camp. The camps were located were located in isolated deserts in the mid-west and west of the United States. The camps were enclosed with barbed wires and fully guarded by the armed officers a characteristic of the twentieth century immigrants. Most of the immigrants were held in captivity without trial, charges or hearing. The American community only branded them as probable dangerous aliens based on their being of a different race. The immigrants were discriminated against race among other things. This did not however, stop them from forging towards attaining the American identity (Kessler 50). Racial discrimination has been highlighted when Yuka who was the first student of the Japanese ancestry to go back to UO (University of Oregon). Yuka encounters a hostile environment at UO which results from the imprisonment of her family members. The Yasui family were imprisoned for being spies Discrimination made it difficult for Yuka to pursue her career at the medical school. This is because Japanese-American women were discriminated against attending medical schools. Yasui imprisonment including the loss of his belonging raised much suspicion making Hood River inhabitable following the war (Kessler 87). Since the Japanese-Americans were out to find their American identity, Yasui did not give up the hope even after being imprisoned and his family evacuated from homes. Having moved to Portland, Masuo Yasui decides to have his energy directed to assisting his fellow immigrants who had been evacuated to go back to their lives and homes and become United States citizens. He devoted his time to teaching the Japanese women and men most of who were elderly to get ready for citizenship. He even gives challenge to other immigrants’ by becoming the first person to have passed the tests offered and hence becoming an American citizen by naturalization at sixty six years old. The twentieth century immigrants devoted themselves in helping their fellow immigrants so that they could attain the America identity as one people. Having been evacuated from their homes to internment camps, they still recollected themselves back to their homes. The Yasui family was ravaged by the 1966 executive order by which the immigrants were stripped of their rights as well as property alongside being interned. In the stubborn twig, Lauren Kessler chronicles the experiences the Yasui family, for instance when the federal bureau of statistics agents searched the homes of the Japanese for fire arms, cameras, radios as well as anything that appeared suspicious. After searching Yasui’s home and confiscating maps drawn by Yasui’s children meant for school tasks, Yasui was then seized from his family by the FBI agents to unknown destiny. The twentieth century immigrants worked out all the possible ways to have justice (Kessler 58). This can be seen when Yasui’s eldest son lost his life as a result of fighting for justice. After the strive ,Min devoted his time ,energy and skills in helping the immigrants in the fight towards attaining the American identity. Min was awarded for averting race related riots that spread to other cities. He devoted his time and life to civil rights and public service and also to rectify the discrimination against the Japanese at the time of war (Kessler 12). Whilst the Yasui family battled for redress for those the all the immigrants and themselves having been distressed by the order, this act was very crucial in building a new world. Following the struggle by the Yasui family to fighting for Justice, Kessler explains the events the events that took place such as compensation by the United States government. This is important because shades some light to the victory achieved by the Yasui family. This is very typical of the Twentieth century immigrants because the American government compensated all the immigrants who were held up in enchantment camps. This is an important feature of the immigrants during this period of time in history. It explains the struggle taken by the immigrants and finally the triumph victory against their enemies. The stubborn twig outlines measures which were put in place to solve issues of racism for instance students and pupils in school were prohibited from looking down upon the Japanese-Americans. This was a very big step towards attaining their American identity. In conclusion, the Yasui family story gives a true account of the twentieth century immigrants. Having been faced with a lot of challenges such as discrimination against race, language barrier as well as hard work and low pay, the Yasui family struggled through these constraints with the aim of attaining their goal that is getting the American identity. Despite the infliction caused to the Yasui family, the scattering of the family and the internment of the families, the Japanese community does not lose hope in fighting for their identity. Most of the family members devote their lives as well as careers in assisting the fellow Japanese-Americans in fighting for justice (Kessler 214). The family however, continues to encounter success in the fight against racism and has finally managed to attain the American identity. The story is a true representation of the twentieth century Japanese immigrants to America. Kessler, Lauren. Stubborn Twig:Three Generations in the Life of a Japanese American Family. Oregon Historical Society, 2005.	<urn:uuid:dce1a599-2d7c-4275-a269-73f0790bf16d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://virginiaangerclass.com/the-stubborn-twig/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00266.warc.gz	en	0.986003	1,640	3.4375	3	[ -0.10494069755077362, 0.2275201380252838, -0.08045829832553864, 0.2667884826660156, 0.5831560492515564, 0.5202295780181885, 0.026904845610260963, 0.08279255777597427, -0.604722261428833, -0.01175660640001297, -0.10344119369983673, 0.1825680434703827, 0.21070921421051025, 0.0838187038898468...	2	The stubborn twig is a book authored by Lauren Kessler and which explores a story of Yasui as well as the entire family of the Japanese-American. The book highlights the identity of the American people from the immigrants’ point of view in the history of the United States. This essay supports the fact that the Yasui family story is a true representation of the twentieth Century family immigrants who were being faced by identity problem (Kessler 10). This was aggravated by the moving headlines in famous newspapers, famous radio dramas and prominent newspapers. At a time when people were not allowed to question reports given by the press, the opinion of the public kept on being intensified against the Japanese. Few people could differentiate the Japanese staying in Japan from those who had decided to live in American and were seeking for an American identity. This pressurized the government to consider the Japanese issue concerning the American identity (Kessler 13). This is typical of the twentieth immigrants who used train as a means of transport during migration. Just like many of the immigrants, Masui went to Hood River with empty pockets and big dreams. Many Japanese-Americans lived in Hood River where they worked mainly in fruit tree farms, saw mills including logging camps. The Yasui family worked diligently in their orchards which later own flourished in Hood River. Masuo Yasui was a renowned businessman, an acknowledged community leader as well as one of the most successful orchard owners in Oregon Having been a successful in his businesses, Masuo provided fiscal help to Japanese –Americans who were in need. He also supported the immigrants with legal advice alongside being an advocate especially when the Japanese needed help from the Americans4539. He also helped most of the Japanese immigrant in buying their own land (Kessler 17). This is typical of the twenty first immigrants where those who were placed in strategic position like Masuo assisted their fellow immigrants in finding their American identity, acting as a link between the white community and the immigrants. Pearl Harbor bombing arouse notable suspicion and fear among the Japanese living in America. After the war, each asset belonging to the immigrants was seized by the United States government. This led to the closure of the store belonging to the Yasui family and banning the family from neither taking any goods from the warehouse nor withdrawing any money. This was followed by the seizure of the land belonging to this family. After the wars, the federal bureau of investigation representatives arrested Yasui. This is because the American government viewed him as being a very dangerous alien with a great potential of causing harm to the American people. (Kessler 38). Most of the immigrants faced such kind of treatment from the white community to suppress their efforts of finding the Americans identity. The United States government was afraid of the Japanese because this was a group that seemed so powerful compared to Asians and the Germany. That is why these group of faced all forms of discrimination as a means of suppressing their efforts of finding an American identity. The Yasui family was then forced out of their dwellings and was taken to an internment camp. The camps were located were located in isolated deserts in the mid-west and west of the United States. The camps were enclosed with barbed wires and fully guarded by the armed officers a characteristic of the twentieth century immigrants. Most of the immigrants were held in captivity without trial, charges or hearing. The American community only branded them as probable dangerous aliens based on their being of a different race. The immigrants were discriminated against race among other things. This did not however, stop them from forging towards attaining the American identity (Kessler 50). Racial discrimination has been highlighted when Yuka who was the first student of the Japanese ancestry to go back to UO (University of Oregon). Yuka encounters a hostile environment at UO which results from the imprisonment of her family members. The Yasui family were imprisoned for being spies Discrimination made it difficult for Yuka to pursue her career at the medical school. This is because Japanese-American women were discriminated against attending medical schools. Yasui imprisonment including the loss of his belonging raised much suspicion making Hood River inhabitable following the war (Kessler 87). Since the Japanese-Americans were out to find their American identity, Yasui did not give up the hope even after being imprisoned and his family evacuated from homes. Having moved to Portland, Masuo Yasui decides to have his energy directed to assisting his fellow immigrants who had been evacuated to go back to their lives and homes and become United States citizens. He devoted his time to teaching the Japanese women and men most of who were elderly to get ready for citizenship. He even gives challenge to other immigrants’ by becoming the first person to have passed the tests offered and hence becoming an American citizen by naturalization at sixty six years old. The twentieth century immigrants devoted themselves in helping their fellow immigrants so that they could attain the America identity as one people. Having been evacuated from their homes to internment camps, they still recollected themselves back to their homes. The Yasui family was ravaged by the 1966 executive order by which the immigrants were stripped of their rights as well as property alongside being interned. In the stubborn twig, Lauren Kessler chronicles the experiences the Yasui family, for instance when the federal bureau of statistics agents searched the homes of the Japanese for fire arms, cameras, radios as well as anything that appeared suspicious. After searching Yasui’s home and confiscating maps drawn by Yasui’s children meant for school tasks, Yasui was then seized from his family by the FBI agents to unknown destiny. The twentieth century immigrants worked out all the possible ways to have justice (Kessler 58). This can be seen when Yasui’s eldest son lost his life as a result of fighting for justice. After the strive ,Min devoted his time ,energy and skills in helping the immigrants in the fight towards attaining the American identity. Min was awarded for averting race related riots that spread to other cities. He devoted his time and life to civil rights and public service and also to rectify the discrimination against the Japanese at the time of war (Kessler 12). Whilst the Yasui family battled for redress for those the all the immigrants and themselves having been distressed by the order, this act was very crucial in building a new world. Following the struggle by the Yasui family to fighting for Justice, Kessler explains the events the events that took place such as compensation by the United States government. This is important because shades some light to the victory achieved by the Yasui family. This is very typical of the Twentieth century immigrants because the American government compensated all the immigrants who were held up in enchantment camps. This is an important feature of the immigrants during this period of time in history. It explains the struggle taken by the immigrants and finally the triumph victory against their enemies. The stubborn twig outlines measures which were put in place to solve issues of racism for instance students and pupils in school were prohibited from looking down upon the Japanese-Americans. This was a very big step towards attaining their American identity. In conclusion, the Yasui family story gives a true account of the twentieth century immigrants. Having been faced with a lot of challenges such as discrimination against race, language barrier as well as hard work and low pay, the Yasui family struggled through these constraints with the aim of attaining their goal that is getting the American identity. Despite the infliction caused to the Yasui family, the scattering of the family and the internment of the families, the Japanese community does not lose hope in fighting for their identity. Most of the family members devote their lives as well as careers in assisting the fellow Japanese-Americans in fighting for justice (Kessler 214). The family however, continues to encounter success in the fight against racism and has finally managed to attain the American identity. The story is a true representation of the twentieth century Japanese immigrants to America. Kessler, Lauren. Stubborn Twig:Three Generations in the Life of a Japanese American Family. Oregon Historical Society, 2005.	1,640	ENGLISH	1
The Dred Scott Case The Dred Scott Case, a legal case that would become influential in causing the Civil War, began in St. Louis in 1846 and, through many appeals, would not end until 1857. The slave Dred Scott and his wife Harriet Scott filed a suit for their freedom in the St. Louis Circuit Court located in what is now known as the Old Courthouse in Downtown St. Louis. The Missouri Statute - "One Free, Always Free" A long standing Missouri statute stated that any person, black or white, held in wrongful enslavement could sue for freedom. Dred Scott's suit was routine and, like any of the hundreds of cases that had gone before, his suit should have gained he and his wife's freedom. Scott's evidence for his freedom was that he and his wife had been taken out of a slave state by their owner and into a free state and into a free territory and had lived there for long periods of time. Thus, per Missouri statue, slaves who were taken to such areas were freed, even if they returned to Missouri. "Once free, always free" was the judicial standard. The Lawyer - Roswell Martin Field One of the many lawyers who worked on the case was a prominent St. Louis attorney, Roswell Martin Field. He lived in the city of St. Louis, not far from the courthouse, in a townhouse in what was known as "Walsh's Row". Roswell Field was the father of Eugene Field who is known as the "children's poet". Their home is now the only townhouse left of "Walsh's Row" and is known as the Eugene Field House which features exhibits of the life of the Field family, articles from the Dred Scott Case, the St. Louis Toy Museum, an extensive book collection and other exhibits. The United States Supreme Court Decision Roswell Field got involved in the case in 1853 for the purpose of taking the case before the United States Supreme Court to obtain a final decision of the question "Did residence in a free state or territory permanently free a slave?" On March 6, 1857, the final decision of the then pro-slavery chief justices denied Dred and Harriett Scott their freedom. This decision not only shocked the anti-slavery population of the nation, but because of the decision's obvious bias, intensified the anti-South feelings, as well. Freedom for Dred Scott Ultimately, the Scott family did gain their freedom when it became an embarrassment to their owner, Irene Emerson Chaffee, who was by then married to her second husband, Massachusetts congressman and an outspoken abolitionist, Dr. Calvin Chaffee. Mrs. Chaffee transferred ownership of them to Henry Taylor Blow of St. Louis. Mr Blow then emancipated them on May 26, 1957. Dred Scott died shortly there after in 1858 and is buried in Calvary Cemetery. Harriett Scott lived until 1876 and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in North St. Louis County. The Emancipation Proclamation Slavery was abolished in 1863 with Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, but at that time, only in the Southern slave-states that had joined the Confederacy. Freedom for the slaves in those states took place as the Union troops advanced and took control. In the Union slave states, such as Missouri, slaves were freed by each individual state or eventually by the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution. Slavery in Missouri was not abolished until Missouri Governor Thomas C. Fletcher's emancipation proclamation was approved by the pro-Union Missouri Constitutional Convention on July 6, 1864. It took effect on Saturday, January 14, 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution became law in December 1865 and banned slavery in all US States and territories. Photo Gallery for The Dred Scott Case - click thumbnails The Old Courthouse in St Louis Roswell Field House, City Landmark, NR, built 1845 as part of a row Events in St Louis History St Louis Missouri Real Estate For Sale Condos For Sale: 1016 New Construction For Sale: 649 Commercial For Sale: 2317 Acreage For Sale: 1738 Multi-Family 5+ For Sale: 96 Multi-Family 2-4 For Sale: 425 Lots For Sale: 4471 Total Properties For Sale: 24286	<urn:uuid:4c8c3dcd-c274-473a-a3fb-21a228a1dcd9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://aboutstlouis.com/local/history/dred-scott-case	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00497.warc.gz	en	0.981814	904	3.578125	4	[ -0.33998748660087585, 0.45478737354278564, 0.3983042240142822, -0.31482625007629395, -0.14398860931396484, -0.2677629590034485, -0.024542881175875664, -0.1969967484474182, -0.25726011395454407, -0.030020466074347496, 0.17571093142032623, 0.5447500348091125, -0.20890739560127258, 0.06720969...	1	The Dred Scott Case The Dred Scott Case, a legal case that would become influential in causing the Civil War, began in St. Louis in 1846 and, through many appeals, would not end until 1857. The slave Dred Scott and his wife Harriet Scott filed a suit for their freedom in the St. Louis Circuit Court located in what is now known as the Old Courthouse in Downtown St. Louis. The Missouri Statute - "One Free, Always Free" A long standing Missouri statute stated that any person, black or white, held in wrongful enslavement could sue for freedom. Dred Scott's suit was routine and, like any of the hundreds of cases that had gone before, his suit should have gained he and his wife's freedom. Scott's evidence for his freedom was that he and his wife had been taken out of a slave state by their owner and into a free state and into a free territory and had lived there for long periods of time. Thus, per Missouri statue, slaves who were taken to such areas were freed, even if they returned to Missouri. "Once free, always free" was the judicial standard. The Lawyer - Roswell Martin Field One of the many lawyers who worked on the case was a prominent St. Louis attorney, Roswell Martin Field. He lived in the city of St. Louis, not far from the courthouse, in a townhouse in what was known as "Walsh's Row". Roswell Field was the father of Eugene Field who is known as the "children's poet". Their home is now the only townhouse left of "Walsh's Row" and is known as the Eugene Field House which features exhibits of the life of the Field family, articles from the Dred Scott Case, the St. Louis Toy Museum, an extensive book collection and other exhibits. The United States Supreme Court Decision Roswell Field got involved in the case in 1853 for the purpose of taking the case before the United States Supreme Court to obtain a final decision of the question "Did residence in a free state or territory permanently free a slave?" On March 6, 1857, the final decision of the then pro-slavery chief justices denied Dred and Harriett Scott their freedom. This decision not only shocked the anti-slavery population of the nation, but because of the decision's obvious bias, intensified the anti-South feelings, as well. Freedom for Dred Scott Ultimately, the Scott family did gain their freedom when it became an embarrassment to their owner, Irene Emerson Chaffee, who was by then married to her second husband, Massachusetts congressman and an outspoken abolitionist, Dr. Calvin Chaffee. Mrs. Chaffee transferred ownership of them to Henry Taylor Blow of St. Louis. Mr Blow then emancipated them on May 26, 1957. Dred Scott died shortly there after in 1858 and is buried in Calvary Cemetery. Harriett Scott lived until 1876 and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in North St. Louis County. The Emancipation Proclamation Slavery was abolished in 1863 with Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, but at that time, only in the Southern slave-states that had joined the Confederacy. Freedom for the slaves in those states took place as the Union troops advanced and took control. In the Union slave states, such as Missouri, slaves were freed by each individual state or eventually by the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution. Slavery in Missouri was not abolished until Missouri Governor Thomas C. Fletcher's emancipation proclamation was approved by the pro-Union Missouri Constitutional Convention on July 6, 1864. It took effect on Saturday, January 14, 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution became law in December 1865 and banned slavery in all US States and territories. Photo Gallery for The Dred Scott Case - click thumbnails The Old Courthouse in St Louis Roswell Field House, City Landmark, NR, built 1845 as part of a row Events in St Louis History St Louis Missouri Real Estate For Sale Condos For Sale: 1016 New Construction For Sale: 649 Commercial For Sale: 2317 Acreage For Sale: 1738 Multi-Family 5+ For Sale: 96 Multi-Family 2-4 For Sale: 425 Lots For Sale: 4471 Total Properties For Sale: 24286	964	ENGLISH	1
Little is known of the first three years in the life of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper who was born in Baltimore, Maryland the only child of free parents, on September 24, 1825. The names of her parents are not know but they both died in 1828 leaving Frances an orphan. Her maternal aunt and uncle, Hernietta and the Rev. William Watkins raised her. William was the minister at the Sharp Street African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). Frances was educated at the Watkins Academy for Negro Youth where her uncle taught. The Rev. Watkins was a civil rights activist and abolitionist and had a major impact and influence on her life and work. At the age of 14, Frances found work as a seamstress and domestic in a Quaker household, where she was given access to their library and encouraged in her literary aspirations. Her poems appeared in newspapers, and in 1845 a collection of them was printed as Autumn Leaves (also published as Forest Leaves). When she was 25 the Watkins family fled Baltimore after the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. This act was part of the compromise of 1850 between Southern slave- holding interests and the Norther Free-Soilers. It was very controversial and heightened the Northern fears of a Slave power conspiracy. It stated that all escaped slaves, upon capture, would be returned to their masters and that all officials and citizens of free states must comply and cooperate. It was nicknamed the “Bloodhound Law, because of the dogs that were used to track runaway slaves. The Watkin family settled briefly in Ohio but then moved to Pennsylvania in order to work with the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, where she began to help slaves along the underground railroad on their way to Canada. Frances continued to write, and her Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects, was published in 1854 gaining critical notice. This was her first and biggest commercial success. In these writings she attacked not only racism but also the oppression of women. Most of the earnings from this and her other books went to help free the slaves. In 1854 she also began her lecturing career. She was much in demand on the anti-slavery circuit and she traveled extensively in the years before the Civil War. After the unsuccessful uprising at Harper’s Ferry in 1859, she gave emotional support and comfort to Mary Brown, John Brown’s wife, during her husbands trial and execution. Watkins wrote to him, "In the name of the young girl sold from the warm clasp of a mother's arms to the clutches of a libertine or profligate,—in the name of the slave mother, her heart rocked to and fro by the agony of her mournful separations,—I thank you, that you have been brave enough to reach out your hands to the crushed and blighted of my race.” Somehow these words were smuggled into John Brown’s prison cell. Harper published 80 poems. In her poem "The Slave Mother" she writes: "He is not hers, although she bore For him a mother's pains; He is not hers, although her blood Is coursing through his veins! He is not hers, for cruel hands May rudely tear apart The only wreath of household love That binds her breaking heart." Throughout the two stanzas, Harper demonstrates the restricted relationship between an enslaved mother and her child, while including themes of family, motherhood, humanity and slavery. This work is credited with being the inspiration for Toni Morrisons, Beloved. In 1858 she refused to give up her seat or ride in the "colored" section of a segregated trolley car in Philadelphia (100 years before Rosa Parks) and wrote one of her most famous poems, "Bury Me in a Free Land", for The Anti-Slavery Bugle In 1860, Frances Harper married a widower named Fenton Harper. When he died four years later she was left with their daughter and his children from a previous marriage. Harper died of heart failure on February 22, 1911, at the age of 86. In 1866, Harper gave a moving speech before the National Women's Rights Convention, demanding equal rights for all, including Black women. She stated: "We are all bound up together in one great bundle of humanity, and society cannot trample on the weakest and feeblest of its members without receiving the curse in its own soul. You tried that in the case of the Negro...You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me...While there exists this brutal element in society which tramples upon the feeble and treads down the weak, I tell you that if there is any class of people who need to be lifted out of their airy nothings and selfishness, it is the white women of America.” Although busy as a writer and active in public life, Harper continued to engage personally in social concerns at the local level. She worked with a number of churches in the black community of north Philadelphia near her home, feeding the poor, preventing juvenile delinquency, and teaching Sunday School at the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. In 1873 Harper became Superintendent of the Colored Section of the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Women's Christian Temperance Union. In 1894 she helped found the National Association of Colored Women and served as its vice president, 1895-1911. Along with Ida B. Wells, Harper wrote and lectured against lynching. She was also a member of the Universal Peace Union. Both Unitarians and the AME church have claimed Harper as a member. She was reluctant to choose between the two. AME was the church she had been raised in. It was family and home to her, and she always remembered where she came from and what her people had been through. Her reasons for joining the Unitarian church, on the other hand, may have been partly political. Although she had had personal and professional contacts in both black and white communities ever since her first book of poems was published, many doors remained closed to her. In a society where color lines were clearly drawn, a Unitarian church provided a rare opportunity for the races to meet. The Unitarians she knew could help to advance the causes she supported in places she could never go. According to Brent Staples of the New York Times, in his article of February 2, 2019, many African-American women were written out of the history of the woman suffrage movement. Harper was one of those women, because she dared ask white women to treat black women as equals. Historian Alison M. Parker wrote that Harper vexed white women reformers by accusing them “of being directly complicit in the oppression of blacks,” and by demanding that they rid themselves of racism. “You white women speak here of rights,” Harper said that day in 1866. “I speak of wrongs.” Reciting the litany of humiliations that black women had to endure on public conveyances — not because they were women but because they were black — she asked, “Are there no wrongs to be righted?” Staples says, "The official suffrage history reduces the poet and novelist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper to a bit player, even though she was central to the struggles for both African-American and women’s rights."	<urn:uuid:c692c271-df83-436b-ad90-6693ec4704c8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.herstory-online.com/single-post/2019/10/03/I-Speak-of-Wrongs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00357.warc.gz	en	0.987036	1,555	3.53125	4	[ -0.23465022444725037, 0.1262102872133255, 0.4358058571815491, 0.06781986355781555, -0.21287697553634644, 0.0627618134021759, -0.12104284763336182, -0.40795424580574036, -0.052439093589782715, -0.12382891029119492, 0.3217291235923767, 0.3038631081581116, -0.3717647194862366, -0.218871995806...	2	Little is known of the first three years in the life of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper who was born in Baltimore, Maryland the only child of free parents, on September 24, 1825. The names of her parents are not know but they both died in 1828 leaving Frances an orphan. Her maternal aunt and uncle, Hernietta and the Rev. William Watkins raised her. William was the minister at the Sharp Street African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). Frances was educated at the Watkins Academy for Negro Youth where her uncle taught. The Rev. Watkins was a civil rights activist and abolitionist and had a major impact and influence on her life and work. At the age of 14, Frances found work as a seamstress and domestic in a Quaker household, where she was given access to their library and encouraged in her literary aspirations. Her poems appeared in newspapers, and in 1845 a collection of them was printed as Autumn Leaves (also published as Forest Leaves). When she was 25 the Watkins family fled Baltimore after the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. This act was part of the compromise of 1850 between Southern slave- holding interests and the Norther Free-Soilers. It was very controversial and heightened the Northern fears of a Slave power conspiracy. It stated that all escaped slaves, upon capture, would be returned to their masters and that all officials and citizens of free states must comply and cooperate. It was nicknamed the “Bloodhound Law, because of the dogs that were used to track runaway slaves. The Watkin family settled briefly in Ohio but then moved to Pennsylvania in order to work with the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, where she began to help slaves along the underground railroad on their way to Canada. Frances continued to write, and her Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects, was published in 1854 gaining critical notice. This was her first and biggest commercial success. In these writings she attacked not only racism but also the oppression of women. Most of the earnings from this and her other books went to help free the slaves. In 1854 she also began her lecturing career. She was much in demand on the anti-slavery circuit and she traveled extensively in the years before the Civil War. After the unsuccessful uprising at Harper’s Ferry in 1859, she gave emotional support and comfort to Mary Brown, John Brown’s wife, during her husbands trial and execution. Watkins wrote to him, "In the name of the young girl sold from the warm clasp of a mother's arms to the clutches of a libertine or profligate,—in the name of the slave mother, her heart rocked to and fro by the agony of her mournful separations,—I thank you, that you have been brave enough to reach out your hands to the crushed and blighted of my race.” Somehow these words were smuggled into John Brown’s prison cell. Harper published 80 poems. In her poem "The Slave Mother" she writes: "He is not hers, although she bore For him a mother's pains; He is not hers, although her blood Is coursing through his veins! He is not hers, for cruel hands May rudely tear apart The only wreath of household love That binds her breaking heart." Throughout the two stanzas, Harper demonstrates the restricted relationship between an enslaved mother and her child, while including themes of family, motherhood, humanity and slavery. This work is credited with being the inspiration for Toni Morrisons, Beloved. In 1858 she refused to give up her seat or ride in the "colored" section of a segregated trolley car in Philadelphia (100 years before Rosa Parks) and wrote one of her most famous poems, "Bury Me in a Free Land", for The Anti-Slavery Bugle In 1860, Frances Harper married a widower named Fenton Harper. When he died four years later she was left with their daughter and his children from a previous marriage. Harper died of heart failure on February 22, 1911, at the age of 86. In 1866, Harper gave a moving speech before the National Women's Rights Convention, demanding equal rights for all, including Black women. She stated: "We are all bound up together in one great bundle of humanity, and society cannot trample on the weakest and feeblest of its members without receiving the curse in its own soul. You tried that in the case of the Negro...You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me...While there exists this brutal element in society which tramples upon the feeble and treads down the weak, I tell you that if there is any class of people who need to be lifted out of their airy nothings and selfishness, it is the white women of America.” Although busy as a writer and active in public life, Harper continued to engage personally in social concerns at the local level. She worked with a number of churches in the black community of north Philadelphia near her home, feeding the poor, preventing juvenile delinquency, and teaching Sunday School at the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. In 1873 Harper became Superintendent of the Colored Section of the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Women's Christian Temperance Union. In 1894 she helped found the National Association of Colored Women and served as its vice president, 1895-1911. Along with Ida B. Wells, Harper wrote and lectured against lynching. She was also a member of the Universal Peace Union. Both Unitarians and the AME church have claimed Harper as a member. She was reluctant to choose between the two. AME was the church she had been raised in. It was family and home to her, and she always remembered where she came from and what her people had been through. Her reasons for joining the Unitarian church, on the other hand, may have been partly political. Although she had had personal and professional contacts in both black and white communities ever since her first book of poems was published, many doors remained closed to her. In a society where color lines were clearly drawn, a Unitarian church provided a rare opportunity for the races to meet. The Unitarians she knew could help to advance the causes she supported in places she could never go. According to Brent Staples of the New York Times, in his article of February 2, 2019, many African-American women were written out of the history of the woman suffrage movement. Harper was one of those women, because she dared ask white women to treat black women as equals. Historian Alison M. Parker wrote that Harper vexed white women reformers by accusing them “of being directly complicit in the oppression of blacks,” and by demanding that they rid themselves of racism. “You white women speak here of rights,” Harper said that day in 1866. “I speak of wrongs.” Reciting the litany of humiliations that black women had to endure on public conveyances — not because they were women but because they were black — she asked, “Are there no wrongs to be righted?” Staples says, "The official suffrage history reduces the poet and novelist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper to a bit player, even though she was central to the struggles for both African-American and women’s rights."	1,575	ENGLISH	1
What did people wear under their dresses or breeches in the 17th century? Well, the most common answer is, nothing. Underwear was a fancy upper class phenomenon. There are some discoveries showing a form of bra and drawers for women in recent archeological studies in Germany and France, and a mention of drawers in Italy. The common women did not use them in a routine way. The manufacture of various pieces of clothing was severely limited due to lack of elastic, buttons, zippers or snaps. Almost everything on clothes seemed to be tied. Women wore a chemise, a thin linen shift, with elbow length sleeves, most often pulled over the head and tied at the neckline. Over that, were the stays. Most often made from lengths of bone aligned vertically, the stays were connected together with cloth and surrounded the mid-section. They were used to keep the waist pushed in and the breasts pushed up. The stays, or corset, were laced up at the back, which meant that the woman could not dress herself, but, rather, needed another to help. A husband could be quite an asset in the morning! A man wore very long shirts, which wrapped between the legs and kept him warm under his breeches. As far as Scots go, I have no idea how they kept warm under their kilts! Both men and women wore knit stockings, most often wool. As trade with Asia increased and access to silk became available, knit stockings as thin as heavy tights in today’s society became a style, but very expensive. Men’s stockings were mid-thigh length, held in place by the breeches which were secured just below the knees with ribbons. Women’s stockings were almost as long, and secured below the knees with ribbons. The extra length was rolled down over the ribbons. Shoes gradually altered style during the 17th century. At the beginning, leather or cloth shoes, and boots, all had flat soles, with just a little heel. By the middle of the century, high heels and high soles became the rage. These were thought to be practical for walking the muddy roads of towns and villages, few of which had so far been paved. Wooden shoes, not unlike those noted in Dutch culture, were actually common among farmers and country folk in England and American colonies, at that time. Women would, then, have indoor shoes and outdoor shoes. Elizabeth A Martina is a historical fiction writer, but the history is true and the characters are real. Her aim is to get people to see life from another perspective, using history as the venue.	<urn:uuid:1761ea33-743f-4c8c-a875-7035b7d8b1e1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://elizabethamartina.weebly.com/elizabeths-thoughts/archives/10-2018	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00315.warc.gz	en	0.989182	546	3.296875	3	[ -0.03294257074594498, 0.517027735710144, 0.21452215313911438, 0.06280913949012756, 0.26944082975387573, 0.046953268349170685, 0.17820781469345093, 0.08176369965076447, -0.3656644821166992, -0.16358689963817596, 0.20965556800365448, -0.0717676430940628, -0.07592993974685669, 0.1973323225975...	1	What did people wear under their dresses or breeches in the 17th century? Well, the most common answer is, nothing. Underwear was a fancy upper class phenomenon. There are some discoveries showing a form of bra and drawers for women in recent archeological studies in Germany and France, and a mention of drawers in Italy. The common women did not use them in a routine way. The manufacture of various pieces of clothing was severely limited due to lack of elastic, buttons, zippers or snaps. Almost everything on clothes seemed to be tied. Women wore a chemise, a thin linen shift, with elbow length sleeves, most often pulled over the head and tied at the neckline. Over that, were the stays. Most often made from lengths of bone aligned vertically, the stays were connected together with cloth and surrounded the mid-section. They were used to keep the waist pushed in and the breasts pushed up. The stays, or corset, were laced up at the back, which meant that the woman could not dress herself, but, rather, needed another to help. A husband could be quite an asset in the morning! A man wore very long shirts, which wrapped between the legs and kept him warm under his breeches. As far as Scots go, I have no idea how they kept warm under their kilts! Both men and women wore knit stockings, most often wool. As trade with Asia increased and access to silk became available, knit stockings as thin as heavy tights in today’s society became a style, but very expensive. Men’s stockings were mid-thigh length, held in place by the breeches which were secured just below the knees with ribbons. Women’s stockings were almost as long, and secured below the knees with ribbons. The extra length was rolled down over the ribbons. Shoes gradually altered style during the 17th century. At the beginning, leather or cloth shoes, and boots, all had flat soles, with just a little heel. By the middle of the century, high heels and high soles became the rage. These were thought to be practical for walking the muddy roads of towns and villages, few of which had so far been paved. Wooden shoes, not unlike those noted in Dutch culture, were actually common among farmers and country folk in England and American colonies, at that time. Women would, then, have indoor shoes and outdoor shoes. Elizabeth A Martina is a historical fiction writer, but the history is true and the characters are real. Her aim is to get people to see life from another perspective, using history as the venue.	530	ENGLISH	1
Cholera, an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, was epidemic worldwide in the 1800s. Typically contracted from infected water supplies, it caused severe vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. Other symptoms included wrinkled skin, low blood pressure, dry mouth and rapid heart rate. Little was known about cholera in those days. Doctors didn't know what caused it and were unaware it was infectious. At the time, no one knew anything about sanitation and good hygiene. Mankind had yet to make a connection between them and good health. That breakthrough wouldn't come until the American War Between the States. The simple act of washing hands would have gone a long way in stopping the spread of the dreaded disease. There were many suspected causes for cholera. It was blamed on miasmas, an unpleasant smell or vapor. Filthy living conditions among the poor were also thought to cause cholera. Organized religions said it was caused by sinful behavior. Their leaders set aside state and national days of prayer to cure the sick and stop the dreaded disease. Suggestions to "avoid fruits and vegetables" and stay out of "night air and damp places" were common. Diagnosing cholera and treatments of the day did little to save lives or stop the spread of this killer. Cholera was difficult to diagnose because early symptoms were often thought to be something else. Treatments such as blood-letting and purging were common for almost all ailments, so either way, the treatment only further weakened the patient and spread the disease. The first known cholera in St. Louis was in 1832. More than 300 people died that summer, and more died during each of the following three summers. However, it was the epidemic of 1849 that wiped out nearly 10 percent of the city's growing population. That epidemic occurred between April and August. Immigrants were arriving in St. Louis by the steamboat-load, and neither the boats nor the city had any sewer system. The combination was deadly. One source says more than 120 people died of cholera in April. The Missouri Republican newspaper normally reported five or six deaths a week, but during the epidemic, weekly deaths ranged from 150-640. On July 18 alone, 88 burials were reported — not by name, but by how many were buried in each cemetery. The number of deaths dropped dramatically in August. The official death toll from cholera is 4,317 but is probably not accurate as many people were buried outside the city limits. While cholera was trying to kill St. Louis with disease, another tragedy struck May 17 of that year that almost wiped out the entire town. Read about the St. Louis Fire of 1849 in next week's column. Elizabeth Davis was born and raised in Cooper County and has written Historically Yours for the Boonville Daily News for more than 10 years. In celebration of Missouri's Bicentennial, she has syndicated her column statewide and encourages readers all over the Show-Me State to submit topic suggestions for future columns to [email protected]	<urn:uuid:5fe69115-7f31-4eaf-9bd9-8e7565fd03d2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.newstribune.com/news/local/story/2019/jul/23/historically-yours-st-louis-cholera-epidemic-of-1849/787634/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00449.warc.gz	en	0.987653	631	3.84375	4	[ 0.11341103911399841, -0.14307910203933716, 0.5825058221817017, -0.11599703133106232, 0.5095270872116089, -0.28817301988601685, 0.14678966999053955, 0.3376917243003845, -0.07581155002117157, -0.08206938952207565, 0.20090585947036743, -0.1707032322883606, 0.15845458209514618, -0.093636751174...	4	Cholera, an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, was epidemic worldwide in the 1800s. Typically contracted from infected water supplies, it caused severe vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. Other symptoms included wrinkled skin, low blood pressure, dry mouth and rapid heart rate. Little was known about cholera in those days. Doctors didn't know what caused it and were unaware it was infectious. At the time, no one knew anything about sanitation and good hygiene. Mankind had yet to make a connection between them and good health. That breakthrough wouldn't come until the American War Between the States. The simple act of washing hands would have gone a long way in stopping the spread of the dreaded disease. There were many suspected causes for cholera. It was blamed on miasmas, an unpleasant smell or vapor. Filthy living conditions among the poor were also thought to cause cholera. Organized religions said it was caused by sinful behavior. Their leaders set aside state and national days of prayer to cure the sick and stop the dreaded disease. Suggestions to "avoid fruits and vegetables" and stay out of "night air and damp places" were common. Diagnosing cholera and treatments of the day did little to save lives or stop the spread of this killer. Cholera was difficult to diagnose because early symptoms were often thought to be something else. Treatments such as blood-letting and purging were common for almost all ailments, so either way, the treatment only further weakened the patient and spread the disease. The first known cholera in St. Louis was in 1832. More than 300 people died that summer, and more died during each of the following three summers. However, it was the epidemic of 1849 that wiped out nearly 10 percent of the city's growing population. That epidemic occurred between April and August. Immigrants were arriving in St. Louis by the steamboat-load, and neither the boats nor the city had any sewer system. The combination was deadly. One source says more than 120 people died of cholera in April. The Missouri Republican newspaper normally reported five or six deaths a week, but during the epidemic, weekly deaths ranged from 150-640. On July 18 alone, 88 burials were reported — not by name, but by how many were buried in each cemetery. The number of deaths dropped dramatically in August. The official death toll from cholera is 4,317 but is probably not accurate as many people were buried outside the city limits. While cholera was trying to kill St. Louis with disease, another tragedy struck May 17 of that year that almost wiped out the entire town. Read about the St. Louis Fire of 1849 in next week's column. Elizabeth Davis was born and raised in Cooper County and has written Historically Yours for the Boonville Daily News for more than 10 years. In celebration of Missouri's Bicentennial, she has syndicated her column statewide and encourages readers all over the Show-Me State to submit topic suggestions for future columns to [email protected]	653	ENGLISH	1
Fort Smith used to be the wild west of Arkansas. Fort Smith was originally a military outpost that had as its main goal to stop the Cherokee Indians and the Osage Indians to go to war against one another, since the Cherokee had been forced into the Osage' land. The first fort was founded on christmas day 1817. The actual fort was abandoned in 1824 and not re-occupied until 1838 but in the time being a small town was building up around the fort. The second fort of Fort Smith was built in the 1840's because of the fear of that indians would go to war against the settlers in Arkansas. The fort was also used for storage and as a outpost for military expeditions, adventurers and gold seekers. After the civil war Fort Smith started to loose its importance and in 1871 the forts were abandoned but instead the US Court for the western district of Arkansas was moved from Van Buren to Fort Smith. One year later the one of the forts came into use again, but not for military. Instead it was used as a court room and a jail.	<urn:uuid:a68b2380-f648-4153-ba74-07ca94faad75>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://local.arkansas.gov/local.php?agency=Fort%20Smith	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00363.warc.gz	en	0.988568	221	3.5	4	[ -0.011086528189480305, 0.7099034786224365, 0.24997670948505402, 0.31206974387168884, -0.0806267112493515, -0.4166905879974365, 0.3491341471672058, -0.18909591436386108, -0.5059208273887634, -0.059262510389089584, 0.22038337588310242, -0.07738935202360153, 0.5234415531158447, -0.01366113591...	5	Fort Smith used to be the wild west of Arkansas. Fort Smith was originally a military outpost that had as its main goal to stop the Cherokee Indians and the Osage Indians to go to war against one another, since the Cherokee had been forced into the Osage' land. The first fort was founded on christmas day 1817. The actual fort was abandoned in 1824 and not re-occupied until 1838 but in the time being a small town was building up around the fort. The second fort of Fort Smith was built in the 1840's because of the fear of that indians would go to war against the settlers in Arkansas. The fort was also used for storage and as a outpost for military expeditions, adventurers and gold seekers. After the civil war Fort Smith started to loose its importance and in 1871 the forts were abandoned but instead the US Court for the western district of Arkansas was moved from Van Buren to Fort Smith. One year later the one of the forts came into use again, but not for military. Instead it was used as a court room and a jail.	234	ENGLISH	1
Europe was in a state of extreme development in 500-1500 B.C.E. Western Europe was especially affected by this change politically, militarily, and intellectually. Although many things were continuous between the Early and High Middle Ages, the changes were more integral to the evolution of Western Europe. In the Early Middle Ages, cities in Western Europe were very unstable due to threats of invasion and a large gap between the rich and the poor. Cities were under constant fear of Germanic invasions, which caused them to be unable to expand. This fear also did not allow Europeans to focus on educating themselves due to all of their focus being put on self-preservation. Cities still operated under the feudal system, which gave the lords lots of power. Serfs and peasants that worked on these lands had no rights. These instabilities had profound effect on the development of Western European civilization. In the High Middle Ages, the increase in power of the lower classes and a reduction of outside threats caused cities in Western Europe to flourish. Since more people moved to cities, cities became large urban centers. This increased the need for specialized labor due to large demands for goods and services. This increased the income of working class peasants, which in turn increased their power. These workers then formed guilds, which increased their power even more by protecting their rights. The decrease in invasions allowed two very important things to happen. First, cities could focus on expanding their realm since their military was not focused on self-protection. Second,...	<urn:uuid:8a8f86c8-3503-42d8-831e-22af1f00e82e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/middle-ages-ccot	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00451.warc.gz	en	0.987218	305	4.21875	4	[ -0.31734445691108704, 0.15403121709823608, 0.41840970516204834, 0.02953915111720562, 0.15651017427444458, 0.21244364976882935, -0.5696573257446289, 0.33016470074653625, 0.03017142228782177, -0.011587991379201412, 0.0679507851600647, -0.14651328325271606, 0.156772181391716, -0.0575697943568...	1	Europe was in a state of extreme development in 500-1500 B.C.E. Western Europe was especially affected by this change politically, militarily, and intellectually. Although many things were continuous between the Early and High Middle Ages, the changes were more integral to the evolution of Western Europe. In the Early Middle Ages, cities in Western Europe were very unstable due to threats of invasion and a large gap between the rich and the poor. Cities were under constant fear of Germanic invasions, which caused them to be unable to expand. This fear also did not allow Europeans to focus on educating themselves due to all of their focus being put on self-preservation. Cities still operated under the feudal system, which gave the lords lots of power. Serfs and peasants that worked on these lands had no rights. These instabilities had profound effect on the development of Western European civilization. In the High Middle Ages, the increase in power of the lower classes and a reduction of outside threats caused cities in Western Europe to flourish. Since more people moved to cities, cities became large urban centers. This increased the need for specialized labor due to large demands for goods and services. This increased the income of working class peasants, which in turn increased their power. These workers then formed guilds, which increased their power even more by protecting their rights. The decrease in invasions allowed two very important things to happen. First, cities could focus on expanding their realm since their military was not focused on self-protection. Second,...	306	ENGLISH	1
Newspapers were greatly used by the Nazi Party to spread the party line. Newspapers were commonly purchased in an era that pre-dated television and along with the cinema and radio was the primary mode of spreading information – information that the Nazi Party wanted to control. Hitler came to power on January 30th 1933 and almost immediately set out plans that would give the Nazis total power over all newspapers. Once Chancellor, Hitler was in a position to implement from a propaganda viewpoint what he had written about in ‘Mein Kampf’: “The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous. In consequence of these facts, all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points and must harp on these slogans until the last member of the public understands what you want him to understand by your slogan.” Control of newspapers was put into the hands of Joseph Goebbels, the head of the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. Goebbels set up a department within the ministry that dealt solely with newspapers. The newspapers had to spread the same message as everything else – Gleischaltung – the coordination of the whole of Nazi German society so that it acted and thought the same. Therefore people could only read the news as it was presented to them by the government. On October 4th 1933 the Reich Press Law stated that all journalism had to be “racially clean”. Any Jewish and liberal editors and journalists were sacked and all remaining editors had to take a Nazi citizenship test and prove that they were not married to a Jew. Any Jew who owned a newspaper was pressurised into selling out. If any Jewish owner refused to do this, the government banned the production of his newspaper for a few days that could then become weeks and months. By using this tactic, the Nazis hoped to bankrupt Jewish newspaper owners. This is what happened to the Jewish owned publishing house Ullstein. It was taken to the brink of bankruptcy and sold out to Eher Verlag, the Nazi publishing house based in Munich. One of the newspapers acquired by Eher Verlag was ‘Vossische Zeitung’, a celebrated liberal newspaper founded in 1703. To prove to the world that the Nazi government was reasonable, Goebbels allowed the highly respected ‘Frankfurter Zeitung’ a degree of independence from central interference on the understanding that it got rid of its Jewish owners. Nazi newspapers predictably did well after January 1933. The official newspaper of the Third Reich was the ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’, which was edited by Alfred Rosenberg who was considered to be the Nazi Party’s primary intellectual. Joseph Goebbels had his own newspaper, ‘Der Angriff’. The ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was printed in Munich and appeared in the morning while ‘Der Angriff’ was printed in Berlin and appeared in the afternoon. In this way, the Nazis covered the whole of Germany. Both newspapers fawningly supported Hitler and National Socialism and pushed Nazi ideas. To ensure that all major newspapers were in Nazi hands, Goebbels gave the old Berlin newspaper, ‘Boersen Zeitung’ (Stock Exchange Journal) to Walter Funk, Hitler’s economic and financial advisor. ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ translated as ‘Racial Observer’. It was the main Nazi daily newspaper and it was used to peddle whatever Goebbels wanted. It was anti-Semite, anti-Communist, anti-liberal and completely fawning towards Hitler. During World War Two, the German public only read about the ‘good news’ as nothing bad was allowed to be reported. ‘Der Angriff’ translated as ‘The Assault’ and it was a newspaper founded by Goebbels in 1927 and became effectively his property. Its subtitle was ‘For the Oppressed against the Oppressors’. The right hand column of the front page was reserved for the personal comments of Goebbels that were signed off ‘Dr G’. There were many libel actions against ‘Der Angriff’ but none were successful. It never had the circulation of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ and became simply a tool to voice the opinions of Goebbels. Some individual Nazis were allowed to produce their own newspapers as the party hierarchy had no doubts that they would not peddle the party line. Probably the most infamous was ‘Der Stűrmer’ by the anti-Semite Julius Streicher who claimed that ‘Der Stűrmer’ was Hitler’s favourite read. However, Goebbels viewed the newspaper as little more than a ‘daily rag’ and believed that it was more likely to harm the regime than present it in its best light such was the paucity of its contents that occasionally bordered on the pornographic. However, it is said that Hitler read each issue from cover to cover and any protests that Goebbels might have made would have fallen on deaf ears. Towards the end of World War Two, Goebbels had the opportunity to ban ‘Der Stűrmer’ using the lack of paper as a reason. At its peak, Goebbels supervised more than 3,600 newspapers and hundreds of magazines. He met the editors of the Berlin newspapers each morning and told them what could be printed and what could not. He kept in similar contact with editors based elsewhere in Germany using telegrams. It is almost certain that every editor knew what was in store if he broke away from the instructions set by Goebbels. All editors were expected to fully praise Hitler and senior Nazi officials. In 1937, Goebbels appointed Hans Fritzsche as his link with Germany’s newspaper editors. However, it does appear that the German public became tired of the lack of choice when it came to newspapers and the constant hammering home of National Socialist ideals. The annual sales of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ fell drastically between 1933 and 1939. - ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was the main official newspaper of the Nazi Party. The primary aim of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was to spread the word of Nazism and… - Adolf Hitler led Germany throughout World War Two. His desire to create an aryan race was paramount in his ethos and political campaigns. Hitler had no…	<urn:uuid:90f14a84-0d4a-4a1a-8981-1fd7d18b6e54>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nazi-germany/newspapers-in-nazi-germany/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00206.warc.gz	en	0.984197	1,390	3.390625	3	[ -0.21169021725654602, 0.4256523847579956, -0.2970176041126251, -0.06605200469493866, 0.3023647665977478, 0.26247480511665344, -0.013313611969351768, 0.2866235673427582, -0.20107057690620422, 0.1487514078617096, 0.31903254985809326, 0.27369192242622375, 0.0924374982714653, -0.02109684422612...	12	Newspapers were greatly used by the Nazi Party to spread the party line. Newspapers were commonly purchased in an era that pre-dated television and along with the cinema and radio was the primary mode of spreading information – information that the Nazi Party wanted to control. Hitler came to power on January 30th 1933 and almost immediately set out plans that would give the Nazis total power over all newspapers. Once Chancellor, Hitler was in a position to implement from a propaganda viewpoint what he had written about in ‘Mein Kampf’: “The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous. In consequence of these facts, all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points and must harp on these slogans until the last member of the public understands what you want him to understand by your slogan.” Control of newspapers was put into the hands of Joseph Goebbels, the head of the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. Goebbels set up a department within the ministry that dealt solely with newspapers. The newspapers had to spread the same message as everything else – Gleischaltung – the coordination of the whole of Nazi German society so that it acted and thought the same. Therefore people could only read the news as it was presented to them by the government. On October 4th 1933 the Reich Press Law stated that all journalism had to be “racially clean”. Any Jewish and liberal editors and journalists were sacked and all remaining editors had to take a Nazi citizenship test and prove that they were not married to a Jew. Any Jew who owned a newspaper was pressurised into selling out. If any Jewish owner refused to do this, the government banned the production of his newspaper for a few days that could then become weeks and months. By using this tactic, the Nazis hoped to bankrupt Jewish newspaper owners. This is what happened to the Jewish owned publishing house Ullstein. It was taken to the brink of bankruptcy and sold out to Eher Verlag, the Nazi publishing house based in Munich. One of the newspapers acquired by Eher Verlag was ‘Vossische Zeitung’, a celebrated liberal newspaper founded in 1703. To prove to the world that the Nazi government was reasonable, Goebbels allowed the highly respected ‘Frankfurter Zeitung’ a degree of independence from central interference on the understanding that it got rid of its Jewish owners. Nazi newspapers predictably did well after January 1933. The official newspaper of the Third Reich was the ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’, which was edited by Alfred Rosenberg who was considered to be the Nazi Party’s primary intellectual. Joseph Goebbels had his own newspaper, ‘Der Angriff’. The ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was printed in Munich and appeared in the morning while ‘Der Angriff’ was printed in Berlin and appeared in the afternoon. In this way, the Nazis covered the whole of Germany. Both newspapers fawningly supported Hitler and National Socialism and pushed Nazi ideas. To ensure that all major newspapers were in Nazi hands, Goebbels gave the old Berlin newspaper, ‘Boersen Zeitung’ (Stock Exchange Journal) to Walter Funk, Hitler’s economic and financial advisor. ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ translated as ‘Racial Observer’. It was the main Nazi daily newspaper and it was used to peddle whatever Goebbels wanted. It was anti-Semite, anti-Communist, anti-liberal and completely fawning towards Hitler. During World War Two, the German public only read about the ‘good news’ as nothing bad was allowed to be reported. ‘Der Angriff’ translated as ‘The Assault’ and it was a newspaper founded by Goebbels in 1927 and became effectively his property. Its subtitle was ‘For the Oppressed against the Oppressors’. The right hand column of the front page was reserved for the personal comments of Goebbels that were signed off ‘Dr G’. There were many libel actions against ‘Der Angriff’ but none were successful. It never had the circulation of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ and became simply a tool to voice the opinions of Goebbels. Some individual Nazis were allowed to produce their own newspapers as the party hierarchy had no doubts that they would not peddle the party line. Probably the most infamous was ‘Der Stűrmer’ by the anti-Semite Julius Streicher who claimed that ‘Der Stűrmer’ was Hitler’s favourite read. However, Goebbels viewed the newspaper as little more than a ‘daily rag’ and believed that it was more likely to harm the regime than present it in its best light such was the paucity of its contents that occasionally bordered on the pornographic. However, it is said that Hitler read each issue from cover to cover and any protests that Goebbels might have made would have fallen on deaf ears. Towards the end of World War Two, Goebbels had the opportunity to ban ‘Der Stűrmer’ using the lack of paper as a reason. At its peak, Goebbels supervised more than 3,600 newspapers and hundreds of magazines. He met the editors of the Berlin newspapers each morning and told them what could be printed and what could not. He kept in similar contact with editors based elsewhere in Germany using telegrams. It is almost certain that every editor knew what was in store if he broke away from the instructions set by Goebbels. All editors were expected to fully praise Hitler and senior Nazi officials. In 1937, Goebbels appointed Hans Fritzsche as his link with Germany’s newspaper editors. However, it does appear that the German public became tired of the lack of choice when it came to newspapers and the constant hammering home of National Socialist ideals. The annual sales of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ fell drastically between 1933 and 1939. - ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was the main official newspaper of the Nazi Party. The primary aim of ‘Vőlkischer Beobachter’ was to spread the word of Nazism and… - Adolf Hitler led Germany throughout World War Two. His desire to create an aryan race was paramount in his ethos and political campaigns. Hitler had no…	1,317	ENGLISH	1
When Beethoven first performed his Ninth Symphony, as he couldn’t hear the rapturous applause it received due to his deafness, one of his singers approached him and turned him around so that he could see the standing ovation he was receiving. Beethoven overcame deafness by biting a metal rod attached to his piano to hear his work. It’s called bone conduction, and can also be used to help divers talk and hear underwater, and is also used by elephants to communicate. A man was sentenced to 20 hours of Beethoven after being caught for playing rap music too loud, as an alternative to a full fine. He only lasted 15 minutes before leaving. Beethoven hated authority and social rank (he was a commoner), so much that he would stop playing if aristocrats talked during his performances. After conducting Symphony No. 9 stone deaf, Beethoven had to be physically turned around to see the audience applaud him (some waved handkerchiefs so he could visibly see their ovations). Beethoven cut the legs off his piano and placed it on the floor to feel the vibrations.	<urn:uuid:73e87d08-d58d-426b-a9e6-916f41d5b70c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://crazyfacts.com/tag/beethoven/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00436.warc.gz	en	0.993662	235	3.6875	4	[ 0.003321921918541193, 0.20317180454730988, 0.19479672610759735, -0.006176798138767481, -0.6736310124397278, 0.11211679875850677, 0.3080194592475891, 0.014867966063320637, 0.4158059060573578, -0.3059232831001282, 0.08114397525787354, -0.01649235188961029, -0.18855486810207367, -0.0985025987...	4	When Beethoven first performed his Ninth Symphony, as he couldn’t hear the rapturous applause it received due to his deafness, one of his singers approached him and turned him around so that he could see the standing ovation he was receiving. Beethoven overcame deafness by biting a metal rod attached to his piano to hear his work. It’s called bone conduction, and can also be used to help divers talk and hear underwater, and is also used by elephants to communicate. A man was sentenced to 20 hours of Beethoven after being caught for playing rap music too loud, as an alternative to a full fine. He only lasted 15 minutes before leaving. Beethoven hated authority and social rank (he was a commoner), so much that he would stop playing if aristocrats talked during his performances. After conducting Symphony No. 9 stone deaf, Beethoven had to be physically turned around to see the audience applaud him (some waved handkerchiefs so he could visibly see their ovations). Beethoven cut the legs off his piano and placed it on the floor to feel the vibrations.	227	ENGLISH	1
The laws of ancient civilizations have had a great influence on the development of Canadian law. Even though Canada is a relatively young country, the roots of our legal system date back thousands of years. Here, King Hammurabi is pictured receiving authority over the laws from Shamash, the god of justice. How might this influence Babylonians to follow the law? He placed the 8-foot-tall stone pillar, now known the “Code of Hammurabi” in a central location for all to see so that all people would be familiar with the laws in Babylon. It was discovered in 1901 and has since been translated and is now on display in the L’Ouvre Museum in Paris. The Code of Hammurabi was very strict with severe punishments (as seen in the chart below) but it also established some important legal principles that still exist in our legal system today. Crime murder theft, burglary, stealing hitting a parent lying in court kidnapping hiding runaway slaves conspiracyconspiracy-planning to commit a crime offending the gods Punishment The concept of _______________was very important. This meant that the guilty party deserved punishment for his actions, much like today. However, the punishments were often very severe as it followed the philosophy of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” It also could be unfair as sometimes innocent people were punished for a crime they did not commit i.e. if a man built a house for another man and it collapsed killing that man’s daughter, the builder’s daughter could be put to death. Not all punishments were severe as it also established another important legal principle called _______________. This is where payment was made by the offender to the victim of a crime, also still present in our legal system. It also stated that the accused be given a fair trial and that people did not lie during a trial. Because the Code was placed for all to see it, nobody could claim that they were not aware of the laws. These ideas form the basis of our legal system today. This is an artist’s rendering of the ancient city of Babylon, though the Code of Hammurabi is not visible. DK^ / > t One of the greatest influences on our laws today is biblical law, also known as Mosaic Law, named after Moses. Moses is believed to have climbed Mount Sinai where he received the 10 Commandments from God over 3000 years ago. The 10 Commandments form the basis of Mosaic Law and have had an enormous impact on our legal system today. Many of the 10 Commandments are still part of our legal system today. Go through each Commandment and try to think of an example of how is was recently or still is a part of our legal system. -Other examples of Mosaic Law are listed in the first five books in the Old Testament in the Bible. -Like the Code of Hammurabi, it was also very strict and followed the “eye for an eye” philosophy and people were often punished by death. -But penalties also focused more on restitution forcing the criminal to repay the victims rather than just punishing the criminals and it tried to only punish the guilty and not innocent, uninvolved parties. Death was often done by “stoning.” Today, laws against crimes such as murder and theft are at the forefront of our legal system, just as they were in Mosaic Law. Also, Canada is often referred to as a “Judeo-Christian” society as many of our laws and institutions are based on early Jewish and Christian beliefs. Our Christian God is even mentioned in our National Anthem. Should the word “God” be in our anthem? , D > The answer is Some countries in the Far East still use caning as a punishment, and often it is carried out in public. Stoning in illegal in most Middle Eastern countries but not actively pursued as a criminal activity. -Stoning is still used in some middle Eastern and African countries, particularly on women who have not even committed a crime. Often,…	<urn:uuid:8b3c805f-1746-472e-8aeb-2fde1cfef05d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Historical-Contributions-In-Law-543003.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00053.warc.gz	en	0.982556	853	4.1875	4	[ -0.5712268948554993, 0.5602142810821533, -0.14739713072776794, -0.5695728063583374, -0.0004421897465363145, -0.201067253947258, 0.4746512472629547, -0.033387742936611176, 0.2412382960319519, 0.48666834831237793, -0.34850800037384033, 0.10758190602064133, 0.26579800248146057, -0.07313285022...	1	The laws of ancient civilizations have had a great influence on the development of Canadian law. Even though Canada is a relatively young country, the roots of our legal system date back thousands of years. Here, King Hammurabi is pictured receiving authority over the laws from Shamash, the god of justice. How might this influence Babylonians to follow the law? He placed the 8-foot-tall stone pillar, now known the “Code of Hammurabi” in a central location for all to see so that all people would be familiar with the laws in Babylon. It was discovered in 1901 and has since been translated and is now on display in the L’Ouvre Museum in Paris. The Code of Hammurabi was very strict with severe punishments (as seen in the chart below) but it also established some important legal principles that still exist in our legal system today. Crime murder theft, burglary, stealing hitting a parent lying in court kidnapping hiding runaway slaves conspiracyconspiracy-planning to commit a crime offending the gods Punishment The concept of _______________was very important. This meant that the guilty party deserved punishment for his actions, much like today. However, the punishments were often very severe as it followed the philosophy of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” It also could be unfair as sometimes innocent people were punished for a crime they did not commit i.e. if a man built a house for another man and it collapsed killing that man’s daughter, the builder’s daughter could be put to death. Not all punishments were severe as it also established another important legal principle called _______________. This is where payment was made by the offender to the victim of a crime, also still present in our legal system. It also stated that the accused be given a fair trial and that people did not lie during a trial. Because the Code was placed for all to see it, nobody could claim that they were not aware of the laws. These ideas form the basis of our legal system today. This is an artist’s rendering of the ancient city of Babylon, though the Code of Hammurabi is not visible. DK^ / > t One of the greatest influences on our laws today is biblical law, also known as Mosaic Law, named after Moses. Moses is believed to have climbed Mount Sinai where he received the 10 Commandments from God over 3000 years ago. The 10 Commandments form the basis of Mosaic Law and have had an enormous impact on our legal system today. Many of the 10 Commandments are still part of our legal system today. Go through each Commandment and try to think of an example of how is was recently or still is a part of our legal system. -Other examples of Mosaic Law are listed in the first five books in the Old Testament in the Bible. -Like the Code of Hammurabi, it was also very strict and followed the “eye for an eye” philosophy and people were often punished by death. -But penalties also focused more on restitution forcing the criminal to repay the victims rather than just punishing the criminals and it tried to only punish the guilty and not innocent, uninvolved parties. Death was often done by “stoning.” Today, laws against crimes such as murder and theft are at the forefront of our legal system, just as they were in Mosaic Law. Also, Canada is often referred to as a “Judeo-Christian” society as many of our laws and institutions are based on early Jewish and Christian beliefs. Our Christian God is even mentioned in our National Anthem. Should the word “God” be in our anthem? , D > The answer is Some countries in the Far East still use caning as a punishment, and often it is carried out in public. Stoning in illegal in most Middle Eastern countries but not actively pursued as a criminal activity. -Stoning is still used in some middle Eastern and African countries, particularly on women who have not even committed a crime. Often,…	818	ENGLISH	1
Posted On March 5, 2017 To What Extent Did the Ku Klux Klan Manage to Hinder the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s What is the Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK for short, is a very right wing extremist white supremacy group. It was originally founded in 1865, but it has been re-created three times since then. The first clan was formed in 1865 on Christmas Eve, in Pulaski Tennessee by six well educated middle class federate veterans. It was just after the end of the civil war and the main purpose was just to intimidate blacks and regain white supremacy. the name was constructed by taking the greek word ???kyklos??? meaning circle and adding clan, they later changed it to klan for abbreviation purposes. The KKK soon spread into nearly every state, launching a reign of terror against republican leaders both black and white. In 1867 they tried to introduce a hierarchy in which local chapters would report to county leaders, counties to districts, districts to states and states reporting to a national headquarters. The proposals were written by a man called George Gordon. It included a list of the goals of the klan and a list of questions to be asked of applicants for membership, which confirmed the focus on resisting reconstruction and the republican party. He wanted the applicants to be asked if they were a republican, a Union army veteran, or a member of the Loyal League. He would also be asked if he was opposed to black equality both social and political and whether he was in favour of a white man??™s government. Despite all the work put towards this proposal, it was never accepted by any local units. They continued to act almost separately and there never were county, district or state headquarters. Gordon went to former slave trader Nathan Bedford Forrest and told him about the Klan, According to one report Forrest replied ???that??™s a good thing, that??™s a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the Negros in their place.??? A few weeks later, Forrest was selected as, ???Grand Wizard,??? the Klan??™s National leader. However later Forrest went on to deny the leadership role and stated he never had any effective control over the Klan. The Ku Klux Klan did many things throughout its three ???reigns???. It attempted to curb black education, black economic advances, black voting rights, and black??™s rights to bear arms. Southern republicans also became the target of intimidation tactics. Hence the fact that only one person from Columbia County voted for the republican candidate in the presidential election of 1868. Klan intimidation often targeted schoolteachers and black members of the Union Leagues were frequent targets of Klan raids. There are several reports of members the Klan breaking into schoolteachers houses during the night, dressed in long white robes and a loose mask with scarlet stripes. Ordering the teachers to get out of bed and dress as quickly as possible, then the captain and his lieutenant, dressed exactly the same but with long horns on their heads, they supposedly treated them ???gentlemanly and quietly??? but complained of the heavy school tax, said that they must stop teaching and leave the country immediately, they also warned that they never gave a second notice. After every reported example of this, the victim stopped teaching and left the country very soon after. The KKK killed over 150 African Americans in a single county in Florida and hundreds more in other counties. In 1868 Gordon made a speech demonstrating several Klan claims: ??? Many black men were veterans of the Union army and were armed. From the beginning, the klan confiscated weapons from the blacks. Gordon also stated that the klan had been ???fired into??? three times, and that if the blacks wanted to ???make war upon them, they must abide by the awful retribution that will follow.??? ??? He said that the Klan was a peaceful organization. The Klan often came out with things like this, and used them as a way to protect themselves from prosecution. However in 1869 a grand jury confirmed that the Klan was a ???terrorist organization???. Hundreds of convictions for crimes of violence and terrorism were issued. Klan members were prosecuted and many fled the country, especially in South Carolina. ??? He warned that lots of people carried out violent acts in the name of the Klan. It was true that many people not formally part of the Klan used the Klan??™s uniform to hide their identities when committing violent crimes. However it was very easy for the higher levels to avoid responsibility for crimes like these. The secretive nature of the Klan made membership difficult to prove. In a lot of ways the Klan was just a military force serving the democratic party and those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. By 1868, two years after the Klan was originally formed, its activity was beginning to decrease and, as Gordon??™s speech shows, to become less political and more simply a way of avoiding prosecution. Many Southern democrats were beginning to see the Klan as an excuse for the federal government to retain its power over the south. In a 1868 newspaper interview with Forrest he boasted that the Klan was nationwide organization of 550,000 men, and although he was not a member, he was ???in sympathy??? and would cooperate with them, and he could muster 40,000 Klansmen with five days notice. He said that the Klan did not see blacks as its enemy so much as the Union leagues, and other carpetbaggers and scalawags. Although one of the main reasons for targeting these groups was they were ???impediments??? against former slaves. The Klan went after white members of these groups, especially the schoolteachers. One Alabama newspaper claimed that ???the league is nothing more than a black Ku Klux Klan.??? Obviously the KKK was not completely successful in stopping the civil rights movement in the United States of America, but they did manage to slow to it down a bit. The lynching that went on and the visiting of people??™s houses and all the other threats, direct or indirect, obviously put a lot of people off voting for the Republican Party. Also, a lot of people were just simply too terrified to speak out about what changes they believed should be made to the way that America was run, and how coloured people were treated. Another big factor was the fact that not many white people were directly affected by how black people were treated, and had no problems to do with it themselves so they weren??™t prepared to risk anything for the cause, especially not their own lives. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page!	<urn:uuid:e51e0393-5f52-4888-b6bb-a32400c72041>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://systemsinfluenza.org/the-kkk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00051.warc.gz	en	0.986521	1,357	3.65625	4	[ -0.312751829624176, 0.0680534690618515, 0.10734019428491592, 0.016951993107795715, 0.08361305296421051, 0.030391527339816093, -0.18954047560691833, -0.1905899941921234, -0.3532949686050415, 0.19600138068199158, 0.22207802534103394, 0.09356367588043213, -0.1657627373933792, -0.0495966523885...	1	Posted On March 5, 2017 To What Extent Did the Ku Klux Klan Manage to Hinder the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s What is the Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK for short, is a very right wing extremist white supremacy group. It was originally founded in 1865, but it has been re-created three times since then. The first clan was formed in 1865 on Christmas Eve, in Pulaski Tennessee by six well educated middle class federate veterans. It was just after the end of the civil war and the main purpose was just to intimidate blacks and regain white supremacy. the name was constructed by taking the greek word ???kyklos??? meaning circle and adding clan, they later changed it to klan for abbreviation purposes. The KKK soon spread into nearly every state, launching a reign of terror against republican leaders both black and white. In 1867 they tried to introduce a hierarchy in which local chapters would report to county leaders, counties to districts, districts to states and states reporting to a national headquarters. The proposals were written by a man called George Gordon. It included a list of the goals of the klan and a list of questions to be asked of applicants for membership, which confirmed the focus on resisting reconstruction and the republican party. He wanted the applicants to be asked if they were a republican, a Union army veteran, or a member of the Loyal League. He would also be asked if he was opposed to black equality both social and political and whether he was in favour of a white man??™s government. Despite all the work put towards this proposal, it was never accepted by any local units. They continued to act almost separately and there never were county, district or state headquarters. Gordon went to former slave trader Nathan Bedford Forrest and told him about the Klan, According to one report Forrest replied ???that??™s a good thing, that??™s a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the Negros in their place.??? A few weeks later, Forrest was selected as, ???Grand Wizard,??? the Klan??™s National leader. However later Forrest went on to deny the leadership role and stated he never had any effective control over the Klan. The Ku Klux Klan did many things throughout its three ???reigns???. It attempted to curb black education, black economic advances, black voting rights, and black??™s rights to bear arms. Southern republicans also became the target of intimidation tactics. Hence the fact that only one person from Columbia County voted for the republican candidate in the presidential election of 1868. Klan intimidation often targeted schoolteachers and black members of the Union Leagues were frequent targets of Klan raids. There are several reports of members the Klan breaking into schoolteachers houses during the night, dressed in long white robes and a loose mask with scarlet stripes. Ordering the teachers to get out of bed and dress as quickly as possible, then the captain and his lieutenant, dressed exactly the same but with long horns on their heads, they supposedly treated them ???gentlemanly and quietly??? but complained of the heavy school tax, said that they must stop teaching and leave the country immediately, they also warned that they never gave a second notice. After every reported example of this, the victim stopped teaching and left the country very soon after. The KKK killed over 150 African Americans in a single county in Florida and hundreds more in other counties. In 1868 Gordon made a speech demonstrating several Klan claims: ??? Many black men were veterans of the Union army and were armed. From the beginning, the klan confiscated weapons from the blacks. Gordon also stated that the klan had been ???fired into??? three times, and that if the blacks wanted to ???make war upon them, they must abide by the awful retribution that will follow.??? ??? He said that the Klan was a peaceful organization. The Klan often came out with things like this, and used them as a way to protect themselves from prosecution. However in 1869 a grand jury confirmed that the Klan was a ???terrorist organization???. Hundreds of convictions for crimes of violence and terrorism were issued. Klan members were prosecuted and many fled the country, especially in South Carolina. ??? He warned that lots of people carried out violent acts in the name of the Klan. It was true that many people not formally part of the Klan used the Klan??™s uniform to hide their identities when committing violent crimes. However it was very easy for the higher levels to avoid responsibility for crimes like these. The secretive nature of the Klan made membership difficult to prove. In a lot of ways the Klan was just a military force serving the democratic party and those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. By 1868, two years after the Klan was originally formed, its activity was beginning to decrease and, as Gordon??™s speech shows, to become less political and more simply a way of avoiding prosecution. Many Southern democrats were beginning to see the Klan as an excuse for the federal government to retain its power over the south. In a 1868 newspaper interview with Forrest he boasted that the Klan was nationwide organization of 550,000 men, and although he was not a member, he was ???in sympathy??? and would cooperate with them, and he could muster 40,000 Klansmen with five days notice. He said that the Klan did not see blacks as its enemy so much as the Union leagues, and other carpetbaggers and scalawags. Although one of the main reasons for targeting these groups was they were ???impediments??? against former slaves. The Klan went after white members of these groups, especially the schoolteachers. One Alabama newspaper claimed that ???the league is nothing more than a black Ku Klux Klan.??? Obviously the KKK was not completely successful in stopping the civil rights movement in the United States of America, but they did manage to slow to it down a bit. The lynching that went on and the visiting of people??™s houses and all the other threats, direct or indirect, obviously put a lot of people off voting for the Republican Party. Also, a lot of people were just simply too terrified to speak out about what changes they believed should be made to the way that America was run, and how coloured people were treated. Another big factor was the fact that not many white people were directly affected by how black people were treated, and had no problems to do with it themselves so they weren??™t prepared to risk anything for the cause, especially not their own lives. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page!	1,408	ENGLISH	1
Also referred to as the British Civil Wars, the War of the Three Kingdoms refers to a series of conflicts that happened between 1639 and 1651 in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Among these conflicts, the most well-known is the English Civil War as it included major events such as the 1649 execution of King Charles I and the removal of the absolute power of the monarchy. The core reasons for the tensions and the eventual war were mainly civil and religious as well as some national conflicts. As stated earlier, the reasons for the conflicts were mainly religious and civic. All this began back in 1603 when King James VI of Scotland, a Protestant, took over from Elizabeth I and became King James I of England and Ireland. Around that time, Scotland was a country divided by a dispute between Protestants and Catholics. However, King James had a tactfulness about him that allowed him to use his powers as a king and diplomacy skills to keep both sides in check. Despite his tact, he had to concede that the General Assembly would not welcome his rule and direction on how to run the church. Despite all this, King James decided to impose his will on the General Assembly by doing things like preventing the assembly from meeting and appointing more bishops to the Church of Scotland. For example, in 1618, he held a General Assembly session and pushed through five articles that were extensively rejected. Things went even further downhill after his death in 1625 and his son, Charles I, became king in 1633 through an Anglican ceremony in Scotland. Compared to his father, Charles was considerably less tactful, less skilled, and less restrained. However, like his father before him, he believed that kings had divine rights over their subjects. This belief is what led him to have problems with groups such as the English Parliament in things like military expenditures, taxation, and other things. In Scotland, he brought about discord through things like forcing the Church of Scotland to practice Anglican rites. In Ireland, his proclamations through increasing taxes on Catholics, denying Catholics rights accorded to citizens, taking Catholic land, and other things caused further tensions. Eventually, all these tensions reached a tipping point in 1639 when his military coercion of Scotland failed, and the conflict began in earnest. There were a number of wars fought during that period including the Bishop’s Wars (1639-1640), the Irish Rebellion (1641), the Scottish Civil War (1644–1645), the First English Civil War (1642–1646), and the Second English Civil War (1648–1649). The Bishop's Wars were the tipping point leading to the War of the Three Kingdoms. The Bishop's Wars took place in Scotland and England due to the attempted control of the Chuch of Scotland by King Charles I. As previously stated, the War of the Three Kingdoms resulted in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. The Third English Civil War (1650–1651) ended after the defeat of the Royalist army under King Charles II. After the war, there were two significant changes. First, British monarchs were expected to rule in the best interests of the people. The idea of divine rights for kings was removed. Secondly, there was a long-lasting mistrust in military rule due to unfavorable times created by military rule. About the Author Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:660137ef-0edf-4f42-aa84-8a4adfcc8f72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-war-of-the-three-kingdoms.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00552.warc.gz	en	0.984056	746	4.0625	4	[ -0.02911364659667015, 0.2685965597629547, 0.3599737882614136, -0.17756982147693634, 0.015363465063273907, -0.23213014006614685, 0.15271387994289398, -0.10461314767599106, 0.14015614986419678, 0.06577771157026291, -0.26371222734451294, -0.5121461153030396, 0.025480693206191063, 0.1556987762...	2	Also referred to as the British Civil Wars, the War of the Three Kingdoms refers to a series of conflicts that happened between 1639 and 1651 in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Among these conflicts, the most well-known is the English Civil War as it included major events such as the 1649 execution of King Charles I and the removal of the absolute power of the monarchy. The core reasons for the tensions and the eventual war were mainly civil and religious as well as some national conflicts. As stated earlier, the reasons for the conflicts were mainly religious and civic. All this began back in 1603 when King James VI of Scotland, a Protestant, took over from Elizabeth I and became King James I of England and Ireland. Around that time, Scotland was a country divided by a dispute between Protestants and Catholics. However, King James had a tactfulness about him that allowed him to use his powers as a king and diplomacy skills to keep both sides in check. Despite his tact, he had to concede that the General Assembly would not welcome his rule and direction on how to run the church. Despite all this, King James decided to impose his will on the General Assembly by doing things like preventing the assembly from meeting and appointing more bishops to the Church of Scotland. For example, in 1618, he held a General Assembly session and pushed through five articles that were extensively rejected. Things went even further downhill after his death in 1625 and his son, Charles I, became king in 1633 through an Anglican ceremony in Scotland. Compared to his father, Charles was considerably less tactful, less skilled, and less restrained. However, like his father before him, he believed that kings had divine rights over their subjects. This belief is what led him to have problems with groups such as the English Parliament in things like military expenditures, taxation, and other things. In Scotland, he brought about discord through things like forcing the Church of Scotland to practice Anglican rites. In Ireland, his proclamations through increasing taxes on Catholics, denying Catholics rights accorded to citizens, taking Catholic land, and other things caused further tensions. Eventually, all these tensions reached a tipping point in 1639 when his military coercion of Scotland failed, and the conflict began in earnest. There were a number of wars fought during that period including the Bishop’s Wars (1639-1640), the Irish Rebellion (1641), the Scottish Civil War (1644–1645), the First English Civil War (1642–1646), and the Second English Civil War (1648–1649). The Bishop's Wars were the tipping point leading to the War of the Three Kingdoms. The Bishop's Wars took place in Scotland and England due to the attempted control of the Chuch of Scotland by King Charles I. As previously stated, the War of the Three Kingdoms resulted in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. The Third English Civil War (1650–1651) ended after the defeat of the Royalist army under King Charles II. After the war, there were two significant changes. First, British monarchs were expected to rule in the best interests of the people. The idea of divine rights for kings was removed. Secondly, there was a long-lasting mistrust in military rule due to unfavorable times created by military rule. About the Author Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	794	ENGLISH	1
A Lesson From ‘the Greatest Man in the World’ The greatest man in the world. That’s how King George iii of England described George Washington after hearing that he would not attempt to become the king of America after the Revolutionary War. The king’s feelings were not unusual. In leading the amateur American Army to victory over the mighty British Empire, Washington had become the preeminent American celebrity of his time. He had sustained an American Army that was underpaid, often short on ammunition, and many times shoeless for eight years. He led the victorious siege on Yorktown, which resulted in the surrender of over 7,000 British soldiers and precipitated the treaty that granted American freedom. Everywhere he went after the war, Washington was thronged by exhilarated crowds hailing him as the savior of America. With Washington’s new popularity came a torrent of visitors to his home. In 18th-century rural America, where inns were rare, it was considered common hospitality to feed and house those who showed up at your door. For George and Martha Washington, this meant housing legions of veterans and curious visitors who wanted to meet the man who led them to liberty. The stream of visitors was so constant that the Washingtons were rarely alone. In one diary entry two years after the war, Washington wrote, “Dined with only Mrs. Washington, which I believe is the first instance of it since my retirement.” The visitors expected to hear thrilling tales of Washington’s bravery and genius on the battlefield. And if anyone had experiences to brag about, it was Washington. But in this respect, Washington disappointed his guests. He simply did not like to talk about his accomplishments. Nelly Custis, Mrs. Washington’s granddaughter from her first marriage, was living with them at the time. She said of Washington: “I never heard him relate a single act of his life during the war.” One visitor, a French journalist, was amazed after probing Washington for details of his experience in the war. “His modesty is astonishing,” wrote the journalist. “He speaks of the American war and of his victories as of things in which he had no direction.” This was Washington’s customary behavior: He did not boast. When elected commander in chief of the Continental Army, he didn’t talk about his accomplishments in prior battles; rather, he professed “great distress” at the thought that he was not qualified for the job. He did the same when later elected president: Despite being greeted with parades by near-worshiping crowds in every city on the way to the capital, Washington did not lay out grand promises of what he would accomplish, or refer with pride to past victories. Instead, he honestly and humbly spoke of his own inferiority and lack of experience. Washington’s consistent refusal to brag reflected a sincere humility. It also fulfilled a wise proverb: “Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth; a stranger, and not thine own lips” (Proverbs 27:2). It can be all too easy to brag about our accomplishments, to make sure everyone knows when we have done something good. Though that desire is natural and understandable, that doesn’t mean it is right. What if no one seems to notice the good things you do? Realize: This happened to Washington when he was younger, too. In his early military career, despite bravery and sound judgment, Washington was not promoted as he deserved to be. Because of this he felt severely discouraged at times. But he didn’t resort to braggadocio. He simply kept working hard. We don’t remember George Washington today for anything he said about himself—we recognize him for what he did, and for what others have said of him for hundreds of years. Learn a lesson from America’s first president: Focus on what you do, and let your actions—and the words of others—speak for you.	<urn:uuid:6be497c2-9c16-4f68-8981-b97c863c02aa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thetrumpet.com/8534-a-lesson-from-the-greatest-man-in-the-world	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00109.warc.gz	en	0.985835	844	3.328125	3	[ 0.019929885864257812, 0.8319228291511536, 0.4848617911338806, -0.13468562066555023, -0.35789328813552856, 0.140446275472641, 0.5589063167572021, 0.1421252191066742, -0.04495374858379364, 0.06726979464292526, 0.10980183631181717, 0.5083070397377014, 0.2942361831665039, 0.33276206254959106, ...	1	A Lesson From ‘the Greatest Man in the World’ The greatest man in the world. That’s how King George iii of England described George Washington after hearing that he would not attempt to become the king of America after the Revolutionary War. The king’s feelings were not unusual. In leading the amateur American Army to victory over the mighty British Empire, Washington had become the preeminent American celebrity of his time. He had sustained an American Army that was underpaid, often short on ammunition, and many times shoeless for eight years. He led the victorious siege on Yorktown, which resulted in the surrender of over 7,000 British soldiers and precipitated the treaty that granted American freedom. Everywhere he went after the war, Washington was thronged by exhilarated crowds hailing him as the savior of America. With Washington’s new popularity came a torrent of visitors to his home. In 18th-century rural America, where inns were rare, it was considered common hospitality to feed and house those who showed up at your door. For George and Martha Washington, this meant housing legions of veterans and curious visitors who wanted to meet the man who led them to liberty. The stream of visitors was so constant that the Washingtons were rarely alone. In one diary entry two years after the war, Washington wrote, “Dined with only Mrs. Washington, which I believe is the first instance of it since my retirement.” The visitors expected to hear thrilling tales of Washington’s bravery and genius on the battlefield. And if anyone had experiences to brag about, it was Washington. But in this respect, Washington disappointed his guests. He simply did not like to talk about his accomplishments. Nelly Custis, Mrs. Washington’s granddaughter from her first marriage, was living with them at the time. She said of Washington: “I never heard him relate a single act of his life during the war.” One visitor, a French journalist, was amazed after probing Washington for details of his experience in the war. “His modesty is astonishing,” wrote the journalist. “He speaks of the American war and of his victories as of things in which he had no direction.” This was Washington’s customary behavior: He did not boast. When elected commander in chief of the Continental Army, he didn’t talk about his accomplishments in prior battles; rather, he professed “great distress” at the thought that he was not qualified for the job. He did the same when later elected president: Despite being greeted with parades by near-worshiping crowds in every city on the way to the capital, Washington did not lay out grand promises of what he would accomplish, or refer with pride to past victories. Instead, he honestly and humbly spoke of his own inferiority and lack of experience. Washington’s consistent refusal to brag reflected a sincere humility. It also fulfilled a wise proverb: “Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth; a stranger, and not thine own lips” (Proverbs 27:2). It can be all too easy to brag about our accomplishments, to make sure everyone knows when we have done something good. Though that desire is natural and understandable, that doesn’t mean it is right. What if no one seems to notice the good things you do? Realize: This happened to Washington when he was younger, too. In his early military career, despite bravery and sound judgment, Washington was not promoted as he deserved to be. Because of this he felt severely discouraged at times. But he didn’t resort to braggadocio. He simply kept working hard. We don’t remember George Washington today for anything he said about himself—we recognize him for what he did, and for what others have said of him for hundreds of years. Learn a lesson from America’s first president: Focus on what you do, and let your actions—and the words of others—speak for you.	797	ENGLISH	1
Albert Einstein was a physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. He is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. It was at Princeton that Einstein would spend the rest of his life During World War II, he worked on Navy-based weapons systems and made big. Albert Einstein, German-born physicist who developed the special and Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the Childhood and education Einstein is best known for his infamous equation E = mc2, which Talmud had earlier introduced him to a children's science series by. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, .. By , he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after giving a lecture. On March 14, , Albert Einstein is born, the son of a Jewish electrical engineer in Ulm, Germany. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity drastically altered man’s view of the universe, and his work in particle and energy theory helped make possible quantum. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of. Albert Einstein, (born March 14, , Ulm, Württemberg, Germany—died April 18, , Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in for his explanation of the. Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity forever changed the way we understand space and time. But the German genius who was the centerpiece. Albert Einstein inventions and contributions to science were phenomenal, which is why he is known to be the world's What did Einstein do, and why is his name synonymous with genius all over the world today? . Einstein's Refrigerator. 10 major accomplishments and achievements of Albert Einstein, the man who is regarded as the greatest scientist in the history of mankind. Einstein showed that absolute time had to be replaced by a new absolute: the speed of light. Einstein went against the grain and totally dismissed the. When Albert Einstein was five years old his father showed him a simple pocket compass. Einstein was mesmerized. What force exerted itself on the little needle . From his hatred of socks to the theft of his brain, these Albert Einstein facts reveal a lot you don't know about history's greatest thinker.	<urn:uuid:9badd676-2aef-49ec-aa1a-fe0be1540aff>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://calgarydanceteacherexpo.com/how-can-you-write-a-book-report/life-and-contributions-of-albert-einstein-that-made-him-the-greatest-contributor-to-science-in-the-2-1180ud.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00001.warc.gz	en	0.982894	488	3.34375	3	[ -0.0430399551987648, 0.28534185886383057, -0.15820243954658508, 0.020293649286031723, -0.21210110187530518, -0.1978161782026291, 0.41686880588531494, 0.12429001927375793, -0.17940787971019745, -0.296088308095932, 0.6595991253852844, -0.3611290752887726, -0.01178169809281826, 0.256221383810...	2	Albert Einstein was a physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. He is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. It was at Princeton that Einstein would spend the rest of his life During World War II, he worked on Navy-based weapons systems and made big. Albert Einstein, German-born physicist who developed the special and Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the Childhood and education Einstein is best known for his infamous equation E = mc2, which Talmud had earlier introduced him to a children's science series by. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, .. By , he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after giving a lecture. On March 14, , Albert Einstein is born, the son of a Jewish electrical engineer in Ulm, Germany. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity drastically altered man’s view of the universe, and his work in particle and energy theory helped make possible quantum. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of. Albert Einstein, (born March 14, , Ulm, Württemberg, Germany—died April 18, , Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in for his explanation of the. Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity forever changed the way we understand space and time. But the German genius who was the centerpiece. Albert Einstein inventions and contributions to science were phenomenal, which is why he is known to be the world's What did Einstein do, and why is his name synonymous with genius all over the world today? . Einstein's Refrigerator. 10 major accomplishments and achievements of Albert Einstein, the man who is regarded as the greatest scientist in the history of mankind. Einstein showed that absolute time had to be replaced by a new absolute: the speed of light. Einstein went against the grain and totally dismissed the. When Albert Einstein was five years old his father showed him a simple pocket compass. Einstein was mesmerized. What force exerted itself on the little needle . From his hatred of socks to the theft of his brain, these Albert Einstein facts reveal a lot you don't know about history's greatest thinker.	488	ENGLISH	1
Ebenezer Scrooge is the central character of the play. We can know his character by looking up the meaning of 'scrooge' in a dictionary. It means 'someone who hates spending money'. Scrooge owns a warehouse and hates spending money even for celebrating Christmas. He has no sympathy for the poor and believes that they should be dumped into prisons and ware-houses rather than helped by him because he hates spending money even on charity. He does not believe in celebrating Christmas because celebrations entail expenditure. He even calls Christmas 'humping'. He even turns away his only relative Fred - his nephew who comes to invite him to join in the Christmas celebrations. He preferS the poor to die and decrease the surplus population to spending money on charity. He even grudges giving a day's holiday to his loyal hard-working and honest clerk, Bob Cratchit, to enable him to celebrate Christmas. Poor Bob is grossly underpaid by Scrooge. Scrooge is such a miserly person that even on the Christmas Day he lights a single candle and eats cold supper to save lighting his stove. He lives in 'melancholy chambers'. Scrooge is totally changed by encounters with four ghosts - the ghost of Christmas Past, Present, and Future and the ghost of his former partner, Jacob Marley. The ghost of Jacob Marley tells, him that he has been travelling for seven years after death due to a feeling of remorse because he had thought only of money instead of charity, mercy, forbearance and benevolence. He has had no rest, no peace only remorse. Marley's ghost tells Scrooge that as part of his penance he has come to warn scrooge to escape Marley's fate by totally changing his life style. He tells him that three more ghosts will come in the same night, he should heed them and reform himself. c The first ghost - the ghost of Christmas Past comes first at 1 hour and takes him into the past. The first scene is from his old school. Scrooge is crying on Christmas because his is all abone and he has no place to go to. Scrooge remembers how he had turned away his nephew Fred during the day refusing to participate in. The second scene is the visit of his sister, Fan, to take him back home and celebrate Christmas together - with their father. But Scrooge refuses to go. In the third scene, Scrooge is shown the girl whom he was to marry. This girl, Belle, frees Scrooge from the obligation to marry her because he valued money more than her, in fact, more than anything else. Belle is shown to be very happy with her children. Scrooge is very much upset and wishes to go back. The second ghost - the ghost of Christmas Present appears and takes Scrooge along with it. He is taken to the house of an underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit. Bob is shown carrying his fifth child, Tim, who is crippled. Bob can't afford a doctor for Tim at 15 shillings a week which Scrooge pay him. Tim went to the church with his crutch so that God would know his disability and others could pray for him. And now Tim is filled with hope for his recovery. The Cratchit's are a happy and united family who enjoy the meagre goose as a sumptuous banquet. They are indeed noble for they toast to Mr Scrooge's health and long-life and wish him well. A change is coming over Scrooge. He has acquired sympathy for the poor and wishes them well. The third ghost - the ghost of Christmas yet to come - appears. The third ghost stops along with Scrooge on a street corner where two persons are discussing someone who has just died. They are sure that he didn't give his money to charity. The dead man lived in a desolate house and was utterly friendless - nobody is even willing to go to his funeral. Scrooge doesn't have the power to look at the face of the dead man. He wants to see some tenderness. He is taken to Cratchit's. They are all very happy because Tiny Tim has got rid of his crutch. Next Scrooge is taken to a graveyard and made to read his own tombstone. But Scrooge protests. He has changed and he will honour Christmas. He promises to practise whatever the three spirits have taught him. Scrooge hears joys church bells and finds himself at home. He raises the window and finds a boy on the street. It is Christmas Day. He throws money to the boy requesting him to buy a big turkey from the poulterer's and deliver it to Bob Cratchit. The boy is not to tell the name of the sender and keep the considerable change left over. Scrooge goes to his Fred's house with a present and promises to be his most persistent guest. At the end of the story, Scrooge is a totally changed man. He took his nephew Fred into business, raised Bob Cratchit's salary much beyond his expectations and provided all possible medical acid to Tiny Tim. He helped keep alive the spirit of Christmas. Why did Scrooge's nephew, Fred, come to him? (1 mark) Fred came to invite Scrooge for dinner on Christmas Eve. What is Scrooge's attitude to the poor and destitute? (1 mark) He wants them to be in prisons and work houses. How does Scrooge spend Christmas Eve? (2 mark) In order to save expenditure on lighting his stove, he eats a cold dinner in his gloomy suite of rooms by the light of a single flickering candle. Why has the ghost of Marley come to Scrooge? (1 mark) To ghost has come to warn Scrooge so that he does not meet the same miserable fate as Marley. How many spirits haunt Scrooge on that night? (1 mark) Three spirits haunt Scrooge on that night. At what time do the spirits come? (1 mark) The first spirit comes at 1 a.m., the second comes at 2 a.m. and the third one comes at 3 a.m. What does the first ghost show Scrooge? (1 mark) It shows Scrooge his past life. Which incidents of Scrooge's life are shown by the first ghost? (5 marks) Scrooge is first shown his childhood school. He is all above during Christmas holidays. He is crying as he has no place to go to. Then his sister, Fan, comes to school to take him house during Christmas. Finally, he is shown Belle, the girl he was to marry. She is happy with her children and blames Scrooge for considering money to be more important then her. What does the second ghost represent? (1 mark) The second ghost is the ghost of Christmas Present. What does it show to Scrooge? (5 marks) First of all, it shows Scrooge a church where people are very happy. Secondly, Scrooge is taken to a very poor house in a very poor section of London. But they are a happy family with shining faces in spite of being poor. They wish the Scrooge success, happiness and a long life. Scrooge has changed. Now he has love and sympathy for Tiny Tim. The ghost taunts Scrooge. What does the third ghost represent? (1 marks) The third ghost is the ghost of Christmas yet to come. What does the third ghost show to Scrooge? (5 marks) First of all Scrooge is shown two men talking. They are talking about a rich man who has died. They are sure that he hasn't left any money to charity. Nobody wants to go to his burial. Then Scrooge is taken to a very dark room where the unclaimed body is lying. But he can not see and recognize the dead body. He wants to see a home where there is some tenderness connected with death. Next he is taken to Bob Cratchit's house. Martha Cratchit's daughter shows tenderness about her mother's eyes and they all love one another. Everybody is very happy that Tiny Tim at last got rid of his crutch. Finally, Scrooge is taken to a graveyard and he reads his won tomb stone. He is shocked and affirms that he has changed - 'I am not the man I was' and 'I will honour Christmas in my heart'. Do you think Scrooge has changed completely? (1 marks) Yes, he has changed completely. Give example to show that Scrooge is a changed man. (3 marks) Scrooge is a completely changed man. He visits his nephew, Fred, regularly and has taken him into his business. He has raised Bob Cratchit's salary many folds. He spent a lot of money on Tiny Tim's treatment. Scrooge kept the spirit of Christmas alive. Our Main Sponser Our Sponser 2 Our Sponser 3 Our Sponser 4 Our Sponser 5 Today, there have been 1 visitors (2 hits) on this page!	<urn:uuid:30e36426-f617-43cd-b3f8-e8deb040b922>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://xcbse.page.tl/A-Christmas-Carol.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00528.warc.gz	en	0.981723	1,928	3.359375	3	[ -0.07951395958662033, 0.03917185217142105, 0.479522705078125, -0.47804173827171326, 0.4224759340286255, -0.2623961865901947, 0.7154669761657715, 0.0215146467089653, -0.08501629531383514, 0.19951677322387695, 0.28225743770599365, 0.16621771454811096, 0.15601211786270142, 0.07402466237545013...	1	Ebenezer Scrooge is the central character of the play. We can know his character by looking up the meaning of 'scrooge' in a dictionary. It means 'someone who hates spending money'. Scrooge owns a warehouse and hates spending money even for celebrating Christmas. He has no sympathy for the poor and believes that they should be dumped into prisons and ware-houses rather than helped by him because he hates spending money even on charity. He does not believe in celebrating Christmas because celebrations entail expenditure. He even calls Christmas 'humping'. He even turns away his only relative Fred - his nephew who comes to invite him to join in the Christmas celebrations. He preferS the poor to die and decrease the surplus population to spending money on charity. He even grudges giving a day's holiday to his loyal hard-working and honest clerk, Bob Cratchit, to enable him to celebrate Christmas. Poor Bob is grossly underpaid by Scrooge. Scrooge is such a miserly person that even on the Christmas Day he lights a single candle and eats cold supper to save lighting his stove. He lives in 'melancholy chambers'. Scrooge is totally changed by encounters with four ghosts - the ghost of Christmas Past, Present, and Future and the ghost of his former partner, Jacob Marley. The ghost of Jacob Marley tells, him that he has been travelling for seven years after death due to a feeling of remorse because he had thought only of money instead of charity, mercy, forbearance and benevolence. He has had no rest, no peace only remorse. Marley's ghost tells Scrooge that as part of his penance he has come to warn scrooge to escape Marley's fate by totally changing his life style. He tells him that three more ghosts will come in the same night, he should heed them and reform himself. c The first ghost - the ghost of Christmas Past comes first at 1 hour and takes him into the past. The first scene is from his old school. Scrooge is crying on Christmas because his is all abone and he has no place to go to. Scrooge remembers how he had turned away his nephew Fred during the day refusing to participate in. The second scene is the visit of his sister, Fan, to take him back home and celebrate Christmas together - with their father. But Scrooge refuses to go. In the third scene, Scrooge is shown the girl whom he was to marry. This girl, Belle, frees Scrooge from the obligation to marry her because he valued money more than her, in fact, more than anything else. Belle is shown to be very happy with her children. Scrooge is very much upset and wishes to go back. The second ghost - the ghost of Christmas Present appears and takes Scrooge along with it. He is taken to the house of an underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit. Bob is shown carrying his fifth child, Tim, who is crippled. Bob can't afford a doctor for Tim at 15 shillings a week which Scrooge pay him. Tim went to the church with his crutch so that God would know his disability and others could pray for him. And now Tim is filled with hope for his recovery. The Cratchit's are a happy and united family who enjoy the meagre goose as a sumptuous banquet. They are indeed noble for they toast to Mr Scrooge's health and long-life and wish him well. A change is coming over Scrooge. He has acquired sympathy for the poor and wishes them well. The third ghost - the ghost of Christmas yet to come - appears. The third ghost stops along with Scrooge on a street corner where two persons are discussing someone who has just died. They are sure that he didn't give his money to charity. The dead man lived in a desolate house and was utterly friendless - nobody is even willing to go to his funeral. Scrooge doesn't have the power to look at the face of the dead man. He wants to see some tenderness. He is taken to Cratchit's. They are all very happy because Tiny Tim has got rid of his crutch. Next Scrooge is taken to a graveyard and made to read his own tombstone. But Scrooge protests. He has changed and he will honour Christmas. He promises to practise whatever the three spirits have taught him. Scrooge hears joys church bells and finds himself at home. He raises the window and finds a boy on the street. It is Christmas Day. He throws money to the boy requesting him to buy a big turkey from the poulterer's and deliver it to Bob Cratchit. The boy is not to tell the name of the sender and keep the considerable change left over. Scrooge goes to his Fred's house with a present and promises to be his most persistent guest. At the end of the story, Scrooge is a totally changed man. He took his nephew Fred into business, raised Bob Cratchit's salary much beyond his expectations and provided all possible medical acid to Tiny Tim. He helped keep alive the spirit of Christmas. Why did Scrooge's nephew, Fred, come to him? (1 mark) Fred came to invite Scrooge for dinner on Christmas Eve. What is Scrooge's attitude to the poor and destitute? (1 mark) He wants them to be in prisons and work houses. How does Scrooge spend Christmas Eve? (2 mark) In order to save expenditure on lighting his stove, he eats a cold dinner in his gloomy suite of rooms by the light of a single flickering candle. Why has the ghost of Marley come to Scrooge? (1 mark) To ghost has come to warn Scrooge so that he does not meet the same miserable fate as Marley. How many spirits haunt Scrooge on that night? (1 mark) Three spirits haunt Scrooge on that night. At what time do the spirits come? (1 mark) The first spirit comes at 1 a.m., the second comes at 2 a.m. and the third one comes at 3 a.m. What does the first ghost show Scrooge? (1 mark) It shows Scrooge his past life. Which incidents of Scrooge's life are shown by the first ghost? (5 marks) Scrooge is first shown his childhood school. He is all above during Christmas holidays. He is crying as he has no place to go to. Then his sister, Fan, comes to school to take him house during Christmas. Finally, he is shown Belle, the girl he was to marry. She is happy with her children and blames Scrooge for considering money to be more important then her. What does the second ghost represent? (1 mark) The second ghost is the ghost of Christmas Present. What does it show to Scrooge? (5 marks) First of all, it shows Scrooge a church where people are very happy. Secondly, Scrooge is taken to a very poor house in a very poor section of London. But they are a happy family with shining faces in spite of being poor. They wish the Scrooge success, happiness and a long life. Scrooge has changed. Now he has love and sympathy for Tiny Tim. The ghost taunts Scrooge. What does the third ghost represent? (1 marks) The third ghost is the ghost of Christmas yet to come. What does the third ghost show to Scrooge? (5 marks) First of all Scrooge is shown two men talking. They are talking about a rich man who has died. They are sure that he hasn't left any money to charity. Nobody wants to go to his burial. Then Scrooge is taken to a very dark room where the unclaimed body is lying. But he can not see and recognize the dead body. He wants to see a home where there is some tenderness connected with death. Next he is taken to Bob Cratchit's house. Martha Cratchit's daughter shows tenderness about her mother's eyes and they all love one another. Everybody is very happy that Tiny Tim at last got rid of his crutch. Finally, Scrooge is taken to a graveyard and he reads his won tomb stone. He is shocked and affirms that he has changed - 'I am not the man I was' and 'I will honour Christmas in my heart'. Do you think Scrooge has changed completely? (1 marks) Yes, he has changed completely. Give example to show that Scrooge is a changed man. (3 marks) Scrooge is a completely changed man. He visits his nephew, Fred, regularly and has taken him into his business. He has raised Bob Cratchit's salary many folds. He spent a lot of money on Tiny Tim's treatment. Scrooge kept the spirit of Christmas alive. Our Main Sponser Our Sponser 2 Our Sponser 3 Our Sponser 4 Our Sponser 5 Today, there have been 1 visitors (2 hits) on this page!	1,899	ENGLISH	1
How did the land provide for the Wendat people? BY:FATOS PRISTINE Location • The Wendat lived in two areas the Saint Lawrence River and the community was called Wendake the second area was north and west of lake Simcoe and south and east of Georgian Bay and 70% percent of this area was arable land. Tribes and clans • The Huron Wendat Nation was an association of Iroquian speaking groups. They were divided into four main tribes: • • The Bear Tribe (Attignawantan) was the largest of the tribes accounting for almost half the Wendat population. There were thirteen villages of the Bear clan in 1640. • • The Cord Tribe (Attigneenongnahac) lived between the Sturgeon and Coldwater Rivers, in the Mount St. Louis Ridge. They lived in three main villages. Like the Bear, they were one of the oldest tribes. • • The Rock Tribe (Arendarhonon) was located between Coldwater and Orillia. They had four villages, with the main village of Cahiague. • • The Deer Tribe (Tahontaenrat) was the last tribe to enter Wendake. They lived in the area north of Orr Lake. • The People of the Bog (Ataronchrono) were not recognized in the confederacy, but were represented by the people of the Bear Tribe. They are thought to have been made up of clan segments from the Bear Tribe and perhaps some refugees fleeing from the Seneca to the south. • A chief of a clan segment initiated tribal councils. Before travelling to the meeting, each clan would choose their position on the matter to be discussed. All clan segment chiefs would attend an annual confederacy council. They would discuss common war and defense plans, and renew and strengthen ties between nations. For several weeks, usually in the spring, there was dancing, feasting and gift giving. Diet and farming • Gathered food was part of the Huron Wendat diet. Ripe fruits, nuts and berries, bullrush roots and maple sap were all collected and added to the diet. Hemp was used for nets, ropes, and baskets. • The Huron Wendat were farmers who grew corn, beans, and squash. Sixty-five percent of their diet consisted of corn. Dried and shelled, the corn was pounded into flour or sometimes ground between stones. Corn soup (sagamité) was enriched with fish, meat and squash. Unleavened corn bread was baked under hot ashes, with dried fruits and deer meat added. Other items on the Huron Wendat menu included beans, wild berries, nuts and maple syrup. Sunflowers were grown for their oil, used in food and as a body rub. HUNTING • The men hunted fish with nets and weirs. They caught whitefish, trout, sturgeon, pike and catfish. Most of the fish was dried and smoked for later consumption. Hunting season was in the spring and fall. The principle game was deer, prized for both its hide and meat. • The men also hunted beaver with snares, arrows and clubs. The beaver was killed for fur as well as meat and it was a dominant part of the 17th century fur trade. The beaver population was likely exhausted in Wendake by the 1630's. • They also caught deer by driving them into rivers or enclosures, then were shot by a bow and arrow The meat was smoked and mostly used as a main dish at feasts and celebrations. • Huron Wendat hunters also tracked bear with specially trained dogs. Dogs were the only domesticated animals in Huron Wendat society. At certain times dogs were eaten or sacrificed, especially in the winter, when meat was in short supply. Weapons and traps Arrow Club Snare Weirs Bow and Arrow Nets moral • Take what you need and don’t take what you don’t need.	<urn:uuid:bdafe176-4528-4d0e-a006-d9e16de45328>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.slideserve.com/dudley/by-fatos-pristine	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00211.warc.gz	en	0.986718	817	3.640625	4	[ -0.18600481748580933, 0.11491842567920685, 0.15500915050506592, -0.2214546650648117, 0.39811140298843384, -0.44463086128234863, 0.21864008903503418, -0.023509806022047997, -0.47341084480285645, 0.18893584609031677, 0.2648084759712219, -0.7150554656982422, -0.06981350481510162, 0.3666496872...	1	How did the land provide for the Wendat people? BY:FATOS PRISTINE Location • The Wendat lived in two areas the Saint Lawrence River and the community was called Wendake the second area was north and west of lake Simcoe and south and east of Georgian Bay and 70% percent of this area was arable land. Tribes and clans • The Huron Wendat Nation was an association of Iroquian speaking groups. They were divided into four main tribes: • • The Bear Tribe (Attignawantan) was the largest of the tribes accounting for almost half the Wendat population. There were thirteen villages of the Bear clan in 1640. • • The Cord Tribe (Attigneenongnahac) lived between the Sturgeon and Coldwater Rivers, in the Mount St. Louis Ridge. They lived in three main villages. Like the Bear, they were one of the oldest tribes. • • The Rock Tribe (Arendarhonon) was located between Coldwater and Orillia. They had four villages, with the main village of Cahiague. • • The Deer Tribe (Tahontaenrat) was the last tribe to enter Wendake. They lived in the area north of Orr Lake. • The People of the Bog (Ataronchrono) were not recognized in the confederacy, but were represented by the people of the Bear Tribe. They are thought to have been made up of clan segments from the Bear Tribe and perhaps some refugees fleeing from the Seneca to the south. • A chief of a clan segment initiated tribal councils. Before travelling to the meeting, each clan would choose their position on the matter to be discussed. All clan segment chiefs would attend an annual confederacy council. They would discuss common war and defense plans, and renew and strengthen ties between nations. For several weeks, usually in the spring, there was dancing, feasting and gift giving. Diet and farming • Gathered food was part of the Huron Wendat diet. Ripe fruits, nuts and berries, bullrush roots and maple sap were all collected and added to the diet. Hemp was used for nets, ropes, and baskets. • The Huron Wendat were farmers who grew corn, beans, and squash. Sixty-five percent of their diet consisted of corn. Dried and shelled, the corn was pounded into flour or sometimes ground between stones. Corn soup (sagamité) was enriched with fish, meat and squash. Unleavened corn bread was baked under hot ashes, with dried fruits and deer meat added. Other items on the Huron Wendat menu included beans, wild berries, nuts and maple syrup. Sunflowers were grown for their oil, used in food and as a body rub. HUNTING • The men hunted fish with nets and weirs. They caught whitefish, trout, sturgeon, pike and catfish. Most of the fish was dried and smoked for later consumption. Hunting season was in the spring and fall. The principle game was deer, prized for both its hide and meat. • The men also hunted beaver with snares, arrows and clubs. The beaver was killed for fur as well as meat and it was a dominant part of the 17th century fur trade. The beaver population was likely exhausted in Wendake by the 1630's. • They also caught deer by driving them into rivers or enclosures, then were shot by a bow and arrow The meat was smoked and mostly used as a main dish at feasts and celebrations. • Huron Wendat hunters also tracked bear with specially trained dogs. Dogs were the only domesticated animals in Huron Wendat society. At certain times dogs were eaten or sacrificed, especially in the winter, when meat was in short supply. Weapons and traps Arrow Club Snare Weirs Bow and Arrow Nets moral • Take what you need and don’t take what you don’t need.	816	ENGLISH	1
75 years ago, US soldiers fought 'the other Battle of the Bulge' Troy, New York — In the earliest days of 1945, the infantrymen of the 42nd Infantry Division, now a part of the New York Army National Guard, spent their first days in desperate combat against German tanks and paratroopers during Hitler's final offensive in Western Europe. Operation Nordwind, sometimes called "the other Battle of the Bulge" kicked off on New Year's Eve 1944 in the Alsace region of France. The American and French armies fought desperately to halt the attack and hold onto the city of Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace. Three regiments of 42nd Infantry Division soldiers, who had been hurried to France without the rest of their divisional support units, had arrived in Strasbourg, France just before Christmas 1944. They expected to spend time in a quiet sector to learn the ropes of combat. They could not have been more wrong. The 42nd Infantry Division had been made up of National Guard troops during World War I and nicknamed "the Rainbow Division" because it contained elements from 26 states. In World War II the division was reactivated but filled with draftee soldiers. With a desperate need for infantry troops in Europe, the soldiers of the 222nd, 232nd, and 242nd Infantry Regiments had been pulled out of training in the United States and shipped to southern France. The three regiments were named Task Force Linden, because they were commanded by the division's deputy commander Brig. Gen. Henning Linden. They were committed to battle without the artillery, armor, engineers and logistics support the rest of the division would normally provide. The attack came as a shock to the newly arrived infantrymen, explained Capt. William Corson in a letter to a 42nd Division reunion gathering in 1995. Corson commanded Company A in the 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry. "The green, inexperienced troops would occupy a small town named Hatten since the Germans had nothing more than small patrols in the area. At least that was the information given at a briefing, but someone forgot to tell the enemy," he wrote. German paratroops and panzer forces with tanks and self-propelled guns crossed the Rhine River 12 miles north of Strasbourg and clashed with the thinly stretched Rainbow Division infantry at Gambsheim on January 5. For the next three weeks, the three regiments defended, retreated, counterattacked and finally stopped the Germans. The first week of was a frenzied effort to halt the German advance, with companies and battalions moved around the front like firefighters plugging gaps, Corson said. The fighting was so desperate that the 42nd Division even threw individual rifle companies into the fight whenever they became available. "Officers knew little more than the GI," Corson said. "One morning my company moved to a barren, frozen hillside with orders to dig defensive positions covering an area about three times larger than we were capable of adequately defending. After four hours of chipping away at the frozen ground, we were told that this position would not be defended, so we moved to another frozen spot about ten miles away and started digging again." At Gambsheim the odds were too great for the American infantry. The majority of its defenders from the 232nd Infantry Regiment were captured or killed. In a failed January 5-7 counterattack at Gambsheim, units from all three regiments were combined in a patchwork force that was ultimately repulsed. Dan Bearse, a rifleman with the 242nd Infantry in the counterattack, recounted the events in an oral history. "They had tanks and heavy artillery, endless infantry troops," Bearse recalled. "We were outnumbered two or three to one. So we were quickly repulsed. Lost lots of people, killed, wounded and captured. And we were thrown back immediately," he said of the January 6 battle. "We were badly mauled and it was very demoralizing. That was our baptism of fire. And it was a loser." At Hatten, on January 10, 1945, the 242nd Infantry Regiment and a battalion from the 79th Division tried to stop the German tanks and paratroopers again. The defenders were overrun. Capt. Corson was wounded and captured with dozens of his Soldiers. But one soldier from the 242nd Infantry, Master Sgt. Vito Bertoldo decided to stay. Bertoldo, who was attached from Corson's Company A to the battalion headquarters, volunteered to hold off the Germans while other soldiers retreated. Bertoldo drove back repeated German attacks for 48 hours. He was exposed to enemy machine gun, small arms and even tank fire. US Army soldiers of the 42nd Infantry Division's Task Force Linden prepare a defensive position at their log and dirt bunker near Kauffenheim, France, January 8, 1945. Moving among buildings in Hatten to fire his machine gun, at one point Bertoldo strapped it to a table for stability. He fired on approaching German tanks and panzer grenadiers, repeatedly defeating the German attacks and killing 40 of the enemy. For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. "On the close approach of enemy soldiers, he left the protection of the building he defended and set up his gun in the street," his Medal of Honor citation states, "There to remain for almost 12 hours driving back attacks while in full view of his adversaries and completely exposed to 88-millimeter, machine gun and small arms fire." "All I did was try to protect some other American soldiers from being killed," Bertoldo would tell newspapers back home after the war. "At no time did I have in mind that I was trying to win something." The 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry paid a heavy price for its defense of Hatten. At the beginning of the battle there were 33 officers and 748 enlisted men in the battalion. Three days later there were 11 officers and 253 enlisted men reporting for duty. The Germans launched their final assault just seven miles from the fight at Hatten on January 24, looking to cut American supply lines back to Strasbourg in the town of Haguenau. They attacked straight into the 42nd Division. Troops of the 222nd Infantry were dug in inside the nearby Ohlugen Forest, with thick foliage and dense fog concealing both American and German positions. The regiment had two battalions in the defense, covering a frontage of 7,500 yards, three times the normal frontage for a regiment in defense, according to the "42nd "Rainbow" Infantry Division Combat History of WWII." Facing the Americans were elements of a German tank division, a paratroop division and an infantry division. During the fighting, 1st Lt. Carlyle Woelfer, commanding Company K in the 3rd Battalion, 222nd Infantry, captured a German officer with maps detailing the German attack. The officer and another prisoner were put on an M8 Greyhound armored car for transport to the rear. But the German officer signaled for other Germans to come to their aid. Three Germans moved on the vehicle, killing one American Soldier, but were then killed in turn by Woelfer. The back and forth fighting continued through the rest of the night as the 222nd fought to contain the German breakthrough towards Haguenau. The regiment earned a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions. The 232nd Regiment was brought up from reserve to help in the defense. The defense had held as reinforcements from the divisions which had been fighting in the Battle of the Bulge arrived to push the Germans back. By mid-February 1945 the rest of the 42nd Infantry Division arrived in France and the infantry regiments were rebuilt. The division then went on the attack against German units that had been severely ground down by the Nordwind attack. For the Rainbow Division, their attack would lead into Germany and capture the cities of Wurzburg, Schweinfurt, Furth, Nuremberg, Dachau and Munich before the war ended in May of 1945.	<urn:uuid:444cea3c-6bf7-425a-a056-428198d9f539>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/other-battle-of-the-bulge	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00442.warc.gz	en	0.984188	1,676	3.609375	4	[ -0.36122119426727295, 0.42871785163879395, 0.4439745843410492, 0.018901949748396873, -0.28304022550582886, 0.06041590869426727, -0.11568465083837509, 0.2343263179063797, -0.008272461593151093, -0.22886423766613007, 0.3056764006614685, -0.04632772505283356, -0.0974954143166542, 0.6309498548...	1	75 years ago, US soldiers fought 'the other Battle of the Bulge' Troy, New York — In the earliest days of 1945, the infantrymen of the 42nd Infantry Division, now a part of the New York Army National Guard, spent their first days in desperate combat against German tanks and paratroopers during Hitler's final offensive in Western Europe. Operation Nordwind, sometimes called "the other Battle of the Bulge" kicked off on New Year's Eve 1944 in the Alsace region of France. The American and French armies fought desperately to halt the attack and hold onto the city of Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace. Three regiments of 42nd Infantry Division soldiers, who had been hurried to France without the rest of their divisional support units, had arrived in Strasbourg, France just before Christmas 1944. They expected to spend time in a quiet sector to learn the ropes of combat. They could not have been more wrong. The 42nd Infantry Division had been made up of National Guard troops during World War I and nicknamed "the Rainbow Division" because it contained elements from 26 states. In World War II the division was reactivated but filled with draftee soldiers. With a desperate need for infantry troops in Europe, the soldiers of the 222nd, 232nd, and 242nd Infantry Regiments had been pulled out of training in the United States and shipped to southern France. The three regiments were named Task Force Linden, because they were commanded by the division's deputy commander Brig. Gen. Henning Linden. They were committed to battle without the artillery, armor, engineers and logistics support the rest of the division would normally provide. The attack came as a shock to the newly arrived infantrymen, explained Capt. William Corson in a letter to a 42nd Division reunion gathering in 1995. Corson commanded Company A in the 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry. "The green, inexperienced troops would occupy a small town named Hatten since the Germans had nothing more than small patrols in the area. At least that was the information given at a briefing, but someone forgot to tell the enemy," he wrote. German paratroops and panzer forces with tanks and self-propelled guns crossed the Rhine River 12 miles north of Strasbourg and clashed with the thinly stretched Rainbow Division infantry at Gambsheim on January 5. For the next three weeks, the three regiments defended, retreated, counterattacked and finally stopped the Germans. The first week of was a frenzied effort to halt the German advance, with companies and battalions moved around the front like firefighters plugging gaps, Corson said. The fighting was so desperate that the 42nd Division even threw individual rifle companies into the fight whenever they became available. "Officers knew little more than the GI," Corson said. "One morning my company moved to a barren, frozen hillside with orders to dig defensive positions covering an area about three times larger than we were capable of adequately defending. After four hours of chipping away at the frozen ground, we were told that this position would not be defended, so we moved to another frozen spot about ten miles away and started digging again." At Gambsheim the odds were too great for the American infantry. The majority of its defenders from the 232nd Infantry Regiment were captured or killed. In a failed January 5-7 counterattack at Gambsheim, units from all three regiments were combined in a patchwork force that was ultimately repulsed. Dan Bearse, a rifleman with the 242nd Infantry in the counterattack, recounted the events in an oral history. "They had tanks and heavy artillery, endless infantry troops," Bearse recalled. "We were outnumbered two or three to one. So we were quickly repulsed. Lost lots of people, killed, wounded and captured. And we were thrown back immediately," he said of the January 6 battle. "We were badly mauled and it was very demoralizing. That was our baptism of fire. And it was a loser." At Hatten, on January 10, 1945, the 242nd Infantry Regiment and a battalion from the 79th Division tried to stop the German tanks and paratroopers again. The defenders were overrun. Capt. Corson was wounded and captured with dozens of his Soldiers. But one soldier from the 242nd Infantry, Master Sgt. Vito Bertoldo decided to stay. Bertoldo, who was attached from Corson's Company A to the battalion headquarters, volunteered to hold off the Germans while other soldiers retreated. Bertoldo drove back repeated German attacks for 48 hours. He was exposed to enemy machine gun, small arms and even tank fire. US Army soldiers of the 42nd Infantry Division's Task Force Linden prepare a defensive position at their log and dirt bunker near Kauffenheim, France, January 8, 1945. Moving among buildings in Hatten to fire his machine gun, at one point Bertoldo strapped it to a table for stability. He fired on approaching German tanks and panzer grenadiers, repeatedly defeating the German attacks and killing 40 of the enemy. For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. "On the close approach of enemy soldiers, he left the protection of the building he defended and set up his gun in the street," his Medal of Honor citation states, "There to remain for almost 12 hours driving back attacks while in full view of his adversaries and completely exposed to 88-millimeter, machine gun and small arms fire." "All I did was try to protect some other American soldiers from being killed," Bertoldo would tell newspapers back home after the war. "At no time did I have in mind that I was trying to win something." The 1st Battalion, 242nd Infantry paid a heavy price for its defense of Hatten. At the beginning of the battle there were 33 officers and 748 enlisted men in the battalion. Three days later there were 11 officers and 253 enlisted men reporting for duty. The Germans launched their final assault just seven miles from the fight at Hatten on January 24, looking to cut American supply lines back to Strasbourg in the town of Haguenau. They attacked straight into the 42nd Division. Troops of the 222nd Infantry were dug in inside the nearby Ohlugen Forest, with thick foliage and dense fog concealing both American and German positions. The regiment had two battalions in the defense, covering a frontage of 7,500 yards, three times the normal frontage for a regiment in defense, according to the "42nd "Rainbow" Infantry Division Combat History of WWII." Facing the Americans were elements of a German tank division, a paratroop division and an infantry division. During the fighting, 1st Lt. Carlyle Woelfer, commanding Company K in the 3rd Battalion, 222nd Infantry, captured a German officer with maps detailing the German attack. The officer and another prisoner were put on an M8 Greyhound armored car for transport to the rear. But the German officer signaled for other Germans to come to their aid. Three Germans moved on the vehicle, killing one American Soldier, but were then killed in turn by Woelfer. The back and forth fighting continued through the rest of the night as the 222nd fought to contain the German breakthrough towards Haguenau. The regiment earned a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions. The 232nd Regiment was brought up from reserve to help in the defense. The defense had held as reinforcements from the divisions which had been fighting in the Battle of the Bulge arrived to push the Germans back. By mid-February 1945 the rest of the 42nd Infantry Division arrived in France and the infantry regiments were rebuilt. The division then went on the attack against German units that had been severely ground down by the Nordwind attack. For the Rainbow Division, their attack would lead into Germany and capture the cities of Wurzburg, Schweinfurt, Furth, Nuremberg, Dachau and Munich before the war ended in May of 1945.	1,755	ENGLISH	1
The Sopwith Camel was powered by a single rotary engine and armed with twin synchronised machine guns and whilst proving difficult to handle, it provided for a high level of manoeuvrability to an experienced pilot, an attribute which was highly valued in the type's principal use as a fighter aircraft. In total, Camel pilots have been credited with the shooting down of 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than any other Allied fighter of the conflict. The main variant of the Camel was designated as the F.1; several dedicated variants were built for a variety of roles, including the 2F.1 Ship's Camel, which was used for operating from the flight decks of aircraft carriers, the Comic night fighter variant, and the T.F.1, a dedicated 'trench fighter' that had been armoured for the purpose of conducting ground attacks upon heavily defended enemy lines. The Camel also saw use as a two-seat trainer aircraft. The Camel's predecessor, the Sopwith Pup, was no longer competitive against newer German fighters such as the Albatros D.III; consequently the Camel was developed specifically to replace the Pup, as well as the Nieuport 17s that had been purchased from the French as an interim measure. It was recognised that the new fighter needed to be faster and have a heavier armament. Early in its development, the new aircraft was simply referred to as the "Big Pup". A metal fairing over the gun breeches, intended to protect the guns from freezing at altitude, created a "hump" that led pilots to call the aircraft "Camel". However,the aircraft was never officially designated with this name. The Camel had a mostly conventional design for its era, featuring a wooden box-like fuselage structure, an aluminium engine cowling, plywood panels around the cockpit, and fabric-covered fuselage, wings and tail. While possessing some clear similarities with the Pup, it was furnished with a noticeably bulkier fuselage. For the first time on an operational British-designed fighter, two 0.303 Vickers machine guns were mounted directly in front of the cockpit, synchronised to fire forwards through the propeller disc. In addition to the machine guns, a total of four Cooper bombs could be carried for ground attack purposes. Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was considered to be difficult to fly. The type owed both its extreme manoeuvrability and its difficult handling to the close placement of the engine, pilot, guns and fuel tank (some 90% of the aircraft's weight) within the front seven feet of the aircraft, and to the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotating mass of the cylinders common to rotary engines. The Camel soon gained an unfortunate reputation with pilots. Some inexperienced pilots crashed on take-off when the full fuel load pushed the aircraft's centre of gravity beyond the rearmost safe limits. When in level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the Sopwith Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane, so that the pilot had to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. The aircraft could be rigged so that at higher altitudes it could be flown "hands off". A stall immediately resulted in a dangerous spin. In June 1917, the Sopwith Camel entered service with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, which was stationed near Dunkirk, France; this was the first squadron to operate the type. Its first combat flight and reportedly its first victory claim were both made on 4 July 1917. By the end of July 1917, the Camel also equipped No. 3 and No. 9 Naval Squadrons; and it had become operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. The Camel proved to have better manoeuvrability than the Albatros D.III and D.V and offered heavier armament and better performance than the Pup and Triplane with its controls being light and sensitive. The Camel turned more slowly to the left, which resulted in a nose-up attitude due to the torque of the rotary engine, but the torque also resulted in being able to turn to the right quicker than other fighters, although that resulted in a tendency towards a nose-down attitude from the turn. Because of the faster turning capability to the right, some pilots preferred to change heading 90° to the left by turning 270° to the right. Major William Barker's Sopwith Camel was used to shoot down 46 aircraft and balloons from September 1917 to September 1918 in 404 operational flying hours, more than any other single RAF fighter. An important role for the Camel was home defence. The RNAS flew Camels from Eastchurch and Manston airfields against daylight raids by German bombers, including Gothas, from July 1917. The public outcry against the night raids and the poor response of London's defences resulted in the RFC deciding to divert Camels that had been heading to the frontlines in France to Britain for the purposes of home defence; in July 1917, 44 Squadron RFC reformed and reequipped with the Camel to conduct the home defence mission. By March 1918, the home defence squadrons had been widely equipped with the Camel; by August 1918, a total of seven home defence squadrons were operating Camels. When the Germans switched to performing their attacks during nighttime, the Camel proved capable of being flown at night as well. Accordingly, those aircraft assigned to home defence squadrons were quickly modified with navigation lights in order that they could serve as night fighters. A smaller number of Camels were more extensively reconfigured; on these aircraft, the Vickers machine guns were replaced by overwing Lewis guns and the cockpit was moved rearwards so the pilot could reload the guns. This modification, which became known as the "Sopwith Comic" allowed the guns to be fired without affecting the pilot's night vision, and allowed the use of new, more effective incendiary ammunition that was considered unsafe to fire from synchronised Vickers guns. The Camel was successfully used to intercept and shoot down German bombers on multiple occasions during 1918, serving in this capacity through to the final German bombing raid upon Britain on the night of the 20/21 May 1918. During this final air raid, a combined force of 74 Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s intercepted 28 Gothas and Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs; three German bombers were shot down, while two more were downed by anti-aircraft fire from the ground and a further aircraft was lost to engine failure, the heaviest losses suffered by German bombers during a single night's operation over England. The RNAS operated a number of 2F.1 Camels that were suitable for launching from platforms mounted on the turrets of major warships as well as from some of the earliest aircraft carriers to be built. Furthermore, the Camel could be deployed from aircraft lighters, which were specially-modified barges; these had to be towed fast enough that a Camel could successfully take off. The aircraft lighters served as means of launching interception sorties against incoming enemy air raids from a more advantageous position than had been possible when using shore bases alone. By mid-1918, the Camel had become obsolescent as a day fighter as its climb rate, level speed and performance at altitudes over 12,000 ft (3,650 m) were outclassed by the latest German fighters, such as the Fokker D.VII. However, it remained viable as a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft and instead was increasingly used in that capacity. * Images shown are a guide and references only to show how the kit can be assembled allowing for modellers to add extra detail as required	<urn:uuid:d27edcd2-62d8-4f4d-b1d6-79fa01a3bd12>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.recoverycurios.com/sopwith-camel-f-1-wwi-fighter-revell-172-scale	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00370.warc.gz	en	0.981781	1,575	3.96875	4	[ -0.31601032614707947, 0.018427729606628418, -0.37560874223709106, 0.13286037743091583, 0.08626483380794525, 0.16978614032268524, 0.1584985852241516, 0.6019554734230042, 0.09771157056093216, 0.26591914892196655, -0.08905939012765884, -0.6443768739700317, 0.1697719395160675, 0.29866588115692...	10	The Sopwith Camel was powered by a single rotary engine and armed with twin synchronised machine guns and whilst proving difficult to handle, it provided for a high level of manoeuvrability to an experienced pilot, an attribute which was highly valued in the type's principal use as a fighter aircraft. In total, Camel pilots have been credited with the shooting down of 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than any other Allied fighter of the conflict. The main variant of the Camel was designated as the F.1; several dedicated variants were built for a variety of roles, including the 2F.1 Ship's Camel, which was used for operating from the flight decks of aircraft carriers, the Comic night fighter variant, and the T.F.1, a dedicated 'trench fighter' that had been armoured for the purpose of conducting ground attacks upon heavily defended enemy lines. The Camel also saw use as a two-seat trainer aircraft. The Camel's predecessor, the Sopwith Pup, was no longer competitive against newer German fighters such as the Albatros D.III; consequently the Camel was developed specifically to replace the Pup, as well as the Nieuport 17s that had been purchased from the French as an interim measure. It was recognised that the new fighter needed to be faster and have a heavier armament. Early in its development, the new aircraft was simply referred to as the "Big Pup". A metal fairing over the gun breeches, intended to protect the guns from freezing at altitude, created a "hump" that led pilots to call the aircraft "Camel". However,the aircraft was never officially designated with this name. The Camel had a mostly conventional design for its era, featuring a wooden box-like fuselage structure, an aluminium engine cowling, plywood panels around the cockpit, and fabric-covered fuselage, wings and tail. While possessing some clear similarities with the Pup, it was furnished with a noticeably bulkier fuselage. For the first time on an operational British-designed fighter, two 0.303 Vickers machine guns were mounted directly in front of the cockpit, synchronised to fire forwards through the propeller disc. In addition to the machine guns, a total of four Cooper bombs could be carried for ground attack purposes. Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was considered to be difficult to fly. The type owed both its extreme manoeuvrability and its difficult handling to the close placement of the engine, pilot, guns and fuel tank (some 90% of the aircraft's weight) within the front seven feet of the aircraft, and to the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotating mass of the cylinders common to rotary engines. The Camel soon gained an unfortunate reputation with pilots. Some inexperienced pilots crashed on take-off when the full fuel load pushed the aircraft's centre of gravity beyond the rearmost safe limits. When in level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the Sopwith Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane, so that the pilot had to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. The aircraft could be rigged so that at higher altitudes it could be flown "hands off". A stall immediately resulted in a dangerous spin. In June 1917, the Sopwith Camel entered service with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, which was stationed near Dunkirk, France; this was the first squadron to operate the type. Its first combat flight and reportedly its first victory claim were both made on 4 July 1917. By the end of July 1917, the Camel also equipped No. 3 and No. 9 Naval Squadrons; and it had become operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. The Camel proved to have better manoeuvrability than the Albatros D.III and D.V and offered heavier armament and better performance than the Pup and Triplane with its controls being light and sensitive. The Camel turned more slowly to the left, which resulted in a nose-up attitude due to the torque of the rotary engine, but the torque also resulted in being able to turn to the right quicker than other fighters, although that resulted in a tendency towards a nose-down attitude from the turn. Because of the faster turning capability to the right, some pilots preferred to change heading 90° to the left by turning 270° to the right. Major William Barker's Sopwith Camel was used to shoot down 46 aircraft and balloons from September 1917 to September 1918 in 404 operational flying hours, more than any other single RAF fighter. An important role for the Camel was home defence. The RNAS flew Camels from Eastchurch and Manston airfields against daylight raids by German bombers, including Gothas, from July 1917. The public outcry against the night raids and the poor response of London's defences resulted in the RFC deciding to divert Camels that had been heading to the frontlines in France to Britain for the purposes of home defence; in July 1917, 44 Squadron RFC reformed and reequipped with the Camel to conduct the home defence mission. By March 1918, the home defence squadrons had been widely equipped with the Camel; by August 1918, a total of seven home defence squadrons were operating Camels. When the Germans switched to performing their attacks during nighttime, the Camel proved capable of being flown at night as well. Accordingly, those aircraft assigned to home defence squadrons were quickly modified with navigation lights in order that they could serve as night fighters. A smaller number of Camels were more extensively reconfigured; on these aircraft, the Vickers machine guns were replaced by overwing Lewis guns and the cockpit was moved rearwards so the pilot could reload the guns. This modification, which became known as the "Sopwith Comic" allowed the guns to be fired without affecting the pilot's night vision, and allowed the use of new, more effective incendiary ammunition that was considered unsafe to fire from synchronised Vickers guns. The Camel was successfully used to intercept and shoot down German bombers on multiple occasions during 1918, serving in this capacity through to the final German bombing raid upon Britain on the night of the 20/21 May 1918. During this final air raid, a combined force of 74 Camels and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s intercepted 28 Gothas and Zeppelin-Staaken R.VIs; three German bombers were shot down, while two more were downed by anti-aircraft fire from the ground and a further aircraft was lost to engine failure, the heaviest losses suffered by German bombers during a single night's operation over England. The RNAS operated a number of 2F.1 Camels that were suitable for launching from platforms mounted on the turrets of major warships as well as from some of the earliest aircraft carriers to be built. Furthermore, the Camel could be deployed from aircraft lighters, which were specially-modified barges; these had to be towed fast enough that a Camel could successfully take off. The aircraft lighters served as means of launching interception sorties against incoming enemy air raids from a more advantageous position than had been possible when using shore bases alone. By mid-1918, the Camel had become obsolescent as a day fighter as its climb rate, level speed and performance at altitudes over 12,000 ft (3,650 m) were outclassed by the latest German fighters, such as the Fokker D.VII. However, it remained viable as a ground-attack and infantry support aircraft and instead was increasingly used in that capacity. * Images shown are a guide and references only to show how the kit can be assembled allowing for modellers to add extra detail as required	1,647	ENGLISH	1
FREE Catholic Classes (The Elder Holbein) A German painter ; b. at Augsburg about 1460; d. at Isenheim, Alsace, in 1524. Except that he was born in the Bavarian centre of art, culture, and commerce, and that his father, Michael, was a well-to-do leather-worker, little is known of his early life. He may well have studied in the studio of the great Schongauer, and some authorities state that he married the daughter of the engraver and painter Brickmaer (von Stetton). He is registered among the citizens of Ulm in 1499; he was established in Frankfort in 1501 and subsequently lived and painted at Basle and Alsace. These wanderings may have been occasioned by financial embarrassments, for he was poor and in debt all his life. Holbein's early work shows that he followed van der Weyden and Memling. Then the van Eycks and the Cologne school influenced him for more than a decade. In this, his "dry' period of painting, his subjects were chiefly from the Passion, and, although they exhibit crude grouping and colour, and a naïve technique, they nevertheless evince a profound sentiment of sincerity and devotion. He was one of the finest painters, if not the first, in Germany to avoid angles, lines, and sharp folds in his elaborate draperies. Augburg was on the high road between Germany and Italy, and Holbein, drinking deeply of Italian culture substituted the softer Southern elements for the precise and archaic German methods. He was one of the first to paint a Renaissance type of background, and to use architectural decoration in his pictures; and in this he became a master. This emancipation of painting (1512-22), begun by the elder Holbein, was to be completed by his son, Hans. Thus the elder Holbein was a pioneer and leader in the transformation of German art. The majority of the great critics incline to this opinion, while others aver that his poverty and debts were due to his long and notorious resistance to Italian influence. He was a spirited and robust, if sometimes vulgar, painter, a man of imagination and power, possessing a splendid capacity for depicting character. His merits have long been overshadowed by the fame of his son. The earliest important work of the elder Holbein is a "Madonna and Child" (1492) now in the Moritz Kapelle, Nuremberg. In 1493 he became well known by his altar-piece in Weingarten Abbey ; but the most famous of his works is the altar of the basilica of St. Paul (now in the Augsburg gallery), for it contains a portrait of himself and his two sons, Ambrose and Hans; and the father is pointing with pride to the young Hans as if predicting the lad's future greatness. At Frankfort, in 1501, Holbein painted a large and important altar-piece for the Dominicans and for some time after seems to have won pecuniary success. Forged documents and false inscriptions for a long time ascribed works to the son which modern authorities ascribe to the father. To-day the elder Holbein enters into his own. The beautiful "Conception", painted in 1512 (Augsburg gallery) and the altar-piece of St. Sebastian (Munich), a triptych with the "Annunciation" and Sts. Elizabeth and Barbara occupying its wings, are two notable pictures recently proved to be by the elder, and not the younger, Holbein. The St. Sebastian altar-piece is generally regarded as his greatest work. His "Madonna Enthroned" is preserved in the Germanic Museum, at Nuremberg, while two portraits by him (probably a man and wife) are in the Hampton Court collection. The sketch books of this prolific artist, preserved at Berlin and Copenhagen, are filled with portraits, chiefly in silver-point, the noteworthy faces therein being the Emperor Maximilian, his fool, Kuntz von der Rosen, the Fuggers, and other men conspicuous in commerce and at Court. He and his brother Sigmund painted together — how long, and on what pictures, cannot be discovered; but Hans always signed the work. He gave young Hans his first lessons, and endowed him with virile force and immense capacity for characterization. About 1520 Holbein was in Alsace and sought refuge with the monks of Isenheim. After his death it is recorded that his son claimed his brushes, paints, and sketch books from the monastery. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:2533cc96-8a56-4004-a7aa-8702b4177c21>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5811	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00043.warc.gz	en	0.980183	1,088	3.40625	3	[ 0.10158698260784149, 0.5828973054885864, -0.267375111579895, -0.10243035852909088, 0.17364293336868286, 0.1044367179274559, -0.028368866071105003, 0.09101511538028717, -0.01252146065235138, -0.3299388587474823, -0.23768872022628784, -0.4388267993927002, -0.33708131313323975, 0.506956517696...	1	FREE Catholic Classes (The Elder Holbein) A German painter ; b. at Augsburg about 1460; d. at Isenheim, Alsace, in 1524. Except that he was born in the Bavarian centre of art, culture, and commerce, and that his father, Michael, was a well-to-do leather-worker, little is known of his early life. He may well have studied in the studio of the great Schongauer, and some authorities state that he married the daughter of the engraver and painter Brickmaer (von Stetton). He is registered among the citizens of Ulm in 1499; he was established in Frankfort in 1501 and subsequently lived and painted at Basle and Alsace. These wanderings may have been occasioned by financial embarrassments, for he was poor and in debt all his life. Holbein's early work shows that he followed van der Weyden and Memling. Then the van Eycks and the Cologne school influenced him for more than a decade. In this, his "dry' period of painting, his subjects were chiefly from the Passion, and, although they exhibit crude grouping and colour, and a naïve technique, they nevertheless evince a profound sentiment of sincerity and devotion. He was one of the finest painters, if not the first, in Germany to avoid angles, lines, and sharp folds in his elaborate draperies. Augburg was on the high road between Germany and Italy, and Holbein, drinking deeply of Italian culture substituted the softer Southern elements for the precise and archaic German methods. He was one of the first to paint a Renaissance type of background, and to use architectural decoration in his pictures; and in this he became a master. This emancipation of painting (1512-22), begun by the elder Holbein, was to be completed by his son, Hans. Thus the elder Holbein was a pioneer and leader in the transformation of German art. The majority of the great critics incline to this opinion, while others aver that his poverty and debts were due to his long and notorious resistance to Italian influence. He was a spirited and robust, if sometimes vulgar, painter, a man of imagination and power, possessing a splendid capacity for depicting character. His merits have long been overshadowed by the fame of his son. The earliest important work of the elder Holbein is a "Madonna and Child" (1492) now in the Moritz Kapelle, Nuremberg. In 1493 he became well known by his altar-piece in Weingarten Abbey ; but the most famous of his works is the altar of the basilica of St. Paul (now in the Augsburg gallery), for it contains a portrait of himself and his two sons, Ambrose and Hans; and the father is pointing with pride to the young Hans as if predicting the lad's future greatness. At Frankfort, in 1501, Holbein painted a large and important altar-piece for the Dominicans and for some time after seems to have won pecuniary success. Forged documents and false inscriptions for a long time ascribed works to the son which modern authorities ascribe to the father. To-day the elder Holbein enters into his own. The beautiful "Conception", painted in 1512 (Augsburg gallery) and the altar-piece of St. Sebastian (Munich), a triptych with the "Annunciation" and Sts. Elizabeth and Barbara occupying its wings, are two notable pictures recently proved to be by the elder, and not the younger, Holbein. The St. Sebastian altar-piece is generally regarded as his greatest work. His "Madonna Enthroned" is preserved in the Germanic Museum, at Nuremberg, while two portraits by him (probably a man and wife) are in the Hampton Court collection. The sketch books of this prolific artist, preserved at Berlin and Copenhagen, are filled with portraits, chiefly in silver-point, the noteworthy faces therein being the Emperor Maximilian, his fool, Kuntz von der Rosen, the Fuggers, and other men conspicuous in commerce and at Court. He and his brother Sigmund painted together — how long, and on what pictures, cannot be discovered; but Hans always signed the work. He gave young Hans his first lessons, and endowed him with virile force and immense capacity for characterization. About 1520 Holbein was in Alsace and sought refuge with the monks of Isenheim. After his death it is recorded that his son claimed his brushes, paints, and sketch books from the monastery. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	1,116	ENGLISH	1
The Harvest Festival of Thanksgiving by Dr. Paul Jehle, Executive Director of Plymouth Rock Foundation At this time of year many people reflect upon the Pilgrims and the origin of our American Thanksgiving holiday. Some contend that it either never occurred or was not a friendly affair with a legacy of genocide. Hopefully some context and clarity can help remove these myths and bring factual balance. Consider some of these facts: (1) We do not know when the actual harvest feast occurred, though we know it was the fall of 1621. (2) We don’t know if the Pilgrims invited their Native neighbors to a pre-planned event, but we know they feasted together. (3) The Natives provided much of the food, and though they had turkey, venison ruled the day. The Pilgrims (who were not called “pilgrims” until late in the 18th century), as children of the Reformation, “separatists” from the established Church of England, called for days of prayer as well as days of thanksgiving. Days of solemn prayer (and often fasting) were times of repentance for sin; known or unknown. Days of thanksgiving were called when specific answers to those prayers occurred. Neither of these was the origin of the harvest festival in the fall of 1621. Quite possibly the harvest festival practiced in England long before the Pilgrims formed their church was a tradition developed from the ancient biblical Feast of Tabernacles. Leviticus 23:24 establishes what was also called a feast of booths, for the Israelites were to make temporary shelters reminding them what it was like to live for forty years in the wilderness. This feast was also known as the feast of ingathering, for it occurred after crops had been harvested. It was a feast of thanksgiving and joy, celebrating God’s goodness. The time of this feast was late September through the middle of October. No work could be done on these days, and this soon became the most prominent of all Jewish holidays. Nothing was secular to the Pilgrims and so this plausible biblical origin for harvest festivals in the fall of the year would have been sacred. Edward Winslow, one of the Pilgrims who came on the Mayflower, wrote this about the festival: “They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached… and besides waterfowl there was a great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to that proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned by true reports” William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony and author of his journal Of Plimoth Plantation, writes: “Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.” To state that Plymouth had the “first Thanksgiving” requires parameters. Most cultures have some form of thanking God for a good harvest, and so the Pilgrims were not unique nor were they the first, for that occurred among Natives for thousands of years and also in St. Augustine as well as Berkley Plantation prior to the Pilgrim arrival. However, this harvest festival was unique in some of the following ways that we should remember. First, the harvest festival was the fruit of the Peace Treaty with the Wampanoag in March of 1621. Second, it combined gratefulness to God for both a harvest as well as friendship with their neighbors. Third, it was a three day feast that promoted friendly athletic competition among two cultures. These ingredients certainly make it unique in many ways! Some of the facts we should recite and remember as we gather with our families are the following: (1) It was a three-day feast, not a three day fast; (2) There were only four adult Pilgrim women alive after that first winter, hosting over 140 people, 90 of whom were Natives; (3) All dishes were wooden and the children served the adults; (4) The meal probably consisted of cod and sea bass, fowl (ducks, geese, swan), deer, wild turkeys; and (5) The festival included athletic events such as bow and arrow, shooting, foot races and wrestling (the final scores were not recorded, but combining recreation and feasting is accurate historically!) The harvest festival we now know as Thanksgiving does share a kinship with the other days of prayer and thanksgiving. They all arise from biblical precedent as holy days set aside for godly reasons. Days of Prayer in the spring and Thanksgiving in the fall lasted well into the 19th century in New England. Every year of the American Revolution the Congress called days of prayer and thanksgiving. George Washington also called one in 1789. However it was Abraham Lincoln who responded to Sarah Hale’s request for a day of Thanksgiving in 1863 which became the origin of our national holiday. He said in part “The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies… No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy…. (it is) proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American People.” It is time in America to remember to give thanks to God for His mercy and invite our friends and neighbors to do the same. If we lift up the highest ideals of unity, we can face the challenges of the present and, inspired by the past, restore a true American holiday to its godly fruit! This article was originally published in Plymouth Rock Foundation’s E-News – November, 2017Do you enjoy articles like this? Click here to become a monthly partner and receive a copy of OVERCOMER on DVD!	<urn:uuid:1619ddda-05af-4b07-abd6-47b187e18521>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/the-harvest-festival-of-thanksgiving.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00131.warc.gz	en	0.984215	1,511	3.734375	4	[ 0.10850495100021362, 0.372535765171051, 0.2561454772949219, -0.05026470869779587, 0.16682371497154236, -0.1455022394657135, 0.020847801119089127, 0.3266677260398865, -0.05842704325914383, 0.3331785798072815, -0.2884255051612854, 0.14801731705665588, -0.0830361545085907, 0.26685333251953125...	1	The Harvest Festival of Thanksgiving by Dr. Paul Jehle, Executive Director of Plymouth Rock Foundation At this time of year many people reflect upon the Pilgrims and the origin of our American Thanksgiving holiday. Some contend that it either never occurred or was not a friendly affair with a legacy of genocide. Hopefully some context and clarity can help remove these myths and bring factual balance. Consider some of these facts: (1) We do not know when the actual harvest feast occurred, though we know it was the fall of 1621. (2) We don’t know if the Pilgrims invited their Native neighbors to a pre-planned event, but we know they feasted together. (3) The Natives provided much of the food, and though they had turkey, venison ruled the day. The Pilgrims (who were not called “pilgrims” until late in the 18th century), as children of the Reformation, “separatists” from the established Church of England, called for days of prayer as well as days of thanksgiving. Days of solemn prayer (and often fasting) were times of repentance for sin; known or unknown. Days of thanksgiving were called when specific answers to those prayers occurred. Neither of these was the origin of the harvest festival in the fall of 1621. Quite possibly the harvest festival practiced in England long before the Pilgrims formed their church was a tradition developed from the ancient biblical Feast of Tabernacles. Leviticus 23:24 establishes what was also called a feast of booths, for the Israelites were to make temporary shelters reminding them what it was like to live for forty years in the wilderness. This feast was also known as the feast of ingathering, for it occurred after crops had been harvested. It was a feast of thanksgiving and joy, celebrating God’s goodness. The time of this feast was late September through the middle of October. No work could be done on these days, and this soon became the most prominent of all Jewish holidays. Nothing was secular to the Pilgrims and so this plausible biblical origin for harvest festivals in the fall of the year would have been sacred. Edward Winslow, one of the Pilgrims who came on the Mayflower, wrote this about the festival: “They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached… and besides waterfowl there was a great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to that proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned by true reports” William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony and author of his journal Of Plimoth Plantation, writes: “Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.” To state that Plymouth had the “first Thanksgiving” requires parameters. Most cultures have some form of thanking God for a good harvest, and so the Pilgrims were not unique nor were they the first, for that occurred among Natives for thousands of years and also in St. Augustine as well as Berkley Plantation prior to the Pilgrim arrival. However, this harvest festival was unique in some of the following ways that we should remember. First, the harvest festival was the fruit of the Peace Treaty with the Wampanoag in March of 1621. Second, it combined gratefulness to God for both a harvest as well as friendship with their neighbors. Third, it was a three day feast that promoted friendly athletic competition among two cultures. These ingredients certainly make it unique in many ways! Some of the facts we should recite and remember as we gather with our families are the following: (1) It was a three-day feast, not a three day fast; (2) There were only four adult Pilgrim women alive after that first winter, hosting over 140 people, 90 of whom were Natives; (3) All dishes were wooden and the children served the adults; (4) The meal probably consisted of cod and sea bass, fowl (ducks, geese, swan), deer, wild turkeys; and (5) The festival included athletic events such as bow and arrow, shooting, foot races and wrestling (the final scores were not recorded, but combining recreation and feasting is accurate historically!) The harvest festival we now know as Thanksgiving does share a kinship with the other days of prayer and thanksgiving. They all arise from biblical precedent as holy days set aside for godly reasons. Days of Prayer in the spring and Thanksgiving in the fall lasted well into the 19th century in New England. Every year of the American Revolution the Congress called days of prayer and thanksgiving. George Washington also called one in 1789. However it was Abraham Lincoln who responded to Sarah Hale’s request for a day of Thanksgiving in 1863 which became the origin of our national holiday. He said in part “The year that is drawing towards its close, has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies… No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy…. (it is) proper that they should be solemnly, reverently and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American People.” It is time in America to remember to give thanks to God for His mercy and invite our friends and neighbors to do the same. If we lift up the highest ideals of unity, we can face the challenges of the present and, inspired by the past, restore a true American holiday to its godly fruit! This article was originally published in Plymouth Rock Foundation’s E-News – November, 2017Do you enjoy articles like this? Click here to become a monthly partner and receive a copy of OVERCOMER on DVD!	1,512	ENGLISH	1
Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, as he was known in full, brought many interesting ideas to the world of science. He was credited for developing the evolutionary theory by natural selection and also for discovering a species of frog while in South America. Darwin has many followers of his theory of evolution but there are many people who are trying to disprove his theory. These people have showed that their different theories prove Darwin could not have been correct in every aspect of his theory, but there is no absolute right or wrong to the theory of evolution. The world will continue to be divided on the subject of evolution. Charles Darwin was born on February 18, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He is the son of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood Darwin. His father, Robert Darwin, was a physician and naturalist. Eramus Darwin was Charles Darwins paternal grandfather. He was a poet, philosopher, and naturalist. Eramus Darwin was also the author of Zoonomia, which is more commonly known as the Law of Organic Life. Charles Darwins maternal grandfather was Josiah Wedgwood. Josiah Wedgwood was an artisan-entrepreneur. Charles Darwin is best known for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Charles Darwin spent his childhood in England. When Charles was at the young age of eight his mother died. After his mothers death adoring sisters and an older brother raised him. As a young child, in a Divinity School in Shrewbury, it was stressed that he learn the classics, but he was a very uninspired student. He was repeatedly reprimanded for wasting his time collecting animal specimens, especially beetles, and performing chemical experiments. At sixteen he went to The University of Edinburgh to study medicine. He had planned to study medicine, but he could not take the sight of surgery without anesthetics so he did not continue in that field. The fact that Darwin did not show enthusiasm in the field of medicine disappointed his father very much. Then Darwin was sent to The University of Cambridge in 1827. Here he was to study for the clergy. The clergy is the body of people ordained for religious work such as ministers, pastors, and priest. (The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 389) However, his academic record reflected his lack of interest in his studies of this field. He eventually abandoned it completely and never became a clergyman. Charles Darwin received money from his father, which made it unnecessary for him to acquire a job and allowed him the freedom to work as an independent scientist. Since he did not become a clergyman, as his schooling had prepared him, Darwin proposed to his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood. They were married on January 29, 1839. She was a devoted wife and brought money and housewifery skills that provided him an environment to work in peacefully for forty years. During this forty years Charles and Emma Darwin had ten children. Two that died when they were infants and one, Anne, died when she was ten years old. (1994-2000 Encyclopedia Britannica). They had five surviving sons and three surviving daughters. Charles Darwin was known as a British naturalist even from a young age because of his interest in the animal species. A naturalist is a person who makes a study of animals and plants, especially in their native habitats. (The World Book Encylopedia, Volume 2, page 1371). During August of 1831, at the age of twenty-two, Darwin served as a naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a British science expedition around the world, but he was not paid while on this trip. This trip took five years, from 1831 to 1836. During this trip Darwin took extremely detailed notes and collected many specimens. After returning to London and studying his notes and specimens carefully Darwin developed several theories, all related to each other. The first, that evolution did occur; second, evolutionary change was gradual, taking millions of years to occur; third, the main mechanism for evolution was the process of natural selection; and fourth, that the millions of species alive in our world today all came from a single original form of life. This evolution occurred through a branching process called specialization. All of these processes made up his theory of evolution. It took Charles Darwin more than twenty years to publish his Magnum Opus, The Origin of the Species, which he is still known for today; one hundred and twenty years later! There are many different opinions as to why it would take him so long to decide to publish his book. The most popular opinion, probably, is that he did not want to publish his theory until he was sure he had gathered enough evidence to support his theory. Another interesting theory is that Charles Darwin had a severe childhood reading problem that could have very possibly have been a form of dyslexia. It is said that his reading problems destroyed his self-confidence and therefore delayed the publication of his evolutionary theory by twenty years. Whatever the delay, Darwin finally published in 1859, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. Charles Darwin lived a long, fulfilling life with his family at their home on Downe, England. He spent much of his spare time gardening and raising pigeons. It was thought he might have contracted and illness during his travels in South America. After living seventy-three years, he died on April 19, 1882. He is now buried at Westminster Abbey in England. (Krista Gowans) At the time of his death his two main works included The Origin of Species, published in 1859 and The Decent of Man, published in 1871. Bibliography Bibliography Biography of Charles Darwin. September 9, 2000 Clergy. World Book Dictionary. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, 1973. Darwin, Charles. Encyclopedia Brittanica Deluxe edition, CD. Brittanica.com, 2000. Gowans, Krista. Charles Darwin. September 6, 2000 Naturalist. World Book Dictionary. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, 1973. Talented Dyslexics. September 11, 2000 Science.	<urn:uuid:942d3903-4757-4f7b-abcd-f90b55513087>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thewop.org/charles-darwin/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00237.warc.gz	en	0.989248	1,251	3.5625	4	[ -0.10854202508926392, 0.5392729640007019, 0.22855645418167114, -0.04054703563451767, 0.042514026165008545, -0.34774625301361084, 0.38103196024894714, 0.19697114825248718, -0.19429951906204224, -0.027769457548856735, 0.001745034009218216, -0.139467254281044, 0.23280906677246094, 0.255628287...	4	Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, as he was known in full, brought many interesting ideas to the world of science. He was credited for developing the evolutionary theory by natural selection and also for discovering a species of frog while in South America. Darwin has many followers of his theory of evolution but there are many people who are trying to disprove his theory. These people have showed that their different theories prove Darwin could not have been correct in every aspect of his theory, but there is no absolute right or wrong to the theory of evolution. The world will continue to be divided on the subject of evolution. Charles Darwin was born on February 18, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He is the son of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood Darwin. His father, Robert Darwin, was a physician and naturalist. Eramus Darwin was Charles Darwins paternal grandfather. He was a poet, philosopher, and naturalist. Eramus Darwin was also the author of Zoonomia, which is more commonly known as the Law of Organic Life. Charles Darwins maternal grandfather was Josiah Wedgwood. Josiah Wedgwood was an artisan-entrepreneur. Charles Darwin is best known for developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Charles Darwin spent his childhood in England. When Charles was at the young age of eight his mother died. After his mothers death adoring sisters and an older brother raised him. As a young child, in a Divinity School in Shrewbury, it was stressed that he learn the classics, but he was a very uninspired student. He was repeatedly reprimanded for wasting his time collecting animal specimens, especially beetles, and performing chemical experiments. At sixteen he went to The University of Edinburgh to study medicine. He had planned to study medicine, but he could not take the sight of surgery without anesthetics so he did not continue in that field. The fact that Darwin did not show enthusiasm in the field of medicine disappointed his father very much. Then Darwin was sent to The University of Cambridge in 1827. Here he was to study for the clergy. The clergy is the body of people ordained for religious work such as ministers, pastors, and priest. (The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 389) However, his academic record reflected his lack of interest in his studies of this field. He eventually abandoned it completely and never became a clergyman. Charles Darwin received money from his father, which made it unnecessary for him to acquire a job and allowed him the freedom to work as an independent scientist. Since he did not become a clergyman, as his schooling had prepared him, Darwin proposed to his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood. They were married on January 29, 1839. She was a devoted wife and brought money and housewifery skills that provided him an environment to work in peacefully for forty years. During this forty years Charles and Emma Darwin had ten children. Two that died when they were infants and one, Anne, died when she was ten years old. (1994-2000 Encyclopedia Britannica). They had five surviving sons and three surviving daughters. Charles Darwin was known as a British naturalist even from a young age because of his interest in the animal species. A naturalist is a person who makes a study of animals and plants, especially in their native habitats. (The World Book Encylopedia, Volume 2, page 1371). During August of 1831, at the age of twenty-two, Darwin served as a naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a British science expedition around the world, but he was not paid while on this trip. This trip took five years, from 1831 to 1836. During this trip Darwin took extremely detailed notes and collected many specimens. After returning to London and studying his notes and specimens carefully Darwin developed several theories, all related to each other. The first, that evolution did occur; second, evolutionary change was gradual, taking millions of years to occur; third, the main mechanism for evolution was the process of natural selection; and fourth, that the millions of species alive in our world today all came from a single original form of life. This evolution occurred through a branching process called specialization. All of these processes made up his theory of evolution. It took Charles Darwin more than twenty years to publish his Magnum Opus, The Origin of the Species, which he is still known for today; one hundred and twenty years later! There are many different opinions as to why it would take him so long to decide to publish his book. The most popular opinion, probably, is that he did not want to publish his theory until he was sure he had gathered enough evidence to support his theory. Another interesting theory is that Charles Darwin had a severe childhood reading problem that could have very possibly have been a form of dyslexia. It is said that his reading problems destroyed his self-confidence and therefore delayed the publication of his evolutionary theory by twenty years. Whatever the delay, Darwin finally published in 1859, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. Charles Darwin lived a long, fulfilling life with his family at their home on Downe, England. He spent much of his spare time gardening and raising pigeons. It was thought he might have contracted and illness during his travels in South America. After living seventy-three years, he died on April 19, 1882. He is now buried at Westminster Abbey in England. (Krista Gowans) At the time of his death his two main works included The Origin of Species, published in 1859 and The Decent of Man, published in 1871. Bibliography Bibliography Biography of Charles Darwin. September 9, 2000 Clergy. World Book Dictionary. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, 1973. Darwin, Charles. Encyclopedia Brittanica Deluxe edition, CD. Brittanica.com, 2000. Gowans, Krista. Charles Darwin. September 6, 2000 Naturalist. World Book Dictionary. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, 1973. Talented Dyslexics. September 11, 2000 Science.	1,311	ENGLISH	1
“We are American, Praise the Lord” Song The song was created as a gospel song that African Americans sang about how despite our differences, we are the same and we all want the same things. The song shows how African Americans did not wish to be ahead of the whites and their needs but rather they wanted only equality. They wanted the whites to know that they go to similar struggles to each other for example waiting for their husbands and sons to return from war. They wanted there to be a connect between them so that ultimately, they can understand each other leading to freedom. I included this item because it would give the audience an auditory way to understand the oppression that African Americans faced during the time and its important to know that through song, African Americans were able to reach more people since music was one of the only ways blacks and whites could possibly connect. 1963 March on Washington This photo was taken during the 1963 March on Washington. It shows an African American woman being stopped from protesting while other watched in horror and disgust. It shows the police brutality at the time in regards to African Americans to suppress them from pushing their message of equality. It shows how African Americans rights were continuous disregarded and mistreated despite there being laws that should’ve protected them. I would include this photo into the museum because it visually shows how African Americans were having their rights being taken away from them. It also shows how they needed to hold themselves to higher standard and not retaliate and use nonviolence to help them gain more equal rights. It would add a visual importance because it shows the desperation on the faces of African Americans and how they were treated by the police and the government during this time. It would also add value to fact that were violent oppressed by those who are supposed to protect them. The Color of Justice In the video, it discusses how supreme court decisions were fundamental part of how African American discrimination in America continued for as long as did. This also depicts why discrimination became a more societal issue. Many laws were put in place that protected African American rights such as the 15 amendment which gave African American men the right to vote. But when voting is discriminatory it stops the African Americans from having a political presence which leads to laws being created to suppress African Americans.	<urn:uuid:9e47e6d5-bd29-4754-8ab5-a3774d49fed8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blogs.dickinson.edu/modern-us-history/civil-rights-era/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00166.warc.gz	en	0.988806	458	4.15625	4	[ -0.5082372426986694, 0.1674860268831253, -0.17548500001430511, -0.15733185410499573, -0.03406351059675217, 0.38133659958839417, -0.1492006778717041, -0.2536664307117462, 0.07830949127674103, 0.2844918668270111, 0.2553887963294983, 0.32385721802711487, 0.04782514274120331, -0.19078986346721...	2	“We are American, Praise the Lord” Song The song was created as a gospel song that African Americans sang about how despite our differences, we are the same and we all want the same things. The song shows how African Americans did not wish to be ahead of the whites and their needs but rather they wanted only equality. They wanted the whites to know that they go to similar struggles to each other for example waiting for their husbands and sons to return from war. They wanted there to be a connect between them so that ultimately, they can understand each other leading to freedom. I included this item because it would give the audience an auditory way to understand the oppression that African Americans faced during the time and its important to know that through song, African Americans were able to reach more people since music was one of the only ways blacks and whites could possibly connect. 1963 March on Washington This photo was taken during the 1963 March on Washington. It shows an African American woman being stopped from protesting while other watched in horror and disgust. It shows the police brutality at the time in regards to African Americans to suppress them from pushing their message of equality. It shows how African Americans rights were continuous disregarded and mistreated despite there being laws that should’ve protected them. I would include this photo into the museum because it visually shows how African Americans were having their rights being taken away from them. It also shows how they needed to hold themselves to higher standard and not retaliate and use nonviolence to help them gain more equal rights. It would add a visual importance because it shows the desperation on the faces of African Americans and how they were treated by the police and the government during this time. It would also add value to fact that were violent oppressed by those who are supposed to protect them. The Color of Justice In the video, it discusses how supreme court decisions were fundamental part of how African American discrimination in America continued for as long as did. This also depicts why discrimination became a more societal issue. Many laws were put in place that protected African American rights such as the 15 amendment which gave African American men the right to vote. But when voting is discriminatory it stops the African Americans from having a political presence which leads to laws being created to suppress African Americans.	462	ENGLISH	1
A team of Greek archaeologists has just uncovered the first remnants of a once lost city believed to have been founded by former Trojan prisoners of war in the 12th or 13th century BC. Excavations close to the village of Chiliomodi, in the southern peninsula region of the Peloponnese, unearthed a wide variety of artifacts which indicate the presence of the wealthy ancient city of Tenea. The precise location of the city was previously only documented in historical sources and testimonies, but archaeologists were able to pinpoint the settlement's location following the discovery of jewelry, coins and the remnants of housing, the Greek Culture Ministry said. 'We've found evidence of life and death' "It is significant that the remnants of the city, the paved roads, the architectural structure, came to light," lead archaeologist Elena Korka told CNN. "We've found evidence of life and death... and all this is just a small part of the history of the place. The coming years will allow us to evaluate where we stand." The excavations started in the area in 2013 and were centered on the rich Hellenistic and Roman burial sites surrounding the city, where archaeologists discovered nine new tombs this year. The team, however, also excavated extensive building facilities in a 672-meter square area for the first time this year, which are believed to be remnants of the ancient city itself. Korka said that her team found key clues of the city's presence, including children buried in the foundations of walls. "We found child burials; during the Roman times it was very strict where you bury the dead, and only babies were allowed to be kept inside buildings in the city -- all the rest had to be buried outside," she said. The team also excavated a series of buildings, where they found organized rooms with housing facilities and door openings. Inside the buildings, archaeologists found portions of clay, marble and stone floors, along with well-crafted walls, some of which were covered in mortar. They also discovered a large storage jar, a pythamphorae, along with a 3.5-meter section of a long clay pipeline, believed to have been used for sewage. Korka said that researchers may have also uncovered the presence of an atrium, with architraves, columns and other architectural features located in the interior of the structures. The lead archaeologist described the city's construction as "luxurious" and noted that the buildings were "very strong and very well done." The ancient city of Tenea was founded approximately 9 miles south-east of Corinth and 12 miles north-east of Mycenae shortly after the Trojan war. The first inhabitants of the city are believed to have been Trojan prisoners of war, who were permitted to build their own town by Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, in the aftermath of the battle. Korka explained that the team discovered indications of the city's significant wealth, including 200 rare coins dating from early Hellenistic to the late Roman times. Several of these coins belong to the Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211 BC), which indicate that the settlement likely experienced particular economic growth during his dynasty. Korka said that her team will continue to excavate areas surrounding the current finds, and aim to slowly develop a topographical map of the city. The archaeologists will also focus on new branches of research, including exploring the effects of endemic diseases on ancient populations.	<urn:uuid:348fd4b6-e333-4cab-ac4b-f446471e7731>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.tefter.io/bookmarks/56436/readable	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00537.warc.gz	en	0.980028	717	3.53125	4	[ 0.0487966313958168, 0.35590213537216187, 0.46975940465927124, -0.3214424252510071, -0.23757235705852509, -0.3341870903968811, -0.31669390201568604, 0.2768935263156891, -0.15747255086898804, -0.15696905553340912, 0.15430592000484467, -0.4082837998867035, 0.021673982962965965, 0.418577671051...	1	A team of Greek archaeologists has just uncovered the first remnants of a once lost city believed to have been founded by former Trojan prisoners of war in the 12th or 13th century BC. Excavations close to the village of Chiliomodi, in the southern peninsula region of the Peloponnese, unearthed a wide variety of artifacts which indicate the presence of the wealthy ancient city of Tenea. The precise location of the city was previously only documented in historical sources and testimonies, but archaeologists were able to pinpoint the settlement's location following the discovery of jewelry, coins and the remnants of housing, the Greek Culture Ministry said. 'We've found evidence of life and death' "It is significant that the remnants of the city, the paved roads, the architectural structure, came to light," lead archaeologist Elena Korka told CNN. "We've found evidence of life and death... and all this is just a small part of the history of the place. The coming years will allow us to evaluate where we stand." The excavations started in the area in 2013 and were centered on the rich Hellenistic and Roman burial sites surrounding the city, where archaeologists discovered nine new tombs this year. The team, however, also excavated extensive building facilities in a 672-meter square area for the first time this year, which are believed to be remnants of the ancient city itself. Korka said that her team found key clues of the city's presence, including children buried in the foundations of walls. "We found child burials; during the Roman times it was very strict where you bury the dead, and only babies were allowed to be kept inside buildings in the city -- all the rest had to be buried outside," she said. The team also excavated a series of buildings, where they found organized rooms with housing facilities and door openings. Inside the buildings, archaeologists found portions of clay, marble and stone floors, along with well-crafted walls, some of which were covered in mortar. They also discovered a large storage jar, a pythamphorae, along with a 3.5-meter section of a long clay pipeline, believed to have been used for sewage. Korka said that researchers may have also uncovered the presence of an atrium, with architraves, columns and other architectural features located in the interior of the structures. The lead archaeologist described the city's construction as "luxurious" and noted that the buildings were "very strong and very well done." The ancient city of Tenea was founded approximately 9 miles south-east of Corinth and 12 miles north-east of Mycenae shortly after the Trojan war. The first inhabitants of the city are believed to have been Trojan prisoners of war, who were permitted to build their own town by Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, in the aftermath of the battle. Korka explained that the team discovered indications of the city's significant wealth, including 200 rare coins dating from early Hellenistic to the late Roman times. Several of these coins belong to the Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211 BC), which indicate that the settlement likely experienced particular economic growth during his dynasty. Korka said that her team will continue to excavate areas surrounding the current finds, and aim to slowly develop a topographical map of the city. The archaeologists will also focus on new branches of research, including exploring the effects of endemic diseases on ancient populations.	722	ENGLISH	1
Sophocles was the Shakespeare of Greek dramatists, the poet whom Aristotle felt had perfected the form of tragedy, though the great Aeschylus (c. 525-456, B.C.E.) and Euripides (c. 480-408, B.C.E.) were his contemporaries. These three playwrights competed for prizes in the golden age of drama in fifth century Athens. Sophocles was born in Colonus, Greece, a district of Athens, about 496, B.C.E. At that time democratic Athens was the leading city-state of Greece, and a center of culture and learning. His father Sophilus was a well-to-do merchant, and the young Sophocles received a good education in the arts. At sixteen he was chosen to lead in dancing and playing the lyre in the public celebration for the victory at Salamis. He supposedly loved wine and women when young, though he was noted later for his charm, good nature, and virtuous life. He was a friend to the great Athenian ruler, Pericles, and perhaps that is why there is so much political discussion in his plays. The political wisdom in his drama led to his being chosen for many public offices—treasurer, foreign emissary, and general. Sophocles began his sixty-year career as a dramatist early in life and won first place in the Athenian festival of the Greater Dionysia for the first time in 468, B.C.E., defeating the veteran, Aeschylus. He won twenty-four times and never placed lower than second, thus beating the records of Aeschylus and Euripides. Immediately popular in his own day, Sophocles has never lost ground in being one of the most respected dramatists of all time. His wife was called Nicostrate, and their son, Iophon, and their grandson, Sophocles, were also tragic poets. Sophocles wrote 120 dramas, but only seven of the tragedies survive: Ajax (c. 445); Antigone (c. 441); Oedipus the King (c. 430); Maidens of Trachis (c. 413); Electra (c. 410), Philoctetes (c. 409), and Oedipus at Colonus (c. 401, produced posthumously). Sophocles made certain innovations in tragedy, including adding a third actor, cutting back the choral parts in favor of dialogue, and insisting on elaborate painted scenery. Plot construction was tight and led seamlessly to the catastrophe. His plots were unified around a single issue. The odes were closely connected to the plot, and the poetic language was noted for its great beauty. Sophocles believed that suffering teaches wisdom. The gods do not have as prominent a role in his drama as in Aeschylus’s plays, for Sophocles praises human endeavor (see The Ode to Man in Antigone), making him an exemplar of Greek humanism, though he was a religious man as well. His characters mainly fall because of their own flaws or family fate. His plays are still enjoyed for the depth of character motivation and complex psychological drama. Sophocles was elected as one of the ten generals of Athens at the age of fifty-six in the war against Samos. Later he became a priest to Asclepius, the god of medicine, and was highly honored and respected in Athens, dying about 406, B.C.E. just before the defeat of Athens by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404, B.C.E.). After his death a hero cult was formed around the figure of Sophocles. The most famous story about him is that when his son Iophon took him to court at the age of ninety to prove he was incompetent, he was acquitted on reciting part of the play he was writing then, Oedipus at Colonus. Antigone: Biography: Sophocles	<urn:uuid:4382726c-d32b-4e80-92fa-397a104ddf0f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.novelguide.com/antigone-sophocles/biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00366.warc.gz	en	0.989893	845	3.390625	3	[ 0.21793687343597412, -0.09364932030439377, 0.358230322599411, -0.5860052108764648, -0.3306956887245178, -0.38918596506118774, 0.34426170587539673, 0.47356072068214417, -0.38089627027511597, -0.1820799708366394, -0.2146165668964386, 0.0521664172410965, 0.009840564802289009, 0.42403954267501...	8	Sophocles was the Shakespeare of Greek dramatists, the poet whom Aristotle felt had perfected the form of tragedy, though the great Aeschylus (c. 525-456, B.C.E.) and Euripides (c. 480-408, B.C.E.) were his contemporaries. These three playwrights competed for prizes in the golden age of drama in fifth century Athens. Sophocles was born in Colonus, Greece, a district of Athens, about 496, B.C.E. At that time democratic Athens was the leading city-state of Greece, and a center of culture and learning. His father Sophilus was a well-to-do merchant, and the young Sophocles received a good education in the arts. At sixteen he was chosen to lead in dancing and playing the lyre in the public celebration for the victory at Salamis. He supposedly loved wine and women when young, though he was noted later for his charm, good nature, and virtuous life. He was a friend to the great Athenian ruler, Pericles, and perhaps that is why there is so much political discussion in his plays. The political wisdom in his drama led to his being chosen for many public offices—treasurer, foreign emissary, and general. Sophocles began his sixty-year career as a dramatist early in life and won first place in the Athenian festival of the Greater Dionysia for the first time in 468, B.C.E., defeating the veteran, Aeschylus. He won twenty-four times and never placed lower than second, thus beating the records of Aeschylus and Euripides. Immediately popular in his own day, Sophocles has never lost ground in being one of the most respected dramatists of all time. His wife was called Nicostrate, and their son, Iophon, and their grandson, Sophocles, were also tragic poets. Sophocles wrote 120 dramas, but only seven of the tragedies survive: Ajax (c. 445); Antigone (c. 441); Oedipus the King (c. 430); Maidens of Trachis (c. 413); Electra (c. 410), Philoctetes (c. 409), and Oedipus at Colonus (c. 401, produced posthumously). Sophocles made certain innovations in tragedy, including adding a third actor, cutting back the choral parts in favor of dialogue, and insisting on elaborate painted scenery. Plot construction was tight and led seamlessly to the catastrophe. His plots were unified around a single issue. The odes were closely connected to the plot, and the poetic language was noted for its great beauty. Sophocles believed that suffering teaches wisdom. The gods do not have as prominent a role in his drama as in Aeschylus’s plays, for Sophocles praises human endeavor (see The Ode to Man in Antigone), making him an exemplar of Greek humanism, though he was a religious man as well. His characters mainly fall because of their own flaws or family fate. His plays are still enjoyed for the depth of character motivation and complex psychological drama. Sophocles was elected as one of the ten generals of Athens at the age of fifty-six in the war against Samos. Later he became a priest to Asclepius, the god of medicine, and was highly honored and respected in Athens, dying about 406, B.C.E. just before the defeat of Athens by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404, B.C.E.). After his death a hero cult was formed around the figure of Sophocles. The most famous story about him is that when his son Iophon took him to court at the age of ninety to prove he was incompetent, he was acquitted on reciting part of the play he was writing then, Oedipus at Colonus. Antigone: Biography: Sophocles	848	ENGLISH	1
As Messiah, Jesus represented both God’s reign and the people over which he exercises that reign. The story of the Old Testament is the story of God covenanting with Israel to be the people that accepted and lived by his rule. As such, Israel was sometimes called the Son of God. But Israel failed to live up to its side of the contract. However, what God had not been able to do because of the unfaithfulness of his people, Jesus accomplished. He then is seen as the true Son of God. As Israel’s calling to its task might be said to have begun with the escape from Egypt, especially the crossing of the Red Sea, and the giving of the Law to them at Mt Sinai – a sort of baptism with directions for living – so Jesus’ ministry commenced with his baptism by John and his reception of the Holy Spirt or power for living. John the Baptist announced that God’s great clean-up was imminent, and he called on his fellow citizens to repent, not only for their own sin, but for the failures of Israel as well. In his close identification with the nation, indeed with all humanity, Jesus humbly submitted to this baptism. He set out on his way to being the Suffering Servant who accomplishes what other more imperialistic approaches fail to do. But then Jesus’ followers, in the months or so following his death and resurrection, had to face the question, did everyone becoming a disciple of Jesus have to become an Israeli. No, Jesus has fulfilled what Israel was commissioned to do. God shows no partiality. What Jesus accomplished is for all people everywhere. - On what occasions is Australia represented by a single individual or by a team? - How does our knowledge of the Old Testament influence our reading of the New Testament? - What is the difference between the Law being a guide to living and the Spirit being our guide? Can we have one without the other? - What does it mean to see Jesus as both the representative of the nation Israel and representative of humanity?	<urn:uuid:1d4aa530-6268-45fe-aba1-21b8e4e648e6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.piulapublications.com/?p=4546	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00067.warc.gz	en	0.985813	420	3.375	3	[ -0.2124193012714386, 0.3000725209712982, -0.11401582509279251, -0.19606685638427734, -0.25056126713752747, -0.07769370079040527, 0.3362050950527191, 0.1322062611579895, -0.1919735223054886, 0.28287169337272644, -0.00625724857673049, -0.15313813090324402, 0.14492973685264587, 0.166186526417...	1	As Messiah, Jesus represented both God’s reign and the people over which he exercises that reign. The story of the Old Testament is the story of God covenanting with Israel to be the people that accepted and lived by his rule. As such, Israel was sometimes called the Son of God. But Israel failed to live up to its side of the contract. However, what God had not been able to do because of the unfaithfulness of his people, Jesus accomplished. He then is seen as the true Son of God. As Israel’s calling to its task might be said to have begun with the escape from Egypt, especially the crossing of the Red Sea, and the giving of the Law to them at Mt Sinai – a sort of baptism with directions for living – so Jesus’ ministry commenced with his baptism by John and his reception of the Holy Spirt or power for living. John the Baptist announced that God’s great clean-up was imminent, and he called on his fellow citizens to repent, not only for their own sin, but for the failures of Israel as well. In his close identification with the nation, indeed with all humanity, Jesus humbly submitted to this baptism. He set out on his way to being the Suffering Servant who accomplishes what other more imperialistic approaches fail to do. But then Jesus’ followers, in the months or so following his death and resurrection, had to face the question, did everyone becoming a disciple of Jesus have to become an Israeli. No, Jesus has fulfilled what Israel was commissioned to do. God shows no partiality. What Jesus accomplished is for all people everywhere. - On what occasions is Australia represented by a single individual or by a team? - How does our knowledge of the Old Testament influence our reading of the New Testament? - What is the difference between the Law being a guide to living and the Spirit being our guide? Can we have one without the other? - What does it mean to see Jesus as both the representative of the nation Israel and representative of humanity?	409	ENGLISH	1
Music & Entertainment Lesson time 13:51 min Herbie brings some guests to help demonstrate how musicians communicate while playing. Topics include: Open Your Ears • Case Study: Free Group Improvisation In the field of jazz, we have some really incredible characteristics that are part of the whole concept of jazz improvisation. These are elements that have been handed down from generation to generation. And one of the most important things is that in playing in a band, that everybody learns to listen to each other and to trust each other, trust yourself, keep open-- and I use the word open a lot because it applies to so many things. So stay open to the idea of whatever happens on that bandstand, on that stage. It is possible to be able to turn any of that into something that can be usable. You might not be able to do it in the moment, but the more you exhibit that attitude, you get better and better at being able to turn almost anything into something that can be used. That takes practice. It takes playing with others to do that. It's really important to be able to have the opportunity to work with other people. [PIANO PLAYING] With the aid of Alex on alto saxophone and Simon on vibes, we're going to show you an example of musicians working together, where there isn't any particular form or set up before him-- what happens when you just create from nothing. Ready for this? I have to tell you that. But I'm laughing now, right? So does that mean that I'm pleased? It means that I actually feel pretty good. And that was fun for me. Yeah. Was it fun? We didn't know what was going to happen. But there were a lot of different elements. But I don't know if you could tell that they weren't just completely random, there were some random things. I made some choices that were more or less random, because I don't know exactly how all of these buttons I push are going to sound. But I have a lot of different sounds over here, and you mix different sounds within the confines, in a sense, compared to something like this of the instrument that you have. But you just-- Alex, you did something, some things with breathing that I heard. And I have a feeling it was kind of a contrast to some other things that you heard going on. Mhm. What was that? I mean, do you remember doing that? Yeah, I mean the biggest thing I was thinking about was what were you doing and what can I add in order to make something contrasting? Right. That's the key. Yeah. Exactly. Do nothing if it's gonna-- if it's not going to add anything, doing nothing is what you're at, right? I mean it's-- if nothing is needed, then don't do anything. That happened to me once when I was playing with Miles, I said, Miles, sometimes I don't know what to play. Miles said, then don't play nothing. Simple, truthful answer. In other words, you don't need to be playing something all the time. But only if you hear something that could work in the context of whatever is going on. And Simon, I know we both have instruments where the notes decay, right? Vibes are really good for that ki... Herbie Hancock's jazz career started in his family's living room, listening to his favorite records and trying to play along. Now, he's one of the most celebrated musicians in the world. Join Herbie at the piano as he shares his approach to improvisation, composition, and harmony. Gain access to 10+ original piano transcriptions, including 5 exclusive solo performances. Excellent perspective...I think about the feelings I get when I listen to a great performance. How alive I feel! Completely human. Learn a lot about music and learn even more about the art to be. Thank You M. Hancock I'm a keyboard player and have always wanted to learn chords and melodic structures used in Jazz. Herbie explained and demonstrated this very clearly. Great course! I don't play piano but I am very interested in the creation of things. I wish Herbie was my next door neighbor. Thanks Herbie.	<urn:uuid:dab94480-0cd6-4f0c-87f2-1450bac42305>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.masterclass.com/classes/herbie-hancock-teaches-jazz/chapters/jam-sessions-improvising-together	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00072.warc.gz	en	0.983284	877	3.59375	4	[ 0.10749337077140808, -0.4324779212474823, 0.35541075468063354, -0.6379519104957581, -0.3671106994152069, 0.19726155698299408, 0.37816429138183594, -0.1027931272983551, 0.2748381495475769, -0.11481982469558716, 0.28811827301979065, 0.42311376333236694, 0.17766433954238892, -0.07454746961593...	1	Music & Entertainment Lesson time 13:51 min Herbie brings some guests to help demonstrate how musicians communicate while playing. Topics include: Open Your Ears • Case Study: Free Group Improvisation In the field of jazz, we have some really incredible characteristics that are part of the whole concept of jazz improvisation. These are elements that have been handed down from generation to generation. And one of the most important things is that in playing in a band, that everybody learns to listen to each other and to trust each other, trust yourself, keep open-- and I use the word open a lot because it applies to so many things. So stay open to the idea of whatever happens on that bandstand, on that stage. It is possible to be able to turn any of that into something that can be usable. You might not be able to do it in the moment, but the more you exhibit that attitude, you get better and better at being able to turn almost anything into something that can be used. That takes practice. It takes playing with others to do that. It's really important to be able to have the opportunity to work with other people. [PIANO PLAYING] With the aid of Alex on alto saxophone and Simon on vibes, we're going to show you an example of musicians working together, where there isn't any particular form or set up before him-- what happens when you just create from nothing. Ready for this? I have to tell you that. But I'm laughing now, right? So does that mean that I'm pleased? It means that I actually feel pretty good. And that was fun for me. Yeah. Was it fun? We didn't know what was going to happen. But there were a lot of different elements. But I don't know if you could tell that they weren't just completely random, there were some random things. I made some choices that were more or less random, because I don't know exactly how all of these buttons I push are going to sound. But I have a lot of different sounds over here, and you mix different sounds within the confines, in a sense, compared to something like this of the instrument that you have. But you just-- Alex, you did something, some things with breathing that I heard. And I have a feeling it was kind of a contrast to some other things that you heard going on. Mhm. What was that? I mean, do you remember doing that? Yeah, I mean the biggest thing I was thinking about was what were you doing and what can I add in order to make something contrasting? Right. That's the key. Yeah. Exactly. Do nothing if it's gonna-- if it's not going to add anything, doing nothing is what you're at, right? I mean it's-- if nothing is needed, then don't do anything. That happened to me once when I was playing with Miles, I said, Miles, sometimes I don't know what to play. Miles said, then don't play nothing. Simple, truthful answer. In other words, you don't need to be playing something all the time. But only if you hear something that could work in the context of whatever is going on. And Simon, I know we both have instruments where the notes decay, right? Vibes are really good for that ki... Herbie Hancock's jazz career started in his family's living room, listening to his favorite records and trying to play along. Now, he's one of the most celebrated musicians in the world. Join Herbie at the piano as he shares his approach to improvisation, composition, and harmony. Gain access to 10+ original piano transcriptions, including 5 exclusive solo performances. Excellent perspective...I think about the feelings I get when I listen to a great performance. How alive I feel! Completely human. Learn a lot about music and learn even more about the art to be. Thank You M. Hancock I'm a keyboard player and have always wanted to learn chords and melodic structures used in Jazz. Herbie explained and demonstrated this very clearly. Great course! I don't play piano but I am very interested in the creation of things. I wish Herbie was my next door neighbor. Thanks Herbie.	872	ENGLISH	1
Goals are a way to instil your family values so that it develops from within your children rather than you telling them what to do. How can we break goals down to make it easy to implement with our children at home? Goals can be simple conversations!! It is a process of daily training your children to think about what they want, to try things and measure the result and then adjust their action until they get the result they want. Some children take longer than others. Our role as parents is to be patient during this process knowing our outcome (developing their thinking) is bigger than the result in the moment! So often we know the result and try to influence them to do what they need to do, but unfortunately this is when our frustration comes in when they don’t listen! So giving them the responsibility diffuses our frustration too. The long term outcome becomes our goal and then if the result in the moment doesn’t work it is less frustrating. The starting point for goals is having family meetings. Family meetings are a great way to establish a space for open communication. Encouraging your children to express their opinions on what is happening in the family gives you insight as to how they are thinking and how you can influence them. Ask them what they think about different situations, and how they think it could be. Let them try their way and help them with feedback. Then their learning comes from experience rather than what you tell them. Examples of where we can start with goals: 1. Fun activities What fun activities would they like? Talk to them about the organising of fun activities. What is involved with organising them? What can they do in this organisation? If they want to go somewhere, can they help with some of the things you need to do so that you have time to take them? The goal is the outing, what do they need to do to get to that? It can be as simple as helping you carry to the car or doing a chore to save you time. This develops the process of thought that things don’t just happen. What chores would you like them to do? What would they like to do? Have a discussion about what they agree to do and get specific. Have clarity of where your boundary is and give them freedom to try things their way. For example they have to feed the dogs – can you give them some choice of when (before or after getting dressed for example) Once they have agreed to how often and how they are going to do it, this agreement becomes the frame of reference for conversations when they slip up. Conversations are then not personal and refer back to the agreement. The chore is the goal, the process of them learning to do chores and the learning of the cause and effect from them doing and not doing them teaches them responsibility 3. Making friends Friends and relationships are an important part of life and creating good friendships is a great skill for them to learn. Ask them about their friends, what they like about them, what they think good friendships look like. Encourage them to think about what friends they would like and how they could work at developing those friendships. Friendship is the goal, what action steps do they need to take each day to develop that? - Family relationships Having conversations with your children about what they want in their family gives them an opportunity to create good relationships with you and their siblings. Ask them what they would like from their brothers or sisters, what do they do for them? What do they like or dislike with you? Encouraging them to talk openly and honestly without taking things personally gives everyone an opportunity to be authentic and grow closer. Good family relationships is the goal, what do each member of the family need to learn about each other and do to achieve that? 5. Achievements in school How often do you talk to your children about what they want to achieve in school? Is can be a simple as wanting to learn their colours or numbers or what grades they want. Encourage them to think about why they want that? What would they get? How would they feel if they achieve that? With young children, they might not quite understand yet or be able to give you an answer and that is ok. Your goal is to start their thinking process about it and that they are not just following the process of what is happening in life. Have conversations often with curiosity not expectation, leaving them in the responsibility of achieving. Doing this at a young age where the outcome doesn’t really matter develops their ability for when it does. Goals are key for: - Developing motivation and a sense of responsibility - It is a foundation for them to base their choices on - Developing independence and confidence - It can be used for agreement frames – an effective way to handle conflict - It develops the thought process – What do I want and how can I get it - It develops the belief – I create my life, I don’t react to what life presents me It is not only about the goal and achieving it, it is about the process of thinking that you develop in them. Usually the reason we tell our children what to do is to teach them. The way we teach them has a powerful effect on how they think and ultimately how successful they become. Goals are not just about the big things and the once a year resolutions, they are a system to use for our day to day decisions. Having clarity of each choice we make has a huge impact on our results. The ultimate goal is to teach our children to make decisions from an internal response (what they think or believe is right) Asking questions and developing that way of thinking in the small activities is what will keep them safe in teenage years and will result in them becoming responsible resourceful adults.	<urn:uuid:35ae4e19-88fc-4d73-9574-8c0722f1bf1a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://shiftingperspective.co.za/2020/01/05/why-are-goals-so-important-especially-when-our-children-are-young/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00476.warc.gz	en	0.981221	1,184	3.53125	4	[ 0.2601702809333801, -0.22815021872520447, 0.29115545749664307, -0.6850767731666565, -0.49919405579566956, 0.1597810685634613, 0.20545460283756256, -0.16413746774196625, 0.044330790638923645, -0.10441567748785019, 0.45220863819122314, -0.24929924309253693, 0.16517743468284607, 0.20582363009...	4	Goals are a way to instil your family values so that it develops from within your children rather than you telling them what to do. How can we break goals down to make it easy to implement with our children at home? Goals can be simple conversations!! It is a process of daily training your children to think about what they want, to try things and measure the result and then adjust their action until they get the result they want. Some children take longer than others. Our role as parents is to be patient during this process knowing our outcome (developing their thinking) is bigger than the result in the moment! So often we know the result and try to influence them to do what they need to do, but unfortunately this is when our frustration comes in when they don’t listen! So giving them the responsibility diffuses our frustration too. The long term outcome becomes our goal and then if the result in the moment doesn’t work it is less frustrating. The starting point for goals is having family meetings. Family meetings are a great way to establish a space for open communication. Encouraging your children to express their opinions on what is happening in the family gives you insight as to how they are thinking and how you can influence them. Ask them what they think about different situations, and how they think it could be. Let them try their way and help them with feedback. Then their learning comes from experience rather than what you tell them. Examples of where we can start with goals: 1. Fun activities What fun activities would they like? Talk to them about the organising of fun activities. What is involved with organising them? What can they do in this organisation? If they want to go somewhere, can they help with some of the things you need to do so that you have time to take them? The goal is the outing, what do they need to do to get to that? It can be as simple as helping you carry to the car or doing a chore to save you time. This develops the process of thought that things don’t just happen. What chores would you like them to do? What would they like to do? Have a discussion about what they agree to do and get specific. Have clarity of where your boundary is and give them freedom to try things their way. For example they have to feed the dogs – can you give them some choice of when (before or after getting dressed for example) Once they have agreed to how often and how they are going to do it, this agreement becomes the frame of reference for conversations when they slip up. Conversations are then not personal and refer back to the agreement. The chore is the goal, the process of them learning to do chores and the learning of the cause and effect from them doing and not doing them teaches them responsibility 3. Making friends Friends and relationships are an important part of life and creating good friendships is a great skill for them to learn. Ask them about their friends, what they like about them, what they think good friendships look like. Encourage them to think about what friends they would like and how they could work at developing those friendships. Friendship is the goal, what action steps do they need to take each day to develop that? - Family relationships Having conversations with your children about what they want in their family gives them an opportunity to create good relationships with you and their siblings. Ask them what they would like from their brothers or sisters, what do they do for them? What do they like or dislike with you? Encouraging them to talk openly and honestly without taking things personally gives everyone an opportunity to be authentic and grow closer. Good family relationships is the goal, what do each member of the family need to learn about each other and do to achieve that? 5. Achievements in school How often do you talk to your children about what they want to achieve in school? Is can be a simple as wanting to learn their colours or numbers or what grades they want. Encourage them to think about why they want that? What would they get? How would they feel if they achieve that? With young children, they might not quite understand yet or be able to give you an answer and that is ok. Your goal is to start their thinking process about it and that they are not just following the process of what is happening in life. Have conversations often with curiosity not expectation, leaving them in the responsibility of achieving. Doing this at a young age where the outcome doesn’t really matter develops their ability for when it does. Goals are key for: - Developing motivation and a sense of responsibility - It is a foundation for them to base their choices on - Developing independence and confidence - It can be used for agreement frames – an effective way to handle conflict - It develops the thought process – What do I want and how can I get it - It develops the belief – I create my life, I don’t react to what life presents me It is not only about the goal and achieving it, it is about the process of thinking that you develop in them. Usually the reason we tell our children what to do is to teach them. The way we teach them has a powerful effect on how they think and ultimately how successful they become. Goals are not just about the big things and the once a year resolutions, they are a system to use for our day to day decisions. Having clarity of each choice we make has a huge impact on our results. The ultimate goal is to teach our children to make decisions from an internal response (what they think or believe is right) Asking questions and developing that way of thinking in the small activities is what will keep them safe in teenage years and will result in them becoming responsible resourceful adults.	1,156	ENGLISH	1
The local library had recently added some toys to the children’s section. There was a large number of blocks in a variety of colors, but there were only two dolls: one White and one Black. Most of my students, however, were neither White nor Black. I recall seeing Jonathan, a Vietnamese student, playing with the Black doll one day. He was holding it very gently and carrying it around as any parent would their own baby. I smiled inwardly at the sight as I went to go help another child locate a book on a shelf. A moment later I noticed a commotion between Jonathan and Samuel, a Pakistani student. I went to see what was wrong, and now I saw Jonathan holding the White doll, while Samuel was holding the Black one. Jonathan said that he didn’t like the other doll because it was “brown.” At first I wasn’t sure how to respond. Vivian Paley discusses how her training and her colleagues had brought her to the point where “I was unable to mention color in the classroom” (2000, p. 9). It was a taboo subject, so when the topic came up among children (as it typically does in a diverse classroom), she did not know how to approach it. In Jonathan’s case, I needed to get to the heart of his concern. As Paley states, “doll corner play at its best contains some of the freest expressions and most thoughtful observations in the kindergarten” (2000, p. 84). I needed myself to remain thoughtful and not react spuriously to Jonathan’s statement, so I asked him to clarify his desires. He told me that he wanted the doll that looked more like him. Unfortunately, the reality was that neither doll looked like him. The White doll may have been closer in skin tone, but the facial features were far from being representative of Jonathan’s own face. Paley tells us that “The challenge in teaching is to find a way of communicating to each child the idea that his or her special quality is understood, is valued and can be talked about. It is not easy, because we are influenced by the fears and prejudices, apprehensions and expectations, which have become a carefully hidden part of every one of us” (2000, p. xx). How could I value Jonathan’s desire to find a doll he could identify with while not encouraging prejudice against those dolls that did not share his features. I feel it would have been easier in some ways if Jonathan were White. I think about the term “White privilege,” and the idea that racism is an institutionalized oppression of a minority group by a dominant group. That is familiar territory. Ever since I was a child I have felt that oppression of minorities by a majority group is wrong, and I would speak out against racism when I saw it. For situations of expressions of identity by members of a minority group I instead applied the term “nationalism,” recognizing this as a means to confront the oppression that they face. My years of teaching in diverse classrooms have helped me to realize, however, that nationalism is not necessarily a positive quality to promote. In this instance the nationalism I was observing was a member of one minority group seeking to express his identity by devaluing another minority group. As with Vivian Paley, I felt that “teaching children with different cultural and language experiences kept pushing me toward the growing edge” (2000, p. 112). I needed to rethink my approach to interracial and intercultural conflict in the classroom. The diversity of my classroom provided an opportunity for me to help the children address some deep-seated biases toward other minority groups. It is important to help children see that, despite superficial similarities, underneath everyone is unique. As Paley states, “Friendship and love grow out of recognizing and respecting differences” (2000, p. 131). However, perhaps more important is helping children see that, despite superficial differences, underneath everyone is alike. As Paley suggests, “it’s a source of comfort to be able to identify with someone else’s feelings” (2000, p. 124). If I can help Jonathan see that beneath the differences are common interests perhaps he can grow to welcome the diversity in his life. I spoke to him about how some of the children he plays with are brown and that everybody has different skin tones. I pointed out two children he often enjoys playing with, both of whom had darker skin that Jonathan. I drew attention to Michael, an Ethiopian student, and to Samuel, the child with whom he had been in conflict that day. One day in the middle of the following week Jonathan spontaneously came up to me and said, “My Daddy is brown.” His father is also Vietnamese, but has a darker skin tone than Jonathan. This unprovoked statement of fact revealed to me that he was seriously taking to heart the conversation we had in the library that day. Paley states that “children know they are each different in style and story; they listen eagerly and identify with one another’s separate visions of pleasure and pain, of strength and weakness, of love and loss. In their play, they reveal the intuitive and universal language that binds us all together” (2000, p. 135). As teachers it is our role to become a part of that story, to become a part of that binding. The more we can help children see that, though differences exist, there is something greater that makes us all human, the more we can help them to create a better world in which they can become agents for social justice and change. Next month I will most likely be discussing The Night Is Dark and I Am Far from Home by Jonathan Kozol (1990). If there is a book you would like to see me discuss in this blog please comment on the Recommended Reading Page. Kozol, J. (1990 ). The night is dark and I am far from home: A bold inquiry into the values and goals of America’s schools, revised edition. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Paley, V.G. (2000 ). White teacher. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.	<urn:uuid:c7fb8926-c093-4698-a20a-9942e13cdf96>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://revdolphin.wordpress.com/2014/06/01/white-teacher-vivian-paley/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00270.warc.gz	en	0.98168	1,288	3.5625	4	[ -0.14686442911624908, 0.11093299090862274, 0.28216248750686646, -0.29739612340927124, -0.19599537551403046, 0.24755920469760895, 0.344351589679718, 0.16292640566825867, -0.075446218252182, 0.05592089146375656, 0.08379387110471725, 0.009703177958726883, 0.05007041245698929, 0.43335294723510...	3	The local library had recently added some toys to the children’s section. There was a large number of blocks in a variety of colors, but there were only two dolls: one White and one Black. Most of my students, however, were neither White nor Black. I recall seeing Jonathan, a Vietnamese student, playing with the Black doll one day. He was holding it very gently and carrying it around as any parent would their own baby. I smiled inwardly at the sight as I went to go help another child locate a book on a shelf. A moment later I noticed a commotion between Jonathan and Samuel, a Pakistani student. I went to see what was wrong, and now I saw Jonathan holding the White doll, while Samuel was holding the Black one. Jonathan said that he didn’t like the other doll because it was “brown.” At first I wasn’t sure how to respond. Vivian Paley discusses how her training and her colleagues had brought her to the point where “I was unable to mention color in the classroom” (2000, p. 9). It was a taboo subject, so when the topic came up among children (as it typically does in a diverse classroom), she did not know how to approach it. In Jonathan’s case, I needed to get to the heart of his concern. As Paley states, “doll corner play at its best contains some of the freest expressions and most thoughtful observations in the kindergarten” (2000, p. 84). I needed myself to remain thoughtful and not react spuriously to Jonathan’s statement, so I asked him to clarify his desires. He told me that he wanted the doll that looked more like him. Unfortunately, the reality was that neither doll looked like him. The White doll may have been closer in skin tone, but the facial features were far from being representative of Jonathan’s own face. Paley tells us that “The challenge in teaching is to find a way of communicating to each child the idea that his or her special quality is understood, is valued and can be talked about. It is not easy, because we are influenced by the fears and prejudices, apprehensions and expectations, which have become a carefully hidden part of every one of us” (2000, p. xx). How could I value Jonathan’s desire to find a doll he could identify with while not encouraging prejudice against those dolls that did not share his features. I feel it would have been easier in some ways if Jonathan were White. I think about the term “White privilege,” and the idea that racism is an institutionalized oppression of a minority group by a dominant group. That is familiar territory. Ever since I was a child I have felt that oppression of minorities by a majority group is wrong, and I would speak out against racism when I saw it. For situations of expressions of identity by members of a minority group I instead applied the term “nationalism,” recognizing this as a means to confront the oppression that they face. My years of teaching in diverse classrooms have helped me to realize, however, that nationalism is not necessarily a positive quality to promote. In this instance the nationalism I was observing was a member of one minority group seeking to express his identity by devaluing another minority group. As with Vivian Paley, I felt that “teaching children with different cultural and language experiences kept pushing me toward the growing edge” (2000, p. 112). I needed to rethink my approach to interracial and intercultural conflict in the classroom. The diversity of my classroom provided an opportunity for me to help the children address some deep-seated biases toward other minority groups. It is important to help children see that, despite superficial similarities, underneath everyone is unique. As Paley states, “Friendship and love grow out of recognizing and respecting differences” (2000, p. 131). However, perhaps more important is helping children see that, despite superficial differences, underneath everyone is alike. As Paley suggests, “it’s a source of comfort to be able to identify with someone else’s feelings” (2000, p. 124). If I can help Jonathan see that beneath the differences are common interests perhaps he can grow to welcome the diversity in his life. I spoke to him about how some of the children he plays with are brown and that everybody has different skin tones. I pointed out two children he often enjoys playing with, both of whom had darker skin that Jonathan. I drew attention to Michael, an Ethiopian student, and to Samuel, the child with whom he had been in conflict that day. One day in the middle of the following week Jonathan spontaneously came up to me and said, “My Daddy is brown.” His father is also Vietnamese, but has a darker skin tone than Jonathan. This unprovoked statement of fact revealed to me that he was seriously taking to heart the conversation we had in the library that day. Paley states that “children know they are each different in style and story; they listen eagerly and identify with one another’s separate visions of pleasure and pain, of strength and weakness, of love and loss. In their play, they reveal the intuitive and universal language that binds us all together” (2000, p. 135). As teachers it is our role to become a part of that story, to become a part of that binding. The more we can help children see that, though differences exist, there is something greater that makes us all human, the more we can help them to create a better world in which they can become agents for social justice and change. Next month I will most likely be discussing The Night Is Dark and I Am Far from Home by Jonathan Kozol (1990). If there is a book you would like to see me discuss in this blog please comment on the Recommended Reading Page. Kozol, J. (1990 ). The night is dark and I am far from home: A bold inquiry into the values and goals of America’s schools, revised edition. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Paley, V.G. (2000 ). White teacher. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.	1,275	ENGLISH	1
What evidence is there to call the 1919-1920 conflict between Poland and the Soviet Union a "war of independence"? As for a definition of independence, I would say it is a full political, legal, and military independence from another state -- for example, a vassal becoming independent in a war. Note this is based on a comment on this answer. If Germany decided to invade Poland to get back East Prussia that it lost to Poland after WWII - would it be a war of independence? One needs a lot of fantasy to call the Polish–Soviet War (this seems to be the official name of the conflict) a war of independence. In 1919 Poland was already independent - it gained its independence with the Treaty of Versailles. The issue was rather that Poland wasn't satisfied with the territories it gained and would like to recover all the territories it lost in the partitions. This meant first suppressing the Ukrainian independence movement in the Western Ukraine (Polish-Ukrainian War). But given that Western Ukraine had a large Polish population one could still explain it with defending the newly born Polish state. This explanation no longer works for the Polish invasion of East Ukraine and Belarus in the course of the Polish-Soviet War. While these territories historically belonged to Poland (they changed hands a number of times actually) they didn't have a significant Polish population. So this had nothing to do with independence. Instead, there were quite obvious strategical reasons: - The time was right, the Soviet Russia being disorganized and busy fighting a civil war. - The Soviet government never made a secret out of its intention to invade Western Europe through Poland, a war seemed inevitable. - Moving the state borders eastwards gave Poland an advantage in case of a Soviet aggression. - Poland was hoping to establish a new power that would be able to oppose Germany and Soviet Russia that were threatening it - they were probably thinking of something like the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. And while time proved that Poland's fears weren't unfounded (Poland was once again occupied by Germany and Soviet Union in 1939) - it was a war over territory and power, not independence. The Polish-Bolshevik war (as it is known in Poland, I believe rest of the world use term Polish-Soviet war) is not known as the war for independence. After all, Poland re-gained independence on November 11, 1918 - when I World War ended (which was later confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles). In this light, things like Greater Poland Uprising, Silesian Uprisings and Polish-Bolshevik war simply could not be treated as independence movements. As for causes of the war you are asking about, as always there are few. I strongly believe, on one hand it has something to do with distrust between Poland and Soviet Russia (Polish politicians simply thought the Russians want to gain some time and their peace treaty offer is not real.) On the other hand, it might be very strange for other nations, but there is a concept of Messianism in Poland, that is a few people really believed that "Poland is a Christ of nations", Antemurale Christianitatis and so on. These people really believed that Poland have to fight (and stop) Bolshevism (and that Poland can do that with western military aid). And to be honest, this kind of thinking is quite common in Poland, even nowadays. I came across Polish "historian", who thinks that Piłsudzki saved the world from Soviet domination during Battle of Warsaw. Many people still attribute the win in this battle to some mysterious wonders (divine intervention) rather to the fact that Polish Intelligence broke Soviet Codes and knew exactly (sometimes even better than Russians) of Soviet military movements (and of course they also knew that Stalin is not going to help Tukhachevsky.) Personally, I don't think it was fight for Great Poland, or re-born of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was rather preventive war. Although, I might be wrong - given the facts like annexation of Vilnius Region and annexation of Zaolzie, Second Polish Republic was fairly aggressive and who knows what Piłsudzki and his friends thought... In my opinion, a "war of independence" is war where the very independence of a newly born country is at stake. There is no question that if Soviet Russia won the war with Poland in 1920, Poland would lose independence, which it barely gained a short while before. Therefore, from the Polish POV it was a "war of independence". Going back in time a little, the Polish-Ukrainian offensive of early 1920 was meant to safeguard Polish independence by creating independent Ukraine under Petlura, and therefore it can also be considered a part of "war of independence". i think that the Russia would of won if they had of came up with a better and stronger plan to defeat Poland and Ukraine in the war but Ukraine had the first horsed arm and the polish retreated when it came from the front line of Ukraine. Russia had an advantage because they had more soldiers in the war and Poland and Ukraine had 10-20 thousand less. Poland took Russia by surprise and destroyed their front line of defense and forced them to retreat. It was indeed a war of independence that was played out within the larger context of the First World War, the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War. Poland had been conquered by Russia during the 19th century but Polish identity and nationalism never died. Recognizing this, the Germans hoped to win away the support of the Polish people from Russia during the First World War by aiding Polish aspirations for independence in 1916, albeit in a heavy-handed manner. After the October Revolution, Vladimir Lenin felt that a great revolution would sweep Europe and Germany was seen as the ideal epicenter. That drove the Bolshevik desire of advancing the revolution with its Red Army into Germany and to do so, it had to advance across Poland, both politically and militarily. Polish independence goals, captured in the ideas of Josef Pilsudski, envisioned a "Greater" Poland that included Vilnius and the western Ukraine. Those conflicting Soviet and Polish objectives made the conflict inevitable in 1919. By the way, unpublished (secret) articles in the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact dealt with the invasion and partition of Poland between Hitler and Stalin. According to the research of Dr. Stuart Goldman, The Red Army did not cross the Polish Frontier until 17 September 1939 because Stalin had to remove the threat of the two-front war by resolving the conflict with Japan over Nomonhan in Outer Mongolia, which was not completed until 16 September when a ceasefire went into effect. When the Soviets invaded, the British and French seized on technicalities in the language of the military alliances with Poland to avoid going to war with Stalin, acts that may have been dishonorable, but in reality, they had no rational choice. Hitler then betrayed Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, sealing the fate of Nazi Germany.	<urn:uuid:4dde11ad-d946-495a-b786-bcc2ef76eb6d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/1584/was-russo-polish-of-1919-1920-a-war-of-independence	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00486.warc.gz	en	0.980137	1,452	3.546875	4	[ -0.5221083760261536, 0.09198696911334991, 0.06513367593288422, 0.24879665672779083, -0.0031302361749112606, -0.16118808090686798, 0.1160864382982254, 0.4625771939754486, -0.33253049850463867, 0.02059239149093628, 0.19624650478363037, -0.08231301605701447, 0.06474718451499939, 0.39666914939...	10	What evidence is there to call the 1919-1920 conflict between Poland and the Soviet Union a "war of independence"? As for a definition of independence, I would say it is a full political, legal, and military independence from another state -- for example, a vassal becoming independent in a war. Note this is based on a comment on this answer. If Germany decided to invade Poland to get back East Prussia that it lost to Poland after WWII - would it be a war of independence? One needs a lot of fantasy to call the Polish–Soviet War (this seems to be the official name of the conflict) a war of independence. In 1919 Poland was already independent - it gained its independence with the Treaty of Versailles. The issue was rather that Poland wasn't satisfied with the territories it gained and would like to recover all the territories it lost in the partitions. This meant first suppressing the Ukrainian independence movement in the Western Ukraine (Polish-Ukrainian War). But given that Western Ukraine had a large Polish population one could still explain it with defending the newly born Polish state. This explanation no longer works for the Polish invasion of East Ukraine and Belarus in the course of the Polish-Soviet War. While these territories historically belonged to Poland (they changed hands a number of times actually) they didn't have a significant Polish population. So this had nothing to do with independence. Instead, there were quite obvious strategical reasons: - The time was right, the Soviet Russia being disorganized and busy fighting a civil war. - The Soviet government never made a secret out of its intention to invade Western Europe through Poland, a war seemed inevitable. - Moving the state borders eastwards gave Poland an advantage in case of a Soviet aggression. - Poland was hoping to establish a new power that would be able to oppose Germany and Soviet Russia that were threatening it - they were probably thinking of something like the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. And while time proved that Poland's fears weren't unfounded (Poland was once again occupied by Germany and Soviet Union in 1939) - it was a war over territory and power, not independence. The Polish-Bolshevik war (as it is known in Poland, I believe rest of the world use term Polish-Soviet war) is not known as the war for independence. After all, Poland re-gained independence on November 11, 1918 - when I World War ended (which was later confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles). In this light, things like Greater Poland Uprising, Silesian Uprisings and Polish-Bolshevik war simply could not be treated as independence movements. As for causes of the war you are asking about, as always there are few. I strongly believe, on one hand it has something to do with distrust between Poland and Soviet Russia (Polish politicians simply thought the Russians want to gain some time and their peace treaty offer is not real.) On the other hand, it might be very strange for other nations, but there is a concept of Messianism in Poland, that is a few people really believed that "Poland is a Christ of nations", Antemurale Christianitatis and so on. These people really believed that Poland have to fight (and stop) Bolshevism (and that Poland can do that with western military aid). And to be honest, this kind of thinking is quite common in Poland, even nowadays. I came across Polish "historian", who thinks that Piłsudzki saved the world from Soviet domination during Battle of Warsaw. Many people still attribute the win in this battle to some mysterious wonders (divine intervention) rather to the fact that Polish Intelligence broke Soviet Codes and knew exactly (sometimes even better than Russians) of Soviet military movements (and of course they also knew that Stalin is not going to help Tukhachevsky.) Personally, I don't think it was fight for Great Poland, or re-born of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was rather preventive war. Although, I might be wrong - given the facts like annexation of Vilnius Region and annexation of Zaolzie, Second Polish Republic was fairly aggressive and who knows what Piłsudzki and his friends thought... In my opinion, a "war of independence" is war where the very independence of a newly born country is at stake. There is no question that if Soviet Russia won the war with Poland in 1920, Poland would lose independence, which it barely gained a short while before. Therefore, from the Polish POV it was a "war of independence". Going back in time a little, the Polish-Ukrainian offensive of early 1920 was meant to safeguard Polish independence by creating independent Ukraine under Petlura, and therefore it can also be considered a part of "war of independence". i think that the Russia would of won if they had of came up with a better and stronger plan to defeat Poland and Ukraine in the war but Ukraine had the first horsed arm and the polish retreated when it came from the front line of Ukraine. Russia had an advantage because they had more soldiers in the war and Poland and Ukraine had 10-20 thousand less. Poland took Russia by surprise and destroyed their front line of defense and forced them to retreat. It was indeed a war of independence that was played out within the larger context of the First World War, the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War. Poland had been conquered by Russia during the 19th century but Polish identity and nationalism never died. Recognizing this, the Germans hoped to win away the support of the Polish people from Russia during the First World War by aiding Polish aspirations for independence in 1916, albeit in a heavy-handed manner. After the October Revolution, Vladimir Lenin felt that a great revolution would sweep Europe and Germany was seen as the ideal epicenter. That drove the Bolshevik desire of advancing the revolution with its Red Army into Germany and to do so, it had to advance across Poland, both politically and militarily. Polish independence goals, captured in the ideas of Josef Pilsudski, envisioned a "Greater" Poland that included Vilnius and the western Ukraine. Those conflicting Soviet and Polish objectives made the conflict inevitable in 1919. By the way, unpublished (secret) articles in the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact dealt with the invasion and partition of Poland between Hitler and Stalin. According to the research of Dr. Stuart Goldman, The Red Army did not cross the Polish Frontier until 17 September 1939 because Stalin had to remove the threat of the two-front war by resolving the conflict with Japan over Nomonhan in Outer Mongolia, which was not completed until 16 September when a ceasefire went into effect. When the Soviets invaded, the British and French seized on technicalities in the language of the military alliances with Poland to avoid going to war with Stalin, acts that may have been dishonorable, but in reality, they had no rational choice. Hitler then betrayed Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, sealing the fate of Nazi Germany.	1,485	ENGLISH	1
Copper, as native copper, is one of the few metals to naturally occur as an un-compounded mineral. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of India the use that is similer to gold and silver, before millioms of years old. As the world history is about billions of years old. No one knows exactly when copper was first discovered, but as earliest Indian history the starting period of civilization about 10000 billion years ago, the people of India were well-known with copper and they also made different type of ornamental pieces from copper. And as per other world history earliest estimates place this event around 9000 BC in the Middle East. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. It is probable that gold and iron were the only metals used by humans before copper. By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting: the refining of copper from simple copper compounds such as malachite or azurite. Alloying to make brass or bronze was realized soon after the discovery of copper itself. There exist copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyption artifacts of copper and copper-tin alloys nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so copper-tin (Bronze) alloys were found in Egypt almost as soon as copper was found to the world as world history. Throughout history, copper’s use in art has extended far beyond currency.Upto 18th century A.D., thin sheets of copper were commonly used as a canvas for paintings. Silver plated copper was used in the pre-photograph The Statue of Liberty, dedicated on October 28, 1886, was constructed of copper thought to have come from French-owned mines in Norway.Today copper used for alloying to gold, for jewellery, for industrial purpose, for electronic and many more uses.	<urn:uuid:2b4c5e5e-a8cc-42bd-b6ea-c499ecae6540>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.goyamdiamondinstitute.com/copper/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00177.warc.gz	en	0.981319	426	3.375	3	[ -0.08076872676610947, 0.2979060709476471, 0.3431796133518219, 0.23326463997364044, -0.10862720757722855, -0.4164811074733734, 0.41886505484580994, -0.1733504682779312, 0.040931303054094315, 0.0349208228290081, 0.3281826376914978, -0.2518608272075653, -0.0656338781118393, 0.4574306607246399...	5	Copper, as native copper, is one of the few metals to naturally occur as an un-compounded mineral. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of India the use that is similer to gold and silver, before millioms of years old. As the world history is about billions of years old. No one knows exactly when copper was first discovered, but as earliest Indian history the starting period of civilization about 10000 billion years ago, the people of India were well-known with copper and they also made different type of ornamental pieces from copper. And as per other world history earliest estimates place this event around 9000 BC in the Middle East. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. It is probable that gold and iron were the only metals used by humans before copper. By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting: the refining of copper from simple copper compounds such as malachite or azurite. Alloying to make brass or bronze was realized soon after the discovery of copper itself. There exist copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyption artifacts of copper and copper-tin alloys nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so copper-tin (Bronze) alloys were found in Egypt almost as soon as copper was found to the world as world history. Throughout history, copper’s use in art has extended far beyond currency.Upto 18th century A.D., thin sheets of copper were commonly used as a canvas for paintings. Silver plated copper was used in the pre-photograph The Statue of Liberty, dedicated on October 28, 1886, was constructed of copper thought to have come from French-owned mines in Norway.Today copper used for alloying to gold, for jewellery, for industrial purpose, for electronic and many more uses.	440	ENGLISH	1
The children have explored the history of flight through images, video clips, non-fiction texts and fact files. We learnt about the aeroplane, the ‘Flyer’, the Wright brothers built and flew. To help us imagine the size and shape of the first aeroplane, we mapped out the size of the aeroplane on the playground and thought about where the pilot would have sat and where the controls would have been. The ‘Flyer’s’ first flight lasted 12 seconds and travelled a distance of 37 metres. Beech class’ challenge…could they run 37 metres in less than 12 seconds?! Check out the photos to see Beech class in action! We started the term off by thinking about what we knew already about castles and what we wanted to find out. We looked at some photos and key words and came up with some questions… • What is a portcullis? • How do you open the doors? • What is a battlement? • When were castles first built? Our aim was to answer these questions alongside our big question, ‘How can I protect my kingdom?’. We learnt about the different jobs people would have had when living and working in a castle. Eva – I would have liked to have been a servant because I can look after all the children when there is a battle! Layla - I would have liked to have been a priest because I would like to sing all the songs. James - I would have liked to have been a knight because I would like to ride a horse. We had a fantastic day at Leeds Castle! We were able to spot many of the features we had been exploring in class and it was great to see them in real life! When we came back to school, we wrote a recount of our day describing the features we had found. At the end of term, the class were split into two groups. One group had to create a plan to attack a castle and the other group had to create a plan as to how they would defend their castle from attackers. Archie – I told the servants to make lots of food for the siege! I called the soldiers and the knights and asked them to get some hot water to pour down the murder holes! Oscar – I looked out from the battlements to see if the enemies were coming. I closed the portcullis so they couldn’t get in! Frankie - The dark and dingy moat stopped the enemy crossing! Jack - All of a sudden, a humongous fire ball came crashing down and nearly broke the wall! Tony – I tried to shoot my arrows through the arrow loops!	<urn:uuid:b1e354b3-08ea-4a3d-beb1-ae147c4a316f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://senacre-wood.kent.sch.uk/our-learning/our-classes/beech-class/what-have-we-been-learning/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00022.warc.gz	en	0.981655	562	3.34375	3	[ 0.09614727646112442, -0.2281147837638855, 0.35870563983917236, -0.06208145245909691, -0.18348261713981628, 0.3671570122241974, 0.013268247246742249, 0.13909024000167847, -0.1526366025209427, -0.08498591929674149, 0.03606681525707245, -0.18425187468528748, 0.046423137187957764, 0.3763409852...	12	The children have explored the history of flight through images, video clips, non-fiction texts and fact files. We learnt about the aeroplane, the ‘Flyer’, the Wright brothers built and flew. To help us imagine the size and shape of the first aeroplane, we mapped out the size of the aeroplane on the playground and thought about where the pilot would have sat and where the controls would have been. The ‘Flyer’s’ first flight lasted 12 seconds and travelled a distance of 37 metres. Beech class’ challenge…could they run 37 metres in less than 12 seconds?! Check out the photos to see Beech class in action! We started the term off by thinking about what we knew already about castles and what we wanted to find out. We looked at some photos and key words and came up with some questions… • What is a portcullis? • How do you open the doors? • What is a battlement? • When were castles first built? Our aim was to answer these questions alongside our big question, ‘How can I protect my kingdom?’. We learnt about the different jobs people would have had when living and working in a castle. Eva – I would have liked to have been a servant because I can look after all the children when there is a battle! Layla - I would have liked to have been a priest because I would like to sing all the songs. James - I would have liked to have been a knight because I would like to ride a horse. We had a fantastic day at Leeds Castle! We were able to spot many of the features we had been exploring in class and it was great to see them in real life! When we came back to school, we wrote a recount of our day describing the features we had found. At the end of term, the class were split into two groups. One group had to create a plan to attack a castle and the other group had to create a plan as to how they would defend their castle from attackers. Archie – I told the servants to make lots of food for the siege! I called the soldiers and the knights and asked them to get some hot water to pour down the murder holes! Oscar – I looked out from the battlements to see if the enemies were coming. I closed the portcullis so they couldn’t get in! Frankie - The dark and dingy moat stopped the enemy crossing! Jack - All of a sudden, a humongous fire ball came crashing down and nearly broke the wall! Tony – I tried to shoot my arrows through the arrow loops!	541	ENGLISH	1
It has been 400 years since English explorer Henry Hudson mapped the northeast coast of North America, leaving a wake of rivers and towns named in his honor, yet what happened to the famed explorer remains a mystery. Hudson was never heard from again after a mutiny by his crew during a later voyage through northern Canada. That he died in the area in 1611 is a certainty, and he may have even been killed in cold blood, according to new research. The anger among Hudson's crew over his decision to continue exploring after the harsh winter could have easily fueled a murderous mutiny, suggests Peter Mancall, a professor of history at the University of Southern California. "The full story of Hudson's saga reveals one of the darker chapters of the European age of discovery," said Mancall, who explores the 1610 voyage in his new book "Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson" (Basic Books; 2009). Hudson claims Manhattan Before the fatal voyage that took his life, Henry Hudson found great success as a navigator the way many men did during the Age of Exploration – by accident. Hired by the Dutch East India Company to find a new passage to spice-rich Asia by way of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson was ultimately forced by impassable ice to seek another route south. Sailing into what would eventually be named the Hudson River in 1609, he did not find the Northwest Passage he was looking for, but did manage to stake the first loose claim to the territory – including the island of Manhattan – on behalf of The Netherlands. The value of the land he'd claimed for a foreign power wasn't lost on the rulers of his home country. Upon his return, England's royal council forbid Hudson from ever sailing under another flag, and he was sent back to the New World in 1610 aboard the English ship Discovery. Hudson's objective was, once again, to find a northern passage to the Orient, but he would never return from that trip. The Discovery docked back in London in 1611 without having reached Asia, without the captain aboard and with just eight crew, all of whom were now subject to death by hanging for the murder. Set adrift Some facts about the 1610-1611 voyage of the Discovery are certain. Discovery plied the Canadian bay that also took Hudson's name in the summer of 1610, the captain believing that he'd possibly found the elusive northern passage to the Pacific. The ship was forced to ground itself for the winter, however, with Hudson ordering a return to the route the next spring, despite his crew's wish to return to England. When the ship took to the water again for its return trip in June, 1611, Hudson was not aboard. On trial for Hudson's murder later that year, the remaining crew admitted to cutting the captain and a group of individuals still loyal to him loose on a small lifeboat, according to court documents. None of the men was convicted of the murder or even punished for the mutiny, and historians generally believe their claims, too. But some physical evidence points to a more violent end for the captain, Mancall believes. Mancall highlighted evidence that was found and documented after the ship docked in London: blood stains, most damningly, along with letters from another sailor mentioning the growing personal rift between captain and crew. A number of Hudson's possessions were also missing. Brought down by determination Since Hudson's body was never found, however, it will never be known for sure whether the captain was murdered or given a more subtle death sentence, set adrift in the harsh environment of northern Canada. It was Hudson's steely nature to press on and meet his objective that led to his demise, whatever that may have been, historians agree. "Hudson was one of the most intrepid and important explorers of his age," said Mancall. "He was not a man who easily gave up." Heather Whipps is a freelance writer with an anthropology degree from McGill University in Montreal, Canada.	<urn:uuid:4ca33cd1-3d5d-496a-84aa-4869ba9a6a8c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.livescience.com/5530-mutiny-murder-happened-henry-hudson.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00179.warc.gz	en	0.982378	839	3.84375	4	[ -0.10522263497114182, 0.3362776041030884, 0.3621262311935425, -0.08216488361358643, -0.39665478467941284, -0.30391764640808105, 0.47596120834350586, 0.08262266218662262, -0.4932379424571991, -0.4045579731464386, 0.20380538702011108, -0.21452772617340088, -0.02591414377093315, 0.29299896955...	8	It has been 400 years since English explorer Henry Hudson mapped the northeast coast of North America, leaving a wake of rivers and towns named in his honor, yet what happened to the famed explorer remains a mystery. Hudson was never heard from again after a mutiny by his crew during a later voyage through northern Canada. That he died in the area in 1611 is a certainty, and he may have even been killed in cold blood, according to new research. The anger among Hudson's crew over his decision to continue exploring after the harsh winter could have easily fueled a murderous mutiny, suggests Peter Mancall, a professor of history at the University of Southern California. "The full story of Hudson's saga reveals one of the darker chapters of the European age of discovery," said Mancall, who explores the 1610 voyage in his new book "Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson" (Basic Books; 2009). Hudson claims Manhattan Before the fatal voyage that took his life, Henry Hudson found great success as a navigator the way many men did during the Age of Exploration – by accident. Hired by the Dutch East India Company to find a new passage to spice-rich Asia by way of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson was ultimately forced by impassable ice to seek another route south. Sailing into what would eventually be named the Hudson River in 1609, he did not find the Northwest Passage he was looking for, but did manage to stake the first loose claim to the territory – including the island of Manhattan – on behalf of The Netherlands. The value of the land he'd claimed for a foreign power wasn't lost on the rulers of his home country. Upon his return, England's royal council forbid Hudson from ever sailing under another flag, and he was sent back to the New World in 1610 aboard the English ship Discovery. Hudson's objective was, once again, to find a northern passage to the Orient, but he would never return from that trip. The Discovery docked back in London in 1611 without having reached Asia, without the captain aboard and with just eight crew, all of whom were now subject to death by hanging for the murder. Set adrift Some facts about the 1610-1611 voyage of the Discovery are certain. Discovery plied the Canadian bay that also took Hudson's name in the summer of 1610, the captain believing that he'd possibly found the elusive northern passage to the Pacific. The ship was forced to ground itself for the winter, however, with Hudson ordering a return to the route the next spring, despite his crew's wish to return to England. When the ship took to the water again for its return trip in June, 1611, Hudson was not aboard. On trial for Hudson's murder later that year, the remaining crew admitted to cutting the captain and a group of individuals still loyal to him loose on a small lifeboat, according to court documents. None of the men was convicted of the murder or even punished for the mutiny, and historians generally believe their claims, too. But some physical evidence points to a more violent end for the captain, Mancall believes. Mancall highlighted evidence that was found and documented after the ship docked in London: blood stains, most damningly, along with letters from another sailor mentioning the growing personal rift between captain and crew. A number of Hudson's possessions were also missing. Brought down by determination Since Hudson's body was never found, however, it will never be known for sure whether the captain was murdered or given a more subtle death sentence, set adrift in the harsh environment of northern Canada. It was Hudson's steely nature to press on and meet his objective that led to his demise, whatever that may have been, historians agree. "Hudson was one of the most intrepid and important explorers of his age," said Mancall. "He was not a man who easily gave up." Heather Whipps is a freelance writer with an anthropology degree from McGill University in Montreal, Canada.	846	ENGLISH	1
President Franklin D Roosevelt, called the attack on December 7th, 1941 a date which will live in infamy(Unity in Congress). The Attack on Pearl Harbor was neither a success nor a failure for Japan and the Axis Powers during World War II. Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How America Changed After Pearl Harbor" essay for youCreate order This attack took place on the United States’ Naval Base in Oahu, Hawaii. Despite the significance of the attack on Pearl Harbor to American soil, the information that was brought to the public was kept to a minimum for the next couple of days following the attack. Headlines regarding the attack were covered by the New York Times, but details about the attack were not fully given to the public. Consequently, details regarding the attack, at the time were more intricate, than what is now known about the attack and is more factual based and not biased. Prior to the attack, Japanese-American relations were starting to fall apart in 1939. This was due to the United States’ lending aid to the Chinese in 1939, during the Japanese invasion of China. The Japanese had been planning the Pearl Harbor attack since early September, which the United States did not know about. The attack was not given a final approval from the Japanese government, but secretly, they were ready. Their torpedoes, naval guns and other weapons needed for this were ready. The Japanese said if their demands were not met by the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, that they would immediately decide to open hostilities (Maddox 89). The United States had a feeling that war was in the near future after Japanese demands had not been met in November of 1941. The Chinese-Japanese relations caused the United States to intervene, causing their relations with the Japanese to decline over time. Japan demanded the United States to start their trade relations with them again, because the United States stopped any relations with the Japanese due to their invasion in China. The Japanese wanted to restore commercial relations as they existed before the freeze, supply Japan with the necessary quantities of oil, and refrain from any interference in Japan’s efforts to subdue China (Maddox 90). Hours before deciding to open fire on the Naval Base in Hawaii, the secretary of the United States, Hull, began to respond to the Japanese about their demands (Maddox 90). The attack was scheduled for Sunday, December 7, at 8:00 A.M. Just before they responded, Japanese forces attacked the base with six aircraft carriers, two battleships, to heavy cruises, nine destroyers, and tankers (Maddox 92). According to the New York Times, Pearl Harbor was attacked with four engined dive bombers and torpedo-carrying planes (Torpedo Bombers Strike Hard at Our Main Bases on Oahu). This attack was led by the Japanese Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, who was the commander in chief of the Japanese fleet. The United States was not prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The admiral never hoped to go to war with the United States, instead he hoped to scare the United States and accept Japan’s co-prosperity sphere (Maddox). According to the New York Times article, there were 104 American soldiers who were killed, and 300 soldiers were wounded (Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed). This information was false when given to the public. The factual evidence is that there were nearly 3,000 men who were killed, and around 1,000 wounded (Maddox 93). This is evident that the public was misinformed about the casualties of this tragic attack. There were two planned attacks to attack Pearl Harbor on the same day. The first planned attack was at 8:00 A.M, in which the United States were taken completely off guard. The second attack was said to hit two hours after the initial attack. The United States did not know about the second attack either, and were just as unprepared as they were for the first one. According to the New York Times article Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed, the Governor Joseph B. Poindexter of Hawaii, said they were better prepared for the second round of attacks American soil (Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed.) But, according to the factual evidence, the United States was just as unprepared for the second one as they were the first, the resulting damage was still enormous (Maddox 93). The attack on Pearl Harbor has not only changed the economy of the United States, it also led them to joining World War II on the side of the Axis Powers. By the United States joining the war, it brought up the morale of the American people. (Maddox 96). President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the declaration of war on December 8th, 1941 (Text of War Declaration). A reason for war stated in the New York Times was Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the People of the United States (Text of War Declaration). This also caused the United States to be in war with Germany and Italy. In the long run, Japan thought of this as a victory for the Axis Powers, but in reality, it was a failure (Maddox 96). In the eyes of the Japanese, they thought of Pearl Harbor as a huge victory, but it was a costly decision (Maddox 94). Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii came under a martial law (Hawaii under Martial Law, Islands Quiet; Blackout Enforced, Violators Punished). This happened 3 days after the attack, so on December 10th, 1941. After the attack, the nation was united: they all shared a passion for joining the war. The Japanese had a feeling of happiness after the attack but little did they know, this made the United States come together, stronger than they could have. After the Americans were put in helping the war effort, America’s industrial capacity, technological superiority, and large population created a military juggernaut that was too strong for the Japanese to beat (Maddox 96). We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	<urn:uuid:6dc9d1dd-0a83-4b54-96b7-a9310101c5a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studydriver.com/how-america-changed-after-pearl-harbor/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00443.warc.gz	en	0.981516	1,301	3.625	4	[ -0.2804866433143616, 0.07816803455352783, 0.06137548014521599, -0.18092986941337585, 0.4207807183265686, 0.49948030710220337, 0.032504625618457794, 0.3143787384033203, -0.03191521391272545, -0.09766882658004761, 0.8096336722373962, 0.021382970735430717, 0.23575851321220398, 0.7573261857032...	1	President Franklin D Roosevelt, called the attack on December 7th, 1941 a date which will live in infamy(Unity in Congress). The Attack on Pearl Harbor was neither a success nor a failure for Japan and the Axis Powers during World War II. Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How America Changed After Pearl Harbor" essay for youCreate order This attack took place on the United States’ Naval Base in Oahu, Hawaii. Despite the significance of the attack on Pearl Harbor to American soil, the information that was brought to the public was kept to a minimum for the next couple of days following the attack. Headlines regarding the attack were covered by the New York Times, but details about the attack were not fully given to the public. Consequently, details regarding the attack, at the time were more intricate, than what is now known about the attack and is more factual based and not biased. Prior to the attack, Japanese-American relations were starting to fall apart in 1939. This was due to the United States’ lending aid to the Chinese in 1939, during the Japanese invasion of China. The Japanese had been planning the Pearl Harbor attack since early September, which the United States did not know about. The attack was not given a final approval from the Japanese government, but secretly, they were ready. Their torpedoes, naval guns and other weapons needed for this were ready. The Japanese said if their demands were not met by the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, that they would immediately decide to open hostilities (Maddox 89). The United States had a feeling that war was in the near future after Japanese demands had not been met in November of 1941. The Chinese-Japanese relations caused the United States to intervene, causing their relations with the Japanese to decline over time. Japan demanded the United States to start their trade relations with them again, because the United States stopped any relations with the Japanese due to their invasion in China. The Japanese wanted to restore commercial relations as they existed before the freeze, supply Japan with the necessary quantities of oil, and refrain from any interference in Japan’s efforts to subdue China (Maddox 90). Hours before deciding to open fire on the Naval Base in Hawaii, the secretary of the United States, Hull, began to respond to the Japanese about their demands (Maddox 90). The attack was scheduled for Sunday, December 7, at 8:00 A.M. Just before they responded, Japanese forces attacked the base with six aircraft carriers, two battleships, to heavy cruises, nine destroyers, and tankers (Maddox 92). According to the New York Times, Pearl Harbor was attacked with four engined dive bombers and torpedo-carrying planes (Torpedo Bombers Strike Hard at Our Main Bases on Oahu). This attack was led by the Japanese Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, who was the commander in chief of the Japanese fleet. The United States was not prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor. The admiral never hoped to go to war with the United States, instead he hoped to scare the United States and accept Japan’s co-prosperity sphere (Maddox). According to the New York Times article, there were 104 American soldiers who were killed, and 300 soldiers were wounded (Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed). This information was false when given to the public. The factual evidence is that there were nearly 3,000 men who were killed, and around 1,000 wounded (Maddox 93). This is evident that the public was misinformed about the casualties of this tragic attack. There were two planned attacks to attack Pearl Harbor on the same day. The first planned attack was at 8:00 A.M, in which the United States were taken completely off guard. The second attack was said to hit two hours after the initial attack. The United States did not know about the second attack either, and were just as unprepared as they were for the first one. According to the New York Times article Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed, the Governor Joseph B. Poindexter of Hawaii, said they were better prepared for the second round of attacks American soil (Japan Starts War on U.S.; Hawaii and Guam Bombed.) But, according to the factual evidence, the United States was just as unprepared for the second one as they were the first, the resulting damage was still enormous (Maddox 93). The attack on Pearl Harbor has not only changed the economy of the United States, it also led them to joining World War II on the side of the Axis Powers. By the United States joining the war, it brought up the morale of the American people. (Maddox 96). President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the declaration of war on December 8th, 1941 (Text of War Declaration). A reason for war stated in the New York Times was Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the People of the United States (Text of War Declaration). This also caused the United States to be in war with Germany and Italy. In the long run, Japan thought of this as a victory for the Axis Powers, but in reality, it was a failure (Maddox 96). In the eyes of the Japanese, they thought of Pearl Harbor as a huge victory, but it was a costly decision (Maddox 94). Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii came under a martial law (Hawaii under Martial Law, Islands Quiet; Blackout Enforced, Violators Punished). This happened 3 days after the attack, so on December 10th, 1941. After the attack, the nation was united: they all shared a passion for joining the war. The Japanese had a feeling of happiness after the attack but little did they know, this made the United States come together, stronger than they could have. After the Americans were put in helping the war effort, America’s industrial capacity, technological superiority, and large population created a military juggernaut that was too strong for the Japanese to beat (Maddox 96). We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	1,354	ENGLISH	1
A new study has revealed that our ancient ancestor Homo erectus survived a lot longer than previously believed. According to new dating evidence, the species survived on the Indonesian island of Java until just over 100,000 years ago – much longer than after it disappeared from other areas. Homo erectus first appeared approximately two million years ago and they were the first human ancestors who were able to walk completely upright. Two lower leg bones and twelve skull caps belonging to Homo erectus were discovered in a bone bed located 20 meters above the Solo River at Ngandong in central Java in the 1930s. While researchers had a tough time, they were finally able to come up with an approximate date of the fossils. Initially, researchers believed that the fossils dated back to between 53,000 and 27,000 years ago, which put into question the possibility that our ancient human ancestors somehow overlapped with more modern humans living on Java. More recently, however, new excavations led by Professor Russell Ciochon from the University of Iowa have been underway beside the Solo River to reanalyze the area. By studying records from the initial search conducted by the Dutch team in the 1930s, researchers were able to conduct new excavations at the same site where the Homo erectus bone bed had been discovered. Pictures can be seen here. According to their studies, they have dated the bone bed to between 117,000 and 108,000 years old. This new research provides the most recent record of the Homo erectus species living on the planet. Their results were published in the journal Nature and can be read in full here. “This is a very comprehensive study of the depositional context of the famous Ngandong Homo erectus partial skulls and shin bones, and the authors build a strong case that these individuals died and were washed into the deposits of the Solo River about 112,000 years ago,” stated Professor Chris Stringer, who is a research leader on human evolution at London’s Natural History Museum. He went on to say, “This age is very young for such primitive-looking Homo erectus fossils, and establishes that the species persisted on Java for well over one million years.” The large number of bones found could have been the result of mass death. The mass casualties could have been caused by a lahar upriver which is when heavy rainfall after an eruption causes a hot or cold mixture of rock fragments and water to flow down the sides of a volcano. These violent mudflows destroy everything in their paths and definitely have the power to cause mass death. The remains found at Ngandong reveal that they were between 5 and 6 feet tall – similar to remains discovered in Africa as well as in other parts of Eurasia. As for why Homo erectus survived so much longer on Java compared to other places (they were eliminated from Africa around 500,000 years ago and approximately 400,000 years ago in China), it was probably because they were isolated on the island and had no competition with other species.	<urn:uuid:76e04ede-6c28-44aa-943d-c1af7f38bdd6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2019/12/homo-erectus-survived-much-longer-than-previously-thought/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00035.warc.gz	en	0.981009	614	3.984375	4	[ -0.20247069001197815, 0.41986238956451416, 0.32018905878067017, -0.11596891283988953, -0.017696073278784752, 0.04353271424770355, -0.2576603889465332, 0.043974246829748154, -0.00352075626142323, -0.09590719640254974, 0.22120866179466248, -0.571157693862915, 0.07516917586326599, 0.498975247...	10	A new study has revealed that our ancient ancestor Homo erectus survived a lot longer than previously believed. According to new dating evidence, the species survived on the Indonesian island of Java until just over 100,000 years ago – much longer than after it disappeared from other areas. Homo erectus first appeared approximately two million years ago and they were the first human ancestors who were able to walk completely upright. Two lower leg bones and twelve skull caps belonging to Homo erectus were discovered in a bone bed located 20 meters above the Solo River at Ngandong in central Java in the 1930s. While researchers had a tough time, they were finally able to come up with an approximate date of the fossils. Initially, researchers believed that the fossils dated back to between 53,000 and 27,000 years ago, which put into question the possibility that our ancient human ancestors somehow overlapped with more modern humans living on Java. More recently, however, new excavations led by Professor Russell Ciochon from the University of Iowa have been underway beside the Solo River to reanalyze the area. By studying records from the initial search conducted by the Dutch team in the 1930s, researchers were able to conduct new excavations at the same site where the Homo erectus bone bed had been discovered. Pictures can be seen here. According to their studies, they have dated the bone bed to between 117,000 and 108,000 years old. This new research provides the most recent record of the Homo erectus species living on the planet. Their results were published in the journal Nature and can be read in full here. “This is a very comprehensive study of the depositional context of the famous Ngandong Homo erectus partial skulls and shin bones, and the authors build a strong case that these individuals died and were washed into the deposits of the Solo River about 112,000 years ago,” stated Professor Chris Stringer, who is a research leader on human evolution at London’s Natural History Museum. He went on to say, “This age is very young for such primitive-looking Homo erectus fossils, and establishes that the species persisted on Java for well over one million years.” The large number of bones found could have been the result of mass death. The mass casualties could have been caused by a lahar upriver which is when heavy rainfall after an eruption causes a hot or cold mixture of rock fragments and water to flow down the sides of a volcano. These violent mudflows destroy everything in their paths and definitely have the power to cause mass death. The remains found at Ngandong reveal that they were between 5 and 6 feet tall – similar to remains discovered in Africa as well as in other parts of Eurasia. As for why Homo erectus survived so much longer on Java compared to other places (they were eliminated from Africa around 500,000 years ago and approximately 400,000 years ago in China), it was probably because they were isolated on the island and had no competition with other species.	647	ENGLISH	1
Early life and background His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), (who belonged to the Hindu Modh community), served as the diwan (a high official) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, fondly called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included compassion for sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and Maharaja Harishchandra from the Indian epics, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. The story of Harishchandra, a well-known tale of an ancient Indian king and a truthful hero, haunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi in his autobiography admits that it left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with Truth and Love as supreme values is traceable to his identification with these epic characters. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas(Gandhi) was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region. Recalling the day of their marriage he once said that, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days; Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had died earlier that year Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained an average student academically. He passed the matriculation exam for Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat with some difficulty. While there, he was unhappy, in part because his family wanted him to become a barrister. Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914 In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at Indians. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third-class coach while holding a valid first-class ticket. Travelling farther on by stagecoach he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from several hotels. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban – which he refused to do. These events were a turning point in his life, awakening him to social injustice and influencing his subsequent social activism. It was through witnessing firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa that Gandhi started to question his people's status within the British Empire, and his own place in society. Gandhi extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances…	<urn:uuid:e4bdf134-d553-4ba3-86da-703e603467d2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/James-Bond-592715.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00074.warc.gz	en	0.983894	818	3.453125	3	[ -0.07007256150245667, 0.6982557773590088, 0.1606561243534088, -0.07075468450784683, -0.528357982635498, -0.20410150289535522, 0.6321682929992676, -0.09544026851654053, 0.16872137784957886, -0.18545061349868774, 0.051683392375707626, -0.0752158910036087, 0.26184016466140747, 0.3431835770606...	1	Early life and background His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), (who belonged to the Hindu Modh community), served as the diwan (a high official) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, fondly called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that would play an important role in his adult life; these included compassion for sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and Maharaja Harishchandra from the Indian epics, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. The story of Harishchandra, a well-known tale of an ancient Indian king and a truthful hero, haunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi in his autobiography admits that it left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with Truth and Love as supreme values is traceable to his identification with these epic characters. In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas(Gandhi) was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region. Recalling the day of their marriage he once said that, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband. In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days; Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had died earlier that year Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained an average student academically. He passed the matriculation exam for Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat with some difficulty. While there, he was unhappy, in part because his family wanted him to become a barrister. Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914 In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at Indians. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third-class coach while holding a valid first-class ticket. Travelling farther on by stagecoach he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from several hotels. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban – which he refused to do. These events were a turning point in his life, awakening him to social injustice and influencing his subsequent social activism. It was through witnessing firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa that Gandhi started to question his people's status within the British Empire, and his own place in society. Gandhi extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances…	835	ENGLISH	1
David Rice Atchison, the man who is said to have been the American President for one day. You have probably never heard of him yet technically he did fill in for the president of the United States of America (USA) even if it was for only 24 hours. Due to several legalities and the factors surrounding his rise to brief presidency, many historical books and the State don’t recognize him as one. Even the Senate web history archives refute this under his bio. How Did David Rice Atchison Become President? Zachary Taylor had won the election in 1848 and was due to take the Presidential Oath of office on 4th March, 1849 at noon as the former President James K. Polk was leaving office at the scheduled end of his 4-year term, but Taylor refused because it was a Sunday and said that he would do so the next day. You must be wondering why the responsibility didn’t fall to the Vice President. In the US, the President and Vice President share the same term. So, as President Polk’s presidential term expired, so did that of his VP, George Mifflin Dallas (Fun Fact: Dallas city in Texas is named after him). America was faced with a conundrum of having no president for 24 hours until Zachary Taylor swore in. The responsibility befell the President of the Senate Pro Tempore according to the law enacted by Congress on 1st March, 1792. The law stated that, “in case of the removal, death, resignation or disability of both the President and Vice President of the United States, the President of the Pro Tempore shall act as a temporary President.” To put it in simpler terms, the Vice President presides over the Senate. Remember that the VP succeeds the President if he/she is unable to perform his/her duties. The Senate selects a President Pro Tempore who is supposed to preside over it when the Vice President is absent or unable to perform his duties. On 4th March, 1849; the President Pro Tempore happened to be David Rice Atchison who assumed office and served as the President of the United States from noon until the next day at noon when Zachary Taylor swore in. Atchison was the president for one day and although he didn’t swear in or enact any legislation, many have argued that he was legally and technically a president and should be recognized along with other former American presidents. Of course, the Missouri Senator who had served as a Major General in the Missouri State Militia in 1838 and a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War in the Missouri Home Guard was too modest to make a fuss for recognition. David Rice Atchison was born on 11th August, 1807 and died on 26th January, 1886 when he was 76 years old. He was a lawyer, politician, Democrat and was elected as President pro tempore of the United States Senate 16 times for six years since 1846. More Things We Bet You Didn’t Know About: These Facts About Flowers Will Shock You Lawrence writes about tech, lifestyle, politics, business, crypto and occasionally entertainment. He writes for Newslibre and Spur Magazine while consulting with numerous international companies on strategy, community management and marketing. He has contributed to the journalism, open source, film, youth, web, Andela and Mozilla communities.	<urn:uuid:c490d5f8-5241-4e53-a8f6-d8b7f9025e72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://newslibre.com/facts/who-is-president-david-rice-atchison/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00181.warc.gz	en	0.981837	699	3.34375	3	[ -0.14524267613887787, 0.1984940767288208, 0.29078835248947144, -0.23097774386405945, -0.15184441208839417, -0.09199883043766022, -0.000307668698951602, -0.05549008026719093, -0.09450922906398773, 0.10786546766757965, 0.22427543997764587, 0.47395575046539307, 0.3259984850883484, 0.212615340...	3	David Rice Atchison, the man who is said to have been the American President for one day. You have probably never heard of him yet technically he did fill in for the president of the United States of America (USA) even if it was for only 24 hours. Due to several legalities and the factors surrounding his rise to brief presidency, many historical books and the State don’t recognize him as one. Even the Senate web history archives refute this under his bio. How Did David Rice Atchison Become President? Zachary Taylor had won the election in 1848 and was due to take the Presidential Oath of office on 4th March, 1849 at noon as the former President James K. Polk was leaving office at the scheduled end of his 4-year term, but Taylor refused because it was a Sunday and said that he would do so the next day. You must be wondering why the responsibility didn’t fall to the Vice President. In the US, the President and Vice President share the same term. So, as President Polk’s presidential term expired, so did that of his VP, George Mifflin Dallas (Fun Fact: Dallas city in Texas is named after him). America was faced with a conundrum of having no president for 24 hours until Zachary Taylor swore in. The responsibility befell the President of the Senate Pro Tempore according to the law enacted by Congress on 1st March, 1792. The law stated that, “in case of the removal, death, resignation or disability of both the President and Vice President of the United States, the President of the Pro Tempore shall act as a temporary President.” To put it in simpler terms, the Vice President presides over the Senate. Remember that the VP succeeds the President if he/she is unable to perform his/her duties. The Senate selects a President Pro Tempore who is supposed to preside over it when the Vice President is absent or unable to perform his duties. On 4th March, 1849; the President Pro Tempore happened to be David Rice Atchison who assumed office and served as the President of the United States from noon until the next day at noon when Zachary Taylor swore in. Atchison was the president for one day and although he didn’t swear in or enact any legislation, many have argued that he was legally and technically a president and should be recognized along with other former American presidents. Of course, the Missouri Senator who had served as a Major General in the Missouri State Militia in 1838 and a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War in the Missouri Home Guard was too modest to make a fuss for recognition. David Rice Atchison was born on 11th August, 1807 and died on 26th January, 1886 when he was 76 years old. He was a lawyer, politician, Democrat and was elected as President pro tempore of the United States Senate 16 times for six years since 1846. More Things We Bet You Didn’t Know About: These Facts About Flowers Will Shock You Lawrence writes about tech, lifestyle, politics, business, crypto and occasionally entertainment. He writes for Newslibre and Spur Magazine while consulting with numerous international companies on strategy, community management and marketing. He has contributed to the journalism, open source, film, youth, web, Andela and Mozilla communities.	718	ENGLISH	1
Rama Upakhyana (Samskrit : रामोपाख्यानम्) is a short anaecdote (upakhyana) about the story of Shri Rama and Sitadevi (Ramayana) as described in Mahabharata Vanaparva in adhyayas 273 to 292. Maharaja Yudhisthira while spending his time in the forests along with his brothers and wife Draupadi, once laments with Maharshi Markandeya about his distressing state. During that time Draupadi was abducted by Jayadratha and subsequent to releasing her from his captivity, Yudhisthira is deeply afflicted by such calamities that have befallen on him and his family. Yudhisthira exclaims that no one cannot escape from events due to time or his own deeds else how can Draupadi, born from the yajna, the respected daughter-in-law of Maharaja Pandu face such a humiliation of being abducted by Jayadratha. She has always followed dharma, and behaved respectfully towards elders, brahmanas and rshis.	<urn:uuid:6b4b3428-87cd-4181-9fe9-a0ff7b467f3b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://dharmawiki.org/index.php?title=Ramopakhyana_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)&oldid=121423	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00148.warc.gz	en	0.980123	252	3.28125	3	[ -0.2780162990093231, 0.2810482382774353, -0.08773092925548553, -0.1936914175748825, -0.08635138720273972, 0.08474119752645493, 0.3264250159263611, 0.07502841204404831, -0.11406750231981277, -0.206157848238945, 0.08960659801959991, -0.49948081374168396, 0.3837263584136963, 0.415526896715164...	3	Rama Upakhyana (Samskrit : रामोपाख्यानम्) is a short anaecdote (upakhyana) about the story of Shri Rama and Sitadevi (Ramayana) as described in Mahabharata Vanaparva in adhyayas 273 to 292. Maharaja Yudhisthira while spending his time in the forests along with his brothers and wife Draupadi, once laments with Maharshi Markandeya about his distressing state. During that time Draupadi was abducted by Jayadratha and subsequent to releasing her from his captivity, Yudhisthira is deeply afflicted by such calamities that have befallen on him and his family. Yudhisthira exclaims that no one cannot escape from events due to time or his own deeds else how can Draupadi, born from the yajna, the respected daughter-in-law of Maharaja Pandu face such a humiliation of being abducted by Jayadratha. She has always followed dharma, and behaved respectfully towards elders, brahmanas and rshis.	243	ENGLISH	1
Operation Torch, launched on 8 November 1942, landed Anglo-American forces in Vichy-controlled Morocco and Algeria to create a second front against the Axis forces in North Africa, catching Rommel's German and Italian forces in the claws of a giant pincer. The US Army was powerfully well armoured and equipped, but fresh to war, and it showed. Organization suffered from a surfeit of peacetime theories and training was insufficient and ill-applied. Despite such failings the US GIs and their commanders learned very quickly, adapting to German tactics and the realities of mechanized warfare. The Axis forces in North Africa were seasoned by years of fighting against increasingly powerful British and Commonwealth forces, and were led by one of the Reich's most capable generals. The German doctrine of mechanized warfare had proved itself time and again, but ever-growing logistical and supply problems were blunting its effectiveness. From Sidi Bou Zid to El Guettar, this fully illustrated study pits the US Army against the best that the Axis forces in Africa had to offer.	<urn:uuid:dcbe3f8c-ef2d-48b7-8ed7-cb162f84b3f3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/Campbell-David-Campbell/US-Soldier-vs-Afrikakorps-Soldier--Tunisia-1943/23163362	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00156.warc.gz	en	0.980833	217	3.421875	3	[ -0.25071877241134644, 0.9794121384620667, 0.24272063374519348, 0.1779567003250122, 0.3755835294723511, 0.2939068078994751, -0.34182029962539673, 0.17378723621368408, -0.2545982003211975, 0.07103065401315689, 0.18352650105953217, -0.4510345160961151, 0.14034678041934967, 0.377459317445755, ...	2	Operation Torch, launched on 8 November 1942, landed Anglo-American forces in Vichy-controlled Morocco and Algeria to create a second front against the Axis forces in North Africa, catching Rommel's German and Italian forces in the claws of a giant pincer. The US Army was powerfully well armoured and equipped, but fresh to war, and it showed. Organization suffered from a surfeit of peacetime theories and training was insufficient and ill-applied. Despite such failings the US GIs and their commanders learned very quickly, adapting to German tactics and the realities of mechanized warfare. The Axis forces in North Africa were seasoned by years of fighting against increasingly powerful British and Commonwealth forces, and were led by one of the Reich's most capable generals. The German doctrine of mechanized warfare had proved itself time and again, but ever-growing logistical and supply problems were blunting its effectiveness. From Sidi Bou Zid to El Guettar, this fully illustrated study pits the US Army against the best that the Axis forces in Africa had to offer.	217	ENGLISH	1
English IV- sixth September eleven, 2012 Princes Comparison and Contrast Though epic poetry boast the qualities with their heroes, there are minor dissimilarities. In the poems Beowulf and Ulysses, they will express the journeys of two legendary heroes. Beowulf and Ulysses share commonalities, but have distinct perspectives on how they travel around and combat. The two rulers are very faithful to their empire and their themes. Beowulf quickly " offender himself of breaking God's lawвЂќ after the dragon had incinerated Geatland (708-709). He considers him self and his residents as a whole entity. If a person causes fault to his secret, then everyone, including himself is blamed. Ulysses invitations his themes to travel with him when he concludes that " is actually not inside its final stages to seek a newer worldвЂќ (57). He would want to carry his people to a much better world and make them completely happy. His consideration is what makes him an epic main character in the poem. At the last moments of his lifestyle, Beowulf crowns his nephew, Wiglaf, pertaining to he is the " last of [their] faraway familyвЂќ (1036). The perishing king sees that Wiglaf can lead the Geats to glory. Wiglaf is faithful to his cousin to the bitter end. The love toward their persons shows throughout the entire poem. Although their loyalty can be strongly a similar, the way that they view their subjects is completely different. Ulysses portrays his inhabitants because " a savage raceвЂќ (4). His opinion displays that he's not a popular king. Ulysses leads Ithaca poorly, as a result making poorly constructed rules. The Geats are " the wisest and most knowingвЂќ (29). Unlike Ulysses, he can a strong innovator and offers arisen successful in many battles. His kingdom is well-led. Ulysses can enjoy the " delight of battle with [his] peersвЂќ (16). Even if his subjects will be savages, by least they can be brave enough to join their particular leader in battle. This is why Ulysses will be able to live for a longer time. Beowulf's soldiers " ran for their lives, fled deep in a...	<urn:uuid:c5b10e4e-c001-453b-9e72-ff67a3b2b8ac>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://qatar-colleges.com/beowulf-and-ulysses/27293-beowulf-and-ulysses-article.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00475.warc.gz	en	0.980014	495	3.359375	3	[ -0.38583067059516907, 0.05235820263624191, 0.4359793961048126, 0.2123587280511856, -0.5663468241691589, -0.33100414276123047, 0.3397124707698822, 0.022896429523825645, -0.5591747760772705, -0.2271214723587036, -0.24959100782871246, -0.049767155200242996, 0.2748514413833618, 0.3317281305789...	1	English IV- sixth September eleven, 2012 Princes Comparison and Contrast Though epic poetry boast the qualities with their heroes, there are minor dissimilarities. In the poems Beowulf and Ulysses, they will express the journeys of two legendary heroes. Beowulf and Ulysses share commonalities, but have distinct perspectives on how they travel around and combat. The two rulers are very faithful to their empire and their themes. Beowulf quickly " offender himself of breaking God's lawвЂќ after the dragon had incinerated Geatland (708-709). He considers him self and his residents as a whole entity. If a person causes fault to his secret, then everyone, including himself is blamed. Ulysses invitations his themes to travel with him when he concludes that " is actually not inside its final stages to seek a newer worldвЂќ (57). He would want to carry his people to a much better world and make them completely happy. His consideration is what makes him an epic main character in the poem. At the last moments of his lifestyle, Beowulf crowns his nephew, Wiglaf, pertaining to he is the " last of [their] faraway familyвЂќ (1036). The perishing king sees that Wiglaf can lead the Geats to glory. Wiglaf is faithful to his cousin to the bitter end. The love toward their persons shows throughout the entire poem. Although their loyalty can be strongly a similar, the way that they view their subjects is completely different. Ulysses portrays his inhabitants because " a savage raceвЂќ (4). His opinion displays that he's not a popular king. Ulysses leads Ithaca poorly, as a result making poorly constructed rules. The Geats are " the wisest and most knowingвЂќ (29). Unlike Ulysses, he can a strong innovator and offers arisen successful in many battles. His kingdom is well-led. Ulysses can enjoy the " delight of battle with [his] peersвЂќ (16). Even if his subjects will be savages, by least they can be brave enough to join their particular leader in battle. This is why Ulysses will be able to live for a longer time. Beowulf's soldiers " ran for their lives, fled deep in a...	502	ENGLISH	1
Jul 22, 2013 Learning Methodology 3740 Views Teachers tend to have free reign in their classrooms in their decisions on how to teach their students and as such different learning styles are often apparent in schools. Yet which are the most effective and why are these not being used in every classroom if they benefit the students best? All students learn best in different ways so it is hard to know what methods are best. However, here are some methods that have proved to be the most effective. · Visual - Visual Learners prefer to use pictures and images in their learning. For these students using drawings to explain things will benefit them when it comes to their revision. Teachers can make games out of colored cards to emphasise different facts and get students involved in their learning rather than simply being spoken to while they sit in silence (in which case the teacher has no way of knowing who is listening to them and if what they are explaining is even being understood.) · Social -These learners prefer to work in groups and teams when trying to solve problems or to complete a task. This can prove to be very effective as students can learn as much from each other than they can learn from their teacher. It can also give the teacher the chance to spend time with members of the class that are struggling and would benefit from a little extra help or explanation. Spider diagrams, and colour can make summaries of topics learnt about in class more fun and entertaining, they are also great for revision. · Verbal -Using speech and creating class discussions is a great way to get a debate going. This may not always be effective but in some cases it is the perfect way to get students thinking in new ways and considering conclusions they may not have come to if they had been working alone. Getting students together in groups to research different topics and put together a group presentation is a great way of getting students actively learning. They become experts in the assignment they have been given and then teach the rest of the class when they give their presentation, as they in turn learn from the other groups when they give there's. Education has come a long way since the Victorian Period in which children were simply spoken to by a teacher as they sat in silence. New teaching methods and learning styles had improved and the idea that children should be the ones asking questions not the teachers has slowly grown more dominant. The problem seems to be that teachers teach the way they were taught and some times in ways that are easier, rather than thinking of new and innovative ways of teaching.	<urn:uuid:6981599c-4aa0-4ff8-af31-3142926bf3a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://eslarticle.com/pub/learning-methodology/106704-Learning-Styles.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00027.warc.gz	en	0.983692	507	3.484375	3	[ 0.14676357805728912, -0.13103601336479187, 0.17658577859401703, -0.1966473013162613, -0.043089061975479126, 0.024307705461978912, -0.10670583695173264, 0.25251302123069763, -0.22166071832180023, 0.19549120962619781, 0.07370547205209732, 0.18374764919281006, -0.07723186165094376, 0.42617219...	1	Jul 22, 2013 Learning Methodology 3740 Views Teachers tend to have free reign in their classrooms in their decisions on how to teach their students and as such different learning styles are often apparent in schools. Yet which are the most effective and why are these not being used in every classroom if they benefit the students best? All students learn best in different ways so it is hard to know what methods are best. However, here are some methods that have proved to be the most effective. · Visual - Visual Learners prefer to use pictures and images in their learning. For these students using drawings to explain things will benefit them when it comes to their revision. Teachers can make games out of colored cards to emphasise different facts and get students involved in their learning rather than simply being spoken to while they sit in silence (in which case the teacher has no way of knowing who is listening to them and if what they are explaining is even being understood.) · Social -These learners prefer to work in groups and teams when trying to solve problems or to complete a task. This can prove to be very effective as students can learn as much from each other than they can learn from their teacher. It can also give the teacher the chance to spend time with members of the class that are struggling and would benefit from a little extra help or explanation. Spider diagrams, and colour can make summaries of topics learnt about in class more fun and entertaining, they are also great for revision. · Verbal -Using speech and creating class discussions is a great way to get a debate going. This may not always be effective but in some cases it is the perfect way to get students thinking in new ways and considering conclusions they may not have come to if they had been working alone. Getting students together in groups to research different topics and put together a group presentation is a great way of getting students actively learning. They become experts in the assignment they have been given and then teach the rest of the class when they give their presentation, as they in turn learn from the other groups when they give there's. Education has come a long way since the Victorian Period in which children were simply spoken to by a teacher as they sat in silence. New teaching methods and learning styles had improved and the idea that children should be the ones asking questions not the teachers has slowly grown more dominant. The problem seems to be that teachers teach the way they were taught and some times in ways that are easier, rather than thinking of new and innovative ways of teaching.	510	ENGLISH	1
During World War II, after the Royal Navy’s traumatic departure from the Pacific Ocean in early 1942, the 4th Submarine Flotilla and its depot ship, the HMS Adamant, operated with the Eastern Fleet based at Trincomalee––a large, natural harbor located on the coast of Sri Lanka in the heart of the Indian Ocean. Dutch submarines joined them and were placed under British operational control after the fall of the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese. The number of boats making up British submarine operations in the Pacific remained small, sometimes no more than four at any one time, until after the Italian surrender in September 1943 when reinforcements began to be deployed to the Indian Ocean. By late 1944 a maximum of 40 submarines were active with the Eastern Fleet. However, the length of individual boat deployment was limited by the fact that they could not be refitted in India and had to return to Britain for major repairs. During all of 1944 through January 1945, three British subs were sunk and one severely damaged by enemy action in the Indian Ocean. In September 1944 British submarines commenced combat patrols in the Pacific under the command of Vice Admiral Thomas. C. Kinkaid, commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet. Since British subs were smaller and had less endurance than American boats, they were considered more suitable for inshore operations in the Southwest Pacific. By this stage of the war the force had grown to three flotillas: the 2nd, 4th, and 8th. The last moved to Fremantle, Australia, and comprised six “S” and three “T’ class vessels. The former operated in the Java Sea, the latter in the Sea of China. The “S “ class had a speed of 10 nautical knots and a range of up to 7,000 miles and carried enough supplies on board to allow it to remain at sea for 30 days. “T” class subs, having roughly the same performance capability as the latest American submarines, could cover 12,000 miles and stay at sea for 50 days. American subs had been based at Fremantle since 1942, and the 8th Flotilla had to fit in with the established American routines and practices. This was greatly facilitated when the U.S. Navy made available to their British counterparts Fremantle’s repair facilities as well as two U.S. Navy submarine tenders.	<urn:uuid:80e61c18-e3cf-49c7-b891-f9ac06b55a51>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://news.yahoo.com/british-submarines-helped-america-win-173900987.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00111.warc.gz	en	0.983604	491	3.546875	4	[ 0.03230557590723038, -0.13844838738441467, 0.16561166942119598, -0.7066271305084229, 0.15420746803283691, -0.13452401757240295, -0.5307852625846863, 0.2255612015724182, -0.11178980767726898, -0.031899407505989075, 0.15521302819252014, -0.3009525239467621, 0.12260929495096207, 0.46625018119...	1	During World War II, after the Royal Navy’s traumatic departure from the Pacific Ocean in early 1942, the 4th Submarine Flotilla and its depot ship, the HMS Adamant, operated with the Eastern Fleet based at Trincomalee––a large, natural harbor located on the coast of Sri Lanka in the heart of the Indian Ocean. Dutch submarines joined them and were placed under British operational control after the fall of the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese. The number of boats making up British submarine operations in the Pacific remained small, sometimes no more than four at any one time, until after the Italian surrender in September 1943 when reinforcements began to be deployed to the Indian Ocean. By late 1944 a maximum of 40 submarines were active with the Eastern Fleet. However, the length of individual boat deployment was limited by the fact that they could not be refitted in India and had to return to Britain for major repairs. During all of 1944 through January 1945, three British subs were sunk and one severely damaged by enemy action in the Indian Ocean. In September 1944 British submarines commenced combat patrols in the Pacific under the command of Vice Admiral Thomas. C. Kinkaid, commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet. Since British subs were smaller and had less endurance than American boats, they were considered more suitable for inshore operations in the Southwest Pacific. By this stage of the war the force had grown to three flotillas: the 2nd, 4th, and 8th. The last moved to Fremantle, Australia, and comprised six “S” and three “T’ class vessels. The former operated in the Java Sea, the latter in the Sea of China. The “S “ class had a speed of 10 nautical knots and a range of up to 7,000 miles and carried enough supplies on board to allow it to remain at sea for 30 days. “T” class subs, having roughly the same performance capability as the latest American submarines, could cover 12,000 miles and stay at sea for 50 days. American subs had been based at Fremantle since 1942, and the 8th Flotilla had to fit in with the established American routines and practices. This was greatly facilitated when the U.S. Navy made available to their British counterparts Fremantle’s repair facilities as well as two U.S. Navy submarine tenders.	523	ENGLISH	1
“The North American ideal of a happy marriage based on enduring romantic love is tarnished by the reality that marriage can be dangerous, especially for women.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). The victims of this violence are mostly the women in the relationship. Violence against women was considered a norm in the past because it was a patriarchal society, where men held more power inside the household and outside. Early in the 20th century, women who wanted to leave the abusive marriage were forced to choose to either endure the abuse or to lose their children and have no support, this was because it was deemed acceptable for men to treat women as their property. This was the perfect epitome, of inequality between the two genders. In the past men were protected by the judicial system. Even after spousal violence was a ground for a divorce, it was near impossible to prove, as the justice system also demonstrated a patriarchal system. Abuse does not only impact the spouses but the people around them as well like their children. The patriarchal system is seen through the intergenerational cycle of violence that continues throughout generations as abuse toward the child or the child witnessing violence against their mothers leaves a psychological impact on them, where they think it is a norm. “Feminists explain that most violence is perpetrated by men, women are most at risk of violence from their intimate partners, and the violence is tolerated by a patriarchal society.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). The reality is that spousal abuse is still not given enough attention. The common system of patriarchy is still today seen through spousal abuse, as men need the sense of power and control that they don’t have outside of the household. It is an epidemic that is never-ending. Spousal abuse portrays the inequality between the two genders, and represents patriarchal society norms, and directly affects the growth of a child in the negative environment.Historical aspect shapes society’s view on abuse, which represents the inequality between males and females. Women are more vulnerable to abuse because in the past women and children were mere property to men. Society was run by a patriarchal system where men held more power and control, and where women had none. “Hitting a wife or a child was considered acceptable, even necessary, discipline in the past. The expression “rule of the thumb” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Abuse of the female gender was something that was normal and wasn’t prosecuted. “Early in the 20th century, women who left their husbands to avoid cruelty or violence were guilty of desertion. As a result, they lost custody of their children and were entitled to no support.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Women were forced to choose to either endure the abuse or to lose their children and have no support, this was because it was deemed acceptable for men to treat women as their property. This was the perfect epitome, of inequality between the two genders. According to the Canadian women’s timeline, for the majority of the 1900’s abuse towards women was laughed upon and treated as a joke, and was first given national attention in 1982. “MP laughed at in the House of Commons” when the issue about spousal abuse toward women was brought up.” Before this woman were ignored or “put in an “insane asylum” because she claimed her husband abused her”.( Violence Against Women: A Global and Canadian Issue class article). Abuse is not a new issue but is still treated as if it doesn’t exist. I understand that a lot of women who have been trying to speak out about these issues, today and yesterday and for years and years, often get shouted down for their efforts. Abuse affects not only the individuals that experience the abuse psychologically but also the people that witness the violence. Abuse is more common in families where the people within the family had grown up in an atmosphere or environment where they have witnessed violence between the elders in the home, or towards them. “One in ten Canadians (10%) stated that, before age 15, they had witnessed violence by a parent or guardian against another adult in the home. The majority of child witnesses—7 in 10 (70%)—also reported having been the victim of childhood physical and/or sexual assault. Those who witnessed parental violence were more likely to have suffered the most severe forms of physical abuse.” (Statistics Canada, 2017). Victims of spousal abuse are usually people who have been abused or witnessed abuse as a child. According to the data on the graph, it is seen that the victims who had witnessed violence by a parent or guardian against another adult, are more prevalent to be a victim of abuse in the future. These stats also support a theory of the notion that abuse is passed on through generations. “The intergenerational cycle of violence supports the idea that violence is learned. Individuals who experienced violence, or abuse as a child, or who observed the assault or abuse of their mothers, are more likely to become the victim or perpetrators of violence in their intimate relationships.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Those children either grow up to think that they deserve the abuse, which leads them to be victims, or that they need that power that they didn’t have as a child to stop the abuse, and then become the perpetrator. This is the continuation of the violence that appears to be unstoppable.Societies view and perspective on spousal abuse towards women still follow the pathway of the past. Due to the rate of prevalence of spousal abuse towards women, it is seen as a norm. “According to the 2014 GSS, one-quarter of spousal violence victims reported having been sexually assaulted, beaten, choked, or threatened with a gun or a knife. Women (34%) were twice as likely to report having experienced this most severe form of violence than men (16%).” (Statistics Canada, 2016). These statistics support that women are more prevalent of being the victim in an abusive intimate relationship, as it is reported more by female victims. The problem is that the perpetrators are not being prosecuted or convicted of the crime. “YWCA Canada estimates that for every 1,000 cases of sexual assault against women only 33 are reported. Of those cases, they say only six are prosecuted and only three earn convictions.” (Akman, 2016). The rate of reported cases in Canada is declining, however, according to “women’s support groups say family violence is often ignored because it goes on behind closed doors.” (Akman, 2016). The declining rate of reporting doesn’t indicate the spousal abuse is not happening, it’s just not being reported, this is much like in the past when women were the ones that were being blamed. The gender inequality is still seen today. “Those of us who work in the domestic and sexual violence field know that victim-blaming is pervasive in this realm, which is to say, blaming the person to whom something was done rather than the person who did it…Our whole cognitive structure is set up to ask questions about women and women’s choices and what they’re doing, thinking, wearing.” (Katz, 2012). Victim blaming can be traced down to the past, it is a coping mechanism for society to make excuses for the reality, and take the easier route, on completely ignoring the perpetrator. Other factors that trace back to the past is the gender discrimination against women. According to the judicial system, the punishment for the same crime should have a different level and degree of punishment, based on the gender of the perpetrator. Sexual assault “against a man is classified as a felony under Section 353 (attracting a punishment of three years’ imprisonment), indecent assault of a woman or a girl is classified as a misdemeanor, under section 360 (attracting a lesser punishment of two years’ imprisonment).” (Van Hout, 2017). This demonstrates that males are still given more importance in the eye of the law, and that gender inequality is still seen today.	<urn:uuid:6872e600-ab80-450d-aed4-19998017229a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://relatewithkatypark.com/the-to-choose-to-either-endure-the-abuse/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00247.warc.gz	en	0.983429	1,715	3.53125	4	[ 0.01664033718407154, 0.30828532576560974, -0.24456997215747833, -0.04393695294857025, 0.06352977454662323, 0.23178555071353912, 0.07115838676691055, 0.020835265517234802, 0.6048049926757812, 0.24214568734169006, 0.10889124870300293, 0.2904506027698517, 0.27489838004112244, 0.24544562399387...	1	“The North American ideal of a happy marriage based on enduring romantic love is tarnished by the reality that marriage can be dangerous, especially for women.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). The victims of this violence are mostly the women in the relationship. Violence against women was considered a norm in the past because it was a patriarchal society, where men held more power inside the household and outside. Early in the 20th century, women who wanted to leave the abusive marriage were forced to choose to either endure the abuse or to lose their children and have no support, this was because it was deemed acceptable for men to treat women as their property. This was the perfect epitome, of inequality between the two genders. In the past men were protected by the judicial system. Even after spousal violence was a ground for a divorce, it was near impossible to prove, as the justice system also demonstrated a patriarchal system. Abuse does not only impact the spouses but the people around them as well like their children. The patriarchal system is seen through the intergenerational cycle of violence that continues throughout generations as abuse toward the child or the child witnessing violence against their mothers leaves a psychological impact on them, where they think it is a norm. “Feminists explain that most violence is perpetrated by men, women are most at risk of violence from their intimate partners, and the violence is tolerated by a patriarchal society.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). The reality is that spousal abuse is still not given enough attention. The common system of patriarchy is still today seen through spousal abuse, as men need the sense of power and control that they don’t have outside of the household. It is an epidemic that is never-ending. Spousal abuse portrays the inequality between the two genders, and represents patriarchal society norms, and directly affects the growth of a child in the negative environment.Historical aspect shapes society’s view on abuse, which represents the inequality between males and females. Women are more vulnerable to abuse because in the past women and children were mere property to men. Society was run by a patriarchal system where men held more power and control, and where women had none. “Hitting a wife or a child was considered acceptable, even necessary, discipline in the past. The expression “rule of the thumb” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Abuse of the female gender was something that was normal and wasn’t prosecuted. “Early in the 20th century, women who left their husbands to avoid cruelty or violence were guilty of desertion. As a result, they lost custody of their children and were entitled to no support.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Women were forced to choose to either endure the abuse or to lose their children and have no support, this was because it was deemed acceptable for men to treat women as their property. This was the perfect epitome, of inequality between the two genders. According to the Canadian women’s timeline, for the majority of the 1900’s abuse towards women was laughed upon and treated as a joke, and was first given national attention in 1982. “MP laughed at in the House of Commons” when the issue about spousal abuse toward women was brought up.” Before this woman were ignored or “put in an “insane asylum” because she claimed her husband abused her”.( Violence Against Women: A Global and Canadian Issue class article). Abuse is not a new issue but is still treated as if it doesn’t exist. I understand that a lot of women who have been trying to speak out about these issues, today and yesterday and for years and years, often get shouted down for their efforts. Abuse affects not only the individuals that experience the abuse psychologically but also the people that witness the violence. Abuse is more common in families where the people within the family had grown up in an atmosphere or environment where they have witnessed violence between the elders in the home, or towards them. “One in ten Canadians (10%) stated that, before age 15, they had witnessed violence by a parent or guardian against another adult in the home. The majority of child witnesses—7 in 10 (70%)—also reported having been the victim of childhood physical and/or sexual assault. Those who witnessed parental violence were more likely to have suffered the most severe forms of physical abuse.” (Statistics Canada, 2017). Victims of spousal abuse are usually people who have been abused or witnessed abuse as a child. According to the data on the graph, it is seen that the victims who had witnessed violence by a parent or guardian against another adult, are more prevalent to be a victim of abuse in the future. These stats also support a theory of the notion that abuse is passed on through generations. “The intergenerational cycle of violence supports the idea that violence is learned. Individuals who experienced violence, or abuse as a child, or who observed the assault or abuse of their mothers, are more likely to become the victim or perpetrators of violence in their intimate relationships.” (Holloway, Holloway, Witte, P. 263, 2010). Those children either grow up to think that they deserve the abuse, which leads them to be victims, or that they need that power that they didn’t have as a child to stop the abuse, and then become the perpetrator. This is the continuation of the violence that appears to be unstoppable.Societies view and perspective on spousal abuse towards women still follow the pathway of the past. Due to the rate of prevalence of spousal abuse towards women, it is seen as a norm. “According to the 2014 GSS, one-quarter of spousal violence victims reported having been sexually assaulted, beaten, choked, or threatened with a gun or a knife. Women (34%) were twice as likely to report having experienced this most severe form of violence than men (16%).” (Statistics Canada, 2016). These statistics support that women are more prevalent of being the victim in an abusive intimate relationship, as it is reported more by female victims. The problem is that the perpetrators are not being prosecuted or convicted of the crime. “YWCA Canada estimates that for every 1,000 cases of sexual assault against women only 33 are reported. Of those cases, they say only six are prosecuted and only three earn convictions.” (Akman, 2016). The rate of reported cases in Canada is declining, however, according to “women’s support groups say family violence is often ignored because it goes on behind closed doors.” (Akman, 2016). The declining rate of reporting doesn’t indicate the spousal abuse is not happening, it’s just not being reported, this is much like in the past when women were the ones that were being blamed. The gender inequality is still seen today. “Those of us who work in the domestic and sexual violence field know that victim-blaming is pervasive in this realm, which is to say, blaming the person to whom something was done rather than the person who did it…Our whole cognitive structure is set up to ask questions about women and women’s choices and what they’re doing, thinking, wearing.” (Katz, 2012). Victim blaming can be traced down to the past, it is a coping mechanism for society to make excuses for the reality, and take the easier route, on completely ignoring the perpetrator. Other factors that trace back to the past is the gender discrimination against women. According to the judicial system, the punishment for the same crime should have a different level and degree of punishment, based on the gender of the perpetrator. Sexual assault “against a man is classified as a felony under Section 353 (attracting a punishment of three years’ imprisonment), indecent assault of a woman or a girl is classified as a misdemeanor, under section 360 (attracting a lesser punishment of two years’ imprisonment).” (Van Hout, 2017). This demonstrates that males are still given more importance in the eye of the law, and that gender inequality is still seen today.	1,745	ENGLISH	1
Between 1920 and 1922 there was a non-cooperation movement that was organized by the Indians against the British rule. These were the Indians trying to struggle for their freedom; Mahatma Gandhi was led this movement that was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was focused on resisting the British from occupying India (Partha 34). It was based on non-violent means to achieve its goal. This movement meant that Indians would refuse trading with the British. The Indians would adopt local cultures and ignore the British cultures imposed on them and more importantly uphold the Indian values of honor and integrity (Partha 35). The movement became more powerful in the 1920s and there was fear that the movement would bring popular violence. There were some significant values that led to the movement which were colonial oppression, economic hardships to the citizens of India (Partha 45). This was due to large amounts of Indian wealth that was being exported. Another issue was undermining the Indian industries that manufactured basic goods such as clothing. This was brought about by the British factories that made goods replacing the handmade goods. The movement also had an issue with the Indian soldiers that died during the World War 1 while fighting for the British Army and the Indians were not involved in the war (Partha 50). The British never took the movement seriously since there were some political leaders namely Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Bal Gangadhar who carried out public meetings and filed petitions but never ended up in obstruction or disorder of any government services hence the British did not see any dangers in that and made them to take the movement lightly (Chandavarkar 61). The non-cooperation movement sought to finish the British power structure and economic strength. They wanted to push for peoples demands and ensure changes were seen. Some revolutionaries like Bhagat for example supported the movement but they were dissatisfied by the dismissal of the movement by Gandhi and this negatively affected the movement into failing to be taken seriously (Chandavarkar 65). Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru were the revolutionaries who assisted India during the revolution. At a meeting of unarmed Indian civilians held by Jallianwala Bagh the soldiers under the British command fired upon them hence over powering them making it impossible to go against the British rule. To make matters worse the only exit had been blocked making it impossible to escape. The attack resulted to 370 protestors being killed and more than a 1000 left injured (Chandavarkar 102). The movement was also faced with a challenge when they encouraged other Indians to stop attending the Raj-sponsored schools. They mobilized people and urged them to quit the military, the civil service and the police service. Lawyers were to boycott Raj’s court. People were encouraged to boycott goods manufactured in Britain and imported to India and the Public transport, especially clothing was boycotted. These made many of the veterans like Mohammed Ali Jinnah to oppose the movement hence giving it a challenge to win against the British (Chandavarkar 110). Gandhi had started the movement as non-violent but in 1922 there was violence between the protesters and the police in which 3 protesters were killed by the police firing at them (Amin 21). This resulted in a mob killing 22 police by setting their station on fire. This incident led to a public appeal by Gandhiji for people to end the protests. He was arrested March 18, 1922 and accused of publishing seditious materials. Between 1930 and 1934 the civil disobedience movement was introduced that was aiming at violating the law. Indians had this time made up their minds to get full independence (Amin 23). Millions of Indians joined the salt Satyagraha which made Indians be known worldwide for its movement without violence. The movement succeeded against the British and the Indian demands were met (Amin 30). Amin, Shahid. Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-2. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921. Print. Chandavarkar, Raju. Indian Nationalism and Popular Protests. London: McGraw Hill, 1946. Print Partha, Chatterjee. The Nation and its Fragments. New Delhi: Raja Publishers ,1993. Print.	<urn:uuid:583bed65-4f54-42c3-8d0c-bfb1f1257603>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ivypanda.com/essays/movement-against-the-british-rule-in-india/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00532.warc.gz	en	0.983213	873	3.953125	4	[ -0.17298530042171478, 0.1141064316034317, 0.03465145826339722, -0.06596377491950989, -0.4413593113422394, -0.1502077430486679, -0.05268155410885811, 0.11182376742362976, 0.031093480065464973, -0.20647360384464264, 0.3778873085975647, -0.27007749676704407, 0.3633340001106262, 0.117651857435...	2	Between 1920 and 1922 there was a non-cooperation movement that was organized by the Indians against the British rule. These were the Indians trying to struggle for their freedom; Mahatma Gandhi was led this movement that was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was focused on resisting the British from occupying India (Partha 34). It was based on non-violent means to achieve its goal. This movement meant that Indians would refuse trading with the British. The Indians would adopt local cultures and ignore the British cultures imposed on them and more importantly uphold the Indian values of honor and integrity (Partha 35). The movement became more powerful in the 1920s and there was fear that the movement would bring popular violence. There were some significant values that led to the movement which were colonial oppression, economic hardships to the citizens of India (Partha 45). This was due to large amounts of Indian wealth that was being exported. Another issue was undermining the Indian industries that manufactured basic goods such as clothing. This was brought about by the British factories that made goods replacing the handmade goods. The movement also had an issue with the Indian soldiers that died during the World War 1 while fighting for the British Army and the Indians were not involved in the war (Partha 50). The British never took the movement seriously since there were some political leaders namely Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Bal Gangadhar who carried out public meetings and filed petitions but never ended up in obstruction or disorder of any government services hence the British did not see any dangers in that and made them to take the movement lightly (Chandavarkar 61). The non-cooperation movement sought to finish the British power structure and economic strength. They wanted to push for peoples demands and ensure changes were seen. Some revolutionaries like Bhagat for example supported the movement but they were dissatisfied by the dismissal of the movement by Gandhi and this negatively affected the movement into failing to be taken seriously (Chandavarkar 65). Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru were the revolutionaries who assisted India during the revolution. At a meeting of unarmed Indian civilians held by Jallianwala Bagh the soldiers under the British command fired upon them hence over powering them making it impossible to go against the British rule. To make matters worse the only exit had been blocked making it impossible to escape. The attack resulted to 370 protestors being killed and more than a 1000 left injured (Chandavarkar 102). The movement was also faced with a challenge when they encouraged other Indians to stop attending the Raj-sponsored schools. They mobilized people and urged them to quit the military, the civil service and the police service. Lawyers were to boycott Raj’s court. People were encouraged to boycott goods manufactured in Britain and imported to India and the Public transport, especially clothing was boycotted. These made many of the veterans like Mohammed Ali Jinnah to oppose the movement hence giving it a challenge to win against the British (Chandavarkar 110). Gandhi had started the movement as non-violent but in 1922 there was violence between the protesters and the police in which 3 protesters were killed by the police firing at them (Amin 21). This resulted in a mob killing 22 police by setting their station on fire. This incident led to a public appeal by Gandhiji for people to end the protests. He was arrested March 18, 1922 and accused of publishing seditious materials. Between 1930 and 1934 the civil disobedience movement was introduced that was aiming at violating the law. Indians had this time made up their minds to get full independence (Amin 23). Millions of Indians joined the salt Satyagraha which made Indians be known worldwide for its movement without violence. The movement succeeded against the British and the Indian demands were met (Amin 30). Amin, Shahid. Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-2. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921. Print. Chandavarkar, Raju. Indian Nationalism and Popular Protests. London: McGraw Hill, 1946. Print Partha, Chatterjee. The Nation and its Fragments. New Delhi: Raja Publishers ,1993. Print.	937	ENGLISH	1
For the latest instalment on our lost cities theme I will be writing about the history of Petra. Petra is a historical city located in modern day Jordan, which is renowned for its archaeological heritage and now popular for tourists. It was designated as a UNESCO world heritage cite in 1985. It was originally known as Ramqu. The area was thought to have been inhabited appropriately in the year as early as 9000BC. Petra was likely established in the 4th or 5th century BCE and is largely attributed to a nomadic Arab tribe, the Nabataeans. The Nabataeans settled the area as a prime trading route, particularly the spice trade, to buy and sell goods between the Mediterranean continent and Asia. This is where caravans of people would cross. Trade was relatively successful for the Nabataean inhabitants, until over time nautical trading routes proved more popular. Petra gained some attention from outsiders, notably the Greeks and Romans. One of the first written accounts of Petra was documented by Greek historians. King Antigonus I a Macedonian ruler planned an invasion in 312 BC. The site’s population grew to approximately 10,000-30,000 inhabitants. The Nabataeans were prevailed in attempts to takeover their land. They knew the terrain very well and how best to defend it from outsiders, that was until the Romans invaded in 106CE. Petra, henceforth was incorporated into the Roman Empire as a province.Trade was still customary in those parts, particularly the spice trade. However, over time this particular route steadily declined in popularity. What’s more in 363AD Petra suffered a terrible earthquake which significantly damaged the area. This halted further developments to the area in terms of commerce and population increase. Another earthquake would follow in 551.AD During the Byzantine era Petra contained a number of Christian churches In the 7th century AD Petra was seized by neighbouring Muslims in Arabia. This was a significant time for the spread of Islam and its influence as Arabia was was unified by the prophet Muhammed in 622AD. During the Byzantine era Petra contained a number of Christian churches as the old city was the capital of the Byzantine province, Palaestina III and as a result was a part of the Byzantine empire sandwiching the Mediterranean to the Levant. These churches were excavated at the site and attributed to the Byzantines. Later in the 12th century the was evidence to suggest the area was an outpost of the Crusades, military campaigns from Christian Europe to the Islamic territories in response to their rapid spread. From then there are no accounts from the West about the Petra. However, that is not to say the area was unknown territory completely. Outside of the western world there are accounts during the end of 13th century that Petra was often visited by Egyptian sultans who were interested in the sandstone formations. Nevertheless, there are little to no accounts after this, that is not to say non eurocentric accounts. Nomadic tribes continued to live in the area. Moving forward to the 19th century, The ‘discovery’ of Petra was attributed to a Swiss traveller by the name of Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. He was the first European to describe the sandstone structures. The remnants of tombs and structures at Petra were visualised by David Roberts, a Scotsman who painted them in 1839. Unfortunately over time the site of Petra was highly vulnerable, its structures were weak and this attracted the attention of thieves hoping to amass its treasures. Petra was surveyed and excavated properly in 1922 by archaeologists along with help from a Physician, expert in local folklore and a scholar. A number of scrolls written in Greek were found in the remains of a church, dated in the Byzantine era. These items were found 25 years ago in 1993. This discovery confirms Petra was not an isolated domain despite its land locked location. It shows other ethnic groups were interested in the area and remained for a time. In the early twentieth century Petra was a focal point in the Arab-Ottoman conflict. In October 1917 during the First World War to intercept the Ottoman forces resources from the British advancement in Gaza, regarding the Sinai and Palestine campaign between the British and the Ottomans. The Arabs led a revolt from Petra against the Ottomans along with British support they managed to halt the Ottomans. Local Bedouin women also took part in the revolt. Nowadays Petra is waiting to be discovered by tourists and is considered to be one of the New Seven Wonders of the world up with the likes of Machu Picchu in Peru and The Taj Mahal in India.	<urn:uuid:c150bdc4-d2c3-488a-ac47-cb0d6d632023>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wuhstry.wordpress.com/2018/11/15/petra-the-lost-city/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00141.warc.gz	en	0.982969	941	3.5625	4	[ -0.06492263078689575, 0.28296059370040894, 0.3103424608707428, 0.37255942821502686, -0.14421424269676208, 0.19811135530471802, -0.03186811879277229, 0.34435832500457764, -0.0338110625743866, -0.07352928817272186, -0.052293576300144196, -0.4472900629043579, 0.3205506205558777, 0.31881338357...	4	For the latest instalment on our lost cities theme I will be writing about the history of Petra. Petra is a historical city located in modern day Jordan, which is renowned for its archaeological heritage and now popular for tourists. It was designated as a UNESCO world heritage cite in 1985. It was originally known as Ramqu. The area was thought to have been inhabited appropriately in the year as early as 9000BC. Petra was likely established in the 4th or 5th century BCE and is largely attributed to a nomadic Arab tribe, the Nabataeans. The Nabataeans settled the area as a prime trading route, particularly the spice trade, to buy and sell goods between the Mediterranean continent and Asia. This is where caravans of people would cross. Trade was relatively successful for the Nabataean inhabitants, until over time nautical trading routes proved more popular. Petra gained some attention from outsiders, notably the Greeks and Romans. One of the first written accounts of Petra was documented by Greek historians. King Antigonus I a Macedonian ruler planned an invasion in 312 BC. The site’s population grew to approximately 10,000-30,000 inhabitants. The Nabataeans were prevailed in attempts to takeover their land. They knew the terrain very well and how best to defend it from outsiders, that was until the Romans invaded in 106CE. Petra, henceforth was incorporated into the Roman Empire as a province.Trade was still customary in those parts, particularly the spice trade. However, over time this particular route steadily declined in popularity. What’s more in 363AD Petra suffered a terrible earthquake which significantly damaged the area. This halted further developments to the area in terms of commerce and population increase. Another earthquake would follow in 551.AD During the Byzantine era Petra contained a number of Christian churches In the 7th century AD Petra was seized by neighbouring Muslims in Arabia. This was a significant time for the spread of Islam and its influence as Arabia was was unified by the prophet Muhammed in 622AD. During the Byzantine era Petra contained a number of Christian churches as the old city was the capital of the Byzantine province, Palaestina III and as a result was a part of the Byzantine empire sandwiching the Mediterranean to the Levant. These churches were excavated at the site and attributed to the Byzantines. Later in the 12th century the was evidence to suggest the area was an outpost of the Crusades, military campaigns from Christian Europe to the Islamic territories in response to their rapid spread. From then there are no accounts from the West about the Petra. However, that is not to say the area was unknown territory completely. Outside of the western world there are accounts during the end of 13th century that Petra was often visited by Egyptian sultans who were interested in the sandstone formations. Nevertheless, there are little to no accounts after this, that is not to say non eurocentric accounts. Nomadic tribes continued to live in the area. Moving forward to the 19th century, The ‘discovery’ of Petra was attributed to a Swiss traveller by the name of Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. He was the first European to describe the sandstone structures. The remnants of tombs and structures at Petra were visualised by David Roberts, a Scotsman who painted them in 1839. Unfortunately over time the site of Petra was highly vulnerable, its structures were weak and this attracted the attention of thieves hoping to amass its treasures. Petra was surveyed and excavated properly in 1922 by archaeologists along with help from a Physician, expert in local folklore and a scholar. A number of scrolls written in Greek were found in the remains of a church, dated in the Byzantine era. These items were found 25 years ago in 1993. This discovery confirms Petra was not an isolated domain despite its land locked location. It shows other ethnic groups were interested in the area and remained for a time. In the early twentieth century Petra was a focal point in the Arab-Ottoman conflict. In October 1917 during the First World War to intercept the Ottoman forces resources from the British advancement in Gaza, regarding the Sinai and Palestine campaign between the British and the Ottomans. The Arabs led a revolt from Petra against the Ottomans along with British support they managed to halt the Ottomans. Local Bedouin women also took part in the revolt. Nowadays Petra is waiting to be discovered by tourists and is considered to be one of the New Seven Wonders of the world up with the likes of Machu Picchu in Peru and The Taj Mahal in India.	991	ENGLISH	1
January 1st-31st: We are open and on a regular Off-season schedule! Happy New Year!Learn More > Thomas Young, born in 1731, was a family physician of John Adams and also one of the most enthusiastic and radical leaders of the patriots. He was actively involved in all major revolutionary activities in Boston between 1766 and 1774, except … the Boston Tea Party. His inclusion in the most commonly used lists of participants is arguably an error. According to a report by a British government informant that described what was happening at the Old South Meeting House during the time when the destruction of tea occurred, Mr. Young was addressing the crowd with a speech about the medicinal risks of drinking tea. It is likely that this speech was a distraction meant to help the Tea Party organizers by keeping the crowd in the Meeting House while the tea was being destroyed. So even though Mr. Young did not empty the tea chests himself, he is considered to be one of the active organizers of the Boston Tea Party. Despite his role in the American Revolution, participation in the Continental Congress, and the political work after the revolution, Mr. Young’s place in history books is less prominent. Perhaps one of the reasons is that he was not a native of Massachusetts and only arrived to Boston in 1765 after the Stamp Act protests, or because his religious views did not match his fellow patriots views of the time. In 1774, he left Boston in fear that his family would be targeted by British soldiers. Mr. Young was not an atheist as some sources indicate, but a deist, a person whose worldview embraces a philosophy of natural religion, denying interference by a Creator with the laws of the universe. He was one of the close associates of Samuel Adams. Adams, himself a deeply religious man, nevertheless defended Young’s right unorthodox opinions and stated that it was Young’s politics, not his religious opinions, that mattered. Young was known to pursue his ideas with great optimism and enthusiasm. One of such ideas was that legislatures should meet in buildings like theaters so popular audiences could give them immediate feedback on their decisions. Young was involved in the post revolution nation building and successfully suggested names for several. He died in England with his family in 1777.	<urn:uuid:56f98f73-ef34-4567-a16a-63475308d74b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/thomas-young	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00485.warc.gz	en	0.986402	458	3.265625	3	[ 0.13087664544582367, 0.15509893000125885, 0.12602746486663818, -0.35843369364738464, -0.2514384984970093, 0.19709868729114532, 0.19879235327243805, 0.16931404173374176, -0.10413999110460281, -0.32121148705482483, 0.30022743344306946, 0.17804914712905884, 0.15139208734035492, 0.227102816104...	1	January 1st-31st: We are open and on a regular Off-season schedule! Happy New Year!Learn More > Thomas Young, born in 1731, was a family physician of John Adams and also one of the most enthusiastic and radical leaders of the patriots. He was actively involved in all major revolutionary activities in Boston between 1766 and 1774, except … the Boston Tea Party. His inclusion in the most commonly used lists of participants is arguably an error. According to a report by a British government informant that described what was happening at the Old South Meeting House during the time when the destruction of tea occurred, Mr. Young was addressing the crowd with a speech about the medicinal risks of drinking tea. It is likely that this speech was a distraction meant to help the Tea Party organizers by keeping the crowd in the Meeting House while the tea was being destroyed. So even though Mr. Young did not empty the tea chests himself, he is considered to be one of the active organizers of the Boston Tea Party. Despite his role in the American Revolution, participation in the Continental Congress, and the political work after the revolution, Mr. Young’s place in history books is less prominent. Perhaps one of the reasons is that he was not a native of Massachusetts and only arrived to Boston in 1765 after the Stamp Act protests, or because his religious views did not match his fellow patriots views of the time. In 1774, he left Boston in fear that his family would be targeted by British soldiers. Mr. Young was not an atheist as some sources indicate, but a deist, a person whose worldview embraces a philosophy of natural religion, denying interference by a Creator with the laws of the universe. He was one of the close associates of Samuel Adams. Adams, himself a deeply religious man, nevertheless defended Young’s right unorthodox opinions and stated that it was Young’s politics, not his religious opinions, that mattered. Young was known to pursue his ideas with great optimism and enthusiasm. One of such ideas was that legislatures should meet in buildings like theaters so popular audiences could give them immediate feedback on their decisions. Young was involved in the post revolution nation building and successfully suggested names for several. He died in England with his family in 1777.	473	ENGLISH	1
How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay How important was the role of the leader in the rise to power of the Nazis in Germany On the 30th January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Hitler came to power as the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party. In the July election of 1932 the Nazis received the highest vote ever achieved by any party in Weimar History with 13. 7 million votes. This is a crucial point in history as it was Hitler who led the world into World War II which resulted in the death of 60 million people. Many questions are asked as to how such a man could legitimately come to power and create a totalitarian dictatorship in a modern country such as Germany. One popular reason for Hitler coming to power is the role he played himself and the widespread appeal for the Nazis. Historian Feuchtwanger says: ‘’The personality of the Fuhrer became a significant historical factor. He had a combination of demagogic gifts and political instinct. ’’ Many believe it was the decreasing support for the Weimar Republic, which led to its collapse, helped Hitler take power. Historian Ardagh backs this up by saying ‘’Gloom was such that already by the mid 1920s many Germans were losing faith in the very principle of parliamentary democracy; this was above all he cancer that killed Weimar… A growing number of politicians… came to feel that democracy was unworkable’’. The third reason commonly believed to have played a major role in the Nazis coming to power is the Miscalculation of the Conservative Elites. Historian Salmon is a believer of this as he said: ‘’Nazism came to power as a result of a miscalculation by the conservative politicians and the military after a large number, but by no means a majority, of the electorate had put it in a position to contend for power. ’’ However, clearly the most important reason that allowed the Nazis to rise to power was the Weimar’s failure to deal with Germany’s economic problems which led to the Great Depression. Historian Holtfrerich rightly said ‘’The Nazi rise to power was essentially linked to the Great Depression which was a world-wide phenomenon and had little to do with the domestic conflict. ’ Hitler held fantastic election campaigns with his remarkable ability to sense the mood of the crowd in front of him and appeal to them. Not only did he inspire the people of Germany, he also inspired his fellow Nazis. During Nazi election campaigns huge Nazi rallies would take place in cities such as Berlin. Patriotic music would play as the SA paraded the streets in smart brown uniforms sporting swastikas. This gave the image of class and authority to those watching. Hitler would travel by aeroplane all over Germany to hold election meetings in what was known as Hitler uber Deutschland (Hitler Over Germany). This was something no other politician had done. The ‘’Whistle Stop’’ campaign showed Hitler was up to date with the latest technology and was going to lead Germany into the future. It also meant he was able to gain support and votes from areas in Germany that had very little or no Nazi influence at all. The Nazi party had a widespread appeal as they promised to benefit all areas of society not just one. They promised the workers jobs and a fairer share of the national wealth. They promised the middle classes a strong government and improvements to the economy and promised to alleviate any other problems in society. This gave them an advantage straight away as their opponents, the Communists, only appealed to one area of society. The Nazi party were also very effective at using propaganda. This job was delegated to Dr Josef Goebbels who famously said, ‘’If you tell a lie, tell a big lie and tell it often. People will believe you. ’’ This clearly shows that despite promising all they had to society, a lot of it may have been unrealistic to achieve and only promised to gain support. The Nazis were also adamant that they would destroy communism and this gained them support as many Germans hated communism. In 1932 the Nazis received an astonishing 13. 7 million votes (33. 7%). This was more votes than any party had received in Weimar history. However not many of their polices had changed from 1928 when they only got 2. 6% of the votes. This shows that the Great Depression clearly had a bigger impact on the Nazis rise to power. Although Hitler was visibly a good leader, people clearly felt they had no choice but to turn to the Nazis as a result of desperation caused by the weak attempt by the Weimar Republic to run Germany. Many historians argue that the failure of the Weimar government was the main reason for Hitler rising to power. Historian Ardagh says that “A growing number of politicians came to feel that democracy was unworkable”. The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems, even from when it was established in 1918. The first problem was that they started by accepting defeat in the First World War after signing the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler circulated that rumours that the ‘’November Criminals’’ had stabbed Germany in the back by signing the treaty, this is known as the Dolschstosslegende. This was effective for the Nazi party as it instantly turned the German population against the Weimar. The Weimar’s constitution was another problem they suffered from. The use of proportional representation in elections meant that they were unable to build a strong government, only unstable coalitions and elections had to be held frequently. Democracy was beginning to get a bad image from this and people began to crave a strong leader to assert some authority in Germany once again. Another problem with the Weimar was that both left and right winged extremist groups were completely against them. This was on top of them not having support from either the army or the judiciary. This meant that they were left with very little support whatsoever and really had no hope. In January 1919 the Spartacists revolted. The army silenced this revolt with brutality. However, when there was a right-wing revolt in 1920 the army refused to act on it. General Von Seeckt claimed ‘’Troops do not fire on troops’’. It was not just the army that favourited right-winged politics, the Judiciary was also against the communists. On average a left wing terrorist got fifteen years in prison for crimes of murder compared to the four weeks a right wing terrorist received. Another problem was the Weimar’s failure to deal with the problem caused by inflation spiralling out of control in 1923. In 1924 a postage stamp was sold for more than a Berlin villa had in 1890. The lack of improvement to the economy was making the government increasingly unpopular. Eventually the problem was solved in 1924 by Gustav Stressemann who was a leading figure in German politics until 1929. This period is often referred to as the ‘’Golden Years’’ as it saw some good brought back to Germany as unemployment dropped and the economy grew. However it is argued that this was because of multiple American loans which were agreed in the Dawes Plan. This may have periodically boosted the economy and morale in Germany but when the New York stock exchange crashed in 1929 the world went into recession which sparked the Great Depression. By 1932 unemployment reached six million and in desperation turned either to the Nazis or the Communists. This is clearly shown by the fact that in 1928 the Nazis only received 2. 6% of the votes but that figure grew to 37. 4% just four years later and 100,000 new members joined the Nazi party. Therefore the failure of the Weimar, especially the economic failure, is the more important than Hitler’s role in the Nazis rise to power. This is something commonly believed by historians as Holtfrerich said ‘’The Nazi rise to power was essentially linked to the Great Depression which was a world-wide phenomenon and had little to do with the domestic conflict. ’’ Some Historians, such as Salmon, believe that the miscalculation of the conservative elites was the most important for the Nazis success. He explains that ‘’Nazism came to power as a result of a miscalculation by the conservative politicians and the military after a large number, but by no means a majority, of the electorate had put it in a position to contend for power. ’ In the July 1932 elections the Nazi party received 33. 7% of the vote, which equalled 230 seats in the Reichstag. Following this success Von Schleicher and Von Papen offered Hitler the position of Vice Chancellor in a coalition government. Hitler rejected the offer as he wanted to be chancellor and more Nazi Cabinet positions. This meant that a new election would have to take place. In the November elections of that year the Nazi vote dropped to 33. 1%, however Hitler was still offered the position of Chancellor with two Nazis in cabinet. As Hitler was leader of the largest party in Germany, the conservative elites needed him in order to form a government because he had received the most votes. Von Papen who was vice Chancellor said “we’ve hired him for our act”. Even though this clearly did benefit the Nazis rise to power, none of it would have happened had the Weimar Republic managed to stabilise itself and gained support from the German people. Therefore the miscalculation of the conservative elites is not, like the role of Hitler, as important as the failure of the Weimar Republic. In conclusion if it hadn’t been for the failure of the Weimar Republic Hitler would have had no chance in becoming Chancellor of Germany. Before the economy crashed the Nazis could not manage more than 2. 6% of the vote but the great depression, caused by the Weimar’s inability to deal with the economic problems, forced people to turn to either the Nazis or the Communists. Historian Laffan said ‘’the National Socialists came to power more because of their enemies’ weakness and failures than because of their own strengths. ’’ Although this was the stand out reason for the Nazis coming o power Hitler played a vital role in leading the party to success as well. He was an inspirational leader and without him it is argued that the Nazis may not have been so well supported. Historian Feuchtwanger says: ‘’The personality of the Fuhrer became a significant historical factor. He had a combination of demagogic gifts and political instinct. ’’ Although the collapse of the Weimar was the most important role in the Nazis coming to power, without Hitler it may have been the communists that people turned to in times of desperate need, not the Nazis. Cite this How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay. (2016, Oct 26). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/how-important-was-the-role-of-hitler-in-the-rise-to-power-of-the-nazis/	<urn:uuid:678aec8b-fce1-4ad1-bc38-c9e654b4d848>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://graduateway.com/how-important-was-the-role-of-hitler-in-the-rise-to-power-of-the-nazis/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00030.warc.gz	en	0.986251	2,332	3.359375	3	[ -0.4186522364616394, 0.7507259845733643, -0.024112820625305176, -0.3413735032081604, -0.11308842152357101, 0.5395604968070984, 0.3604739308357239, 0.17544369399547577, -0.10144643485546112, -0.21066690981388092, 0.0932893306016922, -0.11940635740756989, 0.08824463188648224, 0.1940638720989...	1	How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay How important was the role of the leader in the rise to power of the Nazis in Germany On the 30th January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Hitler came to power as the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party. In the July election of 1932 the Nazis received the highest vote ever achieved by any party in Weimar History with 13. 7 million votes. This is a crucial point in history as it was Hitler who led the world into World War II which resulted in the death of 60 million people. Many questions are asked as to how such a man could legitimately come to power and create a totalitarian dictatorship in a modern country such as Germany. One popular reason for Hitler coming to power is the role he played himself and the widespread appeal for the Nazis. Historian Feuchtwanger says: ‘’The personality of the Fuhrer became a significant historical factor. He had a combination of demagogic gifts and political instinct. ’’ Many believe it was the decreasing support for the Weimar Republic, which led to its collapse, helped Hitler take power. Historian Ardagh backs this up by saying ‘’Gloom was such that already by the mid 1920s many Germans were losing faith in the very principle of parliamentary democracy; this was above all he cancer that killed Weimar… A growing number of politicians… came to feel that democracy was unworkable’’. The third reason commonly believed to have played a major role in the Nazis coming to power is the Miscalculation of the Conservative Elites. Historian Salmon is a believer of this as he said: ‘’Nazism came to power as a result of a miscalculation by the conservative politicians and the military after a large number, but by no means a majority, of the electorate had put it in a position to contend for power. ’’ However, clearly the most important reason that allowed the Nazis to rise to power was the Weimar’s failure to deal with Germany’s economic problems which led to the Great Depression. Historian Holtfrerich rightly said ‘’The Nazi rise to power was essentially linked to the Great Depression which was a world-wide phenomenon and had little to do with the domestic conflict. ’ Hitler held fantastic election campaigns with his remarkable ability to sense the mood of the crowd in front of him and appeal to them. Not only did he inspire the people of Germany, he also inspired his fellow Nazis. During Nazi election campaigns huge Nazi rallies would take place in cities such as Berlin. Patriotic music would play as the SA paraded the streets in smart brown uniforms sporting swastikas. This gave the image of class and authority to those watching. Hitler would travel by aeroplane all over Germany to hold election meetings in what was known as Hitler uber Deutschland (Hitler Over Germany). This was something no other politician had done. The ‘’Whistle Stop’’ campaign showed Hitler was up to date with the latest technology and was going to lead Germany into the future. It also meant he was able to gain support and votes from areas in Germany that had very little or no Nazi influence at all. The Nazi party had a widespread appeal as they promised to benefit all areas of society not just one. They promised the workers jobs and a fairer share of the national wealth. They promised the middle classes a strong government and improvements to the economy and promised to alleviate any other problems in society. This gave them an advantage straight away as their opponents, the Communists, only appealed to one area of society. The Nazi party were also very effective at using propaganda. This job was delegated to Dr Josef Goebbels who famously said, ‘’If you tell a lie, tell a big lie and tell it often. People will believe you. ’’ This clearly shows that despite promising all they had to society, a lot of it may have been unrealistic to achieve and only promised to gain support. The Nazis were also adamant that they would destroy communism and this gained them support as many Germans hated communism. In 1932 the Nazis received an astonishing 13. 7 million votes (33. 7%). This was more votes than any party had received in Weimar history. However not many of their polices had changed from 1928 when they only got 2. 6% of the votes. This shows that the Great Depression clearly had a bigger impact on the Nazis rise to power. Although Hitler was visibly a good leader, people clearly felt they had no choice but to turn to the Nazis as a result of desperation caused by the weak attempt by the Weimar Republic to run Germany. Many historians argue that the failure of the Weimar government was the main reason for Hitler rising to power. Historian Ardagh says that “A growing number of politicians came to feel that democracy was unworkable”. The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems, even from when it was established in 1918. The first problem was that they started by accepting defeat in the First World War after signing the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler circulated that rumours that the ‘’November Criminals’’ had stabbed Germany in the back by signing the treaty, this is known as the Dolschstosslegende. This was effective for the Nazi party as it instantly turned the German population against the Weimar. The Weimar’s constitution was another problem they suffered from. The use of proportional representation in elections meant that they were unable to build a strong government, only unstable coalitions and elections had to be held frequently. Democracy was beginning to get a bad image from this and people began to crave a strong leader to assert some authority in Germany once again. Another problem with the Weimar was that both left and right winged extremist groups were completely against them. This was on top of them not having support from either the army or the judiciary. This meant that they were left with very little support whatsoever and really had no hope. In January 1919 the Spartacists revolted. The army silenced this revolt with brutality. However, when there was a right-wing revolt in 1920 the army refused to act on it. General Von Seeckt claimed ‘’Troops do not fire on troops’’. It was not just the army that favourited right-winged politics, the Judiciary was also against the communists. On average a left wing terrorist got fifteen years in prison for crimes of murder compared to the four weeks a right wing terrorist received. Another problem was the Weimar’s failure to deal with the problem caused by inflation spiralling out of control in 1923. In 1924 a postage stamp was sold for more than a Berlin villa had in 1890. The lack of improvement to the economy was making the government increasingly unpopular. Eventually the problem was solved in 1924 by Gustav Stressemann who was a leading figure in German politics until 1929. This period is often referred to as the ‘’Golden Years’’ as it saw some good brought back to Germany as unemployment dropped and the economy grew. However it is argued that this was because of multiple American loans which were agreed in the Dawes Plan. This may have periodically boosted the economy and morale in Germany but when the New York stock exchange crashed in 1929 the world went into recession which sparked the Great Depression. By 1932 unemployment reached six million and in desperation turned either to the Nazis or the Communists. This is clearly shown by the fact that in 1928 the Nazis only received 2. 6% of the votes but that figure grew to 37. 4% just four years later and 100,000 new members joined the Nazi party. Therefore the failure of the Weimar, especially the economic failure, is the more important than Hitler’s role in the Nazis rise to power. This is something commonly believed by historians as Holtfrerich said ‘’The Nazi rise to power was essentially linked to the Great Depression which was a world-wide phenomenon and had little to do with the domestic conflict. ’’ Some Historians, such as Salmon, believe that the miscalculation of the conservative elites was the most important for the Nazis success. He explains that ‘’Nazism came to power as a result of a miscalculation by the conservative politicians and the military after a large number, but by no means a majority, of the electorate had put it in a position to contend for power. ’ In the July 1932 elections the Nazi party received 33. 7% of the vote, which equalled 230 seats in the Reichstag. Following this success Von Schleicher and Von Papen offered Hitler the position of Vice Chancellor in a coalition government. Hitler rejected the offer as he wanted to be chancellor and more Nazi Cabinet positions. This meant that a new election would have to take place. In the November elections of that year the Nazi vote dropped to 33. 1%, however Hitler was still offered the position of Chancellor with two Nazis in cabinet. As Hitler was leader of the largest party in Germany, the conservative elites needed him in order to form a government because he had received the most votes. Von Papen who was vice Chancellor said “we’ve hired him for our act”. Even though this clearly did benefit the Nazis rise to power, none of it would have happened had the Weimar Republic managed to stabilise itself and gained support from the German people. Therefore the miscalculation of the conservative elites is not, like the role of Hitler, as important as the failure of the Weimar Republic. In conclusion if it hadn’t been for the failure of the Weimar Republic Hitler would have had no chance in becoming Chancellor of Germany. Before the economy crashed the Nazis could not manage more than 2. 6% of the vote but the great depression, caused by the Weimar’s inability to deal with the economic problems, forced people to turn to either the Nazis or the Communists. Historian Laffan said ‘’the National Socialists came to power more because of their enemies’ weakness and failures than because of their own strengths. ’’ Although this was the stand out reason for the Nazis coming o power Hitler played a vital role in leading the party to success as well. He was an inspirational leader and without him it is argued that the Nazis may not have been so well supported. Historian Feuchtwanger says: ‘’The personality of the Fuhrer became a significant historical factor. He had a combination of demagogic gifts and political instinct. ’’ Although the collapse of the Weimar was the most important role in the Nazis coming to power, without Hitler it may have been the communists that people turned to in times of desperate need, not the Nazis. Cite this How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay How Important Was the Role of Hitler in the Rise to Power of the Nazis Essay. (2016, Oct 26). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/how-important-was-the-role-of-hitler-in-the-rise-to-power-of-the-nazis/	2,332	ENGLISH	1
Queens in the Middle Ages had a very specific role in the monarchy as well as in society in general. They were sometimes rulers in their own right, but often one of their most important duties was to act as a regent when their king was unable to rule, whether the king was sick or too young to make intelligent decisions. Duties of Queens in the Middle Ages Medieval Times were overshadowed by deceit and secrecy, and , as such, one of the main duties of a Queen in the Middle Ages was to help the King and other nobility find ways to spy on rivals, ignite conflicts or wars or simply spread important gossip throughout the land. Queens often helped the King strategize or analyzed the meaning behind others’ words and actions. Queens were among the King’s most trusted allies and confidants. This was because Queens were usually one of the only people, if not the sole person, that Kings spent time alone with. Queens in the Middle Ages were also in Kings’ inner circles of trusted fellows and advisers that served as a part of their entourage and accompanied them most everywhere. Another important duty of Queens in the Middle ages was to produce a male heir. The purpose of this was to secure her husband’s hold (as well as hers to an extent) on the throne and the empire. Queens were greatly pressured to produce a healthy male baby, especially if they were pregnant for the first time. Infertile Queens in the MiddleAges were shunned, divorced, or sometimes killed. Queens in the Middle Ages also lived as socialites and hostesses. Notable examples of this included Queen Eleanor of Provence and Queen Isabella of Angouleme. They are sometimes regarded as the first socialites of Europe. Socialite queens were responsible for the comfort and happiness of the guests at their many celebrations. They were also in charge of planning these celebrations, which included many feasts, balls and seasonal parties. Queens also accompanied the King to social functions in other kingdoms. Sometimes Queens in the Middle Ages served as regents if their king was absent or ill. Examples of this include Berengaria of Navarre, Blanche of Castile and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Queens in the Middle Ages were also considered regents if their sons or other male relatives were thought of as too young to be good Kings. However, it is believed that the Queen was still not the highest power figure if she had an appropriate male heir to rule the throne, no matter how young he was. Important Queens in the Middle Ages Aethelflaed- It is supposed that Aethelflaed lived from around the time of 873-918 in England. Aethelflaed was the Lady of the Mercians, and the daughter of Alfred the Great. Saint Adelaide- Adelaide lived in Italy from 931-999. She was a regent for her grandson, Otto III. Aelfthryth- Aelfthryth lived in England from 945-1000 and was the mother of King Ethelred II the Unready and Edward the Martyr. She was married to King Edgar the Peaceable. Aelfgifu- Aelfgifu lived in England from circa 985-1002. She was the first wife of King Ethelred the Unready. Her son, Edmund II Ironside, briefly ruled England during a time of transition. Eleanor of Aquitaine- Eleanor lived in France and England from 1122-1204. She was married twice and ruled both France and England at different times. She also had birthrights to other territories. In the twelfth century she was one of the most powerful women on Earth. Elanor, Queen of Castile- Eleanor lived from 1162-1204 and was the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was the mother of Enrique I of Castile, Berenguela, who served as regent for Enrique, Blanche, who later became the Queen of France, Urraca, who became Queen of Portugal, and Eleanor who had a brief period of rule as the Queen of Aragon. Berengaria of Navarre- Berengaria lived from circa 1165-1230. She was the queen consort of Richard the Lionhearted (Richard I of England). Though she was the Queen of England, Berengaria never actually lived in England or even visited the country. Berenguela of Castile- Berenguela lived from 1180-1246. She served as a regent to her brother Enrique I (Henry) of Castile until he died. She decided to give up her rights to the throne following Enrique’s death, instead passing them to her son Ferdinand. Isabella of France- Isabella lived from 1292-1358 in France and England. She was notorious for helping arrange the removal and murder of her husband Edward II. She then ruled with her lover while serving as a regent to her son. Later she was banished to a nunnery for her actions. Isabella I of Spain- Isabella lived in Spain from 1451-1504. As Queen of Castile and Aragon, she had equal power with her husband Ferdinand. Isabella is famous as the sponsor of Christopher Columbus’s expedition to the New World. Elizabeth of York- Elizabeth lived from 1466-1503 in England. She was married to Henry VII, and this marriage represented the beginning of the Tudor dynasty and the end of the wars of the roses. She was also the only woman to have been a sister, wife, mother, daughter, and niece to English Kings. Anne of Cleves- Anne of Cleves lived in England from 1515-1557. She was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. When she later agreed willingly to divorce, she was allowed a peaceful life of retirement in rural England. Elizabeth I of England- Elizabeth lived from 1533-1603 in England. She has been nicknamed the “Virgin Queen” or “Queen Bess.” She is one of the most famous and well-remembered British monarchs (male or female). Lady Jane Grey- Lady Jane Grey lived in England from 1537-1534. She is known as the eight-day Queen of England. Mary, Queen of Scots- Mary lived in France and Scotland from 1542-1587. She was briefly the Queen of France and was, for a time, a possible claimant to the British throne. She became Queen of Scotland when her father passed away. Mary was only a week old at the time, so her rule did not last long and was quite controversial.	<urn:uuid:c89cfecf-0eee-49ab-873d-1d4f74ca0398>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/queens-in-the-middle-ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00228.warc.gz	en	0.987398	1,380	3.9375	4	[ 0.015383955091238022, 0.6077580451965332, 0.7492424249649048, -0.5880557298660278, -0.1826818883419037, -0.025088725611567497, 0.43082931637763977, -0.0818934217095375, 0.08218822628259659, -0.1824454963207245, -0.28713786602020264, -0.015407984144985676, 0.060229238122701645, 0.2883082330...	1	Queens in the Middle Ages had a very specific role in the monarchy as well as in society in general. They were sometimes rulers in their own right, but often one of their most important duties was to act as a regent when their king was unable to rule, whether the king was sick or too young to make intelligent decisions. Duties of Queens in the Middle Ages Medieval Times were overshadowed by deceit and secrecy, and , as such, one of the main duties of a Queen in the Middle Ages was to help the King and other nobility find ways to spy on rivals, ignite conflicts or wars or simply spread important gossip throughout the land. Queens often helped the King strategize or analyzed the meaning behind others’ words and actions. Queens were among the King’s most trusted allies and confidants. This was because Queens were usually one of the only people, if not the sole person, that Kings spent time alone with. Queens in the Middle Ages were also in Kings’ inner circles of trusted fellows and advisers that served as a part of their entourage and accompanied them most everywhere. Another important duty of Queens in the Middle ages was to produce a male heir. The purpose of this was to secure her husband’s hold (as well as hers to an extent) on the throne and the empire. Queens were greatly pressured to produce a healthy male baby, especially if they were pregnant for the first time. Infertile Queens in the MiddleAges were shunned, divorced, or sometimes killed. Queens in the Middle Ages also lived as socialites and hostesses. Notable examples of this included Queen Eleanor of Provence and Queen Isabella of Angouleme. They are sometimes regarded as the first socialites of Europe. Socialite queens were responsible for the comfort and happiness of the guests at their many celebrations. They were also in charge of planning these celebrations, which included many feasts, balls and seasonal parties. Queens also accompanied the King to social functions in other kingdoms. Sometimes Queens in the Middle Ages served as regents if their king was absent or ill. Examples of this include Berengaria of Navarre, Blanche of Castile and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Queens in the Middle Ages were also considered regents if their sons or other male relatives were thought of as too young to be good Kings. However, it is believed that the Queen was still not the highest power figure if she had an appropriate male heir to rule the throne, no matter how young he was. Important Queens in the Middle Ages Aethelflaed- It is supposed that Aethelflaed lived from around the time of 873-918 in England. Aethelflaed was the Lady of the Mercians, and the daughter of Alfred the Great. Saint Adelaide- Adelaide lived in Italy from 931-999. She was a regent for her grandson, Otto III. Aelfthryth- Aelfthryth lived in England from 945-1000 and was the mother of King Ethelred II the Unready and Edward the Martyr. She was married to King Edgar the Peaceable. Aelfgifu- Aelfgifu lived in England from circa 985-1002. She was the first wife of King Ethelred the Unready. Her son, Edmund II Ironside, briefly ruled England during a time of transition. Eleanor of Aquitaine- Eleanor lived in France and England from 1122-1204. She was married twice and ruled both France and England at different times. She also had birthrights to other territories. In the twelfth century she was one of the most powerful women on Earth. Elanor, Queen of Castile- Eleanor lived from 1162-1204 and was the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was the mother of Enrique I of Castile, Berenguela, who served as regent for Enrique, Blanche, who later became the Queen of France, Urraca, who became Queen of Portugal, and Eleanor who had a brief period of rule as the Queen of Aragon. Berengaria of Navarre- Berengaria lived from circa 1165-1230. She was the queen consort of Richard the Lionhearted (Richard I of England). Though she was the Queen of England, Berengaria never actually lived in England or even visited the country. Berenguela of Castile- Berenguela lived from 1180-1246. She served as a regent to her brother Enrique I (Henry) of Castile until he died. She decided to give up her rights to the throne following Enrique’s death, instead passing them to her son Ferdinand. Isabella of France- Isabella lived from 1292-1358 in France and England. She was notorious for helping arrange the removal and murder of her husband Edward II. She then ruled with her lover while serving as a regent to her son. Later she was banished to a nunnery for her actions. Isabella I of Spain- Isabella lived in Spain from 1451-1504. As Queen of Castile and Aragon, she had equal power with her husband Ferdinand. Isabella is famous as the sponsor of Christopher Columbus’s expedition to the New World. Elizabeth of York- Elizabeth lived from 1466-1503 in England. She was married to Henry VII, and this marriage represented the beginning of the Tudor dynasty and the end of the wars of the roses. She was also the only woman to have been a sister, wife, mother, daughter, and niece to English Kings. Anne of Cleves- Anne of Cleves lived in England from 1515-1557. She was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. When she later agreed willingly to divorce, she was allowed a peaceful life of retirement in rural England. Elizabeth I of England- Elizabeth lived from 1533-1603 in England. She has been nicknamed the “Virgin Queen” or “Queen Bess.” She is one of the most famous and well-remembered British monarchs (male or female). Lady Jane Grey- Lady Jane Grey lived in England from 1537-1534. She is known as the eight-day Queen of England. Mary, Queen of Scots- Mary lived in France and Scotland from 1542-1587. She was briefly the Queen of France and was, for a time, a possible claimant to the British throne. She became Queen of Scotland when her father passed away. Mary was only a week old at the time, so her rule did not last long and was quite controversial.	1,415	ENGLISH	1
Currency exchange is not new, it actually can be traced to the money-changers who were responsible in ancient times for the trading of currency. These money-changers would charge a small fee in order to help people change their currencies. Since most of history, money was referred to as gold and silver, and consequently goldsmiths were primarily the currency exchange dealers. This was necessary back then in order to facilitate trade. Goldsmiths were also responsible for storing people’s gold, which eventually they created deposit recipients for the gold they stored to their owners. These receipts were the early days of “paper money” or currency. Naturally, many goldsmiths became bankers due to gold being money and their ability to control gold. During a gold standard, all paper currencies are backed by a physical store of gold, and currency was pegged to the price of an ounce of gold. Currency could be converted into gold at the fixed rate. In the US during the 19th century the rate was 20.67 USD / ounce of gold. In Britain it was set at 4.3474 GBP / ounce of gold. This gold standard imposed a limit on the expansion of the money supply. Countries were restricted on how much money can be created by the amount of gold was held in reserves. Between 1914 and 1944, countries went in and out of the gold standard and currencies were permitted to fluctuate in terms of gold and each other. During World War II most currencies suspended their convertibility into gold. This was done primarily because military spending forced a drastic increase in the printing of currencies to help pay for the war. Then in 1944 there was an important meeting held in New Hampshire in the United States in a little resort town called Bretton Woods. This meeting was the foundation for a new global monetary system, known as the ‘Bretton Woods System’. This meeting established the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the dollar-based international monetary system. Under this structure, the price of gold was fixed, and the U.S. agreed to buy and sell it at the established price. Other countries in turn pegged their currencies to the US Dollar (USD). By means of the USD, all currencies were pegged to gold. The ‘Bretton Woods System’ was brought to an end on August 15, 1971 when President Nixon officially suspended all purchases and sales of gold by the U.S. Treasury. The demise of the ‘Bretton Woods System’ unofficially marked beginning of the modern foreign currency exchange market. Within a couple of years, supply and demand were controlling the exchange rate between currencies. An increase in price volatility, volume and speed all led to the deregulation of the market, new financial instruments and open trade. It wasn’t until around the mid-nineties that the Forex became widely traded electronically.	<urn:uuid:ae8e5a57-c071-45fd-9cb7-1fb9ea137cf9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://forextrading-online.com/history-of-the-forex-market-how-it-all-began/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00023.warc.gz	en	0.982104	591	3.984375	4	[ -0.2681081295013428, -0.35508936643600464, 0.09577783942222595, 0.3869112730026245, 0.37322258949279785, -0.2536151111125946, -0.008040303364396095, 0.07786646485328674, -0.04551060125231743, 0.1791301965713501, 0.6709362268447876, -0.21925871074199677, -0.2359233796596527, 0.2709060311317...	7	Currency exchange is not new, it actually can be traced to the money-changers who were responsible in ancient times for the trading of currency. These money-changers would charge a small fee in order to help people change their currencies. Since most of history, money was referred to as gold and silver, and consequently goldsmiths were primarily the currency exchange dealers. This was necessary back then in order to facilitate trade. Goldsmiths were also responsible for storing people’s gold, which eventually they created deposit recipients for the gold they stored to their owners. These receipts were the early days of “paper money” or currency. Naturally, many goldsmiths became bankers due to gold being money and their ability to control gold. During a gold standard, all paper currencies are backed by a physical store of gold, and currency was pegged to the price of an ounce of gold. Currency could be converted into gold at the fixed rate. In the US during the 19th century the rate was 20.67 USD / ounce of gold. In Britain it was set at 4.3474 GBP / ounce of gold. This gold standard imposed a limit on the expansion of the money supply. Countries were restricted on how much money can be created by the amount of gold was held in reserves. Between 1914 and 1944, countries went in and out of the gold standard and currencies were permitted to fluctuate in terms of gold and each other. During World War II most currencies suspended their convertibility into gold. This was done primarily because military spending forced a drastic increase in the printing of currencies to help pay for the war. Then in 1944 there was an important meeting held in New Hampshire in the United States in a little resort town called Bretton Woods. This meeting was the foundation for a new global monetary system, known as the ‘Bretton Woods System’. This meeting established the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the dollar-based international monetary system. Under this structure, the price of gold was fixed, and the U.S. agreed to buy and sell it at the established price. Other countries in turn pegged their currencies to the US Dollar (USD). By means of the USD, all currencies were pegged to gold. The ‘Bretton Woods System’ was brought to an end on August 15, 1971 when President Nixon officially suspended all purchases and sales of gold by the U.S. Treasury. The demise of the ‘Bretton Woods System’ unofficially marked beginning of the modern foreign currency exchange market. Within a couple of years, supply and demand were controlling the exchange rate between currencies. An increase in price volatility, volume and speed all led to the deregulation of the market, new financial instruments and open trade. It wasn’t until around the mid-nineties that the Forex became widely traded electronically.	591	ENGLISH	1
James Madison – He was present at the Constitutional Convention, helped convince the public to ratify the Constitution and is even referred to as “the Father of the Constitution” Society of Cincinnati – A group of officers from the Continental Army that formed a military order. They were criticized for aristocratic ideas. Articles of Confederation – Acted as our first Constitution, Congress had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes. There were no other branches of the government, without them we wouldn’t have made it to the constitution. Land Ordinance of 1785 – A law stating that disputed Northwest land should be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – It was established to help govern land in the west. It stated that if an area had 60,000 people living there, and it was approved by all thirteen colonies, the land area could become a state. Republican motherhood – With the new republic, it was thought of proper behavior for a woman/mother to be very devoted to her family, it started the thought that women were keepers of the nation’s conscience. Civic virtue – the idea that the government depended on the actions of every citizen devoted to the public good, part of proper etiquette associated with a republic Township – a division of land that has a prescribed amount of power, in this case were often present in controlled western land Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom – This was passed in 1786 in Virginia due to the…	<urn:uuid:086ec7ca-54fb-4d56-8470-9934d4363931>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Chapter-9-Vocab-608772.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00096.warc.gz	en	0.983529	321	3.828125	4	[ -0.22272108495235443, 0.314079225063324, 0.4797918498516083, -0.2480180859565735, -0.39511555433273315, 0.46231135725975037, 0.47054174542427063, 0.2110537439584732, -0.38455772399902344, 0.14026013016700745, -0.00804390199482441, -0.03840875253081322, -0.1578470915555954, 0.39181858301162...	1	James Madison – He was present at the Constitutional Convention, helped convince the public to ratify the Constitution and is even referred to as “the Father of the Constitution” Society of Cincinnati – A group of officers from the Continental Army that formed a military order. They were criticized for aristocratic ideas. Articles of Confederation – Acted as our first Constitution, Congress had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes. There were no other branches of the government, without them we wouldn’t have made it to the constitution. Land Ordinance of 1785 – A law stating that disputed Northwest land should be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – It was established to help govern land in the west. It stated that if an area had 60,000 people living there, and it was approved by all thirteen colonies, the land area could become a state. Republican motherhood – With the new republic, it was thought of proper behavior for a woman/mother to be very devoted to her family, it started the thought that women were keepers of the nation’s conscience. Civic virtue – the idea that the government depended on the actions of every citizen devoted to the public good, part of proper etiquette associated with a republic Township – a division of land that has a prescribed amount of power, in this case were often present in controlled western land Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom – This was passed in 1786 in Virginia due to the…	322	ENGLISH	1
"The Life of James McBride" In the book, The Color of Water, by James McBride, a young colored man deals with growing up and having a white mother. James McBride always realized that his mother was different from his friends mothers, but he never understood why. He would always ask his mother why she was different but she would just reply that all people are the same. He never knew anything about the background of his mother because she never talked about it and he was afraid to ask. She would ride her old bicycle in an all black neighborhood that was run by the black panthers. James was scared for his mother because even though he was young at the time, he knew what was going on. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. James McBride was the youngest of his twelve siblings. His father died before he was born and his mother remarried soon after. He could always tell that his mother was unlike his friends mothers. "When I asked her if she was white, she'd say, "No. I'm light-skinned," and change the subject again"(McBride, 21). When James was around the age of twelve, his step-father bought his mother an old beat-up bicycle. She would ride it all around the town and James friends would always ask him why his mother looked so different. Along with being tantalized, James's family was impoverished. " One washcloth was used by all. A solitary toothbrush would five sets of teeth and gums." (McBride, 68). The family remained as one. Even though young James was curious about his mother and life in general, it didn't hold him back from asking questions. He asked things such as "what color was Jesus?" and "who am I?" and "where did you come from mommy?". His mother always avoided the questions by answering them by saying "Jesus is all the colors" and "You are who you are" and "I came from where everyone else came from." (McBride, 12-13). His... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:b6d4bd6f-c335-437a-80bf-50ef5bba667c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Life-Of-James-Mcbride-63601663.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00551.warc.gz	en	0.996764	447	3.65625	4	[ -0.2332942932844162, 0.0764215961098671, 0.1141413077712059, -0.023124350234866142, -0.3457585871219635, 0.10527118295431137, 0.24511544406414032, 0.11637700349092484, -0.017973847687244415, 0.028620898723602295, 0.15587276220321655, 0.02020183578133583, 0.14052429795265198, 0.048099234700...	1	"The Life of James McBride" In the book, The Color of Water, by James McBride, a young colored man deals with growing up and having a white mother. James McBride always realized that his mother was different from his friends mothers, but he never understood why. He would always ask his mother why she was different but she would just reply that all people are the same. He never knew anything about the background of his mother because she never talked about it and he was afraid to ask. She would ride her old bicycle in an all black neighborhood that was run by the black panthers. James was scared for his mother because even though he was young at the time, he knew what was going on. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. James McBride was the youngest of his twelve siblings. His father died before he was born and his mother remarried soon after. He could always tell that his mother was unlike his friends mothers. "When I asked her if she was white, she'd say, "No. I'm light-skinned," and change the subject again"(McBride, 21). When James was around the age of twelve, his step-father bought his mother an old beat-up bicycle. She would ride it all around the town and James friends would always ask him why his mother looked so different. Along with being tantalized, James's family was impoverished. " One washcloth was used by all. A solitary toothbrush would five sets of teeth and gums." (McBride, 68). The family remained as one. Even though young James was curious about his mother and life in general, it didn't hold him back from asking questions. He asked things such as "what color was Jesus?" and "who am I?" and "where did you come from mommy?". His mother always avoided the questions by answering them by saying "Jesus is all the colors" and "You are who you are" and "I came from where everyone else came from." (McBride, 12-13). His... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	450	ENGLISH	1
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass. Electrotyped and Printed by H. Nicolay and John Hay. Owing to many suggestions and requests which have come from various quarters to the author as well as the publishers, a republication in book form has been undertaken, and the original text has been revised and slightly modified to adapt it to that purpose. The government will not assail you. Lincoln, one of the most respected Presidents of the USA, was the son of a Kentucky frontiersman and had to struggle to living and learn. He was born February 12,in Hardin County, Kentucky. His mother died when he was nine. He was eight when his father came to Indiana from Kentucky. Lincoln, while working on the farm, was extremely desirous of attaining education and made extraordinary efforts to do it. Having begun where he did it appears to be a dream that Lincoln was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and practiced in courts for many years. He married Mary Todd and had four boys. Sadly, only one of whom lived to maturity. In Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator but lost. However, though he lost the election, debating with Douglas he did gain a national reputation that later won him the Republican nomination for President in Lincoln was re-elected in The civil war ended and President Lincoln was flexible and generous. He encouraged the Southerners to lay down their arms and join the reunion. Booth somehow harbored the misconception that by killing Lincoln he was helping the South. The events that followed proved the opposite.Having the minimum of education, being unsuccessful in the small business area, Abraham Lincoln taught himself the basic law with the help of Blackstone’s “Commentaries”. The future leader of the USA was skinny and tall, and, besides that, he couldn’t boast of having an attractive appearance. Professionally written essays on this topic: Abraham Lincoln Biography 3 Biographies on Abraham Lincoln Analyzed. Essay on Abraham Lincoln Often hailed as the greatest president of all times, Abraham Lincoln was a strong leader during one of the worst crises in American history. His impact on America helped to abolish slavery and brought the Union back together. Short Essay on Abraham Lincoln Article shared by Short Essa on Abraham Lincoln – “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, . Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was born on February 12, and died at the age of 56 on the 4th day of March Lincoln was the president of the United States for four years from to Lincoln was born in Hardin County in the state of Kentucky in a small cabin that only had one room. Abraham Lincoln: Life in Brief By Michael Burlingame When Abraham Lincoln was elected President in , seven slave states left the Union to form the Confederate States of America, and four more joined when hostilities began between the .	<urn:uuid:eb13e6e9-929f-4302-91cc-54c0186d4835>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://guzedulitiguwuj.iridis-photo-restoration.com/abraham-lincoln-small-essays-16663mg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00543.warc.gz	en	0.983459	605	3.53125	4	[ 0.005045702215284109, 0.43569281697273254, 0.3346838057041168, 0.1269570142030716, -0.41978299617767334, 0.36494699120521545, 0.07270338386297226, 0.07645219564437866, -0.34195059537887573, -0.06009840965270996, -0.20617902278900146, 0.1994057297706604, 0.06066998839378357, 0.4399881362915...	1	The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass. Electrotyped and Printed by H. Nicolay and John Hay. Owing to many suggestions and requests which have come from various quarters to the author as well as the publishers, a republication in book form has been undertaken, and the original text has been revised and slightly modified to adapt it to that purpose. The government will not assail you. Lincoln, one of the most respected Presidents of the USA, was the son of a Kentucky frontiersman and had to struggle to living and learn. He was born February 12,in Hardin County, Kentucky. His mother died when he was nine. He was eight when his father came to Indiana from Kentucky. Lincoln, while working on the farm, was extremely desirous of attaining education and made extraordinary efforts to do it. Having begun where he did it appears to be a dream that Lincoln was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and practiced in courts for many years. He married Mary Todd and had four boys. Sadly, only one of whom lived to maturity. In Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator but lost. However, though he lost the election, debating with Douglas he did gain a national reputation that later won him the Republican nomination for President in Lincoln was re-elected in The civil war ended and President Lincoln was flexible and generous. He encouraged the Southerners to lay down their arms and join the reunion. Booth somehow harbored the misconception that by killing Lincoln he was helping the South. The events that followed proved the opposite.Having the minimum of education, being unsuccessful in the small business area, Abraham Lincoln taught himself the basic law with the help of Blackstone’s “Commentaries”. The future leader of the USA was skinny and tall, and, besides that, he couldn’t boast of having an attractive appearance. Professionally written essays on this topic: Abraham Lincoln Biography 3 Biographies on Abraham Lincoln Analyzed. Essay on Abraham Lincoln Often hailed as the greatest president of all times, Abraham Lincoln was a strong leader during one of the worst crises in American history. His impact on America helped to abolish slavery and brought the Union back together. Short Essay on Abraham Lincoln Article shared by Short Essa on Abraham Lincoln – “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, . Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was born on February 12, and died at the age of 56 on the 4th day of March Lincoln was the president of the United States for four years from to Lincoln was born in Hardin County in the state of Kentucky in a small cabin that only had one room. Abraham Lincoln: Life in Brief By Michael Burlingame When Abraham Lincoln was elected President in , seven slave states left the Union to form the Confederate States of America, and four more joined when hostilities began between the .	593	ENGLISH	1
King Alfred in the Cowherd's Cottage W HEN Ethelwulf, Alfred's father, died, each of his sons became king in turn. During these reigns the Danes became more and more troublesome. Nearly all the time was spent in fighting, so that the country came to be in a very sad state indeed. When Ethelred (who was the last of Ethelwulf's sons except Alfred) came to the throne, Alfred had grown to be a man, and although he was still very young, he helped his brother a great deal. And when Ethelred died, the people chose Alfred to be their king. For although Ethelred had two sons, they were little boys, and no one thought of making either of them king. The people knew that a strong and wise man was needed to rule in England, and Alfred was both strong and wise. No king has ever had to fight more bravely for his kingdom than Alfred had. When he came to the throne, the Danes were growing more and more bold. They did not now only come in their ships to plunder and rob, and then sail away again. They came now to live in the land, killing the people, and then taking their houses for themselves. So all the first years of Alfred's reign were spent in fighting these fierce enemies. But Alfred did not only fight bravely, he thought too. The Danes were brave and daring sailors, just as the English had been before they came to live in England. But somehow after the English settled down, they seem to have forgotten about how to build ships and how to sail upon the sea. But Alfred was wise and saw how much better it would be to stop the Danes before they landed at all. So he built ships and went in them to fight the Danes on the sea. In the year 875 A.D., King Alfred and his ships met the Danes and their ships and fought a great battle and won a great victory. That was the first of many, many sea-victories which the English have won, and ever since the days of Alfred, England has had a navy and Britannia has ruled the waves. But even although Alfred gained this battle at sea, the Danes were not beaten altogether. Again and again Alfred had to fight, but at last he forced the Danes to make peace. They swore by a most solemn and dreadful oath that they would go away and never make war against the English again. This vow was taken with great ceremony. Sheep and cattle were killed and offered in sacrifice to the heathen gods, for the Danes, you remember were heathen. A beautiful ring of gold, called the holy bracelet, was dipped in the blood of the animals. The bracelet was then placed upon an altar and, laying their hands upon it, the Danish chiefs swore to fight no more against the English. This was not the first time that the Danes had promised to go away and fight no more, but they had always broken their promises. Now Alfred thought they would be sure to keep their word, because of the very solemn vow they had taken. But the Danes did not mean to keep this promise any more than the others. Very soon they came back again as bold as before, or bolder. Once more fierce battles raged, till at last, weary of fighting, and forsaken by nearly all his followers, Alfred was forced to hide for a time in the marshes of Somerset. This was the saddest part of Alfred's life. He was a king, yet he had neither crown nor royal robes, neither palace nor servants. He was so poor that he went to live in the cottage of a cowherd called Denewulf. His clothes were so old and worn that the cowherd's wife thought that he was a friend of her husband, and so she treated him as if he had been a common man and not a great king. One day Denewulf's wife was very busy. She had been baking cakes, and had still many things to do. Alfred meanwhile was sitting by the fire. He had been mending his bow and arrows, but they had dropped from his hand, for, thinking deeply about his kingdom and his people, and of how he could free them from the Danes, he had forgotten all else. It seemed to Denewulf's wife that Alfred was a lazy sort of fellow. She did not know the great matters he had to think of, and she wondered how any one could sit for hours by the fire doing nothing, while she and her husband had to work so hard. Now, she said to herself, this lazy fellow can at least look after my cakes, while I go to do something else. "Here, good man," she said to him, "just mind my cakes for me. And don't let them burn. When they are nice and brown on one side, turn them over on to the other side, like this—" and she showed him how to do it. "All right, good wife, I will look after your cakes for you," replied Alfred. But when the good woman had gone, Alfred sank once more deep in thought. As he watched the cakes, he looked into the fire. Soon, in the red glow of the burning ashes, he saw wonderful things. The cakes and the cowherd's cottage vanished. Once again he was leading his army, his banner with its golden dragons fluttered in the breeze, his spear was in his hand, his crown upon his head. He heard the shout of his soldiers as they charged the Danes. The ranks of the enemy broke, they fled—to their ships they fled. Fast behind them came the English. They set fire to the Danish ships. He smelt the smoke as it rolled upward, heard the crackle of the flames, the shrieks of the dying, the shouts of victory. England was saved. Then suddenly he was awakened out of his dream by a blow to his shoulder, and an angry voice in his ear, Alas! the cakes, and not the Danish ships, were burning. Alfred was a great king, but he had proved a poor cook; and the good wife was very angry. She scolded him well, little thinking that she was scolding her King. She was still rating when Denewulf came in. "Hush thee, woman, hush thee," he said, ashamed and frightened. "Hush, shall I?" she cried angrily. "The lazy loon, the idle good-for-naught, to sit by the fire, and see the cakes burn, and never stir a finger." "Hush thee, woman," said Denewulf again in despair. "It is the King." "The King!" cried the good wife, astonished, and a little frightened too. "Well, king or no king," she added grumblingly after a minute, "he ought to have minded the cakes." Alfred was not angry, as Denewulf feared he would be, and afterwards, when he came to his kingdom again, Alfred made the cowherd a bishop, for he had found out while hiding in his cottage that Denewulf was a good and wise man. So his wife became a great lady, and perhaps never baked any more cakes. Certainly she never again had a king to watch them for her.	<urn:uuid:6c32147c-e5cc-4d55-a95c-735e06c2352d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=cottage	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00193.warc.gz	en	0.995319	1,536	3.609375	4	[ 0.13961490988731384, 0.6487886905670166, -0.03543734923005104, -0.16934934258460999, -0.041202936321496964, -0.11732866615056992, -0.03223325312137604, -0.11398561298847198, 0.021190548315644264, -0.2703278064727783, 0.04937732219696045, -0.24694201350212097, 0.3113882541656494, 0.24377959...	1	King Alfred in the Cowherd's Cottage W HEN Ethelwulf, Alfred's father, died, each of his sons became king in turn. During these reigns the Danes became more and more troublesome. Nearly all the time was spent in fighting, so that the country came to be in a very sad state indeed. When Ethelred (who was the last of Ethelwulf's sons except Alfred) came to the throne, Alfred had grown to be a man, and although he was still very young, he helped his brother a great deal. And when Ethelred died, the people chose Alfred to be their king. For although Ethelred had two sons, they were little boys, and no one thought of making either of them king. The people knew that a strong and wise man was needed to rule in England, and Alfred was both strong and wise. No king has ever had to fight more bravely for his kingdom than Alfred had. When he came to the throne, the Danes were growing more and more bold. They did not now only come in their ships to plunder and rob, and then sail away again. They came now to live in the land, killing the people, and then taking their houses for themselves. So all the first years of Alfred's reign were spent in fighting these fierce enemies. But Alfred did not only fight bravely, he thought too. The Danes were brave and daring sailors, just as the English had been before they came to live in England. But somehow after the English settled down, they seem to have forgotten about how to build ships and how to sail upon the sea. But Alfred was wise and saw how much better it would be to stop the Danes before they landed at all. So he built ships and went in them to fight the Danes on the sea. In the year 875 A.D., King Alfred and his ships met the Danes and their ships and fought a great battle and won a great victory. That was the first of many, many sea-victories which the English have won, and ever since the days of Alfred, England has had a navy and Britannia has ruled the waves. But even although Alfred gained this battle at sea, the Danes were not beaten altogether. Again and again Alfred had to fight, but at last he forced the Danes to make peace. They swore by a most solemn and dreadful oath that they would go away and never make war against the English again. This vow was taken with great ceremony. Sheep and cattle were killed and offered in sacrifice to the heathen gods, for the Danes, you remember were heathen. A beautiful ring of gold, called the holy bracelet, was dipped in the blood of the animals. The bracelet was then placed upon an altar and, laying their hands upon it, the Danish chiefs swore to fight no more against the English. This was not the first time that the Danes had promised to go away and fight no more, but they had always broken their promises. Now Alfred thought they would be sure to keep their word, because of the very solemn vow they had taken. But the Danes did not mean to keep this promise any more than the others. Very soon they came back again as bold as before, or bolder. Once more fierce battles raged, till at last, weary of fighting, and forsaken by nearly all his followers, Alfred was forced to hide for a time in the marshes of Somerset. This was the saddest part of Alfred's life. He was a king, yet he had neither crown nor royal robes, neither palace nor servants. He was so poor that he went to live in the cottage of a cowherd called Denewulf. His clothes were so old and worn that the cowherd's wife thought that he was a friend of her husband, and so she treated him as if he had been a common man and not a great king. One day Denewulf's wife was very busy. She had been baking cakes, and had still many things to do. Alfred meanwhile was sitting by the fire. He had been mending his bow and arrows, but they had dropped from his hand, for, thinking deeply about his kingdom and his people, and of how he could free them from the Danes, he had forgotten all else. It seemed to Denewulf's wife that Alfred was a lazy sort of fellow. She did not know the great matters he had to think of, and she wondered how any one could sit for hours by the fire doing nothing, while she and her husband had to work so hard. Now, she said to herself, this lazy fellow can at least look after my cakes, while I go to do something else. "Here, good man," she said to him, "just mind my cakes for me. And don't let them burn. When they are nice and brown on one side, turn them over on to the other side, like this—" and she showed him how to do it. "All right, good wife, I will look after your cakes for you," replied Alfred. But when the good woman had gone, Alfred sank once more deep in thought. As he watched the cakes, he looked into the fire. Soon, in the red glow of the burning ashes, he saw wonderful things. The cakes and the cowherd's cottage vanished. Once again he was leading his army, his banner with its golden dragons fluttered in the breeze, his spear was in his hand, his crown upon his head. He heard the shout of his soldiers as they charged the Danes. The ranks of the enemy broke, they fled—to their ships they fled. Fast behind them came the English. They set fire to the Danish ships. He smelt the smoke as it rolled upward, heard the crackle of the flames, the shrieks of the dying, the shouts of victory. England was saved. Then suddenly he was awakened out of his dream by a blow to his shoulder, and an angry voice in his ear, Alas! the cakes, and not the Danish ships, were burning. Alfred was a great king, but he had proved a poor cook; and the good wife was very angry. She scolded him well, little thinking that she was scolding her King. She was still rating when Denewulf came in. "Hush thee, woman, hush thee," he said, ashamed and frightened. "Hush, shall I?" she cried angrily. "The lazy loon, the idle good-for-naught, to sit by the fire, and see the cakes burn, and never stir a finger." "Hush thee, woman," said Denewulf again in despair. "It is the King." "The King!" cried the good wife, astonished, and a little frightened too. "Well, king or no king," she added grumblingly after a minute, "he ought to have minded the cakes." Alfred was not angry, as Denewulf feared he would be, and afterwards, when he came to his kingdom again, Alfred made the cowherd a bishop, for he had found out while hiding in his cottage that Denewulf was a good and wise man. So his wife became a great lady, and perhaps never baked any more cakes. Certainly she never again had a king to watch them for her.	1,507	ENGLISH	1
Researchers have found evidence that an unremarkable prehistoric burial mound near Bordeaux, in southwest France, was re-used by locals for around 2,000 years. The researchers say what drew people to the mound for two millennia remains a mystery. The Le Tumulus des Sables site was discovered by chance in 2006, when school children stumbled across human remains in their kindergarten playground. Hannah James, a PhD candidate at The Australian National University (ANU), says it was initially assumed the site was used solely by the Bell Beakers, one of the first cultures to spread out across Europe. "We now know people were actually coming back to this site and burying their bodies in there again and again, from the Neolithic to the Iron Age," Ms James said. "We're looking at remains from around 3600 BCE, all the way through to around 1250 BCE. "It's unusual because it's not a really obvious or prestigious. It's a mound about 50 cm deep. It's not on a hill or an obvious location, so there's something else about this site which caused people to come back and use it." By using radiocarbon dating and analysis of four different isotopes, the team was able to gather more information about the people buried there. "Carbon and nitrogen tell us about what kind of food they were eating. They were eating food from the land. Strangely it doesn't look like they were hunting and gathering from the nearby river, or the ocean, which is 10 kilometres away. That doesn't change over time." The evidence shows one individual was born in a much colder climate, like the Pyrenees Mountains to the south. It's unclear whether this person migrated to the Le Tumulus des Sables region, or whether their whole skeleton, or single tooth, was brought back and dumped there. According to Ms James, everyone else has "a very local signature". "We found a lot of baby teeth, as well as teeth without full roots, which means the person died in childhood, while the tooth was still forming." Archaeologists also found a jumble of metal, pottery and animal bones at the site, which made it difficult to identify the human remains. "All the skeletal remains are really mixed up, and we're dealing with tiny fragments of bones," Ms James said. "We analysed the same tooth each time, to make sure we were looking at different individuals - but the actual number of people buried there could be much higher." The research is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Ms James would like to acknowledge the assistance of Professor Patrice Courtaud and his team from the Université de Bordeaux.	<urn:uuid:e9ec2340-e839-4283-9701-f7dedddd994a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/mysterious-ancient-burial-mound-used-for-2000-years	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00473.warc.gz	en	0.98228	562	3.8125	4	[ -0.4551522135734558, 0.3039882779121399, 0.266666442155838, 0.0875062569975853, 0.09141287952661514, -0.4063538610935211, -0.29263556003570557, 0.13887232542037964, -0.14739415049552917, 0.09265901148319244, 0.5966320037841797, -0.6456429958343506, -0.12011608481407166, 0.5644575953483582,...	10	Researchers have found evidence that an unremarkable prehistoric burial mound near Bordeaux, in southwest France, was re-used by locals for around 2,000 years. The researchers say what drew people to the mound for two millennia remains a mystery. The Le Tumulus des Sables site was discovered by chance in 2006, when school children stumbled across human remains in their kindergarten playground. Hannah James, a PhD candidate at The Australian National University (ANU), says it was initially assumed the site was used solely by the Bell Beakers, one of the first cultures to spread out across Europe. "We now know people were actually coming back to this site and burying their bodies in there again and again, from the Neolithic to the Iron Age," Ms James said. "We're looking at remains from around 3600 BCE, all the way through to around 1250 BCE. "It's unusual because it's not a really obvious or prestigious. It's a mound about 50 cm deep. It's not on a hill or an obvious location, so there's something else about this site which caused people to come back and use it." By using radiocarbon dating and analysis of four different isotopes, the team was able to gather more information about the people buried there. "Carbon and nitrogen tell us about what kind of food they were eating. They were eating food from the land. Strangely it doesn't look like they were hunting and gathering from the nearby river, or the ocean, which is 10 kilometres away. That doesn't change over time." The evidence shows one individual was born in a much colder climate, like the Pyrenees Mountains to the south. It's unclear whether this person migrated to the Le Tumulus des Sables region, or whether their whole skeleton, or single tooth, was brought back and dumped there. According to Ms James, everyone else has "a very local signature". "We found a lot of baby teeth, as well as teeth without full roots, which means the person died in childhood, while the tooth was still forming." Archaeologists also found a jumble of metal, pottery and animal bones at the site, which made it difficult to identify the human remains. "All the skeletal remains are really mixed up, and we're dealing with tiny fragments of bones," Ms James said. "We analysed the same tooth each time, to make sure we were looking at different individuals - but the actual number of people buried there could be much higher." The research is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Ms James would like to acknowledge the assistance of Professor Patrice Courtaud and his team from the Université de Bordeaux.	554	ENGLISH	1
Patrick Henry was born on May 29, 1736, in Virginia. He was born to a wealthy family. He died at the age of 63 in 1799. He was born on a plantation and was the second of 10 siblings. He was educated at home. His first job was as a storekeeper and then a farmer. He did not do well in either of those jobs. He became a lawyer when he was 24 years old. Patrick was a lawyer and a politician, but Patrick was not popular until he became a politician. He had a very strong personality because he never stopped trying. First he was a farmer, then a storekeeper. He failed at both of these but he kept on trying and became a lawyer. He was also very patriotic because he became involved in the colonies becoming a free country, and he was famous for making great speeches which helped to convince the people to revolt against the King. Patrick Henry was a member of the Revolutionary Convention in Virginia when he said, "Give me liberty or give me death," in 1775. This was a famous speech because it helped to convince the people at the Convention that the colonies needed liberty from England. Henry was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which worked towards the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry was important in getting the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution and was also a governor of Virginia twice.	<urn:uuid:8bfedf8f-1a9b-46fa-9081-c8e96ba199d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.germantownacademy.org/academics/LS/4/sstudies/Colonial/4R/4r98/4rajs.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00284.warc.gz	en	0.997764	279	3.5	4	[ -0.4207977056503296, 0.43520814180374146, 0.345950186252594, -0.36826151609420776, -0.1396770030260086, 0.12772433459758759, 0.7004091739654541, -0.17695797979831696, -0.1269034892320633, -0.22674348950386047, -0.15658387541770935, -0.20754775404930115, -0.08083708584308624, 0.128914400935...	1	Patrick Henry was born on May 29, 1736, in Virginia. He was born to a wealthy family. He died at the age of 63 in 1799. He was born on a plantation and was the second of 10 siblings. He was educated at home. His first job was as a storekeeper and then a farmer. He did not do well in either of those jobs. He became a lawyer when he was 24 years old. Patrick was a lawyer and a politician, but Patrick was not popular until he became a politician. He had a very strong personality because he never stopped trying. First he was a farmer, then a storekeeper. He failed at both of these but he kept on trying and became a lawyer. He was also very patriotic because he became involved in the colonies becoming a free country, and he was famous for making great speeches which helped to convince the people to revolt against the King. Patrick Henry was a member of the Revolutionary Convention in Virginia when he said, "Give me liberty or give me death," in 1775. This was a famous speech because it helped to convince the people at the Convention that the colonies needed liberty from England. Henry was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses which worked towards the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry was important in getting the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution and was also a governor of Virginia twice.	294	ENGLISH	1
Protoceratops was one of the smaller known dinosaurs, and a favourite prey of the velociraptor. This means that, like velociraptor, it was present in the Cretaceous period in Earth’s history. Protoceratops was likely one of the first frilled dinosaurs, a member of the same group as the famous Triceratops. It was much smaller than Triceratops – about the size of a sheep. We know that they were preyed upon by velociraptors, as one of the most famous fossils found is that of a Protoceratops and a velociraptor engaged in a fierce battle. The fossil suggests both were killed simultaneously, perhaps by the collapse of a sand dune on top of them. The fossil evidence for Protoceratops is excellent, as there have been hundreds of fossils found in close proximity to the edges of lakes and rivers. These fossil areas also include all stages of life of the Protoceratops, from eggs in the nest, through to hatchlings, adolescents and adults. This has enabled paleontologists to build an excellent picture of the growth and development of the Protoceratops.	<urn:uuid:e44b5498-7f94-4efa-a281-ea337cb02185>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.xplorepangaea.com/dino-gallery_cuties/the-sheep-sized-protocerotops/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00007.warc.gz	en	0.98224	255	4.28125	4	[ -0.010415761731564999, 0.10396745800971985, 0.587033212184906, -0.026653766632080078, -0.4609731435775757, -0.20694594085216522, 0.26488760113716125, 0.5271035432815552, -0.3366534411907196, -0.07571417093276978, 0.07646045088768005, -0.5968719720840454, 0.02121089957654476, 0.307365059852...	2	Protoceratops was one of the smaller known dinosaurs, and a favourite prey of the velociraptor. This means that, like velociraptor, it was present in the Cretaceous period in Earth’s history. Protoceratops was likely one of the first frilled dinosaurs, a member of the same group as the famous Triceratops. It was much smaller than Triceratops – about the size of a sheep. We know that they were preyed upon by velociraptors, as one of the most famous fossils found is that of a Protoceratops and a velociraptor engaged in a fierce battle. The fossil suggests both were killed simultaneously, perhaps by the collapse of a sand dune on top of them. The fossil evidence for Protoceratops is excellent, as there have been hundreds of fossils found in close proximity to the edges of lakes and rivers. These fossil areas also include all stages of life of the Protoceratops, from eggs in the nest, through to hatchlings, adolescents and adults. This has enabled paleontologists to build an excellent picture of the growth and development of the Protoceratops.	242	ENGLISH	1
Discover the truth behind the saying, never judge a book by its cover, with this tale about identity. Develop higher-level critical thinking skills with the use of Bloom's Taxonomy. Demonstrate understanding by describing Auggie's experience in the cafeteria on the first day of school. Apply understanding by Interviewing fellow students about what they thought of the novel. Use these reviews along with a blurb of the book to create a new version of the back cover. Analyze details from the text to explain why Auggie changes his mind about going to school. Evaluate the characters by offering explanations to their actions. Aligned to your State Standards, additional crossword, word search, comprehension quiz and answer key are also included. About the Novel: Wonder is the heart-warming tale of a young boy's struggle and acceptance through middle school. August Pullman is not like every other kid. He was born with a rare facial deformity. Because of this and his constant trips to the hospital, Auggie was always homeschooled. That's about to change as he enters middle school for the first time. Things start off rocky as the other kids stare at him, avoid touching him, and even bully him. But Auggie perseveres and manages to make some friends. What's more, he actually really enjoys going to school. Slowly, Auggie manages to tear down the walls at his school and becomes just one of the kids. By the end, he has not only survived middle school, but overcome it. Wonder is a story of one boy's identity and showing how normal he truly is.	<urn:uuid:c0e56547-756a-46be-bb32-db7b3e0176d4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.teachersparadise.com/c/classroom-complete-press-wonder-literature-kit-grades-5-6-ccp2533	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00415.warc.gz	en	0.981891	325	3.671875	4	[ -0.15990018844604492, 0.1285741776227951, 0.056297417730093, 0.13889077305793762, -0.09873869270086288, 0.48250362277030945, 0.3916138708591461, 0.019626127555966377, -0.06463367491960526, 0.14660745859146118, 0.21815341711044312, 0.231330007314682, 0.07281772047281265, 0.2182733416557312,...	4	Discover the truth behind the saying, never judge a book by its cover, with this tale about identity. Develop higher-level critical thinking skills with the use of Bloom's Taxonomy. Demonstrate understanding by describing Auggie's experience in the cafeteria on the first day of school. Apply understanding by Interviewing fellow students about what they thought of the novel. Use these reviews along with a blurb of the book to create a new version of the back cover. Analyze details from the text to explain why Auggie changes his mind about going to school. Evaluate the characters by offering explanations to their actions. Aligned to your State Standards, additional crossword, word search, comprehension quiz and answer key are also included. About the Novel: Wonder is the heart-warming tale of a young boy's struggle and acceptance through middle school. August Pullman is not like every other kid. He was born with a rare facial deformity. Because of this and his constant trips to the hospital, Auggie was always homeschooled. That's about to change as he enters middle school for the first time. Things start off rocky as the other kids stare at him, avoid touching him, and even bully him. But Auggie perseveres and manages to make some friends. What's more, he actually really enjoys going to school. Slowly, Auggie manages to tear down the walls at his school and becomes just one of the kids. By the end, he has not only survived middle school, but overcome it. Wonder is a story of one boy's identity and showing how normal he truly is.	324	ENGLISH	1
Egypt and Nubia: Two Different Lands, yet a Plethora of Similarities and Differences Historians once thought that the human race began with the white Greek and Romans. Present day archaeologists are telling us that the cradle of civilization is in the Nile Valley of Africa. Two rival kingdoms called Egypt and Nubia have much in common but they also have their unique differences. In my essay I will explore some similarities and differences on monarchy, geographical features, and customs. Egypt and Nubia were both ruled by monarchy, which shows that they had an advanced form of political organization. A variety of archeologist findings show that the symbols of Nubian royalty were the same as those of Egyptian Pharaohs. They believed that they were god-Kings and built large pyramids to spend eternity surrounded by their riches to keep them comfortable after death. The thing is, it seems that Egyptian Pharaohs reigned over a longer time, while Nubia seemed like they had a shorter history than Egypt’s administrating period. The geographical features between the two rival cities were a bit different, as Nubia was rockier in contrast to Egypt. The vast municipality of Ancient Egypt was more arid, xerothermic, and desert-like, with a smoother terrain, often depicted by the mind as a large sand dune with carroty-red sand gently blowing over the sides. The one obvious similarity was the lengthy Nile River that ran through both of the civilizations that supplied each city with resources. Both the Ancient Egyptian and Nubian civilizations were also built alongside the Nile. Though, there were some similarities and differences in customs as well. In Nubia, Queens bared the honor to pass on the right of the throne. Also in Nubia, there were pyramids. But they weren’t like the Egyptian ones at all. They were steeper, shorter, and smaller, while the Egyptian ones were a cut above and much larger. Nubians also used Merotic writing, while on the other hand, the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:32e74e6e-0b22-4b5d-bb9f-cc6ef3163d19>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Egypt-And-Nubia-Two-Different-Lands-63612895.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00193.warc.gz	en	0.985278	430	3.640625	4	[ -0.38331663608551025, 0.7308506965637207, 0.13860078155994415, 0.09543740004301071, -0.16417838633060455, 0.11094825714826584, 0.23460432887077332, -0.36970242857933044, 0.07673424482345581, -0.0817907303571701, -0.05448119342327118, -0.4527956247329712, 0.11022495478391647, -0.16948723793...	1	Egypt and Nubia: Two Different Lands, yet a Plethora of Similarities and Differences Historians once thought that the human race began with the white Greek and Romans. Present day archaeologists are telling us that the cradle of civilization is in the Nile Valley of Africa. Two rival kingdoms called Egypt and Nubia have much in common but they also have their unique differences. In my essay I will explore some similarities and differences on monarchy, geographical features, and customs. Egypt and Nubia were both ruled by monarchy, which shows that they had an advanced form of political organization. A variety of archeologist findings show that the symbols of Nubian royalty were the same as those of Egyptian Pharaohs. They believed that they were god-Kings and built large pyramids to spend eternity surrounded by their riches to keep them comfortable after death. The thing is, it seems that Egyptian Pharaohs reigned over a longer time, while Nubia seemed like they had a shorter history than Egypt’s administrating period. The geographical features between the two rival cities were a bit different, as Nubia was rockier in contrast to Egypt. The vast municipality of Ancient Egypt was more arid, xerothermic, and desert-like, with a smoother terrain, often depicted by the mind as a large sand dune with carroty-red sand gently blowing over the sides. The one obvious similarity was the lengthy Nile River that ran through both of the civilizations that supplied each city with resources. Both the Ancient Egyptian and Nubian civilizations were also built alongside the Nile. Though, there were some similarities and differences in customs as well. In Nubia, Queens bared the honor to pass on the right of the throne. Also in Nubia, there were pyramids. But they weren’t like the Egyptian ones at all. They were steeper, shorter, and smaller, while the Egyptian ones were a cut above and much larger. Nubians also used Merotic writing, while on the other hand, the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	423	ENGLISH	1
One of the great saints of medieval India and the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, was born on 15 April 1469 at a time when large swathes of north and central India were ruled by the Lodhi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. When he died 70 years later, the Mughals had seized power in India. His birthplace is now known as Nankana Sahib. It is near Lahore in Pakistan. Guru Nanak’s parents were Kalyan Chand Das Bedi, an agricultural revenue official in Talwandi village, and Mata Tripta. The young Nanak had a melodious voice, which was noticed by Rai Bular, the Muslim landlord for whom Kalyan Chand worked. Legend has it that he would sing praises to God from an early age and in school and surprised his teachers by his spirituality. In 1485, his parents married him to Sulakhni. For several years Nanak worked in a granary shop. The story goes that when he was falsely charged with embezzlement, he resolved to turn his back on worldly affairs. Thereafter, Nanak left his home and started the wandering life of a preacher. A childhood pal, Mardana, would accompany him. One of Nanak’s first disciples was Lalo, a carpenter. Spreading the word Guru Nanak stressed on the importance of leading a simple life, avoiding idol worship and treating men and women equally. He is said to have boldly declared that “there is no Hindu, nor any Mussalman”, thus emphasising the brotherhood of man and oneness of God. Guru Nanak’s founded three basic tenets of Sikhism. These were Naam Japna (directly practising meditation on God by means of chanting, singing, reciting and treading on the righteousness path); Kirt Karni (leading an honourable household life; earning one’s bread through honest hard work; accepting both pain and pleasure as gifts from God; being always truthful; leading a life based on decency); and Vand Chakna (the idea of sharing wealth within the community). The last is a particularly important aspect of Sikh community life and extends to Sikh attitudes towards members of other faiths as well. Nanak is said to have undertaken five major journeys in his life, gathering thousands of followers in the process. These were: from 1499-1506, covering places like Sultanpur, Panipat, Delhi, Assam and Sialkot; from 1506-1513, in which he reportedly went as far as Ceylon; 1514-1518 where his itinerary is said to have included Kashmir, Nepal and Tibet; 1519-1521, during which he went to the Arab world and Mecca; and 1523-1524, which was mainly within Punjab. The first Guru In his later years, it is believed that Nanak met the first Mughal emperor Babar, who was impressed by the Sikh Guru. After decades of travel he eventually settled into the life of a household. Institutions such as the langer (the Sikh community kitchen) came into being during this time. After appointing Bhai Lehna as the next guru (named Guru Angad), Guru Nanak left the world on 22 September 1539. Both as a founder of a new faith and through his extraordinary travels to spread the message of peace and unity, Guru Nanak occupies a unique place in Indian history. As the writer and journalist Khushwant Singh wrote in the Outlook magazine: "The roots of Sikhism lie deep in the Bhakti form of Hinduism. Guru Nanak picked what he felt were its salient features. . . . A slogan ascribed to Guru Nanak is kirt karo, vand chhako, naam japo (work, share what you earn, take the name of the Lord). There’s little doubt that Nanak felt he had a new message that needed to be conveyed after him, as he nominated his closest disciple Angad to be his successor in preference to his two sons.” Also on this day: 1963 — Manoj Prabhakar, Indian cricketer, was born - University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)	<urn:uuid:c29cf395-46b8-4406-aa87-d157ddff9fba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/15-april-1469-guru-nanak-founder-of-sikhism-and-first-sikh-guru-was-born	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00552.warc.gz	en	0.981514	899	3.484375	3	[ 0.03325837478041649, 0.3908957242965698, -0.009436758235096931, -0.36866238713264465, -0.6150192022323608, 0.02117389440536499, 0.4776480197906494, -0.06995909661054611, 0.35248643159866333, -0.12802143394947052, 0.06873659789562225, -0.36914297938346863, 0.33153167366981506, -0.0311875138...	3	One of the great saints of medieval India and the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, was born on 15 April 1469 at a time when large swathes of north and central India were ruled by the Lodhi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. When he died 70 years later, the Mughals had seized power in India. His birthplace is now known as Nankana Sahib. It is near Lahore in Pakistan. Guru Nanak’s parents were Kalyan Chand Das Bedi, an agricultural revenue official in Talwandi village, and Mata Tripta. The young Nanak had a melodious voice, which was noticed by Rai Bular, the Muslim landlord for whom Kalyan Chand worked. Legend has it that he would sing praises to God from an early age and in school and surprised his teachers by his spirituality. In 1485, his parents married him to Sulakhni. For several years Nanak worked in a granary shop. The story goes that when he was falsely charged with embezzlement, he resolved to turn his back on worldly affairs. Thereafter, Nanak left his home and started the wandering life of a preacher. A childhood pal, Mardana, would accompany him. One of Nanak’s first disciples was Lalo, a carpenter. Spreading the word Guru Nanak stressed on the importance of leading a simple life, avoiding idol worship and treating men and women equally. He is said to have boldly declared that “there is no Hindu, nor any Mussalman”, thus emphasising the brotherhood of man and oneness of God. Guru Nanak’s founded three basic tenets of Sikhism. These were Naam Japna (directly practising meditation on God by means of chanting, singing, reciting and treading on the righteousness path); Kirt Karni (leading an honourable household life; earning one’s bread through honest hard work; accepting both pain and pleasure as gifts from God; being always truthful; leading a life based on decency); and Vand Chakna (the idea of sharing wealth within the community). The last is a particularly important aspect of Sikh community life and extends to Sikh attitudes towards members of other faiths as well. Nanak is said to have undertaken five major journeys in his life, gathering thousands of followers in the process. These were: from 1499-1506, covering places like Sultanpur, Panipat, Delhi, Assam and Sialkot; from 1506-1513, in which he reportedly went as far as Ceylon; 1514-1518 where his itinerary is said to have included Kashmir, Nepal and Tibet; 1519-1521, during which he went to the Arab world and Mecca; and 1523-1524, which was mainly within Punjab. The first Guru In his later years, it is believed that Nanak met the first Mughal emperor Babar, who was impressed by the Sikh Guru. After decades of travel he eventually settled into the life of a household. Institutions such as the langer (the Sikh community kitchen) came into being during this time. After appointing Bhai Lehna as the next guru (named Guru Angad), Guru Nanak left the world on 22 September 1539. Both as a founder of a new faith and through his extraordinary travels to spread the message of peace and unity, Guru Nanak occupies a unique place in Indian history. As the writer and journalist Khushwant Singh wrote in the Outlook magazine: "The roots of Sikhism lie deep in the Bhakti form of Hinduism. Guru Nanak picked what he felt were its salient features. . . . A slogan ascribed to Guru Nanak is kirt karo, vand chhako, naam japo (work, share what you earn, take the name of the Lord). There’s little doubt that Nanak felt he had a new message that needed to be conveyed after him, as he nominated his closest disciple Angad to be his successor in preference to his two sons.” Also on this day: 1963 — Manoj Prabhakar, Indian cricketer, was born - University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)	915	ENGLISH	1
To the Saxons, Woolhampton was 'Wulflafingatun' but was recorded in the Doomsday Book, written in Latin by the Normans, as 'Ollivintone'. The ending is the common Saxon suffix '-ton', meaning simply 'settlement', from which the modern word 'town' is derived. However, the rest of the name appears to be its proper Celtic title. It was possibly something like 'Alebhion' meaning 'Ridge Place', referring to the high ground in the parish which stretches alongside the Kennet Valley. By the time of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the name had evolved to 'Woulhampton'. Woolhampton sits on the banks of the River Kennet, one of the oldest highways in the south of England. The 50 mile stretch of the valley floor, from its source on the Marlborough Downs to its outflow into the River Thames at Reading, has been used as a thoroughfare for millennia. The river environment provided rich pickings for the hunter-gatherers of the Middle Stone Age who occupied the area nearly 8,000 years ago. Two millennia later the gravel terraces would have provided tracts of fertile, well-drained soil for the first farmers, and later on still, the Romans arrived in numbers, with many sites found of former settlements, individual villas and roads. For early travellers, the river corridor would have offered easy, level access to the west of England. The Roman road running from Calleva (Silchester), a major provincial capital, to Corinium (Cirencester), which crossed the Kennet at Thatcham, lies half a mile south of Woolhampton. Later, that same corridor was to be used for the routes of the Great Bath Road, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Great Western Railway. Here is a curious early map from 1676, listing the villages encountered on the road to Bath and Wells, which includes Woolhampton, and their distances from each other: The railway arrived in Woolhampton with the Reading to Hungerford extension in 1847, but the station was later obliged to change its name to Midgham to avoid confusion with Wolverhampton. Due to the location of Woolhampton on the thoroughfare leading west, there were a number of coaching inns providing respite from long journeys. As well as sitting on the main road going west to Bath, Wells and Bristol, the town lies on the River Kennet, which was a major trade route carrying goods to and from the west country and London, and hence as well as the coaching Inns, a number of hostelries sprang up serving the needs of those travelling by water. The Rowbarge is situated next to the swing bridge, and the Woolhampton lock was originally built between 1718 and 1723. The canal itself is not technically a canal, but an improved river navigation of the Kennet river. There are many sections that are in fact the natural River Kennet, which are interspersed with man-made locks and canal sections to make the river more navigable. The history of the Rowbarge Many thanks to local historian and author John Trigg for this account of the history of the Rowbarge. This is a link to his website where his books are listed: http://www.johntrigg.org.uk The Rowbarge was originally the property of the Frankum family who lived in Woolhampton during the 18th century. They owned many acres of land in the village on which they built a number of properties including the village mill. George Frankum (1763 - 1830), who spent his childhood at the present Rising Sun, was innkeeper at the Angle Inn, yeoman farmer, carrier and miller, and in 1815 built a cottage on a four acre meadow known as Birds or Bridge Close. It is this building that became the present Rowbarge. George died in 1830, the year that William IV came to the throne. His cottage on Bridge Close is listed as "a messuage used as a beer shop called William IV" In the census of 1841 this cottage is shown as the home of George Miles, coal merchant. By the late 1850s the William IV had become the Rowbarge and the landlord was Jacob Jacobs who, on his death, was succeeded by his brother John who was a rod grower. His daughter Mary married rope maker John Hobbs in 1877, and the couple lived for a period in a disused railway carriage close to the inn. John and his bother Henry established their rope making business on the ropewalk that ran parallel between the inn and the river. Rope continued to be made here by the Hobbs family until the early 1930s. The rope was sold in the Rope Shop, the present Bow Cottage on the Bath Road. A little after their marriage, John and Mary established a grocery business in the Corner Shop (currently 'Inspirations') which remained in the family until the death in 1965 of Lennie, a son of Mary and John. For part of the last century, the Rowbarge was let to Reading brewers H G Simmonds at a rate of £17 per annum (the Falmouth Arms at this time was still owned by the Woolhampton estate, and brewers Strong & Co paid a rent of £l5 per annum to Isabella Burn-Blyth the lady of the manor.) Interestingly, in 1903 it was disclosed that the ratio of public houses to the population of Woolhampton was 1:75 - a staggering stastic that may be explained by the lack of home entertainment rather than a love of drinking per se. A later landlord was Daniel Payne (1904 - 1926) who together with his sons was a harness and saddle maker operating from a workshop situated on the Brimpton side of the inn - in those days, was most common for innkeepers to have more than one job. The pub was taken over in 1934 by bearded ex-naval man Richmond 'Dick' Corp who had served in the Dardanelles campaign and was mentioned in dispatches for his conduct at the Battle of Jutland. He claimed to have sailed around the world three times, and was 'mine host' at the Rowbarge until his death in 1950. He was a skilful banjo player and organised the Rowbarge band as well as selling second-hand furniture. Later in the 50's the Christopher family took up the reins. John and Kit Christopher owned the pub until 1966. A familiar figure crossing the level crossing en route to collect his daily newspaper clad in pyjamas and dressing gown, was actor turned landlord Larry Naismith. During his career he appeared in over 20 films including "Boy on a Dolphin" with Sophie Loren in 1957 and in 1972 starred in "The Amazing Mr Blundell". In the 1970s he reached a wider public when he appeared in the regular TV series "The Persuaders" with Tony Curtis and Roger Moore. As we have seen, due to its location on the great Bath Road, Woolhampton was well known for its coaching inns, one of which was the scene of the capture of the infamous highwayman, Captain Hawkes, aka "Flying" Hawkes. This man was best known for using a huge number of disguises to befriend unsuspecting travellers and acquire information about who was worth robbing. On one occasion, Hawkes dressed as a pious Quaker and visited an inn in Slough, where he met a pistol-wielding young show-off who boasted of his fine guns and his wealth, and declared that no highwayman would ever get the better of him Later, on the road in East Berkshire, the young dandy found himself unarmed and facing a familiar but dangerous highwayman, who proceeded to rob him, warning him not to be so boastful in future. Delighted with his haul, Hawkes rode on to Woolhampton where he rested at an inn, believed to be the Rising Sun. While there, a fight broke out in the bar between two locals. The robber captain tried to intervene, only to find himself amid red-breasted Bow Street Runners, a prototype police force, who promptly arrested him. The Church of St Peter The church of St.Peter was rebuilt in 1861 at the expense of Squire James Blythe who also did the same for St Peter's at neighbouring Brimpton in 1869. The nave walls of the old church are actually encased within the present walls. The church consists of a chancel, north vestry, nave, and north and south transepts. There is a wood and stone south porch and over the west gable is a small wood bell-turret with a shingled spire. Thus it has now lost what may have been the most interesting font in the county. It was apparently a 12th century carved stone vessel featuring lead figures, probably saints, one of which was a man with a book and key (St. Peter). It has long been said that this object is safely buried beneath the church floor, but no-one has ever discovered it. Douai School and Abbey In 1786 the Earl of Fingall, the squire of Woolhampton, sold his Woolhampton estate and moved to Ireland. His family had been recusant Catholics and had maintained a chapel and chaplain at Woolhampton House (now Elstree School). On leaving the neighbourhood he left his chaplain to minister to the local Catholics who endowed him with some seven acres of lands and some cottages. In 1829 Fr Stephen Dambrine was appointed to Woolhampton. He established a school and embarked on a building programme which included a chapel in the Gothic style, opened in 1833 to replace the chapel in Woolhampton Lodge, and which itself was replaced by the present St Mary's in 1848. The Benedictine community of St Edmund were expelled from Douai, France, in 1903, and were offered the site at Woolhampton by the Bishop of Portsmouth. They settled there and combined their school, St Edmund's College, with St Mary's College, so forming the new Douai School. The Abbey Church was partly built between 1928 and 1933 and completed in 1993. Here is a photo of the Abbey from 1965: The great flood of 2007 On July 20th 2007, torrential rains turned parts of the A4 in Wollhampton into a raging river, with waters rising up to car window level as they surged through the gardens and homes of the town. Here is a report of the flood written by Patra Cooke, a reporter for Newburytoday.co.uk: "Bill Owen, 67, and his wife, Mary, 68, watched as a five foot high torrent of water demolished a brick wall, surging through their garden and adjacent properties on Woolhampton Hill last Friday (July 20). Mrs Owen said: "It had burst through the fence over in the far corner of next door's garden and it had just come through in a deluge, an absolute torrent." The water swept away the Owen's garden sheds and greenhouse and demolished a six-foot-high fence on the other side of the garden. The fence crashed into a two bedroomed chalet, owned by their neighbours, Victor, 52, and Victoria Davies, 48. Mr Owen said the chalet hit the roof of the Davies' bungalow so hard that it knocked bricks down the chimney. The chalet debris, transported by the surge of water, demolished the brick garage of next door neighbour, Malcolm Withers, 48. The rubble created a dam, blocking the path of the flood waters, which were threatening to break through and cause even more destruction. Mr Owen and Mr Davies struggled in chest high waters to hack through the dam in order to release the pressure. "We were frightened that the pressure of the water would push the roof off the bungalow," said Mr Owen. At one point, he was nearly swept away by the floods but was saved by Mr Davies, who grabbed the arm of his coat. Mr Owen said: "The big culvert was probably blocked. It should have taken the water. At the backs of the gardens there is a big pipe that runs down there and it must have been blocked up because the water just poured down the hillside. The culvert was blocked by an oak tree, which had been brought down by the force of the water."	<urn:uuid:9bac7633-b34e-4b01-afa3-81dab8f9f0f8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.brunningandprice.co.uk/rowbarge/history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00164.warc.gz	en	0.984069	2,598	3.359375	3	[ -0.17365048825740814, -0.460063636302948, -0.0452205091714859, 0.2151927649974823, -0.316589891910553, -0.07934850454330444, -0.26348111033439636, -0.26460525393486023, -0.13737991452217102, -0.31032347679138184, -0.03034033253788948, -1.1402015686035156, 0.2712135910987854, 0.294742107391...	12	To the Saxons, Woolhampton was 'Wulflafingatun' but was recorded in the Doomsday Book, written in Latin by the Normans, as 'Ollivintone'. The ending is the common Saxon suffix '-ton', meaning simply 'settlement', from which the modern word 'town' is derived. However, the rest of the name appears to be its proper Celtic title. It was possibly something like 'Alebhion' meaning 'Ridge Place', referring to the high ground in the parish which stretches alongside the Kennet Valley. By the time of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the name had evolved to 'Woulhampton'. Woolhampton sits on the banks of the River Kennet, one of the oldest highways in the south of England. The 50 mile stretch of the valley floor, from its source on the Marlborough Downs to its outflow into the River Thames at Reading, has been used as a thoroughfare for millennia. The river environment provided rich pickings for the hunter-gatherers of the Middle Stone Age who occupied the area nearly 8,000 years ago. Two millennia later the gravel terraces would have provided tracts of fertile, well-drained soil for the first farmers, and later on still, the Romans arrived in numbers, with many sites found of former settlements, individual villas and roads. For early travellers, the river corridor would have offered easy, level access to the west of England. The Roman road running from Calleva (Silchester), a major provincial capital, to Corinium (Cirencester), which crossed the Kennet at Thatcham, lies half a mile south of Woolhampton. Later, that same corridor was to be used for the routes of the Great Bath Road, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Great Western Railway. Here is a curious early map from 1676, listing the villages encountered on the road to Bath and Wells, which includes Woolhampton, and their distances from each other: The railway arrived in Woolhampton with the Reading to Hungerford extension in 1847, but the station was later obliged to change its name to Midgham to avoid confusion with Wolverhampton. Due to the location of Woolhampton on the thoroughfare leading west, there were a number of coaching inns providing respite from long journeys. As well as sitting on the main road going west to Bath, Wells and Bristol, the town lies on the River Kennet, which was a major trade route carrying goods to and from the west country and London, and hence as well as the coaching Inns, a number of hostelries sprang up serving the needs of those travelling by water. The Rowbarge is situated next to the swing bridge, and the Woolhampton lock was originally built between 1718 and 1723. The canal itself is not technically a canal, but an improved river navigation of the Kennet river. There are many sections that are in fact the natural River Kennet, which are interspersed with man-made locks and canal sections to make the river more navigable. The history of the Rowbarge Many thanks to local historian and author John Trigg for this account of the history of the Rowbarge. This is a link to his website where his books are listed: http://www.johntrigg.org.uk The Rowbarge was originally the property of the Frankum family who lived in Woolhampton during the 18th century. They owned many acres of land in the village on which they built a number of properties including the village mill. George Frankum (1763 - 1830), who spent his childhood at the present Rising Sun, was innkeeper at the Angle Inn, yeoman farmer, carrier and miller, and in 1815 built a cottage on a four acre meadow known as Birds or Bridge Close. It is this building that became the present Rowbarge. George died in 1830, the year that William IV came to the throne. His cottage on Bridge Close is listed as "a messuage used as a beer shop called William IV" In the census of 1841 this cottage is shown as the home of George Miles, coal merchant. By the late 1850s the William IV had become the Rowbarge and the landlord was Jacob Jacobs who, on his death, was succeeded by his brother John who was a rod grower. His daughter Mary married rope maker John Hobbs in 1877, and the couple lived for a period in a disused railway carriage close to the inn. John and his bother Henry established their rope making business on the ropewalk that ran parallel between the inn and the river. Rope continued to be made here by the Hobbs family until the early 1930s. The rope was sold in the Rope Shop, the present Bow Cottage on the Bath Road. A little after their marriage, John and Mary established a grocery business in the Corner Shop (currently 'Inspirations') which remained in the family until the death in 1965 of Lennie, a son of Mary and John. For part of the last century, the Rowbarge was let to Reading brewers H G Simmonds at a rate of £17 per annum (the Falmouth Arms at this time was still owned by the Woolhampton estate, and brewers Strong & Co paid a rent of £l5 per annum to Isabella Burn-Blyth the lady of the manor.) Interestingly, in 1903 it was disclosed that the ratio of public houses to the population of Woolhampton was 1:75 - a staggering stastic that may be explained by the lack of home entertainment rather than a love of drinking per se. A later landlord was Daniel Payne (1904 - 1926) who together with his sons was a harness and saddle maker operating from a workshop situated on the Brimpton side of the inn - in those days, was most common for innkeepers to have more than one job. The pub was taken over in 1934 by bearded ex-naval man Richmond 'Dick' Corp who had served in the Dardanelles campaign and was mentioned in dispatches for his conduct at the Battle of Jutland. He claimed to have sailed around the world three times, and was 'mine host' at the Rowbarge until his death in 1950. He was a skilful banjo player and organised the Rowbarge band as well as selling second-hand furniture. Later in the 50's the Christopher family took up the reins. John and Kit Christopher owned the pub until 1966. A familiar figure crossing the level crossing en route to collect his daily newspaper clad in pyjamas and dressing gown, was actor turned landlord Larry Naismith. During his career he appeared in over 20 films including "Boy on a Dolphin" with Sophie Loren in 1957 and in 1972 starred in "The Amazing Mr Blundell". In the 1970s he reached a wider public when he appeared in the regular TV series "The Persuaders" with Tony Curtis and Roger Moore. As we have seen, due to its location on the great Bath Road, Woolhampton was well known for its coaching inns, one of which was the scene of the capture of the infamous highwayman, Captain Hawkes, aka "Flying" Hawkes. This man was best known for using a huge number of disguises to befriend unsuspecting travellers and acquire information about who was worth robbing. On one occasion, Hawkes dressed as a pious Quaker and visited an inn in Slough, where he met a pistol-wielding young show-off who boasted of his fine guns and his wealth, and declared that no highwayman would ever get the better of him Later, on the road in East Berkshire, the young dandy found himself unarmed and facing a familiar but dangerous highwayman, who proceeded to rob him, warning him not to be so boastful in future. Delighted with his haul, Hawkes rode on to Woolhampton where he rested at an inn, believed to be the Rising Sun. While there, a fight broke out in the bar between two locals. The robber captain tried to intervene, only to find himself amid red-breasted Bow Street Runners, a prototype police force, who promptly arrested him. The Church of St Peter The church of St.Peter was rebuilt in 1861 at the expense of Squire James Blythe who also did the same for St Peter's at neighbouring Brimpton in 1869. The nave walls of the old church are actually encased within the present walls. The church consists of a chancel, north vestry, nave, and north and south transepts. There is a wood and stone south porch and over the west gable is a small wood bell-turret with a shingled spire. Thus it has now lost what may have been the most interesting font in the county. It was apparently a 12th century carved stone vessel featuring lead figures, probably saints, one of which was a man with a book and key (St. Peter). It has long been said that this object is safely buried beneath the church floor, but no-one has ever discovered it. Douai School and Abbey In 1786 the Earl of Fingall, the squire of Woolhampton, sold his Woolhampton estate and moved to Ireland. His family had been recusant Catholics and had maintained a chapel and chaplain at Woolhampton House (now Elstree School). On leaving the neighbourhood he left his chaplain to minister to the local Catholics who endowed him with some seven acres of lands and some cottages. In 1829 Fr Stephen Dambrine was appointed to Woolhampton. He established a school and embarked on a building programme which included a chapel in the Gothic style, opened in 1833 to replace the chapel in Woolhampton Lodge, and which itself was replaced by the present St Mary's in 1848. The Benedictine community of St Edmund were expelled from Douai, France, in 1903, and were offered the site at Woolhampton by the Bishop of Portsmouth. They settled there and combined their school, St Edmund's College, with St Mary's College, so forming the new Douai School. The Abbey Church was partly built between 1928 and 1933 and completed in 1993. Here is a photo of the Abbey from 1965: The great flood of 2007 On July 20th 2007, torrential rains turned parts of the A4 in Wollhampton into a raging river, with waters rising up to car window level as they surged through the gardens and homes of the town. Here is a report of the flood written by Patra Cooke, a reporter for Newburytoday.co.uk: "Bill Owen, 67, and his wife, Mary, 68, watched as a five foot high torrent of water demolished a brick wall, surging through their garden and adjacent properties on Woolhampton Hill last Friday (July 20). Mrs Owen said: "It had burst through the fence over in the far corner of next door's garden and it had just come through in a deluge, an absolute torrent." The water swept away the Owen's garden sheds and greenhouse and demolished a six-foot-high fence on the other side of the garden. The fence crashed into a two bedroomed chalet, owned by their neighbours, Victor, 52, and Victoria Davies, 48. Mr Owen said the chalet hit the roof of the Davies' bungalow so hard that it knocked bricks down the chimney. The chalet debris, transported by the surge of water, demolished the brick garage of next door neighbour, Malcolm Withers, 48. The rubble created a dam, blocking the path of the flood waters, which were threatening to break through and cause even more destruction. Mr Owen and Mr Davies struggled in chest high waters to hack through the dam in order to release the pressure. "We were frightened that the pressure of the water would push the roof off the bungalow," said Mr Owen. At one point, he was nearly swept away by the floods but was saved by Mr Davies, who grabbed the arm of his coat. Mr Owen said: "The big culvert was probably blocked. It should have taken the water. At the backs of the gardens there is a big pipe that runs down there and it must have been blocked up because the water just poured down the hillside. The culvert was blocked by an oak tree, which had been brought down by the force of the water."	2,696	ENGLISH	1
The life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal Research Papers - ninciclopedia.orgRizal wrote this literary poem when he was still studying at the University of Sto. Tomas UST. Originally written in Spanish A la juventud filipina , Rizal submitted this piece for a poem contest organized for Filipinos by the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature. At the age of 18, this work is beaming with strong messages to convince readers, the youth in particular, that they are the hope of the nation. Rizal won the first prize and was rewarded with a feather-shaped silver pen and a diploma. José Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution , inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been recommended to be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. He had nine sisters and one brother. He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children 2 boys and 9 girls. Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to be an artist. He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawings and sketches and by his moldings of clay. In , at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of "excellent" from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.	<urn:uuid:6579f3a9-a4e0-42c4-a446-c0b2294d3099>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ninciclopedia.org/and-book/472-life-and-works-of-rizal-book-24-943.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00121.warc.gz	en	0.983799	477	3.46875	3	[ 0.035892050713300705, 0.2398851215839386, 0.6177353262901306, -0.21567845344543457, -0.01988067850470543, 0.15983867645263672, -0.04149864614009857, 0.4445861279964447, -0.24907013773918152, 0.0012132778065279126, 0.046769604086875916, 0.42702922224998474, 0.1885630041360855, 0.39206480979...	3	The life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal Research Papers - ninciclopedia.orgRizal wrote this literary poem when he was still studying at the University of Sto. Tomas UST. Originally written in Spanish A la juventud filipina , Rizal submitted this piece for a poem contest organized for Filipinos by the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature. At the age of 18, this work is beaming with strong messages to convince readers, the youth in particular, that they are the hope of the nation. Rizal won the first prize and was rewarded with a feather-shaped silver pen and a diploma. José Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution , inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been recommended to be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. He had nine sisters and one brother. He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children 2 boys and 9 girls. Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to be an artist. He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawings and sketches and by his moldings of clay. In , at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of "excellent" from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.	479	ENGLISH	1
The ninth grade honors math students had an opportunity to take the math that they were learning and see it put into real life practice when they went to the BYU Technology and Engineering Expo. The students were given hands on experience learning about the effects of radiation, calculating the speed of light using chocolate in a microwave, and experimenting with creating their own refrigeration system. These were some of the many activities that were in a hands on lab with the assistance of the students in the Chemical Engineering program at Brigham Young University. The students had the opportunity to visit several engineering labs while they were there, including the space lab - where they were able to see some of the prototypes for a satellite the students were building to go up into space in June, the origami lab - where they were able to see how the students were building Kevlar shields for multiple police officers that could be taken up and put down in 2 seconds or less and protect them from flying handgun bullets, and a number of other engineering labs. The students also had a chance to do some building of their own. They designed bridges that could hold large amounts of weight, drove remote control vehicles with their cell phones, created large structures with marshmallows and spaghetti, and designed their own robots that could color. These activities were put on by the variety of different engineering clubs that are available at Brigham Young University. The students all had a fun time and learned quite a bit in the process.	<urn:uuid:6c3906b5-d0e0-428e-af43-b182824e7e57>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://sfjhs.nebo.edu/news/students-attend-tech-and-engineering-expo-byu	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00038.warc.gz	en	0.992646	289	3.40625	3	[ -0.7449715733528137, 0.21387797594070435, -0.07247796654701233, -0.5322935581207275, -0.23724760115146637, -0.03697700798511505, -0.056640904396772385, 0.29121124744415283, -0.258307546377182, -0.13353084027767181, 0.116791732609272, 0.08595461398363113, 0.42123931646347046, -0.12169395387...	2	The ninth grade honors math students had an opportunity to take the math that they were learning and see it put into real life practice when they went to the BYU Technology and Engineering Expo. The students were given hands on experience learning about the effects of radiation, calculating the speed of light using chocolate in a microwave, and experimenting with creating their own refrigeration system. These were some of the many activities that were in a hands on lab with the assistance of the students in the Chemical Engineering program at Brigham Young University. The students had the opportunity to visit several engineering labs while they were there, including the space lab - where they were able to see some of the prototypes for a satellite the students were building to go up into space in June, the origami lab - where they were able to see how the students were building Kevlar shields for multiple police officers that could be taken up and put down in 2 seconds or less and protect them from flying handgun bullets, and a number of other engineering labs. The students also had a chance to do some building of their own. They designed bridges that could hold large amounts of weight, drove remote control vehicles with their cell phones, created large structures with marshmallows and spaghetti, and designed their own robots that could color. These activities were put on by the variety of different engineering clubs that are available at Brigham Young University. The students all had a fun time and learned quite a bit in the process.	289	ENGLISH	1
Getting Started: Read Judges 12:8-15 Ibzan followed Jephthah as a judge over Israelites. He was the 9th judge in the Promised Land. Ibzan’s home was Bethlehem in the tribal land of Judah. Some Jewish publications suggested that Ibzan lived at the same time as Ruth and Boaz; but, that suggestion isn’t confirmed in the Bible. Ibzan was judge seven years, approximately 1094-1087 BC. To put the year of Ibzan’s judgeship in the timeline of Israelite history, Saul became king in 1046 BC. Most likely, Ibzan was a judge in the sense of making judicial decisions rather than being a war leader; i.e., fighting against a national enemy of Israel. There seems to be no single national threat to Judah during Izban’s tenure as a judge. Ibzan fathered 30 sons and 30 daughters. To have 60 children, probably Ibzan had multiple wives. In order to support wives and children, Ibzan would have been wealthy. Further, his adult name (Izban) meant “illustrious” or “splendid,” suggesting that he was a man of status in his tribe and perhaps in the larger nation. Unlike many Israelites who structured marriages for his children within the clan, i.e. to first and second cousins, Ibzan found spouses for children outside his clan. This is one of the few times in the Old Testament that daughters were associated with a father on an equal basis as sons. Apparently, Ibzan valued his daughters as well as his sons. He used the same strategy for getting spouses for daughters and sons. How is the church to interpret Izban’s behavior of treating sons and daughters equally? In the 21st century, some denominations and some individual churches are more absolute about the role of women in the church. For example, in the Constitution of my denomination both men and women can be pastors and bishops. The pastor of my individual church disagrees. He has allowed only men to be ordained as pastors; however, many women have ministerial responsibilities. The noteworthy fact about Izban was that he married sons and daughters outside the clan. That piece of information suggests that he treated sons and daughters the same way. Perhaps a parallel is that the church had a children’s or youth program for both boys and girls; or, the church had an active women’s and men’s ministry. A larger parallel may be that the church treats both genders equally. If our denominations and churches interpret women’s role and responsibilities in the church wrong, is that apostasy (rebellion against God, defecting from the faith)? Likely, I wouldn’t call the error apostasy because the role of women in denominations/individual churches apostasy is a more likely preference. As a health care professional, immediately, I thought that Ibzan went outside his clan to find spouses for his children because he wanted to diversify the gene pool in his family. Probably, I was wrong. A more probable reason Ibzan chose to find his children’s spouses outside his clan was to expand his sphere of influence to other clans and Israelite tribes. He was an influential, wealthy, illustrious man; consequently, marriage to one of his children would have been beneficial to the child’s spouse. At the same time, Ibzan would have had advocates for his family in a wide range of families. Recently, I read on the information page of a church bulletin that the church had grown large and it planned to form “daughter” churches in various communities to reduce the size of the congregation and to reduce driving time for congregates. This information caused me to reflect back on another story several years ago. An orthodox church spun off at least three daughter churches in towns around my small city. When the pastor of one “daughter” church was interviewed, he commented that his church no longer considered themselves part of the parent church’s denomination. I haven’t investigated the doctrine of the “daughter” church; however, I wonder if in giving up denomination affiliation, it also gave up central doctrines of the faith. My conclusion is that “daughter” churches can be good; but, care must be taken to provide doctrinal oversight in the churches. Copyright December 14, 2019. Carolyn Adams Roth Visit my website at http://www.CarolynRothMinistry.com	<urn:uuid:871ffe48-c49c-448c-b6e7-e64873676950>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://obscurecharacters.com/2020/01/05/ibzan-father-of-60-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00195.warc.gz	en	0.985961	930	3.640625	4	[ -0.28007760643959045, 0.4336210787296295, -0.4902624785900116, -0.36487990617752075, -0.29947665333747864, -0.146750807762146, 0.08466489613056183, 0.1834743618965149, 0.05823710933327675, 0.07507544755935669, -0.048308275640010834, 0.2255467027425766, 0.37717556953430176, 0.02232412435114...	3	Getting Started: Read Judges 12:8-15 Ibzan followed Jephthah as a judge over Israelites. He was the 9th judge in the Promised Land. Ibzan’s home was Bethlehem in the tribal land of Judah. Some Jewish publications suggested that Ibzan lived at the same time as Ruth and Boaz; but, that suggestion isn’t confirmed in the Bible. Ibzan was judge seven years, approximately 1094-1087 BC. To put the year of Ibzan’s judgeship in the timeline of Israelite history, Saul became king in 1046 BC. Most likely, Ibzan was a judge in the sense of making judicial decisions rather than being a war leader; i.e., fighting against a national enemy of Israel. There seems to be no single national threat to Judah during Izban’s tenure as a judge. Ibzan fathered 30 sons and 30 daughters. To have 60 children, probably Ibzan had multiple wives. In order to support wives and children, Ibzan would have been wealthy. Further, his adult name (Izban) meant “illustrious” or “splendid,” suggesting that he was a man of status in his tribe and perhaps in the larger nation. Unlike many Israelites who structured marriages for his children within the clan, i.e. to first and second cousins, Ibzan found spouses for children outside his clan. This is one of the few times in the Old Testament that daughters were associated with a father on an equal basis as sons. Apparently, Ibzan valued his daughters as well as his sons. He used the same strategy for getting spouses for daughters and sons. How is the church to interpret Izban’s behavior of treating sons and daughters equally? In the 21st century, some denominations and some individual churches are more absolute about the role of women in the church. For example, in the Constitution of my denomination both men and women can be pastors and bishops. The pastor of my individual church disagrees. He has allowed only men to be ordained as pastors; however, many women have ministerial responsibilities. The noteworthy fact about Izban was that he married sons and daughters outside the clan. That piece of information suggests that he treated sons and daughters the same way. Perhaps a parallel is that the church had a children’s or youth program for both boys and girls; or, the church had an active women’s and men’s ministry. A larger parallel may be that the church treats both genders equally. If our denominations and churches interpret women’s role and responsibilities in the church wrong, is that apostasy (rebellion against God, defecting from the faith)? Likely, I wouldn’t call the error apostasy because the role of women in denominations/individual churches apostasy is a more likely preference. As a health care professional, immediately, I thought that Ibzan went outside his clan to find spouses for his children because he wanted to diversify the gene pool in his family. Probably, I was wrong. A more probable reason Ibzan chose to find his children’s spouses outside his clan was to expand his sphere of influence to other clans and Israelite tribes. He was an influential, wealthy, illustrious man; consequently, marriage to one of his children would have been beneficial to the child’s spouse. At the same time, Ibzan would have had advocates for his family in a wide range of families. Recently, I read on the information page of a church bulletin that the church had grown large and it planned to form “daughter” churches in various communities to reduce the size of the congregation and to reduce driving time for congregates. This information caused me to reflect back on another story several years ago. An orthodox church spun off at least three daughter churches in towns around my small city. When the pastor of one “daughter” church was interviewed, he commented that his church no longer considered themselves part of the parent church’s denomination. I haven’t investigated the doctrine of the “daughter” church; however, I wonder if in giving up denomination affiliation, it also gave up central doctrines of the faith. My conclusion is that “daughter” churches can be good; but, care must be taken to provide doctrinal oversight in the churches. Copyright December 14, 2019. Carolyn Adams Roth Visit my website at http://www.CarolynRothMinistry.com	907	ENGLISH	1
A PROMISE MADE TO THE PEOPLE Last year, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. President John F. Kennedy launched that effort in a famous speech before the people gathered in the Rice University stadium in Houston on September 12, 1962. He made the vow that America would put astronauts on the moon and bring them home safely within the decade of the 1960s. It was a promise that was kept, though he who made the promise did not live to see it fulfilled. A PROMISE KEPT BEFORE THE PEOPLE King David had wanted to build a temple in Jerusalem, but God, though pleased with his desire, gave the honor to his son Solomon. David’s vow was fulfilled by someone else. When Solomon was dedicating the temple, he addressed the people to praise God for how He had kept His promise to David, to Solomon, and to Israel. - If you remember the space race of the 1960s, how confident were you that President Kennedy’s vow could be accomplished? - What is the most significant promise that someone has kept with you? - Why are some promises made before other people?	<urn:uuid:7b350ab6-37e3-48cc-8c4a-0f03b213b2a7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.reallifedownloaded.com/lessons/solomon-speaks-to-the-people-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00305.warc.gz	en	0.985618	239	3.3125	3	[ -0.3422152101993561, 0.6066608428955078, 0.2388303577899933, -0.10722298175096512, -0.39104434847831726, 0.575616180896759, -0.039597366005182266, -0.013860604725778103, -0.14257153868675232, -0.09961896389722824, 0.3956010341644287, 0.15736977756023407, 0.043564993888139725, 0.21074204146...	3	A PROMISE MADE TO THE PEOPLE Last year, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. President John F. Kennedy launched that effort in a famous speech before the people gathered in the Rice University stadium in Houston on September 12, 1962. He made the vow that America would put astronauts on the moon and bring them home safely within the decade of the 1960s. It was a promise that was kept, though he who made the promise did not live to see it fulfilled. A PROMISE KEPT BEFORE THE PEOPLE King David had wanted to build a temple in Jerusalem, but God, though pleased with his desire, gave the honor to his son Solomon. David’s vow was fulfilled by someone else. When Solomon was dedicating the temple, he addressed the people to praise God for how He had kept His promise to David, to Solomon, and to Israel. - If you remember the space race of the 1960s, how confident were you that President Kennedy’s vow could be accomplished? - What is the most significant promise that someone has kept with you? - Why are some promises made before other people?	245	ENGLISH	1
HAZRAT UMAR (634 – 644 A.D.) Life Before Khilafat: Hazrat Umar, son of Khattab, was born in Makkah twelve or thirteen years after the birth of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Umar had a common ancestor in Ka’ab. Umar was taught reading and writing by his father who was an educated and well-to-do merchant of Makkah. Umar was very learned, intelligent and studious. He was a poet and a very good orator. He was strong and powerful and was fond of archery, horse-riding and wrestling. He was also a sucessful trader and had visited many countries in connection with his business. He was an idol-worshipper. When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) declared that he was the Prophet of Allah, Hazrat Umar and his father became enemies of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Among the Quraish of Makkah, Umar was a very powerful and influential person. In the 6th year of Prophethood, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) prayed to Allah to strengthen Islam by giving him Umar. One day Umar set out from his house with the intention of killing the Holy Prophet (PBUH). On the way, he was informed that his sister and her husband had embraced Islam. Infuriated, Umar changed his course and went to the house of his sister, who was reading the Holy Quran loudly. This enraged Umar so much that he attacked his sister and her husband. On Umar’s insistence, his sister recited some verses from Surah Taha. The words of the Holy Quran softened his heart and tears began to fall from his eyes. He then proceeded to the house where the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was engaged in religious discourse with his followers. He recited the Kalima and became a Muslim. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) embraced Umar, who was now an entirely changed person. From being an enemy and persecutor of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Umar became one of his most devoted followers. After his conversion, he was given the title of Farooq by the Holy Prophet (PBUH). His conversion, he was immense value of Islam. From that day, the small number of the people who had embraced Islam became bold enough to pray openly at Makkah. After his coversion, Hazrat Umar too, became the target of enmity and persecution of the pagans. He emigrated to Madinah shortly before the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) own Hijrat. He took part in the Battles of badr, Uhad, Ditch, Khyber and Hunain. He was present at the treaty of hudaibiya. He was not willingto accept this treaty as it seemed a humilating one for the Muslims, but submitted to the will of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). In the 8th of Hijrat he took part in the march on Makkah. He placed half of his wealth at the disposal of the Prophet (PBUH) for the Tabuk Expedition. He was constantly in attendance on the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was one his most trusted companions and advisers. He is one of those ten persons to whom the Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave the tidings of Paradise in their lifetime. After the demise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), he accompanied Hazrat Abu Bakr at the council hall where the people of Madinah had assembled to elect their leader. He was the first to swear allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr and throughout his Khilafat remained his friend and adviser. Hazrat Umar not only conquered a vast empire during the ten years of his Khilafat but also consolidated it by an effective system of administration. As an administrator, he remained a model for all great rulers who followed him. Justice Syed Ameer Ali says in his famous book ‘History of Saracens’, “During the thirty years that the Republic lasted, the policy derived its character chiefly from Umar both during his lifetime and after his death.” Before becoming the Khilafat, Hazrat umar had spent ten years in Madinah with the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) had started the practice of consulting his companions on all matters. The first Khalifa, Hazrat Abu Bakrcontinued this practice of mutual consultation. Following their example, Hazrat Umar framed the constitution of the state on the basis of democracy. He established a Majlis-e-Shura consisting of prominent companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) from both Muhajirin and Ansars. Hazrat Umar consulted this body on all matters. He also constituted a larger body called the Majlis-e-Aam, consisting of Muhajirin and Ansar and representatives of various tribes. This was called into session on special occasions. Hazrat Umar made new laws, rules and regulations in accordance with the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. He took steps to give the Islamic state a clean and efficient administration. The state was divided into provinces and each provinces was placed under an efficient governor called the Wali or Ameer. The Wali was not only the ruler of the province but also the military and religious head. The provinces were futher divided into districts and placed under Amils. All the governors and Amils were called to Makkah on the occasion of Hajj where the Khalifa would hear and decide complaints received against any of his officer irrespective of his status. All appointments were made in consulation with the Majlis-e-Shura. The appointee was given a regular order of appointment setting out his duties and emoluments. The person appointed to a high post was required to give a written undertaking to lead a simple Islamic life. He had to submit particulars of his property and assets, so that on his retirement, it may be seen wether he had amassed wealth by illegal means. Hazrat Umar kept a very strict watch on the activities of his officers. He used to receive secret reports from officers specially appointed for this purpose. Hazrat Umar entrusted the Qazis with judicial functions. They ensured that the judiciary was just and impartial. The Qazi was completely independent of the provincial governor. Hazrat Umar established new departments and institutions such as the military department, department of education, jails, police, etc. He also established a department of finance under the name of Dewan, which was incharge of the revenue of the centre as well as the provinces. The function of this department was to regulate the reciept and disbursement of the revenue of the empire. The main sources of revenue were the Jizya (poll-tax), Zakat (poor tax), Kharaj (spoils of war), and Fay (income from crown lands). Besides these, Hazrat Umar instituted new taxes namely Ushr (one-tenth of the produce taken from landowners), a commercial tax imposed on non-Muslim merchants and Zakat on the ownershipof horses. After meeting the expenditure of the state, the surplus money used to be distributed among the Muslims on the basis of three principles: relationship with the Prophet (PBUH), priority of conversion to Islam and military service to Islam. In this way, all Mulim men, women, salves and children had shares in the Bait-ul-Maal or the Public Hazrat Umar maintained a well-disciplined army which was divided into cavalry and infantry. He was particularly concerned about the welfare of his soldiers. But in case of neglect of duty, he would inflict severe punishment on them. He did not allow them to buy land in the conquered territories because of the fact that it would harm the military strength of the Arab soldiers. He also forbade them to live with the settled people in cities and ordered them to live in cantonments. Hazrat Umar took special care of the welfare of the farmers. After the conquest of Iraq, Iran, and Syria, he made it law that no Arab should acquire land in the conquered territories and that the actual tillers of the soil should be allowed to retain possession of their He also devoted attention to town planning and had several cities for example, Kufa and Basra built according to properly drawn up plans. He paid particular attention to the welbeing of non-Muslim subjects. He himself patrolled the streets at night to keep himself informed of the conditions of his people. He introduced the Muslim era of Hijra, the system of old age pension and census of the population of the Muslim State. He took steps to check hoarding, profiteering and apointed officers to check weights and measures. Hazrat Umar also devoted a great deal of this time to religious matters. Teachers were sent to the villages to teach the Holy Quran to the villagers. Army officers, too, had to learn the Holy Quran. Hazrat Umar stands unparralleled in every aspects of administration in the history of Islam. Hazrat Umar is one of the greatest men of all times and an excellent example of an ideal character. He is immortal in world history as agreat conqueror, a benevolent ruler and the founder of the He lived like an ordinary Muslim and led a truly Islamic life. Simplicity was the main feature of his character. His coarse clothes often had patches on them. He was often seen lying on the bare ground with a brick for a pillow. Once he was late for Friday prayers. The explanation he offered was that he had his clothes washed, and they took some time to dry which delayed his departure for the mosque. When the envoy of the Byzantine Emperor came to Madinah, he found the Khalifa sitting in the mosque in the company of ordinary people. Hazrat Umar was kind and sympathetic to the poor and the needy. He would roam the streets at night to see the condition of his people, and often helped them with food and money. During the days of famine, he carried sacks of corn his back to disptribute among the poor. He would also rum errands for widows and poor women; he would often draw water for them and milk their goats. He was a man of great knowledge and learning. He was a good judge of men and could discern truth from falsehood. He was the ruler of a vast empire but denied himself all the privileges of rulership. The allowance that he drew from the State Treasury was just enough for a person of average means. When some people insisted that his allowance should be raised, he refused to accept any increase. When he died, he willed that after the sale of his property, the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn should be refunded to the treasury. There is no other ruler in the world history that led so simple a life and yet inspired awe and terror among his people and his enemies alike. The awe and fear that Hazrat Umar commanded was beacouse of his high moral character. In fact, Hazrat Umar was an embodiment of the virtues of Islam. His greatness has been acknowledged by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) of Islam who had once said that if there were to be any Prophet after him it would have been Hazrat Umar. To sum up, Hazrat Umar is one of those extraordinary personalities who made history. His brilliant conquests, his benevolent administration, his far-reaching reforms and the integrity of his character mark him as one of the greatest men of all	<urn:uuid:919b0ecd-c544-4922-9984-5f6b2fd2688f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://relatewithkatypark.com/hazrat-a-sucessful-trader-and-had-visited-many/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00167.warc.gz	en	0.98152	2,631	3.34375	3	[ -0.2640017867088318, 0.9829325675964355, -0.16239212453365326, 0.2160826474428177, -0.3608582615852356, 0.022873632609844208, 0.47435247898101807, 0.20704995095729828, -0.15834207832813263, -0.12147355079650879, -0.026812978088855743, -0.7048829197883606, 0.1811811625957489, -0.00716308644...	1	HAZRAT UMAR (634 – 644 A.D.) Life Before Khilafat: Hazrat Umar, son of Khattab, was born in Makkah twelve or thirteen years after the birth of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Umar had a common ancestor in Ka’ab. Umar was taught reading and writing by his father who was an educated and well-to-do merchant of Makkah. Umar was very learned, intelligent and studious. He was a poet and a very good orator. He was strong and powerful and was fond of archery, horse-riding and wrestling. He was also a sucessful trader and had visited many countries in connection with his business. He was an idol-worshipper. When Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) declared that he was the Prophet of Allah, Hazrat Umar and his father became enemies of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Among the Quraish of Makkah, Umar was a very powerful and influential person. In the 6th year of Prophethood, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) prayed to Allah to strengthen Islam by giving him Umar. One day Umar set out from his house with the intention of killing the Holy Prophet (PBUH). On the way, he was informed that his sister and her husband had embraced Islam. Infuriated, Umar changed his course and went to the house of his sister, who was reading the Holy Quran loudly. This enraged Umar so much that he attacked his sister and her husband. On Umar’s insistence, his sister recited some verses from Surah Taha. The words of the Holy Quran softened his heart and tears began to fall from his eyes. He then proceeded to the house where the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was engaged in religious discourse with his followers. He recited the Kalima and became a Muslim. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) embraced Umar, who was now an entirely changed person. From being an enemy and persecutor of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Umar became one of his most devoted followers. After his conversion, he was given the title of Farooq by the Holy Prophet (PBUH). His conversion, he was immense value of Islam. From that day, the small number of the people who had embraced Islam became bold enough to pray openly at Makkah. After his coversion, Hazrat Umar too, became the target of enmity and persecution of the pagans. He emigrated to Madinah shortly before the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) own Hijrat. He took part in the Battles of badr, Uhad, Ditch, Khyber and Hunain. He was present at the treaty of hudaibiya. He was not willingto accept this treaty as it seemed a humilating one for the Muslims, but submitted to the will of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). In the 8th of Hijrat he took part in the march on Makkah. He placed half of his wealth at the disposal of the Prophet (PBUH) for the Tabuk Expedition. He was constantly in attendance on the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was one his most trusted companions and advisers. He is one of those ten persons to whom the Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave the tidings of Paradise in their lifetime. After the demise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), he accompanied Hazrat Abu Bakr at the council hall where the people of Madinah had assembled to elect their leader. He was the first to swear allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr and throughout his Khilafat remained his friend and adviser. Hazrat Umar not only conquered a vast empire during the ten years of his Khilafat but also consolidated it by an effective system of administration. As an administrator, he remained a model for all great rulers who followed him. Justice Syed Ameer Ali says in his famous book ‘History of Saracens’, “During the thirty years that the Republic lasted, the policy derived its character chiefly from Umar both during his lifetime and after his death.” Before becoming the Khilafat, Hazrat umar had spent ten years in Madinah with the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) had started the practice of consulting his companions on all matters. The first Khalifa, Hazrat Abu Bakrcontinued this practice of mutual consultation. Following their example, Hazrat Umar framed the constitution of the state on the basis of democracy. He established a Majlis-e-Shura consisting of prominent companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) from both Muhajirin and Ansars. Hazrat Umar consulted this body on all matters. He also constituted a larger body called the Majlis-e-Aam, consisting of Muhajirin and Ansar and representatives of various tribes. This was called into session on special occasions. Hazrat Umar made new laws, rules and regulations in accordance with the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. He took steps to give the Islamic state a clean and efficient administration. The state was divided into provinces and each provinces was placed under an efficient governor called the Wali or Ameer. The Wali was not only the ruler of the province but also the military and religious head. The provinces were futher divided into districts and placed under Amils. All the governors and Amils were called to Makkah on the occasion of Hajj where the Khalifa would hear and decide complaints received against any of his officer irrespective of his status. All appointments were made in consulation with the Majlis-e-Shura. The appointee was given a regular order of appointment setting out his duties and emoluments. The person appointed to a high post was required to give a written undertaking to lead a simple Islamic life. He had to submit particulars of his property and assets, so that on his retirement, it may be seen wether he had amassed wealth by illegal means. Hazrat Umar kept a very strict watch on the activities of his officers. He used to receive secret reports from officers specially appointed for this purpose. Hazrat Umar entrusted the Qazis with judicial functions. They ensured that the judiciary was just and impartial. The Qazi was completely independent of the provincial governor. Hazrat Umar established new departments and institutions such as the military department, department of education, jails, police, etc. He also established a department of finance under the name of Dewan, which was incharge of the revenue of the centre as well as the provinces. The function of this department was to regulate the reciept and disbursement of the revenue of the empire. The main sources of revenue were the Jizya (poll-tax), Zakat (poor tax), Kharaj (spoils of war), and Fay (income from crown lands). Besides these, Hazrat Umar instituted new taxes namely Ushr (one-tenth of the produce taken from landowners), a commercial tax imposed on non-Muslim merchants and Zakat on the ownershipof horses. After meeting the expenditure of the state, the surplus money used to be distributed among the Muslims on the basis of three principles: relationship with the Prophet (PBUH), priority of conversion to Islam and military service to Islam. In this way, all Mulim men, women, salves and children had shares in the Bait-ul-Maal or the Public Hazrat Umar maintained a well-disciplined army which was divided into cavalry and infantry. He was particularly concerned about the welfare of his soldiers. But in case of neglect of duty, he would inflict severe punishment on them. He did not allow them to buy land in the conquered territories because of the fact that it would harm the military strength of the Arab soldiers. He also forbade them to live with the settled people in cities and ordered them to live in cantonments. Hazrat Umar took special care of the welfare of the farmers. After the conquest of Iraq, Iran, and Syria, he made it law that no Arab should acquire land in the conquered territories and that the actual tillers of the soil should be allowed to retain possession of their He also devoted attention to town planning and had several cities for example, Kufa and Basra built according to properly drawn up plans. He paid particular attention to the welbeing of non-Muslim subjects. He himself patrolled the streets at night to keep himself informed of the conditions of his people. He introduced the Muslim era of Hijra, the system of old age pension and census of the population of the Muslim State. He took steps to check hoarding, profiteering and apointed officers to check weights and measures. Hazrat Umar also devoted a great deal of this time to religious matters. Teachers were sent to the villages to teach the Holy Quran to the villagers. Army officers, too, had to learn the Holy Quran. Hazrat Umar stands unparralleled in every aspects of administration in the history of Islam. Hazrat Umar is one of the greatest men of all times and an excellent example of an ideal character. He is immortal in world history as agreat conqueror, a benevolent ruler and the founder of the He lived like an ordinary Muslim and led a truly Islamic life. Simplicity was the main feature of his character. His coarse clothes often had patches on them. He was often seen lying on the bare ground with a brick for a pillow. Once he was late for Friday prayers. The explanation he offered was that he had his clothes washed, and they took some time to dry which delayed his departure for the mosque. When the envoy of the Byzantine Emperor came to Madinah, he found the Khalifa sitting in the mosque in the company of ordinary people. Hazrat Umar was kind and sympathetic to the poor and the needy. He would roam the streets at night to see the condition of his people, and often helped them with food and money. During the days of famine, he carried sacks of corn his back to disptribute among the poor. He would also rum errands for widows and poor women; he would often draw water for them and milk their goats. He was a man of great knowledge and learning. He was a good judge of men and could discern truth from falsehood. He was the ruler of a vast empire but denied himself all the privileges of rulership. The allowance that he drew from the State Treasury was just enough for a person of average means. When some people insisted that his allowance should be raised, he refused to accept any increase. When he died, he willed that after the sale of his property, the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn should be refunded to the treasury. There is no other ruler in the world history that led so simple a life and yet inspired awe and terror among his people and his enemies alike. The awe and fear that Hazrat Umar commanded was beacouse of his high moral character. In fact, Hazrat Umar was an embodiment of the virtues of Islam. His greatness has been acknowledged by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) of Islam who had once said that if there were to be any Prophet after him it would have been Hazrat Umar. To sum up, Hazrat Umar is one of those extraordinary personalities who made history. His brilliant conquests, his benevolent administration, his far-reaching reforms and the integrity of his character mark him as one of the greatest men of all	2,554	ENGLISH	1

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