text string | id string | dump string | url string | file_path string | language string | language_score float64 | token_count int64 | score float64 | int_score int64 | embedding list | count int64 | Content string | Tokens int64 | Top_Lang string | Top_Conf float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The activity we did with the class was there was a town with a very wealthy family that could dictate how and what happened to a lot of the other families. An example of how they could dictate what happened was they got rid of their gardener and that decrease another families monthly income so then they had to change up their ways of living because they were no longer making as much money. The core competency this related to was critical thinking for me because I was given the family with a lot of money and power, and I could dictate what happened to the other families. I would take out what I didn’t think was important to my family but it was important to another family so I would have to think about what I was doing first.
The resources I am researching is water.
The questions I will be researching and asking people in my survey is:
- How many people live in your household?
- How many times a week would you say you use your washing machine?
- How many times a week would you say you use you dishwasher
- How do you personally define an ethic of care – The way people respond and take action to different things they care/are passionate about.
- What would be needed to create an ethic of care? – Time and effort are needed for an ethic of care to be carried out on something.
- What would we have to believe about the environment to care for it? How should we see it? – We would need to believe that we can help it and fix it and we should see it as one of the most important things to man kind.
- How would we act if we cared about the environment? Give scenarios – We would act like its our newborn child that we constantly take care of it, watch it and give it whatever it needs/wants.
- What would be different about the world if everyone adopted this ethic of care towards the environment? Benefits and drawbacks? -The environment would be better off because its taken care of better. The drawbacks is the trade off it takes from other things like driving your car everyday or eating beef, we can give these up to better the environment but it takes away from our personal enjoyment.
- Should we adopt an ethic of care towards the environment? – We definitely should because without it and we keep treating it poorly the world will be destroyed and we won’t be able to revive it.
In Pre Calculus 12 we just finished the transformation unit. This unit has helped my improve my critical thinking, this happened when I had to pay attention closely to where the translation, reflection or stretch was so that I could apply it to the function. I would have to focus and remember if the number was placed in a certain place in the function it meant something specific and I would need to figure what it was so that I could correctly do that question, this took a lot of practice and focus. My creative thinking skills improved this unit because I would have to problem solve when I didn’t understand something and would think about it in a different way so I would be able to. My communication skills improved this unit as well when I would go into class early and ask Mr Muro questions or when I would ask my classmates questions or clarification on questions or concepts. | <urn:uuid:e12f11f9-e0bd-435b-82bd-b3767c598260> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://myriverside.sd43.bc.ca/clarem2016/category/grade-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.986948 | 665 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
0.013566493056714535,
-0.011111550964415073,
0.32568109035491943,
-0.5075557231903076,
0.06808781623840332,
-0.06743387132883072,
0.15457893908023834,
0.12199336290359497,
-0.19164344668388367,
0.0027169599197804928,
0.03428533673286438,
-0.12498485296964645,
0.12702053785324097,
-0.123055... | 1 | The activity we did with the class was there was a town with a very wealthy family that could dictate how and what happened to a lot of the other families. An example of how they could dictate what happened was they got rid of their gardener and that decrease another families monthly income so then they had to change up their ways of living because they were no longer making as much money. The core competency this related to was critical thinking for me because I was given the family with a lot of money and power, and I could dictate what happened to the other families. I would take out what I didn’t think was important to my family but it was important to another family so I would have to think about what I was doing first.
The resources I am researching is water.
The questions I will be researching and asking people in my survey is:
- How many people live in your household?
- How many times a week would you say you use your washing machine?
- How many times a week would you say you use you dishwasher
- How do you personally define an ethic of care – The way people respond and take action to different things they care/are passionate about.
- What would be needed to create an ethic of care? – Time and effort are needed for an ethic of care to be carried out on something.
- What would we have to believe about the environment to care for it? How should we see it? – We would need to believe that we can help it and fix it and we should see it as one of the most important things to man kind.
- How would we act if we cared about the environment? Give scenarios – We would act like its our newborn child that we constantly take care of it, watch it and give it whatever it needs/wants.
- What would be different about the world if everyone adopted this ethic of care towards the environment? Benefits and drawbacks? -The environment would be better off because its taken care of better. The drawbacks is the trade off it takes from other things like driving your car everyday or eating beef, we can give these up to better the environment but it takes away from our personal enjoyment.
- Should we adopt an ethic of care towards the environment? – We definitely should because without it and we keep treating it poorly the world will be destroyed and we won’t be able to revive it.
In Pre Calculus 12 we just finished the transformation unit. This unit has helped my improve my critical thinking, this happened when I had to pay attention closely to where the translation, reflection or stretch was so that I could apply it to the function. I would have to focus and remember if the number was placed in a certain place in the function it meant something specific and I would need to figure what it was so that I could correctly do that question, this took a lot of practice and focus. My creative thinking skills improved this unit because I would have to problem solve when I didn’t understand something and would think about it in a different way so I would be able to. My communication skills improved this unit as well when I would go into class early and ask Mr Muro questions or when I would ask my classmates questions or clarification on questions or concepts. | 647 | ENGLISH | 1 |
IrrigationIrrigation is what the Sumerians used to help them grow crops. Irrigation was discovered in 5000 BC. Irrigation was very important in Mesopotamia because when people farmed they had used the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to direct the water to their crops. This would be a very important to them because they didn't just have water running, they had to work to make there foods and their plants grow.
CuneiformCuneiform is a writing system made up of hundreds of wedge shaped marks. The name Cuneiform is Latin for cuneus and forma, which means wedge and shaped. Cuneiform was invented by the Sumerians around 3,600 BC. Cuneiform was used for business deals and to record other events.
The Invention of the PlowThe seeder plow was an inventions created by the Assyrians.This invention helped farmers grow crops. How it works is, an oxen pulls the plow. One person steers the plow, one controls the animals, and one person puts the seeds in the holes. after this was invented, the Sumerians used the seeder plow several times.
Assyrian weaponsThe Assyrians were a fierce worrier group in Mesopotamia.They also were pretty good with inventions. The inventions they built helped them win battles. One of these inventions is an iron spear. The Assyrians learned how to make these from a group called the Hittites. The Hittites new the way of making iron stronger.
Hammurabi's CodeHammurabi's code was a set of laws that occurred in Babylon. Hammurabi made these laws so harsh. They were so harsh because Hammurabi didn't want anybody to break the laws. The laws show an eye for an eye or a hand for a hand. Though these laws were harsh some were fair. The laws forced everyone in Babylon to follow the same laws. The laws were rediscovered in 1901, but nobody knows the real date of Hammurabi's code.
AssyriansThe Assyrians are a big part of the Mesopotamian period. They did a lot of things in there civilization . And today I'm going to tell you about one.Today I'm going to tell you about there army.There army is probably one of the strongest army's in this time period.There army was very organized .One example is that they had a lot of armor and weapons. They had a lot of spears. They also used bows and arrows. There were also chariot riders that rode on horse back.
Hammurabi Becomes KingHammurabi was the king in Babylon. Hammurabi would conquer lands in North and South of Babylon. Hammurabi was the sixth king in Babylon. He was known for his code, they called it Hammurabi's Code. Nobody knows the exact day and month of this event only the year. Just like Hammurabi's code. | <urn:uuid:009d7273-cf29-449b-9384-6179f519e065> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://cache.timetoast.com/timelines/jgtcd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.985829 | 614 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
0.11129984259605408,
-0.11669308692216873,
0.07522424310445786,
-0.08980859071016312,
0.053622160106897354,
-0.47380077838897705,
0.3686288297176361,
-0.1943022906780243,
-0.23570692539215088,
0.1987764984369278,
-0.17931495606899261,
-0.7103195190429688,
0.3601391315460205,
-0.19372832775... | 4 | IrrigationIrrigation is what the Sumerians used to help them grow crops. Irrigation was discovered in 5000 BC. Irrigation was very important in Mesopotamia because when people farmed they had used the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to direct the water to their crops. This would be a very important to them because they didn't just have water running, they had to work to make there foods and their plants grow.
CuneiformCuneiform is a writing system made up of hundreds of wedge shaped marks. The name Cuneiform is Latin for cuneus and forma, which means wedge and shaped. Cuneiform was invented by the Sumerians around 3,600 BC. Cuneiform was used for business deals and to record other events.
The Invention of the PlowThe seeder plow was an inventions created by the Assyrians.This invention helped farmers grow crops. How it works is, an oxen pulls the plow. One person steers the plow, one controls the animals, and one person puts the seeds in the holes. after this was invented, the Sumerians used the seeder plow several times.
Assyrian weaponsThe Assyrians were a fierce worrier group in Mesopotamia.They also were pretty good with inventions. The inventions they built helped them win battles. One of these inventions is an iron spear. The Assyrians learned how to make these from a group called the Hittites. The Hittites new the way of making iron stronger.
Hammurabi's CodeHammurabi's code was a set of laws that occurred in Babylon. Hammurabi made these laws so harsh. They were so harsh because Hammurabi didn't want anybody to break the laws. The laws show an eye for an eye or a hand for a hand. Though these laws were harsh some were fair. The laws forced everyone in Babylon to follow the same laws. The laws were rediscovered in 1901, but nobody knows the real date of Hammurabi's code.
AssyriansThe Assyrians are a big part of the Mesopotamian period. They did a lot of things in there civilization . And today I'm going to tell you about one.Today I'm going to tell you about there army.There army is probably one of the strongest army's in this time period.There army was very organized .One example is that they had a lot of armor and weapons. They had a lot of spears. They also used bows and arrows. There were also chariot riders that rode on horse back.
Hammurabi Becomes KingHammurabi was the king in Babylon. Hammurabi would conquer lands in North and South of Babylon. Hammurabi was the sixth king in Babylon. He was known for his code, they called it Hammurabi's Code. Nobody knows the exact day and month of this event only the year. Just like Hammurabi's code. | 618 | ENGLISH | 1 |
You use even to show that what you are saying is surprising. You put even in front of the surprising part of your statement.
Even Anthony enjoyed it.
She liked him even when she was arguing with him.
I shall give the details to no one, not even to you.
However, even usually goes after an auxiliary verb or modal, not in front of it.
You didn't even enjoy it very much.
I couldn't even see the shore.
They may even give you a lift in their van.
used with comparatives
You use even in front of a comparative to emphasize that someone or something has more of a quality than they had before. For example, you say ‘The weather was bad yesterday, but it is even worse today’.
He became even more suspicious of me.
You also use even in front of a comparative to emphasize that someone or something has more of a quality than someone or something else. For example, you say ‘The train is slow, but the bus is even slower’.
Barbara had something even worse to tell me.
The second task was even more difficult.
‘even if’ and ‘even though’
Even if and even though are used to introduce subordinate clauses. You use even if to say that a possible situation would not prevent something from being true.
Even if you disagree with her, she's worth listening to.
I hope I can come back, even if it's only for a few weeks.
Even though has a similar meaning to ‘although’, but is more emphatic.
He went to work even though he was unwell.
I was always afraid of him, even though he was kind to me.
If you begin a sentence with even if or even though, don't put ‘yet’ or ‘but’ at the beginning of the main clause. Don't say, for example, ‘Even if you disagree with her, yet she’s worth listening to'.
However, you can use still in the main clause. This is a very common use.
Even though the news is six months old, staff are still in shock.
But even if they do change the system, they still face an economic crisis. | <urn:uuid:87fea077-e0d4-40a6-9c64-12bfd83f14ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www2.wordreference.com/EnglishUsage/even | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.988232 | 476 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
0.013780709356069565,
-0.08654618263244629,
0.14968271553516388,
-0.3853364884853363,
0.12594592571258545,
-0.18235161900520325,
0.8133803009986877,
0.09936705231666565,
0.3491586446762085,
-0.162916362285614,
0.03660101443529129,
0.16460256278514862,
-0.030547229573130608,
0.2925598919391... | 1 | You use even to show that what you are saying is surprising. You put even in front of the surprising part of your statement.
Even Anthony enjoyed it.
She liked him even when she was arguing with him.
I shall give the details to no one, not even to you.
However, even usually goes after an auxiliary verb or modal, not in front of it.
You didn't even enjoy it very much.
I couldn't even see the shore.
They may even give you a lift in their van.
used with comparatives
You use even in front of a comparative to emphasize that someone or something has more of a quality than they had before. For example, you say ‘The weather was bad yesterday, but it is even worse today’.
He became even more suspicious of me.
You also use even in front of a comparative to emphasize that someone or something has more of a quality than someone or something else. For example, you say ‘The train is slow, but the bus is even slower’.
Barbara had something even worse to tell me.
The second task was even more difficult.
‘even if’ and ‘even though’
Even if and even though are used to introduce subordinate clauses. You use even if to say that a possible situation would not prevent something from being true.
Even if you disagree with her, she's worth listening to.
I hope I can come back, even if it's only for a few weeks.
Even though has a similar meaning to ‘although’, but is more emphatic.
He went to work even though he was unwell.
I was always afraid of him, even though he was kind to me.
If you begin a sentence with even if or even though, don't put ‘yet’ or ‘but’ at the beginning of the main clause. Don't say, for example, ‘Even if you disagree with her, yet she’s worth listening to'.
However, you can use still in the main clause. This is a very common use.
Even though the news is six months old, staff are still in shock.
But even if they do change the system, they still face an economic crisis. | 435 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Revolutionary War’s turning point: the Battle of Trenton
The American Revolutionary War pit America against Great Britain in the battle of the ages. George Washington was looking to throw hands with Colonel Johann Rall following a tremendous loss. The Battle of Trenton would become vital to America’s inevitable victory.
The desire for vital information
December 1776 was probably one of the worst times in American history. The British kicked the Continental Army out of NYC like a bad habit. The only place left for American troops was New Jersey. Unfortunately, they weren’t alone when they arrived. 1,400 Hessian soldiers led by Rall took over the town of Trenton.
Washington decided to gather some information by using a spy named John Honeyman. Born in Ireland, Honeyman was part of the British Army. More importantly, he worked for Major General James Wolfe, which made it easier for him to pose as a Tory. As a butcher, he gained valuable information from the British and Hessians in the area. After gaining enough data, he made a plan with Washington to be captured by the Continental Army. Upon returning, he faked an escape back to Trenton with news of Washington not heading to the area.
The battle is on
With the Hessians and British assuming Washington gave up, they diminished their security presence. What they didn’t realize was Washington was working on a plan to take them out. Washington had his sights set on bringing 5,400 troops with him for a Christmas battle.
Down in Trenton, Rall heard bits and pieces about a possible attack. They brushed it off as if it didn’t concern them. Washington & Co, however, made things a bit rough after tampering with their supply lines. With 1,500 troops split into different sections, the Hessians waited for the Americans arrival. The trip to Trenton was a bit tricky. Due to the icy conditions, only 2,400 soldiers were able to travel on the Delaware River. The remaining troops simply gave their well wishes as they headed back to the camp.
A late Christmas present
In the morning of December 26, 1776, the Americans arrived knowing they were in for a fight. Unfortunately for the Hessians, their forces learned they were no match for the opposition. “Having the high-ground in battle during that time was critically important. You also have to remember there was severe weather with sleet and snow and the muskets the German soldiers were using couldn’t fire, but Washington’s cannons could, and that turned out to make a critical difference,” Trenton historian Ralph Siegel told The Washington Examiner.
What made this worse was the Hessian band playing music to help enhance the troop’s spirits. There’s nothing worse than getting your ass kicked to a soundtrack. When it was all said and done, the Hessians gave up to the Americans. 22 Hessians were killed in battle while 83 of them were wounded. 896 of them were captured by the American army and sent to Virginia. Rall would die later that night following some gnarly blows. On the American side, only two soldiers were killed, but it wasn’t from the battle. They lost their lives due to the intense frostbite in the area. They didn’t get frostbite from their hands, either. They just simply didn’t wear shoes that day.
For Washington, this battle was more than just taking down the Hessians. It was a huge morale boost during one of the nation’s biggest wars. The win also saw more people enlisting for the war. While the British gave up years later, the Battle of Trenton showed them the viciousness of American troops. To this day, various people re-enact the battle scene on December 26. We’re just wondering if they kept the two frostbitten soldiers in the final script. | <urn:uuid:0ef4028b-256b-47a2-9bf9-0f9db8a264d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.history101.com/the-revolutionary-wars-turning-point-the-battle-of-trenton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.982001 | 807 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.12991954386234283,
0.3720596432685852,
0.6114617586135864,
0.053132131695747375,
-0.4346209466457367,
0.26175862550735474,
0.22551438212394714,
0.41345229744911194,
-0.5418179631233215,
-0.06971053034067154,
0.013140744529664516,
0.29705551266670227,
-0.06947387754917145,
0.536324560642... | 3 | The Revolutionary War’s turning point: the Battle of Trenton
The American Revolutionary War pit America against Great Britain in the battle of the ages. George Washington was looking to throw hands with Colonel Johann Rall following a tremendous loss. The Battle of Trenton would become vital to America’s inevitable victory.
The desire for vital information
December 1776 was probably one of the worst times in American history. The British kicked the Continental Army out of NYC like a bad habit. The only place left for American troops was New Jersey. Unfortunately, they weren’t alone when they arrived. 1,400 Hessian soldiers led by Rall took over the town of Trenton.
Washington decided to gather some information by using a spy named John Honeyman. Born in Ireland, Honeyman was part of the British Army. More importantly, he worked for Major General James Wolfe, which made it easier for him to pose as a Tory. As a butcher, he gained valuable information from the British and Hessians in the area. After gaining enough data, he made a plan with Washington to be captured by the Continental Army. Upon returning, he faked an escape back to Trenton with news of Washington not heading to the area.
The battle is on
With the Hessians and British assuming Washington gave up, they diminished their security presence. What they didn’t realize was Washington was working on a plan to take them out. Washington had his sights set on bringing 5,400 troops with him for a Christmas battle.
Down in Trenton, Rall heard bits and pieces about a possible attack. They brushed it off as if it didn’t concern them. Washington & Co, however, made things a bit rough after tampering with their supply lines. With 1,500 troops split into different sections, the Hessians waited for the Americans arrival. The trip to Trenton was a bit tricky. Due to the icy conditions, only 2,400 soldiers were able to travel on the Delaware River. The remaining troops simply gave their well wishes as they headed back to the camp.
A late Christmas present
In the morning of December 26, 1776, the Americans arrived knowing they were in for a fight. Unfortunately for the Hessians, their forces learned they were no match for the opposition. “Having the high-ground in battle during that time was critically important. You also have to remember there was severe weather with sleet and snow and the muskets the German soldiers were using couldn’t fire, but Washington’s cannons could, and that turned out to make a critical difference,” Trenton historian Ralph Siegel told The Washington Examiner.
What made this worse was the Hessian band playing music to help enhance the troop’s spirits. There’s nothing worse than getting your ass kicked to a soundtrack. When it was all said and done, the Hessians gave up to the Americans. 22 Hessians were killed in battle while 83 of them were wounded. 896 of them were captured by the American army and sent to Virginia. Rall would die later that night following some gnarly blows. On the American side, only two soldiers were killed, but it wasn’t from the battle. They lost their lives due to the intense frostbite in the area. They didn’t get frostbite from their hands, either. They just simply didn’t wear shoes that day.
For Washington, this battle was more than just taking down the Hessians. It was a huge morale boost during one of the nation’s biggest wars. The win also saw more people enlisting for the war. While the British gave up years later, the Battle of Trenton showed them the viciousness of American troops. To this day, various people re-enact the battle scene on December 26. We’re just wondering if they kept the two frostbitten soldiers in the final script. | 797 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Defining Field Marshal General Sir Douglas Haig
Haig was a technical innovator; Haig was an old fashioned fool. Haig
was a brilliant strategist; Haig was ignorant. Haig was a great man;
Haig was hardly a man. Haig was easily the best man for the job; Haig
was obviously the only man left for the job. All these views are
shared by different people about Haig, in my essay I will put forward
my views about Haig and justifications by referring to the facts.
Douglas Haig was born on June 19th 1861. He was the son of John Haig,
a wealthy owner of a whisky-distilling factory. After his education,
Haig joined the army in 1885 and served in India, Egypt, South Africa
and Sudan. He slowly worked up through the Ranks. In 1906, he got to
the rank of Major General and was the youngest Major General in the
British army at that time. In 1914 when World War 1 broke out Haig was
given command of the First Army Corps in France. Haig's part in WW1
became greater when the leader of the British Expeditionary Forces
made some critical errors in the way the war was being fought, and was
sacked. Therefore, on the 10th of December 1915 Haig was appointed the
new leader of the British Expeditionary Forces.
The fact that Haig stayed in some form of military leadership
throughout WW1 immediately tells you that he must have been successful
to stay in such a high-ranking position to the end of such a big war.
In his second year, he was in charge of one of the bloodiest battles
in British warfare: the Somme, which was probably Haig's worst battle.
- Already it sounds like he was a poor strategist and even ignorant-.
In the battle of the Somme Haig's plan was to launch a massive
artillery attack on the Germans, and then British troops were supposed
to be able to easily walk across no-man's land - ambitious to say the
least. However, a week before the attack a German concrete dugout was
captured. This showed the British that the German defences were well
built and safe. Nevertheless, the British plan of attack did not
change. This makes Haig sound ignorant, however, Haig's intelligence
sources have often been questioned.
"The selection of leaders from pre-war professionals was likely to
produce a rich crop of mediocrities. Put bluntly, the nobility and
gentry used the army as a dumping ground for their stupid children,"
Denis Winter, Haig's Command - A Reassessment, 1991.
Many people criticise Haig for being so far away from the frontline in
the Somme. However, there is no point in being on the frontline for a
leader, because he cannot see everything that is going on and he might
be killed or injured which is pointless because he needs to plan the
military strategy. Therefore, Haig was not (necessarily) uncaring.
When the battle of the Somme started, the... | <urn:uuid:a5d7c07c-e6c5-40fd-8962-39d47bca93cc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/determining-field-marshal-general-sir-douglas-haig | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.982337 | 664 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.188232421875,
0.5850533246994019,
0.21276503801345825,
-0.0876082181930542,
0.0048529766499996185,
-0.025950826704502106,
0.5366404056549072,
0.009343133307993412,
-0.05413098633289337,
-0.17231814563274384,
0.05487125739455223,
-0.8970656394958496,
0.1030685305595398,
0.629285931587219... | 1 | Defining Field Marshal General Sir Douglas Haig
Haig was a technical innovator; Haig was an old fashioned fool. Haig
was a brilliant strategist; Haig was ignorant. Haig was a great man;
Haig was hardly a man. Haig was easily the best man for the job; Haig
was obviously the only man left for the job. All these views are
shared by different people about Haig, in my essay I will put forward
my views about Haig and justifications by referring to the facts.
Douglas Haig was born on June 19th 1861. He was the son of John Haig,
a wealthy owner of a whisky-distilling factory. After his education,
Haig joined the army in 1885 and served in India, Egypt, South Africa
and Sudan. He slowly worked up through the Ranks. In 1906, he got to
the rank of Major General and was the youngest Major General in the
British army at that time. In 1914 when World War 1 broke out Haig was
given command of the First Army Corps in France. Haig's part in WW1
became greater when the leader of the British Expeditionary Forces
made some critical errors in the way the war was being fought, and was
sacked. Therefore, on the 10th of December 1915 Haig was appointed the
new leader of the British Expeditionary Forces.
The fact that Haig stayed in some form of military leadership
throughout WW1 immediately tells you that he must have been successful
to stay in such a high-ranking position to the end of such a big war.
In his second year, he was in charge of one of the bloodiest battles
in British warfare: the Somme, which was probably Haig's worst battle.
- Already it sounds like he was a poor strategist and even ignorant-.
In the battle of the Somme Haig's plan was to launch a massive
artillery attack on the Germans, and then British troops were supposed
to be able to easily walk across no-man's land - ambitious to say the
least. However, a week before the attack a German concrete dugout was
captured. This showed the British that the German defences were well
built and safe. Nevertheless, the British plan of attack did not
change. This makes Haig sound ignorant, however, Haig's intelligence
sources have often been questioned.
"The selection of leaders from pre-war professionals was likely to
produce a rich crop of mediocrities. Put bluntly, the nobility and
gentry used the army as a dumping ground for their stupid children,"
Denis Winter, Haig's Command - A Reassessment, 1991.
Many people criticise Haig for being so far away from the frontline in
the Somme. However, there is no point in being on the frontline for a
leader, because he cannot see everything that is going on and he might
be killed or injured which is pointless because he needs to plan the
military strategy. Therefore, Haig was not (necessarily) uncaring.
When the battle of the Somme started, the... | 677 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Then conditions started to deteriorate. Some time between 1200 and 1250 the Norwegian settlers in southern Greenland met Inuit people for the first time. Members of a culture that was widespread in eastern Canada, previously the Inuit had not ventured so far south. There is archaeological
Start of the deterioration
evidence to suggest that Inuit people belonging to a different culture had proved more successful at hunting, forcing them to move away from the region of Qaanaaq (Thule) where they had lived until then. At the same time, however, the sea ice was advancing southward and game—seals and walrus—were becoming scarcer. The climate was growing colder.
The Inuit and Norsemen traded peacefully, but around 1350 a ship from 0sterbygd visited Vesterbygd and found the settlement deserted, with sheep wandering freely. Everyone had died, perhaps from plague, and the settlement remained abandoned. 0sterbygd continued, but it was in decline. Skeletons that have been examined show that in the early years of the settlement the average height of adult men was 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m), but by the early 1400s it was only 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). This is a clear sign of deteriorating diet. Food was often scarce.
There was a regular trading route by sea between Greenland and Iceland. Ships sailed along the 65th parallel. Around 1340, however, the route was shifted to the south because of the increasing amount of sea ice. In
Belgium, the Netherlands, and eastern England, where sea levels rose during the medieval
1369 one of the ships involved in the trade was wrecked and after that there were no more regular sailings. Around 1500 all contact between Greenland and Norway was lost. Traders visited Greenland occasionally in the years that followed, but in 1540 a ship from Hamburg was blown off course and landed near 0sterbygd. The Germans found one body but no living inhabitants. The Norse colonization of Greenland had ended and it was not until 1720 that permanent posts were established there again, by the Danish-Norwegian government.
Conditions were also harsh in Iceland. According to tax records, in 1095 the population was 77,500, but it was reduced to about 72,000 by 1311. Icelanders were also going hungry—like the Greenlanders, they were becoming shorter in stature. Sea ice often surrounded the island for months at a time, destroying the shellfish and making sea fishing impossible because boats could not put to sea. The same ice brought polar bears as far south as Iceland, however, and they provided meat and furs. Polar bear skins were used to carpet churches. Sometimes the spring and summer were so cold the grass failed to grow. Farmers were unable to make enough hay and thousands of sheep died.
Europe and North America were becoming colder and southern Asia was becoming wetter. The Khmer empire fell, and around 1300 the forest reclaimed the region around Angkor.
The medieval optimum had ended.
Increasingly severe storms
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:b100fa94-1b2a-4014-aaf2-5791f52001e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.briangwilliams.us/weather-change/start-of-the-deterioration.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.990189 | 633 | 3.875 | 4 | [
-0.015306188724935055,
0.5290096998214722,
0.1009010449051857,
0.04286554083228111,
0.0851704478263855,
0.01971469819545746,
-0.12076067924499512,
0.07648569345474243,
-0.36240169405937195,
0.17452383041381836,
0.33450523018836975,
-0.5055856704711914,
0.4428347945213318,
0.224991276860237... | 1 | Then conditions started to deteriorate. Some time between 1200 and 1250 the Norwegian settlers in southern Greenland met Inuit people for the first time. Members of a culture that was widespread in eastern Canada, previously the Inuit had not ventured so far south. There is archaeological
Start of the deterioration
evidence to suggest that Inuit people belonging to a different culture had proved more successful at hunting, forcing them to move away from the region of Qaanaaq (Thule) where they had lived until then. At the same time, however, the sea ice was advancing southward and game—seals and walrus—were becoming scarcer. The climate was growing colder.
The Inuit and Norsemen traded peacefully, but around 1350 a ship from 0sterbygd visited Vesterbygd and found the settlement deserted, with sheep wandering freely. Everyone had died, perhaps from plague, and the settlement remained abandoned. 0sterbygd continued, but it was in decline. Skeletons that have been examined show that in the early years of the settlement the average height of adult men was 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m), but by the early 1400s it was only 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). This is a clear sign of deteriorating diet. Food was often scarce.
There was a regular trading route by sea between Greenland and Iceland. Ships sailed along the 65th parallel. Around 1340, however, the route was shifted to the south because of the increasing amount of sea ice. In
Belgium, the Netherlands, and eastern England, where sea levels rose during the medieval
1369 one of the ships involved in the trade was wrecked and after that there were no more regular sailings. Around 1500 all contact between Greenland and Norway was lost. Traders visited Greenland occasionally in the years that followed, but in 1540 a ship from Hamburg was blown off course and landed near 0sterbygd. The Germans found one body but no living inhabitants. The Norse colonization of Greenland had ended and it was not until 1720 that permanent posts were established there again, by the Danish-Norwegian government.
Conditions were also harsh in Iceland. According to tax records, in 1095 the population was 77,500, but it was reduced to about 72,000 by 1311. Icelanders were also going hungry—like the Greenlanders, they were becoming shorter in stature. Sea ice often surrounded the island for months at a time, destroying the shellfish and making sea fishing impossible because boats could not put to sea. The same ice brought polar bears as far south as Iceland, however, and they provided meat and furs. Polar bear skins were used to carpet churches. Sometimes the spring and summer were so cold the grass failed to grow. Farmers were unable to make enough hay and thousands of sheep died.
Europe and North America were becoming colder and southern Asia was becoming wetter. The Khmer empire fell, and around 1300 the forest reclaimed the region around Angkor.
The medieval optimum had ended.
Increasingly severe storms
Was this article helpful? | 684 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The most detailed eyewitness account of the Battle of Bunker Hill was written by a private named Peter Brown, who enlisted right after fighting at Concord, as he was ‘hearty in the cause.’ Brown, from Westford, Mass., wrote to his mother Sarah Brown in Newport, R.I., on June 25, 1775. His letter appears in History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill, by Richard Frothingham.
Private Brown described how the soldiers built a fort overnight beginning on June 16, how some of the ‘young country people’ deserted when the British opened fire and how he was lucky to survive the fight.
He told his mother that on June 16 the soldiers cheerfully obeyed orders to parade at 6 p.m. with a day’s provision and blankets, though they didn’t know where they were going. At 9 p.m. they marched down to Charleston Hill and made a fort, 10 rods long, eight rods high with a breastwork. The continental soldiers worked undiscovered until 5 a.m., when they saw their danger: British ships of the line approached.
The British began to fire ‘pretty briskly’ for a few minutes, then stopped, then began again for 20 minutes, killing one of the Americans. The danger, wrote Brown, ‘ made us think there was treachery and that we were brought there to be all slain.’
At 11 a.m. the British began to fire ‘as brisk as ever.’ That caused many of the young country people to desert because they apprehended the danger in a ‘clearer manner than others who were more diligent in digging, & fortifying ourselves against them.’ They began to tire, fatigued by their labor, thirsty and hungry, having had no sleep, little to eat and nothing to drink but rum.
The enemy began to fire ‘very warm’ from their ships and from Boston until 2:00 p.m., when they began to fire from other ships that ‘lay in ferry-way’ and from a ship that lay in the river. Their aim was to stop the American reinforcements, which they did. One cannon cut three men in two on the neck, wrote Brown.
Time and again the American officers sent for cannon from Cambridge and got only four. The artillery captain fired a few times, then ‘swung his hat three times round to the enemy and ceased to fire.’ At about 3:00 p.m. the cannons stopped roaring, and they spied as many as 40 boats or barges coming over full of troops. Brown supposed there were about 3,000 British and only 700 Americans left who hadn’t deserted. Five hundred reinforcements couldn’t get close enough to do them any good, but finally ‘ventured to advance’ when they saw the British would cut them off.
‘A Choaky Mouthful’
The Battle of Bunker Hill then began in earnest, according to Brown:
When our officers saw that the regulars intended to land, they ordered the artillery to go out of the fort and prevent their landing, if possible; from whence the artillery captain took his field-pieces, and went right home to Cambridge fast as he could, –for which he is now confined, and we expect he will be shot for it. The enemy landed and fronted before us, and formed themselves into an oblong square, so as to surround us, which they did in part. After they were well formed they advanced toward us, in order to swallow us up; they found a choaky mouthful of us, though we could do nothing with our small arms as yet for distance, and had but two cannon and no gunner. And they from Boston, and from the ships, firing and throwing bombs, keeping us down till they got almost around us. But God, in mercy to us, fought our battle for us; and though we were but a few, and so was suffered to be defeated by the enemy; yet we were preserved in a most wonderful manner, far beyond our expectation, and to our admiration, — for out of our regiment there was but thirty-seven killed, four or five taken captive, and forty-seven wounded. If we should be called to action again, I hope to have courage and strength to act my part valiantly in defense of our liberty and country, trusting in him who hath yet kept me, and hath covered my head in the day of battle; and though we have left four out of our company, and some taken captives by the cruel enemies of America, I was not suffered to be touched, although I was in the fort when the enemy came in, and jumped over the walls, and ran half a mile, where balls flew like hail-stones, and cannon roared like thunder.
Peter Brown ended his letter by asking his mother to write him in Cambridge. And, he wrote,
To day at Cambridge, to morrow
To morrow the Lord only knows where
For an eyewitness account of the battle from a 10-year-old Loyalist girl, click here. This story was updated from the 2014 version. | <urn:uuid:a0f83781-4939-4bc5-92cf-ef24dfa7b0e9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/british-get-choaky-mouthful-bunker-hill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.986345 | 1,077 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.180191308259964,
-0.058631595224142075,
0.3157193660736084,
-0.12873445451259613,
-0.10754795372486115,
0.05479155108332634,
-0.014450352638959885,
0.0011554688680917025,
-0.42519813776016235,
0.018163850530982018,
0.04016217961907387,
-0.5605126619338989,
-0.28817617893218994,
0.247586... | 13 | The most detailed eyewitness account of the Battle of Bunker Hill was written by a private named Peter Brown, who enlisted right after fighting at Concord, as he was ‘hearty in the cause.’ Brown, from Westford, Mass., wrote to his mother Sarah Brown in Newport, R.I., on June 25, 1775. His letter appears in History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill, by Richard Frothingham.
Private Brown described how the soldiers built a fort overnight beginning on June 16, how some of the ‘young country people’ deserted when the British opened fire and how he was lucky to survive the fight.
He told his mother that on June 16 the soldiers cheerfully obeyed orders to parade at 6 p.m. with a day’s provision and blankets, though they didn’t know where they were going. At 9 p.m. they marched down to Charleston Hill and made a fort, 10 rods long, eight rods high with a breastwork. The continental soldiers worked undiscovered until 5 a.m., when they saw their danger: British ships of the line approached.
The British began to fire ‘pretty briskly’ for a few minutes, then stopped, then began again for 20 minutes, killing one of the Americans. The danger, wrote Brown, ‘ made us think there was treachery and that we were brought there to be all slain.’
At 11 a.m. the British began to fire ‘as brisk as ever.’ That caused many of the young country people to desert because they apprehended the danger in a ‘clearer manner than others who were more diligent in digging, & fortifying ourselves against them.’ They began to tire, fatigued by their labor, thirsty and hungry, having had no sleep, little to eat and nothing to drink but rum.
The enemy began to fire ‘very warm’ from their ships and from Boston until 2:00 p.m., when they began to fire from other ships that ‘lay in ferry-way’ and from a ship that lay in the river. Their aim was to stop the American reinforcements, which they did. One cannon cut three men in two on the neck, wrote Brown.
Time and again the American officers sent for cannon from Cambridge and got only four. The artillery captain fired a few times, then ‘swung his hat three times round to the enemy and ceased to fire.’ At about 3:00 p.m. the cannons stopped roaring, and they spied as many as 40 boats or barges coming over full of troops. Brown supposed there were about 3,000 British and only 700 Americans left who hadn’t deserted. Five hundred reinforcements couldn’t get close enough to do them any good, but finally ‘ventured to advance’ when they saw the British would cut them off.
‘A Choaky Mouthful’
The Battle of Bunker Hill then began in earnest, according to Brown:
When our officers saw that the regulars intended to land, they ordered the artillery to go out of the fort and prevent their landing, if possible; from whence the artillery captain took his field-pieces, and went right home to Cambridge fast as he could, –for which he is now confined, and we expect he will be shot for it. The enemy landed and fronted before us, and formed themselves into an oblong square, so as to surround us, which they did in part. After they were well formed they advanced toward us, in order to swallow us up; they found a choaky mouthful of us, though we could do nothing with our small arms as yet for distance, and had but two cannon and no gunner. And they from Boston, and from the ships, firing and throwing bombs, keeping us down till they got almost around us. But God, in mercy to us, fought our battle for us; and though we were but a few, and so was suffered to be defeated by the enemy; yet we were preserved in a most wonderful manner, far beyond our expectation, and to our admiration, — for out of our regiment there was but thirty-seven killed, four or five taken captive, and forty-seven wounded. If we should be called to action again, I hope to have courage and strength to act my part valiantly in defense of our liberty and country, trusting in him who hath yet kept me, and hath covered my head in the day of battle; and though we have left four out of our company, and some taken captives by the cruel enemies of America, I was not suffered to be touched, although I was in the fort when the enemy came in, and jumped over the walls, and ran half a mile, where balls flew like hail-stones, and cannon roared like thunder.
Peter Brown ended his letter by asking his mother to write him in Cambridge. And, he wrote,
To day at Cambridge, to morrow
To morrow the Lord only knows where
For an eyewitness account of the battle from a 10-year-old Loyalist girl, click here. This story was updated from the 2014 version. | 1,068 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Information and the world of tomorrow. Why all this matters. It cannot be seen or touched.
This question has been asked for over years. Although it is a simple question, it does not have an easy answer. The answer is difficult because there are numerous factors and events that helped create and influence the trials.
The main factors that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of the people. The following essay on these causes and the events surrounding the Salem witch trials of is divided into four sections: Salem Politics Salem Village had a very colorful history before the famous witch trials.
It was not exactly known as a bastion of tranquillity in New England. The main reason was its plus residents were divided into two main parts: The residents who wanted to separate from Salem Town were farming families located in the western part of Salem Village.
Those who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town were typically located on the eastern side of Salem Village--closest to Salem Town. The residents who wished to remain a part of Salem Town were economically tied to its thriving, rich harbors.
This individualism was in opposition to the communal nature that Puritanism mandated. Thus, they were out of touch with the rest of Salem Village.
One particularly large farming family who felt that Salem Town was out of touch with the rest of Salem Village was the Putnams.
The Putnams were the leaders of the separatist group primarily because they owned the most farmland in Salem Village. They hoped to solidify a separation from Salem Town by establishing a congregation unique from it. So ina congregation was formed under the Rev. Samuel Parris and began worshipping in the Salem Village Meetinghouse.
However, the congregation only represented a select group since over half of its members were Putnams. Contracts for ministers during this period often provided them with a modest salary, use of a house, and free firewood. Parris received this and much more.
He not only got a modest salary and free firewood, but the title and deed to the parsonage and its surrounding land.
This perk especially angered the residents who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town. The Salem Town supporters showed their opposition by refusing to worship at the Meetinghouse and withholding their local taxes.
These actions by the new committee caused Parris and his family to rely solely on voluntary contributions for sustenance. The Putnams were now worried of losing Parris and the soughted independence from Salem Town the congregation would help bring, and Parris was concerned about his job and providing for his family.
Cold Winter Days The Rev.
Samuel Parris had a relatively small family. He was married and had a nine year old daughter, Betty, and a twelve year old niece, Abigail Williams, who was an orphan.
Abigail was expected to earn her keep by doing most of the household chores, and also care for her invalid aunt. After chores were done, there was little entertainment for Betty and Abigail.From Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium.
The word history comes from the Greek word historía which means "to learn or know by inquiry." In the pieces that follow, we encourage you to probe, dispute, dig deeper — inquire.
History is not static. Witchcraft Essay Topics List: Best Ideas for Magic is a complex of ritual ceremonies and actions that, according to the convictions of their performers, can cause spiritual influence on the surrounding world with a certain practical purpose.
The great North American school of magic was founded in the seventeenth century. It stands at the highest peak of Mount Greylock, where it is concealed from non-magic gaze by a variety of powerful enchantments, which sometimes manifest in a wreath of misty cloud.
There is one history taught by religious historians which is based on the documents of the time -- including the few books that made it into the Bible and the hundreds of others (incluing about 40 gospels) that were excluded. Introduction The Salem witch trials of took place in Salem, Massachusetts.
The Salem Witch Trials History Essay. Print Reference this. Disclaimer: the Salem witch trials as a series of court trials that were aimed at prosecuting persons who had been accused of witchcraft. The History of Witches and Witchcraft - What do you think when someone calls someone a witch.
What comes to mind. Do you think of the movie, ‘Hocus Pocus’ or do you think of the black pointed hats and the long black, slit ended dresses. | <urn:uuid:9f7df2e3-30da-48ee-9d75-a6d23db6ef5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ruxuwyjibuboniced.benjaminpohle.com/the-history-of-witchcraft-essay-35839ba.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.98352 | 942 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.01476779393851757,
0.1788347065448761,
0.1377571076154709,
-0.12193355709314346,
0.20811106264591217,
0.07386445999145508,
0.12208221852779388,
-0.1176983118057251,
-0.2770521342754364,
0.09969094395637512,
-0.2072775661945343,
0.010856444016098976,
0.026636546477675438,
0.2529954612255... | 2 | Information and the world of tomorrow. Why all this matters. It cannot be seen or touched.
This question has been asked for over years. Although it is a simple question, it does not have an easy answer. The answer is difficult because there are numerous factors and events that helped create and influence the trials.
The main factors that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of the people. The following essay on these causes and the events surrounding the Salem witch trials of is divided into four sections: Salem Politics Salem Village had a very colorful history before the famous witch trials.
It was not exactly known as a bastion of tranquillity in New England. The main reason was its plus residents were divided into two main parts: The residents who wanted to separate from Salem Town were farming families located in the western part of Salem Village.
Those who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town were typically located on the eastern side of Salem Village--closest to Salem Town. The residents who wished to remain a part of Salem Town were economically tied to its thriving, rich harbors.
This individualism was in opposition to the communal nature that Puritanism mandated. Thus, they were out of touch with the rest of Salem Village.
One particularly large farming family who felt that Salem Town was out of touch with the rest of Salem Village was the Putnams.
The Putnams were the leaders of the separatist group primarily because they owned the most farmland in Salem Village. They hoped to solidify a separation from Salem Town by establishing a congregation unique from it. So ina congregation was formed under the Rev. Samuel Parris and began worshipping in the Salem Village Meetinghouse.
However, the congregation only represented a select group since over half of its members were Putnams. Contracts for ministers during this period often provided them with a modest salary, use of a house, and free firewood. Parris received this and much more.
He not only got a modest salary and free firewood, but the title and deed to the parsonage and its surrounding land.
This perk especially angered the residents who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town. The Salem Town supporters showed their opposition by refusing to worship at the Meetinghouse and withholding their local taxes.
These actions by the new committee caused Parris and his family to rely solely on voluntary contributions for sustenance. The Putnams were now worried of losing Parris and the soughted independence from Salem Town the congregation would help bring, and Parris was concerned about his job and providing for his family.
Cold Winter Days The Rev.
Samuel Parris had a relatively small family. He was married and had a nine year old daughter, Betty, and a twelve year old niece, Abigail Williams, who was an orphan.
Abigail was expected to earn her keep by doing most of the household chores, and also care for her invalid aunt. After chores were done, there was little entertainment for Betty and Abigail.From Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium.
The word history comes from the Greek word historía which means "to learn or know by inquiry." In the pieces that follow, we encourage you to probe, dispute, dig deeper — inquire.
History is not static. Witchcraft Essay Topics List: Best Ideas for Magic is a complex of ritual ceremonies and actions that, according to the convictions of their performers, can cause spiritual influence on the surrounding world with a certain practical purpose.
The great North American school of magic was founded in the seventeenth century. It stands at the highest peak of Mount Greylock, where it is concealed from non-magic gaze by a variety of powerful enchantments, which sometimes manifest in a wreath of misty cloud.
There is one history taught by religious historians which is based on the documents of the time -- including the few books that made it into the Bible and the hundreds of others (incluing about 40 gospels) that were excluded. Introduction The Salem witch trials of took place in Salem, Massachusetts.
The Salem Witch Trials History Essay. Print Reference this. Disclaimer: the Salem witch trials as a series of court trials that were aimed at prosecuting persons who had been accused of witchcraft. The History of Witches and Witchcraft - What do you think when someone calls someone a witch.
What comes to mind. Do you think of the movie, ‘Hocus Pocus’ or do you think of the black pointed hats and the long black, slit ended dresses. | 914 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When the hedonistic emperor Nero was made an enemy of the state and ultimately forced to commit suicide, the revolt of the Jews was already in its second year. Uprisings were not uncommon during the reign of the notorious ruler. An entire province, Britannia, had almost been lost a mere decade earlier. Had it not been for the tenacious resistance of a massively outnumbered Roman force, Boudica’s revolt would have seen the end of the Romans in Britain.
The people of Judaea revolted in AD 66 – the culmination of years of Roman-Jewish animosity over occupation, religion and tax. Full scale rebellion spread like wildfire across the holy land. The general Vespasian was sent to quash the rebellion. Banished by Nero for the crime of falling asleep at one of the emperor’s tedious theatrical performances, he was called back to lead a campaign with the intention of crushing the revolt in Judaea. Vespasian’s military career was one of many successes, and he had led one the three legions during the invasion of Britain in AD 43.
The First Jewish Revolt saw Jewish Zealots expel Roman forces from Judea and the formation of a provisional Jewish government in Jerusalem. This regime issued coins which have become extremely collectable in recent years. Silver shekels, half shekels and bronze pieces of various denominations were struck promoting Jewish cultural iconography, with inscriptions in Palaeo-Hebrew.
During the power struggles which erupted after Nero’s death, Vespasian was still stationed in Judaea. His Galilee campaign was a success by all accounts; rebel strongholds fell time and time again. Nero’s demise saw three emperors vying for control in AD 68 and 69. Galba, the general stationed in Gaul, was the first. His mobilisation and march on Nero in Rome was the final nail in the coffin for the mad emperor’s regime. Galba’s short rule was followed by that of Otho, the wealthy wig-wearing patrician, who shortly fell to Vitellius, the glutton. By this time, Vespasian had been proclaimed emperor by his troops and, leaving his son Titus in Judaea, marched on Rome and, upon the death of the ever-unpopular Vitellius, Vespasian assumed the purple.
The general-turned-emperor had unfinished business which would surely harm his popularity. The Jewish revolt was still not yet over. Jerusalem, the capitol, was finally besieged by the Roman army under the control of Titus in April of AD 70. Sieges were an art of war to which the Romans were adept. After four months of struggle, the colossal city of Jerusalem, with its massive walls, fell. The great Temple of Herod (either accidentally of deliberately) was burned to the ground. This saw the end of the main rebel forces in Judaea, and thousands of Jews massacred or sold in to slavery.
This was exactly what Vespasian needed. He had been the architect of the four-year-long campaign, and his celebrated son had finished what he started. No time wasted issuing what was essentially a commemorative coin series, to celebrate the victorious Romans. It is likely some of these coins were issued from in the earliest months of his reign, suggesting that to the Romans, victory in Judaea was already assured. In any case, the most well-known of the ‘Judaea Capta’ coinage features a simple but resonating design.
A mourning female Jew (or perhaps a personification of the entire province of Judaea) sits in a state of mourning, beside a large Roman trophy. Beneath, the inscription JVDAEA, in Latin, leaves no doubt as to the meaning of the design – a subjugated province defeated by Rome and again subservient.
As Vespasian’s most significant military campaign, coins celebrating victory over the Jews were issued numerously during the reign of Vespasian. His son Titus, who had been awarded a military triumph in Rome following the victory, had coins struck in his name, in celebration. He would go on to be made sole emperor following his father’s death in AD 79, cementing the Flavian Dynasty in Roman history. | <urn:uuid:ee2a9883-b959-4eac-8637-5638f01d271c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.baldwin.co.uk/news/the-judaea-capta-commemorative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.984709 | 891 | 4 | 4 | [
-0.36499112844467163,
0.4654357433319092,
0.6075230240821838,
-0.04506378620862961,
-0.23439180850982666,
0.05727869272232056,
-0.10085985064506531,
0.5202139616012573,
0.26294493675231934,
-0.10581819713115692,
-0.23745860159397125,
-0.44692349433898926,
0.054858557879924774,
0.1306112110... | 6 | When the hedonistic emperor Nero was made an enemy of the state and ultimately forced to commit suicide, the revolt of the Jews was already in its second year. Uprisings were not uncommon during the reign of the notorious ruler. An entire province, Britannia, had almost been lost a mere decade earlier. Had it not been for the tenacious resistance of a massively outnumbered Roman force, Boudica’s revolt would have seen the end of the Romans in Britain.
The people of Judaea revolted in AD 66 – the culmination of years of Roman-Jewish animosity over occupation, religion and tax. Full scale rebellion spread like wildfire across the holy land. The general Vespasian was sent to quash the rebellion. Banished by Nero for the crime of falling asleep at one of the emperor’s tedious theatrical performances, he was called back to lead a campaign with the intention of crushing the revolt in Judaea. Vespasian’s military career was one of many successes, and he had led one the three legions during the invasion of Britain in AD 43.
The First Jewish Revolt saw Jewish Zealots expel Roman forces from Judea and the formation of a provisional Jewish government in Jerusalem. This regime issued coins which have become extremely collectable in recent years. Silver shekels, half shekels and bronze pieces of various denominations were struck promoting Jewish cultural iconography, with inscriptions in Palaeo-Hebrew.
During the power struggles which erupted after Nero’s death, Vespasian was still stationed in Judaea. His Galilee campaign was a success by all accounts; rebel strongholds fell time and time again. Nero’s demise saw three emperors vying for control in AD 68 and 69. Galba, the general stationed in Gaul, was the first. His mobilisation and march on Nero in Rome was the final nail in the coffin for the mad emperor’s regime. Galba’s short rule was followed by that of Otho, the wealthy wig-wearing patrician, who shortly fell to Vitellius, the glutton. By this time, Vespasian had been proclaimed emperor by his troops and, leaving his son Titus in Judaea, marched on Rome and, upon the death of the ever-unpopular Vitellius, Vespasian assumed the purple.
The general-turned-emperor had unfinished business which would surely harm his popularity. The Jewish revolt was still not yet over. Jerusalem, the capitol, was finally besieged by the Roman army under the control of Titus in April of AD 70. Sieges were an art of war to which the Romans were adept. After four months of struggle, the colossal city of Jerusalem, with its massive walls, fell. The great Temple of Herod (either accidentally of deliberately) was burned to the ground. This saw the end of the main rebel forces in Judaea, and thousands of Jews massacred or sold in to slavery.
This was exactly what Vespasian needed. He had been the architect of the four-year-long campaign, and his celebrated son had finished what he started. No time wasted issuing what was essentially a commemorative coin series, to celebrate the victorious Romans. It is likely some of these coins were issued from in the earliest months of his reign, suggesting that to the Romans, victory in Judaea was already assured. In any case, the most well-known of the ‘Judaea Capta’ coinage features a simple but resonating design.
A mourning female Jew (or perhaps a personification of the entire province of Judaea) sits in a state of mourning, beside a large Roman trophy. Beneath, the inscription JVDAEA, in Latin, leaves no doubt as to the meaning of the design – a subjugated province defeated by Rome and again subservient.
As Vespasian’s most significant military campaign, coins celebrating victory over the Jews were issued numerously during the reign of Vespasian. His son Titus, who had been awarded a military triumph in Rome following the victory, had coins struck in his name, in celebration. He would go on to be made sole emperor following his father’s death in AD 79, cementing the Flavian Dynasty in Roman history. | 880 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Anne Moody Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Birth Element :
Anne Moody is one of the female African American luminaries of the civil rights movement in the US. Her zeal to succeed in the resistance of the racial injustices led her to join the movement in her school days.
Born on September 15, 1940, in Centerville Mississippi, Anne Moody was the firstborn in the family of eight siblings. Her parents were Fred and Elmira Moody. At birth, her parents named her Essie Mae Moody. She adapted the name Anne in her youth. By the time Moody got to her 5th birthday, her parents were already divorced. With only her mother left, Moody was forced to start working in her childhood. The only job she could get was a domestic worker in the white homes around.
After her elementary school, she joined Natchez Junior College on a basketball scholarship. She graduated top in her class in 1961. Her good grades enabled her to get an academic scholarship to study at Tougaloo College. Moody graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Science in 1964.
Civil Rights Movement
Anne Moody experienced racial inequality from her childhood. She went to through segregated education system. Racial crimes against the African American community were pardoned by the security or the justice system. This harsh reality drove her to join the civil rights movement early in life. As a college student, she involved herself with the Congress of Racial Equality.
Apart from that, she also joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Despite graduating with a prestigious science degree, Moody chose to venture in the volatile world of resistance. She dedicated her time in working for the movement. She was at the forefront in the organization of many demonstrations.
Anne Moody was involved in the protest at Woolworth Cafeteria in 1964. Moody and some of her friends were protesting against the management not allowing blacks in the cafeteria. As her star rose in the movement rose in Mississippi, Moody decided to move out of the southern US. She was at the Washington march during the iconic Martin Luther King; I Have a Dream speech.
It was in the north that she changed her conviction to the movement. The white community in the north was more liberal and accommodating. Eventually, she got married to a white man from New York. She briefly lived and studied in Germany from 1972 to 1974. She returned to the US and continued with her equality movement.
Documenting the Movement
Having noticed that the demonstrations were being met with brute force, Anne Moody decided to change tact. In 1968, she wrote the much-acclaimed book Coming of Age in Mississippi. In this autobiography, Moody narrates her own life and the struggles of the civil rights movement. In 1974, she wrote another book, Farewell to Too Sweet. This was a dedication to her biological mother whose nickname was Too Sweet.
Apart from the two books, she also wrote two others. These were Mr. Death which was written in 1975 and The Clay Guilly which was unpublished at the time of her death.
Anne Moody was married to Austin Strauss in 1967. This came as a disappointment to many in her Mississippi. The couple had a daughter called Sascha in 1971. Her marriage to Strauss ended in divorce in 1977. After the divorce, she moved to New York. Moody continued living in the city until her relocating to Mississippi in the mid-1990s.
One irony followed her. Though very outstanding in the organization of street demonstrations, she never had interviews with reporters.
For her efforts in the publication of her autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Anne Moody got two awards. The National Council of Christians and Jews honored her with the Brotherhood Award. She was also recognized by the National Library Association, which gave her the Best Book of The Year Award. Both honors came in 1968.
Anne Moody died on February 5, 2015, in Mississippi. She was 74 years. Born in the segregated Mississippi, Moody witnessed the daily horrors of racial intolerance first hand. From verbal abuse, lack of proper schools, arbitrary arrests, to racial murders.
Unlike many other young people, she chose to work her way out of the impoverished inner cities. Without anyone to fund her tuition, she pushed through her education with a basketball scholarship. Eventually, she graduated with honors in science.
Her books are widely studied by the young American society today. Through the books, the readers are transferred back to the struggles of the 1960s civil rights years.
More People From Mississippi
More People From United States Of America
More Virgo People
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | <urn:uuid:a8704e13-4b45-48a5-b373-301a5f6b24f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/anne-moody/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.980198 | 952 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.3668663501739502,
0.1813449263572693,
0.38754457235336304,
0.06758414208889008,
-0.20044295489788055,
0.5544173717498779,
0.023776251822710037,
0.17478054761886597,
0.10653723031282425,
0.37556010484695435,
0.062077250331640244,
-0.01367146521806717,
-0.10174375772476196,
0.155454456806... | 1 | Anne Moody Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Birth Element :
Anne Moody is one of the female African American luminaries of the civil rights movement in the US. Her zeal to succeed in the resistance of the racial injustices led her to join the movement in her school days.
Born on September 15, 1940, in Centerville Mississippi, Anne Moody was the firstborn in the family of eight siblings. Her parents were Fred and Elmira Moody. At birth, her parents named her Essie Mae Moody. She adapted the name Anne in her youth. By the time Moody got to her 5th birthday, her parents were already divorced. With only her mother left, Moody was forced to start working in her childhood. The only job she could get was a domestic worker in the white homes around.
After her elementary school, she joined Natchez Junior College on a basketball scholarship. She graduated top in her class in 1961. Her good grades enabled her to get an academic scholarship to study at Tougaloo College. Moody graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Science in 1964.
Civil Rights Movement
Anne Moody experienced racial inequality from her childhood. She went to through segregated education system. Racial crimes against the African American community were pardoned by the security or the justice system. This harsh reality drove her to join the civil rights movement early in life. As a college student, she involved herself with the Congress of Racial Equality.
Apart from that, she also joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Despite graduating with a prestigious science degree, Moody chose to venture in the volatile world of resistance. She dedicated her time in working for the movement. She was at the forefront in the organization of many demonstrations.
Anne Moody was involved in the protest at Woolworth Cafeteria in 1964. Moody and some of her friends were protesting against the management not allowing blacks in the cafeteria. As her star rose in the movement rose in Mississippi, Moody decided to move out of the southern US. She was at the Washington march during the iconic Martin Luther King; I Have a Dream speech.
It was in the north that she changed her conviction to the movement. The white community in the north was more liberal and accommodating. Eventually, she got married to a white man from New York. She briefly lived and studied in Germany from 1972 to 1974. She returned to the US and continued with her equality movement.
Documenting the Movement
Having noticed that the demonstrations were being met with brute force, Anne Moody decided to change tact. In 1968, she wrote the much-acclaimed book Coming of Age in Mississippi. In this autobiography, Moody narrates her own life and the struggles of the civil rights movement. In 1974, she wrote another book, Farewell to Too Sweet. This was a dedication to her biological mother whose nickname was Too Sweet.
Apart from the two books, she also wrote two others. These were Mr. Death which was written in 1975 and The Clay Guilly which was unpublished at the time of her death.
Anne Moody was married to Austin Strauss in 1967. This came as a disappointment to many in her Mississippi. The couple had a daughter called Sascha in 1971. Her marriage to Strauss ended in divorce in 1977. After the divorce, she moved to New York. Moody continued living in the city until her relocating to Mississippi in the mid-1990s.
One irony followed her. Though very outstanding in the organization of street demonstrations, she never had interviews with reporters.
For her efforts in the publication of her autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Anne Moody got two awards. The National Council of Christians and Jews honored her with the Brotherhood Award. She was also recognized by the National Library Association, which gave her the Best Book of The Year Award. Both honors came in 1968.
Anne Moody died on February 5, 2015, in Mississippi. She was 74 years. Born in the segregated Mississippi, Moody witnessed the daily horrors of racial intolerance first hand. From verbal abuse, lack of proper schools, arbitrary arrests, to racial murders.
Unlike many other young people, she chose to work her way out of the impoverished inner cities. Without anyone to fund her tuition, she pushed through her education with a basketball scholarship. Eventually, she graduated with honors in science.
Her books are widely studied by the young American society today. Through the books, the readers are transferred back to the struggles of the 1960s civil rights years.
More People From Mississippi
More People From United States Of America
More Virgo People
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | 1,000 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Slavery was a system that was adopted throughout America. The system was based on race whereby the whites were considered the superior race. The slaves were to serve their masters who were the whites. The slaves were owned and traded by their owners at will. The slaves, however, were strongly opposed to this system.
The slaves managed to resist the system and adopted their own way of living despite the harsh conditions that they were being put through by their tormentors. This paper discusses the challenges that the slaves encountered as well as their resistance and the relativity of slavery to gender.
The slaves felt the need to live a good and comfortable life. Despite their lack of freedom and the numerous restrictions that were forced upon them, the slaves resisted their condition and managed to create their own way of life. The slaves still managed to start families despite the harsh conditions.
The slaves would marry, set up homes and eventually get children. This, however, was a big challenge and resulted in the children being regarded as the property of their owners. The family units even extended to the extended family. The marriages between the couples were done by their own people who presided over the ceremony in their cultural way (Foner 216).
Religion was still a very significant aspect in their lives. The slaves did not leave behind their religious beliefs. They still believed in the existence of an almighty spirit who they prayed to. In most cases, baptisms were done in secret. This baptism was presided over by themselves. An appointed leader was to preside over the ceremony. The slaves would go to the river to be baptized. They also taught their children about faith at an early age making them believe in the almighty (Foner 220).
Some slaves learnt how to read. This was very uncommon in the period as the slaves were not allowed or even put in an environment where they could learn to read or write. This was mainly through their individual efforts. They learnt to read slowly through the constant learning and recalling of words. The process took time, but their resilience enabled them to learn (Foner 214).
Slavery was hard for most slaves. The constant mistreatment and denial of rights by the masters who were the whites became too much for the slaves. The slaves were put in situations where their lives were in danger as they were being threatened with death or physical harm.
The most common method used by the slaves in an effort to resist slavery was to escape. The slaves opted for this option so as to liberate themselves from the harsh conditions they were under. They escaped to states where the laws against slavery were minimal. In situations where the laws were reformed advocating for increased slavery, they would move to the nearby countries such as Canada where there was no slavery (Jacobs 90).
Some slaves used the generosity of their masters to their advantage. They managed to convince their masters to free them from captivity. This was through striking a deal with their masters to liberate them so that they may also get the chance to pursue their dreams and live a normal life.
Some slaves felt that the only form of resistance that was to be effective was the use of violence. The slaves armed themselves with all sorts of weapons and used them to attack their masters and other whites. They thought that the whites were the enemies and that the use of force would sway other whites from enslaving them (Jacobs 129).
The use of the political avenue through rallies and speeches was also effective. The whites held rallies where they made speeches campaigning against slavery and advocating for equality. This was effective in getting the support of the people, as the light was shed on the practice of slavery. The speakers insisted on equality because they believed that everyone should be alike, humanity and how slavery was not ethical.
Slaves felt that God did not intend for man to live like that. The constant push for the reform of the bills that supported slavery was also constantly dwelt upon so as to encourage the reformation of the bills. This was to encourage the adoption of bills that campaigned for equality. Some of these bills included the bill that did not grant blacks the right to vote and the slavery bill. These were some of the most effective strategies used by the slaves (Foner 221).
The hardships that the slaves experienced were different in relation to gender. Males and women faced different hardships. The hardships that were faced by the men were too much manual labor and abuse by the whites. The men were overworked in the plantations. They toiled and sweated for the whole day with just the relief of minimal minutes of rest.
The women, on the other hand, faced different problems. They were sexually harassed by the whites who pressured them to grant them sexual favors. The slaves would also be raped and they would lose their virginity by force at a very young age. Their mistresses were constantly mistreating the female slaves, and their children were sold at an early age (Jacobs 80).
The men, in response to this hardship, would resort to violence to counter the resistance. They would exert physical force on the whites so as to avenge what had been done to them. The women, on the other hand, resorted to the most common resistance strategy that was used by both slave genders which was escaping from the masters.
The slaves felt that, despite the fact that they were forced into a difficult situation it did not mean that they could not live their lives. Every human being wants to have a comfortable life. They analyzed the situation and got ways of incorporating a worthy lifestyle into their condition of slavery.
The conditions that they adapted in their lives were the bringing up of families, the belief in an almighty being which was religion and education. They did not give in to the efforts of the British in trying to erode their culture. They still maintained aspects that gave them a sense of belonging and identity.
The slaves resisted slavery at all costs. These made them constantly escape from the whites. This was a common thing in the whole country as many slaves all across the country were opposed to the enslaving. In some extreme circumstances, some slaves opted for the use of force as a tool of freedom from slavery. The new avenue that was more peaceful and most effective was the use of politics to aid in the eradication of slavery.
Slavery was different between genders. Both sexes experienced different hardships due to slavery. They opted for different resistance strategies that were convenient for them. The slaves managed to bend the strict slavery system so as to suit them, and whenever they felt the system was not on their side they decided to oppose it so as to push for their goals. The slaves eventually made the entire system become less hard for them by making it flexible.
Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Print.
Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Mineola, NY: Dover publications, 2001. Print. | <urn:uuid:f619c2dd-4b88-4f07-9e7c-04e560dd2814> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://graceplaceofwillmar.org/slavery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.993346 | 1,411 | 4.4375 | 4 | [
-0.3124827444553375,
0.60005784034729,
-0.0976925939321518,
-0.09437371045351028,
-0.16195231676101685,
0.18611499667167664,
-0.07713811844587326,
-0.35487690567970276,
0.18722699582576752,
0.23402190208435059,
0.19111506640911102,
0.03834230825304985,
-0.1095370426774025,
-0.0652835518121... | 1 | Slavery was a system that was adopted throughout America. The system was based on race whereby the whites were considered the superior race. The slaves were to serve their masters who were the whites. The slaves were owned and traded by their owners at will. The slaves, however, were strongly opposed to this system.
The slaves managed to resist the system and adopted their own way of living despite the harsh conditions that they were being put through by their tormentors. This paper discusses the challenges that the slaves encountered as well as their resistance and the relativity of slavery to gender.
The slaves felt the need to live a good and comfortable life. Despite their lack of freedom and the numerous restrictions that were forced upon them, the slaves resisted their condition and managed to create their own way of life. The slaves still managed to start families despite the harsh conditions.
The slaves would marry, set up homes and eventually get children. This, however, was a big challenge and resulted in the children being regarded as the property of their owners. The family units even extended to the extended family. The marriages between the couples were done by their own people who presided over the ceremony in their cultural way (Foner 216).
Religion was still a very significant aspect in their lives. The slaves did not leave behind their religious beliefs. They still believed in the existence of an almighty spirit who they prayed to. In most cases, baptisms were done in secret. This baptism was presided over by themselves. An appointed leader was to preside over the ceremony. The slaves would go to the river to be baptized. They also taught their children about faith at an early age making them believe in the almighty (Foner 220).
Some slaves learnt how to read. This was very uncommon in the period as the slaves were not allowed or even put in an environment where they could learn to read or write. This was mainly through their individual efforts. They learnt to read slowly through the constant learning and recalling of words. The process took time, but their resilience enabled them to learn (Foner 214).
Slavery was hard for most slaves. The constant mistreatment and denial of rights by the masters who were the whites became too much for the slaves. The slaves were put in situations where their lives were in danger as they were being threatened with death or physical harm.
The most common method used by the slaves in an effort to resist slavery was to escape. The slaves opted for this option so as to liberate themselves from the harsh conditions they were under. They escaped to states where the laws against slavery were minimal. In situations where the laws were reformed advocating for increased slavery, they would move to the nearby countries such as Canada where there was no slavery (Jacobs 90).
Some slaves used the generosity of their masters to their advantage. They managed to convince their masters to free them from captivity. This was through striking a deal with their masters to liberate them so that they may also get the chance to pursue their dreams and live a normal life.
Some slaves felt that the only form of resistance that was to be effective was the use of violence. The slaves armed themselves with all sorts of weapons and used them to attack their masters and other whites. They thought that the whites were the enemies and that the use of force would sway other whites from enslaving them (Jacobs 129).
The use of the political avenue through rallies and speeches was also effective. The whites held rallies where they made speeches campaigning against slavery and advocating for equality. This was effective in getting the support of the people, as the light was shed on the practice of slavery. The speakers insisted on equality because they believed that everyone should be alike, humanity and how slavery was not ethical.
Slaves felt that God did not intend for man to live like that. The constant push for the reform of the bills that supported slavery was also constantly dwelt upon so as to encourage the reformation of the bills. This was to encourage the adoption of bills that campaigned for equality. Some of these bills included the bill that did not grant blacks the right to vote and the slavery bill. These were some of the most effective strategies used by the slaves (Foner 221).
The hardships that the slaves experienced were different in relation to gender. Males and women faced different hardships. The hardships that were faced by the men were too much manual labor and abuse by the whites. The men were overworked in the plantations. They toiled and sweated for the whole day with just the relief of minimal minutes of rest.
The women, on the other hand, faced different problems. They were sexually harassed by the whites who pressured them to grant them sexual favors. The slaves would also be raped and they would lose their virginity by force at a very young age. Their mistresses were constantly mistreating the female slaves, and their children were sold at an early age (Jacobs 80).
The men, in response to this hardship, would resort to violence to counter the resistance. They would exert physical force on the whites so as to avenge what had been done to them. The women, on the other hand, resorted to the most common resistance strategy that was used by both slave genders which was escaping from the masters.
The slaves felt that, despite the fact that they were forced into a difficult situation it did not mean that they could not live their lives. Every human being wants to have a comfortable life. They analyzed the situation and got ways of incorporating a worthy lifestyle into their condition of slavery.
The conditions that they adapted in their lives were the bringing up of families, the belief in an almighty being which was religion and education. They did not give in to the efforts of the British in trying to erode their culture. They still maintained aspects that gave them a sense of belonging and identity.
The slaves resisted slavery at all costs. These made them constantly escape from the whites. This was a common thing in the whole country as many slaves all across the country were opposed to the enslaving. In some extreme circumstances, some slaves opted for the use of force as a tool of freedom from slavery. The new avenue that was more peaceful and most effective was the use of politics to aid in the eradication of slavery.
Slavery was different between genders. Both sexes experienced different hardships due to slavery. They opted for different resistance strategies that were convenient for them. The slaves managed to bend the strict slavery system so as to suit them, and whenever they felt the system was not on their side they decided to oppose it so as to push for their goals. The slaves eventually made the entire system become less hard for them by making it flexible.
Foner, Eric. Voices of Freedom. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Print.
Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Mineola, NY: Dover publications, 2001. Print. | 1,423 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Part 1 of 2
Sugar has been Cuba's great blessing and curse all at once, just as much as her convenient location and size, her tropical climate and her rich soil.
Legend reveals that on his second voyage to the "new world," Christóbal Colón brought sugar cane cuttings, which were planted and grown by the indigenous Taíno population, who were quickly turned into slaves. The Indies may not have been as full of gold as the Spaniards had hoped, but the islands could still provide a valuable service to the Empire.
The Taínos didn't understand why they had to clear the fields (mostly in the central plains, between Havana and Trinidad, and East towards Santiago) and do without their original crops in order to harvest cane for their new masters.
Eventually the combination of European diseases, forced labor and Spanish cruelty killed off most of the Taíno population, and this lead to the African slave trade, which lasted over three centuries.
In 16th century Cuba, "the chief industry was stock-raising which was followed in all parts of the island," wrote Hubert H. S. Aimes in A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868. "The meat afforded a supply for the shipping and the hides were exported. Honey and wax soon became important. The sugar industry grew slowly and chiefly in the favorable region of Habana, three ingenios being established in its vicinity in 1576. These mills were simple, crude constructions of rollers for crushing the cane moved by cattle or water power. The product obtained by simple boiling in open pans was of a very inferior quality, and was consumed in the island. The ingenios required from eighty to one hundred negroes each."
Large-scale sugar production in Cuba began early in the 19th century. "Sugar quickly became the cornerstone of the Cuban economy," wrote Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez in Sugar and Society in the Caribbean, "and a new class of wealthy planters emerged."
Sugar output was usually measured in sacks of 325 pounds or in tons (2,000 pounds). Cane production was measured per arroba (25 pounds), and land was measured per caballerías (33.6 acres).
By mid-19th century Cuba provided about a third of the world's sugar, and U.S. investors began to make moves on the island. Soon the sugar industry was under their control.
"From the beginning," wrote Guerra y Sánchez, "the sugar mills were extended protection against foreclosure for debt, an extremely important privilege that was considered an indispensable aid to this new industry. For the planting of cane, the Havana Cabildo itself ceded lands, within a radius of eight leagues, that had been reserved for growing food crops. Thus, the first sugar mills were set up very close to the municipal limits and were owned by the wealthiest and most influential colonists."
In the 1880s the production of sugar in Cuba was reorganized to account for a new economic system that included the end of slavery. An intermediate class of planters emerged, often referred to as colonos. They basically contracted to plant, cultivate, harvest and then deliver the cut cane to the mills, or Centrales, which eventually became huge complexes. Of course, only a small percentage of the former slaves who fought on the war of independence became colonos, as most were white or foreigners. Seasonal laborers and field hands, who worked for wages, were usually out of work at the end of the harvest.
Two types of colonos existed, those who owned their own land, and those who worked land rented or leased. The power, of course, was in the Centrales, who controlled how much the colonos earned from each Zafra. Almost all colonos had difficulty getting by, and most owed money to the Centrales.
[Sidebar: Excerpt from Rural Cuba by Lowry Nelson, on Cuba's Agricultural Seasons]
The "Zafra" months of November to April featured full employment for cane laborers. This is the dry season, when the sugar was harvested and there was plenty of work. This was followed by tiempo muerto, or the rainy season of May through October, when there wasn't much to do on the cane fields. This was the sad reality of the sugar industry in Cuba.
"During the 1890s," wrote Robert B. Hoernel in Journal of Latin American Studies, "Cuban field laborers in the sugar industry received only slightly more than fifty cents a day, but also got quarters in the batey or bunkhouse, free medical care, and a ration of 1 pound of beef, 1 pound of rice, 2 ounces of lard, 1 ounce of coffee, 2 ounces of sugar, and 6 ounces of bread or potatoes daily." | <urn:uuid:116e29d5-33a0-43a1-8527-65863851770a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://historyofcuba.com/history/havana/Sugar1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.985974 | 991 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
-0.28520646691322327,
0.05555989593267441,
0.026777751743793488,
0.02878822386264801,
0.47158509492874146,
-0.1412307620048523,
-0.10781064629554749,
-0.15134091675281525,
-0.41572076082229614,
-0.2531009018421173,
-0.09115321189165115,
-0.320809006690979,
-0.3197687864303589,
0.3946191668... | 5 | Part 1 of 2
Sugar has been Cuba's great blessing and curse all at once, just as much as her convenient location and size, her tropical climate and her rich soil.
Legend reveals that on his second voyage to the "new world," Christóbal Colón brought sugar cane cuttings, which were planted and grown by the indigenous Taíno population, who were quickly turned into slaves. The Indies may not have been as full of gold as the Spaniards had hoped, but the islands could still provide a valuable service to the Empire.
The Taínos didn't understand why they had to clear the fields (mostly in the central plains, between Havana and Trinidad, and East towards Santiago) and do without their original crops in order to harvest cane for their new masters.
Eventually the combination of European diseases, forced labor and Spanish cruelty killed off most of the Taíno population, and this lead to the African slave trade, which lasted over three centuries.
In 16th century Cuba, "the chief industry was stock-raising which was followed in all parts of the island," wrote Hubert H. S. Aimes in A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868. "The meat afforded a supply for the shipping and the hides were exported. Honey and wax soon became important. The sugar industry grew slowly and chiefly in the favorable region of Habana, three ingenios being established in its vicinity in 1576. These mills were simple, crude constructions of rollers for crushing the cane moved by cattle or water power. The product obtained by simple boiling in open pans was of a very inferior quality, and was consumed in the island. The ingenios required from eighty to one hundred negroes each."
Large-scale sugar production in Cuba began early in the 19th century. "Sugar quickly became the cornerstone of the Cuban economy," wrote Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez in Sugar and Society in the Caribbean, "and a new class of wealthy planters emerged."
Sugar output was usually measured in sacks of 325 pounds or in tons (2,000 pounds). Cane production was measured per arroba (25 pounds), and land was measured per caballerías (33.6 acres).
By mid-19th century Cuba provided about a third of the world's sugar, and U.S. investors began to make moves on the island. Soon the sugar industry was under their control.
"From the beginning," wrote Guerra y Sánchez, "the sugar mills were extended protection against foreclosure for debt, an extremely important privilege that was considered an indispensable aid to this new industry. For the planting of cane, the Havana Cabildo itself ceded lands, within a radius of eight leagues, that had been reserved for growing food crops. Thus, the first sugar mills were set up very close to the municipal limits and were owned by the wealthiest and most influential colonists."
In the 1880s the production of sugar in Cuba was reorganized to account for a new economic system that included the end of slavery. An intermediate class of planters emerged, often referred to as colonos. They basically contracted to plant, cultivate, harvest and then deliver the cut cane to the mills, or Centrales, which eventually became huge complexes. Of course, only a small percentage of the former slaves who fought on the war of independence became colonos, as most were white or foreigners. Seasonal laborers and field hands, who worked for wages, were usually out of work at the end of the harvest.
Two types of colonos existed, those who owned their own land, and those who worked land rented or leased. The power, of course, was in the Centrales, who controlled how much the colonos earned from each Zafra. Almost all colonos had difficulty getting by, and most owed money to the Centrales.
[Sidebar: Excerpt from Rural Cuba by Lowry Nelson, on Cuba's Agricultural Seasons]
The "Zafra" months of November to April featured full employment for cane laborers. This is the dry season, when the sugar was harvested and there was plenty of work. This was followed by tiempo muerto, or the rainy season of May through October, when there wasn't much to do on the cane fields. This was the sad reality of the sugar industry in Cuba.
"During the 1890s," wrote Robert B. Hoernel in Journal of Latin American Studies, "Cuban field laborers in the sugar industry received only slightly more than fifty cents a day, but also got quarters in the batey or bunkhouse, free medical care, and a ration of 1 pound of beef, 1 pound of rice, 2 ounces of lard, 1 ounce of coffee, 2 ounces of sugar, and 6 ounces of bread or potatoes daily." | 1,006 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Saint Berward served as the thirteenth Bishop of Hildesheim, Germany during the middle of the tenth century. His grandfather was Athelbero, Count Palatine of Saxony. After having lost his parents, Bernward was sent to live with his uncle Volkmar, Bishop of Utrecht. His uncle enlisted the assistance of Thangmar, the pious and learned director of the cathedral school at Heidelberg, for the boy's education. Under the instruction of Thangmar, Bernward made rapid progress in Christian piety as well as in the sciences. He became very proficient in mathematics, painting, architecture, and particularly in the manufacture of ecclesiastical vessels and ornaments of silver and gold.
Saint Bernward completed his studies at Mainz, where he was then ordained a priest. In leiu of being placed in the diocese of his uncle, Bishop Volkmar, he chose to remain near his grandfather, Athelbero, to comfort him in his old age. Upon his grandfather’s death in 987, he became chaplain in the imperial court, and the Empress-Regent Theophano quickly appointed him to be tutor of her son Otto III, who was only six years old at the time. Bernward remained at the imperial court until 993, when he was elected Bishop of Hildesheim.
His knowledge and practice of the arts were entirely employed in the service of the Church. A man of extraordinary piety, he was devoted to prayer as well as the practice of mortification.
Shortly before his death in 1022 he was vested in the Benedictine habit. He was canonized by Pope Celestine III in 1193. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2013-11-20 | <urn:uuid:a8e7047f-10bd-449f-a5cf-c13246cf5674> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cathinfo.com/the-sacred-catholic-liturgy-chant-prayers/st-bernward/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.987873 | 380 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
0.13494759798049927,
0.633443295955658,
-0.06241517513990402,
-0.4356808066368103,
-0.2358797937631607,
-0.37502917647361755,
-0.17685531079769135,
0.10371511429548264,
-0.15333521366119385,
-0.25759559869766235,
-0.04575163498520851,
-0.3775124251842499,
-0.024471689015626907,
0.214593276... | 1 | Saint Berward served as the thirteenth Bishop of Hildesheim, Germany during the middle of the tenth century. His grandfather was Athelbero, Count Palatine of Saxony. After having lost his parents, Bernward was sent to live with his uncle Volkmar, Bishop of Utrecht. His uncle enlisted the assistance of Thangmar, the pious and learned director of the cathedral school at Heidelberg, for the boy's education. Under the instruction of Thangmar, Bernward made rapid progress in Christian piety as well as in the sciences. He became very proficient in mathematics, painting, architecture, and particularly in the manufacture of ecclesiastical vessels and ornaments of silver and gold.
Saint Bernward completed his studies at Mainz, where he was then ordained a priest. In leiu of being placed in the diocese of his uncle, Bishop Volkmar, he chose to remain near his grandfather, Athelbero, to comfort him in his old age. Upon his grandfather’s death in 987, he became chaplain in the imperial court, and the Empress-Regent Theophano quickly appointed him to be tutor of her son Otto III, who was only six years old at the time. Bernward remained at the imperial court until 993, when he was elected Bishop of Hildesheim.
His knowledge and practice of the arts were entirely employed in the service of the Church. A man of extraordinary piety, he was devoted to prayer as well as the practice of mortification.
Shortly before his death in 1022 he was vested in the Benedictine habit. He was canonized by Pope Celestine III in 1193. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2013-11-20 | 382 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Music played a significant role in the War Between the States. The South had a battle song, “Dixie,” so the North wanted its own as well. In 1862, a year into the war, Julia Ward Howe came up with new lyrics to a melody that was already familiar, “John Brown’s Body.” Ironically, her husband, Dr. Samuel Howe, was a financial supporter of the raid at Harper’s Ferry, where John Brown was captured and hung for treason. Both he and his wife were staunch abolitionists.
Mrs. Howe was inspired to write “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” after visiting Washington D.C. and witnessing Union soldiers’ campfires flickering on the outskirts of town. At the time, the song was considered inspirational in its religious references. Mrs. Howe was a member of the Unitarian Church,which is said to be more atheistic in their beliefs. This held true for Mrs. Howe as well. The strong sentiment and symbolic overtones in the lyrics she wrote are indicative of the hatred she apparently felt for Southerners in general; not just toward Confederates.
This song is commonly sung in churches and at patriotic events today. However, the problem arises when one considers the lyrics. They will find that “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” is hate-filled rhetoric consisting of derogatory implications. It is no wonder that people realize the negative aspects and refuse to sing the anthem. It is interesting to note that the song is performed frequently at Southern churches within the Bible Belt. “He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored” is one example of a symbolic reference – vintage representing the blood of Southern people. When a song becomes controversial, it is generally avoided, and many in the South feel this sentiment. Just as African-Americans have for centuries fought to acquire respect and equality, it seems only fair that any song deemed offensive by any group such as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” should be discontinued as well. | <urn:uuid:2ab0ad69-3d76-4098-a1bd-46bd619d6584> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jdrhawkins.com/tag/julia-ward-howe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.982656 | 426 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.33486589789390564,
0.01625148393213749,
0.012655925936996937,
-0.42531833052635193,
0.000619684811681509,
0.6681183576583862,
-0.030734218657016754,
0.16233757138252258,
-0.25372305512428284,
-0.31268760561943054,
0.3660275340080261,
0.4973549544811249,
0.20495380461215973,
0.1297340989... | 7 | Music played a significant role in the War Between the States. The South had a battle song, “Dixie,” so the North wanted its own as well. In 1862, a year into the war, Julia Ward Howe came up with new lyrics to a melody that was already familiar, “John Brown’s Body.” Ironically, her husband, Dr. Samuel Howe, was a financial supporter of the raid at Harper’s Ferry, where John Brown was captured and hung for treason. Both he and his wife were staunch abolitionists.
Mrs. Howe was inspired to write “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” after visiting Washington D.C. and witnessing Union soldiers’ campfires flickering on the outskirts of town. At the time, the song was considered inspirational in its religious references. Mrs. Howe was a member of the Unitarian Church,which is said to be more atheistic in their beliefs. This held true for Mrs. Howe as well. The strong sentiment and symbolic overtones in the lyrics she wrote are indicative of the hatred she apparently felt for Southerners in general; not just toward Confederates.
This song is commonly sung in churches and at patriotic events today. However, the problem arises when one considers the lyrics. They will find that “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” is hate-filled rhetoric consisting of derogatory implications. It is no wonder that people realize the negative aspects and refuse to sing the anthem. It is interesting to note that the song is performed frequently at Southern churches within the Bible Belt. “He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored” is one example of a symbolic reference – vintage representing the blood of Southern people. When a song becomes controversial, it is generally avoided, and many in the South feel this sentiment. Just as African-Americans have for centuries fought to acquire respect and equality, it seems only fair that any song deemed offensive by any group such as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” should be discontinued as well. | 409 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The discussions between the two delegations were not easy. This was not surprising in light of the difficult topic and the fact that only seven years had passed since the liberation of the concentration camps and the end of WWII. Most of the population in West Germany opposed the reparations. The German public mainly was against the large sum that Chancellor Adenauer was prepared to accept as a starting point of the negotiations, some four billion German marks. However, Adenauer understood well that there was no alternative to reaching a compromise with the Israeli side, in order to restore West Germany to its proper standing among the nations of the world. In contrast, every claim against the East German government remained unanswered since the Communist regime, which obeyed instructions from Moscow, never recognized the responsibility of the entire German people for the Holocaust and the atrocities committed in its name until 1945.
Even before the negotiation between representatives of both countries (Felix Shinnar from the Israeli side and Franz Böhm from the German side) claims were submitted against formal entities in Germany. The claims were submitted at the level of various states within Germany that later comprised the Federal Republic – but there was no overarching German arrangement with clear objectives and sums.
The negotiations between the countries were long and difficult. Many discussions were held, some of which conducted under a veil of secrecy out of fear that the representatives would be physically harmed. In May 1952, a serious crisis occurred, and the sides left the discussions following a heated debate regarding the amount to be paid as reparation. Ultimately, towards the end of 1952, the representatives – among them, the President of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann – reached an agreement. According to the agreement, West Germany committed to supply the State of Israel with goods and services valuing 3.5 billion marks over a period of 12 years. Part of the agreement was the German assurance to enable personal reparations too, as well as the return of property to its legal owners. In order to follow through on this agenda, an additional sum of 450 million marks was promised.
Not only did many German citizens have reservations about the agreement-in-process. Considerable portions of the Israeli public were also unprepared to accept neither the very concept of negotiations with Germany nor the funds from the “land of the murderers,” which was defined by opponents as “blood money.” Menachem Begin led the struggle against the agreement and against David Ben Gurion’s basic policy, which for years promoted rapprochement between Israel and West Germany. In the spring of 1952, when the negotiations between the two parties was already underway, Begin gave speeches at mass demonstrations organized against the reparations. Demonstrators included many Holocaust victims who had not come to terms with the contact between the Jewish State and the Germans, who only seven years earlier had been part of the Third Reich, the embodiment of evil in modern Jewish history.
The short period of time since the Holocaust, the profound shock experienced by the Jewish public on discovering its extent and results, and the signs of Germany’s quick rebound to the community of legitimate nations, aroused strong feelings and caused an uproar among the Jews in Israel and around the world. The thought that those who just yesterday had been the worst murderers of the Jews would today pay monetary compensation for an unforgivable crime was for many an intolerable prospect. A certain opposition arose also to the idea that the young State of Israel was taking on itself to represent the Jews as a whole and was agreeing in their name to accept monetary compensation from the Germans. The matter was so sensitive that the state authorities preferred to speak of “reparations,” relying on a little used Hebrew term, shilumim, which stresses payment and avoids describing the nature of the payment. The term replaced the problematic concept of “compensation,” in order to avoid creating the impression that the state believed that it was possible to compensate survivors and offspring of the victims for what the Nazis had done to them.
On September 10, 1952, the representatives signed the agreement. The signing took place at a neutral location: at the town hall of Luxembourg. Moshe Sharett, as the Israeli Foreign Minister, Nahum Goldmann, representing the Jewish Agency, and Konrad Adenauer, as presiding Foreign Minister (together with his role as Chancellor of the Federal Republic). Today, most historians agree that it is thanks to Adenauer that the agreement received political support in Germany, support which had not existed during the various stages of contacts made to pave the way to the agreement. His sincere understanding that there was no doubt regarding the responsibility of modern Germany for Nazi crimes shaped one of the basic guidelines of German policy to this day. Indeed, Germany’s recognition of its responsibility for Nazi crimes and the special relationship with the State of Israel rooted in it are foundation stones in the relations between two countries, regardless of the makeup of the governments of Germany and Israel.
As part of the reparations, many goods reached Israel which helped the state economy to stabilize over the years. For example, Israel received new-fangled German-manufactured trains, which were operated for a number of years by the Israel Railways. However, it quickly became apparent that the delicate motors could not withstand the climatic conditions of the Middle East, so that the trains were removed from service. Some of the cars enjoyed a surprising second career: one was donated to the medical non-profit “Yad Sarah,” and served as the organization’s office in Jerusalem. Another car serves today as a home for the “HaKaron” [“the train-car”] puppet theater, located in the Liberty Bell Garden in Jerusalem.
Article source: The National Library of Isreal | <urn:uuid:18af2d99-caaf-41da-81bf-593fa05d3422> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ibw21.org/reparations/the-reparations-agreement-of-1952-and-the-response-in-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.982525 | 1,172 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
-0.362724244594574,
0.48288583755493164,
-0.4294121563434601,
0.09893542528152466,
0.11476791650056839,
0.32930874824523926,
-0.23141363263130188,
0.12119264155626297,
-0.10936208814382553,
-0.14635421335697174,
0.031592220067977905,
-0.2895672023296356,
0.23263078927993774,
0.348303705453... | 5 | The discussions between the two delegations were not easy. This was not surprising in light of the difficult topic and the fact that only seven years had passed since the liberation of the concentration camps and the end of WWII. Most of the population in West Germany opposed the reparations. The German public mainly was against the large sum that Chancellor Adenauer was prepared to accept as a starting point of the negotiations, some four billion German marks. However, Adenauer understood well that there was no alternative to reaching a compromise with the Israeli side, in order to restore West Germany to its proper standing among the nations of the world. In contrast, every claim against the East German government remained unanswered since the Communist regime, which obeyed instructions from Moscow, never recognized the responsibility of the entire German people for the Holocaust and the atrocities committed in its name until 1945.
Even before the negotiation between representatives of both countries (Felix Shinnar from the Israeli side and Franz Böhm from the German side) claims were submitted against formal entities in Germany. The claims were submitted at the level of various states within Germany that later comprised the Federal Republic – but there was no overarching German arrangement with clear objectives and sums.
The negotiations between the countries were long and difficult. Many discussions were held, some of which conducted under a veil of secrecy out of fear that the representatives would be physically harmed. In May 1952, a serious crisis occurred, and the sides left the discussions following a heated debate regarding the amount to be paid as reparation. Ultimately, towards the end of 1952, the representatives – among them, the President of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann – reached an agreement. According to the agreement, West Germany committed to supply the State of Israel with goods and services valuing 3.5 billion marks over a period of 12 years. Part of the agreement was the German assurance to enable personal reparations too, as well as the return of property to its legal owners. In order to follow through on this agenda, an additional sum of 450 million marks was promised.
Not only did many German citizens have reservations about the agreement-in-process. Considerable portions of the Israeli public were also unprepared to accept neither the very concept of negotiations with Germany nor the funds from the “land of the murderers,” which was defined by opponents as “blood money.” Menachem Begin led the struggle against the agreement and against David Ben Gurion’s basic policy, which for years promoted rapprochement between Israel and West Germany. In the spring of 1952, when the negotiations between the two parties was already underway, Begin gave speeches at mass demonstrations organized against the reparations. Demonstrators included many Holocaust victims who had not come to terms with the contact between the Jewish State and the Germans, who only seven years earlier had been part of the Third Reich, the embodiment of evil in modern Jewish history.
The short period of time since the Holocaust, the profound shock experienced by the Jewish public on discovering its extent and results, and the signs of Germany’s quick rebound to the community of legitimate nations, aroused strong feelings and caused an uproar among the Jews in Israel and around the world. The thought that those who just yesterday had been the worst murderers of the Jews would today pay monetary compensation for an unforgivable crime was for many an intolerable prospect. A certain opposition arose also to the idea that the young State of Israel was taking on itself to represent the Jews as a whole and was agreeing in their name to accept monetary compensation from the Germans. The matter was so sensitive that the state authorities preferred to speak of “reparations,” relying on a little used Hebrew term, shilumim, which stresses payment and avoids describing the nature of the payment. The term replaced the problematic concept of “compensation,” in order to avoid creating the impression that the state believed that it was possible to compensate survivors and offspring of the victims for what the Nazis had done to them.
On September 10, 1952, the representatives signed the agreement. The signing took place at a neutral location: at the town hall of Luxembourg. Moshe Sharett, as the Israeli Foreign Minister, Nahum Goldmann, representing the Jewish Agency, and Konrad Adenauer, as presiding Foreign Minister (together with his role as Chancellor of the Federal Republic). Today, most historians agree that it is thanks to Adenauer that the agreement received political support in Germany, support which had not existed during the various stages of contacts made to pave the way to the agreement. His sincere understanding that there was no doubt regarding the responsibility of modern Germany for Nazi crimes shaped one of the basic guidelines of German policy to this day. Indeed, Germany’s recognition of its responsibility for Nazi crimes and the special relationship with the State of Israel rooted in it are foundation stones in the relations between two countries, regardless of the makeup of the governments of Germany and Israel.
As part of the reparations, many goods reached Israel which helped the state economy to stabilize over the years. For example, Israel received new-fangled German-manufactured trains, which were operated for a number of years by the Israel Railways. However, it quickly became apparent that the delicate motors could not withstand the climatic conditions of the Middle East, so that the trains were removed from service. Some of the cars enjoyed a surprising second career: one was donated to the medical non-profit “Yad Sarah,” and served as the organization’s office in Jerusalem. Another car serves today as a home for the “HaKaron” [“the train-car”] puppet theater, located in the Liberty Bell Garden in Jerusalem.
Article source: The National Library of Isreal | 1,169 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Parents are repeatedly told to watch what they are feeding their children, but they must also keep a keen eye on how much of it they are serving.
According to koodakpress، As the place where they consume around two thirds of their daily food intake, being obese or overweight begins at home for children. Child portion control has become so much of a problem that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared families’ healthy food portions critical to childhood weight management.
But very little is known about what exactly influences parents’ portion size choices for their children. Previous research into child weight management has identified gaps in parents’ knowledge, denial of their children’s weight status, and cultural practices as barriers towards healthy eating. Few studies have been done into parents’ portion behaviours, however.
To find out the situation in the UK, we conducted a series of group discussions with 22 parents from across the country – mainly mothers with overweight children above the age of five – along with four family weight management caseworkers. Unlike previous qualitative research, we wanted to get answers directly from adults.
So far, efforts to explain the consumption of large portion sizes have focused mainly on how the shape and size of dinnerware provides visual prompts that influence consumptionbeyond our consciousness, as well as the availability of low cost, large quantities of high energy dense foods.
But our findings suggest that both parents’ emotional and habitual responses, and beliefs are also potentially important influences on their portion control behaviours.
The parents who took part in our research had limited knowledge about what healthy portion sizes were for themselves and their family members as supported in previous research. However, this is not too surprising as there is very little official public health guidance on age appropriate portion sizes.
They, and the caseworkers, also said that they found it difficult to talk to the children about the need for smaller portion sizes to manage weight. This builds on previous research showing that greater child weight is associated with poor parent-child communication.
Both parents and caseworkers agreed that part of the difficulty in communicating with children arose from parents’ fear of lowering their children’s confidence and causing anxiety, particularly among older children. In addition, the parents revealed that along with the fear of causing eating disorders and guilt of restricting food, they worried about the possibility of being disliked by their children.
On the other hand, some parents believed that measuring portion sizes required too much mental effort and time. Cultural food practices were also highlighted in conversations with parents, in relation to their concerns towards food wastage where they admitted that if they cooked too much food, they would overfeed, rather than not serve it. These findings reflect previous research suggesting that parents’ core values in relation to food waste is instilled during their own childhood, where it was often expected that all food on the plate should be eaten.
The parents in the study also had low confidence in their ability to manage their children’s weight through portion control due to their own unsuccessful attempts at losing weight.
The parents we spoke to said they had a habit of using plates for portion guidance and that they found it difficult to provide healthy portion sizes when the little ones moved to adult sized plates. As we know, dinnerware has increased in size over the years, leading to serving and consuming larger portions. Most parents also had no weighing scales and agreed that they had no time or motivation for using them compared to dinnerware for portion control, as reported elsewhere.
The parents and caseworkers also said that grandparents were obstacles to the regulation of children’s food. The grandparents were seen as often providing extra food, undoing parents’ good work. Mothers also expressed frustrations with partners giving children greater portion sizes than needed.
From what we have found, it appears that family weight management programmes which target portion control or focus purely on one aspect of the problem – such as environmental strategies, which target things like utensil and dish size – may not be as effective as those that account for parents’ own knowledge, skills and motivations.
Further research is needed, but from what we’ve found in this study, there are some solutions that could be easily implemented. Family weight programmes should provide parents with ideas for quick and simple ways for measuring healthy sized portions, such as using hands as a guide, whereby children’s hands are used for measuring children’s portions and adult’s hands are used for adult portions. Parents could also be helped to improve their communication skills and problem solving techniques in order to address their own emotional issues with food. | <urn:uuid:36849dd1-8b7d-4bb4-b801-c9f753dfdc26> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://en.koodakpress.ir/407/parents-struggle-with-childrens-portion-sizes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.983215 | 935 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
0.440382182598114,
0.062118902802467346,
0.5193397402763367,
-0.42237499356269836,
-0.20810988545417786,
0.4196901321411133,
-0.10560622066259384,
0.0575636625289917,
-0.13906338810920715,
-0.07412803173065186,
0.19446910917758942,
-0.5404177904129028,
0.0453030988574028,
0.313310205936431... | 1 | Parents are repeatedly told to watch what they are feeding their children, but they must also keep a keen eye on how much of it they are serving.
According to koodakpress، As the place where they consume around two thirds of their daily food intake, being obese or overweight begins at home for children. Child portion control has become so much of a problem that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared families’ healthy food portions critical to childhood weight management.
But very little is known about what exactly influences parents’ portion size choices for their children. Previous research into child weight management has identified gaps in parents’ knowledge, denial of their children’s weight status, and cultural practices as barriers towards healthy eating. Few studies have been done into parents’ portion behaviours, however.
To find out the situation in the UK, we conducted a series of group discussions with 22 parents from across the country – mainly mothers with overweight children above the age of five – along with four family weight management caseworkers. Unlike previous qualitative research, we wanted to get answers directly from adults.
So far, efforts to explain the consumption of large portion sizes have focused mainly on how the shape and size of dinnerware provides visual prompts that influence consumptionbeyond our consciousness, as well as the availability of low cost, large quantities of high energy dense foods.
But our findings suggest that both parents’ emotional and habitual responses, and beliefs are also potentially important influences on their portion control behaviours.
The parents who took part in our research had limited knowledge about what healthy portion sizes were for themselves and their family members as supported in previous research. However, this is not too surprising as there is very little official public health guidance on age appropriate portion sizes.
They, and the caseworkers, also said that they found it difficult to talk to the children about the need for smaller portion sizes to manage weight. This builds on previous research showing that greater child weight is associated with poor parent-child communication.
Both parents and caseworkers agreed that part of the difficulty in communicating with children arose from parents’ fear of lowering their children’s confidence and causing anxiety, particularly among older children. In addition, the parents revealed that along with the fear of causing eating disorders and guilt of restricting food, they worried about the possibility of being disliked by their children.
On the other hand, some parents believed that measuring portion sizes required too much mental effort and time. Cultural food practices were also highlighted in conversations with parents, in relation to their concerns towards food wastage where they admitted that if they cooked too much food, they would overfeed, rather than not serve it. These findings reflect previous research suggesting that parents’ core values in relation to food waste is instilled during their own childhood, where it was often expected that all food on the plate should be eaten.
The parents in the study also had low confidence in their ability to manage their children’s weight through portion control due to their own unsuccessful attempts at losing weight.
The parents we spoke to said they had a habit of using plates for portion guidance and that they found it difficult to provide healthy portion sizes when the little ones moved to adult sized plates. As we know, dinnerware has increased in size over the years, leading to serving and consuming larger portions. Most parents also had no weighing scales and agreed that they had no time or motivation for using them compared to dinnerware for portion control, as reported elsewhere.
The parents and caseworkers also said that grandparents were obstacles to the regulation of children’s food. The grandparents were seen as often providing extra food, undoing parents’ good work. Mothers also expressed frustrations with partners giving children greater portion sizes than needed.
From what we have found, it appears that family weight management programmes which target portion control or focus purely on one aspect of the problem – such as environmental strategies, which target things like utensil and dish size – may not be as effective as those that account for parents’ own knowledge, skills and motivations.
Further research is needed, but from what we’ve found in this study, there are some solutions that could be easily implemented. Family weight programmes should provide parents with ideas for quick and simple ways for measuring healthy sized portions, such as using hands as a guide, whereby children’s hands are used for measuring children’s portions and adult’s hands are used for adult portions. Parents could also be helped to improve their communication skills and problem solving techniques in order to address their own emotional issues with food. | 895 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Flashcards in Impact Of WW1 Deck (8):
Where did Russia suffer heavy defeats?
What was the effect of the military defeats in Russia?
Military defeats and the high death toll of Russians led to disillusionment and anger about the way the Tsar and government were conducting the war.
How many soldiers were lost by 1915?
Over one million soldiers were lost.
What were the effects of the high death toll?
Morale was low and soldiers weren't willing to fight.
What was the munitions crisis?
By mid 1915 there had been so many cases of mutiny that the Russia Artillery Units were limited to three shells per day.
What was the problem with food supplies?
Requisitioning, army takes priorities led to anger and desertion among soilders and peasents hording the foods
What was the effect of requisitioning?
Requisitioning of horses and fertilisers made farming difficult for peasents and decreased agriculture output | <urn:uuid:f718661f-c4cc-4f3f-baff-b6532edeb4e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/impact-of-ww1-5950761/packs/9058203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.985967 | 198 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.3311959207057953,
-0.12913241982460022,
0.508316159248352,
0.2910466492176056,
0.1084396094083786,
-0.15646769106388092,
0.09408538043498993,
0.5488083362579346,
-0.32096999883651733,
-0.39322054386138916,
-0.17216601967811584,
-0.12520945072174072,
0.31161007285118103,
0.51518547534942... | 1 | Flashcards in Impact Of WW1 Deck (8):
Where did Russia suffer heavy defeats?
What was the effect of the military defeats in Russia?
Military defeats and the high death toll of Russians led to disillusionment and anger about the way the Tsar and government were conducting the war.
How many soldiers were lost by 1915?
Over one million soldiers were lost.
What were the effects of the high death toll?
Morale was low and soldiers weren't willing to fight.
What was the munitions crisis?
By mid 1915 there had been so many cases of mutiny that the Russia Artillery Units were limited to three shells per day.
What was the problem with food supplies?
Requisitioning, army takes priorities led to anger and desertion among soilders and peasents hording the foods
What was the effect of requisitioning?
Requisitioning of horses and fertilisers made farming difficult for peasents and decreased agriculture output | 195 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A HISTORY OF PRINCE GEORGE WINYAH
The Parish of Prince George, Winyah, was formed in 1721 from St. James, Santee, Parish. It was named for Prince George who became George II of England. The first building was in a bend in the Black River about twelve miles north of where Georgetown is now situated.
As the rice planters became more numerous along the coast, the anticipated port of entry came closer to reality. The Parish was divided again in 1734. Since the original church fell within the newly established bounds of Prince Frederick's Parish, commissioners were appointed to build a new church for Prince George, Winyah, Parish in Georgetown. Bricks were collected as early as 1740, and the first record, who was sent by the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, held the initial service in Prince George on August 16, 1747.
The church building was desecrated by enemy troops in both the Revolutionary War and the War Between the States. A gallery and the chancel were added about 1809 when repairs were made after the Revolution. The steeple was added in 1824.
The box pews in the church were customary in colonial churches. Since there was no heating system available, pew owners frequently brought charcoal burners to their pews in cold weather. The box pews retained the heat.
The stained glass window back of the altar is English stained glass, originally in St. Mary's Chapel at Hagley Plantation on the Waccamaw River. The chapel had been built by Plowden C. J. Weston for his slaves.
Colonial churches did not have stained glass windows. The windows on either side were installed earlier this century. There are still four original clear windows, with many of the original panes of glass.
Prince George is one of the few original church buildings in South Carolina dating to the colonial period still in use. Prince George has served continuously through the years for the faithful in their worship of Almighty God.
- Sarah P. Lumpkin | <urn:uuid:99fe1cd4-933c-417f-87f9-a2deb2b6a1dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.princegeorgeplantationtours.com/about-georgetown | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.98662 | 426 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
0.09504908323287964,
0.29876023530960083,
0.7129060626029968,
-0.1421218067407608,
-0.2937864661216736,
-0.030793573707342148,
-0.1619018316268921,
-0.2752695083618164,
-0.28535136580467224,
0.500769317150116,
0.14028136432170868,
0.05786484479904175,
0.48043376207351685,
0.134538754820823... | 14 | A HISTORY OF PRINCE GEORGE WINYAH
The Parish of Prince George, Winyah, was formed in 1721 from St. James, Santee, Parish. It was named for Prince George who became George II of England. The first building was in a bend in the Black River about twelve miles north of where Georgetown is now situated.
As the rice planters became more numerous along the coast, the anticipated port of entry came closer to reality. The Parish was divided again in 1734. Since the original church fell within the newly established bounds of Prince Frederick's Parish, commissioners were appointed to build a new church for Prince George, Winyah, Parish in Georgetown. Bricks were collected as early as 1740, and the first record, who was sent by the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, held the initial service in Prince George on August 16, 1747.
The church building was desecrated by enemy troops in both the Revolutionary War and the War Between the States. A gallery and the chancel were added about 1809 when repairs were made after the Revolution. The steeple was added in 1824.
The box pews in the church were customary in colonial churches. Since there was no heating system available, pew owners frequently brought charcoal burners to their pews in cold weather. The box pews retained the heat.
The stained glass window back of the altar is English stained glass, originally in St. Mary's Chapel at Hagley Plantation on the Waccamaw River. The chapel had been built by Plowden C. J. Weston for his slaves.
Colonial churches did not have stained glass windows. The windows on either side were installed earlier this century. There are still four original clear windows, with many of the original panes of glass.
Prince George is one of the few original church buildings in South Carolina dating to the colonial period still in use. Prince George has served continuously through the years for the faithful in their worship of Almighty God.
- Sarah P. Lumpkin | 438 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Declaration of Independence
As we observe this two hundred and twentieth anniversary of our nation's independence, it is altogether fitting that we spend a moment or two remembering the fifty-six courageous men who were willing to sign their names to this defiant manifesto listing many of their grievances against the king—therein and thereby "pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor."
The venerated emigrants who came to the New World and sowed the seeds for a new nation—and their distinguished successors who laid the foundation of our civil liberty—have long ago gone to their graves; but the foresight and the accomplishments of both of these generations, their patience and suffering, the courage and patriotic zeal with which they asserted their rights and the wisdom they displayed in laying the groundwork for our government will be held in remembrance for generations to come.
Any great event in human history is likely to be unappreciated at the time of its occurrence; the contemporary aspect of a thing is often confused and indistinct, and only the passing of time will polish the brightness of the truly great. Indeed, many are never seen in the magnitude of their importance until long after the participants have gone to rest. Such is the case with this great document, which was the cornerstone of a future democratic nation.
Just for the record, let us note that the manuscript was not signed or adopted on July fourth. It was approved by the committee and reported to Congress, having been signed by the chairman and the secretary. On the second day of August, the document, having been engrossed and compared, was signed by the delegates. The declaration thus adopted—and which gave birth to a new empire—began as follows: "When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them to another..."
It is important to recognize the fact that few, if any, of these daring men had in mind the creating of one new nation. They were visualizing thirteen "free and independent states," free and independent from the mother country and free from each other.
The two most powerful and prosperous colonies were Virginia and Massachusetts. One was a facsimile of the aristocratic system of England, and the other reflected a determined breakaway from the mother country. One was a slave state, the other free. Most of the delegates had little desire to combine with the other colonies—to be joined under one central government. A concerted movement in this direction was to come several years later when George Washington spearheaded an effort toward a federation.
It is assumed that each group of delegates, representing its state, had a designated chairman—and that his was the first signature to be ascribed. This is known to be the case with a few delegations and probably was that way with all.
At this time in history, there were less than three million people in the thirteen colonies—about the same as the city of Chicago in 1990. This brings to mind an interesting question: could we find a group of dedicated and resolute men today from the citizenry of that Illinois city of the stature and caliber of those who framed the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson is generally credited with being the author of the famous document; true, it was in his handwriting, but many others contributed substantially to its contents. It resulted from a century of tyranny and oppression under the rule of a half-dozen British rulers, culminating with the despotism of George III. And most, if not all, of the men who inscribed their signatures had experienced personal indignity or financial loss from the British oppressor.
Fifty-seven men identified themselves as revolutionaries and enemies of the king when they added their names at the bottom of the famous statement of defiance. Three of them already were at the top of a list of the king's enemies and knew if they were captured, they would be transported to England and most certainly incarcerated. One of the fifty-seven, Henry Misner of New York, was not present at the signing, but he had voted in favor of its adoption.
Of the fifty-six signers, sixteen did not live to see the inauguration of George Washington, our first president, on March 4, 1789. Only twenty were still living at the turn of the century, and three were alive on the fiftieth anniversary of the completion and approval of the Declaration. Two of these, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both former presidents, died within an hour or two of each other on July 4, 1826. The last survivor was Charles Carroll of Maryland, who died in 1832, fifty-six years after he set his signature to the proclamation.
All fifty-six of these distinguished men have been gone for more than one hundred sixty years. Long may they live!
All music copyright © (various dates) by Scott Ryan. All rights reserved.
Otherwise, site design and contents copyright © 2013—2020 by Ryan Web Plus. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:02a94e7a-e0e7-464c-89be-6f7e0cac50b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://slimacres.com/slim_acres_works/essays/the_declaration_of_independence.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.982326 | 1,012 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
-0.3679414987564087,
0.4306594133377075,
0.19441010057926178,
-0.3133898675441742,
-0.05456414073705673,
0.3659796118736267,
0.16686753928661346,
0.08659452944993973,
-0.1096724197268486,
-0.11988957226276398,
0.3023535907268524,
0.3075925409793854,
0.2129839062690735,
0.12437252700328827,... | 2 | The Declaration of Independence
As we observe this two hundred and twentieth anniversary of our nation's independence, it is altogether fitting that we spend a moment or two remembering the fifty-six courageous men who were willing to sign their names to this defiant manifesto listing many of their grievances against the king—therein and thereby "pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor."
The venerated emigrants who came to the New World and sowed the seeds for a new nation—and their distinguished successors who laid the foundation of our civil liberty—have long ago gone to their graves; but the foresight and the accomplishments of both of these generations, their patience and suffering, the courage and patriotic zeal with which they asserted their rights and the wisdom they displayed in laying the groundwork for our government will be held in remembrance for generations to come.
Any great event in human history is likely to be unappreciated at the time of its occurrence; the contemporary aspect of a thing is often confused and indistinct, and only the passing of time will polish the brightness of the truly great. Indeed, many are never seen in the magnitude of their importance until long after the participants have gone to rest. Such is the case with this great document, which was the cornerstone of a future democratic nation.
Just for the record, let us note that the manuscript was not signed or adopted on July fourth. It was approved by the committee and reported to Congress, having been signed by the chairman and the secretary. On the second day of August, the document, having been engrossed and compared, was signed by the delegates. The declaration thus adopted—and which gave birth to a new empire—began as follows: "When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them to another..."
It is important to recognize the fact that few, if any, of these daring men had in mind the creating of one new nation. They were visualizing thirteen "free and independent states," free and independent from the mother country and free from each other.
The two most powerful and prosperous colonies were Virginia and Massachusetts. One was a facsimile of the aristocratic system of England, and the other reflected a determined breakaway from the mother country. One was a slave state, the other free. Most of the delegates had little desire to combine with the other colonies—to be joined under one central government. A concerted movement in this direction was to come several years later when George Washington spearheaded an effort toward a federation.
It is assumed that each group of delegates, representing its state, had a designated chairman—and that his was the first signature to be ascribed. This is known to be the case with a few delegations and probably was that way with all.
At this time in history, there were less than three million people in the thirteen colonies—about the same as the city of Chicago in 1990. This brings to mind an interesting question: could we find a group of dedicated and resolute men today from the citizenry of that Illinois city of the stature and caliber of those who framed the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson is generally credited with being the author of the famous document; true, it was in his handwriting, but many others contributed substantially to its contents. It resulted from a century of tyranny and oppression under the rule of a half-dozen British rulers, culminating with the despotism of George III. And most, if not all, of the men who inscribed their signatures had experienced personal indignity or financial loss from the British oppressor.
Fifty-seven men identified themselves as revolutionaries and enemies of the king when they added their names at the bottom of the famous statement of defiance. Three of them already were at the top of a list of the king's enemies and knew if they were captured, they would be transported to England and most certainly incarcerated. One of the fifty-seven, Henry Misner of New York, was not present at the signing, but he had voted in favor of its adoption.
Of the fifty-six signers, sixteen did not live to see the inauguration of George Washington, our first president, on March 4, 1789. Only twenty were still living at the turn of the century, and three were alive on the fiftieth anniversary of the completion and approval of the Declaration. Two of these, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both former presidents, died within an hour or two of each other on July 4, 1826. The last survivor was Charles Carroll of Maryland, who died in 1832, fifty-six years after he set his signature to the proclamation.
All fifty-six of these distinguished men have been gone for more than one hundred sixty years. Long may they live!
All music copyright © (various dates) by Scott Ryan. All rights reserved.
Otherwise, site design and contents copyright © 2013—2020 by Ryan Web Plus. All rights reserved. | 1,018 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Gender can be termed as a number of traits aimed at differentiating a male and a female. It can be viewed beyond the biological perspective given that; most of those differences have been used by the society to categorize men and women (Rose, 2010). In the same breath, gender has been widely used by the society in assigning responsibilities to these two categories of people. Gender stratification is based on the social perspective and regards to both men and women unequal ways of accessing things such as power and assets basing the argument on sex. For the simple fact that individuals are treated on sex basis, the harms that come with it are more than the benefits at any given time (Rose, 2010). Gender stratification is the way the society deems it right and there is no other way about it. This article will focus on how females are labeled in the society and how the society has continued creating their image. It will focus on how different tools such as education, media and law have been used to create the image of women at work places, politics and eventually the kind of treatment they get as a result. The article will further look at the unacceptable things that females can do and the consequences that comes with it. Finally, the focus will shift on what females cope with when they are accused of not doing what is right and ethical.
In around the world and written legacy, females have adopted what could otherwise be called a back seat to their male counterparts. In actual sense, males have continued to gain more power socially and physically both in private and public arenas. Males seem to be more violent and aggressive than their female counterparts (Morrissey, 2009). Due to this, men end up taking the big offices creating laws that normally govern the society. In some cases, they have been seen as the one controlling females. For example, in the united states, things took a different direction the other day where female were allowed to vote, owning assets and being listened to in court. Patriarchy had completely taken over in the American society.
Although there has been major steps towards equalizing gender, experts are very quick to note that there is still a lot to be done in the united states if equality is to be realized anytime soon in the united states. Sexism has widely been blamed for inequalities in such areas such as education, political fields and places of work (Gutek & Koput, 2010). Discrimination has been further brought about by gender and the misconception that men are mightier than women. For women, sexism has always had negative impacts on their lives. They have limited themselves to some courses which have otherwise been labeled masculine just to avoid being seen by the society as not viable mothers. In some situations, sexism has made females to see men as their seniors thus rating themselves in a very negative way.
In a study carried out in the United States back in 1968, some female students in a college were required to rank some articles that had been written by a female and male artist. It was noted that, although females read the two works of art, the male writer was rated higher than the female artist. Other studies carried out have revealed that, male’s resumes are ranked higher than female’s. In the recent studies though, the gap in these type of ranking seem to be narrowing. This can be attributed to the positive comments socially in the media on sexism. It is although worthy noting that, many women have excelled in careers which were associated with men in the past. In other words, sexism has brought a lot of inequality between men and women in discrimination perspective (Smith, 1992). When we compare positions in the places of work, for instance, females in most cases receive less salary than male. In the same breath, sexism can cause inequality in a broader way. When females are made to feel inferior, the society slowly but surely accepts it as a fact. As a result, females acquire very little expectations and low self esteem leading to them achieving nothing much. Although sexism is to blame for inequalities in gender to many females, inequality is indeed the bone of contention in such places such as academics, places of work and in political careers.
In the legacy of Japan, gender has been a vital tool for stratification although it has been changed over time basing on diverse social rankings. For instance, in 12th century, females had the privilege of owning assets registered under their names and have control over it. When feudal government came in the picture, the female status was drastically reduced (Holmes, 2007). The females who were peasants continued to enjoy de facto power of moving around besides making decisions but those who were in the high class were limited to patriarchy which received a backing from the government. This was simply meant to control them. When industrialization came into being, young females worked in industries under very bad conditions with most of them being subjected to exploitation and denial of personal freedom.
First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service
- Your research paper is written by a PhD professor
- Your requirements and targets are always met
- You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment
- You get a chance to become an excellent student!
In the same country, when Meii era came into being, urbanization alongside industrialization reduced the powers that were bestowed on men but at the same time women were not given any power. Although many lower class women were not affected a lot by the coming of this trend, it soon caught up with them. In 30s and 40s the authority saw the need to have associations meant for women and the government threw their weight behind them. When the Second World War came to an end, the authority opted to come up with equal rights for both men and women (Morrissey, 2009). This was to be included in the constitution which was to be drawn in 1947. Women, just like men, were to have partners of their choice, careers, acquire assets as they wish, and divorce their marriage partners as well as being allowed to take children. Come 1946, females in Japan were allowed to take part in elections unlike in the old times. In yet another step ahead, the authority established education institutions for females and they were to receive an equivalent salary like their male counterparts for work done. The law to cater for equal opportunities for employment came into being in 1986. With all this coming into effect, it is worthy noting that, there is still no equality in Japan society today. Women are still being marginalized and the fight for equality is still a reality.
In work places and family, gender role has continued to take centre stage. The notion that a good wife is always a good mother has indeed contributed a lot to this. Females are associated with such roles as looking after the children when men go to work. As a result, most women subject themselves to giving their best to their husbands and children as the society expects them. In most cases, females get satisfaction from their families well being and they end up becoming good family managers alongside good mothers. In many families, it is the role of women to draw the budget and come up with concrete decisions about their way of living, education and the careers they have interest in. it has also been noted that women will always carry the blame emanating from the difficulties that may affect the family (Carney & O'Kelly, 2007). However, the position of women in family is different from that of place of work. Although they perform many roles in terms of housework and bringing up of kids, women are not paid for any of these although it contributes a lot in ensuring the family survives. The work they do is not deemed as prestigious and one that requires to be compensated. Given that men earn a living by working outside their homes has placed them so high unlike women who do not access resources out there.
In yet another observation on gender stratification, men have been identified as having higher access to labor opportunities than women. This is according to differential access. Women have been associated with meager pay even on work where qualifications are not considered. In labor markets, women join at different period and end up carrying home little than men. In the legacy of America, a position like that one of a doctor was meant for men while women were generally nurses (Morrissey, 2009). It was unheard off to see a woman becoming a doctor. When it came to field of teaching, females taught in lower schools while their male counterparts taught in high institutions of learning. It was women who were secretaries while men took part in construction jobs. In yet another comparison, textile factories were mostly associated with women while men worked n steel factories. If the above is anything to go by, it is clear that the high paying jobs were mostly meant for men while women worked in sectors with very little wages.
In big firms, gender stratification has always found its way in even when it is not intended. For instance, the minority who are in this case women have been locked out of certain activities without the slightest idea that it is discrimination. In a situation where women have a say in the administration, it is men who are seen as controlling the firm. Decisions which concerns hiring of new workers revolve around men (Holmes, 2007). This is the same case when it comes to firing. In a situation where an informal gathering is to take place beyond normal working hours, women are mostly locked out. Supposing the workers in the same firm were going out on Friday after work to engage in discussions that regards business, women will definitely be locked out. It is argued that they would feel uncomfortable in a pub. Due to this, many females have been locked out as the firm continues to justify its position.
In regard to gender stratification, research indicates that women are highly affected health wise due to social roles and positions. This mostly comes in form depression. Given that women have the social role of looking after the family as well as work at the same time, the pressure becomes too much on them. Studies indicate that women who are employed end up with more number of working hours than their male counterparts who sleep more and less working hours. This can be used to explain why women get more depressed. The situation is even more complicated when one has children (Smith, 1992). This is becauuse the house responsibilities become more than one can imagine. Given that the society expects even more from a woman who is working, the situation becomes more unbearable and the level of depression even goes up. These great demands and expectations affect women in their sense of mastery and how to put under checks and balance the influences that come from the social world.
Another observation deduces that, women stand to earn very little when they work overtime than their male counterparts. Given that all work extra time in a bid to have a better life, it therefore translates that women are given a raw deal. In most industries where workers work past normal working hours, men are given an upper hand. This is because most women will always tend to leave work early to go look after their families. In most jobs that women take part in, overtime does not come anywhere in the picture (Holmes, 2007). Clerical jobs are mostly meant for women. This is one of the many factors that generate inequality in the society. In America for instance, too much emphasis is put on the type of work that one does. It is deduced that prosperity lies on the type of work that one does. Due to this, given that most women do not take part in well paying jobs, the feel short changed thus resulting to inequality.
Although there has been a feeling that gender stratification is nature controlled, it is yet to be proved as such. For instance, in the united states, masculine is always associated with strength which is physical while feminine is associated with emotions. Anything else apart from this is treated in a rather strange way (Nerad, 1999). With all these claims being brought on the surface, some experts argue from a different point of view. The roles that are associated with gender are said to have emanated from the time when the nation was formed by the ruling class. In the United States for instance, gender role is said to have come as a result of the need to sustain an affluent class which would rule the nation. For that to happen, women had to be placed under men at all costs.
However gender stratification has been dealt with in the 20th and 21st century and major steps have been made. For instance, as far as academic opportunities for women are concerned, there has been a tremendous increase of the same. Studies indicate that, by 1989, 40% of females had been enlightened up to high school compared to 44% of men. It also worthy noting that most women joined junior institutions of learning that in higher learning institutions such as the university (Gutek & Koput, 2010).
In 1990, a good percentage of women took part in labor force which was paid for. During this period, there were major transitions in the work related to females. The initial transition was doing away with employment which was based on household. Women in lower social classes had always worked. Given that self employment was hard to come by, there was need to separate the place of work with homes thus there arose new roles of looking after the children. Another transition that was embraced was inclusion of married females in the working industry. In 50s, most females who were working were not yet married (Levine, 2006). Although some of them continued working upon getting married, many opted to leave work and go look after their families. There are some still who opened up businesses wile others took control of family business. There were even cases where some opted to leave work and com back later once the kids were big enough to look after themselves.
Gender stratification is responsible for shaping social position of grown ups therefore leading to mental problems for males and females. Inequality in gender is also partly associated with shaping of socialization which forms the self in an individual. From the above discussion, it is evident that, the dimensions which are found in an individual bring about inequality which eventually causes depression. The discussion above supports the idea that gender stratification aids in elaborating further how diversity in mental diseases between male and female occur. The society should avoid as much as possible to put too much pressure on females simply because they are working (Nerad, 1999).
Finally, although there has been a lot of legal support in regard to calls for equality, and improvement in women’s status, women who are married have continued to understand that most men do jobs which requires more time besides total commitment. With the help of house maids, married women are taking part in full time jobs and can earn even more than their male counterparts. The fact that not many children who are looking after their aged parents have come as a wake up call for most of them to take part in full time paid labor. Many women are practicing having small families which can easily be managed. In the same breath, there has arisen a class of well educated women who are favorably competing for job vacancies in the industries with their male counterparts (Gutek & Koput, 2010).
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:c9371d23-a5ad-42e0-b62e-bd53d5da85c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://essaysexperts.com/essays/sociology/gender-stratification.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.985515 | 3,069 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
0.31272029876708984,
-0.008556818589568138,
0.030422497540712357,
-0.21274906396865845,
0.010914221405982971,
0.47893303632736206,
0.3415944278240204,
0.11177374422550201,
0.10884043574333191,
-0.010763781145215034,
0.07465159893035889,
0.15397855639457703,
0.04375319927930832,
-0.06599903... | 1 | Gender can be termed as a number of traits aimed at differentiating a male and a female. It can be viewed beyond the biological perspective given that; most of those differences have been used by the society to categorize men and women (Rose, 2010). In the same breath, gender has been widely used by the society in assigning responsibilities to these two categories of people. Gender stratification is based on the social perspective and regards to both men and women unequal ways of accessing things such as power and assets basing the argument on sex. For the simple fact that individuals are treated on sex basis, the harms that come with it are more than the benefits at any given time (Rose, 2010). Gender stratification is the way the society deems it right and there is no other way about it. This article will focus on how females are labeled in the society and how the society has continued creating their image. It will focus on how different tools such as education, media and law have been used to create the image of women at work places, politics and eventually the kind of treatment they get as a result. The article will further look at the unacceptable things that females can do and the consequences that comes with it. Finally, the focus will shift on what females cope with when they are accused of not doing what is right and ethical.
In around the world and written legacy, females have adopted what could otherwise be called a back seat to their male counterparts. In actual sense, males have continued to gain more power socially and physically both in private and public arenas. Males seem to be more violent and aggressive than their female counterparts (Morrissey, 2009). Due to this, men end up taking the big offices creating laws that normally govern the society. In some cases, they have been seen as the one controlling females. For example, in the united states, things took a different direction the other day where female were allowed to vote, owning assets and being listened to in court. Patriarchy had completely taken over in the American society.
Although there has been major steps towards equalizing gender, experts are very quick to note that there is still a lot to be done in the united states if equality is to be realized anytime soon in the united states. Sexism has widely been blamed for inequalities in such areas such as education, political fields and places of work (Gutek & Koput, 2010). Discrimination has been further brought about by gender and the misconception that men are mightier than women. For women, sexism has always had negative impacts on their lives. They have limited themselves to some courses which have otherwise been labeled masculine just to avoid being seen by the society as not viable mothers. In some situations, sexism has made females to see men as their seniors thus rating themselves in a very negative way.
In a study carried out in the United States back in 1968, some female students in a college were required to rank some articles that had been written by a female and male artist. It was noted that, although females read the two works of art, the male writer was rated higher than the female artist. Other studies carried out have revealed that, male’s resumes are ranked higher than female’s. In the recent studies though, the gap in these type of ranking seem to be narrowing. This can be attributed to the positive comments socially in the media on sexism. It is although worthy noting that, many women have excelled in careers which were associated with men in the past. In other words, sexism has brought a lot of inequality between men and women in discrimination perspective (Smith, 1992). When we compare positions in the places of work, for instance, females in most cases receive less salary than male. In the same breath, sexism can cause inequality in a broader way. When females are made to feel inferior, the society slowly but surely accepts it as a fact. As a result, females acquire very little expectations and low self esteem leading to them achieving nothing much. Although sexism is to blame for inequalities in gender to many females, inequality is indeed the bone of contention in such places such as academics, places of work and in political careers.
In the legacy of Japan, gender has been a vital tool for stratification although it has been changed over time basing on diverse social rankings. For instance, in 12th century, females had the privilege of owning assets registered under their names and have control over it. When feudal government came in the picture, the female status was drastically reduced (Holmes, 2007). The females who were peasants continued to enjoy de facto power of moving around besides making decisions but those who were in the high class were limited to patriarchy which received a backing from the government. This was simply meant to control them. When industrialization came into being, young females worked in industries under very bad conditions with most of them being subjected to exploitation and denial of personal freedom.
First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service
- Your research paper is written by a PhD professor
- Your requirements and targets are always met
- You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment
- You get a chance to become an excellent student!
In the same country, when Meii era came into being, urbanization alongside industrialization reduced the powers that were bestowed on men but at the same time women were not given any power. Although many lower class women were not affected a lot by the coming of this trend, it soon caught up with them. In 30s and 40s the authority saw the need to have associations meant for women and the government threw their weight behind them. When the Second World War came to an end, the authority opted to come up with equal rights for both men and women (Morrissey, 2009). This was to be included in the constitution which was to be drawn in 1947. Women, just like men, were to have partners of their choice, careers, acquire assets as they wish, and divorce their marriage partners as well as being allowed to take children. Come 1946, females in Japan were allowed to take part in elections unlike in the old times. In yet another step ahead, the authority established education institutions for females and they were to receive an equivalent salary like their male counterparts for work done. The law to cater for equal opportunities for employment came into being in 1986. With all this coming into effect, it is worthy noting that, there is still no equality in Japan society today. Women are still being marginalized and the fight for equality is still a reality.
In work places and family, gender role has continued to take centre stage. The notion that a good wife is always a good mother has indeed contributed a lot to this. Females are associated with such roles as looking after the children when men go to work. As a result, most women subject themselves to giving their best to their husbands and children as the society expects them. In most cases, females get satisfaction from their families well being and they end up becoming good family managers alongside good mothers. In many families, it is the role of women to draw the budget and come up with concrete decisions about their way of living, education and the careers they have interest in. it has also been noted that women will always carry the blame emanating from the difficulties that may affect the family (Carney & O'Kelly, 2007). However, the position of women in family is different from that of place of work. Although they perform many roles in terms of housework and bringing up of kids, women are not paid for any of these although it contributes a lot in ensuring the family survives. The work they do is not deemed as prestigious and one that requires to be compensated. Given that men earn a living by working outside their homes has placed them so high unlike women who do not access resources out there.
In yet another observation on gender stratification, men have been identified as having higher access to labor opportunities than women. This is according to differential access. Women have been associated with meager pay even on work where qualifications are not considered. In labor markets, women join at different period and end up carrying home little than men. In the legacy of America, a position like that one of a doctor was meant for men while women were generally nurses (Morrissey, 2009). It was unheard off to see a woman becoming a doctor. When it came to field of teaching, females taught in lower schools while their male counterparts taught in high institutions of learning. It was women who were secretaries while men took part in construction jobs. In yet another comparison, textile factories were mostly associated with women while men worked n steel factories. If the above is anything to go by, it is clear that the high paying jobs were mostly meant for men while women worked in sectors with very little wages.
In big firms, gender stratification has always found its way in even when it is not intended. For instance, the minority who are in this case women have been locked out of certain activities without the slightest idea that it is discrimination. In a situation where women have a say in the administration, it is men who are seen as controlling the firm. Decisions which concerns hiring of new workers revolve around men (Holmes, 2007). This is the same case when it comes to firing. In a situation where an informal gathering is to take place beyond normal working hours, women are mostly locked out. Supposing the workers in the same firm were going out on Friday after work to engage in discussions that regards business, women will definitely be locked out. It is argued that they would feel uncomfortable in a pub. Due to this, many females have been locked out as the firm continues to justify its position.
In regard to gender stratification, research indicates that women are highly affected health wise due to social roles and positions. This mostly comes in form depression. Given that women have the social role of looking after the family as well as work at the same time, the pressure becomes too much on them. Studies indicate that women who are employed end up with more number of working hours than their male counterparts who sleep more and less working hours. This can be used to explain why women get more depressed. The situation is even more complicated when one has children (Smith, 1992). This is becauuse the house responsibilities become more than one can imagine. Given that the society expects even more from a woman who is working, the situation becomes more unbearable and the level of depression even goes up. These great demands and expectations affect women in their sense of mastery and how to put under checks and balance the influences that come from the social world.
Another observation deduces that, women stand to earn very little when they work overtime than their male counterparts. Given that all work extra time in a bid to have a better life, it therefore translates that women are given a raw deal. In most industries where workers work past normal working hours, men are given an upper hand. This is because most women will always tend to leave work early to go look after their families. In most jobs that women take part in, overtime does not come anywhere in the picture (Holmes, 2007). Clerical jobs are mostly meant for women. This is one of the many factors that generate inequality in the society. In America for instance, too much emphasis is put on the type of work that one does. It is deduced that prosperity lies on the type of work that one does. Due to this, given that most women do not take part in well paying jobs, the feel short changed thus resulting to inequality.
Although there has been a feeling that gender stratification is nature controlled, it is yet to be proved as such. For instance, in the united states, masculine is always associated with strength which is physical while feminine is associated with emotions. Anything else apart from this is treated in a rather strange way (Nerad, 1999). With all these claims being brought on the surface, some experts argue from a different point of view. The roles that are associated with gender are said to have emanated from the time when the nation was formed by the ruling class. In the United States for instance, gender role is said to have come as a result of the need to sustain an affluent class which would rule the nation. For that to happen, women had to be placed under men at all costs.
However gender stratification has been dealt with in the 20th and 21st century and major steps have been made. For instance, as far as academic opportunities for women are concerned, there has been a tremendous increase of the same. Studies indicate that, by 1989, 40% of females had been enlightened up to high school compared to 44% of men. It also worthy noting that most women joined junior institutions of learning that in higher learning institutions such as the university (Gutek & Koput, 2010).
In 1990, a good percentage of women took part in labor force which was paid for. During this period, there were major transitions in the work related to females. The initial transition was doing away with employment which was based on household. Women in lower social classes had always worked. Given that self employment was hard to come by, there was need to separate the place of work with homes thus there arose new roles of looking after the children. Another transition that was embraced was inclusion of married females in the working industry. In 50s, most females who were working were not yet married (Levine, 2006). Although some of them continued working upon getting married, many opted to leave work and go look after their families. There are some still who opened up businesses wile others took control of family business. There were even cases where some opted to leave work and com back later once the kids were big enough to look after themselves.
Gender stratification is responsible for shaping social position of grown ups therefore leading to mental problems for males and females. Inequality in gender is also partly associated with shaping of socialization which forms the self in an individual. From the above discussion, it is evident that, the dimensions which are found in an individual bring about inequality which eventually causes depression. The discussion above supports the idea that gender stratification aids in elaborating further how diversity in mental diseases between male and female occur. The society should avoid as much as possible to put too much pressure on females simply because they are working (Nerad, 1999).
Finally, although there has been a lot of legal support in regard to calls for equality, and improvement in women’s status, women who are married have continued to understand that most men do jobs which requires more time besides total commitment. With the help of house maids, married women are taking part in full time jobs and can earn even more than their male counterparts. The fact that not many children who are looking after their aged parents have come as a wake up call for most of them to take part in full time paid labor. Many women are practicing having small families which can easily be managed. In the same breath, there has arisen a class of well educated women who are favorably competing for job vacancies in the industries with their male counterparts (Gutek & Koput, 2010).
Most popular orders | 3,162 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Jackie Robinson Facts
- Born: January 31, 1919, Cairo, GA.
- Occupation: Baseball player
- Education: University of California
- Famous for: Being the first African American to play major team sport
- Primary Team: Brooklyn Dodgers
- Jackie Robinson Day: April 15
- Award: 1949, National League’s most valuable player award
- Batting Average: 3.42
- Posthumous Award: Congressional Gold Medal
- Died: October 17, 1972, Stamford, Connecticut
- Legacy: Robinson Was a Major League Baseball Champion with Many Achievements
- History: When Robinson Joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, Baseball Was Segregated
- Racism: Robinson Endured Much Racial Abuse
- Popularity: Robinson Was Gradually Accepted Partially Due to the Intervention of Others
- Sport: Robinson Played in the World Series 6 Times
- History: Robinson Was Important in the Civil Rights Movement
- Family: Robinson Married Rachel Islum in 1946
- Legacy: Jackie Robinson Starred in The Jackie Robinson Story
- Sport: Robinson Excelled at Many Sports
- History: Robinson Was Arrested for Refusing to Sit at the Back of an Unsegregated Bus
- Robinson Had to Testify Before the Committee on Un-American Activities
- Robinson’s Brother, Matthew, Was Also an Impressive Athlete
- Robinson Co-founded the Freedom National Bank
- Robinson Was the First African American in the Baseball Hall of Fame
- Robinson’s Baseball Number – 42 – Was Retired with Him
- Robinson Was the Youngest of 5 Children
- Robinson Served as Lieutenant in the US Army
- Robinson Was the First Black Television Analyst
- Robinson Was Named after Theodore Roosevelt
- Jesse Jackson Gave the Eulogy at Robinson’s Funeral
Robinson Was a Major League Baseball Champion with Many Achievements
The first of our Jackie Robinson facts reveals that he had an exceptional decade-long baseball career. He achieved the prestigious MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League Most Valuable Player in 1949. He was the first black player ever to receive this award. Robinson played in six World Series and, furthermore, contributed to the Dodgers’ World Series Championship in 1955. He contributed much, not only to the world of sport, but also to the Civil Rights Movement.
When Robinson Joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, Baseball Was Segregated
Jackie Robinson facts teach us that he was an important figure in the early part of the Civil Rights movement. The separation of races was not only legal in sports, but also in segregated hotels, restaurants, toilets, buses, theaters and other institutions. The owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, received much initial criticism for signing Robinson in 1947. Robinson became the first black player ever to play in the major leagues. In 1955, he helped the Dodgers win the World Series.
Robinson Endured Much Racial Abuse
When Robinson was initially signed by the Dodgers, he endured much racial bullying and taunting from teammates, other baseball teams and baseball fans. Rickey, prior to signing him, had to make him promise not to fight back, even when he and his family received verbal threats. On the road, he had to stay in separate hotels from the rest of the team. Robinson’s perseverance and outstanding averages led to his promotion within the team and his ultimate acceptance as an athlete.
Robinson Was Gradually Accepted Partially Due to the Intervention of Others
Some notable figures helped pave the way towards Robinson’s acceptance by his team and by the baseball community as a whole. Joe Louis, a boxing champion, used his celebrity status to protest against the non-entry of black soldiers into the army, enabling Robinson to become 2nd Lieutenant after the outbreak of WWII. Successful Major League Baseball Executive Branch Rickey first signed Robinson into a major league team, breaking the sport’s color barrier. And Robinson’s teammate on the Dodgers, Pee Wee Reese, famously defended him during an outburst of racial hate during a game. He put his arm around him and said, “You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them.”
Robinson Played in the World Series 6 Times
Uniquely, Robinson played six times in the World Series, culminating in the Dodger’s win in 1955. In 1947, when he played with the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, this was the first time a racially integrated team had ever played in the competition. These matches led to his being awarded the MVP award – as the most valuable player within his team.
Robinson Was Important in the Civil Rights Movement
From his beginnings in the Dodgers, Robinson inspired the gradual desegregation of other sports in America. Furthermore, his practice of not responding with violence to the many aggressive taunts and jibes from others was important for the later Civil Rights movement advocating non-violence. Later, he became more outspoken in words and actions in his support of desegregation and he became a role model for others in the world of sport and beyond. The “Jackie Robinson Experiment” helped many white leaders see that desegregation was not dangerous and could be a positive step forward for society.
Robinson Married Rachel Islum in 1946
According to Jackie Robinson facts about his personal life, he met nursing student Rachel Islum in 1941 while in his final year at UCLA; they married five years later, and had three children together. After Robinson retired from baseball, Rachel resumed her nursing career and eventually became Director of Nursing at Connecticut Mental Health Center. The couple’s oldest child, Jackie Jr died in a car crash in 1971, but the other two, Sharon and David, along with Rachel, both survived Robinson after his death in 1972.
Jackie Robinson Starred in The Jackie Robinson Story
In 1950 a film was made about Robinson’s life; he agreed to play himself. The film presents Robinson’s life and achievements and focuses on his struggle to play baseball in the midst of a great deal of racial aggression. It was directed by Alfred Green. Despite the racial tensions that were around at the time, the film was released to widespread critical praise and box office success. Other films about him include 42, which was made in 2013.
Robinson Excelled at Many Sports
In his early years at Pasadena Junior School, Robinson excelled at many sports including running, basketball and football, as well as baseball. He won championships and victories in all of these, after practicing at home for many hours. He was involved in a mixed race gang, where they would challenge white kids to play sports and bet that they would win. Robinson later achieved many victories at UCLA in football and running.
Robinson Was Arrested for Refusing to Sit at the Back of an Unsegregated Bus
In 1944, Robinson was ordered by the driver to sit at the back of the bus on account of his color. Robinson refused. Because of this, he was arrested and court marshalled. However, because of his reputation, and the intervention of friends, newspapers and the NAACP, he was ultimately acquitted. He was discharged from the army and did not go into combat because of this. This incident was an important step in the Civil Rights movement and a testament to Robinson’s bravery.
Robinson Had to Testify Before the Committee on Un-American Activities
In 1949, Robinson was subpoenaed to testify before The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) because of comments that were made about him. The hearing was about ‘Communist infiltration of minority groups’. Robinson had to respond to a claim that African-Americans would be reluctant to fight for the USA against the USSR.
He did not want to do this, but refusing to do so would have hurt his baseball career. Robinson made a powerful statement about African-Americans and how their social protest was valid and did not make them subversive in any way.
Robinson’s Brother, Matthew, Was Also an Impressive Athlete
Robinson was inspired by his eldest brother, Matthew, to pursue his talent for sports. Matthew was also an impressive athlete who won the silver medal in the 200 meter dash at the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936, coming second only behind the renowned Jesse Owens. However, when Matthew returned home, despite his impressive achievements, he could only find work sweeping the streets.
Robinson Co-founded the Freedom National Bank
Following his successful baseball career, Jackie Robinson facts reveal that he became involved in many projects that were concerned with Civil Rights and integration. One of these was involved founding the Freedom National Bank in Harlem. This was because he thought black people should have a banking institution that was owned and run by themselves. He also marched with Martin Luther King in Birmingham, Alabama, and raised funds for the NAACP’s “Freedom Fund Drive.”
Robinson Was the First African-American in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. This museum celebrates significant contributions to baseball. As the first African-American ever to be awarded such an honor, this represented a powerful achievement for not just Robinson himself, but symbolically for African-Americans. The museum continues to honor Robinson’s memory, especially on April 13-15, and also has a thematic unit exploring racial issues.
Robinson’s Baseball Number – 42 – Was Retired With Him
Robinson’s jersey number of 42 was retired with him when he withdrew from the game. This was the first time that a number was retired with the player in the history of Major League Baseball. On Jackie Robinson Day, which was first observed on April 15, 2004, all baseball players are required to wear the number 42 in honor of his memory and his legacy to sport.
Robinson Was the Youngest of 5 Children
Robinson was brought up in relative poverty, born in a shack in Cairo, Georgia. His grandparents were slaves, and his parents were sharecroppers. His father left the family soon after he was born, running off with a neighbor’s wife, and Robinson never saw him again. His mother worked a series of odd jobs to support her children and moved the family to California in search of a better life. Robinson attended John Muir High School and, later, Pasadena Junior College. It was there that he excelled at football, basketball, track, and baseball.
Robinson Served as Lieutenant in the US Army
Between 1942 and 1945, Robinson served as Second Lieutenant in the US Army. It was a major achievement to be allowed to join the Army as an African-American, and this was due in part to the support of his friend, boxing champion, Joe Louis. Louis used his celebrity to fight against the injustice of the Army’s treatment of African-Americans. Robinson did not go into combat though as he was discharged due to his arrest for refusing to sit at the back of a segregated bus.
Robinson Was the First Black Television Analyst
In 1965, Robinson was hired as an analyst for ABC’s Major League Baseball Game of the Week – the first black person to hold such a position. After his retirement from baseball, this media position allowed him to maintain a strong connection with the sport. It also ensured his continued high profile throughout the progression of racial integration in sport and in society as a whole.
Robinson Was Named after Theodore Roosevelt
Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was named in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt who died just 25 days before Robinson was born. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, and a Democrat who signed the New Coalition Deal, which sought to include labor unions and white business owners with minorities including African-Americans. This name reflects the political leanings of Robinson’s family and foreshadows his own impact in political progress.
Jesse Jackson Gave the Eulogy at Robinson’s Funeral
In later life, Robinson developed diabetes and heart disease and was almost blind by middle age. He died of a heart attack in 1972. Over 2,500 mourners attended his funeral, where Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy. “When Jackie took the field,” he said, “something reminded us of our birthright to be free.” Tens of thousands of mourners lined the streets to Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. After his death, his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation.
Jackie Robinson Facts – Facts about Jackie Robinson Summary
Jackie Robinson facts relate to the achievements of this iconic man, both in life and in sport, specifically baseball. He achieved hero status during his lifetime and is still celebrated as an amazing baseball player, and for being the first African-American to achieve great status in the sport. He was also a major contributor to the Civil Rights movement and proved an inspiration for many. He has become a symbol for the movement towards desegregation in the United States and was revered by many, including Martin Luther King. He received notable awards for his considerable achievements, including the Congressional Gold Medal, which was awarded to his widow. | <urn:uuid:1e4da2e0-13a1-4115-b57d-07f822d3b485> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://facts.net/history/figures/jackie-robinson-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.980265 | 2,724 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
-0.18244117498397827,
0.8159237504005432,
0.0957917645573616,
-0.5025792717933655,
-0.04443808272480965,
0.43777382373809814,
0.4736248254776001,
0.1734360009431839,
0.2116008698940277,
0.011981218121945858,
0.1515769511461258,
-0.04018900915980339,
-0.20345531404018402,
0.2068575620651245... | 1 | Jackie Robinson Facts
- Born: January 31, 1919, Cairo, GA.
- Occupation: Baseball player
- Education: University of California
- Famous for: Being the first African American to play major team sport
- Primary Team: Brooklyn Dodgers
- Jackie Robinson Day: April 15
- Award: 1949, National League’s most valuable player award
- Batting Average: 3.42
- Posthumous Award: Congressional Gold Medal
- Died: October 17, 1972, Stamford, Connecticut
- Legacy: Robinson Was a Major League Baseball Champion with Many Achievements
- History: When Robinson Joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, Baseball Was Segregated
- Racism: Robinson Endured Much Racial Abuse
- Popularity: Robinson Was Gradually Accepted Partially Due to the Intervention of Others
- Sport: Robinson Played in the World Series 6 Times
- History: Robinson Was Important in the Civil Rights Movement
- Family: Robinson Married Rachel Islum in 1946
- Legacy: Jackie Robinson Starred in The Jackie Robinson Story
- Sport: Robinson Excelled at Many Sports
- History: Robinson Was Arrested for Refusing to Sit at the Back of an Unsegregated Bus
- Robinson Had to Testify Before the Committee on Un-American Activities
- Robinson’s Brother, Matthew, Was Also an Impressive Athlete
- Robinson Co-founded the Freedom National Bank
- Robinson Was the First African American in the Baseball Hall of Fame
- Robinson’s Baseball Number – 42 – Was Retired with Him
- Robinson Was the Youngest of 5 Children
- Robinson Served as Lieutenant in the US Army
- Robinson Was the First Black Television Analyst
- Robinson Was Named after Theodore Roosevelt
- Jesse Jackson Gave the Eulogy at Robinson’s Funeral
Robinson Was a Major League Baseball Champion with Many Achievements
The first of our Jackie Robinson facts reveals that he had an exceptional decade-long baseball career. He achieved the prestigious MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League Most Valuable Player in 1949. He was the first black player ever to receive this award. Robinson played in six World Series and, furthermore, contributed to the Dodgers’ World Series Championship in 1955. He contributed much, not only to the world of sport, but also to the Civil Rights Movement.
When Robinson Joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, Baseball Was Segregated
Jackie Robinson facts teach us that he was an important figure in the early part of the Civil Rights movement. The separation of races was not only legal in sports, but also in segregated hotels, restaurants, toilets, buses, theaters and other institutions. The owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, received much initial criticism for signing Robinson in 1947. Robinson became the first black player ever to play in the major leagues. In 1955, he helped the Dodgers win the World Series.
Robinson Endured Much Racial Abuse
When Robinson was initially signed by the Dodgers, he endured much racial bullying and taunting from teammates, other baseball teams and baseball fans. Rickey, prior to signing him, had to make him promise not to fight back, even when he and his family received verbal threats. On the road, he had to stay in separate hotels from the rest of the team. Robinson’s perseverance and outstanding averages led to his promotion within the team and his ultimate acceptance as an athlete.
Robinson Was Gradually Accepted Partially Due to the Intervention of Others
Some notable figures helped pave the way towards Robinson’s acceptance by his team and by the baseball community as a whole. Joe Louis, a boxing champion, used his celebrity status to protest against the non-entry of black soldiers into the army, enabling Robinson to become 2nd Lieutenant after the outbreak of WWII. Successful Major League Baseball Executive Branch Rickey first signed Robinson into a major league team, breaking the sport’s color barrier. And Robinson’s teammate on the Dodgers, Pee Wee Reese, famously defended him during an outburst of racial hate during a game. He put his arm around him and said, “You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them.”
Robinson Played in the World Series 6 Times
Uniquely, Robinson played six times in the World Series, culminating in the Dodger’s win in 1955. In 1947, when he played with the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, this was the first time a racially integrated team had ever played in the competition. These matches led to his being awarded the MVP award – as the most valuable player within his team.
Robinson Was Important in the Civil Rights Movement
From his beginnings in the Dodgers, Robinson inspired the gradual desegregation of other sports in America. Furthermore, his practice of not responding with violence to the many aggressive taunts and jibes from others was important for the later Civil Rights movement advocating non-violence. Later, he became more outspoken in words and actions in his support of desegregation and he became a role model for others in the world of sport and beyond. The “Jackie Robinson Experiment” helped many white leaders see that desegregation was not dangerous and could be a positive step forward for society.
Robinson Married Rachel Islum in 1946
According to Jackie Robinson facts about his personal life, he met nursing student Rachel Islum in 1941 while in his final year at UCLA; they married five years later, and had three children together. After Robinson retired from baseball, Rachel resumed her nursing career and eventually became Director of Nursing at Connecticut Mental Health Center. The couple’s oldest child, Jackie Jr died in a car crash in 1971, but the other two, Sharon and David, along with Rachel, both survived Robinson after his death in 1972.
Jackie Robinson Starred in The Jackie Robinson Story
In 1950 a film was made about Robinson’s life; he agreed to play himself. The film presents Robinson’s life and achievements and focuses on his struggle to play baseball in the midst of a great deal of racial aggression. It was directed by Alfred Green. Despite the racial tensions that were around at the time, the film was released to widespread critical praise and box office success. Other films about him include 42, which was made in 2013.
Robinson Excelled at Many Sports
In his early years at Pasadena Junior School, Robinson excelled at many sports including running, basketball and football, as well as baseball. He won championships and victories in all of these, after practicing at home for many hours. He was involved in a mixed race gang, where they would challenge white kids to play sports and bet that they would win. Robinson later achieved many victories at UCLA in football and running.
Robinson Was Arrested for Refusing to Sit at the Back of an Unsegregated Bus
In 1944, Robinson was ordered by the driver to sit at the back of the bus on account of his color. Robinson refused. Because of this, he was arrested and court marshalled. However, because of his reputation, and the intervention of friends, newspapers and the NAACP, he was ultimately acquitted. He was discharged from the army and did not go into combat because of this. This incident was an important step in the Civil Rights movement and a testament to Robinson’s bravery.
Robinson Had to Testify Before the Committee on Un-American Activities
In 1949, Robinson was subpoenaed to testify before The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) because of comments that were made about him. The hearing was about ‘Communist infiltration of minority groups’. Robinson had to respond to a claim that African-Americans would be reluctant to fight for the USA against the USSR.
He did not want to do this, but refusing to do so would have hurt his baseball career. Robinson made a powerful statement about African-Americans and how their social protest was valid and did not make them subversive in any way.
Robinson’s Brother, Matthew, Was Also an Impressive Athlete
Robinson was inspired by his eldest brother, Matthew, to pursue his talent for sports. Matthew was also an impressive athlete who won the silver medal in the 200 meter dash at the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936, coming second only behind the renowned Jesse Owens. However, when Matthew returned home, despite his impressive achievements, he could only find work sweeping the streets.
Robinson Co-founded the Freedom National Bank
Following his successful baseball career, Jackie Robinson facts reveal that he became involved in many projects that were concerned with Civil Rights and integration. One of these was involved founding the Freedom National Bank in Harlem. This was because he thought black people should have a banking institution that was owned and run by themselves. He also marched with Martin Luther King in Birmingham, Alabama, and raised funds for the NAACP’s “Freedom Fund Drive.”
Robinson Was the First African-American in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. This museum celebrates significant contributions to baseball. As the first African-American ever to be awarded such an honor, this represented a powerful achievement for not just Robinson himself, but symbolically for African-Americans. The museum continues to honor Robinson’s memory, especially on April 13-15, and also has a thematic unit exploring racial issues.
Robinson’s Baseball Number – 42 – Was Retired With Him
Robinson’s jersey number of 42 was retired with him when he withdrew from the game. This was the first time that a number was retired with the player in the history of Major League Baseball. On Jackie Robinson Day, which was first observed on April 15, 2004, all baseball players are required to wear the number 42 in honor of his memory and his legacy to sport.
Robinson Was the Youngest of 5 Children
Robinson was brought up in relative poverty, born in a shack in Cairo, Georgia. His grandparents were slaves, and his parents were sharecroppers. His father left the family soon after he was born, running off with a neighbor’s wife, and Robinson never saw him again. His mother worked a series of odd jobs to support her children and moved the family to California in search of a better life. Robinson attended John Muir High School and, later, Pasadena Junior College. It was there that he excelled at football, basketball, track, and baseball.
Robinson Served as Lieutenant in the US Army
Between 1942 and 1945, Robinson served as Second Lieutenant in the US Army. It was a major achievement to be allowed to join the Army as an African-American, and this was due in part to the support of his friend, boxing champion, Joe Louis. Louis used his celebrity to fight against the injustice of the Army’s treatment of African-Americans. Robinson did not go into combat though as he was discharged due to his arrest for refusing to sit at the back of a segregated bus.
Robinson Was the First Black Television Analyst
In 1965, Robinson was hired as an analyst for ABC’s Major League Baseball Game of the Week – the first black person to hold such a position. After his retirement from baseball, this media position allowed him to maintain a strong connection with the sport. It also ensured his continued high profile throughout the progression of racial integration in sport and in society as a whole.
Robinson Was Named after Theodore Roosevelt
Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was named in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt who died just 25 days before Robinson was born. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, and a Democrat who signed the New Coalition Deal, which sought to include labor unions and white business owners with minorities including African-Americans. This name reflects the political leanings of Robinson’s family and foreshadows his own impact in political progress.
Jesse Jackson Gave the Eulogy at Robinson’s Funeral
In later life, Robinson developed diabetes and heart disease and was almost blind by middle age. He died of a heart attack in 1972. Over 2,500 mourners attended his funeral, where Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy. “When Jackie took the field,” he said, “something reminded us of our birthright to be free.” Tens of thousands of mourners lined the streets to Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. After his death, his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation.
Jackie Robinson Facts – Facts about Jackie Robinson Summary
Jackie Robinson facts relate to the achievements of this iconic man, both in life and in sport, specifically baseball. He achieved hero status during his lifetime and is still celebrated as an amazing baseball player, and for being the first African-American to achieve great status in the sport. He was also a major contributor to the Civil Rights movement and proved an inspiration for many. He has become a symbol for the movement towards desegregation in the United States and was revered by many, including Martin Luther King. He received notable awards for his considerable achievements, including the Congressional Gold Medal, which was awarded to his widow. | 2,774 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Progress tracking tools for students FREE Video Lesson Worth $20! 10,000 Math Questions From P1 to P6! Access 300 Hours of Video Explanations! Video Tutorials to Tough PSLE Questions! Step-by-step worked solutions
Your questions answered, explained
e.g. straight line,distance,algebra
showing results for "decrease" difficulty: [ALL]
John always spends 20% of his monthly salary and saves the rest. After a pay increment of 10%, his monthly expenditure increases by $150. (a) What was his monthly income before the pay increment? (b) How much was his savings after the pay increment? Notes to students: ...
Gina saves exactly 60% of her salary every month. Her salary for the month of September was 20% less than her salary for the month of August. As a result, she spent $360 less in September as compared to the previous month. What was her expenditure in August?
Carol would always use 20% of her monthly salary to fund her daughter’s music classes. She received 40% less salary in May as compared to April. As a result, the amount of money that she used for music classes in May was $120 less as compared to that in April. How much money did she use to fund her daughter's music classes in April?
In a bakery, there were a total of 900 cakes and cookies. 70% of them were cakes. After some of the items were sold, the number of cakes decreased by 20%. In the end, 10% of the items in the bakery are cookies. (a) How many cookies were sold in all? (b) If the selling price of a cookie is $1.50 a piece, how much was collected from the sale of the cookies? ...
80% of the passengers on a train were adults. At Tedddyham station, 510 passengers boarded the train and 90 passengers alighted. After that, the number of adults increased by 25% and the number of children increased by 200%. How many adults are on the train now?
In the morning, 70% of the butterflies in a butterfly park were yellow coloured and the rest were brown coloured. Over the next few hours, 80 more butterflies came into the park. With the addition, the number of yellow butterflies went up by 20% and the number of brown butterflies increased by 120%. Find out the number of butterflies in the butterfly park now.
On the first day of a two-day seminar, 30% of the participants were women. On the second day, there were 174 less participants as compared to day one. There were 60% less women and 24% less men on the second day. Find the number of participants on the, (a) first day of the seminar. (b) second day of the seminar. ...
John's monthly salary is $2000. He spends 10% of his salary on the household, 50% of the remainder on mortgage payments and saves the rest. Subsequently he had a pay increment. Now, the total amount of his mortgage payments and household expenditures is still the same as before but it makes up 40% of his new salary. What was the percentage increase in his salary? & ...
In January, Mrs Smith gave Karen $3600. Karen spent 35% of the sum on shopping, 15% on paying her bills and saved the rest. In February, Mrs Smith increased the amount she gave to Karen. Karen now spent the same amount on shopping and increased the amount she spent on paying her bills by 50%. If Karen saved the remaining 60% of the sum given to her in February, ...
A children’s play school functioned on a monthly budget of $5000. It would spend 65% of this on toys, 20% on food and the rest on maintenance of the premises. Due to financial constraints, the budget that the play school had in the following month was slightly less. It spent the same amount on food, but reduced the amount spent on toys by $750. The remaining 12.5% of the am ... | <urn:uuid:a1eb76d8-e4bc-4da5-b0c7-48434fc9a0d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.singaporemathguru.com/question_bank?key=decrease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.986003 | 841 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.2944803833961487,
-0.1940801441669464,
0.26881760358810425,
-0.30486011505126953,
-0.2224360853433609,
0.4599347412586212,
-0.16755610704421997,
0.18422412872314453,
0.08290925621986389,
0.07737976312637329,
0.19847369194030762,
-0.11197583377361298,
-0.10710815340280533,
0.138158380985... | 2 | Progress tracking tools for students FREE Video Lesson Worth $20! 10,000 Math Questions From P1 to P6! Access 300 Hours of Video Explanations! Video Tutorials to Tough PSLE Questions! Step-by-step worked solutions
Your questions answered, explained
e.g. straight line,distance,algebra
showing results for "decrease" difficulty: [ALL]
John always spends 20% of his monthly salary and saves the rest. After a pay increment of 10%, his monthly expenditure increases by $150. (a) What was his monthly income before the pay increment? (b) How much was his savings after the pay increment? Notes to students: ...
Gina saves exactly 60% of her salary every month. Her salary for the month of September was 20% less than her salary for the month of August. As a result, she spent $360 less in September as compared to the previous month. What was her expenditure in August?
Carol would always use 20% of her monthly salary to fund her daughter’s music classes. She received 40% less salary in May as compared to April. As a result, the amount of money that she used for music classes in May was $120 less as compared to that in April. How much money did she use to fund her daughter's music classes in April?
In a bakery, there were a total of 900 cakes and cookies. 70% of them were cakes. After some of the items were sold, the number of cakes decreased by 20%. In the end, 10% of the items in the bakery are cookies. (a) How many cookies were sold in all? (b) If the selling price of a cookie is $1.50 a piece, how much was collected from the sale of the cookies? ...
80% of the passengers on a train were adults. At Tedddyham station, 510 passengers boarded the train and 90 passengers alighted. After that, the number of adults increased by 25% and the number of children increased by 200%. How many adults are on the train now?
In the morning, 70% of the butterflies in a butterfly park were yellow coloured and the rest were brown coloured. Over the next few hours, 80 more butterflies came into the park. With the addition, the number of yellow butterflies went up by 20% and the number of brown butterflies increased by 120%. Find out the number of butterflies in the butterfly park now.
On the first day of a two-day seminar, 30% of the participants were women. On the second day, there were 174 less participants as compared to day one. There were 60% less women and 24% less men on the second day. Find the number of participants on the, (a) first day of the seminar. (b) second day of the seminar. ...
John's monthly salary is $2000. He spends 10% of his salary on the household, 50% of the remainder on mortgage payments and saves the rest. Subsequently he had a pay increment. Now, the total amount of his mortgage payments and household expenditures is still the same as before but it makes up 40% of his new salary. What was the percentage increase in his salary? & ...
In January, Mrs Smith gave Karen $3600. Karen spent 35% of the sum on shopping, 15% on paying her bills and saved the rest. In February, Mrs Smith increased the amount she gave to Karen. Karen now spent the same amount on shopping and increased the amount she spent on paying her bills by 50%. If Karen saved the remaining 60% of the sum given to her in February, ...
A children’s play school functioned on a monthly budget of $5000. It would spend 65% of this on toys, 20% on food and the rest on maintenance of the premises. Due to financial constraints, the budget that the play school had in the following month was slightly less. It spent the same amount on food, but reduced the amount spent on toys by $750. The remaining 12.5% of the am ... | 914 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The pope (or the supreme pontiff) is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome as well as the global Catholic Church’s ex officio leader. In addition to the two roles, the pope has been the head of the state of Vatican City in Italy since 1929. The jurisdiction of the pope is known as the Holy See even though the office of the pope is known as the papacy. The role of the pope as the Bishop of Rome stems from the belief that the pope succeeded Saint Peter.
To date, more than 250 popes have held office. Some popes served in the office for years, and others served for a few days or months while one was never confirmed. Assuming that an unconfirmed pope is a pope, then the shortest serving pope was known as Pope Stephen II who was the pope-elect for two days only between March 24 and March 26, 742. Using the list with only the confirmed popes, then the shortest serving pope was known as Pope Leo XI who served for 11 days between April 1 and April 12, 1605. Other short-serving popes include Pope Urban VII (12 days), Pope Marcellus II (20 days), Pope John Paul I (23 days), and Pope Pius II (26 days). The longest-serving pope was Saint Peter, who reigned for 37 years.
Pope Stephen II
Pope-elect Stephen II was elected into office on March 24, 752, following the demise of Pope Zacharias who was in the office from 741 to 752. Before the death of Pope Zacharias, Pope-elect Stephen had the role of a cardinal-priest. The appointment as a cardinal-priest came with the titulus of San Crisogono (a titulus is a church that is assigned to a Cardinal Priest). After Pope Zacharias died, Stephen II became the pope-elect. Unfortunately, he died of a stroke two days later even before his consecration as the pope. For this reason, the Annuario Pontificio does not list him as a pope.
However, in the sixteenth century, the Vatican allowed the addition of his name to the Annuario Pontificio but removed it in 1961. The Annuario Pontificio is the official directory of the Catholic Church’s Holy See and is released annually. On October 1, 1975, canon law passed stating a man became the pope immediately after accepting his election to the papacy.
Pope Leo XI
Born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, Pope Leo XI was the official shortest serving pope in history. His reign lasted from April 1 to April 12, 1605, which was only 11 days in office. This pope, as the name suggests, hailed from the House of Medici in Florence, Italy. Nephew to Pope Leo X, Pope Leo XI was born to Francesca Salviati and Ottaviano. The father passed away while Pope Leo XI was a child while his mother passed away in the later stages of his life.
Medici’s life as a priest was always against the wishes of his mother since he was the family’s only son. To curtail his priest life, his mother sent him to places such as the Grand Duke of Tuscany and later on Rome in 1560. In his travels, he became a knight of San Stefano at the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The path to his priesthood cleared for him after the death of his mother in 1566. On July 22, 1567, he became ordained as a priest.
His career as a priest involved several roles such as the ambassador of Florence to Pope Pius V between 1569 and 1584. Later on, in 1573, he was appointed as the Bishop of Pistoia by Pope Gregory XIII. Shortly after, in 1574, he became the Archbishop of Florence and then, in 1698, he became the Prefect to the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars.
Following the death of Pope Clement VIII, the cardinals met up to elect a new pope. Some of the leading candidates included Cesare Baronius and Robert Bellarmine. However, against the desires of King Philip III of Spain, a section led by Pietro Aldobrandini forced the election of Medici on April 1, 1605. Following his election, Medici decided to go by the name Pope Leo XI because of his uncle. At the time of his election, he was about 70 years old. His death was due to fatigue and cold during a ceremony at the Basilica of St John Lateran. Due to his short-lived papacy, he had the nickname of Papa Lampo, which translates to the Lightning Pope.
Pope Urban VII
This pope was born as Giovanni Battista Castagna in 1521 in Rome to a noble family. He was an academic man who had a doctorate in law studies. He worked as a lawyer until he joined the Roman Curia during the reign of Pope Julius III. On March 1, 1553, he became the Archbishop of Rossano, which is a position he held until his ordination shortly after on March 30, 1553.
Following the demise of Pope Sixtus V, Castagna became the pope with the name Pope Urban VII. As a pope, he had many initiatives such as the planet’s first ban on smoking.
Aside from the strict laws, he was known for giving to the less fortunate in society. For example, he took steps to lower the price of bread as well as placed restrictions on too much luxury for his staff. Public projects in this papacy also subsided under his rule.
Popes With The Shortest Papal Reign In History
|Rank||Pope||Dates of Papal reign||Number of days of reign|
|1||Pope Stephen II||24 March -26 March 742||2|
|2||Leo XI||1 April – 12 April 1605||11|
|3||Pope Urban VII||15 – 27 September 1590||12|
|4||Marcellus II||9 April – 1 May 1555||20|
|5||John Paul 1||26 August – 28 September 1978||23|
|6||Pius II||22 September – 18 October 1503||26|
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace.
Your MLA Citation
Your APA Citation
Your Chicago Citation
Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | <urn:uuid:17a51de1-238a-4836-86c5-3ec8f2bf77a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/popes-with-the-shortest-papal-reign-in-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.988711 | 1,371 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.29285624623298645,
0.38410913944244385,
0.16230973601341248,
-0.2444109320640564,
-0.5193007588386536,
0.2666064500808716,
0.15029120445251465,
0.027303174138069153,
0.5836032629013062,
-0.11026914417743683,
-0.1988467127084732,
-0.03590337187051773,
0.1595466136932373,
0.37717086076736... | 2 | The pope (or the supreme pontiff) is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome as well as the global Catholic Church’s ex officio leader. In addition to the two roles, the pope has been the head of the state of Vatican City in Italy since 1929. The jurisdiction of the pope is known as the Holy See even though the office of the pope is known as the papacy. The role of the pope as the Bishop of Rome stems from the belief that the pope succeeded Saint Peter.
To date, more than 250 popes have held office. Some popes served in the office for years, and others served for a few days or months while one was never confirmed. Assuming that an unconfirmed pope is a pope, then the shortest serving pope was known as Pope Stephen II who was the pope-elect for two days only between March 24 and March 26, 742. Using the list with only the confirmed popes, then the shortest serving pope was known as Pope Leo XI who served for 11 days between April 1 and April 12, 1605. Other short-serving popes include Pope Urban VII (12 days), Pope Marcellus II (20 days), Pope John Paul I (23 days), and Pope Pius II (26 days). The longest-serving pope was Saint Peter, who reigned for 37 years.
Pope Stephen II
Pope-elect Stephen II was elected into office on March 24, 752, following the demise of Pope Zacharias who was in the office from 741 to 752. Before the death of Pope Zacharias, Pope-elect Stephen had the role of a cardinal-priest. The appointment as a cardinal-priest came with the titulus of San Crisogono (a titulus is a church that is assigned to a Cardinal Priest). After Pope Zacharias died, Stephen II became the pope-elect. Unfortunately, he died of a stroke two days later even before his consecration as the pope. For this reason, the Annuario Pontificio does not list him as a pope.
However, in the sixteenth century, the Vatican allowed the addition of his name to the Annuario Pontificio but removed it in 1961. The Annuario Pontificio is the official directory of the Catholic Church’s Holy See and is released annually. On October 1, 1975, canon law passed stating a man became the pope immediately after accepting his election to the papacy.
Pope Leo XI
Born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, Pope Leo XI was the official shortest serving pope in history. His reign lasted from April 1 to April 12, 1605, which was only 11 days in office. This pope, as the name suggests, hailed from the House of Medici in Florence, Italy. Nephew to Pope Leo X, Pope Leo XI was born to Francesca Salviati and Ottaviano. The father passed away while Pope Leo XI was a child while his mother passed away in the later stages of his life.
Medici’s life as a priest was always against the wishes of his mother since he was the family’s only son. To curtail his priest life, his mother sent him to places such as the Grand Duke of Tuscany and later on Rome in 1560. In his travels, he became a knight of San Stefano at the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The path to his priesthood cleared for him after the death of his mother in 1566. On July 22, 1567, he became ordained as a priest.
His career as a priest involved several roles such as the ambassador of Florence to Pope Pius V between 1569 and 1584. Later on, in 1573, he was appointed as the Bishop of Pistoia by Pope Gregory XIII. Shortly after, in 1574, he became the Archbishop of Florence and then, in 1698, he became the Prefect to the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars.
Following the death of Pope Clement VIII, the cardinals met up to elect a new pope. Some of the leading candidates included Cesare Baronius and Robert Bellarmine. However, against the desires of King Philip III of Spain, a section led by Pietro Aldobrandini forced the election of Medici on April 1, 1605. Following his election, Medici decided to go by the name Pope Leo XI because of his uncle. At the time of his election, he was about 70 years old. His death was due to fatigue and cold during a ceremony at the Basilica of St John Lateran. Due to his short-lived papacy, he had the nickname of Papa Lampo, which translates to the Lightning Pope.
Pope Urban VII
This pope was born as Giovanni Battista Castagna in 1521 in Rome to a noble family. He was an academic man who had a doctorate in law studies. He worked as a lawyer until he joined the Roman Curia during the reign of Pope Julius III. On March 1, 1553, he became the Archbishop of Rossano, which is a position he held until his ordination shortly after on March 30, 1553.
Following the demise of Pope Sixtus V, Castagna became the pope with the name Pope Urban VII. As a pope, he had many initiatives such as the planet’s first ban on smoking.
Aside from the strict laws, he was known for giving to the less fortunate in society. For example, he took steps to lower the price of bread as well as placed restrictions on too much luxury for his staff. Public projects in this papacy also subsided under his rule.
Popes With The Shortest Papal Reign In History
|Rank||Pope||Dates of Papal reign||Number of days of reign|
|1||Pope Stephen II||24 March -26 March 742||2|
|2||Leo XI||1 April – 12 April 1605||11|
|3||Pope Urban VII||15 – 27 September 1590||12|
|4||Marcellus II||9 April – 1 May 1555||20|
|5||John Paul 1||26 August – 28 September 1978||23|
|6||Pius II||22 September – 18 October 1503||26|
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace.
Your MLA Citation
Your APA Citation
Your Chicago Citation
Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | 1,471 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There was a vast difference between the food that was eaten by the wealthy and that by the poor in Tudor England. For the wealthy there was access to expensive spices and exotic imported food, whereas for the poor the majority of food accessible to them was either grown or hunted by them.
The development of the woollen industry in England during the Tudor period saw a great deal of arable land, common land that had been used by the poor to grow food, enclosed and used for sheep. While this might have been good for the wool merchants it was devastating to the poor, many of whom died of starvation as a result
What were the foods available in Tudor Times?
There were a wide range of meats available, but as only the nobility could hunt for some animals, much of it was out of reach of the poor. Rabbit, hare and mutton were popular as were veal, goat, lamb and swans. There was also a great deal of seafood available at the time such as eels, salmon, herring and whiting as well as cod, pike, plaice and trout.
A variety of shellfish were also available but in reality it was only the wealthy that got so varied a diet. Bread was a staple in the diet of everyone, but not everyone had access to the same kinds of bread. The wealthy would eat bread made from fine wheat flour known as manchet, while for the poor their bread was made from rye and barley which made it much more dense and dark.
Tudors Upper Class Food: What Did Wealthy Tudors Eat?
There were many more foods available to the upper classes than to the common man. The upper classes had access to butter. The food of a nobleman would be flavoured with garlic and include onions and leeks, as well as imported plants and herbs.
There was seemingly no limit to the number of courses of food that could be provided during a banquet, with up to a dozen different meats being prepared, as well as seafood and poultry. The upper class Tudors enjoyed highly spiced foods, and food which had been sweetened with sugar which was far too expensive for the poor to access.
What was the common Tudor Food for the Poor?
While the wealthy were enjoying lavish banquets, with their kitchen staff cooking for the majority of the day, the poor were confined to three basic meals per day. Breakfast would generally be eaten between the hours of 6am – 7am, Dinner would be between 12pm – 2pm while supper, the most substantial meal of the day fell between 6pm – 7pm.
The diet of the poor heavily relied on bread and beer. However the diet of the poor was rich in vegetables where they were able to grow them themselves, as the majority of food which came out of the ground was deemed to be unsuitable for the upper classes. The same applies to dairy products. Where they could access it they were able to enjoy, milk, cream and cheese, food which the upper classes looked down on. | <urn:uuid:196e6f84-701f-4a79-a68b-d62fccdfbc76> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://elizabethanenglandlife.com/thetudorsfacts/tudor-food-and-drink-facts-for-kids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.995246 | 622 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
-0.10702894628047943,
-0.1054268330335617,
0.0617174431681633,
0.05886118859052658,
0.2416512370109558,
-0.11947033554315567,
-0.07567663490772247,
-0.11198177933692932,
-0.18908758461475372,
-0.1523762047290802,
-0.005756811238825321,
-0.6916753649711609,
0.26310405135154724,
0.1192868053... | 3 | There was a vast difference between the food that was eaten by the wealthy and that by the poor in Tudor England. For the wealthy there was access to expensive spices and exotic imported food, whereas for the poor the majority of food accessible to them was either grown or hunted by them.
The development of the woollen industry in England during the Tudor period saw a great deal of arable land, common land that had been used by the poor to grow food, enclosed and used for sheep. While this might have been good for the wool merchants it was devastating to the poor, many of whom died of starvation as a result
What were the foods available in Tudor Times?
There were a wide range of meats available, but as only the nobility could hunt for some animals, much of it was out of reach of the poor. Rabbit, hare and mutton were popular as were veal, goat, lamb and swans. There was also a great deal of seafood available at the time such as eels, salmon, herring and whiting as well as cod, pike, plaice and trout.
A variety of shellfish were also available but in reality it was only the wealthy that got so varied a diet. Bread was a staple in the diet of everyone, but not everyone had access to the same kinds of bread. The wealthy would eat bread made from fine wheat flour known as manchet, while for the poor their bread was made from rye and barley which made it much more dense and dark.
Tudors Upper Class Food: What Did Wealthy Tudors Eat?
There were many more foods available to the upper classes than to the common man. The upper classes had access to butter. The food of a nobleman would be flavoured with garlic and include onions and leeks, as well as imported plants and herbs.
There was seemingly no limit to the number of courses of food that could be provided during a banquet, with up to a dozen different meats being prepared, as well as seafood and poultry. The upper class Tudors enjoyed highly spiced foods, and food which had been sweetened with sugar which was far too expensive for the poor to access.
What was the common Tudor Food for the Poor?
While the wealthy were enjoying lavish banquets, with their kitchen staff cooking for the majority of the day, the poor were confined to three basic meals per day. Breakfast would generally be eaten between the hours of 6am – 7am, Dinner would be between 12pm – 2pm while supper, the most substantial meal of the day fell between 6pm – 7pm.
The diet of the poor heavily relied on bread and beer. However the diet of the poor was rich in vegetables where they were able to grow them themselves, as the majority of food which came out of the ground was deemed to be unsuitable for the upper classes. The same applies to dairy products. Where they could access it they were able to enjoy, milk, cream and cheese, food which the upper classes looked down on. | 619 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Camp Concordia was a prisoner-of-war camp that operated from 1943-1945. Its location is two miles north and one mile east of Concordia, Kansas. The camp was used primarily for German Army prisoners during World War II who were captured in battles that took place in Africa.
Camp Concordia was the largest POW camp in Kansas, holding over 4,000 prisoners (some sources cite as high as 8,000 prisoners). The camp consisted of a complex of 300 buildings and was staffed by 800 United States soldiers.
The prisoners arrived at Camp Concordia by train. Authorities believed the soldiers could provide useful labor for agriculture, and, almost immediately, the Germans started working with local farmers.
At least two reported cases of executions are recorded, both were made by prisoners on fellow prisoners (some of whom were Gestapo agents. When conclusive evidence arose, the offenders were tried and sentenced to the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth.
"Difficulties between POWs and local residents were few, and in fact friendships formed", stated Lowell May, president of the camp's preservation society. "Only a handful of escape attempts occurred, none successful." Life at the camp was easy compared with the war in Europe. Prisoners played outdoor sports, listened to band performances and took courses offered by the University of Kansas.Harald Deilmann, architect and author.
Reinhard Mohn, owner of the transnational media corporation Bertelsmann AG
Karl Dietrich Bracher, historian.
The prisoners headed back to Germany in the autumn of 1945, some of them harboring pleasant memories of Kansas. Franz Kramer of Gundelfingen, Germany, said: "There was no reason to criticize American authorities. The prisoners felt that they were well treated. We learned a little of the American way of life and saw part of the vast country."
Once the POW camp closed, one of the buildings, Building T-9, was on a list acquired by the Federal Land Bank in June 7, 1947. In October 1947, the City of Concordia purchased 166.7 acres of camp acreage, including buildings, with the intent of establishing a park and re-locating the Cloud County fairgrounds to the site. Plans for the park never came to pass and the city eventually sold Building T-9 as well as other buildings and acreage. T-9 was subsequently used as a skating rink, hog farm, canoe factory, and during the 1960s, as storage for a horse racetrack called Thundercloud Park located on the camp property.
Several structures of the camp remain, including a prison warehouse used for storage, an officers club, and a restored guard tower. Only the guard tower is easily accessible to the public. The land is now used primarily for farming, although some houses have been built on the land as well. The original guard house remains and has been restored. Today, correspondence continues between former POWs, their relatives and Concordia residents.
Camp records have been transferred and maintained at the Cloud County Historical Museum in Concordia. On display at the museum are also many items of interest about Camp Concordia including several original paintings created by prisoners at Camp Concordia. | <urn:uuid:7f5042d1-d8e9-442b-87ea-75d656902207> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://alchetron.com/Camp-Concordia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.982427 | 648 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
0.18002945184707642,
0.5934364795684814,
0.22784091532230377,
-0.12107932567596436,
0.14333131909370422,
-0.014129949733614922,
-0.23346549272537231,
0.10979123413562775,
-0.2490547150373459,
-0.17074233293533325,
0.5366256237030029,
-0.25874418020248413,
0.10759973526000977,
0.49730533361... | 1 | Camp Concordia was a prisoner-of-war camp that operated from 1943-1945. Its location is two miles north and one mile east of Concordia, Kansas. The camp was used primarily for German Army prisoners during World War II who were captured in battles that took place in Africa.
Camp Concordia was the largest POW camp in Kansas, holding over 4,000 prisoners (some sources cite as high as 8,000 prisoners). The camp consisted of a complex of 300 buildings and was staffed by 800 United States soldiers.
The prisoners arrived at Camp Concordia by train. Authorities believed the soldiers could provide useful labor for agriculture, and, almost immediately, the Germans started working with local farmers.
At least two reported cases of executions are recorded, both were made by prisoners on fellow prisoners (some of whom were Gestapo agents. When conclusive evidence arose, the offenders were tried and sentenced to the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth.
"Difficulties between POWs and local residents were few, and in fact friendships formed", stated Lowell May, president of the camp's preservation society. "Only a handful of escape attempts occurred, none successful." Life at the camp was easy compared with the war in Europe. Prisoners played outdoor sports, listened to band performances and took courses offered by the University of Kansas.Harald Deilmann, architect and author.
Reinhard Mohn, owner of the transnational media corporation Bertelsmann AG
Karl Dietrich Bracher, historian.
The prisoners headed back to Germany in the autumn of 1945, some of them harboring pleasant memories of Kansas. Franz Kramer of Gundelfingen, Germany, said: "There was no reason to criticize American authorities. The prisoners felt that they were well treated. We learned a little of the American way of life and saw part of the vast country."
Once the POW camp closed, one of the buildings, Building T-9, was on a list acquired by the Federal Land Bank in June 7, 1947. In October 1947, the City of Concordia purchased 166.7 acres of camp acreage, including buildings, with the intent of establishing a park and re-locating the Cloud County fairgrounds to the site. Plans for the park never came to pass and the city eventually sold Building T-9 as well as other buildings and acreage. T-9 was subsequently used as a skating rink, hog farm, canoe factory, and during the 1960s, as storage for a horse racetrack called Thundercloud Park located on the camp property.
Several structures of the camp remain, including a prison warehouse used for storage, an officers club, and a restored guard tower. Only the guard tower is easily accessible to the public. The land is now used primarily for farming, although some houses have been built on the land as well. The original guard house remains and has been restored. Today, correspondence continues between former POWs, their relatives and Concordia residents.
Camp records have been transferred and maintained at the Cloud County Historical Museum in Concordia. On display at the museum are also many items of interest about Camp Concordia including several original paintings created by prisoners at Camp Concordia. | 680 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Breast Cancer Vaccine Has Eliminated Cancer In Its First Human Patient
The Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, is working on a vaccine that can prevent ovarian and breast cancer from occurring. It can also prevent cancer from reoccurring in patients who have already had the disease. The vaccines harness the body’s own immune system to target cancer cells and kill them.
Mayo experienced success with their very first human participant in the trial!
The vaccine is still in the early phases of the trial and it will be at least three years before the vaccine would shift into phase three and be available to a large number of patients at once. However, the success they’ve seen so far in just their first patient is incredibly promising.
“It is reasonable to say that we could have a vaccine within eight years that may be available to patients through their pharmacy or their doctor,” said Keith L. Knutson, Ph.D., who is part of the Mayo Clinic.
The first patient in the clinical trial, Lee Mercker, was diagnosed with stage 0 breast cancer (DCIS). The diagnosis came as a shock to her, but at least it was caught early. Though cancer cells were present, they were confined to her milk ducts.
When she was asked if she would like to be part of the clinical trial, Mercker immediately agreed.
The process took a total of 12 weeks, and Mercker easily adapted to the routine.
“They always took your blood, you had a physical, they’d make your shot right there on the spot for you,” Mercker said. “It was three shots, all in a row, alternating arms, four shots, two weeks apart.”
Dr. Saranya Chumsri, who works at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, said the treatment utilizes defenses the body already has to destroy the cancer.
“It’s supposed to stimulate a patient’s own immune response so that the immune cells like t-cells would go in and attack the cancer,” Chumsri said.
As part of the trial, Mercker also had to undergo a mastectomy. This way, the researchers can use her breast tissue to further study the vaccine and how it works. It’s also a way to help ensure that everything cancerous was in fact removed.
“That is the only way we know that everything was removed properly,” Chumsri said.
Mercker’s results showed exactly what Knutson and Chumsri team had been hoping for. They found that the vaccine triggered the immune system to start “crowding in” and eliminate the tumor cells.
The fact that the vaccine worked in the very first human test subject made it all the more thrilling for the team at Mayo.
Mercker was thankful to be a part of the trial, and it has since dawned on her just how huge the trial is — and she was a part of it!
“I feel like I walked on the moon,” Mercker said. “I worked in an industry with tons of women and I saw all kinds of stories, and it’d just be really nice to stamp this [breast cancer] out.”
Previous versions of a vaccine that Mayo Clinic was working on were a lot more invasive than their current one. This shot is administered easily and requires no special bells and whistles.
“It’s supposed to be just off the shelf, kind of similar to when you get the flu shot or pneumonia shot,” Chumsri said.
The team is working on vaccines for every stage of breast cancer. They’ve already started using this vaccine on two new patients, and they are looking for additional trial subjects. If you’re interested in being a part of the next trial at the Mayo Clinic, you can search through your options here.
“We have seen early signals that our vaccines have a very positive impact on disease. We are building on that foundation,” Knutson said. | <urn:uuid:e9445283-1e1c-40a7-b036-01e5d5c3846c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blog.thebreastcancersite.greatergood.com/cancer-vaccine-mayo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.981437 | 848 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.2242383062839508,
-0.0046476260758936405,
-0.05560566484928131,
-0.4356335699558258,
-0.35201454162597656,
0.19508397579193115,
0.4344034790992737,
0.3908132016658783,
-0.1600053757429123,
-0.27651044726371765,
0.13589560985565186,
-0.2506648302078247,
0.09999065101146698,
0.05858332291... | 3 | Breast Cancer Vaccine Has Eliminated Cancer In Its First Human Patient
The Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, is working on a vaccine that can prevent ovarian and breast cancer from occurring. It can also prevent cancer from reoccurring in patients who have already had the disease. The vaccines harness the body’s own immune system to target cancer cells and kill them.
Mayo experienced success with their very first human participant in the trial!
The vaccine is still in the early phases of the trial and it will be at least three years before the vaccine would shift into phase three and be available to a large number of patients at once. However, the success they’ve seen so far in just their first patient is incredibly promising.
“It is reasonable to say that we could have a vaccine within eight years that may be available to patients through their pharmacy or their doctor,” said Keith L. Knutson, Ph.D., who is part of the Mayo Clinic.
The first patient in the clinical trial, Lee Mercker, was diagnosed with stage 0 breast cancer (DCIS). The diagnosis came as a shock to her, but at least it was caught early. Though cancer cells were present, they were confined to her milk ducts.
When she was asked if she would like to be part of the clinical trial, Mercker immediately agreed.
The process took a total of 12 weeks, and Mercker easily adapted to the routine.
“They always took your blood, you had a physical, they’d make your shot right there on the spot for you,” Mercker said. “It was three shots, all in a row, alternating arms, four shots, two weeks apart.”
Dr. Saranya Chumsri, who works at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, said the treatment utilizes defenses the body already has to destroy the cancer.
“It’s supposed to stimulate a patient’s own immune response so that the immune cells like t-cells would go in and attack the cancer,” Chumsri said.
As part of the trial, Mercker also had to undergo a mastectomy. This way, the researchers can use her breast tissue to further study the vaccine and how it works. It’s also a way to help ensure that everything cancerous was in fact removed.
“That is the only way we know that everything was removed properly,” Chumsri said.
Mercker’s results showed exactly what Knutson and Chumsri team had been hoping for. They found that the vaccine triggered the immune system to start “crowding in” and eliminate the tumor cells.
The fact that the vaccine worked in the very first human test subject made it all the more thrilling for the team at Mayo.
Mercker was thankful to be a part of the trial, and it has since dawned on her just how huge the trial is — and she was a part of it!
“I feel like I walked on the moon,” Mercker said. “I worked in an industry with tons of women and I saw all kinds of stories, and it’d just be really nice to stamp this [breast cancer] out.”
Previous versions of a vaccine that Mayo Clinic was working on were a lot more invasive than their current one. This shot is administered easily and requires no special bells and whistles.
“It’s supposed to be just off the shelf, kind of similar to when you get the flu shot or pneumonia shot,” Chumsri said.
The team is working on vaccines for every stage of breast cancer. They’ve already started using this vaccine on two new patients, and they are looking for additional trial subjects. If you’re interested in being a part of the next trial at the Mayo Clinic, you can search through your options here.
“We have seen early signals that our vaccines have a very positive impact on disease. We are building on that foundation,” Knutson said. | 771 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Archimedis was born in 287 BC.We also know that Archimedes died in 212 BC at the age of 75 in Syracuse. It is said that a Roman soldier, who was offended by Achimedes, while the Romans seized Syracuse, killed him. Archimedes had a wide variety of interests, which included encompassing, statistics, hydrostatics, optics, astronomy, engineering, geometry, and arithmetic.
Archimedes had more stories passed down through history about his clever inventions than his mathematical theorems.Archimedes' most famous story is about the king asking a guy to make him a gold crown.The king supplied the guy with the gold and told him to get it done.This guy asked Archimedes to think of some way to test the weight of gold. Archimedes was unsuccessful until one day as he entered a full bath, he noticed that the deeper he went into the tub, the more water flowed out of the tub.
This discovery made him realize that the amount of water that flowed out of the tub was equal to the volume of the object being put in. Therefore by putting the gold into the water, he could tell by the rise in water level the volume of the gold. | <urn:uuid:9956d96d-ca79-4f4e-86f2-86720af93814> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/archemides-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.98855 | 251 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
0.07924437522888184,
0.3151375651359558,
0.5704648494720459,
-0.18017995357513428,
-0.3376535177230835,
-0.25997042655944824,
0.3076133131980896,
0.47467607259750366,
-0.10134214907884598,
-0.2590162754058838,
0.27915406227111816,
-0.5439345240592957,
0.06308359652757645,
0.256716191768646... | 1 | Archimedis was born in 287 BC.We also know that Archimedes died in 212 BC at the age of 75 in Syracuse. It is said that a Roman soldier, who was offended by Achimedes, while the Romans seized Syracuse, killed him. Archimedes had a wide variety of interests, which included encompassing, statistics, hydrostatics, optics, astronomy, engineering, geometry, and arithmetic.
Archimedes had more stories passed down through history about his clever inventions than his mathematical theorems.Archimedes' most famous story is about the king asking a guy to make him a gold crown.The king supplied the guy with the gold and told him to get it done.This guy asked Archimedes to think of some way to test the weight of gold. Archimedes was unsuccessful until one day as he entered a full bath, he noticed that the deeper he went into the tub, the more water flowed out of the tub.
This discovery made him realize that the amount of water that flowed out of the tub was equal to the volume of the object being put in. Therefore by putting the gold into the water, he could tell by the rise in water level the volume of the gold. | 253 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The political systems known as "democracy" and "republic" were created and named around 3,000 years ago in Ancient Greece. The word democracy stems from the Greek word demos, meaning "the people". A democracy is a political system in which the people of a country rule. The word republic stems from the Latin res publica, which literally means "the public thing". A republic is a form of government that is based on the concept that sovereignty resides in the people, who delegate power to elected representatives and officials to rule in their behalf. Although at first glance a true republic seems to be very similar to a true democracy, indeed the main point of both systems of government is self rule, in fact, there are many differences between them. This paper will examine the governments of Ancient Athens and Ancient Rome, and specifically the differences between the two forms of government in these countries. An understanding of these differences can help explain why Athens developed into a democracy, and Rome developed into a Republic.
The best example of a country that used a direct democracy as a system of government was Ancient Athens. In the seventh century B.C.E., Athens was a typical aristocratic polis (an ancient Greek city-state).The aristocrats held the best land, and dominated political life. The state was governed by the Areopagus, which was a council of nobles. The Areopagus would elect nine magistrates called archons. However they did not really control the politics of the state, because they served for a year, and became part of the Areopagus after completing their term. As historians Kagan, Ozment, and Turner say, "Because the archons served for only a year, were checked by their colleagues, and looked forward to a lifetime as members of the Areopagus, it is plain that the aristocratic Areopagus, not the archons, was the true master of the state." In the seventh century B. | <urn:uuid:f64bace9-af28-4967-a796-b8fe0a662163> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/25430.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.981849 | 394 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
-0.42086061835289,
0.19010423123836517,
0.4609752297401428,
-0.10918230563402176,
-0.1756005585193634,
-0.23586498200893402,
0.4499330222606659,
0.08725077658891678,
-0.10715723782777786,
0.3051302433013916,
-0.18436479568481445,
0.1275756061077118,
0.16042396426200867,
0.19377639889717102... | 2 | The political systems known as "democracy" and "republic" were created and named around 3,000 years ago in Ancient Greece. The word democracy stems from the Greek word demos, meaning "the people". A democracy is a political system in which the people of a country rule. The word republic stems from the Latin res publica, which literally means "the public thing". A republic is a form of government that is based on the concept that sovereignty resides in the people, who delegate power to elected representatives and officials to rule in their behalf. Although at first glance a true republic seems to be very similar to a true democracy, indeed the main point of both systems of government is self rule, in fact, there are many differences between them. This paper will examine the governments of Ancient Athens and Ancient Rome, and specifically the differences between the two forms of government in these countries. An understanding of these differences can help explain why Athens developed into a democracy, and Rome developed into a Republic.
The best example of a country that used a direct democracy as a system of government was Ancient Athens. In the seventh century B.C.E., Athens was a typical aristocratic polis (an ancient Greek city-state).The aristocrats held the best land, and dominated political life. The state was governed by the Areopagus, which was a council of nobles. The Areopagus would elect nine magistrates called archons. However they did not really control the politics of the state, because they served for a year, and became part of the Areopagus after completing their term. As historians Kagan, Ozment, and Turner say, "Because the archons served for only a year, were checked by their colleagues, and looked forward to a lifetime as members of the Areopagus, it is plain that the aristocratic Areopagus, not the archons, was the true master of the state." In the seventh century B. | 395 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This psalm is ascribed to Asaph. Its contents suggest that the composer may have been a descendant of the prominent Levite musician during King David’s reign. The events portrayed in Psalm 79 appear to fit the time when the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem.
The land the Israelites inhabited was a God-given inheritance. Into this inheritance, which the psalmist identified as God’s inheritance, the nations had come. They defiled God’s holy temple and reduced Jerusalem to ruins.
During the military campaign, many were slain and left on the ground for scavenger birds and beasts to consume. The psalmist referred to those who were killed as God’s “servants” and his “holy ones.”
All around Jerusalem, the invading forces poured out the blood of the inhabitants like water (indicative of the large number who were killed). No one gave the dead a decent burial. Neighboring nations gloated, reproaching, mocking, and deriding the Israelites.
In view of the horrific calamity, the psalmist was moved to ask how long YHWH’s anger would continue. Would it be “forever” (“to the end,” LXX)? Would his jealous wrath continue to burn like fire?
The psalmist petitioned YHWH to pour out his anger on the nations who did not know or recognize him as God and on the kingdoms who did not call on his name or did not look to him as God. These would have been nations or kingdoms that had revealed themselves to be vicious enemies of the Israelites.
Like a wild beast, the foe had devoured Jacob or the people descended from Jacob. Their abode had been desolated.
The psalmist asked God not to hold against his people the record of sin their ancestors had made. Having been reduced to a very low state, the Israelites desperately needed to be shown compassion. The psalmist prayed that YHWH would let his compassion speedily come to them.
“Help us,” the psalmist continued, “God of our salvation.” YHWH alone could deliver his people from their dire distress. The psalmist petitioned God to act for the “glory” of his name. By coming to the aid of his people, he would maintain his matchless reputation as a savior and helper. Besides appealing to be delivered, the psalmist prayed that God, for the sake of his name, would forgive his people’s sins. If the Israelites did not have their sins pardoned and remained under divine wrath, the people of other nations would wrongly conclude that YHWH was powerless to help his own people, detracting from his glorious name.
Among other nations, the question would then be raised, “Where [is] their God?” Therefore, the psalmist asked YHWH to avenge the blood of his servants, bringing retribution upon the enemy.
The psalmist wanted God to hear the groaning of captives of war and to reveal his great power (his “mighty arm”) by preserving alive those who were doomed to die. Possibly the condition of those carried into exile is here portrayed as living death, and the plea that God would preserve them alive may be an appeal for release from exile.
The gloating neighboring nations who reproached God by taunting his people are the ones who should experience divine retribution. For God to repay them “sevenfold” would signify their experiencing a complete recompense. The “bosom” referred to the upper fold of a garment (wherein items could be carried), and so the full repayment for their hateful course would be given to them (as if placed in the upper fold of a garment).
At the time for divine retribution, God’s people, the flock of his pasture (like sheep under his guidance, care, and protection as their shepherd), would give thanks to him for all time to come. From generation to generation, they would recount his praise, acknowledging what he had done for them.
Note: Regarding the divine name (YHWH), see Psalm 1. | <urn:uuid:43743934-53a0-457b-8863-2215fd12d4ba> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wernerbiblecommentary.org/?q=book/print/188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.983844 | 888 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
-0.24726815521717072,
0.5238032341003418,
-0.12464539706707001,
-0.19967016577720642,
0.01839110255241394,
-0.18098729848861694,
0.16951972246170044,
0.09509457647800446,
-0.09746390581130981,
0.1353476345539093,
-0.06082877516746521,
-0.03144795820116997,
0.46008729934692383,
0.3052999675... | 2 | This psalm is ascribed to Asaph. Its contents suggest that the composer may have been a descendant of the prominent Levite musician during King David’s reign. The events portrayed in Psalm 79 appear to fit the time when the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem.
The land the Israelites inhabited was a God-given inheritance. Into this inheritance, which the psalmist identified as God’s inheritance, the nations had come. They defiled God’s holy temple and reduced Jerusalem to ruins.
During the military campaign, many were slain and left on the ground for scavenger birds and beasts to consume. The psalmist referred to those who were killed as God’s “servants” and his “holy ones.”
All around Jerusalem, the invading forces poured out the blood of the inhabitants like water (indicative of the large number who were killed). No one gave the dead a decent burial. Neighboring nations gloated, reproaching, mocking, and deriding the Israelites.
In view of the horrific calamity, the psalmist was moved to ask how long YHWH’s anger would continue. Would it be “forever” (“to the end,” LXX)? Would his jealous wrath continue to burn like fire?
The psalmist petitioned YHWH to pour out his anger on the nations who did not know or recognize him as God and on the kingdoms who did not call on his name or did not look to him as God. These would have been nations or kingdoms that had revealed themselves to be vicious enemies of the Israelites.
Like a wild beast, the foe had devoured Jacob or the people descended from Jacob. Their abode had been desolated.
The psalmist asked God not to hold against his people the record of sin their ancestors had made. Having been reduced to a very low state, the Israelites desperately needed to be shown compassion. The psalmist prayed that YHWH would let his compassion speedily come to them.
“Help us,” the psalmist continued, “God of our salvation.” YHWH alone could deliver his people from their dire distress. The psalmist petitioned God to act for the “glory” of his name. By coming to the aid of his people, he would maintain his matchless reputation as a savior and helper. Besides appealing to be delivered, the psalmist prayed that God, for the sake of his name, would forgive his people’s sins. If the Israelites did not have their sins pardoned and remained under divine wrath, the people of other nations would wrongly conclude that YHWH was powerless to help his own people, detracting from his glorious name.
Among other nations, the question would then be raised, “Where [is] their God?” Therefore, the psalmist asked YHWH to avenge the blood of his servants, bringing retribution upon the enemy.
The psalmist wanted God to hear the groaning of captives of war and to reveal his great power (his “mighty arm”) by preserving alive those who were doomed to die. Possibly the condition of those carried into exile is here portrayed as living death, and the plea that God would preserve them alive may be an appeal for release from exile.
The gloating neighboring nations who reproached God by taunting his people are the ones who should experience divine retribution. For God to repay them “sevenfold” would signify their experiencing a complete recompense. The “bosom” referred to the upper fold of a garment (wherein items could be carried), and so the full repayment for their hateful course would be given to them (as if placed in the upper fold of a garment).
At the time for divine retribution, God’s people, the flock of his pasture (like sheep under his guidance, care, and protection as their shepherd), would give thanks to him for all time to come. From generation to generation, they would recount his praise, acknowledging what he had done for them.
Note: Regarding the divine name (YHWH), see Psalm 1. | 837 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1910 2¢ Postal Savings Mail
Issued: December 22, 1910
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing method: Engraved
Official Mail stamps are genuine postage stamps, although they were never available at any post office. These unique stamps are called Officials because their use was strictly limited to government mail. Before 1873, government agencies had “franking” privileges. This meant that government mail could be sent free of postage as long as it bore an authorized signature on the envelope. As of July 1, 1873, “franking” privileges were discontinued and special official stamps were put into circulation for use on government mail.
Each department was issued its own set of stamps. Many of the designs were taken from the current series of regular postage stamps being printed at that time - the so-called “Bank Note Issues.” The department names were inscribed on the stamps instead of the usual “U.S. Postage” and each set was printed in its own distinct color. Only the Post Office Department had its own unique design - a numeral in an oval frame.
In 1884, the Officials were declared obsolete and were replaced with the “penalty” envelope. These envelopes were imprinted with an official emblem and carried a warning against unauthorized use by private individuals. | <urn:uuid:957589b3-16fd-4797-9ec6-0fe184409c96> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/O121/USA/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.988609 | 277 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.4391271770000458,
0.3567318916320801,
0.00845120009034872,
-0.19857226312160492,
0.003800561185926199,
-0.010717819444835186,
0.2705499529838562,
0.27881336212158203,
-0.3329523801803589,
0.08846662938594818,
-0.025978071615099907,
0.37168610095977783,
0.14516545832157135,
-0.1301670521... | 1 | 1910 2¢ Postal Savings Mail
Issued: December 22, 1910
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing method: Engraved
Official Mail stamps are genuine postage stamps, although they were never available at any post office. These unique stamps are called Officials because their use was strictly limited to government mail. Before 1873, government agencies had “franking” privileges. This meant that government mail could be sent free of postage as long as it bore an authorized signature on the envelope. As of July 1, 1873, “franking” privileges were discontinued and special official stamps were put into circulation for use on government mail.
Each department was issued its own set of stamps. Many of the designs were taken from the current series of regular postage stamps being printed at that time - the so-called “Bank Note Issues.” The department names were inscribed on the stamps instead of the usual “U.S. Postage” and each set was printed in its own distinct color. Only the Post Office Department had its own unique design - a numeral in an oval frame.
In 1884, the Officials were declared obsolete and were replaced with the “penalty” envelope. These envelopes were imprinted with an official emblem and carried a warning against unauthorized use by private individuals. | 280 | ENGLISH | 1 |
19th – 20th century
Materials: Iron and wood
The scythe has been around for centuries. Scythes are used as a tool for harvesting crops, such as wheat, or cutting away unwanted weeds, or tall grass. The scythe has a curved razor-sharp iron blade attached to the end of a wooden staff that has three handholds for easier control. This tool was widely used throughout Europe since before the Middle Ages, to the present, in countries like India, Nepal and the Americas. It is believed that the sickle was replaced by the scythe because of the scythe’s ability to quickly cut crops during the harvest season, which cuts the chances of losing valued crops due to the time it took to retrieve them with the sickle.
It was not uncommon for a woman to use this tool starting in the colonial period, however, back in the 1600s it was typically a “mans job” to cut the crop and bind the cut stalks together. The women would have followed close by collecting the banded work, therefore known as gatherers. Today you can find scythe competitions, with events testing who can cut an area of grass the fastest using a scythe. There are also events that test if a person with a scythe can be faster than modern-day machines, which often ends in favor of the scythe. These competitions are found primarily in southern states.
The scythe is often depicted as the tool of the Grim Reaper, also known as death, as seen in many artistic works depicting the plague. The plague has existed for centuries. Today, it can be treated with medicine, which did not exist back then. Two of the most well-known plagues were the Plague of Justinian of 542 C.E and the Black Death of 1348, both are credited with killing millions of people. There have been other outbreaks of illnesses throughout the world. For instance, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera struck North America hard in the 1800’s. People who were infected would sometimes flee to Texas, where the climate was hotter and more humid, in hopes of escaping the illness or to heal from it. Although the climate of Texas helped with some forms of sickness, it certainly was not without its epidemics. Migrants would spread the sickness that they were trying to escape to others of their new community. Therefore, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera were still very much a problem in Texas. However, tuberculosis was one of the most dangerous diseases in Texas during the 1800s and early 1900s, killing many.
The Grim Reaper, as we know him today in popular culture is often depicted standing close by his chosen victim until he chooses to take the person’s life, or he acts as a guide to lost souls and show them the way to heaven or hell. In video games, Death normally acts as one of the many adversaries a gamer needs to defeat to move onto the next level. Death is also associated with biker gangs and military unit mascots. In the past Death would even find its way to be immortalized as statues in cathedrals. Death has always held a special place in man’s mind because of fear and respect of mortality; the inevitable end. [Arland Schnacker, edited by Kathryn S. McCloud] | <urn:uuid:43b93930-cc91-4fdb-84ea-0f11e212146e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.texancultures.com/object-scythe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.985186 | 691 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.3163583278656006,
0.23364345729351044,
0.3770899176597595,
0.12415039539337158,
0.42206132411956787,
-0.3775947093963623,
0.13155296444892883,
0.28165891766548157,
-0.6505391597747803,
-0.13750873506069183,
0.007859820500016212,
-0.25479328632354736,
0.09748215228319168,
0.3255915939807... | 8 | 19th – 20th century
Materials: Iron and wood
The scythe has been around for centuries. Scythes are used as a tool for harvesting crops, such as wheat, or cutting away unwanted weeds, or tall grass. The scythe has a curved razor-sharp iron blade attached to the end of a wooden staff that has three handholds for easier control. This tool was widely used throughout Europe since before the Middle Ages, to the present, in countries like India, Nepal and the Americas. It is believed that the sickle was replaced by the scythe because of the scythe’s ability to quickly cut crops during the harvest season, which cuts the chances of losing valued crops due to the time it took to retrieve them with the sickle.
It was not uncommon for a woman to use this tool starting in the colonial period, however, back in the 1600s it was typically a “mans job” to cut the crop and bind the cut stalks together. The women would have followed close by collecting the banded work, therefore known as gatherers. Today you can find scythe competitions, with events testing who can cut an area of grass the fastest using a scythe. There are also events that test if a person with a scythe can be faster than modern-day machines, which often ends in favor of the scythe. These competitions are found primarily in southern states.
The scythe is often depicted as the tool of the Grim Reaper, also known as death, as seen in many artistic works depicting the plague. The plague has existed for centuries. Today, it can be treated with medicine, which did not exist back then. Two of the most well-known plagues were the Plague of Justinian of 542 C.E and the Black Death of 1348, both are credited with killing millions of people. There have been other outbreaks of illnesses throughout the world. For instance, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera struck North America hard in the 1800’s. People who were infected would sometimes flee to Texas, where the climate was hotter and more humid, in hopes of escaping the illness or to heal from it. Although the climate of Texas helped with some forms of sickness, it certainly was not without its epidemics. Migrants would spread the sickness that they were trying to escape to others of their new community. Therefore, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera were still very much a problem in Texas. However, tuberculosis was one of the most dangerous diseases in Texas during the 1800s and early 1900s, killing many.
The Grim Reaper, as we know him today in popular culture is often depicted standing close by his chosen victim until he chooses to take the person’s life, or he acts as a guide to lost souls and show them the way to heaven or hell. In video games, Death normally acts as one of the many adversaries a gamer needs to defeat to move onto the next level. Death is also associated with biker gangs and military unit mascots. In the past Death would even find its way to be immortalized as statues in cathedrals. Death has always held a special place in man’s mind because of fear and respect of mortality; the inevitable end. [Arland Schnacker, edited by Kathryn S. McCloud] | 687 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated that a fire-like element called phlogiston is contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek phlogistón (burning up), from ? phlóx (flame). It was first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and then put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. The theory attempted to explain processes such as combustion and rusting, which are now collectively known as oxidation.
Phlogiston theory states that phlogisticated substances are substances that contain phlogiston and dephlogisticate when burned. Dephlogisticating is the process of releasing stored phlogiston, which is absorbed by the air. Growing plants then absorb this phlogiston, which is why air does not spontaneously combust and also why plant matter burns as well as it does.
Thus phlogiston accounted for combustion via a process that was opposite to that of the oxygen theory.
In general, substances that burned in air were said to be rich in phlogiston; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a finite amount of phlogiston. When air had become completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a metal heated in it yield a calx; nor could phlogisticated air support life. Breathing was thought to take phlogiston out of the body.
Joseph Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772 and the pair used the theory to explain his results. The residue of air left after burning, in fact a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, was sometimes referred to as phlogisticated air, having taken up all of the phlogiston. Conversely, when Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, he believed it to be dephlogisticated air, capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air.
Empedocles had formulated the classical theory that there were four elements: water, earth, fire and air, and Aristotle reinforced this idea by characterising them as moist, dry, hot and cold. Fire was thus thought of as a substance and burning was seen as a process of decomposition which applied only to compounds. Experience had shown that burning was not always accompanied by a loss of material and a better theory was needed to account for this.
In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher published his book Physica subterranea, which contained the first instance of what would become the phlogiston theory. In his book, Becher eliminated fire, water, and air from the classical element model and replaced them with three forms of earth: terra lapidea, terra fluida, and terra pinguis.Terra pinguis was the element that imparted oily, sulphurous, or combustible properties. Becher believed that terra pinguis was a key feature of combustion and was released when combustible substances were burned. Becher did not have much to do with phlogiston theory as we know it now, but he had a large influence on his student Stahl. Becher's main contribution was the start of the theory itself, however much it was changed after him. Becher's idea was that combustible substances contain an ignitable matter, the terra pinguis.
In 1703 Georg Ernst Stahl, professor of medicine and chemistry at Halle, proposed a variant of the theory in which he renamed Becher's terra pinguis to phlogiston, and it was in this form that the theory probably had its greatest influence. The term phlogiston itself was not something that Stahl invented. There is evidence that the word was used as early as 1606, and in a way that was very similar to what Stahl was using it for. The term was derived from a Greek word meaning to inflame. The following paragraph describes Stahl's view of phlogiston:
To Stahl, metals were compounds containing phlogiston in combination with metallic oxides (calces); on ignition the phlogiston was freed from the metal leaving the oxide behind. When the oxide was heated with a substance rich in phlogiston, such as charcoal, the calx again took up phlogiston and regenerated the metal. Phlogiston was a definite substance, the same in all its combinations.
Stahl's first definition of phlogiston first appeared in his "Zymotechnia fundamentalis", published in 1697. His most quoted definition was found in the treatise on chemistry entitled "Fundamenta chymiae" in 1723. According to Stahl, phlogiston was a substance that was not able to be put into a bottle, but could be transferred nonetheless. To him, wood was just a combination of ash and phlogiston, and making a metal was as simple as getting a metal calx and adding phlogiston.Soot was almost pure phlogiston, which is why heating it with a metallic calx transforms the calx into the metal and Stahl attempted to prove that the phlogiston in soot and sulphur were identical by converting sulphates to liver of sulphur using charcoal. He did not account for the increase in weight on combustion of tin and lead that were known at the time.
Johann Heinrich Pott, a student of one of Stahl's students, expanded the theory and attempted to make it much more understandable to a general audience. He compared phlogiston to light or fire, saying that all three were substances whose natures were widely understood but not easily defined. He thought that phlogiston should not be considered as a particle but as an essence that permeates substances, arguing that in a pound of any substance one could not simply pick out the particles of phlogiston. Pott also observed the fact that when certain substances are burned they increase in mass instead of losing the mass of the phlogiston as it escapes; according to him, phlogiston was the basic fire principle and could not be obtained by itself. Flames were considered to be a mix of phlogiston and water, while a phlogiston-and-earthy mixture could not burn properly. Phlogiston permeating everything in the universe, it could be released as heat when combined with acid. Pott proposed the following properties:
Pott's formulations proposed little new theory; he merely supplied further details and rendered existing theory more approachable to the common man.
Johann Juncer also created a very complete picture of phlogiston. When reading Stahl's work, he assumed that phlogiston was in fact very material. He therefore came to the conclusion that phlogiston has the property of levity, or that it makes the compound that it is in much lighter than it would be without the phlogiston. He also showed that air was needed for combustion by putting substances in a sealed flask and trying to burn them.
Guillaume-Francois Rouelle brought the theory of phlogiston to France, and he was a very influential scientist and teacher so it gained quite a strong foothold very quickly. Many of his students became very influential scientists in their own right, Lavoisier included. The French viewed phlogiston as a very subtle principle that vanishes in all analysis, yet it is in all bodies. Essentially they followed straight from Stahl's theory.
Giovanni Antonio Giobert introduced Lavoisier's work in Italy. Giobert won a prize competition from the Academy of Letters and Sciences of Mantua in 1792 for his work refuting phlogiston theory. He presented a paper at the Académie royale des Sciénces of Turin on March 18, 1792 entitled "Examen chimique de la doctrine du phlogistique et de la doctrine des pneumatistes par rapport à la nature de l 'eau" (translates roughly to Chemical examination of the doctrine of phlogiston and the doctrine of pneumatists in relation to the nature of water), which is considered the most original defense of Lavoisier's theory of water composition to appear in Italy.
Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals gained mass when they burned, even though they were supposed to have lost phlogiston. Some[who?] phlogiston proponents explained this by concluding that phlogiston had negative weight; others, such as Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, gave the more conventional argument that it was lighter than air. However, a more detailed analysis based on Archimedes' principle, the densities of magnesium and its combustion product showed that just being lighter than air could not account for the increase in mass. Stahl himself did not address the problem of the metals that burn gaining weight, but those who followed his ideas and did not question his ideas were the ones that worked on this problem.
During the eighteenth century, as it became clear that metals gained mass when they were oxidized, phlogiston was increasingly regarded as a principle rather than a material substance. By the end of the eighteenth century, for the few chemists who still used the term phlogiston, the concept was linked to hydrogen. Joseph Priestley, for example, in referring to the reaction of steam on iron, while fully acknowledging that the iron gains mass as it binds with oxygen to form a calx, iron oxide, iron also loses "the basis of inflammable air (hydrogen), and this is the substance or principle, to which we give the name phlogiston." Following Lavoisier's description of oxygen as the oxidizing principle (hence its name, from Ancient Greek: oksús, "sharp;" génos, "birth," referring to oxygen's supposed role in the formation of acids), Priestley described phlogiston as the alkaline principle.
Phlogiston remained the dominant theory until the 1770s when Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier showed that combustion requires a gas that has mass (specifically, oxygen) and could be measured by means of weighing closed vessels. The use of closed vessels also negated the buoyancy that had disguised the mass of the gases of combustion. These observations solved the mass paradox and set the stage for the new oxygen theory of combustion.Elizabeth Fulhame demonstrated through experiment that many oxidation reactions occur only in the presence of water, that they directly involve water, and that water is regenerated and is detectable at the end of the reaction. Based on her experiments, she disagreed with some of the conclusions of Lavoisier as well as with the phlogiston theorists that he critiqued. Her book on the subject appeared in print soon after Lavoisier's execution for Farm-General membership during the French Revolution.
Experienced chemists who supported Stahl's phlogiston theory attempted to respond to the challenges suggested by Lavoisier and the newer chemists. In doing so, phlogiston theory became more complicated and assumed too much, contributing to the overall demise of the theory. Many people tried to remodel their theories on phlogiston in order to have the theory work with what Lavoisier was doing in his experiments. Pierre Macquer reworded his theory many times, and even though he is said to have thought the theory of phlogiston was doomed, he stood by phlogiston and tried to make the theory work. | <urn:uuid:a429360c-f312-4055-9a52-c6339650efa7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Phlogiston_theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.981072 | 2,370 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
-0.5075422525405884,
0.7522209286689758,
0.2558212876319885,
0.24371106922626495,
0.393439918756485,
-0.5332422256469727,
0.57673180103302,
0.5875707864761353,
-0.6093858480453491,
-0.2354804277420044,
-0.10355420410633087,
-0.6406531929969788,
-0.09001336991786957,
0.5419591069221497,
0... | 1 | The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated that a fire-like element called phlogiston is contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek phlogistón (burning up), from ? phlóx (flame). It was first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and then put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. The theory attempted to explain processes such as combustion and rusting, which are now collectively known as oxidation.
Phlogiston theory states that phlogisticated substances are substances that contain phlogiston and dephlogisticate when burned. Dephlogisticating is the process of releasing stored phlogiston, which is absorbed by the air. Growing plants then absorb this phlogiston, which is why air does not spontaneously combust and also why plant matter burns as well as it does.
Thus phlogiston accounted for combustion via a process that was opposite to that of the oxygen theory.
In general, substances that burned in air were said to be rich in phlogiston; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a finite amount of phlogiston. When air had become completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a metal heated in it yield a calx; nor could phlogisticated air support life. Breathing was thought to take phlogiston out of the body.
Joseph Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772 and the pair used the theory to explain his results. The residue of air left after burning, in fact a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, was sometimes referred to as phlogisticated air, having taken up all of the phlogiston. Conversely, when Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, he believed it to be dephlogisticated air, capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air.
Empedocles had formulated the classical theory that there were four elements: water, earth, fire and air, and Aristotle reinforced this idea by characterising them as moist, dry, hot and cold. Fire was thus thought of as a substance and burning was seen as a process of decomposition which applied only to compounds. Experience had shown that burning was not always accompanied by a loss of material and a better theory was needed to account for this.
In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher published his book Physica subterranea, which contained the first instance of what would become the phlogiston theory. In his book, Becher eliminated fire, water, and air from the classical element model and replaced them with three forms of earth: terra lapidea, terra fluida, and terra pinguis.Terra pinguis was the element that imparted oily, sulphurous, or combustible properties. Becher believed that terra pinguis was a key feature of combustion and was released when combustible substances were burned. Becher did not have much to do with phlogiston theory as we know it now, but he had a large influence on his student Stahl. Becher's main contribution was the start of the theory itself, however much it was changed after him. Becher's idea was that combustible substances contain an ignitable matter, the terra pinguis.
In 1703 Georg Ernst Stahl, professor of medicine and chemistry at Halle, proposed a variant of the theory in which he renamed Becher's terra pinguis to phlogiston, and it was in this form that the theory probably had its greatest influence. The term phlogiston itself was not something that Stahl invented. There is evidence that the word was used as early as 1606, and in a way that was very similar to what Stahl was using it for. The term was derived from a Greek word meaning to inflame. The following paragraph describes Stahl's view of phlogiston:
To Stahl, metals were compounds containing phlogiston in combination with metallic oxides (calces); on ignition the phlogiston was freed from the metal leaving the oxide behind. When the oxide was heated with a substance rich in phlogiston, such as charcoal, the calx again took up phlogiston and regenerated the metal. Phlogiston was a definite substance, the same in all its combinations.
Stahl's first definition of phlogiston first appeared in his "Zymotechnia fundamentalis", published in 1697. His most quoted definition was found in the treatise on chemistry entitled "Fundamenta chymiae" in 1723. According to Stahl, phlogiston was a substance that was not able to be put into a bottle, but could be transferred nonetheless. To him, wood was just a combination of ash and phlogiston, and making a metal was as simple as getting a metal calx and adding phlogiston.Soot was almost pure phlogiston, which is why heating it with a metallic calx transforms the calx into the metal and Stahl attempted to prove that the phlogiston in soot and sulphur were identical by converting sulphates to liver of sulphur using charcoal. He did not account for the increase in weight on combustion of tin and lead that were known at the time.
Johann Heinrich Pott, a student of one of Stahl's students, expanded the theory and attempted to make it much more understandable to a general audience. He compared phlogiston to light or fire, saying that all three were substances whose natures were widely understood but not easily defined. He thought that phlogiston should not be considered as a particle but as an essence that permeates substances, arguing that in a pound of any substance one could not simply pick out the particles of phlogiston. Pott also observed the fact that when certain substances are burned they increase in mass instead of losing the mass of the phlogiston as it escapes; according to him, phlogiston was the basic fire principle and could not be obtained by itself. Flames were considered to be a mix of phlogiston and water, while a phlogiston-and-earthy mixture could not burn properly. Phlogiston permeating everything in the universe, it could be released as heat when combined with acid. Pott proposed the following properties:
Pott's formulations proposed little new theory; he merely supplied further details and rendered existing theory more approachable to the common man.
Johann Juncer also created a very complete picture of phlogiston. When reading Stahl's work, he assumed that phlogiston was in fact very material. He therefore came to the conclusion that phlogiston has the property of levity, or that it makes the compound that it is in much lighter than it would be without the phlogiston. He also showed that air was needed for combustion by putting substances in a sealed flask and trying to burn them.
Guillaume-Francois Rouelle brought the theory of phlogiston to France, and he was a very influential scientist and teacher so it gained quite a strong foothold very quickly. Many of his students became very influential scientists in their own right, Lavoisier included. The French viewed phlogiston as a very subtle principle that vanishes in all analysis, yet it is in all bodies. Essentially they followed straight from Stahl's theory.
Giovanni Antonio Giobert introduced Lavoisier's work in Italy. Giobert won a prize competition from the Academy of Letters and Sciences of Mantua in 1792 for his work refuting phlogiston theory. He presented a paper at the Académie royale des Sciénces of Turin on March 18, 1792 entitled "Examen chimique de la doctrine du phlogistique et de la doctrine des pneumatistes par rapport à la nature de l 'eau" (translates roughly to Chemical examination of the doctrine of phlogiston and the doctrine of pneumatists in relation to the nature of water), which is considered the most original defense of Lavoisier's theory of water composition to appear in Italy.
Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals gained mass when they burned, even though they were supposed to have lost phlogiston. Some[who?] phlogiston proponents explained this by concluding that phlogiston had negative weight; others, such as Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, gave the more conventional argument that it was lighter than air. However, a more detailed analysis based on Archimedes' principle, the densities of magnesium and its combustion product showed that just being lighter than air could not account for the increase in mass. Stahl himself did not address the problem of the metals that burn gaining weight, but those who followed his ideas and did not question his ideas were the ones that worked on this problem.
During the eighteenth century, as it became clear that metals gained mass when they were oxidized, phlogiston was increasingly regarded as a principle rather than a material substance. By the end of the eighteenth century, for the few chemists who still used the term phlogiston, the concept was linked to hydrogen. Joseph Priestley, for example, in referring to the reaction of steam on iron, while fully acknowledging that the iron gains mass as it binds with oxygen to form a calx, iron oxide, iron also loses "the basis of inflammable air (hydrogen), and this is the substance or principle, to which we give the name phlogiston." Following Lavoisier's description of oxygen as the oxidizing principle (hence its name, from Ancient Greek: oksús, "sharp;" génos, "birth," referring to oxygen's supposed role in the formation of acids), Priestley described phlogiston as the alkaline principle.
Phlogiston remained the dominant theory until the 1770s when Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier showed that combustion requires a gas that has mass (specifically, oxygen) and could be measured by means of weighing closed vessels. The use of closed vessels also negated the buoyancy that had disguised the mass of the gases of combustion. These observations solved the mass paradox and set the stage for the new oxygen theory of combustion.Elizabeth Fulhame demonstrated through experiment that many oxidation reactions occur only in the presence of water, that they directly involve water, and that water is regenerated and is detectable at the end of the reaction. Based on her experiments, she disagreed with some of the conclusions of Lavoisier as well as with the phlogiston theorists that he critiqued. Her book on the subject appeared in print soon after Lavoisier's execution for Farm-General membership during the French Revolution.
Experienced chemists who supported Stahl's phlogiston theory attempted to respond to the challenges suggested by Lavoisier and the newer chemists. In doing so, phlogiston theory became more complicated and assumed too much, contributing to the overall demise of the theory. Many people tried to remodel their theories on phlogiston in order to have the theory work with what Lavoisier was doing in his experiments. Pierre Macquer reworded his theory many times, and even though he is said to have thought the theory of phlogiston was doomed, he stood by phlogiston and tried to make the theory work. | 2,367 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Due in large part to popular Hollywood films like Gladiator and Ben-Hur, there are plenty of misconceptions about ancient Rome and the way Romans lived. The ancient Romans wore togas, but not very often. They had several leaders who were certainly ineffectual, brutal, and careless, but they weren't necessarily insane - nor did they sing a sad song while the city of Rome burned down. There were gladiatorial fights, but they weren't nearly as bloody as we've been led to believe.
Reality: Romans hired highly skilled freemen who were well-trained and paid to row their naval ships, particularly during times of conflict.
Why The Myth: Many older histories mention the ancient Romans' use of slave galleys, but they often cite evidence from periods of extended conflict. Both Augustus and Pompey hired slaves to row in their galleys out of necessity; however, both leaders also freed them before they did so.
Like many inaccuracies about ancient Rome, this myth has been propagated by Hollywood movies. In a famous scene from Ben-Hur, slaves are forced to row a naval ship at breakneck pace. In the film, the Romans even whip slaves who can't keep up with the exhausting pace. This made audiences believe this was a normal occurrence.
Reality: The ancient Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians painted their statues with a variety of colors in a practice known as polychromy, derived from the Greek word meaning "many colors." In 2003, a professor used ultraviolet infrared lamps to examine layers of paint coatings that were invisible to the eye.
Why The Myth: By the time many ancient sculptures were discovered during the Renaissance, their paint had faded after centuries of elemental exposure. People assumed the original statues were white, and began imitating this practice by leaving their contemporary statues unpainted. The white marble was further idolized by a prominent 18th-century art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann.
Reality: Ancient Romans did wear togas, but certainly not every day, and not throughout the entirety of the empire's long reign. Only Roman citizens were allowed to wear togas. The garments were seen as civic dress, typically ceremonial and never used for everyday wear. The Romans used togas to signify a person's place in society and the level of respect they were owed.
Why The Myth: Most Hollywood films and many paintings portray men from ancient Rome in civic settings, giving off the perception that the toga was common attire.
Reality: According to Anthony A. Barrett, author of Caligula: The Corruption of Power, Caligula was neither insane nor particularly evil; he was merely inexperienced and incapable of leading.
Why The Myth: Caligula has been portrayed as an incestuous, perverse, and incompetent ruler of ancient Rome. His incompetence fueled myths and inaccuracies about his reign, including his alleged threat to make his horse a senator, which was more of a jab at the Senate than a serious threat. Unfortunately, most of what we know about the emperor comes from rumors spread by his contemporaries. Through the centuries, he has been depicted as increasingly deranged. | <urn:uuid:1f4f0a86-7255-422c-8a8c-69a594cba73c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ranker.com/list/ancient-rome-myths-debunked/hannah-gilham?ref=browse_list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.986395 | 639 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
-0.2297857701778412,
0.6831181645393372,
0.45322185754776,
0.18417558073997498,
-0.19416283071041107,
-0.03235308453440666,
0.016598284244537354,
-0.07260056585073471,
-0.08968861401081085,
-0.36469173431396484,
0.05713042616844177,
-0.2500004768371582,
-0.2778854966163635,
0.4459202885627... | 1 | Due in large part to popular Hollywood films like Gladiator and Ben-Hur, there are plenty of misconceptions about ancient Rome and the way Romans lived. The ancient Romans wore togas, but not very often. They had several leaders who were certainly ineffectual, brutal, and careless, but they weren't necessarily insane - nor did they sing a sad song while the city of Rome burned down. There were gladiatorial fights, but they weren't nearly as bloody as we've been led to believe.
Reality: Romans hired highly skilled freemen who were well-trained and paid to row their naval ships, particularly during times of conflict.
Why The Myth: Many older histories mention the ancient Romans' use of slave galleys, but they often cite evidence from periods of extended conflict. Both Augustus and Pompey hired slaves to row in their galleys out of necessity; however, both leaders also freed them before they did so.
Like many inaccuracies about ancient Rome, this myth has been propagated by Hollywood movies. In a famous scene from Ben-Hur, slaves are forced to row a naval ship at breakneck pace. In the film, the Romans even whip slaves who can't keep up with the exhausting pace. This made audiences believe this was a normal occurrence.
Reality: The ancient Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians painted their statues with a variety of colors in a practice known as polychromy, derived from the Greek word meaning "many colors." In 2003, a professor used ultraviolet infrared lamps to examine layers of paint coatings that were invisible to the eye.
Why The Myth: By the time many ancient sculptures were discovered during the Renaissance, their paint had faded after centuries of elemental exposure. People assumed the original statues were white, and began imitating this practice by leaving their contemporary statues unpainted. The white marble was further idolized by a prominent 18th-century art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann.
Reality: Ancient Romans did wear togas, but certainly not every day, and not throughout the entirety of the empire's long reign. Only Roman citizens were allowed to wear togas. The garments were seen as civic dress, typically ceremonial and never used for everyday wear. The Romans used togas to signify a person's place in society and the level of respect they were owed.
Why The Myth: Most Hollywood films and many paintings portray men from ancient Rome in civic settings, giving off the perception that the toga was common attire.
Reality: According to Anthony A. Barrett, author of Caligula: The Corruption of Power, Caligula was neither insane nor particularly evil; he was merely inexperienced and incapable of leading.
Why The Myth: Caligula has been portrayed as an incestuous, perverse, and incompetent ruler of ancient Rome. His incompetence fueled myths and inaccuracies about his reign, including his alleged threat to make his horse a senator, which was more of a jab at the Senate than a serious threat. Unfortunately, most of what we know about the emperor comes from rumors spread by his contemporaries. Through the centuries, he has been depicted as increasingly deranged. | 634 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The factors that have caused the changing role of women in the economy since 1945 can be divided into two groups; economic factors and social factors. What is interesting is the causal link between these two groups. Was the change economically driven or socially driven, and are these factors prevalent in the workplace? If so how do they affect equality within the workplace? The Second World War was both a social and economic disaster. During the war, work for women had become compulsory and by June 1943, a total of 7. 75 million women were in paid employment.
Different structures of work had become more common; bi-modal work (allowing women to take a break to have children) and part-time work both increased greatly and were particularly accommodating for women. Not only were more women in work after the war, but they had shown during it that they were fully capable of working full or part-time jobs, jobs that had been typically occupied by men. Economically the war had created a huge labour shortage. As the economy began to rebuild, changes to the structure of the labour force were necessary to fill the jobs previously filled by those killed in the war.
Another social factor was the increase in militancy of women in employment. The Women’s Movement definitely had an effect on the role of women in the economy. Johnson1 argues that ‘winning the vote gave women’s activism greater vigour than is generally recognized’. After the Conservative government of the 1960s gave way to female white collar workers on the issue of equal pay, female pressure increased. Throughout the 1960’s many groups2 argued for equal opportunities, equal pay, equal taxation and improved treatment of single mothers.
They encouraged militant action and trade union membership. In the 1970s more radical movements were initiated. They helped to raise a wide range of issues and a widespread awareness of gender inequalities. There were positive results in the public sector which can be attributed to the Women’s Movement. In contrast, the private sector, where women were less vocal and less organized, saw fewer changes in the inequality gap (women’s wages remained at 50% of men’s). Two other social factors were demographic changes and the increase in the availability of birth control.
The UK had experienced a fall in the birth rate which was leading to smaller family sizes further exacerbating the labour shortage problem. The increase in birth control meant that women could choose to have fewer children. This provided them with more spare time and gave them a greater opportunity to start working if they chose to do so. The war was an unpredictable cataclysmic event that helped change the remainder of the 20th Century with regards to women’s roles. However, even without the war it is highly likely that women’s roles would be different today than they were in 1945.
The reason for this is the economic advancement that has occurred in the late 20th Century. The major social factor, female activism, is closely connected with economics. The opportunity for women to take a more assertive stance was made possible through the increase in female employment in the first place. One example of this occurred in 1968 where female sewing-machinists at Ford’s Dagenham plant went on strike for a re-grading of their jobs, and for equal pay. In the following months women workers elsewhere initiated equal pay strikes while trade unionists tried to encourage more women to demand equal pay. Because women were increasingly entering the workforce they now had opportunity to organise themselves and join or form trade unions.
Only when people are placed in large groups are they given the opportunity to form pressure groups. The single most significant economic factor was the shortage of labour following the war, this forced the government into a change of attitude. When two million women left work at the end of the war it was the government who led a campaign to get them to return. This was a major u-turn for a government which had for so long emphasized the domestic role of women.
Under pressure from women protestors the government introduced the Equal Pay Act in 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act in 1975. This new legislation helped change the role of women in society as it made working a more attractive option (previously the cost of childcare was too expensive and was not covered by the poor wages on offer to women). This resulted in a huge increase in the amount of part-time work. Bruley says ‘the increase in married women’s employment was almost entirely accounted for by the growth of part-time work’. The Equal Pay Act did not produce equal pay but it did mean that women received better pay which resulted in many returning or starting some form of work.
The shortage of labour also posed a major problem for employers who were not as quick to change their attitudes as the government but in the end were resigned to accepting the ‘new way’ of things. In fact ‘some employers were very happy with part-time female workers as they tended to be more productive than full-timers, more reliable in terms of attendance and cost less in terms of bonuses and benefits such as holiday pay’.
The economic benefits of employing women soon became evident to employers. A period of prosperity in the 1950s/60s further emphasized the need of extra labour in the economy. Demand for domestic goods and consumer durables increased dramatically during this period and magazines and advertising continued to generate this demand. As more women started working, demand for goods increased creating a ‘demand culture’, leading to more women wanting to work. So economic desires on behalf of women have resulted in social and cultural change and further changed the roles of women within society.
This new demand culture has seen the development of the metropolitan woman, a more powerful, independent and more ambitious woman. In terms of legislation then, women in the workplace are fully equal with men. In practice they are not. On average today women working full time earn i??559 less per month than men do. 6 Despite the rules in place employers still have ways of discriminating against women. By giving men promotions, bonuses and giving them different job descriptions employers can still favour men in the workplace.
From the 1950s to the mid-1960s women’s pay in relation to men’s fell to 59% of full time men’s hourly wage. This improved in the 1970s with the average rising to 74%. Married women (mostly in part-time work) suffered twice the disadvantage over pay as single women in relation to men. The Equal Pay Act showed some progress towards equality but until 1983, it was still fair to offer pay differentials in relation to differences in productivity. Hours worked, training, work experience and education were all valid factors. 7 We must ask why and how does this inequality still exist?
There are a number of theories that attempt to explain inequality in the workplace. One is the Rational Choice Theory, which argues that husbands seek wives as child-bearers/rearers, or as housekeepers, whilst women seek husbands as breadwinners. Therefore men are favoured by employers because they are seen as the main source of income to a household. This theory may have been applicable ten or twenty years ago but women’s positions within the household have changed distinctively and this theory does not explain the inequality that exists in the workplace.
The allowance of maternity/paternity leave now means that work does not have to be sacrificed in order to bring up children. Modern technology, full time cleaners and babysitters, and nurseries have also helped to reduce the time that the parents need to spend at home during their children’s early years. The amount of people that work at home is also increasing dramatically, one reason for which may be their desire to be at home with their children whilst working. The male exclusion theory gives a more likely explanation.
Exponents of the theory, such as Davis and Rosser (1986), argue that women face a ‘glass ceiling’ preventing them from advancing in management and other jobs. They typically argue that women are excluded from ‘old boys networks’ and other social groups (which are predominantly male), which decreases their chances of advancement in jobs. This is a somewhat old fashioned idea as it talks of ‘old-boys networks’ but the general thrust of the argument is still applicable. Women do not occupy the very top jobs and in particular jobs on the boards of companies.
If they could reach these jobs more frequently they would have a much greater say in the running of the company and other women would undoubtedly benefit from their position of authority. The male exclusion theorists would argue that women are prevented from obtaining these jobs by a patriarchal system, but another possibility is that they lack the drive and ambition to do so. Steven Goldberg certainly thinks that women do not naturally have the aspirations to reach the top.
He says that ‘men are not better able just more motivated to seek top positions’. It is a biological fact that typically men are more competitive than women and this is the underlying cause as to why women cannot and will not achieve equality in the workplace. An example of this can be seen in America where many of the most successful women actually have to take courses in ‘being feminine’ because in being successful they have adopted male characteristics. In summary, the majority of factors that have led to the changing role of women, since 1945, have been based upon an economic necessity.
There have been social factors that have assisted the change, in particular collective bargaining, but even these are closely connected with economics. We go on to conclude that it is the economic environment that prevents women from gaining equality in the workplace. This is because they are not as naturally suited to the fiercely competitive nature of a male dominated workplace. They are possibly restricted in some ways by the men that occupy the top jobs but they are also restricted by their own lack of ambition. | <urn:uuid:736e7802-13ee-4c41-ab78-4ec0b5e90be3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thenewstandardgallery.com/factors-brought-changing-role-women-economy-since-1945-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.984202 | 2,014 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.17214784026145935,
0.04489471763372421,
0.02726035937666893,
0.10259883105754852,
0.2907843589782715,
0.5886141061782837,
-0.05890924856066704,
0.18695898354053497,
-0.1260576844215393,
-0.20126400887966156,
0.3963674008846283,
0.11015786230564117,
0.19236408174037933,
0.118488244712352... | 2 | The factors that have caused the changing role of women in the economy since 1945 can be divided into two groups; economic factors and social factors. What is interesting is the causal link between these two groups. Was the change economically driven or socially driven, and are these factors prevalent in the workplace? If so how do they affect equality within the workplace? The Second World War was both a social and economic disaster. During the war, work for women had become compulsory and by June 1943, a total of 7. 75 million women were in paid employment.
Different structures of work had become more common; bi-modal work (allowing women to take a break to have children) and part-time work both increased greatly and were particularly accommodating for women. Not only were more women in work after the war, but they had shown during it that they were fully capable of working full or part-time jobs, jobs that had been typically occupied by men. Economically the war had created a huge labour shortage. As the economy began to rebuild, changes to the structure of the labour force were necessary to fill the jobs previously filled by those killed in the war.
Another social factor was the increase in militancy of women in employment. The Women’s Movement definitely had an effect on the role of women in the economy. Johnson1 argues that ‘winning the vote gave women’s activism greater vigour than is generally recognized’. After the Conservative government of the 1960s gave way to female white collar workers on the issue of equal pay, female pressure increased. Throughout the 1960’s many groups2 argued for equal opportunities, equal pay, equal taxation and improved treatment of single mothers.
They encouraged militant action and trade union membership. In the 1970s more radical movements were initiated. They helped to raise a wide range of issues and a widespread awareness of gender inequalities. There were positive results in the public sector which can be attributed to the Women’s Movement. In contrast, the private sector, where women were less vocal and less organized, saw fewer changes in the inequality gap (women’s wages remained at 50% of men’s). Two other social factors were demographic changes and the increase in the availability of birth control.
The UK had experienced a fall in the birth rate which was leading to smaller family sizes further exacerbating the labour shortage problem. The increase in birth control meant that women could choose to have fewer children. This provided them with more spare time and gave them a greater opportunity to start working if they chose to do so. The war was an unpredictable cataclysmic event that helped change the remainder of the 20th Century with regards to women’s roles. However, even without the war it is highly likely that women’s roles would be different today than they were in 1945.
The reason for this is the economic advancement that has occurred in the late 20th Century. The major social factor, female activism, is closely connected with economics. The opportunity for women to take a more assertive stance was made possible through the increase in female employment in the first place. One example of this occurred in 1968 where female sewing-machinists at Ford’s Dagenham plant went on strike for a re-grading of their jobs, and for equal pay. In the following months women workers elsewhere initiated equal pay strikes while trade unionists tried to encourage more women to demand equal pay. Because women were increasingly entering the workforce they now had opportunity to organise themselves and join or form trade unions.
Only when people are placed in large groups are they given the opportunity to form pressure groups. The single most significant economic factor was the shortage of labour following the war, this forced the government into a change of attitude. When two million women left work at the end of the war it was the government who led a campaign to get them to return. This was a major u-turn for a government which had for so long emphasized the domestic role of women.
Under pressure from women protestors the government introduced the Equal Pay Act in 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act in 1975. This new legislation helped change the role of women in society as it made working a more attractive option (previously the cost of childcare was too expensive and was not covered by the poor wages on offer to women). This resulted in a huge increase in the amount of part-time work. Bruley says ‘the increase in married women’s employment was almost entirely accounted for by the growth of part-time work’. The Equal Pay Act did not produce equal pay but it did mean that women received better pay which resulted in many returning or starting some form of work.
The shortage of labour also posed a major problem for employers who were not as quick to change their attitudes as the government but in the end were resigned to accepting the ‘new way’ of things. In fact ‘some employers were very happy with part-time female workers as they tended to be more productive than full-timers, more reliable in terms of attendance and cost less in terms of bonuses and benefits such as holiday pay’.
The economic benefits of employing women soon became evident to employers. A period of prosperity in the 1950s/60s further emphasized the need of extra labour in the economy. Demand for domestic goods and consumer durables increased dramatically during this period and magazines and advertising continued to generate this demand. As more women started working, demand for goods increased creating a ‘demand culture’, leading to more women wanting to work. So economic desires on behalf of women have resulted in social and cultural change and further changed the roles of women within society.
This new demand culture has seen the development of the metropolitan woman, a more powerful, independent and more ambitious woman. In terms of legislation then, women in the workplace are fully equal with men. In practice they are not. On average today women working full time earn i??559 less per month than men do. 6 Despite the rules in place employers still have ways of discriminating against women. By giving men promotions, bonuses and giving them different job descriptions employers can still favour men in the workplace.
From the 1950s to the mid-1960s women’s pay in relation to men’s fell to 59% of full time men’s hourly wage. This improved in the 1970s with the average rising to 74%. Married women (mostly in part-time work) suffered twice the disadvantage over pay as single women in relation to men. The Equal Pay Act showed some progress towards equality but until 1983, it was still fair to offer pay differentials in relation to differences in productivity. Hours worked, training, work experience and education were all valid factors. 7 We must ask why and how does this inequality still exist?
There are a number of theories that attempt to explain inequality in the workplace. One is the Rational Choice Theory, which argues that husbands seek wives as child-bearers/rearers, or as housekeepers, whilst women seek husbands as breadwinners. Therefore men are favoured by employers because they are seen as the main source of income to a household. This theory may have been applicable ten or twenty years ago but women’s positions within the household have changed distinctively and this theory does not explain the inequality that exists in the workplace.
The allowance of maternity/paternity leave now means that work does not have to be sacrificed in order to bring up children. Modern technology, full time cleaners and babysitters, and nurseries have also helped to reduce the time that the parents need to spend at home during their children’s early years. The amount of people that work at home is also increasing dramatically, one reason for which may be their desire to be at home with their children whilst working. The male exclusion theory gives a more likely explanation.
Exponents of the theory, such as Davis and Rosser (1986), argue that women face a ‘glass ceiling’ preventing them from advancing in management and other jobs. They typically argue that women are excluded from ‘old boys networks’ and other social groups (which are predominantly male), which decreases their chances of advancement in jobs. This is a somewhat old fashioned idea as it talks of ‘old-boys networks’ but the general thrust of the argument is still applicable. Women do not occupy the very top jobs and in particular jobs on the boards of companies.
If they could reach these jobs more frequently they would have a much greater say in the running of the company and other women would undoubtedly benefit from their position of authority. The male exclusion theorists would argue that women are prevented from obtaining these jobs by a patriarchal system, but another possibility is that they lack the drive and ambition to do so. Steven Goldberg certainly thinks that women do not naturally have the aspirations to reach the top.
He says that ‘men are not better able just more motivated to seek top positions’. It is a biological fact that typically men are more competitive than women and this is the underlying cause as to why women cannot and will not achieve equality in the workplace. An example of this can be seen in America where many of the most successful women actually have to take courses in ‘being feminine’ because in being successful they have adopted male characteristics. In summary, the majority of factors that have led to the changing role of women, since 1945, have been based upon an economic necessity.
There have been social factors that have assisted the change, in particular collective bargaining, but even these are closely connected with economics. We go on to conclude that it is the economic environment that prevents women from gaining equality in the workplace. This is because they are not as naturally suited to the fiercely competitive nature of a male dominated workplace. They are possibly restricted in some ways by the men that occupy the top jobs but they are also restricted by their own lack of ambition. | 2,017 | ENGLISH | 1 |
To celebrate the Centenary Year of this momentous occasion in our UK history. This unique tartan was officially registered on 6th February 2018. One hundred years to the very day, when ‘The 1918 Representation of the People Act’ was passed by Parliament. Which became law after receiving Royal Assent on 6 February 1918. Prior to this act being passed, all women and working-class men who didn’t own property were denied the right to vote in a general election.
Being the final year of World War One meant that of the millions of British men who fought in WWI, an actual third of them still had no right to vote. And the Women, who had proved they could do the same jobs as men in factories, offices and on the land during WWI, also had no representation.
The word ‘Suffrage’ means ‘the right to vote in political elections’. The name ‘Suffragette’ was introduced by the media with the intention that the ‘ette’ suffix would “belittle and show that the women who were campaigning for a vote, were less than the proper kind of suffrage worker”.
However, the Suffragette name was embraced by the campaigners, who were mainly women. But not all Suffragette’s were women, there were also men campaigning alongside them. As a result of the Suffragette movement, women over the age of 30 who owned property, or married to someone who owned property were now allowed to vote for the first time. Despite these restrictions, it was still a huge victory, giving 8.4 million women in Great Britain the vote! And also the voting franchise was extended to an extra 5.6 million men. How great was that!
This ‘Suffragette Tartan’ is the only Authentic and Officially Registered Tartan in the world to honour the Suffragettes.
Showing all 2 results | <urn:uuid:72c5d675-5c6a-4b15-83c4-0e6c12a8b8e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://theministryoftartan.co.uk/product-category/suffragette_tartan_range/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.987163 | 405 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.12322376668453217,
0.29351598024368286,
0.01275261864066124,
-0.17503610253334045,
-0.2749684751033783,
0.36998605728149414,
0.11050295829772949,
0.03853614255785942,
-0.11397988349199295,
0.12396849691867828,
-0.10295400023460388,
-0.3560563921928406,
0.08636990934610367,
0.12271562218... | 10 | To celebrate the Centenary Year of this momentous occasion in our UK history. This unique tartan was officially registered on 6th February 2018. One hundred years to the very day, when ‘The 1918 Representation of the People Act’ was passed by Parliament. Which became law after receiving Royal Assent on 6 February 1918. Prior to this act being passed, all women and working-class men who didn’t own property were denied the right to vote in a general election.
Being the final year of World War One meant that of the millions of British men who fought in WWI, an actual third of them still had no right to vote. And the Women, who had proved they could do the same jobs as men in factories, offices and on the land during WWI, also had no representation.
The word ‘Suffrage’ means ‘the right to vote in political elections’. The name ‘Suffragette’ was introduced by the media with the intention that the ‘ette’ suffix would “belittle and show that the women who were campaigning for a vote, were less than the proper kind of suffrage worker”.
However, the Suffragette name was embraced by the campaigners, who were mainly women. But not all Suffragette’s were women, there were also men campaigning alongside them. As a result of the Suffragette movement, women over the age of 30 who owned property, or married to someone who owned property were now allowed to vote for the first time. Despite these restrictions, it was still a huge victory, giving 8.4 million women in Great Britain the vote! And also the voting franchise was extended to an extra 5.6 million men. How great was that!
This ‘Suffragette Tartan’ is the only Authentic and Officially Registered Tartan in the world to honour the Suffragettes.
Showing all 2 results | 396 | ENGLISH | 1 |
James II. of England and VII. of Scotland—The Fiery Cross
W HEN Charles II. died, he left no sons who might succeed him, so his brother James, Duke of York, came to the throne. James was a Roman Catholic. During the reign of Charles II., an Act had been passed forbidding Roman Catholics to hold any public office. Yet in spite of this law, James was made King.
James promised that he would not hurt the Protestant churches. He allowed a bishop of the Church of England to crown him, but part of the coronation service was missed—that part at which the King used to receive a Bible and be told to read and believe it.
The new King's cruel character soon began to show itself. By his orders and in the name of religion, Claverhouse continued to murder and torture the Scots in most terrible ways because they refused again to accept the teaching of the English Church. More wicked still, in England, a man called Chief-Justice Jeffreys, by his cruelties made for himself a name which has never been forgotten. He was a monster; an ogre more fierce and terrible than in any fairy tale.
But James was not allowed to take possession of the kingdom without a struggle. In Holland, numbers of Protestants who had been driven out of Britain in the reign of Charles II. were gathered together. They felt that now was the time to return and fight, for they knew that many of their fellow countrymen must hate a Catholic King.
One of these exiled Protestants, a brave Scotchman called the Earl of Argyle, agreed to raise an army in Scotland, and an English noble, called the Duke of Monmouth, agreed to raise one in England. Monmouth thought that he had a better right to the throne than James, and with the help of Argyle he hoped to be able to drive James from the throne and become King himself. The English people knew and loved Monmouth, and indeed during the life of Charles, there had been a plot to set him upon the throne.
When everything was arranged, the Earl of Argyle sailed from Holland with his little band of followers, and landed in Scotland. He was one of the most powerful of the Scottish nobles. Although, when he had fled from the country in the reign of Charles, the King had taken his land and money from him, he knew that he could trust to his clan to rise and follow him as soon as he returned.
In those days there were no telegraphs and no postmen. There were even few roads among the wild Highlands of Scotland and few people could read. So when a chief had need of his men he gathered them by means of a sign which all could understand. This sign was the Fiery Cross.
A rough cross was made from the wood of a yew-tree. The ends of this cross were set alight and afterwards the flames were put out by being dipped in the blood of a goat. The chief with his own hands then solemnly gave the cross to a swift runner. This man took it and ran as swiftly as he could to the next village. When the men of this village saw the Fiery Cross, they said, "Our chief has need of us," and they at once prepared for battle, while the Fiery Cross was put into the hands of another swift runner, who carried it over hill and glen to the next village.
On and on it went through all the countryside, the men in each village and farmhouse understanding what was needed of them and, without a word, gathering to their chief.
So it was that the Clan Campbell gathered round their chieftain Mac Callum More, as they loved to call Argyle.
But although the Earl's men were loyal to him, those who had come from Holland with him to serve as his captains would not agree and would not obey. Their foolish jealousy of their leader was so great that his army became disheartened and was scattered almost before there had been any real fighting.
The Earl was once more forced to flee. Dressed as a peasant and followed by only one faithful friend he tried to escape. But as they were crossing a little river they were seized by some of the King's soldiers. The Earl to save himself sprang into the water, but the soldiers followed him. He was armed only with pistols, and in his spring into the water the powder had been wet and they would not fire. He was struck to the ground and taken prisoner.
When Argyle saw that it was useless to struggle any more he called out, "I am the Earl of Argyle." He knew what a great name his was, and he hoped that even the King's soldiers would tremble before it and let him go.
But his name could not save him, and he was led a prisoner to Edinburgh. There the judges tried in vain to make him tell who were with him in the rebellion. He would not tell and he was condemned to death. Bravely and calmly he met his fate. One of the last things he did was to write to his wife.
"Dear Heart,—Forgive me all my faults; and now comfort
thyself in Him in whom only true comfort is to be found. The
Lord be with thee, bless and comfort thee, my
On his grave were carved some lines which he himself wrote the day before he died.
Although Argyle had refused to give the names of the other leaders of the rebellion, many were seized and beheaded. To one of them James said, "You had better be frank with me. You know it is in my power to pardon you."
"It may be in your power, sire," replied the man, "but it is not in your nature." The man was right; James never forgave. | <urn:uuid:9b0f6e96-3bb8-4bba-825a-37e3e5f7ddc4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/samples/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=cross | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.995187 | 1,201 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.2951742112636566,
0.044895850121974945,
0.23532749712467194,
-0.1559482216835022,
0.03767304867506027,
-0.2409583330154419,
0.2577084004878998,
-0.0796450823545456,
0.08668864518404007,
-0.10491102933883667,
-0.24354253709316254,
-0.2390112280845642,
0.5644491910934448,
0.02116335742175... | 1 | James II. of England and VII. of Scotland—The Fiery Cross
W HEN Charles II. died, he left no sons who might succeed him, so his brother James, Duke of York, came to the throne. James was a Roman Catholic. During the reign of Charles II., an Act had been passed forbidding Roman Catholics to hold any public office. Yet in spite of this law, James was made King.
James promised that he would not hurt the Protestant churches. He allowed a bishop of the Church of England to crown him, but part of the coronation service was missed—that part at which the King used to receive a Bible and be told to read and believe it.
The new King's cruel character soon began to show itself. By his orders and in the name of religion, Claverhouse continued to murder and torture the Scots in most terrible ways because they refused again to accept the teaching of the English Church. More wicked still, in England, a man called Chief-Justice Jeffreys, by his cruelties made for himself a name which has never been forgotten. He was a monster; an ogre more fierce and terrible than in any fairy tale.
But James was not allowed to take possession of the kingdom without a struggle. In Holland, numbers of Protestants who had been driven out of Britain in the reign of Charles II. were gathered together. They felt that now was the time to return and fight, for they knew that many of their fellow countrymen must hate a Catholic King.
One of these exiled Protestants, a brave Scotchman called the Earl of Argyle, agreed to raise an army in Scotland, and an English noble, called the Duke of Monmouth, agreed to raise one in England. Monmouth thought that he had a better right to the throne than James, and with the help of Argyle he hoped to be able to drive James from the throne and become King himself. The English people knew and loved Monmouth, and indeed during the life of Charles, there had been a plot to set him upon the throne.
When everything was arranged, the Earl of Argyle sailed from Holland with his little band of followers, and landed in Scotland. He was one of the most powerful of the Scottish nobles. Although, when he had fled from the country in the reign of Charles, the King had taken his land and money from him, he knew that he could trust to his clan to rise and follow him as soon as he returned.
In those days there were no telegraphs and no postmen. There were even few roads among the wild Highlands of Scotland and few people could read. So when a chief had need of his men he gathered them by means of a sign which all could understand. This sign was the Fiery Cross.
A rough cross was made from the wood of a yew-tree. The ends of this cross were set alight and afterwards the flames were put out by being dipped in the blood of a goat. The chief with his own hands then solemnly gave the cross to a swift runner. This man took it and ran as swiftly as he could to the next village. When the men of this village saw the Fiery Cross, they said, "Our chief has need of us," and they at once prepared for battle, while the Fiery Cross was put into the hands of another swift runner, who carried it over hill and glen to the next village.
On and on it went through all the countryside, the men in each village and farmhouse understanding what was needed of them and, without a word, gathering to their chief.
So it was that the Clan Campbell gathered round their chieftain Mac Callum More, as they loved to call Argyle.
But although the Earl's men were loyal to him, those who had come from Holland with him to serve as his captains would not agree and would not obey. Their foolish jealousy of their leader was so great that his army became disheartened and was scattered almost before there had been any real fighting.
The Earl was once more forced to flee. Dressed as a peasant and followed by only one faithful friend he tried to escape. But as they were crossing a little river they were seized by some of the King's soldiers. The Earl to save himself sprang into the water, but the soldiers followed him. He was armed only with pistols, and in his spring into the water the powder had been wet and they would not fire. He was struck to the ground and taken prisoner.
When Argyle saw that it was useless to struggle any more he called out, "I am the Earl of Argyle." He knew what a great name his was, and he hoped that even the King's soldiers would tremble before it and let him go.
But his name could not save him, and he was led a prisoner to Edinburgh. There the judges tried in vain to make him tell who were with him in the rebellion. He would not tell and he was condemned to death. Bravely and calmly he met his fate. One of the last things he did was to write to his wife.
"Dear Heart,—Forgive me all my faults; and now comfort
thyself in Him in whom only true comfort is to be found. The
Lord be with thee, bless and comfort thee, my
On his grave were carved some lines which he himself wrote the day before he died.
Although Argyle had refused to give the names of the other leaders of the rebellion, many were seized and beheaded. To one of them James said, "You had better be frank with me. You know it is in my power to pardon you."
"It may be in your power, sire," replied the man, "but it is not in your nature." The man was right; James never forgave. | 1,181 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When people think about the time when black people first began to integrate America's public schools, often they think back to the 1960s.
But history shows the first court-ordered school integration case took place a hundred years earlier, in the 1860s.
In April of 1868, three years after the end of the Civil War, Susan Clark - a 12-year-old girl from Muscatine, Iowa - became the first black child to attend an integrated school because of a court order.
The Supreme Court of Iowa issued that court order when it made its historic ruling in a school desegregation case brought by Susan's father, Alexander Clark. This was 86 years before the U.S. Supreme Court issued the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, which ordered the desegregation of the nation's public schools.
In the Iowa case, a judge named Chester Cole ruled that the Muscatine School Board's racial segregation policy was illegal. The Iowa Supreme Court was the first court in the nation to say that segregation was unlawful.
Up from slavery
Susan Clark's parents were Alexander Clark and Catherine Griffin Clark. Alexander's father, John - this would be Susan's grandfather - was born to a slave owner and an enslaved woman. Both John and his mother were freed after John's birth. Alexander's mother, Rebecca Darnes, was the daughter of emancipated slaves, George and Leticie Darnes. Alexander was born free in Pennsylvania in 1826. Catherine Griffin was born a slave in Virginia in 1829, and was freed at the age of three and taken to Ohio.
Alexander and Catherine married in 1848, and set up their home in Muscatine, a small, prosperous town on the Mississippi River. Alexander was a barber and a successful businessman. He was an outstanding speaker and was so active in the Underground Railroad - a secret network that helped slaves escape to freedom - and other civil rights causes that he has been recognized as "one of the greatest civil rights leaders of the 19th century."
School board wanted segregation
The Muscatine School Board didn't try to hide the reason it rejected Susan's application to attend Grammar School No. 2, which was the school closest to where she lived. The school said its decision to keep black and white students segregated was in line with "public sentiment that is opposed to the intermingling of white and colored children in the same schools." The school board argued that its schools were "separate but equal." This argument worked in a lot of other courts at the time, including the highest courts in Massachusetts, New York and California. But the argument didn't work in the Supreme Court of Iowa.
Justice Cole pointed out that the very first words in the Iowa Constitution say "equal rights to all."
First black graduate
Susan Clark didn't experience threats and taunts like black children did when they integrated schools in the 1960s. There were only 35 black children in Muscatine at the time.
Susan Clark went on to become the first black graduate of a public school in Iowa - Muscatine High School - in 1871 and served as commencement speaker.
The Muscatine Journal praised Susan's commencement address, "Nothing But Leaves," for its "originality," observing it was "unpretending in style" and had "many excellent thoughts."
Susan married the Rev. Richard Holley, an African Methodist Episcopalian minister, and their ministry took them to Cedar Rapids and Davenport, Iowa, and Champaign, Illinois. Susan lived a long life, passing in 1925 at age 70, and was buried in Muscatine's Greenwood Cemetery.
Iowa led the nation
You might wonder why and how the Iowa Supreme Court ruled against segregation at a time when other courts were not doing so.
Each of the four justices on the Iowa Supreme Court was a Republican - the party of Abraham Lincoln - and each had been a strong supporter of the Union cause. Chester Cole was an early advocate for giving black men the right to vote because of their service in the Union Army during the Civil War.
It is important to note that the Iowa Supreme Court never overturned the Clark v. Board of School Directors decision, even after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1896 that segregation was legal under the U.S. Constitution.
Fifty-eight years after ruling that segregation was legal, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the 1954 Brown v. Board decision that desegregated the nation's public schools. The Brown decision showed how far ahead the Iowa Supreme Court was when it said segregation was illegal nearly a century earlier.
You can learn more about the stories of Susan Clark, Alexander Clark and Justice Chester Cole in this 2019 Drake Law review article, titled Clark v. Board of School Directors: Reflections After 150 Years, and from the electronic study guide on the Clark decision and its historical context.
Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you'd like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live. We won't be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.
Author: Russell Ellsworth Lovell II - Professor Emeritus, Drake University Law School, Drake University | <urn:uuid:9fba1d23-8bd1-48f5-968b-4c64bd76a090> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.philadelphianews.net/news/262370472/curious-kids-who-was-the-first-black-child-to-go-to-an-integrated-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.980794 | 1,093 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
-0.5485315322875977,
0.1316899061203003,
0.1577325165271759,
-0.24192315340042114,
-0.8569609522819519,
-0.2551383972167969,
0.02898101508617401,
-0.38735443353652954,
0.17147061228752136,
0.14689943194389343,
0.4392696022987366,
0.12457460165023804,
-0.10096710175275803,
0.165790915489196... | 2 | When people think about the time when black people first began to integrate America's public schools, often they think back to the 1960s.
But history shows the first court-ordered school integration case took place a hundred years earlier, in the 1860s.
In April of 1868, three years after the end of the Civil War, Susan Clark - a 12-year-old girl from Muscatine, Iowa - became the first black child to attend an integrated school because of a court order.
The Supreme Court of Iowa issued that court order when it made its historic ruling in a school desegregation case brought by Susan's father, Alexander Clark. This was 86 years before the U.S. Supreme Court issued the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, which ordered the desegregation of the nation's public schools.
In the Iowa case, a judge named Chester Cole ruled that the Muscatine School Board's racial segregation policy was illegal. The Iowa Supreme Court was the first court in the nation to say that segregation was unlawful.
Up from slavery
Susan Clark's parents were Alexander Clark and Catherine Griffin Clark. Alexander's father, John - this would be Susan's grandfather - was born to a slave owner and an enslaved woman. Both John and his mother were freed after John's birth. Alexander's mother, Rebecca Darnes, was the daughter of emancipated slaves, George and Leticie Darnes. Alexander was born free in Pennsylvania in 1826. Catherine Griffin was born a slave in Virginia in 1829, and was freed at the age of three and taken to Ohio.
Alexander and Catherine married in 1848, and set up their home in Muscatine, a small, prosperous town on the Mississippi River. Alexander was a barber and a successful businessman. He was an outstanding speaker and was so active in the Underground Railroad - a secret network that helped slaves escape to freedom - and other civil rights causes that he has been recognized as "one of the greatest civil rights leaders of the 19th century."
School board wanted segregation
The Muscatine School Board didn't try to hide the reason it rejected Susan's application to attend Grammar School No. 2, which was the school closest to where she lived. The school said its decision to keep black and white students segregated was in line with "public sentiment that is opposed to the intermingling of white and colored children in the same schools." The school board argued that its schools were "separate but equal." This argument worked in a lot of other courts at the time, including the highest courts in Massachusetts, New York and California. But the argument didn't work in the Supreme Court of Iowa.
Justice Cole pointed out that the very first words in the Iowa Constitution say "equal rights to all."
First black graduate
Susan Clark didn't experience threats and taunts like black children did when they integrated schools in the 1960s. There were only 35 black children in Muscatine at the time.
Susan Clark went on to become the first black graduate of a public school in Iowa - Muscatine High School - in 1871 and served as commencement speaker.
The Muscatine Journal praised Susan's commencement address, "Nothing But Leaves," for its "originality," observing it was "unpretending in style" and had "many excellent thoughts."
Susan married the Rev. Richard Holley, an African Methodist Episcopalian minister, and their ministry took them to Cedar Rapids and Davenport, Iowa, and Champaign, Illinois. Susan lived a long life, passing in 1925 at age 70, and was buried in Muscatine's Greenwood Cemetery.
Iowa led the nation
You might wonder why and how the Iowa Supreme Court ruled against segregation at a time when other courts were not doing so.
Each of the four justices on the Iowa Supreme Court was a Republican - the party of Abraham Lincoln - and each had been a strong supporter of the Union cause. Chester Cole was an early advocate for giving black men the right to vote because of their service in the Union Army during the Civil War.
It is important to note that the Iowa Supreme Court never overturned the Clark v. Board of School Directors decision, even after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1896 that segregation was legal under the U.S. Constitution.
Fifty-eight years after ruling that segregation was legal, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the 1954 Brown v. Board decision that desegregated the nation's public schools. The Brown decision showed how far ahead the Iowa Supreme Court was when it said segregation was illegal nearly a century earlier.
You can learn more about the stories of Susan Clark, Alexander Clark and Justice Chester Cole in this 2019 Drake Law review article, titled Clark v. Board of School Directors: Reflections After 150 Years, and from the electronic study guide on the Clark decision and its historical context.
Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you'd like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live. We won't be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.
Author: Russell Ellsworth Lovell II - Professor Emeritus, Drake University Law School, Drake University | 1,114 | ENGLISH | 1 |
One skill that I was very focused on ensuring that my students gained from our class was the basic ability to write a good history essay. Naturally we are not going to make all of our students excellent historical writers in just three and a half weeks, but we can introduce them to the skills and organization to better prepare them for high school, whether they are going into the freshmen or senior year. To help our students respond to the prompt we provided them, which asked about the ideal American Dream and its creation during the 1950s, we introduced the basic outline of a five paragraph essay and walked them through an example about high school, a topic they can all understand. Once we walked through the model, we handed out copies of the graphic organizer to all of our students and introduced the prompt on the board. We intitiated silence and circled to room to make sure that all of our students were on task and clear with the instruction. This activity specifically exemplified the broad range of literacies in our classroom but also encouraged our students to put all that they had learned onto paper and to defend the opinions and ideas they had generated.
To see the full lesson plan, please select the following link: 7182013.docx | <urn:uuid:8daa0a0f-a4f5-4c69-88af-4f03be67253a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brown.digication.com/sally_patton/Artifact_Lesson_Plan_July_18th_2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.982529 | 245 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
-0.4414970874786377,
0.14915238320827484,
0.307037889957428,
-0.1464134156703949,
-0.4906507134437561,
0.34838131070137024,
-0.17832593619823456,
0.5021747946739197,
0.035335004329681396,
-0.1936699002981186,
-0.04321514070034027,
0.24060280621051788,
-0.1431543380022049,
0.060663465410470... | 2 | One skill that I was very focused on ensuring that my students gained from our class was the basic ability to write a good history essay. Naturally we are not going to make all of our students excellent historical writers in just three and a half weeks, but we can introduce them to the skills and organization to better prepare them for high school, whether they are going into the freshmen or senior year. To help our students respond to the prompt we provided them, which asked about the ideal American Dream and its creation during the 1950s, we introduced the basic outline of a five paragraph essay and walked them through an example about high school, a topic they can all understand. Once we walked through the model, we handed out copies of the graphic organizer to all of our students and introduced the prompt on the board. We intitiated silence and circled to room to make sure that all of our students were on task and clear with the instruction. This activity specifically exemplified the broad range of literacies in our classroom but also encouraged our students to put all that they had learned onto paper and to defend the opinions and ideas they had generated.
To see the full lesson plan, please select the following link: 7182013.docx | 253 | ENGLISH | 1 |
James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is considered to be one of the finest works of literature of all time. Herbert Gorman, an author from the early twentieth century, stated that “so profound and beautiful and convincing a book is part of the lasting literature of our age,” and with good reason. The main character of the novel, Stephen Dedalus, is a complex and dynamic youth, and one who undergoes vast changes during the course of his life. The main influences on him are family and religion. As his life passes, Stephens’ feelings towards these influences change drastically. Stephen’s family is very important to him. His father, Simon, plays a major role in his early life, and Stephen has great respect for him. However, there are instances when Stephen is angered by his fathers’ actions, and resents his statements. The growing debts incurred by Simon lead to his son’s transferring to a day school. Stephens’ difficulties at his former educational institution are relayed by his father, much to the chagrin of the younger Dedalus. Later in the novel, Stephen loses even more respect for his father as the family’s debts continue to grow and they are forced to move. Once, when the two males travel to sell of the family estate, Simon returns to his former school and converses with his former classmates. Stephen is upset to hear of his father’s wild behavior as a youth, and of his flirtatious nature. He begins to rebel against his strict upbringing, striking back at his familys’ traditional values and way of life. Religion is an ever present force in Stephen’s life. He attends a religious school from an early age, and is a devout Roman Catholic. He has great reference for the priests at his school, and even fears the rector. As his life progresses, Stephen experiences great feelings for women, and finally gives into his desire when he encounters a prostitute in Dublin. From this point forward, he views his life as an immoral one and makes many attempts to correct it. He goes so far as to deprive all of his senses from any form of pleasure. While attending a religious retreat, Stephen takes all that he hears to heart. He believes that if he does not correct his ways, he will be banished to an eternity in Hell. Deciding that he must confess his immoral act, Stephen goes to a small parish where he is not known. He begins to overcompensate for his sins, but to no avail. His sinful ways overcome his spiritual values, and Stephen decides to abandon his religion. He vows to change his life for the better, and begins studying at a university. Here, his artistic nature surfaces, and Stephen embraces it. He explains his new theories to all who will listen, and decides to move away from Ireland and his repressed beliefs, and to a new life of freedom. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a literary work that has many distinct aspects involved in it. The stylistic method of writing that Joyce uses is perhaps the most notable of them. Not once in the novel are quotation marks used, making it difficult to judge where dialogue begins and ends. This very fact, however, lends itself towards the reader’s determination of what the author had in mind by using this style. In addition to this, the plot seems to have large gaps in it at points. The time frame of the story, as well as the simple determination of Stephen’s age, is difficult to grasp during certain instances. Joyce may have utilized this to allow the reader to bring a more personal approach to the reading and understanding of the work. This, too, is a fascinating aspect of the novel.Many critics believe that Portrait is an autobiographical piece of fiction. Many similarities exist between the lives of Stephen and Joyce. The strong religious upbringing of these Irishmen, their financial hardships, and the family life of each male is strikingly similar. Each attended the same schools, underwent the same mental development, and grew strongly attached to their artistic interests. However many differences between their lives, it is obvious that Joyce drew upon his own life when he created this work. Although Joyce was more of an athlete, more extroverted, and regarded his peers as equals or superiors, Stephen’s life parallels his with a vast deal of similitude. The personalities of Joyces’ friends were changed, as were the academic honors he was given, yet the fact still remains that the life of Stephen Dedalus and James Joyce are intertwined to a great extent.
On the whole, this novel was an obvious work of great literary skill. The mastery with which it was written, and the questions it turns up in the reader’s own mind, affirm the classic nature of Joyce’s writing. The times at which the story line is difficult to follow are more than compensated for by the deep meaning of this portrayal. The life of Stephen represents the life of Joyce, and all his struggles to become whom he felt that he was meant to. It symbolizes an endeavor that everyone should take to heart; when onebelieves in something for themselves, one should attempt to achieve their goals no matter the difficulties that they must overcome. The literary value of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is quite great. The genius with which it was written is expressed in that it demands that the reader think. If the reader does not ponder the work, its immeasurable importance is lost. James Joyce’s purpose in writing this piece of literature, seems to be in telling the story of his own struggles and all of the hardships he was forced to live through. The great poverty that his family had to endure, in addition to the academic and philosophical demands that he put himself through, all contributed to his life and to this novel. The book is described by many as both a novel about an artist and a novel about development and education. It portrays the life of an artist, yet is only one interpretation of the artist’s life. The very title of the work, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, brings this point across. The book is just that, a portrait, and something whose interpretation is left up to the artist and the viewer. The novel relates the physical and emotional growth that its protagonist Stephen Dedalus undergoes. Again, the title expresses this fact when it refers to Stephen as a young man. Although he is physically a young adult (he is sixteen years old when he commits the sin of having relations with a prostitute), he is still a mental child. Much growth is still necessary for Stephen to truly become an adult. Even in the concluding pages of the work, Stephen still regards himself as superior to others, and as being more important in his theories on life. James Joyce utilizes these aspects to allow the reader to believe what they may after reading his work. The theme of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is one that is close to both the novel’s main character and to its author. As a work of autobiographical fiction, this novel was written with the feelings and values of the author at its center. The belief that one must strive for anything and everything that they believe in, no matter the opposition, is the central idea that this work is based upon. Both Stephen and Joyce rebelled against the traditional religious values that each was brought up with, as well as the importance of a strong family. As young men who had completed their schooling, Stephen and Joyce moved away to pursue their artistic and creative talents, despite the fact that it meant departing from much of what they had always believed in. This idea is one that can be heeded by all who share unorthodox views. Despite the conflicts on may encounter, the distress one might feel during difficult times, individuals should put their feelings ahead of those who may strive to quash their unpopular convictions. No individual or group should be allowed to change someone else’s values because they are unpopular. | <urn:uuid:6cccc04e-51b1-4937-af26-19d4d14b745c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://essay.ua-referat.com/A_Portrait_Of_An_An_Artist_As | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.988183 | 1,640 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
0.2068738341331482,
0.42483532428741455,
0.1755848079919815,
-0.2820603847503662,
-0.20456209778785706,
0.22501453757286072,
0.25088971853256226,
-0.03614729642868042,
-0.22957876324653625,
-0.15184590220451355,
-0.10063724219799042,
-0.020770953968167305,
0.23996861279010773,
0.6387192010... | 2 | James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is considered to be one of the finest works of literature of all time. Herbert Gorman, an author from the early twentieth century, stated that “so profound and beautiful and convincing a book is part of the lasting literature of our age,” and with good reason. The main character of the novel, Stephen Dedalus, is a complex and dynamic youth, and one who undergoes vast changes during the course of his life. The main influences on him are family and religion. As his life passes, Stephens’ feelings towards these influences change drastically. Stephen’s family is very important to him. His father, Simon, plays a major role in his early life, and Stephen has great respect for him. However, there are instances when Stephen is angered by his fathers’ actions, and resents his statements. The growing debts incurred by Simon lead to his son’s transferring to a day school. Stephens’ difficulties at his former educational institution are relayed by his father, much to the chagrin of the younger Dedalus. Later in the novel, Stephen loses even more respect for his father as the family’s debts continue to grow and they are forced to move. Once, when the two males travel to sell of the family estate, Simon returns to his former school and converses with his former classmates. Stephen is upset to hear of his father’s wild behavior as a youth, and of his flirtatious nature. He begins to rebel against his strict upbringing, striking back at his familys’ traditional values and way of life. Religion is an ever present force in Stephen’s life. He attends a religious school from an early age, and is a devout Roman Catholic. He has great reference for the priests at his school, and even fears the rector. As his life progresses, Stephen experiences great feelings for women, and finally gives into his desire when he encounters a prostitute in Dublin. From this point forward, he views his life as an immoral one and makes many attempts to correct it. He goes so far as to deprive all of his senses from any form of pleasure. While attending a religious retreat, Stephen takes all that he hears to heart. He believes that if he does not correct his ways, he will be banished to an eternity in Hell. Deciding that he must confess his immoral act, Stephen goes to a small parish where he is not known. He begins to overcompensate for his sins, but to no avail. His sinful ways overcome his spiritual values, and Stephen decides to abandon his religion. He vows to change his life for the better, and begins studying at a university. Here, his artistic nature surfaces, and Stephen embraces it. He explains his new theories to all who will listen, and decides to move away from Ireland and his repressed beliefs, and to a new life of freedom. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a literary work that has many distinct aspects involved in it. The stylistic method of writing that Joyce uses is perhaps the most notable of them. Not once in the novel are quotation marks used, making it difficult to judge where dialogue begins and ends. This very fact, however, lends itself towards the reader’s determination of what the author had in mind by using this style. In addition to this, the plot seems to have large gaps in it at points. The time frame of the story, as well as the simple determination of Stephen’s age, is difficult to grasp during certain instances. Joyce may have utilized this to allow the reader to bring a more personal approach to the reading and understanding of the work. This, too, is a fascinating aspect of the novel.Many critics believe that Portrait is an autobiographical piece of fiction. Many similarities exist between the lives of Stephen and Joyce. The strong religious upbringing of these Irishmen, their financial hardships, and the family life of each male is strikingly similar. Each attended the same schools, underwent the same mental development, and grew strongly attached to their artistic interests. However many differences between their lives, it is obvious that Joyce drew upon his own life when he created this work. Although Joyce was more of an athlete, more extroverted, and regarded his peers as equals or superiors, Stephen’s life parallels his with a vast deal of similitude. The personalities of Joyces’ friends were changed, as were the academic honors he was given, yet the fact still remains that the life of Stephen Dedalus and James Joyce are intertwined to a great extent.
On the whole, this novel was an obvious work of great literary skill. The mastery with which it was written, and the questions it turns up in the reader’s own mind, affirm the classic nature of Joyce’s writing. The times at which the story line is difficult to follow are more than compensated for by the deep meaning of this portrayal. The life of Stephen represents the life of Joyce, and all his struggles to become whom he felt that he was meant to. It symbolizes an endeavor that everyone should take to heart; when onebelieves in something for themselves, one should attempt to achieve their goals no matter the difficulties that they must overcome. The literary value of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is quite great. The genius with which it was written is expressed in that it demands that the reader think. If the reader does not ponder the work, its immeasurable importance is lost. James Joyce’s purpose in writing this piece of literature, seems to be in telling the story of his own struggles and all of the hardships he was forced to live through. The great poverty that his family had to endure, in addition to the academic and philosophical demands that he put himself through, all contributed to his life and to this novel. The book is described by many as both a novel about an artist and a novel about development and education. It portrays the life of an artist, yet is only one interpretation of the artist’s life. The very title of the work, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, brings this point across. The book is just that, a portrait, and something whose interpretation is left up to the artist and the viewer. The novel relates the physical and emotional growth that its protagonist Stephen Dedalus undergoes. Again, the title expresses this fact when it refers to Stephen as a young man. Although he is physically a young adult (he is sixteen years old when he commits the sin of having relations with a prostitute), he is still a mental child. Much growth is still necessary for Stephen to truly become an adult. Even in the concluding pages of the work, Stephen still regards himself as superior to others, and as being more important in his theories on life. James Joyce utilizes these aspects to allow the reader to believe what they may after reading his work. The theme of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is one that is close to both the novel’s main character and to its author. As a work of autobiographical fiction, this novel was written with the feelings and values of the author at its center. The belief that one must strive for anything and everything that they believe in, no matter the opposition, is the central idea that this work is based upon. Both Stephen and Joyce rebelled against the traditional religious values that each was brought up with, as well as the importance of a strong family. As young men who had completed their schooling, Stephen and Joyce moved away to pursue their artistic and creative talents, despite the fact that it meant departing from much of what they had always believed in. This idea is one that can be heeded by all who share unorthodox views. Despite the conflicts on may encounter, the distress one might feel during difficult times, individuals should put their feelings ahead of those who may strive to quash their unpopular convictions. No individual or group should be allowed to change someone else’s values because they are unpopular. | 1,600 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Throughout the history of the United States there have been a vast amount of significant inventors which have helped contribute to the success and triumph that this country has accomplished. One of these inventors would help change the course of history with an invention so innovative that it would later cause the death of millions of lives. That inventor is Eli Whitney, whom which could be considered the most important inventor of the nineteenth century. .
Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765 in a New England town of Westborough, Massachusetts and was the first of four children to be born. Whitney had one sister and two other brothers, who all lived in one house. Whitney's parents' names are Elizabeth and Eli Whitney. From an early age, Whitney showed signs that he was not like any of the children of this age because at the age of eight he was able to disassemble a watch that his father had given him and he reconstructed it back to perfect working condition. Then when Whitney was twelve years old he suffered a tragedy of his mother passing away. Because of this he had to take on more responsibilities around the house and act more like an adult. Also due to the fact that Whitney grew up during the time period of the American Revolution, the need for tools and other equipment was very high. Whitney took advantage of this and began to sell nails, hatpins, canes and other tools, all of which were made from his father's shed. .
Afterwards at the age of nineteen Whitney decided to broaden his field of study and attended Yale University. His father and stepmother objected to this because they did not want him to study anything else than law. So he decided to take matters into his own hands and became a tutor and farm laborer and then raised enough money to go to Yale in 1789. Once he was there he took a numerous classes including Latin, Greek, Rhetoric and Mathematics. He became one of the top scholars of the school and graduated at the top of his class. | <urn:uuid:be1bb0eb-5321-4bc7-8454-b05b3f1157b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/216712.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.992579 | 403 | 3.625 | 4 | [
-0.1353544443845749,
-0.16976037621498108,
1.0025322437286377,
0.026843972504138947,
-0.45208075642585754,
0.14391551911830902,
0.19467604160308838,
0.3888627290725708,
-0.2991781234741211,
0.3923915922641754,
0.021321000531315804,
0.2807127833366394,
0.2832123935222626,
0.0610333681106567... | 4 | Throughout the history of the United States there have been a vast amount of significant inventors which have helped contribute to the success and triumph that this country has accomplished. One of these inventors would help change the course of history with an invention so innovative that it would later cause the death of millions of lives. That inventor is Eli Whitney, whom which could be considered the most important inventor of the nineteenth century. .
Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765 in a New England town of Westborough, Massachusetts and was the first of four children to be born. Whitney had one sister and two other brothers, who all lived in one house. Whitney's parents' names are Elizabeth and Eli Whitney. From an early age, Whitney showed signs that he was not like any of the children of this age because at the age of eight he was able to disassemble a watch that his father had given him and he reconstructed it back to perfect working condition. Then when Whitney was twelve years old he suffered a tragedy of his mother passing away. Because of this he had to take on more responsibilities around the house and act more like an adult. Also due to the fact that Whitney grew up during the time period of the American Revolution, the need for tools and other equipment was very high. Whitney took advantage of this and began to sell nails, hatpins, canes and other tools, all of which were made from his father's shed. .
Afterwards at the age of nineteen Whitney decided to broaden his field of study and attended Yale University. His father and stepmother objected to this because they did not want him to study anything else than law. So he decided to take matters into his own hands and became a tutor and farm laborer and then raised enough money to go to Yale in 1789. Once he was there he took a numerous classes including Latin, Greek, Rhetoric and Mathematics. He became one of the top scholars of the school and graduated at the top of his class. | 407 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There are many leaders in the world, but only a small percentage can actually lead. The book, Lord of the Flies, is a novel written by William Golding. The story is about a group of young British boys who have experienced a plane crash.
Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits Ralph To Hear Every Voices" essay for youCreate order
And as a result, they end up on an unknown, uninhabited island, and they stay on the island for quite a long time before they get rescued by a British navy officer. During their time on the island, they are threatened by the imaginary beastie. With the threat of the beast, it changes how the two leaders of the boys, Ralph and Jack, lead their own groups. Throughout the story, Ralph and Jack both lead very differently, and they both have great qualities for being a great leader. Overall, Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands people’s needs thoroughly and he also establishes rules to organize his group.
Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands the needs of his people thoroughly. After the election of the leaders, Ralph wins and he notices that Jack is upset because not only does he lose the election but also he loses the power that he had over the choir boys. By understanding Jack’s need, he knows that he is in charge of the choir, so he lets [the choir] be what [Jack wants] them to be (Golding 23). By knowing and understanding Jack’s strong desire for power, he shares some power with Jack to satisfy him. This demonstrates that Ralph can understand what Jack needs, and he provides him with a solution.
Later, when Ralph calls for the assembly to address some problems that they have, he brings up the need of the shelters, because if it rains like when [they] dropped in [they’ll] need shelters all right (Golding 52). Here, Ralph wants to build shelters for his people to prevent them from getting the rains, and he also wants to make the littluns to feel safe so they don’t get nightmares that often. The littluns will also feel protected from the beast. Ralph knows what the needs of his people and the littluns are, therefore he provides them with a solution which is building a shelter. Understanding people’s needs is important because if the leader doesn’t solve the problem that the people want him to solve, then he won’t be a great leader. Here, Ralph not only understands his people’s need but he also provide them with the solution by building shelters. Ralph really illustrates that he understands his people, therefore Ralph is a better leader.
Besides being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly, Ralph is also being able to establish rules to organize his group, another crucial skill that a great leader should have. During the boys’ first assembly, Ralph establishes a rule in which [he’ll] give the conch to the next person to speak and [the speaker] won’t be interrupted: Except by [Ralph] (Golding 33). Here, Ralph creates a rule which anyone has the conch gets to speak during the assembly and have their voice heard by all the other boys without getting interrupted by other people. Ralph simply creates a democratic society which everyone has equal rights despite their age and their physical strengths. With this rule, the littluns’ voices can be hear by all the other boys without being interrupted.
It also benefits Ralph to hear every voices from his tribe, so he can make any necessary adjustments and not leave any important voices out. It highlights Ralph’s excellent leadership skill by establishing fair equal rules for everyone. In addition to the rule of speaking, Ralph also establishes another rule that helps him to organizes his tribe very well. During an assembly, Ralph comes up with another rules which is when his people needs to use the restroom, they will have to go behind a rock. Therefore, Ralph tells them that If [they’ll] taken short [they] go right along the beach to the rock (Golding 80).
Here, Ralph comes up with another rule which is when people needs to use the restroom they must go behind the rock. By coming up with this rule, it displays that Ralph wants to keep the place clean instead of messy. And that helps Ralph organizes his group because if they all don’t go to a certain place for restrooms then the place will be filthy.By coming up with this rule, he also puts restrictions of where people should use the restroom, therefore all the people will do the same thing, and his tribe will never runs out of order. An excellent leader like Ralph will always try to prevent things to run out of order, therefore Ralph establishes rules to organize his group and keep all the things in order. So, Ralph has excellent leadership skill in terms of establishing multiple rules to organize and manage his tribe really well.
However, some people may judge it from a different perspective and think that Jack is a better leader only because he has experience as a leader. When the boys are electing a leader, Jack thinks that he ought to be the chief…because [Jack’s] chapter chorister and the head boy(Golding 22). Here, Jack does have an advantage of having past experience of being a leader in a choir. Whereas Ralph who doesn’t have any leadership experience before, therefore having an experience does give Jack some sorts of advantages for being a leader.
Even though experience can help someone to be a great leader; however, the experience that Jack has does not help him to be a great leader in this situation. Leading a choir is disparate from leading a group of young boys at different age level to survive on an uninhabited island with no help from any adults. In this situation, a great leader will be able to come up with rules to organize his group and being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly. Those are the crucial requirements for being a great leader for the tribe, and the experiences that Jack has are not going to make him a better leader in this situation.
Besides having experience, some critics will still argue that Jack has excellent leadership skill because he can bring unity into his tribe. To be honest, Jack does bring people together as a whole. When Jack and his people are doing the dance during the feast under a scary thunderstorm, the boys found themselves eager to take a place in this demented but partly secure society…that hemmed in the terror and made it governable. (Golding 152) Here, Jack brings unity into his tribe by providing his people with meat, and he also creates a dance that makes his people feels secure.
Jack is doing a pretty good job of making sure that everyone is full and feels secure. However, the boys are only united and feel secure when they have the meat; which means the meat brings unity to the tribe, not him. Once the people doesn’t listen to him, he will start using force and violence on them as in Wilfred’s case. Although Wilfred angers Jack, however Jack should never use violence on him just because Wilfred doesn’t listen to him. On the other hand, when Jack doesn’t listen to Ralph and decides to leave, Ralph doesn’t put any violence on him and he also doesn’t forces Jack to listen to him.
To become a great leader, Jack shouldn’t put any forces and violences of any kind on his people; because in the long run, people will start to get angry for the way Jack treats them and a revolution can occur. Instead of using violence, a leader that knows how to lead should always try to understand what his people is thinking, and try to comfort them by providing them with the solution that his people requests and bring the people together this way. Likewise, Ralph does a good job in trying to understand his people thoroughly and also tries to provide them with the best solution to their problems.
It’s true that Jack brings unity to his group but the ways that he uses to bring unity into his tribe isn’t the way which an excellent leader will use. Therefore, Jack doesn’t have the qualities that will make him a better leader than Ralph.
Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands people’s needs thoroughly and he also establishes rules to organize his group.
Ralph understands what the littluns’ needs are therefore he provides them with shelters. Ralph also understands that Jack needs some sorts of power to satisfy his desire for power, therefore he gives Jack the power for being the leader of all the hunters. Some might argue that Jack is the better leader because he has experience of being a leader for the choir; however, the experience that he has doesn’t help him to lead the boys and survive on this uninhabited island.
In addition, some critics will still argue that Jack has better leadership skill in terms of bringing unity into his tribe; however he uses the wrong way which is using violence and force to bring unity into his tribe. Therefore, Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he has excellent leadership skills in terms of being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly, and being able to establish rules to organize his tribe.
We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper | <urn:uuid:9277c1f4-7057-4acc-b9e2-14ad87811277> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studydriver.com/benefits-ralph-to-hear-every-voices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.983121 | 1,969 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
-0.09200546145439148,
-0.011392243206501007,
0.17711296677589417,
0.07381798326969147,
0.04685133695602417,
-0.1502007246017456,
0.04215385764837265,
-0.14831028878688812,
-0.16671134531497955,
0.05998769402503967,
0.2785193622112274,
0.14531220495700836,
0.44433847069740295,
0.31851679086... | 1 | There are many leaders in the world, but only a small percentage can actually lead. The book, Lord of the Flies, is a novel written by William Golding. The story is about a group of young British boys who have experienced a plane crash.
Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits Ralph To Hear Every Voices" essay for youCreate order
And as a result, they end up on an unknown, uninhabited island, and they stay on the island for quite a long time before they get rescued by a British navy officer. During their time on the island, they are threatened by the imaginary beastie. With the threat of the beast, it changes how the two leaders of the boys, Ralph and Jack, lead their own groups. Throughout the story, Ralph and Jack both lead very differently, and they both have great qualities for being a great leader. Overall, Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands people’s needs thoroughly and he also establishes rules to organize his group.
Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands the needs of his people thoroughly. After the election of the leaders, Ralph wins and he notices that Jack is upset because not only does he lose the election but also he loses the power that he had over the choir boys. By understanding Jack’s need, he knows that he is in charge of the choir, so he lets [the choir] be what [Jack wants] them to be (Golding 23). By knowing and understanding Jack’s strong desire for power, he shares some power with Jack to satisfy him. This demonstrates that Ralph can understand what Jack needs, and he provides him with a solution.
Later, when Ralph calls for the assembly to address some problems that they have, he brings up the need of the shelters, because if it rains like when [they] dropped in [they’ll] need shelters all right (Golding 52). Here, Ralph wants to build shelters for his people to prevent them from getting the rains, and he also wants to make the littluns to feel safe so they don’t get nightmares that often. The littluns will also feel protected from the beast. Ralph knows what the needs of his people and the littluns are, therefore he provides them with a solution which is building a shelter. Understanding people’s needs is important because if the leader doesn’t solve the problem that the people want him to solve, then he won’t be a great leader. Here, Ralph not only understands his people’s need but he also provide them with the solution by building shelters. Ralph really illustrates that he understands his people, therefore Ralph is a better leader.
Besides being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly, Ralph is also being able to establish rules to organize his group, another crucial skill that a great leader should have. During the boys’ first assembly, Ralph establishes a rule in which [he’ll] give the conch to the next person to speak and [the speaker] won’t be interrupted: Except by [Ralph] (Golding 33). Here, Ralph creates a rule which anyone has the conch gets to speak during the assembly and have their voice heard by all the other boys without getting interrupted by other people. Ralph simply creates a democratic society which everyone has equal rights despite their age and their physical strengths. With this rule, the littluns’ voices can be hear by all the other boys without being interrupted.
It also benefits Ralph to hear every voices from his tribe, so he can make any necessary adjustments and not leave any important voices out. It highlights Ralph’s excellent leadership skill by establishing fair equal rules for everyone. In addition to the rule of speaking, Ralph also establishes another rule that helps him to organizes his tribe very well. During an assembly, Ralph comes up with another rules which is when his people needs to use the restroom, they will have to go behind a rock. Therefore, Ralph tells them that If [they’ll] taken short [they] go right along the beach to the rock (Golding 80).
Here, Ralph comes up with another rule which is when people needs to use the restroom they must go behind the rock. By coming up with this rule, it displays that Ralph wants to keep the place clean instead of messy. And that helps Ralph organizes his group because if they all don’t go to a certain place for restrooms then the place will be filthy.By coming up with this rule, he also puts restrictions of where people should use the restroom, therefore all the people will do the same thing, and his tribe will never runs out of order. An excellent leader like Ralph will always try to prevent things to run out of order, therefore Ralph establishes rules to organize his group and keep all the things in order. So, Ralph has excellent leadership skill in terms of establishing multiple rules to organize and manage his tribe really well.
However, some people may judge it from a different perspective and think that Jack is a better leader only because he has experience as a leader. When the boys are electing a leader, Jack thinks that he ought to be the chief…because [Jack’s] chapter chorister and the head boy(Golding 22). Here, Jack does have an advantage of having past experience of being a leader in a choir. Whereas Ralph who doesn’t have any leadership experience before, therefore having an experience does give Jack some sorts of advantages for being a leader.
Even though experience can help someone to be a great leader; however, the experience that Jack has does not help him to be a great leader in this situation. Leading a choir is disparate from leading a group of young boys at different age level to survive on an uninhabited island with no help from any adults. In this situation, a great leader will be able to come up with rules to organize his group and being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly. Those are the crucial requirements for being a great leader for the tribe, and the experiences that Jack has are not going to make him a better leader in this situation.
Besides having experience, some critics will still argue that Jack has excellent leadership skill because he can bring unity into his tribe. To be honest, Jack does bring people together as a whole. When Jack and his people are doing the dance during the feast under a scary thunderstorm, the boys found themselves eager to take a place in this demented but partly secure society…that hemmed in the terror and made it governable. (Golding 152) Here, Jack brings unity into his tribe by providing his people with meat, and he also creates a dance that makes his people feels secure.
Jack is doing a pretty good job of making sure that everyone is full and feels secure. However, the boys are only united and feel secure when they have the meat; which means the meat brings unity to the tribe, not him. Once the people doesn’t listen to him, he will start using force and violence on them as in Wilfred’s case. Although Wilfred angers Jack, however Jack should never use violence on him just because Wilfred doesn’t listen to him. On the other hand, when Jack doesn’t listen to Ralph and decides to leave, Ralph doesn’t put any violence on him and he also doesn’t forces Jack to listen to him.
To become a great leader, Jack shouldn’t put any forces and violences of any kind on his people; because in the long run, people will start to get angry for the way Jack treats them and a revolution can occur. Instead of using violence, a leader that knows how to lead should always try to understand what his people is thinking, and try to comfort them by providing them with the solution that his people requests and bring the people together this way. Likewise, Ralph does a good job in trying to understand his people thoroughly and also tries to provide them with the best solution to their problems.
It’s true that Jack brings unity to his group but the ways that he uses to bring unity into his tribe isn’t the way which an excellent leader will use. Therefore, Jack doesn’t have the qualities that will make him a better leader than Ralph.
Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he understands people’s needs thoroughly and he also establishes rules to organize his group.
Ralph understands what the littluns’ needs are therefore he provides them with shelters. Ralph also understands that Jack needs some sorts of power to satisfy his desire for power, therefore he gives Jack the power for being the leader of all the hunters. Some might argue that Jack is the better leader because he has experience of being a leader for the choir; however, the experience that he has doesn’t help him to lead the boys and survive on this uninhabited island.
In addition, some critics will still argue that Jack has better leadership skill in terms of bringing unity into his tribe; however he uses the wrong way which is using violence and force to bring unity into his tribe. Therefore, Ralph is a better leader than Jack because he has excellent leadership skills in terms of being able to understand his people’s needs thoroughly, and being able to establish rules to organize his tribe.
We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper | 1,893 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Coat of Arms
Medieval Times Medieval Times- Middle Ages-Dark Ages, many terms have been used to describe this period spanning more than a thousand years.
Church The Church was very much in control of the gamut of medieval life.
Technology Civilization progressed slowly; science was looked upon with distrust and often, as heresy.
Communications Communication between and within countries was tedious and primarily sent word-of-mouth.
Information Books were a rarity, and writing was the province of the powerful.
Art Art and literature were on the decline, as the former marvels of Rome were swept away by time.
Chivalry Chivalry is the generic term for the knightly system of the Middle Ages and for virtues and qualities it inspired in its followers.
Chivalry 13th Century conventions of chivalry directed that men should honor, serve, and do nothing to displease ladies and maidens.
Knights Knights were members of the noble class socially as bearers of arms, economically as owners of horse and armor, and officially through religious-oriented ceremony.
What side are you on? Coats of Arms date to the early Middle Ages. In the early twelfth century, helmets and other armor began making it difficult to tell armed warriors apart.
Emblems The solution was for each knight or soldier to paint something personal on their shield. These designs were important in battle, but they also functioned like team uniforms when knights met in tournaments.
Knights in battle
A brief History • Over time, shield emblem designs became enduring symbols of their owners, and of their owners' families.
- Fall '19 | <urn:uuid:66852297-630b-473b-8b88-b8d06f5ab9ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/51479790/Coat-of-Arms-1ppt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.980072 | 331 | 3.75 | 4 | [
-0.49687376618385315,
0.49607282876968384,
0.09497760236263275,
-0.11105214804410934,
-0.16213269531726837,
-0.01647801510989666,
0.044554103165864944,
0.009045048616826534,
-0.22032353281974792,
-0.30691441893577576,
-0.18169499933719635,
-0.016480686143040657,
0.26977619528770447,
0.2303... | 1 | Coat of Arms
Medieval Times Medieval Times- Middle Ages-Dark Ages, many terms have been used to describe this period spanning more than a thousand years.
Church The Church was very much in control of the gamut of medieval life.
Technology Civilization progressed slowly; science was looked upon with distrust and often, as heresy.
Communications Communication between and within countries was tedious and primarily sent word-of-mouth.
Information Books were a rarity, and writing was the province of the powerful.
Art Art and literature were on the decline, as the former marvels of Rome were swept away by time.
Chivalry Chivalry is the generic term for the knightly system of the Middle Ages and for virtues and qualities it inspired in its followers.
Chivalry 13th Century conventions of chivalry directed that men should honor, serve, and do nothing to displease ladies and maidens.
Knights Knights were members of the noble class socially as bearers of arms, economically as owners of horse and armor, and officially through religious-oriented ceremony.
What side are you on? Coats of Arms date to the early Middle Ages. In the early twelfth century, helmets and other armor began making it difficult to tell armed warriors apart.
Emblems The solution was for each knight or soldier to paint something personal on their shield. These designs were important in battle, but they also functioned like team uniforms when knights met in tournaments.
Knights in battle
A brief History • Over time, shield emblem designs became enduring symbols of their owners, and of their owners' families.
- Fall '19 | 324 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the harvest feasts of 1621 and 1622, “all had their hungry bellies filled,” but only briefly. The prevailing condition during those years was not the abundance the official story claims, it was famine and death. The first “Thanksgiving” was not so much a celebration as it was the last meal of condemned men.
When the Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1620, they landed on the rocky shores of a territory that was inhabited by the Wampanoag (Wam pa NO ag) Indians. The Wampanoags were part of the Algonkian-speaking peoples, a large group that was part of the Woodland Culture area. These Indians lived in villages along the coast of what is now Massachusetts and Rhode Island. They lived in round-roofed houses called wigwams. These were made of poles covered with flat sheets of elm or birch bark. Wigwams differ in construction from tipis that were used by Indians of the Great Plains.
The Wampanoags moved several times during each year in order to get food. In the spring they would fish in the rivers for salmon and herring. In the planting season they moved to the forest to hunt deer and other animals. After the end of the hunting season people moved inland where there was greater protection from the weather. From December to April they lived on food that they stored during the earlier months.
The basic dress for men was the breech clout, a length of deerskin looped over a belt in back and in front. Women wore deerskin wrap-around skirts. Deerskin leggings and fur capes made from deer, beaver, otter, and bear skins gave protection during the colder seasons, and deerskin moccasins were worn on the feet. Both men and women usually braided their hair and a single feather was often worn in the back of the hair by men. They did not have the large feathered headdresses worn by people in the Plains Culture area.
There were two language groups of Indians in New England at this time. The Iroquois were neighbors to the Algonkian-speaking people. Leaders of the Algonquin and Iroquois people were called “sachems” (SAY chems). Each village had its own sachem and tribal council. Political power flowed upward from the people. Any individual, man or woman, could participate, but among the Algonquins more political power was held by men. Among the Iroquois, however, women held the deciding vote in the final selection of who would represent the group. Both men and women enforced the laws of the village and helped solve problems. The details of their democratic system were so impressive that about 150 years later Benjamin Franklin invited the Iroquois to Albany, New York, to explain their system to a delegation who then developed the “Albany Plan of Union.” This document later served as a model for the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States.
These Indians of the Eastern Woodlands called the turtle, the deer and the fish their brothers. They respected the forest and everything in it as equals. Whenever a hunter made a kill, he was careful to leave behind some bones or meat as a spiritual offering, to help other animals survive. Not to do so would be considered greedy. The Wampanoags also treated each other with respect. Any visitor to a Wampanoag home was provided with a share of whatever food the family had, even if the supply was low. This same courtesy was extended to the Pilgrims when they met.
We can only guess what the Wampanoags must have thought when they first saw the strange ships of the Pilgrims arriving on their shores. But their custom was to help visitors, and they treated the newcomers with courtesy. It was mainly because of their kindness that the Pilgrims survived at all. The wheat the Pilgrims had brought with them to plant would not grow in the rocky soil. They needed to learn new ways for a new world, and the man who came to help them was called “Tisquantum” (Tis SKWAN tum) or “Squanto” (SKWAN toe).
Squanto was originally from the village of Patuxet (Pa TUK et) and a member of the Pokanokit Wampanoag nation. Patuxet once stood on the exact site where the Pilgrims built Plymouth. In 1605, fifteen years before the Pilgrims came, Squanto went to England with a friendly English explorer named John Weymouth. He had many adventures and learned to speak English. Squanto came back to New England with Captain Weymouth. Later Squanto was captured by a British slaver who raided the village and sold Squanto to the Spanish in the Caribbean Islands. A Spanish Franciscan priest befriended Squanto and helped him to get to Spain and later on a ship to England. Squanto then found Captain Weymouth, who paid his way back to his homeland. In England Squanto met Samoset of the Wabanake (Wab NAH key) Tribe, who had also left his native home with an English explorer. They both returned together to Patuxet in 1620. When they arrived, the village was deserted and there were skeletons everywhere. Everyone in the village had died from an illness the English slavers had left behind. Squanto and Samoset went to stay with a neighboring village of Wampanoags.
One year later, in the spring, Squanto and Samoset were hunting along the beach near Patuxet. They were startled to see people from England in their deserted village. For several days, they stayed nearby observing the newcomers. Finally they decided to approach them. Samoset walked into the village and said “welcome,” Squanto soon joined him. The Pilgrims were very surprised to meet two Indians who spoke English.
The Pilgrims were not in good condition. They were living in dirt-covered shelters, there was a shortage of food, and nearly half of them had died during the winter. They obviously needed help and the two men were a welcome sight. Squanto, who probably knew more English than any other Indian in North America at that time, decided to stay with the Pilgrims for the next few months and teach them how to survive in this new place. He brought them deer meat and beaver skins. He taught them how to cultivate corn and other new vegetables and how to build Indian-style houses. He pointed out poisonous plants and showed how other plants could be used as medicine. He explained how to dig and cook clams, how to get sap from the maple trees, use fish for fertilizer, and dozens of other skills needed for their survival.
By the time fall arrived things were going much better for the Pilgrims, thanks to the help they had received. The corn they planted had grown well. There was enough food to last the winter. They were living comfortably in their Indian-style wigwams and had also managed to build one European-style building out of squared logs. This was their church. They were now in better health, and they knew more about surviving in this new land. The Pilgrims decided to have a thanksgiving feast to celebrate their good fortune. They had observed thanksgiving feasts in November as religious obligations in England for many years before coming to the New World.
The Algonkian tribes held six thanksgiving festivals during the year. The beginning of the Algonkian year was marked by the Maple Dance which gave thanks to the Creator for the maple tree and its syrup. This ceremony occurred when the weather was warm enough for the sap to run in the maple trees, sometimes as early as February. Second was the planting feast, where the seeds were blessed. The strawberry festival was next, celebrating the first fruits of the season. Summer brought the green corn festival to give thanks for the ripening corn. In late fall, the harvest festival gave thanks for the food they had grown. Mid-winter was the last ceremony of the old year. When the Indians sat down to the “first Thanksgiving” with the Pilgrims, it was really the fifth thanksgiving of the year for them!
Captain Miles Standish, the leader of the Pilgrims, invited Squanto, Samoset, Massasoit (the leader of the Wampanoags), and their immediate families to join them for a celebration, but they had no idea how big Indian families could be. As the Thanksgiving feast began, the Pilgrims were overwhelmed at the large turnout of ninety relatives that Squanto and Samoset brought with them. The Pilgrims were not prepared to feed a gathering of people that large for three days. Seeing this, Massasoit gave orders to his men within the first hour of his arrival to go home and get more food. Thus it happened that the Indians supplied the majority of the food: Five deer, many wild turkeys, fish, beans, squash, corn soup, corn bread, and berries. Captain Standish sat at one end of a long table and the Clan Chief Massasoit sat at the other end. For the first time the Wampanoag people were sitting at a table to eat instead of on mats or furs spread on the ground. The Indian women sat together with the Indian men to eat. The Pilgrim women, however, stood quietly behind the table and waited until after their men had eaten, since that was their custom.
For three days the Wampanoags feasted with the Pilgrims. It was a special time of friendship between two very different groups of people. A peace and friendship agreement was made between Massasoit and Miles Standish giving the Pilgrims the clearing in the forest where the old Patuxet village once stood to build their new town of Plymouth.
It would be very good to say that this friendship lasted a long time; but, unfortunately, that was not to be. More English people came to America, and they were not in need of help from the Indians as were the original Pilgrims. Many of the newcomers forgot the help the Indians had given them. Mistrust started to grow and the friendship weakened. The Pilgrims started telling their Indian neighbors that their Indian religion and Indian customs were wrong. The Pilgrims displayed an intolerance toward the Indian religion similar to the intolerance displayed toward the less popular religions in Europe. The relationship deteriorated and within a few years the children of the people who ate together at the first Thanksgiving were killing one another in what came to be called King Phillip’s War.
It is sad to think that this happened, but it is important to understand all of the story and not just the happy part. Today the town of Plymouth Rock has a Thanksgiving ceremony each year in remembrance of the first Thanksgiving. There are still Wampanoag people living in Massachusetts. In 1970, they asked one of them to speak at the ceremony to mark the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrim’s arrival. Here is part of what was said:
“Today is a time of celebrating for you — a time of looking back to the first days of white people in America. But it is not a time of celebrating for me. It is with a heavy heart that I look back upon what happened to my People. When the Pilgrims arrived, we, the Wampanoags, welcomed them with open arms, little knowing that it was the beginning of the end. That before 50 years were to pass, the Wampanoag would no longer be a tribe. That we and other Indians living near the settlers would be killed by their guns or dead from diseases that we caught from them. Let us always remember, the Indian is and was just as human as the white people.
Although our way of life is almost gone, we, the Wampanoags, still walk the lands of Massachusetts. What has happened cannot be changed. But today we work toward a better America, a more Indian America where people and nature once again are important.”
Also visit: THE PILGRIMS and The Great Thanksgiving Hoax
- Germany: Berlin now needs a special ‘protection zone’ for women during New Year’s Eve
- Santa and the ‘Shrooms: The Real Story Behind the “Design” of Santa | Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building
- The world’s first “high-tech eco village” will reinvent suburbs
- Evil !! Japan Growing and Selling Contaminated Food by Nuclear Meltdown for 8 Years
- COLONIAL ORIGINS JAMESTOWN | <urn:uuid:e921114c-268c-41ce-84d0-49632503da09> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://blog.de-program.org/the-plymouth-thanksgiving-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.986939 | 2,641 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
-0.008715562522411346,
0.5605707764625549,
0.31589484214782715,
0.2107364684343338,
-0.15623262524604797,
-0.17721694707870483,
-0.06933419406414032,
0.2035306841135025,
-0.285902738571167,
0.12575297057628632,
-0.14871548116207123,
-0.11538282036781311,
-0.11738932132720947,
0.39858686923... | 3 | In the harvest feasts of 1621 and 1622, “all had their hungry bellies filled,” but only briefly. The prevailing condition during those years was not the abundance the official story claims, it was famine and death. The first “Thanksgiving” was not so much a celebration as it was the last meal of condemned men.
When the Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1620, they landed on the rocky shores of a territory that was inhabited by the Wampanoag (Wam pa NO ag) Indians. The Wampanoags were part of the Algonkian-speaking peoples, a large group that was part of the Woodland Culture area. These Indians lived in villages along the coast of what is now Massachusetts and Rhode Island. They lived in round-roofed houses called wigwams. These were made of poles covered with flat sheets of elm or birch bark. Wigwams differ in construction from tipis that were used by Indians of the Great Plains.
The Wampanoags moved several times during each year in order to get food. In the spring they would fish in the rivers for salmon and herring. In the planting season they moved to the forest to hunt deer and other animals. After the end of the hunting season people moved inland where there was greater protection from the weather. From December to April they lived on food that they stored during the earlier months.
The basic dress for men was the breech clout, a length of deerskin looped over a belt in back and in front. Women wore deerskin wrap-around skirts. Deerskin leggings and fur capes made from deer, beaver, otter, and bear skins gave protection during the colder seasons, and deerskin moccasins were worn on the feet. Both men and women usually braided their hair and a single feather was often worn in the back of the hair by men. They did not have the large feathered headdresses worn by people in the Plains Culture area.
There were two language groups of Indians in New England at this time. The Iroquois were neighbors to the Algonkian-speaking people. Leaders of the Algonquin and Iroquois people were called “sachems” (SAY chems). Each village had its own sachem and tribal council. Political power flowed upward from the people. Any individual, man or woman, could participate, but among the Algonquins more political power was held by men. Among the Iroquois, however, women held the deciding vote in the final selection of who would represent the group. Both men and women enforced the laws of the village and helped solve problems. The details of their democratic system were so impressive that about 150 years later Benjamin Franklin invited the Iroquois to Albany, New York, to explain their system to a delegation who then developed the “Albany Plan of Union.” This document later served as a model for the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States.
These Indians of the Eastern Woodlands called the turtle, the deer and the fish their brothers. They respected the forest and everything in it as equals. Whenever a hunter made a kill, he was careful to leave behind some bones or meat as a spiritual offering, to help other animals survive. Not to do so would be considered greedy. The Wampanoags also treated each other with respect. Any visitor to a Wampanoag home was provided with a share of whatever food the family had, even if the supply was low. This same courtesy was extended to the Pilgrims when they met.
We can only guess what the Wampanoags must have thought when they first saw the strange ships of the Pilgrims arriving on their shores. But their custom was to help visitors, and they treated the newcomers with courtesy. It was mainly because of their kindness that the Pilgrims survived at all. The wheat the Pilgrims had brought with them to plant would not grow in the rocky soil. They needed to learn new ways for a new world, and the man who came to help them was called “Tisquantum” (Tis SKWAN tum) or “Squanto” (SKWAN toe).
Squanto was originally from the village of Patuxet (Pa TUK et) and a member of the Pokanokit Wampanoag nation. Patuxet once stood on the exact site where the Pilgrims built Plymouth. In 1605, fifteen years before the Pilgrims came, Squanto went to England with a friendly English explorer named John Weymouth. He had many adventures and learned to speak English. Squanto came back to New England with Captain Weymouth. Later Squanto was captured by a British slaver who raided the village and sold Squanto to the Spanish in the Caribbean Islands. A Spanish Franciscan priest befriended Squanto and helped him to get to Spain and later on a ship to England. Squanto then found Captain Weymouth, who paid his way back to his homeland. In England Squanto met Samoset of the Wabanake (Wab NAH key) Tribe, who had also left his native home with an English explorer. They both returned together to Patuxet in 1620. When they arrived, the village was deserted and there were skeletons everywhere. Everyone in the village had died from an illness the English slavers had left behind. Squanto and Samoset went to stay with a neighboring village of Wampanoags.
One year later, in the spring, Squanto and Samoset were hunting along the beach near Patuxet. They were startled to see people from England in their deserted village. For several days, they stayed nearby observing the newcomers. Finally they decided to approach them. Samoset walked into the village and said “welcome,” Squanto soon joined him. The Pilgrims were very surprised to meet two Indians who spoke English.
The Pilgrims were not in good condition. They were living in dirt-covered shelters, there was a shortage of food, and nearly half of them had died during the winter. They obviously needed help and the two men were a welcome sight. Squanto, who probably knew more English than any other Indian in North America at that time, decided to stay with the Pilgrims for the next few months and teach them how to survive in this new place. He brought them deer meat and beaver skins. He taught them how to cultivate corn and other new vegetables and how to build Indian-style houses. He pointed out poisonous plants and showed how other plants could be used as medicine. He explained how to dig and cook clams, how to get sap from the maple trees, use fish for fertilizer, and dozens of other skills needed for their survival.
By the time fall arrived things were going much better for the Pilgrims, thanks to the help they had received. The corn they planted had grown well. There was enough food to last the winter. They were living comfortably in their Indian-style wigwams and had also managed to build one European-style building out of squared logs. This was their church. They were now in better health, and they knew more about surviving in this new land. The Pilgrims decided to have a thanksgiving feast to celebrate their good fortune. They had observed thanksgiving feasts in November as religious obligations in England for many years before coming to the New World.
The Algonkian tribes held six thanksgiving festivals during the year. The beginning of the Algonkian year was marked by the Maple Dance which gave thanks to the Creator for the maple tree and its syrup. This ceremony occurred when the weather was warm enough for the sap to run in the maple trees, sometimes as early as February. Second was the planting feast, where the seeds were blessed. The strawberry festival was next, celebrating the first fruits of the season. Summer brought the green corn festival to give thanks for the ripening corn. In late fall, the harvest festival gave thanks for the food they had grown. Mid-winter was the last ceremony of the old year. When the Indians sat down to the “first Thanksgiving” with the Pilgrims, it was really the fifth thanksgiving of the year for them!
Captain Miles Standish, the leader of the Pilgrims, invited Squanto, Samoset, Massasoit (the leader of the Wampanoags), and their immediate families to join them for a celebration, but they had no idea how big Indian families could be. As the Thanksgiving feast began, the Pilgrims were overwhelmed at the large turnout of ninety relatives that Squanto and Samoset brought with them. The Pilgrims were not prepared to feed a gathering of people that large for three days. Seeing this, Massasoit gave orders to his men within the first hour of his arrival to go home and get more food. Thus it happened that the Indians supplied the majority of the food: Five deer, many wild turkeys, fish, beans, squash, corn soup, corn bread, and berries. Captain Standish sat at one end of a long table and the Clan Chief Massasoit sat at the other end. For the first time the Wampanoag people were sitting at a table to eat instead of on mats or furs spread on the ground. The Indian women sat together with the Indian men to eat. The Pilgrim women, however, stood quietly behind the table and waited until after their men had eaten, since that was their custom.
For three days the Wampanoags feasted with the Pilgrims. It was a special time of friendship between two very different groups of people. A peace and friendship agreement was made between Massasoit and Miles Standish giving the Pilgrims the clearing in the forest where the old Patuxet village once stood to build their new town of Plymouth.
It would be very good to say that this friendship lasted a long time; but, unfortunately, that was not to be. More English people came to America, and they were not in need of help from the Indians as were the original Pilgrims. Many of the newcomers forgot the help the Indians had given them. Mistrust started to grow and the friendship weakened. The Pilgrims started telling their Indian neighbors that their Indian religion and Indian customs were wrong. The Pilgrims displayed an intolerance toward the Indian religion similar to the intolerance displayed toward the less popular religions in Europe. The relationship deteriorated and within a few years the children of the people who ate together at the first Thanksgiving were killing one another in what came to be called King Phillip’s War.
It is sad to think that this happened, but it is important to understand all of the story and not just the happy part. Today the town of Plymouth Rock has a Thanksgiving ceremony each year in remembrance of the first Thanksgiving. There are still Wampanoag people living in Massachusetts. In 1970, they asked one of them to speak at the ceremony to mark the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrim’s arrival. Here is part of what was said:
“Today is a time of celebrating for you — a time of looking back to the first days of white people in America. But it is not a time of celebrating for me. It is with a heavy heart that I look back upon what happened to my People. When the Pilgrims arrived, we, the Wampanoags, welcomed them with open arms, little knowing that it was the beginning of the end. That before 50 years were to pass, the Wampanoag would no longer be a tribe. That we and other Indians living near the settlers would be killed by their guns or dead from diseases that we caught from them. Let us always remember, the Indian is and was just as human as the white people.
Although our way of life is almost gone, we, the Wampanoags, still walk the lands of Massachusetts. What has happened cannot be changed. But today we work toward a better America, a more Indian America where people and nature once again are important.”
Also visit: THE PILGRIMS and The Great Thanksgiving Hoax
- Germany: Berlin now needs a special ‘protection zone’ for women during New Year’s Eve
- Santa and the ‘Shrooms: The Real Story Behind the “Design” of Santa | Inhabitat – Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building
- The world’s first “high-tech eco village” will reinvent suburbs
- Evil !! Japan Growing and Selling Contaminated Food by Nuclear Meltdown for 8 Years
- COLONIAL ORIGINS JAMESTOWN | 2,628 | ENGLISH | 1 |
People - Ancient Greece: Nabis Ancient ruler of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC.
Nabis in Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
（Νάβις). A person who succeeded in making himself tyrant of Lacedaemon on the death of Machanidas, B.C. 207. He carried his tyranny to the furthest possible extent. All persons possessed of property were subjected to incessant exactions, and the most cruel tortures if they did not succeed in satisfying his rapacity. One of his engines of torture resembled "the Maiden" of more recent times. It was a figure resembling his wife Apega, so constructed as to clasp the victim and pierce him to death with the nails with which the arms and bosom of the figure were studded (Polyb. xiii. 7). The money which he got by these means and by the plunder of the temples enabled him to raise a large body of mercenaries, whom he selected from among the most abandoned and reckless villains. With these forces he was able to extend his sway over a considerable part of Peloponnesus; but his further progress was checked by Flaminius, who after a short campaign compelled him to sue for peace (B.C. 195). The tyrant, however, was allowed to retain the sovereignty of Sparta, and soon after the departure of Flamininus from Greece he resumed hostilities. He was opposed by Philopoemen, the general of the Achaean league; and though Nabis met at first with some success, he was eventually defeated by Philopoemen, and was soon afterwards assassinated by some Aetolians who had been sent to his assistance, B.C. 192 (Livy, xxxv. 12-35; Pausan. viii. 50).
Nabis in Wikipedia
Nabis (Ancient Greek: Νάβις) was ruler of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC, during the years of the First and Second Macedonian Wars and the War against Nabis. After taking the throne by executing two claimants, he began rebuilding Sparta's power. During the Second Macedonian War, he sided with King Philip V of Macedon and in return he received the city of Argos. However, when the war began to turn against the Macedonians, he defected to Rome. After the war, the Romans urged by the Achaean League attacked Nabis and defeated him in the War against Nabis. He was assassinated in 192 BC by the Aetolian League and was Sparta's last independent ruler. He represented the last phase of Sparta's reformist period.
Ruler of Sparta
In the years following the defeat of the reformist king Cleomenes III of Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia (222 BC), Sparta experienced a power vacuum that eventually led to the Spartan kingship being bestowed on a child, Pelops, for whom first Machanidas (d. 207 BC) and then Nabis acted as regents. Nabis, however, soon overthrew Pelops, claiming to be a descendent of the Eurypontid king Demaratus. Although Nabis styled himself as king and is called basileus on his coins, Livy and Polybius refer to him as a tyrant.
Nabis was committed to the reformist program of Cleomenes III and took it to extreme lengths, exiling the wealthy and dividing up their estates. He freed many slaves and made them citizens, but left the institution of helotry in place as part of the Lycurgan system which he was claiming to restore. The increased citizen body, however, meant that Nabis had more citizen troops for his army, which also included numerous mercenaries. Polybius, who was deeply hostile to Nabis' revolutionary program, described his supporters as "a crowd of murderers, burglars, cutpurses and highwaymen".
Nabis executed the last descendants of the two Spartan royal dynasties; and the ancient sources, especially Polybius and Livy, depict him as a bloodthirsty ruler who held power through armed force and shocking brutality. Polybius (13.6-7) claims that he would frequently exile the leading citizens of conquered communities and marry their wives to the brigands and freed slaves under his command. Polybius (13.6) in an account that either demonstrates the extent of Nabis's tyranny or Polybius's bias, tells how wealthy landowners were often summoned into his presence and forced to pay him large sums of money - those who refused were tortured, supposedly through use of a machine that resembled an Iron Maiden, known as the Apega of Nabis.
In foreign policy, Nabis pursued much the same policy as his predecessors: opposing the Achaean League and Macedonia by allying himself with the Aetolians, Elis, and Messene. This led him into an alliance with Rome during the First Macedonian War, signing a peace treaty with Rome in 205 at the Peace of Phoenice .
In the following years, Nabis expanded Spartan power, reconquering much of Laconia and Messene. In 204 BC, he unsuccessfully attacked Megalopolis. He also re-established a fleet (apparently with the help of Cretan allies, whom Polybius describes as "pirates", and used it to re-establish control of the Laconian coastline. He also fortified the city of Sparta for the first time. (Previously, the Spartans had viewed their city's defence as depending on the bravery of their hoplites.)
In 201 BC he invaded the territory of Messene, which had been an ally of Sparta in the previous decades, apparently an attempt to re-establish the control which Sparta had had over the region until the mid 4th century BC. Messene fell to Nabis, but the Spartans were forced to retreat when the army of Philopoemen intervened. Nabis' forces were decisively defeated at Tegea and he was forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time.
Nabis' territorial ambitions brought him into conflict with the Achaean League, which controlled the northern half of the Peloponnese. Although repeatedly defeated by the gifted Achaean strategos Philopoemen, he nevertheless remained a serious threat to the Achaeans, who were considerably less successful against him when led by less competent generals. In 200 BC, alarmed at the ease with which he was ravaging their territory, the Achaeans asked the Macedonian King Philip V for help, which he did not provide. In the following years, Nabis was able to skillfully exploit the conflict between Philip and the Romans, gaining control of the important city of Argos as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians, and then defecting to the soon to be victorious Romans so that he might hold on to his conquest.
War with Rome
In 195 BC, however, the Roman Proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus was persuaded by the Achaeans that the power of Nabis in the Peloponnese needed to be checked. Flamininus ordered Nabis to give Argos back to the Achaeans, or face war with Rome. When Nabis refused, citing the Roman acceptance of his friendship at a time when he had already been in possession of the city as justification, Flamininus invaded Laconia. After an inconclusive campaign the Spartans were defeated, and Nabis was forced to surrender both Argos and the port of Gytheum, which gave him access to the sea.
Recovery and death
Though the territory under his control now consisted only of the city of Sparta and its immediate environs, Nabis still hoped to regain his former power. In 192 BC, seeing that the Romans and their Achaean allies were distracted by the imminent war with King Antiochus III of Syria and the Aetolian League, Nabis attempted to recapture Gytheum and the Laconian coastline. Initially, he was successful, capturing the port and defeating the Achaean League in a minor naval battle.
Soon after, however, his army was routed by Philopoemen and shut up within the walls of Sparta. After ravaging the surrounding countryside, Philopoemen returned home. Within a few months, Nabis appealed to the Aetolian League to send troops so that he might protect his territory against the Romans and the Achaean League.
The Aetolians responded by sending an army of 1,000 infantry and 300 cavalry to Sparta. Once there, however, the Aetolians betrayed the tyrant, assassinating him while he was drilling his army outside the city. The Aetolians then attempted to take control of the city, but were prevented from doing so by an uprising of the citizens.
The Achaeans, seeking to take advantage of the ensuing chaos, dispatched Philopoemen to Sparta with a large army. Once there, he compelled the Spartans to join the Achaean League. Nabis had thus been the last leader of an independent Sparta, and the last ruler under whom the Spartans had been a major power in Greece. | <urn:uuid:871a492d-9de1-43e5-bbad-c59ed02bc16b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bible-history.com/links.php?cat=48&sub=4261&cat_name=People+-+Ancient+Greece&subcat_name=Nabis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.984173 | 1,916 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
-0.527666449546814,
0.656456470489502,
0.15091165900230408,
-0.08965536952018738,
-0.6991834044456482,
-0.5663740038871765,
0.5895969271659851,
0.5037820339202881,
-0.3000151813030243,
0.11067460477352142,
-0.0909823328256607,
-0.5091404914855957,
0.0910140722990036,
0.3246811032295227,
... | 1 | People - Ancient Greece: Nabis Ancient ruler of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC.
Nabis in Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
（Νάβις). A person who succeeded in making himself tyrant of Lacedaemon on the death of Machanidas, B.C. 207. He carried his tyranny to the furthest possible extent. All persons possessed of property were subjected to incessant exactions, and the most cruel tortures if they did not succeed in satisfying his rapacity. One of his engines of torture resembled "the Maiden" of more recent times. It was a figure resembling his wife Apega, so constructed as to clasp the victim and pierce him to death with the nails with which the arms and bosom of the figure were studded (Polyb. xiii. 7). The money which he got by these means and by the plunder of the temples enabled him to raise a large body of mercenaries, whom he selected from among the most abandoned and reckless villains. With these forces he was able to extend his sway over a considerable part of Peloponnesus; but his further progress was checked by Flaminius, who after a short campaign compelled him to sue for peace (B.C. 195). The tyrant, however, was allowed to retain the sovereignty of Sparta, and soon after the departure of Flamininus from Greece he resumed hostilities. He was opposed by Philopoemen, the general of the Achaean league; and though Nabis met at first with some success, he was eventually defeated by Philopoemen, and was soon afterwards assassinated by some Aetolians who had been sent to his assistance, B.C. 192 (Livy, xxxv. 12-35; Pausan. viii. 50).
Nabis in Wikipedia
Nabis (Ancient Greek: Νάβις) was ruler of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC, during the years of the First and Second Macedonian Wars and the War against Nabis. After taking the throne by executing two claimants, he began rebuilding Sparta's power. During the Second Macedonian War, he sided with King Philip V of Macedon and in return he received the city of Argos. However, when the war began to turn against the Macedonians, he defected to Rome. After the war, the Romans urged by the Achaean League attacked Nabis and defeated him in the War against Nabis. He was assassinated in 192 BC by the Aetolian League and was Sparta's last independent ruler. He represented the last phase of Sparta's reformist period.
Ruler of Sparta
In the years following the defeat of the reformist king Cleomenes III of Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia (222 BC), Sparta experienced a power vacuum that eventually led to the Spartan kingship being bestowed on a child, Pelops, for whom first Machanidas (d. 207 BC) and then Nabis acted as regents. Nabis, however, soon overthrew Pelops, claiming to be a descendent of the Eurypontid king Demaratus. Although Nabis styled himself as king and is called basileus on his coins, Livy and Polybius refer to him as a tyrant.
Nabis was committed to the reformist program of Cleomenes III and took it to extreme lengths, exiling the wealthy and dividing up their estates. He freed many slaves and made them citizens, but left the institution of helotry in place as part of the Lycurgan system which he was claiming to restore. The increased citizen body, however, meant that Nabis had more citizen troops for his army, which also included numerous mercenaries. Polybius, who was deeply hostile to Nabis' revolutionary program, described his supporters as "a crowd of murderers, burglars, cutpurses and highwaymen".
Nabis executed the last descendants of the two Spartan royal dynasties; and the ancient sources, especially Polybius and Livy, depict him as a bloodthirsty ruler who held power through armed force and shocking brutality. Polybius (13.6-7) claims that he would frequently exile the leading citizens of conquered communities and marry their wives to the brigands and freed slaves under his command. Polybius (13.6) in an account that either demonstrates the extent of Nabis's tyranny or Polybius's bias, tells how wealthy landowners were often summoned into his presence and forced to pay him large sums of money - those who refused were tortured, supposedly through use of a machine that resembled an Iron Maiden, known as the Apega of Nabis.
In foreign policy, Nabis pursued much the same policy as his predecessors: opposing the Achaean League and Macedonia by allying himself with the Aetolians, Elis, and Messene. This led him into an alliance with Rome during the First Macedonian War, signing a peace treaty with Rome in 205 at the Peace of Phoenice .
In the following years, Nabis expanded Spartan power, reconquering much of Laconia and Messene. In 204 BC, he unsuccessfully attacked Megalopolis. He also re-established a fleet (apparently with the help of Cretan allies, whom Polybius describes as "pirates", and used it to re-establish control of the Laconian coastline. He also fortified the city of Sparta for the first time. (Previously, the Spartans had viewed their city's defence as depending on the bravery of their hoplites.)
In 201 BC he invaded the territory of Messene, which had been an ally of Sparta in the previous decades, apparently an attempt to re-establish the control which Sparta had had over the region until the mid 4th century BC. Messene fell to Nabis, but the Spartans were forced to retreat when the army of Philopoemen intervened. Nabis' forces were decisively defeated at Tegea and he was forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time.
Nabis' territorial ambitions brought him into conflict with the Achaean League, which controlled the northern half of the Peloponnese. Although repeatedly defeated by the gifted Achaean strategos Philopoemen, he nevertheless remained a serious threat to the Achaeans, who were considerably less successful against him when led by less competent generals. In 200 BC, alarmed at the ease with which he was ravaging their territory, the Achaeans asked the Macedonian King Philip V for help, which he did not provide. In the following years, Nabis was able to skillfully exploit the conflict between Philip and the Romans, gaining control of the important city of Argos as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians, and then defecting to the soon to be victorious Romans so that he might hold on to his conquest.
War with Rome
In 195 BC, however, the Roman Proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus was persuaded by the Achaeans that the power of Nabis in the Peloponnese needed to be checked. Flamininus ordered Nabis to give Argos back to the Achaeans, or face war with Rome. When Nabis refused, citing the Roman acceptance of his friendship at a time when he had already been in possession of the city as justification, Flamininus invaded Laconia. After an inconclusive campaign the Spartans were defeated, and Nabis was forced to surrender both Argos and the port of Gytheum, which gave him access to the sea.
Recovery and death
Though the territory under his control now consisted only of the city of Sparta and its immediate environs, Nabis still hoped to regain his former power. In 192 BC, seeing that the Romans and their Achaean allies were distracted by the imminent war with King Antiochus III of Syria and the Aetolian League, Nabis attempted to recapture Gytheum and the Laconian coastline. Initially, he was successful, capturing the port and defeating the Achaean League in a minor naval battle.
Soon after, however, his army was routed by Philopoemen and shut up within the walls of Sparta. After ravaging the surrounding countryside, Philopoemen returned home. Within a few months, Nabis appealed to the Aetolian League to send troops so that he might protect his territory against the Romans and the Achaean League.
The Aetolians responded by sending an army of 1,000 infantry and 300 cavalry to Sparta. Once there, however, the Aetolians betrayed the tyrant, assassinating him while he was drilling his army outside the city. The Aetolians then attempted to take control of the city, but were prevented from doing so by an uprising of the citizens.
The Achaeans, seeking to take advantage of the ensuing chaos, dispatched Philopoemen to Sparta with a large army. Once there, he compelled the Spartans to join the Achaean League. Nabis had thus been the last leader of an independent Sparta, and the last ruler under whom the Spartans had been a major power in Greece. | 1,962 | ENGLISH | 1 |
but there was also another sort of men, of great importance in their time, and still more important to the historian, certain singers of songs and stories, the bards or rhapsodists. These bards existed among all the Aryan-speaking peoples; they were a consequence of and a further factor in that development of spoken language which was the chief of all the human advances made in Neolithic times. They chanted or recited stories of the past, or stories of the living chief and his people; they told other stories that they invented; they memorized jokes and catches. They found and seized upon and improved the rhythms, rhymes, alliterations, and such-like possibilities latent in language; they probably did much to elaborate and fix grammatical forms. They were the first great artists of the ear, as the later Aurignacian rock painters were the first great artists of the eye and hand. No doubt they used much gesture; probably they learnt appropriate gestures when they learnt their songs; but the order and sweetness and power of language was their primary concern.
And they mark a new step forward in the power and range of the human mind. They sustained and developed in men's minds a sense of a greater something than themselves, the tribe, and of a life that extended back into the past. They not only recalled old hatreds and battles, they recalled old alliances and a common inheritance. The feats of dead heroes lived again. A new thought came into men's minds, the desire to be remembered. Men began to live in thought before they were born and after they were dead.
Like most human things, this bardic tradition grew first slowly and then more rapidly. By the time bronze was coming into Europe there was not an Aryan people that had not a profession and training of bards. In their hands language became as beautiful as it is ever likely to be. These bards were living books, man-histories, guardians and makers of a new and more powerful tradition in human life. Every Aryan people had its long poetical records thus handed down, its sagas (Teutonic), its epics (Greek), its vedas (Old Sanscrit). The earliest Aryan people were essentially a people of the voice. The recitation seems to have pre-
at Hephaestus' wit, but at his lameness. The idealized Fool of Shakespeare is, like the idealized Hermit of the romances, the invention of later days. — G. M. | <urn:uuid:d0a148fd-f0ed-4ca3-bc33-c639a884b04a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/197 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.988981 | 515 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
-0.06780644506216049,
0.2003495693206787,
0.14024308323860168,
-0.03427153453230858,
-0.7288516163825989,
-0.13975179195404053,
0.3595297336578369,
0.029859570786356926,
-0.030916668474674225,
-0.38410112261772156,
-0.015578469261527061,
0.0051538459956645966,
0.11593595147132874,
0.215769... | 1 | but there was also another sort of men, of great importance in their time, and still more important to the historian, certain singers of songs and stories, the bards or rhapsodists. These bards existed among all the Aryan-speaking peoples; they were a consequence of and a further factor in that development of spoken language which was the chief of all the human advances made in Neolithic times. They chanted or recited stories of the past, or stories of the living chief and his people; they told other stories that they invented; they memorized jokes and catches. They found and seized upon and improved the rhythms, rhymes, alliterations, and such-like possibilities latent in language; they probably did much to elaborate and fix grammatical forms. They were the first great artists of the ear, as the later Aurignacian rock painters were the first great artists of the eye and hand. No doubt they used much gesture; probably they learnt appropriate gestures when they learnt their songs; but the order and sweetness and power of language was their primary concern.
And they mark a new step forward in the power and range of the human mind. They sustained and developed in men's minds a sense of a greater something than themselves, the tribe, and of a life that extended back into the past. They not only recalled old hatreds and battles, they recalled old alliances and a common inheritance. The feats of dead heroes lived again. A new thought came into men's minds, the desire to be remembered. Men began to live in thought before they were born and after they were dead.
Like most human things, this bardic tradition grew first slowly and then more rapidly. By the time bronze was coming into Europe there was not an Aryan people that had not a profession and training of bards. In their hands language became as beautiful as it is ever likely to be. These bards were living books, man-histories, guardians and makers of a new and more powerful tradition in human life. Every Aryan people had its long poetical records thus handed down, its sagas (Teutonic), its epics (Greek), its vedas (Old Sanscrit). The earliest Aryan people were essentially a people of the voice. The recitation seems to have pre-
at Hephaestus' wit, but at his lameness. The idealized Fool of Shakespeare is, like the idealized Hermit of the romances, the invention of later days. — G. M. | 507 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Torre de Palma, the “Tower of the Palm,” is a Roman latifundia, or villa, way out in the westernmost province of the mainland of the Roman Empire, in modern-day Portugal. It was discovered in 1947 in a special way that is emblematic of certain kinds of discoveries.
The year was 1947, and on what is even today a great Portuguese farm named Torre de Palma, covering thousands of acres, a group of young men were sent out with their teams of draft animals to plow a field that nobody could remember ever plowing before. It had been used for pasture. It was full of stones and that was why it hadn’t been plowed; but the landowner had decided he was going to tackle it that year.
The boys lined up in a long line abreast, as if they were a military phalanx, with their plows all at the same point. They were going to work their way down the field in an immense line. One of the young men, as he went along, suddenly felt his plowshare hit something hard, one of those stones. It bounced up out of the ground and came back down. As he was dragged on by the animals, he turned around and saw a scar in the soil as white as snow.
This is a transcript from the video series Classical Archaeology of Ancient Greece and Rome. Watch it now, on The Great Courses.
He was intrigued by this, and when it came time for the midmorning break, he went back to where he’d seen the white mark in the soil. He took with him a little tool to scrape off the soil that lay over this white thing.
It gradually took the form of a circle—and it was clear to him it was marble because there were marble quarries in that area. He was looking at the top of a Roman column drum, still in its original place. He knew this was something big.
Uncovering the Muses
He called the rest of the team and they all brought their tools and they worked down to the base of the column, and it was sitting on a mosaic floor. So they worked their way across the mosaic and figures started to appear in the mosaic: women in robes, all in a row, nine of them, each of them carrying a little attribute, a mask of comedy or a mask of tragedy or a globe of the world or a musical instrument.
By this time, the plow team realized they’d hit something important. They’d hit one of those artifacts that implies a much larger thing. Mosaics of this type are found in Roman houses of wealthy people. If they’re in the countryside, they are villa owners, the landowning family and the heart of this great latifundia, and the mosaics were probably in one of the public rooms. We now know they were in the dining room of this great house. But the mosaic alone was enough to imply everything else.
None of the young men could read, so they sent a runner across country to the village to get the schoolmaster. In the meantime, they worked away on clearing off the mosaic.
There is a legend universal in countries that have ruins in them that there’s treasure under ruins. So in waiting for the schoolmaster to come, they picked a corner of the mosaic and they busted down through it.
There was nothing underneath and they may not have gotten all the way through the cement because at Torre de Palma, the beddings for the mosaics are very thick. But along came the schoolmaster who spelled out the Latin inscription that ran across under these nine ladies. They were, of course, the muses, the goddesses of inspiration, each with her special attribute; Calliope, Terpsichore, Urania, the rest of the gang.
Ironically, the inscription read: “Please do not deface this mosaic.” But it went on. It wasn’t about digging holes for it, looking for treasure. “Please do not deface this mosaic by using a hard broom.” It’s an interesting thing to think that this was obviously an instruction to the servants cleaning the house. The 20th-century farm workers couldn’t read, but the Roman servants obviously could.
Learn more about how the Malkata Palace represents a microcosm of Egypt
The Largest Villa in Iberia
The landowner came down and realized what had been found, that they had found the center of something that must be a vast complex. In fact, it turned out to cover about seven acres. It was a huge spread of buildings. It is, to this day, the largest Roman villa ever found in Iberia—Spain and Portugal—in terms of expanse.
That portion of the mosaic was only the entranceway to this vast dining room where the guests would have reclined on their couches, leaning on one elbow and eating with the other, with a space in the middle for entertainers, reciters, singers; also for the serving staff to get the food to everyone’s table. There was a well-worn path from the door where the muses were across the internal hallway to the kitchen door.
Then there was room after room after room around an open-to-the-sky square courtyard that had a little impluvium, a tank of water, in the middle and that probably had a garden around it, colonnades all around. It’s like a medieval cloister was the ancestor of that form of building.
Learn more about machines in the ancient world
Celebrating the Master’s Prize Racehorses
One of the really wonderful discoveries is the mosaic in a hallway that we think leads to the master’s study or receiving area. In front, instead of walking across a carpet, you walked across another mosaic. It has five racehorses on it, five portraits of stallions with their names on little scrolls—names like Pelops, Hiberus, Leneus, Lenobatis. Some of those names have to do with wine, the place of sweet wines. Along with Bacchus, those names, we think, are a clue that one of the products of this wonderful complex must have been grapes and wine.
These five horses have little palm branches on their heads and, of course, the modern name for palm is “palma.” The palms had to come from somewhere else because this is not an area where palm trees grow naturally. The palm, which is on the head of all the horses, and a palm brand, which is on the hindquarters of one of the stallions, were emblems of victory in the ancient world. At the Kentucky Derby, a big blanket of red roses is put over the winner. In Roman horse races and in any kind of athletic competition, the winner was given a palm. That scene in the Gospel where Jesus enters Jerusalem and they pull down all the palm branches and strew them in the streets—they’re saying, “You’re a winner. We are giving you the greatest accolade we possibly can. Here’s a palm branch for you.”
We know from the palms that these are winning racehorses. They’re the wrong number for a chariot team; there would be four rather than five horses. So it is more likely that we’re looking at stallions that are the pride of a stud farm and that you are being reminded as you come in to see the master with your petition or your request that these are the source of his power; these are the great champion horses that have been winning races and also siring foals that are carrying their blood stock into the future.
Common Questions About Roman Latifundia
The Roman latifundia were one of many conditions provoking social issues that were a definite sign of social decay displayed during the fall of the Roman empire. It was a desperate attempt to hold on to power by the rulers of the empire. | <urn:uuid:8a7d10ed-5844-4247-a17d-ee0789849eeb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/discovering-an-ancient-villa-torre-de-palma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.981662 | 1,686 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
0.1074228584766388,
0.41726672649383545,
0.524385392665863,
0.05817927420139313,
-0.09090840816497803,
-0.2886289060115814,
-0.08876451104879379,
0.3479025959968567,
0.3884127140045166,
-0.29598671197891235,
0.23229166865348816,
-0.5022546648979187,
0.14457792043685913,
0.6330314874649048,... | 2 | Torre de Palma, the “Tower of the Palm,” is a Roman latifundia, or villa, way out in the westernmost province of the mainland of the Roman Empire, in modern-day Portugal. It was discovered in 1947 in a special way that is emblematic of certain kinds of discoveries.
The year was 1947, and on what is even today a great Portuguese farm named Torre de Palma, covering thousands of acres, a group of young men were sent out with their teams of draft animals to plow a field that nobody could remember ever plowing before. It had been used for pasture. It was full of stones and that was why it hadn’t been plowed; but the landowner had decided he was going to tackle it that year.
The boys lined up in a long line abreast, as if they were a military phalanx, with their plows all at the same point. They were going to work their way down the field in an immense line. One of the young men, as he went along, suddenly felt his plowshare hit something hard, one of those stones. It bounced up out of the ground and came back down. As he was dragged on by the animals, he turned around and saw a scar in the soil as white as snow.
This is a transcript from the video series Classical Archaeology of Ancient Greece and Rome. Watch it now, on The Great Courses.
He was intrigued by this, and when it came time for the midmorning break, he went back to where he’d seen the white mark in the soil. He took with him a little tool to scrape off the soil that lay over this white thing.
It gradually took the form of a circle—and it was clear to him it was marble because there were marble quarries in that area. He was looking at the top of a Roman column drum, still in its original place. He knew this was something big.
Uncovering the Muses
He called the rest of the team and they all brought their tools and they worked down to the base of the column, and it was sitting on a mosaic floor. So they worked their way across the mosaic and figures started to appear in the mosaic: women in robes, all in a row, nine of them, each of them carrying a little attribute, a mask of comedy or a mask of tragedy or a globe of the world or a musical instrument.
By this time, the plow team realized they’d hit something important. They’d hit one of those artifacts that implies a much larger thing. Mosaics of this type are found in Roman houses of wealthy people. If they’re in the countryside, they are villa owners, the landowning family and the heart of this great latifundia, and the mosaics were probably in one of the public rooms. We now know they were in the dining room of this great house. But the mosaic alone was enough to imply everything else.
None of the young men could read, so they sent a runner across country to the village to get the schoolmaster. In the meantime, they worked away on clearing off the mosaic.
There is a legend universal in countries that have ruins in them that there’s treasure under ruins. So in waiting for the schoolmaster to come, they picked a corner of the mosaic and they busted down through it.
There was nothing underneath and they may not have gotten all the way through the cement because at Torre de Palma, the beddings for the mosaics are very thick. But along came the schoolmaster who spelled out the Latin inscription that ran across under these nine ladies. They were, of course, the muses, the goddesses of inspiration, each with her special attribute; Calliope, Terpsichore, Urania, the rest of the gang.
Ironically, the inscription read: “Please do not deface this mosaic.” But it went on. It wasn’t about digging holes for it, looking for treasure. “Please do not deface this mosaic by using a hard broom.” It’s an interesting thing to think that this was obviously an instruction to the servants cleaning the house. The 20th-century farm workers couldn’t read, but the Roman servants obviously could.
Learn more about how the Malkata Palace represents a microcosm of Egypt
The Largest Villa in Iberia
The landowner came down and realized what had been found, that they had found the center of something that must be a vast complex. In fact, it turned out to cover about seven acres. It was a huge spread of buildings. It is, to this day, the largest Roman villa ever found in Iberia—Spain and Portugal—in terms of expanse.
That portion of the mosaic was only the entranceway to this vast dining room where the guests would have reclined on their couches, leaning on one elbow and eating with the other, with a space in the middle for entertainers, reciters, singers; also for the serving staff to get the food to everyone’s table. There was a well-worn path from the door where the muses were across the internal hallway to the kitchen door.
Then there was room after room after room around an open-to-the-sky square courtyard that had a little impluvium, a tank of water, in the middle and that probably had a garden around it, colonnades all around. It’s like a medieval cloister was the ancestor of that form of building.
Learn more about machines in the ancient world
Celebrating the Master’s Prize Racehorses
One of the really wonderful discoveries is the mosaic in a hallway that we think leads to the master’s study or receiving area. In front, instead of walking across a carpet, you walked across another mosaic. It has five racehorses on it, five portraits of stallions with their names on little scrolls—names like Pelops, Hiberus, Leneus, Lenobatis. Some of those names have to do with wine, the place of sweet wines. Along with Bacchus, those names, we think, are a clue that one of the products of this wonderful complex must have been grapes and wine.
These five horses have little palm branches on their heads and, of course, the modern name for palm is “palma.” The palms had to come from somewhere else because this is not an area where palm trees grow naturally. The palm, which is on the head of all the horses, and a palm brand, which is on the hindquarters of one of the stallions, were emblems of victory in the ancient world. At the Kentucky Derby, a big blanket of red roses is put over the winner. In Roman horse races and in any kind of athletic competition, the winner was given a palm. That scene in the Gospel where Jesus enters Jerusalem and they pull down all the palm branches and strew them in the streets—they’re saying, “You’re a winner. We are giving you the greatest accolade we possibly can. Here’s a palm branch for you.”
We know from the palms that these are winning racehorses. They’re the wrong number for a chariot team; there would be four rather than five horses. So it is more likely that we’re looking at stallions that are the pride of a stud farm and that you are being reminded as you come in to see the master with your petition or your request that these are the source of his power; these are the great champion horses that have been winning races and also siring foals that are carrying their blood stock into the future.
Common Questions About Roman Latifundia
The Roman latifundia were one of many conditions provoking social issues that were a definite sign of social decay displayed during the fall of the Roman empire. It was a desperate attempt to hold on to power by the rulers of the empire. | 1,615 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The political leaders responsible for Appeasement made many errors.
Bad leaders hide behind public opinion; great ones lead it. Firstly, the legacy of the Great War in France and Britain generated a strong public and political desire to achieve 'peace at any price'.
Nasty things tend to happen when Britain has no reliable alliances. In July the League abandoned sanctions. Edvard Benes, the leader of Czechoslovakia, was concerned that if Germany was given the Sudetenland, most of the Czech defences would be handed over to the Germans and they would be left defenceless.
Again, France and Britain did nothing. The League persuaded both sides to seek a settlement under the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of but Italy continued troop movements and Abyssinia appealed to the League again.
He was startled by Hitler's response: Hitler said that cession of the Sudetenland was not enough and that Czechoslovakia which he had described as a "fraudulent state" must be broken up completely.
Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 Septembertwo days after the German invasion of Poland. But when he met Hitler again, at Bad Godesberg 22 Septemberthere were more demands, and Chamberlain refused.
Related Content. Chamberlain died in November ; however he continued to be vilified for appeasement in general and for his actions in September in particular long after his death and the conclusion of the war. | <urn:uuid:33bc0d4b-dddf-424d-848f-1d3fe519ebe2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://tuzynevata.dellrichards.com/the-appeasement-of-hitler-by-britain-and-france540157801le.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.980155 | 290 | 3.765625 | 4 | [
-0.30522993206977844,
0.5452518463134766,
-0.012262564152479172,
-0.2771868407726288,
0.25212597846984863,
-0.09928584098815918,
0.029364172369241714,
0.037815846502780914,
-0.05201175808906555,
-0.17279218137264252,
0.33971038460731506,
-0.3112182021141052,
0.20427066087722778,
0.38854336... | 1 | The political leaders responsible for Appeasement made many errors.
Bad leaders hide behind public opinion; great ones lead it. Firstly, the legacy of the Great War in France and Britain generated a strong public and political desire to achieve 'peace at any price'.
Nasty things tend to happen when Britain has no reliable alliances. In July the League abandoned sanctions. Edvard Benes, the leader of Czechoslovakia, was concerned that if Germany was given the Sudetenland, most of the Czech defences would be handed over to the Germans and they would be left defenceless.
Again, France and Britain did nothing. The League persuaded both sides to seek a settlement under the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of but Italy continued troop movements and Abyssinia appealed to the League again.
He was startled by Hitler's response: Hitler said that cession of the Sudetenland was not enough and that Czechoslovakia which he had described as a "fraudulent state" must be broken up completely.
Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 Septembertwo days after the German invasion of Poland. But when he met Hitler again, at Bad Godesberg 22 Septemberthere were more demands, and Chamberlain refused.
Related Content. Chamberlain died in November ; however he continued to be vilified for appeasement in general and for his actions in September in particular long after his death and the conclusion of the war. | 292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Huntington’s Disease case study is about a young college Sophomore who is studying science and finds that her uncle has been diagnosed with Huntington’s Disease and they must start trying to help around with his care. She immediately begins to research the disease to help herself better understand what her uncle is going through. Huntington’s Disease is a degenerative genetic disease that affects the nervous system and doesn’t typically affect the person until they reach their forties. At first the person operates just fine and is living a normal life however, once they reach a certain age they will begin to exhibit symptoms. A person with Huntington’s Disease will begin to have twitchy motions, make strange facial expressions, and have lesser motor skills that might result in accidents. Soon enough the disease completely destroys the nervous system and the person is unable to operate on their own. There isn’t sufficient information on the disease to cure it however there are things that scientists are sure of such as the fact that excitotoxicity has something to do with it as well as complications with the mitochondria. | <urn:uuid:587395d4-bea3-44c2-b339-73fe54f66265> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://portfolio.gdrsd.org/mollyg2015/2015/05/21/huntingtons-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.980686 | 222 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
-0.044231463223695755,
0.33478978276252747,
0.2948682904243469,
-0.3124168813228607,
-0.3293478786945343,
0.1250077188014984,
0.6740213632583618,
0.25396955013275146,
-0.19737978279590607,
-0.19796162843704224,
-0.0869407057762146,
-0.5203642249107361,
0.2568392753601074,
0.348602652549743... | 2 | The Huntington’s Disease case study is about a young college Sophomore who is studying science and finds that her uncle has been diagnosed with Huntington’s Disease and they must start trying to help around with his care. She immediately begins to research the disease to help herself better understand what her uncle is going through. Huntington’s Disease is a degenerative genetic disease that affects the nervous system and doesn’t typically affect the person until they reach their forties. At first the person operates just fine and is living a normal life however, once they reach a certain age they will begin to exhibit symptoms. A person with Huntington’s Disease will begin to have twitchy motions, make strange facial expressions, and have lesser motor skills that might result in accidents. Soon enough the disease completely destroys the nervous system and the person is unable to operate on their own. There isn’t sufficient information on the disease to cure it however there are things that scientists are sure of such as the fact that excitotoxicity has something to do with it as well as complications with the mitochondria. | 209 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Historically, Americans had followed the "boom and bust" theory of economics: when the economy overheated and speculation ran rampant, a crash was sure to follow. Panics had occurred in the 1830s, 1850s, 1870s, and 1890s. None of the presidents in office (Presidents Van Buren, Buchanan, Grant, and Cleveland) did much to stem deflated prices or the loss of jobs and investments, fearful of causing a bad situation becoming worse.
In the wake of Wall Street's collapse, Hoover was the first president to vigorously counterattack rather than wait out an economic depression. He spent more on public works in four years than his predecessors had in the previous thirty. Yet his efforts were undermined by many circumstances, not the least of which was the magnitude of the depression, itself.
As hard times engulfed the nation, accusations arose that President Hoover had personally caused the Great Depression, or at least done little to combat it. To many Americans, their Chief Executive seemed a remote, uncaring man. With his stiff-necked refusal to turn America into a welfare state, or to exploit the emotional and personal side of himself, Hoover was transformed from "hero" to "scapegoat." His failure to share his private anguish was his greatest strength as a humanitarian and his greatest flaw as a politician. | <urn:uuid:d4d5d5ab-f3e7-4be4-8f32-be46861128d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://hoover.oncell.com/en/36-boom-and-bust-126272.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.989836 | 270 | 3.921875 | 4 | [
-0.10476930439472198,
0.29135236144065857,
0.08089059591293335,
0.2585105299949646,
0.12140873819589615,
0.3129592537879944,
0.1632254421710968,
0.16323906183242798,
0.21461772918701172,
-0.03352271020412445,
0.3685442805290222,
0.31275415420532227,
0.24097420275211334,
0.33186376094818115... | 2 | Historically, Americans had followed the "boom and bust" theory of economics: when the economy overheated and speculation ran rampant, a crash was sure to follow. Panics had occurred in the 1830s, 1850s, 1870s, and 1890s. None of the presidents in office (Presidents Van Buren, Buchanan, Grant, and Cleveland) did much to stem deflated prices or the loss of jobs and investments, fearful of causing a bad situation becoming worse.
In the wake of Wall Street's collapse, Hoover was the first president to vigorously counterattack rather than wait out an economic depression. He spent more on public works in four years than his predecessors had in the previous thirty. Yet his efforts were undermined by many circumstances, not the least of which was the magnitude of the depression, itself.
As hard times engulfed the nation, accusations arose that President Hoover had personally caused the Great Depression, or at least done little to combat it. To many Americans, their Chief Executive seemed a remote, uncaring man. With his stiff-necked refusal to turn America into a welfare state, or to exploit the emotional and personal side of himself, Hoover was transformed from "hero" to "scapegoat." His failure to share his private anguish was his greatest strength as a humanitarian and his greatest flaw as a politician. | 283 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On January 14, 1784, the Continental Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris, ending the War for Independence.
In the document, which was known as the Second Treaty of Paris because the Treaty of Paris was also the name of the agreement that had ended the Seven Years’ War in 1763, Britain officially agreed to recognize the independence of its 13 former colonies as the new United States of America.
In addition, the treaty settled the boundaries between the United States and what remained of British North America. U.S. fishermen won the right to fish in the Grand Banks, off the Newfoundland coast, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Both sides agreed to ensure payment to creditors in the other nation of debts incurred during the war and to release all prisoners of war. The United States promised to return land confiscated during the war to its British owners, to stop any further confiscation of British property and to honor the property left by the British army on U.S. shores, including Negroes or slaves. Both countries assumed perpetual rights to access the Mississippi River.
Despite the agreement, many of these issues remained points of contention between the two nations in the post-war years. The British did not abandon their western forts as promised and attempts by British merchants to collect outstanding debts from Americans were unsuccessful as American merchants were unable to collect from their customers, many of whom were struggling farmers.
In Massachusetts, where by 1786 the courts were clogged with foreclosure proceedings, farmers rose in a violent protest known as Shay’s Rebellion, which tested the ability of the new United States to maintain law and order within its borders and instigated serious reconsideration of the Articles of Confederation. | <urn:uuid:45d76afb-6413-4555-81b1-832eb8f6f097> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.tribalsleuth.com/2020/01/15/continental-congress-ratifies-the-treaty-of-paris-ending-the-american-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.980315 | 342 | 4.09375 | 4 | [
-0.6314464211463928,
-0.09962065517902374,
0.27069804072380066,
0.14360661804676056,
0.030286822468042374,
-0.008084345608949661,
-0.146805539727211,
0.1408042162656784,
0.0013626869767904282,
0.052263788878917694,
0.2968018054962158,
-0.27927476167678833,
-0.29086801409721375,
0.278273463... | 4 | On January 14, 1784, the Continental Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris, ending the War for Independence.
In the document, which was known as the Second Treaty of Paris because the Treaty of Paris was also the name of the agreement that had ended the Seven Years’ War in 1763, Britain officially agreed to recognize the independence of its 13 former colonies as the new United States of America.
In addition, the treaty settled the boundaries between the United States and what remained of British North America. U.S. fishermen won the right to fish in the Grand Banks, off the Newfoundland coast, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Both sides agreed to ensure payment to creditors in the other nation of debts incurred during the war and to release all prisoners of war. The United States promised to return land confiscated during the war to its British owners, to stop any further confiscation of British property and to honor the property left by the British army on U.S. shores, including Negroes or slaves. Both countries assumed perpetual rights to access the Mississippi River.
Despite the agreement, many of these issues remained points of contention between the two nations in the post-war years. The British did not abandon their western forts as promised and attempts by British merchants to collect outstanding debts from Americans were unsuccessful as American merchants were unable to collect from their customers, many of whom were struggling farmers.
In Massachusetts, where by 1786 the courts were clogged with foreclosure proceedings, farmers rose in a violent protest known as Shay’s Rebellion, which tested the ability of the new United States to maintain law and order within its borders and instigated serious reconsideration of the Articles of Confederation. | 345 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Late Republic —31 bc The aftermath of the victories The fall of Carthage and Corinth did not even mark a temporary end to warfare. War and military glory were an essential part of the Roman aristocratic ethos and, hence, of Roman political life. Apart from major wars still to come, small wars on the frontiers of Roman power—never precisely fixed—continued to provide an essential motive in Roman history: Thus the limits of Roman power were gradually extended and the territories within them pacified, while men of noble stock rivaled the virtus of their ancestors and new men staked their own competing claims, winning glory essential to political advancement and sharing the booty with their officers and soldiers.
This was a form of government that allowed for people to elect officials. It was a complex government with a constitution, detailed laws, and elected officials such as senators. Many of the ideas and structures of this government became the basis for modern democracies.
Who were the leaders of the Roman Republic? The Roman Republic had a number of leaders and groups that helped to govern. Elected officials were called magistrates and there were different levels and titles of magistrates. The Roman Government was very complicated and had lots of leaders and councils.
Here are some of the titles and what they did: The consul was a very powerful position. In order to keep the consul from becoming a king or dictator, there were always two consuls elected and they only served for one year.
The consuls had a wide range of powers; they decided when to go to war, how much taxes to collect, and what the laws were. Senators - The Senate was a group of prestigious leaders who advised the consuls. The consuls usually did what the Senate recommended.
Senators were selected for life. This was how the common people, plebeians, could elect their own leaders, magistrates, pass laws, and hold court. Tribunes - Tribunes were the representatives of the Plebeian Council. They could veto laws made by the Senate.
Governors - As Rome conquered new lands, they needed someone to be the local ruler. The Senate would appoint a governor to rule the land or province. The governor would be in charge of the local Roman army and would also be responsible to collect taxes.
Governors were also called proconsuls. Aedile - An Aedile was a city official who was responsible for the maintenance of public buildings as well as public festivals.
Many politicians who wanted to be elected to a higher office, like consul, would become aedile so they could hold big public festivals and gain popularity with the people.
Censor - The Censor counted the citizens and kept track of the census. They also had some responsibilities to maintain public morality and to look after public finances. The Constitution The Roman Republic did not have a precise written constitution.
The constitution was more of a set of guidelines and principals that were passed down from generation to generation. It provided for separate branches of government and balances of power. Were all people treated equally?
No, people were treated differently based on their wealth, gender, and citizenship.The empire in the East—often known as the Byzantine Empire, but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names—had a different fate. It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle leslutinsduphoenix.comon: Imperial cult-driven polytheism, (Before AD ), Nicene Christianity, (From AD ).
List of Roman emperors. Jump to navigation Jump to search The modern word 'emperor' derives from the title imperator, which was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, it still had to be earned by the princeps. Sep 01, · Watch video · Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of.
The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history.
The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Its empire was a vast collection of states, backed up by force.
It was not always peaceful. Enemies and rebels like Cleopatra and Boudicca revealed the Roman steel that lay behind its civilization. 23 rows · The term emperor is a modern construction, used when describing rulers of . | <urn:uuid:dade57af-c879-4654-bfa4-15adc56a0403> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mohicefybajy.leslutinsduphoenix.com/a-look-at-different-leaders-during-the-roman-empire-21825fk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.983828 | 943 | 4.28125 | 4 | [
-0.3993908166885376,
0.4355083703994751,
0.5481478571891785,
-0.14964455366134644,
-0.3183477520942688,
-0.20270299911499023,
-0.045977167785167694,
-0.020698443055152893,
0.01560995914041996,
-0.1961151361465454,
0.1567920446395874,
-0.3417802155017853,
0.23753908276557922,
0.286269307136... | 2 | The Late Republic —31 bc The aftermath of the victories The fall of Carthage and Corinth did not even mark a temporary end to warfare. War and military glory were an essential part of the Roman aristocratic ethos and, hence, of Roman political life. Apart from major wars still to come, small wars on the frontiers of Roman power—never precisely fixed—continued to provide an essential motive in Roman history: Thus the limits of Roman power were gradually extended and the territories within them pacified, while men of noble stock rivaled the virtus of their ancestors and new men staked their own competing claims, winning glory essential to political advancement and sharing the booty with their officers and soldiers.
This was a form of government that allowed for people to elect officials. It was a complex government with a constitution, detailed laws, and elected officials such as senators. Many of the ideas and structures of this government became the basis for modern democracies.
Who were the leaders of the Roman Republic? The Roman Republic had a number of leaders and groups that helped to govern. Elected officials were called magistrates and there were different levels and titles of magistrates. The Roman Government was very complicated and had lots of leaders and councils.
Here are some of the titles and what they did: The consul was a very powerful position. In order to keep the consul from becoming a king or dictator, there were always two consuls elected and they only served for one year.
The consuls had a wide range of powers; they decided when to go to war, how much taxes to collect, and what the laws were. Senators - The Senate was a group of prestigious leaders who advised the consuls. The consuls usually did what the Senate recommended.
Senators were selected for life. This was how the common people, plebeians, could elect their own leaders, magistrates, pass laws, and hold court. Tribunes - Tribunes were the representatives of the Plebeian Council. They could veto laws made by the Senate.
Governors - As Rome conquered new lands, they needed someone to be the local ruler. The Senate would appoint a governor to rule the land or province. The governor would be in charge of the local Roman army and would also be responsible to collect taxes.
Governors were also called proconsuls. Aedile - An Aedile was a city official who was responsible for the maintenance of public buildings as well as public festivals.
Many politicians who wanted to be elected to a higher office, like consul, would become aedile so they could hold big public festivals and gain popularity with the people.
Censor - The Censor counted the citizens and kept track of the census. They also had some responsibilities to maintain public morality and to look after public finances. The Constitution The Roman Republic did not have a precise written constitution.
The constitution was more of a set of guidelines and principals that were passed down from generation to generation. It provided for separate branches of government and balances of power. Were all people treated equally?
No, people were treated differently based on their wealth, gender, and citizenship.The empire in the East—often known as the Byzantine Empire, but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names—had a different fate. It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle leslutinsduphoenix.comon: Imperial cult-driven polytheism, (Before AD ), Nicene Christianity, (From AD ).
List of Roman emperors. Jump to navigation Jump to search The modern word 'emperor' derives from the title imperator, which was granted by an army to a successful general; during the initial phase of the empire, it still had to be earned by the princeps. Sep 01, · Watch video · Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of.
The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC). The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history.
The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Its empire was a vast collection of states, backed up by force.
It was not always peaceful. Enemies and rebels like Cleopatra and Boudicca revealed the Roman steel that lay behind its civilization. 23 rows · The term emperor is a modern construction, used when describing rulers of . | 931 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ivan’s rule was centered around the pursuit of power for self preservation. After seeing so many of those close to him dying, whether it was the suspicious death of his mother, or the tragic death of his beloved wife, death had surrounded Ivan from a young age. Many of the actions he took were strengthening the central government in Moscow by directly enhancing his own power and giving billets in local government to his supporters, but he also gave power out to loyal servants, “oprichniki” to do his bidding. These oprichniki acted in unrestricted violence to do whatever Ivan told them. Their violence towards boyars, churchmen, and normal citizens were truly terrible.
In the account of a foreigner, Heinrich von Staden, working as an oprichniki he described some truly sadistic punishments that were directly ordered by Ivan. His bloody and merciless path to find who was against him cost many innocent people their lives. (Kaiser 153) However, this is the account of a foreigner who used these stories to try and convince the German Emperor to invade Muscovy. The actual twisted nature of Ivan can not be accurately found in these accounts.
However, the boyars were not simply useless to Ivan, he did strengthen the boyars who supported him, again showing how he was seeking power to protect himself. It was quite natural for leaders during this time to consolidate power and kill people who opposed them. The Western idea of Ivan and “the Terrible” can quite possibly have been distorted by the report of von Staden. While the tragic events in Ivan’s youth and young adult life could certainly have done some mental damage, most of his actions seem rational to strengthen the state, but more importantly, his own safety.
Did the actions Ivan take accidentally strengthen the state, or was it a conscious action to protect Muscovy? | <urn:uuid:1ca355e6-4934-4349-88b1-ff338dc20d76> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://blogs.dickinson.edu/quallsk/2015/10/01/ivan-the-power-hungry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.987651 | 384 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
-0.3630981743335724,
0.3468722105026245,
0.2239033728837967,
-0.1165069118142128,
0.06194828078150749,
0.17508575320243835,
0.40377771854400635,
0.447880357503891,
-0.09119147807359695,
0.135222390294075,
-0.01644998788833618,
-0.09972703456878662,
0.15889090299606323,
0.17392338812351227,... | 7 | Ivan’s rule was centered around the pursuit of power for self preservation. After seeing so many of those close to him dying, whether it was the suspicious death of his mother, or the tragic death of his beloved wife, death had surrounded Ivan from a young age. Many of the actions he took were strengthening the central government in Moscow by directly enhancing his own power and giving billets in local government to his supporters, but he also gave power out to loyal servants, “oprichniki” to do his bidding. These oprichniki acted in unrestricted violence to do whatever Ivan told them. Their violence towards boyars, churchmen, and normal citizens were truly terrible.
In the account of a foreigner, Heinrich von Staden, working as an oprichniki he described some truly sadistic punishments that were directly ordered by Ivan. His bloody and merciless path to find who was against him cost many innocent people their lives. (Kaiser 153) However, this is the account of a foreigner who used these stories to try and convince the German Emperor to invade Muscovy. The actual twisted nature of Ivan can not be accurately found in these accounts.
However, the boyars were not simply useless to Ivan, he did strengthen the boyars who supported him, again showing how he was seeking power to protect himself. It was quite natural for leaders during this time to consolidate power and kill people who opposed them. The Western idea of Ivan and “the Terrible” can quite possibly have been distorted by the report of von Staden. While the tragic events in Ivan’s youth and young adult life could certainly have done some mental damage, most of his actions seem rational to strengthen the state, but more importantly, his own safety.
Did the actions Ivan take accidentally strengthen the state, or was it a conscious action to protect Muscovy? | 378 | ENGLISH | 1 |
William Shakespeare used many different writing devices when he wrote his plays. In Act I of The Tempest, the use of contrasts between characters, setting, and ideas were often used to develop the story, and more importantly, the messages that Shakespeare wished to portray by the play. One good example was how some characters in the first act had their counterparts. Ariel had Caliban, and Gonzalo had Ferdinand. The relationship between Ariel and Caliban could clearly be seen throughout Act I, scene II.
Ariel was the “airy spirit” that could assume different shapes, such as the lightning flames seen on the ship (Shakespeare 31), and who had quickness, lightness, grace, and total control over his actions. On the other hand, Caliban who represented the body, couldn’t control his actions and thus made him the opposite of Ariel. He even tried to rape Miranda once, but was stopped by Prospero in the process. In fact, it might even be safe to say that Caliban was anti-Ariel, being slow, stupid, and lazy. Gonzalo and Ferdinand were also contrasted in this act.
In Act I, scene I lines 28-33, Gonzalo made fun of the boatswain by saying that he didn’t look like the type to drown, instead he resembled more of the type to be hanged. Thus implying that no one on the ship would drown. This gesture by Gonzalo showed that he was an optimistic person. On the other hand, after landing on the island in Act I, scene ii, Ferdinand grew worry of his father and immediately presumed he was dead. He even went as far as saying that he was now the new King of Naples (Shakespeare 45). Therefore, one can see that Ferdinand did not have a positive outlook and wasn’t as optimistic as Gonzalo.
From the contrasts between Ariel – Caliban, and Gonzalo – Ferdinand, one develops a character profile of the four and starts to recognize some ideas that Shakespeare was trying to bring about in The Tempest. Contrast between the settings was also present in Act I. The tempest in the beginning of the play caused violent winds and total confusion aboard the ship. This chaos disturbed Shakespeare’s Social Order. The boatswain, not the King, was giving out orders to the people, while the King and his son were praying below.
Thus, the whole Social Order was inverted. However when ship landed on the island, the setting of the play changed from the terrifying storm to the delightfulness of the island. In turn, the Social Order was also put back to its original state by the introduction of Prospero and his commoners’ Ariel and Caliban. The reader can create a kind of atmosphere from this contrast. Recall that in Act I, Scene II, Shakespeare offered a parallel, or at least a contrast, in the way Miranda and Caliban were educated and how they used their education.
Whereas education had beneficial effects on Miranda’s high nature, its effects on Caliban’s low nature were extremely harmful. Prospero took great pains in order to educate her daughter: Have I, thy schoolmaster, made thee more profit Than other princesse can, that have more time For vanier hours, and tutors not so careful. (Shakespeare 29) Miranda benefitted greatly from her education because she had a noble nature with which to begin. She respected her father for whom he was and obeyed him as commanded. Contrasted by Caliban, whose main benefit from learning was that he became an expert at cursing.
Education had only made him into a malcontent creature who always whined about his low position. He may have been born to serve, but learning had made him hate serving. The contrast between these two character’s education helped Shakespeare to convey his idea of education between high class and low class individuals. Shakespeare intelligently used different contrasts in Act I to display characters, setting and ideas. These contrasts helped to unify the act, and make the reader more aware of what they were truly reading, and that is of course, a work of art. | <urn:uuid:25d28d4d-bbb9-49af-aa7c-2de7c17113eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://monsterliterature.com/use-of-contrasts-in-act-i-of-the-tempest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.988779 | 843 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.2579230070114136,
0.04660883545875549,
0.7035131454467773,
-0.08534640818834305,
-0.43078935146331787,
-0.4289388954639435,
0.37830859422683716,
0.2739412188529968,
-0.057607609778642654,
-0.22464285790920258,
-0.09512300789356232,
-0.036497149616479874,
-0.3377264738082886,
0.280661821... | 2 | William Shakespeare used many different writing devices when he wrote his plays. In Act I of The Tempest, the use of contrasts between characters, setting, and ideas were often used to develop the story, and more importantly, the messages that Shakespeare wished to portray by the play. One good example was how some characters in the first act had their counterparts. Ariel had Caliban, and Gonzalo had Ferdinand. The relationship between Ariel and Caliban could clearly be seen throughout Act I, scene II.
Ariel was the “airy spirit” that could assume different shapes, such as the lightning flames seen on the ship (Shakespeare 31), and who had quickness, lightness, grace, and total control over his actions. On the other hand, Caliban who represented the body, couldn’t control his actions and thus made him the opposite of Ariel. He even tried to rape Miranda once, but was stopped by Prospero in the process. In fact, it might even be safe to say that Caliban was anti-Ariel, being slow, stupid, and lazy. Gonzalo and Ferdinand were also contrasted in this act.
In Act I, scene I lines 28-33, Gonzalo made fun of the boatswain by saying that he didn’t look like the type to drown, instead he resembled more of the type to be hanged. Thus implying that no one on the ship would drown. This gesture by Gonzalo showed that he was an optimistic person. On the other hand, after landing on the island in Act I, scene ii, Ferdinand grew worry of his father and immediately presumed he was dead. He even went as far as saying that he was now the new King of Naples (Shakespeare 45). Therefore, one can see that Ferdinand did not have a positive outlook and wasn’t as optimistic as Gonzalo.
From the contrasts between Ariel – Caliban, and Gonzalo – Ferdinand, one develops a character profile of the four and starts to recognize some ideas that Shakespeare was trying to bring about in The Tempest. Contrast between the settings was also present in Act I. The tempest in the beginning of the play caused violent winds and total confusion aboard the ship. This chaos disturbed Shakespeare’s Social Order. The boatswain, not the King, was giving out orders to the people, while the King and his son were praying below.
Thus, the whole Social Order was inverted. However when ship landed on the island, the setting of the play changed from the terrifying storm to the delightfulness of the island. In turn, the Social Order was also put back to its original state by the introduction of Prospero and his commoners’ Ariel and Caliban. The reader can create a kind of atmosphere from this contrast. Recall that in Act I, Scene II, Shakespeare offered a parallel, or at least a contrast, in the way Miranda and Caliban were educated and how they used their education.
Whereas education had beneficial effects on Miranda’s high nature, its effects on Caliban’s low nature were extremely harmful. Prospero took great pains in order to educate her daughter: Have I, thy schoolmaster, made thee more profit Than other princesse can, that have more time For vanier hours, and tutors not so careful. (Shakespeare 29) Miranda benefitted greatly from her education because she had a noble nature with which to begin. She respected her father for whom he was and obeyed him as commanded. Contrasted by Caliban, whose main benefit from learning was that he became an expert at cursing.
Education had only made him into a malcontent creature who always whined about his low position. He may have been born to serve, but learning had made him hate serving. The contrast between these two character’s education helped Shakespeare to convey his idea of education between high class and low class individuals. Shakespeare intelligently used different contrasts in Act I to display characters, setting and ideas. These contrasts helped to unify the act, and make the reader more aware of what they were truly reading, and that is of course, a work of art. | 832 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“Animal Farm” by George Orwell
Lecturer: Topic: “Animalism” in the novel Animal Farm and communism during the Cold War in Soviet Russia Introduction Animal farm is a novel that is allegorical and dystopian, written by George Orwell in England and the book represents the events preceded the Russian Revolution that took place in 1917 as well as the Stalin era in the Soviet Union (Busky 108). The Author was a democratic socialist and a critic of Joseph Stalin while being hostile to Moscow, which was under the direction of the doctrines that Stalin, stood for which was a perception that was founded on the experiences he went through in the civil war that took place in Spain (Rodden 133). He had the belief that the Soviet Union had developed into an atrocious dictatorship that was founded on a cult of personality while enforcing a reign of terror. Orwell considered his novel as a sardonic account against Stalin and it was the first work where he attempted to blend political principle with a creative principle to create one whole.
The conception of animalism is considered to be indistinct but is very habitually addressed in the book while being utilized by Orwell to represent the general perception that he has concerning socialism. Karl Max who is depicted as Old Major in the book expanded the view and in the opinion of Orwell, he was green to have the notion that the ideas that he had would actually work (Bloom 26). Even though Orwell actually agreed with the full conception that was associated with Marxism, he still was a critic of Marx since he did not address the voracity and resentment that would consequently weaken the whole idea. This idea was exhibited through Napoleon and other pigs who through being persuaded and being forced became the most dominant on the farm.
The animalism that is existent in the book can be considered to be an allegorical mirror that is associated with the Soviet Union especially between 1910 and 1940 and also the changes that took place in the perceptions of the Russian revolutionaries as well as the government in the manner in which they were supposed to practice it. It was the invention of Old Major who was a highly respected character and the other pigs that include Snowball, Napoleon, as well as Squealer, embrace the ideas that are developed by Old Major to become a real philosophy and they, therefore, name it Animalism.
A short while later, Napoleon and Squealer participate in vices that are associated with humans that include the drinking of alcohol, sleeping in beds as well as trading after which Squealer is used to make changes to the seven commandments so that he can be able to justify his humanization (Scalia 68). This represents the manner in which the Soviet government adjusted the theories associated with communism to develop it to become a reformation of capitalism instead of a replacement.
The seven commandments were developed so that there could be order and make sure that there was simple animalism present within the animal farm while being a unifying factor to the animals against the humans (Agathocleous 82). It was supposed to prevent the animals from following the evil habits that are associated with the humans and since not all the animals could be able to remember all of them, they were consolidated into one simple statement that was easily remembered. It was simply, “Four legs are good, two legs bad” and this considered wings as being legs especially by Snowball who categorically explained that they were instruments that were used for movement instead of manipulation. The sheep continuously repeated this statement with the aim of off-putting the entire multitude from the denigration that was being told by the pigs.
The original commandments included issues such as any animal that uses two legs is hostile, any animal that uses four legs or has wings is friendly and an animal is not supposed to wear clothes. Animals were also not supposed to sleep in a bed, drink alcohol or kill any other animal and they were all considered to be equal with none of them being more important than the other.
Without a doubt, George Orwell develops a literary criticism of a political society as well as political states and animal farm is among them being a political book when considered from a societal perspective. According to the author, society is always corrupted and there is no revolution that has the ability to address it since when people acquire power, the principles that they had to go behind them while losing sight of what they had fought for. Power then becomes their key objective, the people who are bestowed with power will in most of the cases over-control the rest of the people making the achievement of a perfect society impossible and the novel is an allegory of this society.
The animalism in the Animal farm symbolizes the Communist society even though in Communist Russia, things are not normal after the revolution and the society is still under the control of corrupt politics. A number of the characters that are in the novel are directly linked with some of the people who took part in the Russian revolution such as Stalin and Trotsky. The principles that are evident in the communist Manifesto are shameful because the society will not be in a position to enjoy what those people who are in power initially promised when they were part of the powerless society. The profligacy of power is depicted in the novel and is the distortion of the notions associated with Karl Marx that are in the Communist Manifesto, which is represented by the seven commandments in the bookmaking a perfect society impossible.
Agathocleous, Tanya. “George Orwell”. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Bloom, Harold. “George Orwells Animal Farm”. 1st ed. New York: Blooms Literary
Criticism, 2009. Print.
Busky, Donald F. “Communism In History And Theory”. 1st ed. Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
Rodden, John. “The Cambridge Companion To George Orwell”. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.
Scalia, Joseph E. “Animal Farm”. 1st ed. Piscataway, N.J.: Research & Education
Association, 2012. Print. | <urn:uuid:0371ef92-c5f5-4ce2-b838-1c6f01ab80e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://summarystory.com/animal-farm/animal-farm-by-george-orwell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.983523 | 1,256 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
-0.06162803992629051,
-0.13433896005153656,
0.10904672741889954,
0.5747747421264648,
-0.007791498675942421,
-0.14141657948493958,
-0.10551714897155762,
0.3976060152053833,
-0.020574437454342842,
0.2534419000148773,
-0.13456366956233978,
-0.35410505533218384,
0.3120374083518982,
0.324390053... | 12 | “Animal Farm” by George Orwell
Lecturer: Topic: “Animalism” in the novel Animal Farm and communism during the Cold War in Soviet Russia Introduction Animal farm is a novel that is allegorical and dystopian, written by George Orwell in England and the book represents the events preceded the Russian Revolution that took place in 1917 as well as the Stalin era in the Soviet Union (Busky 108). The Author was a democratic socialist and a critic of Joseph Stalin while being hostile to Moscow, which was under the direction of the doctrines that Stalin, stood for which was a perception that was founded on the experiences he went through in the civil war that took place in Spain (Rodden 133). He had the belief that the Soviet Union had developed into an atrocious dictatorship that was founded on a cult of personality while enforcing a reign of terror. Orwell considered his novel as a sardonic account against Stalin and it was the first work where he attempted to blend political principle with a creative principle to create one whole.
The conception of animalism is considered to be indistinct but is very habitually addressed in the book while being utilized by Orwell to represent the general perception that he has concerning socialism. Karl Max who is depicted as Old Major in the book expanded the view and in the opinion of Orwell, he was green to have the notion that the ideas that he had would actually work (Bloom 26). Even though Orwell actually agreed with the full conception that was associated with Marxism, he still was a critic of Marx since he did not address the voracity and resentment that would consequently weaken the whole idea. This idea was exhibited through Napoleon and other pigs who through being persuaded and being forced became the most dominant on the farm.
The animalism that is existent in the book can be considered to be an allegorical mirror that is associated with the Soviet Union especially between 1910 and 1940 and also the changes that took place in the perceptions of the Russian revolutionaries as well as the government in the manner in which they were supposed to practice it. It was the invention of Old Major who was a highly respected character and the other pigs that include Snowball, Napoleon, as well as Squealer, embrace the ideas that are developed by Old Major to become a real philosophy and they, therefore, name it Animalism.
A short while later, Napoleon and Squealer participate in vices that are associated with humans that include the drinking of alcohol, sleeping in beds as well as trading after which Squealer is used to make changes to the seven commandments so that he can be able to justify his humanization (Scalia 68). This represents the manner in which the Soviet government adjusted the theories associated with communism to develop it to become a reformation of capitalism instead of a replacement.
The seven commandments were developed so that there could be order and make sure that there was simple animalism present within the animal farm while being a unifying factor to the animals against the humans (Agathocleous 82). It was supposed to prevent the animals from following the evil habits that are associated with the humans and since not all the animals could be able to remember all of them, they were consolidated into one simple statement that was easily remembered. It was simply, “Four legs are good, two legs bad” and this considered wings as being legs especially by Snowball who categorically explained that they were instruments that were used for movement instead of manipulation. The sheep continuously repeated this statement with the aim of off-putting the entire multitude from the denigration that was being told by the pigs.
The original commandments included issues such as any animal that uses two legs is hostile, any animal that uses four legs or has wings is friendly and an animal is not supposed to wear clothes. Animals were also not supposed to sleep in a bed, drink alcohol or kill any other animal and they were all considered to be equal with none of them being more important than the other.
Without a doubt, George Orwell develops a literary criticism of a political society as well as political states and animal farm is among them being a political book when considered from a societal perspective. According to the author, society is always corrupted and there is no revolution that has the ability to address it since when people acquire power, the principles that they had to go behind them while losing sight of what they had fought for. Power then becomes their key objective, the people who are bestowed with power will in most of the cases over-control the rest of the people making the achievement of a perfect society impossible and the novel is an allegory of this society.
The animalism in the Animal farm symbolizes the Communist society even though in Communist Russia, things are not normal after the revolution and the society is still under the control of corrupt politics. A number of the characters that are in the novel are directly linked with some of the people who took part in the Russian revolution such as Stalin and Trotsky. The principles that are evident in the communist Manifesto are shameful because the society will not be in a position to enjoy what those people who are in power initially promised when they were part of the powerless society. The profligacy of power is depicted in the novel and is the distortion of the notions associated with Karl Marx that are in the Communist Manifesto, which is represented by the seven commandments in the bookmaking a perfect society impossible.
Agathocleous, Tanya. “George Orwell”. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Bloom, Harold. “George Orwells Animal Farm”. 1st ed. New York: Blooms Literary
Criticism, 2009. Print.
Busky, Donald F. “Communism In History And Theory”. 1st ed. Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
Rodden, John. “The Cambridge Companion To George Orwell”. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.
Scalia, Joseph E. “Animal Farm”. 1st ed. Piscataway, N.J.: Research & Education
Association, 2012. Print. | 1,272 | ENGLISH | 1 |
"Quoff the Raven, "Nevermore!""
It is extremely likely that you have heard this intriguing phrase uttered at some point in your life, but it is only a snapshot of the dark literary genius that wrote it. Edgar Allan Poe penned many tales and poems that catapulted him into macabre fame, among them his 1841 detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue, and the aforementioned 1845 poem The Raven.
Born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to English actors, Poe had an aptitude for the English language, training with classical education in Scotland, England and then Virginia, where his penchant for gambling saw him kicked out of the university there. Poe began writing and published a pamphlet of Byronic-style poems entitled Tamerlane, and Other Poems in 1827.
Poe lived a poverty-stricken life and was in and out of military training, but it was obvious that writing was his true love. In 1833 he began winning competitions for his stories - most notably MS. Found in a Bottle, before he bounced around from literary journals and publications as an editor. His versatile writing style saw him pen short stories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and book reviews, but he is always regarded as one of America's first great literary critics, as well as a pioneer of many fictional subjects today.
In January 1845, the publication of the poem The Raven in a copy of The New York Mirror made Poe a household name, but it was in 1841 that the first detective story ever made was published in Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine. This story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, is said to have influenced Arthur Conan Doyle's famous detective series Sherlock Holmes.
But Conan Doyle wasn't the only one who Poe inspired. It is widely known that Poe's penned The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym was considered to be the inspiration for Herman Melville's story of the great white whale Moby Dick. His work has lead him to be considered today to be the Master of Macabre, a Pioneer of Science Fiction, and a Father of the Detective Story.
Edgar Allan Poe's life was plagued with misfortune, as was adamant in his works. From the death of his parents and his first wife (second-cousin whom he married at the age of 13) to his surmountable gambling debt and alcoholism, Poe's tales captured the imagination as a morbid, mysterious figure lurking like a vampire in the shadows of moonlit cemeteries. And while this vampiric Poe is a legend, he was simply a man with a literary career and a way with words.
He died on October 7, 1849 in Baltimore, Maryland.
Photo by Mister Sam | <urn:uuid:6c5ea028-a5d0-4ffb-a1d9-cee1da2fdd37> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thissideofsanguine.com/single-post/2019/03/07/The-Face-Of-Darkness-Meet-Edgar-Allen-Poe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.983067 | 572 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.116495281457901,
0.29920926690101624,
0.049930691719055176,
0.3395310938358307,
-0.09941466152667999,
0.1067623496055603,
0.4293474853038788,
-0.25610828399658203,
-0.298037052154541,
-0.3591819703578949,
0.07696378976106644,
0.398540198802948,
-0.15297040343284607,
-0.0322936587035656,... | 3 | "Quoff the Raven, "Nevermore!""
It is extremely likely that you have heard this intriguing phrase uttered at some point in your life, but it is only a snapshot of the dark literary genius that wrote it. Edgar Allan Poe penned many tales and poems that catapulted him into macabre fame, among them his 1841 detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue, and the aforementioned 1845 poem The Raven.
Born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to English actors, Poe had an aptitude for the English language, training with classical education in Scotland, England and then Virginia, where his penchant for gambling saw him kicked out of the university there. Poe began writing and published a pamphlet of Byronic-style poems entitled Tamerlane, and Other Poems in 1827.
Poe lived a poverty-stricken life and was in and out of military training, but it was obvious that writing was his true love. In 1833 he began winning competitions for his stories - most notably MS. Found in a Bottle, before he bounced around from literary journals and publications as an editor. His versatile writing style saw him pen short stories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and book reviews, but he is always regarded as one of America's first great literary critics, as well as a pioneer of many fictional subjects today.
In January 1845, the publication of the poem The Raven in a copy of The New York Mirror made Poe a household name, but it was in 1841 that the first detective story ever made was published in Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine. This story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, is said to have influenced Arthur Conan Doyle's famous detective series Sherlock Holmes.
But Conan Doyle wasn't the only one who Poe inspired. It is widely known that Poe's penned The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym was considered to be the inspiration for Herman Melville's story of the great white whale Moby Dick. His work has lead him to be considered today to be the Master of Macabre, a Pioneer of Science Fiction, and a Father of the Detective Story.
Edgar Allan Poe's life was plagued with misfortune, as was adamant in his works. From the death of his parents and his first wife (second-cousin whom he married at the age of 13) to his surmountable gambling debt and alcoholism, Poe's tales captured the imagination as a morbid, mysterious figure lurking like a vampire in the shadows of moonlit cemeteries. And while this vampiric Poe is a legend, he was simply a man with a literary career and a way with words.
He died on October 7, 1849 in Baltimore, Maryland.
Photo by Mister Sam | 595 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Each house maintained a cult of ancestors and hearth gods and the paterfamilias was its priest. The family was thought to posses a “genius” (gens) – an inner spirit – passed down the generations. The living and the dead members of the family shared the gens and were bound by it.
Legitimate offspring belonged to the father’s family. The father retained custody if the couple (rarely) divorced exclusively at the husband’s initiative. The father had the right to disown a newborn – usually deformed boys or girls. This led to a severe shortage of women in Rome.
The father of the bride had to pay a sizable dowry to the family vk video download of the groom, thus impoverishing the other members of the family. Moreover, daughters shared equally in the estate of a father who died without a will – thus transferring assets from their family of origin to their husband’s family. No wonder females were decried as an economic liability.
At the beginning, slaves were considered to be part of the family and were well-treated. They were allowed to save money (peculium) and to purchase their freedom. Freed slaves became full-fledged Roman citizens and usually stayed on with the family as hired help or paid laborers. Only much later, in the vast plantations amassed by wealthy Romans, were slaves abused and regarded as inanimate property. | <urn:uuid:95a62b06-6434-43b4-8b78-ac6f83d7ecc8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.butteoperahouse.com/the-roman-family/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.989213 | 292 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
-0.0780121311545372,
0.7859177589416504,
-0.06265585869550705,
-0.3870096206665039,
0.10629260540008545,
-0.03300520032644272,
-0.14873254299163818,
-0.15715643763542175,
0.2728034555912018,
-0.26031896471977234,
0.1963205486536026,
-0.09242855757474899,
0.06274111568927765,
0.052060276269... | 8 | Each house maintained a cult of ancestors and hearth gods and the paterfamilias was its priest. The family was thought to posses a “genius” (gens) – an inner spirit – passed down the generations. The living and the dead members of the family shared the gens and were bound by it.
Legitimate offspring belonged to the father’s family. The father retained custody if the couple (rarely) divorced exclusively at the husband’s initiative. The father had the right to disown a newborn – usually deformed boys or girls. This led to a severe shortage of women in Rome.
The father of the bride had to pay a sizable dowry to the family vk video download of the groom, thus impoverishing the other members of the family. Moreover, daughters shared equally in the estate of a father who died without a will – thus transferring assets from their family of origin to their husband’s family. No wonder females were decried as an economic liability.
At the beginning, slaves were considered to be part of the family and were well-treated. They were allowed to save money (peculium) and to purchase their freedom. Freed slaves became full-fledged Roman citizens and usually stayed on with the family as hired help or paid laborers. Only much later, in the vast plantations amassed by wealthy Romans, were slaves abused and regarded as inanimate property. | 281 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How much impact did war have on social attitudes, 1939-c1950 in Britain?
This essay will examine the central topic relating to the impact of the Second World War on British society in regardance to their social attitudes. Attention will be focused on the question of whether the experience of war on the Home Front led to an ‘impact’ on social attitudes and whether this was large, minute, short term or long term. The greatness of this war caused an impact and changed people’s viewpoints & social attitudes. One major change in social attitudes, was that of the attitudes towards women. During World War II many women took up jobs that had previously been considered only for men. Women worked in heavy industry and on the land, among other things. In the years from the outbreak of World War II until the early 1950s, many social changes took place that contributed towards the birth of the women’s liberation movement.
These social changes can be seen extremely clearly as data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau show that from 1940 to its peak in 1950, the labor force participation (LFP) rate for all women increased by 24.3 percent . It is an interesting statement on the social attitudes toward female labor that ‘the war did not inflate women’s wages. Employers would hire several women to replace one man. By 1939, a working woman’s weekly wage had returned to being half the male rate.’.Clearly social prejudices and the needs of employers were not so much against women working as against their entering new fields of employment and receiving higher wages.
These pieces of evidence show how World War 2 only had a minor impact on social attitudes towards women. Whilst on paper all women seemed free, there were still issues which made the major social attitude changes appear illusory. For instance, stereotypes of women had not completely changed, with ‘the home and childcare still seen as primarily women’s responsibility, however with the added expectation to work as well’. Even though, the employment of women could be argued as ‘still concentrated in low skill, low status occupations’, they were still finally able to join the workforce. As well, as the social attitudes to women being minor, they were also short term, as many were expected to give up their jobs to returned soldiers after the War. Whilst many were expected to give up their jobs to men after the war, social attitudes towards what women were capable of doing had been changed by the experience.
This fuelled women’s attempts to achieve better conditions and pay for themselves in the workforce, therefore the war had a major impact on the social attitudes of women themselves. Their mobilization was a critical social phenomenon of the war, giving many of them a sense of fulfilment they had not known in their peace-time lives. The war had given them the opportunity to finally work, and they weren’t willing to give it up. For instance, Edith Craig (a female journalist for ‘women vote’ in the 1940’s) was quoted to have said that ‘It was seeing Votes for Women sold in the street that made me feel that I wanted to make a difference for women, and I began joining societies right away.’
This quote evidently shows that the war had an apparent effect on her social attitude to her own gender. The war brought on numerous women suffrage journals and pressure groups such as Votes for Women, Free Women, The Common Cause, Kensington Society and Independent WSPU . All of these groups targeted the demolition of traditional female ideologies and stereotypes whilst increasing the social status of women all over Britain. These pieces of evidence show how world war two had a great impact on women’s social attitudes towards themselves, because the war gave them a ‘taster’ of what the emancipation of women felt like. The women of Britain had a completely new social outlook on themselves. By 1950, women began challenging ideas about what work they could do and what they were worth as workers and individuals in society. Another way that the war had an impact on social attitudes, was through the changed outlook towards the British government. Before world war two had begun, each family and individual was merely responsible for themself.
However due to the severity of the second world war, the British government was required to take on a more ‘active’ role within the day-to-day lives of citizens (through rationing, free school meals, evacuations and more) During the war, the British people had been given a ‘sample’ of what life would be like with a labor party as government, and they loved it. In the year 1940, a woman had written to The Times saying ‘the war has caused us to lift the stone and see what is crawling around underneath. Let’s make a promise that at the end of the war, we won’t just put the stone back’. She is referencing to the impact that the war had on everybody. For the first time, the higher classed people of Britain were able to witness the poverty of many citizens (people that were malnourished, had lice, worn down clothing and ill) The British people now understood the benefits that the ‘labor’ government had on Britain, and this new social attitude was all brought on by the second world war.
The social attitudes of the British had evidently changed, and they were expecting as much aid and control from the government as possible. Furthermore, Richard Titmus (1940) was reported to have said ‘The mood of the people changed, and in sympathetic response, values changed as well. If dangers were to be shared, then resources should also be shared’ . Basically, dramatic events on the home front served to reinforce the people for a more generous society, and a changed social attitude towards the government. All pieces of evidence point towards the great impact that war had on social attitudes towards the government. These attitudes changed, because the people of Britain believed they now deserved full care and support from the government. Their expectations had risen thus leading to the responsibilities of the government to rise.
In general, the war had an extremely large impact on social attitudes towards the government, since it went from being completely ‘Laissez Faire’ and absent to interactive and controlling. After the Second World War, British social attitudes towards poverty and class changed dramatically. Up until this point, poverty was viewed as though it were the poor persons fault and a problem which should not affect the upper classes. Their lack of honesty and tendency towards drinking and gambling were blamed for their poverty and this remained an unquestioned opinion until after World War two. These social attitudes slightly changed as a result of the war. For example, one of the first poverty investigations took place in London by Charles Booth, he found out that 30.7% of people were below his poverty line; below the adequate level for bare survival.
He showed that only 3% of the 30.7% below the poverty line were being helped by the poor law . This was later published in 1942, making information available to those ignorant of the poverty surrounding them. The war had caused the high class and lower class citizens of Britain to merge and work together through tough times. This mix triggered curiosity (which led to investigations like Booth’s to take place) The war had caused the old contempt for those impoverished to fade and be replaced by a sense of responsibility to help, especially as it greatly affected the country as a whole. This new social attitude led to charities, soup kitchens and the NHS to be set up. It is of no surprise therefore that the changing social attitude to poverty forced liberal changes in the way poverty was handled from 1940.
The specimen mentioned unmistakably indicates that the war caused a slight and minor change in social attitudes towards poverty and class, because World War 2 enforced the two polar groups of society to join one another in the efforts to reach the same goal (to win the war) this therefore initiated only a slim change in social attitudes. Finally, it is extremely apparent that there was a great change in social attitudes towards the healthcare in Britain from 1939 to 1950. The main reason for this drastic change in attitude was because healthcare became completely free of charge which improved the lives and medical conditions of British citizens, especially the poor (since they couldn’t afford any healthcare before the war). It was very clear that medical needs were much larger and more serious after world war two, since German bombs hit major cities like London, thus leading to civilian casualties. To deal with this, the government had set up ‘the emergency medical service’ which basically provided healthcare to every British citizen, free of charge.
However, the people of Britain weren’t willing to let go of such an effective and helpful system. So the public demanded the continuation of the health service . This definitely shows a big change in social attitudes, required medical needs, and because, before the war, there were no civilian casualties. In 1948, the National Health Service (NHS) was introduced by Aneurin Bevan. This new service used taxes to provide every British citizen with free healthcare and medical treatments . This allowed everyone (including the poor) to afford and access essential medical needs which they couldn’t have done before world war two. The introduction of the NHS marks an enormous change in social attitudes because it shows the government and wealthy people became more aware of the conditions the poor were in.
In conclusion, I believe that there was an apparent change in attitudes due to the war. However some of these attitudes were only shirt term (especially attitudes towards women) since their new independence, power and careers were taken away as soon as the men arrived back home. Although the positive change in attitudes towards women was only temporary, I still believe the war strongly changed social attitudes in Britain. The war government changed its views & became a labor party, and finally the reason why people became aware of the poverty they hadn’t seen before, thus changing attitudes from selfish and unaware to selfless and thankful/grateful for the things they had. Overall, I believe the Second World War had a major impact on the social attitudes of the British. | <urn:uuid:ef2ef81d-8a0f-4f8d-bbfc-82ebae5df0ef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://newyorkessays.com/essay-how-much-impact-did-war-have-on-social-attitudes-1939-c1950-in-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.984026 | 2,093 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
-0.0066604469902813435,
0.25400468707084656,
0.17485713958740234,
-0.1480165272951126,
0.2633823752403259,
0.306887686252594,
0.028372028842568398,
0.2051728218793869,
0.054463449865579605,
-0.424219012260437,
0.2859002351760864,
0.018406659364700317,
0.12461059540510178,
0.178072929382324... | 2 | How much impact did war have on social attitudes, 1939-c1950 in Britain?
This essay will examine the central topic relating to the impact of the Second World War on British society in regardance to their social attitudes. Attention will be focused on the question of whether the experience of war on the Home Front led to an ‘impact’ on social attitudes and whether this was large, minute, short term or long term. The greatness of this war caused an impact and changed people’s viewpoints & social attitudes. One major change in social attitudes, was that of the attitudes towards women. During World War II many women took up jobs that had previously been considered only for men. Women worked in heavy industry and on the land, among other things. In the years from the outbreak of World War II until the early 1950s, many social changes took place that contributed towards the birth of the women’s liberation movement.
These social changes can be seen extremely clearly as data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau show that from 1940 to its peak in 1950, the labor force participation (LFP) rate for all women increased by 24.3 percent . It is an interesting statement on the social attitudes toward female labor that ‘the war did not inflate women’s wages. Employers would hire several women to replace one man. By 1939, a working woman’s weekly wage had returned to being half the male rate.’.Clearly social prejudices and the needs of employers were not so much against women working as against their entering new fields of employment and receiving higher wages.
These pieces of evidence show how World War 2 only had a minor impact on social attitudes towards women. Whilst on paper all women seemed free, there were still issues which made the major social attitude changes appear illusory. For instance, stereotypes of women had not completely changed, with ‘the home and childcare still seen as primarily women’s responsibility, however with the added expectation to work as well’. Even though, the employment of women could be argued as ‘still concentrated in low skill, low status occupations’, they were still finally able to join the workforce. As well, as the social attitudes to women being minor, they were also short term, as many were expected to give up their jobs to returned soldiers after the War. Whilst many were expected to give up their jobs to men after the war, social attitudes towards what women were capable of doing had been changed by the experience.
This fuelled women’s attempts to achieve better conditions and pay for themselves in the workforce, therefore the war had a major impact on the social attitudes of women themselves. Their mobilization was a critical social phenomenon of the war, giving many of them a sense of fulfilment they had not known in their peace-time lives. The war had given them the opportunity to finally work, and they weren’t willing to give it up. For instance, Edith Craig (a female journalist for ‘women vote’ in the 1940’s) was quoted to have said that ‘It was seeing Votes for Women sold in the street that made me feel that I wanted to make a difference for women, and I began joining societies right away.’
This quote evidently shows that the war had an apparent effect on her social attitude to her own gender. The war brought on numerous women suffrage journals and pressure groups such as Votes for Women, Free Women, The Common Cause, Kensington Society and Independent WSPU . All of these groups targeted the demolition of traditional female ideologies and stereotypes whilst increasing the social status of women all over Britain. These pieces of evidence show how world war two had a great impact on women’s social attitudes towards themselves, because the war gave them a ‘taster’ of what the emancipation of women felt like. The women of Britain had a completely new social outlook on themselves. By 1950, women began challenging ideas about what work they could do and what they were worth as workers and individuals in society. Another way that the war had an impact on social attitudes, was through the changed outlook towards the British government. Before world war two had begun, each family and individual was merely responsible for themself.
However due to the severity of the second world war, the British government was required to take on a more ‘active’ role within the day-to-day lives of citizens (through rationing, free school meals, evacuations and more) During the war, the British people had been given a ‘sample’ of what life would be like with a labor party as government, and they loved it. In the year 1940, a woman had written to The Times saying ‘the war has caused us to lift the stone and see what is crawling around underneath. Let’s make a promise that at the end of the war, we won’t just put the stone back’. She is referencing to the impact that the war had on everybody. For the first time, the higher classed people of Britain were able to witness the poverty of many citizens (people that were malnourished, had lice, worn down clothing and ill) The British people now understood the benefits that the ‘labor’ government had on Britain, and this new social attitude was all brought on by the second world war.
The social attitudes of the British had evidently changed, and they were expecting as much aid and control from the government as possible. Furthermore, Richard Titmus (1940) was reported to have said ‘The mood of the people changed, and in sympathetic response, values changed as well. If dangers were to be shared, then resources should also be shared’ . Basically, dramatic events on the home front served to reinforce the people for a more generous society, and a changed social attitude towards the government. All pieces of evidence point towards the great impact that war had on social attitudes towards the government. These attitudes changed, because the people of Britain believed they now deserved full care and support from the government. Their expectations had risen thus leading to the responsibilities of the government to rise.
In general, the war had an extremely large impact on social attitudes towards the government, since it went from being completely ‘Laissez Faire’ and absent to interactive and controlling. After the Second World War, British social attitudes towards poverty and class changed dramatically. Up until this point, poverty was viewed as though it were the poor persons fault and a problem which should not affect the upper classes. Their lack of honesty and tendency towards drinking and gambling were blamed for their poverty and this remained an unquestioned opinion until after World War two. These social attitudes slightly changed as a result of the war. For example, one of the first poverty investigations took place in London by Charles Booth, he found out that 30.7% of people were below his poverty line; below the adequate level for bare survival.
He showed that only 3% of the 30.7% below the poverty line were being helped by the poor law . This was later published in 1942, making information available to those ignorant of the poverty surrounding them. The war had caused the high class and lower class citizens of Britain to merge and work together through tough times. This mix triggered curiosity (which led to investigations like Booth’s to take place) The war had caused the old contempt for those impoverished to fade and be replaced by a sense of responsibility to help, especially as it greatly affected the country as a whole. This new social attitude led to charities, soup kitchens and the NHS to be set up. It is of no surprise therefore that the changing social attitude to poverty forced liberal changes in the way poverty was handled from 1940.
The specimen mentioned unmistakably indicates that the war caused a slight and minor change in social attitudes towards poverty and class, because World War 2 enforced the two polar groups of society to join one another in the efforts to reach the same goal (to win the war) this therefore initiated only a slim change in social attitudes. Finally, it is extremely apparent that there was a great change in social attitudes towards the healthcare in Britain from 1939 to 1950. The main reason for this drastic change in attitude was because healthcare became completely free of charge which improved the lives and medical conditions of British citizens, especially the poor (since they couldn’t afford any healthcare before the war). It was very clear that medical needs were much larger and more serious after world war two, since German bombs hit major cities like London, thus leading to civilian casualties. To deal with this, the government had set up ‘the emergency medical service’ which basically provided healthcare to every British citizen, free of charge.
However, the people of Britain weren’t willing to let go of such an effective and helpful system. So the public demanded the continuation of the health service . This definitely shows a big change in social attitudes, required medical needs, and because, before the war, there were no civilian casualties. In 1948, the National Health Service (NHS) was introduced by Aneurin Bevan. This new service used taxes to provide every British citizen with free healthcare and medical treatments . This allowed everyone (including the poor) to afford and access essential medical needs which they couldn’t have done before world war two. The introduction of the NHS marks an enormous change in social attitudes because it shows the government and wealthy people became more aware of the conditions the poor were in.
In conclusion, I believe that there was an apparent change in attitudes due to the war. However some of these attitudes were only shirt term (especially attitudes towards women) since their new independence, power and careers were taken away as soon as the men arrived back home. Although the positive change in attitudes towards women was only temporary, I still believe the war strongly changed social attitudes in Britain. The war government changed its views & became a labor party, and finally the reason why people became aware of the poverty they hadn’t seen before, thus changing attitudes from selfish and unaware to selfless and thankful/grateful for the things they had. Overall, I believe the Second World War had a major impact on the social attitudes of the British. | 2,077 | ENGLISH | 1 |
(Last Updated on : 15/11/2011)
Karikala Chola was the son of Ilamcetcenni and ruled around 270 BC. He was also known by names such as Karikala Peruvalathaan and Thirumavalavan. There are no proper evidences of his rule. However he has been mentioned in numerous poetries of the Sangam age. Poems such as Pattinappaalai, Porunaraatruppadai and others have been the main source of information regarding Karikala.
Conquests of Karikala Chola
According to Porunaraatruppadai he fought a great battle at Venni near Thanjavur in which the Pandya and Chera suffered a defeat. The battle of Venni decided his strength thereby establishing him firmly on the throne.
Karikala defeated the union of nine minor chieftains in the battle of Vakaipparandalai. This incident has been mentioned by Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem Agananuru. Karikala was one of the few Tamil kings who won whole of Lanka. After his conquer over Singalese kingdom his kallanai was built. There is no evidence to prove that his conquests extended beyond the land of the Kaveri.
Legends of Karikala Chola
Karikala was the subject of many myths which in modern times have been accepted as history. Cilappatikaram
has a wonderful account of the northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far north as the Himalaya Mountains
. Kings of Vajra, Magadha
accepted his alliance.
The Chola kings of the later age referred to Karikala Chola as a great ancestor. According to them it is he who had built the dikes along the banks of the Kaveri River
. This has been mentioned by the Melapadu plates of Punyakumara, a Telugu Chola king of the seventh or the eighth century C.E.
The Grand Anicut also known as the Kallanai, was built by Karikala and is considered as one of the oldest water regulator structures in the world which is use even today. It is a huge dam that is built across the main stream of the Kaveri. Its aim was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile Delta region for irrigation through canals.
According to Pattinappaalai Karikala is an able and honest king. Karikala promoted agriculture and added to the wealth of his Kingdom by recovery and settlement of forest land. He also built the Grand Anicut which is one of the oldest dams in the world and also a number of irrigation canals and tanks.
As per Naccinarkiniyar, the annotator of Tolkappiyam
, Karikala married a Velir girl from Nangur. According to Purananuru, Karikala was a Shaivite. It is believed that Perur Patteeswara Swamy was built by King Karikala Chola. It is situated near river Noyyal. Lord Shiva
is the presiding deity. | <urn:uuid:736e68f9-0c92-423c-ba21-0ea145cfce99> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.indianetzone.com/57/karikala_chola.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.986228 | 672 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
-0.14508002996444702,
0.23863965272903442,
-0.09254409372806549,
0.06984707713127136,
-0.5588205456733704,
-0.02443331852555275,
0.35784459114074707,
0.09467893838882446,
-0.0748562291264534,
0.1616499274969101,
-0.1662714034318924,
-0.794263482093811,
0.6090540885925293,
0.144734323024749... | 1 | (Last Updated on : 15/11/2011)
Karikala Chola was the son of Ilamcetcenni and ruled around 270 BC. He was also known by names such as Karikala Peruvalathaan and Thirumavalavan. There are no proper evidences of his rule. However he has been mentioned in numerous poetries of the Sangam age. Poems such as Pattinappaalai, Porunaraatruppadai and others have been the main source of information regarding Karikala.
Conquests of Karikala Chola
According to Porunaraatruppadai he fought a great battle at Venni near Thanjavur in which the Pandya and Chera suffered a defeat. The battle of Venni decided his strength thereby establishing him firmly on the throne.
Karikala defeated the union of nine minor chieftains in the battle of Vakaipparandalai. This incident has been mentioned by Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem Agananuru. Karikala was one of the few Tamil kings who won whole of Lanka. After his conquer over Singalese kingdom his kallanai was built. There is no evidence to prove that his conquests extended beyond the land of the Kaveri.
Legends of Karikala Chola
Karikala was the subject of many myths which in modern times have been accepted as history. Cilappatikaram
has a wonderful account of the northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far north as the Himalaya Mountains
. Kings of Vajra, Magadha
accepted his alliance.
The Chola kings of the later age referred to Karikala Chola as a great ancestor. According to them it is he who had built the dikes along the banks of the Kaveri River
. This has been mentioned by the Melapadu plates of Punyakumara, a Telugu Chola king of the seventh or the eighth century C.E.
The Grand Anicut also known as the Kallanai, was built by Karikala and is considered as one of the oldest water regulator structures in the world which is use even today. It is a huge dam that is built across the main stream of the Kaveri. Its aim was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile Delta region for irrigation through canals.
According to Pattinappaalai Karikala is an able and honest king. Karikala promoted agriculture and added to the wealth of his Kingdom by recovery and settlement of forest land. He also built the Grand Anicut which is one of the oldest dams in the world and also a number of irrigation canals and tanks.
As per Naccinarkiniyar, the annotator of Tolkappiyam
, Karikala married a Velir girl from Nangur. According to Purananuru, Karikala was a Shaivite. It is believed that Perur Patteeswara Swamy was built by King Karikala Chola. It is situated near river Noyyal. Lord Shiva
is the presiding deity. | 666 | ENGLISH | 1 |
forms of life were small and soft, leaving no evidence of their existence behind them. It was only when some of these living things developed skeletons and shells of lime and such-like hard material that they left fossil vestiges after they died, and so put themselves on record for examination.
The literature of geology is very largely an account of the fossils that are found in the rocks, and of the order in which layers after layers of rocks lie one on another. The very oldest rocks must have been formed before there was any sea at all, when the earth was too hot for a sea to exist, and when the water that is now sea was an atmosphere of steam mixed with the air. Its higher levels were dense with clouds, from which a hot rain fell towards the rocks below, to be converted again into steam long before it reached their incandescence. Below this steam atmosphere the molten world-stuff solidified as the first rocks. These first rocks must have solidified as a cake over glowing liquid material beneath, much as cooling lava does. They must have appeared first as crusts and clinkers. They must have been constantly remelted and recrystallized before any thickness of them became permanently solid. The name of Fundamental Gneiss is given to a great underlying system of crystalline rocks which probably formed age by age as this hot youth of the world drew to its close. The scenery of the world in the days when the Fundamental Gneiss was formed must have been more like the interior of a furnace than anything else to be found upon earth at the present time.
After long ages the steam in the atmosphere began also to condense and fall right down to earth, pouring at last over these warm primordial rocks in rivulets of hot water and gathering in depressions as pools and lakes and the first seas. Into those seas the streams that poured over the rocks brought with them dust and particles to form a sediment, and this sediment accumulated in layers, or as geologists call them, strata, and formed the first Sedimentary Rocks. Those earliest sedimentary rocks sank into depressions and were covered by others; they were bent, tilted up, and torn by great volcanic disturbances and by tidal strains that swept through the rocky crust of the earth. We find these first sedimentary rocks still coming to the surface of the | <urn:uuid:b9cd4256-fe00-41c2-a4cf-bff1b5b04bf8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.982378 | 478 | 4.125 | 4 | [
-0.1321992427110672,
0.1699495017528534,
0.4085540771484375,
-0.1946643590927124,
-0.28295981884002686,
0.326894611120224,
-0.23633882403373718,
-0.2651757299900055,
-0.17230813205242157,
-0.04949113726615906,
-0.138740673661232,
-0.45690491795539856,
0.3903394937515259,
0.2247659415006637... | 1 | forms of life were small and soft, leaving no evidence of their existence behind them. It was only when some of these living things developed skeletons and shells of lime and such-like hard material that they left fossil vestiges after they died, and so put themselves on record for examination.
The literature of geology is very largely an account of the fossils that are found in the rocks, and of the order in which layers after layers of rocks lie one on another. The very oldest rocks must have been formed before there was any sea at all, when the earth was too hot for a sea to exist, and when the water that is now sea was an atmosphere of steam mixed with the air. Its higher levels were dense with clouds, from which a hot rain fell towards the rocks below, to be converted again into steam long before it reached their incandescence. Below this steam atmosphere the molten world-stuff solidified as the first rocks. These first rocks must have solidified as a cake over glowing liquid material beneath, much as cooling lava does. They must have appeared first as crusts and clinkers. They must have been constantly remelted and recrystallized before any thickness of them became permanently solid. The name of Fundamental Gneiss is given to a great underlying system of crystalline rocks which probably formed age by age as this hot youth of the world drew to its close. The scenery of the world in the days when the Fundamental Gneiss was formed must have been more like the interior of a furnace than anything else to be found upon earth at the present time.
After long ages the steam in the atmosphere began also to condense and fall right down to earth, pouring at last over these warm primordial rocks in rivulets of hot water and gathering in depressions as pools and lakes and the first seas. Into those seas the streams that poured over the rocks brought with them dust and particles to form a sediment, and this sediment accumulated in layers, or as geologists call them, strata, and formed the first Sedimentary Rocks. Those earliest sedimentary rocks sank into depressions and were covered by others; they were bent, tilted up, and torn by great volcanic disturbances and by tidal strains that swept through the rocky crust of the earth. We find these first sedimentary rocks still coming to the surface of the | 475 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Paper type: Essay Pages: 7 (1738 words)
Many poets use poetry to express their feelings on their relationships with their parents or children. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ by Alice Walker is about a girl who has grown into an adult and is thinking back to when she was younger. In the poem she talks about how much she misses her father because he has passed away. ‘Piano’ by D.H. Lawrence is about a man that is reminded of his mother who always played the piano for him because of a woman that he hears singing.
‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ by Chinua Achebe is about a woman that is in a refugee camp with her young child who is so sick that he is sure to die soon.
‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ presents childhood as a lonely, emotional experience. The woman in this poem has many fond memories of her father but she also has a lot of regret. She misses him very much and she is sad because she wishes she could have spent more time with him when she was a young girl.
In the poem she says, “How I miss my father. I wish he had not been so tired when I was born.” She wishes that her father wasn’t too exhausted to spend time with her when she was a young girl. The reader probably feels sorry for the little girl and some people may feel like they can relate to the girl when it comes to spending time with parents. This also relates to ‘Do not go gentle into that good night’ because the man in this poem also misses his father except he isn’t dead yet. He doesn’t want him to die. ‘Piano’ presents childhood as safe, secure and serene. As like in ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ the man has fond memories of time spent with his mother who he misses so much that it brings him to tears to think back to his childhood.
The poem says, “Down in the flood of remembrance, I weep like a child for the past”. As he remembers his childhood, he begins to cry because he misses the times with his mother. It is unusual for a man to cry and he was embarrassed because men did not cry in the early 1900’s. This makes the reader think back to childhood memories that they miss and they can relate to the poem just like readers can relate to ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ because they both stress realistic topics that apply to many people. ‘Half Past Two’ is also similar to ‘Piano’ because it talks about missing childhood and it presents childhood as a carefree time. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ presents childhood as a time of pain and suffering. The boy in this poem does not have fond memories of childhood because of his difficult lifestyle and he is very ill.
The poem says, “Now she did it like putting flowers on a tiny grave”. The boy’s mother is being delicate and combing her son’s hair as if she was putting flowers on a tiny grave because he is dying. This makes the reader very sympathetic towards the mother because she loves her son with all her heart but yet she has to watch him die which is very hard for her. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ can relate to ‘My Parents Kept me from Children who were Rough’ because the parents in these poems are trying to do the best for their son.
In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’, Alice Walker uses imagery to portray herself as a woman who has inherited qualities and characteristics that her father possessed. This is shown when she uses the simile “He cooked like a person dancing in a yoga meditation” which suggests that her father is trance-like when he cooks and this shows that although he was often very strict with her, her father had a calm, laid back side. She has grown up to be like him and she believes that her father would be proud to see the woman that she has grown up to be. The metaphor “seasoning one of my life the same way twice” shows that Alice Walker is spontaneous and her life has no routine and this may be something that she has inherited from her father. ‘Piano’ uses a nostalgic image to emphasize how much D.H. Lawrence misses his childhood.
The poem refers to “old Sunday evenings at home” and “hymns in the cosy parlour”. This creates a warm, homely image leading the reader to think that the boy comes from a loving home. ‘Piano’ also uses the simile “I weep like a child for the past” to emphasize how much the poet misses his childhood. He is crying openly because he wants to be a child again. The metaphor “a flood of remembrance” describes his memories rushing back all at once and this creates an overwhelming feeling for him. When ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ says, “The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea, of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried up bottoms waddling in labored steps” it appeals to the sense of the reader and it gives them an unpleasant image. This gives the reader the idea that the conditions are absolutely terrible and may even make some people sick to the stomach. It gives them a picture of the poverty and illness that is presents in war torn countries around the world.
In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ I found it interesting when Alice Walker said, “He taught me how” because this is saying that her father was a role model for her and she learned a lot from him. This makes the reader think that the father set a good example for her. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ also uses a euphemism for death when it says, “Though many truths must have grieved him before the end”. She doesn’t actually want to say that he died because it probably makes her sad. In ‘Piano’ I find it interesting when D.H. Lawrence said, “In spite of myself, the insidious mastery of song”. He is trying to fight against the memory of his childhood because it makes him sad. “Insidious mastery of song” is a powerful tool which is saying that the mastery of the song that he is hearing betrays him back to his childhood. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ makes good use of ellipsis.
It says, “Her tenderness for a song she would soon have to forget….” This foreshadows the child’s death. This makes the reader feel sorry for the mother and it also makes them sad. The poem also uses interesting vocabulary when it says, “Before his breakfast and school; now she did it.” The word ‘now’ stresses the mother and her son’s previous normal existence. This probably makes the reader have a lot of sympathy for the mother and feel sorry for her because she is losing her child. This also gives the reader an idea of the life that the mother provided for her son and how the war has completely changed their lives.
Alice Walker writes ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ in first person. The poem is conveyed as very sad because she misses her father and the main feeling conveyed in this poem is love. The poem opens by saying, “How I miss my father”. Later in the poem she repeats the phrase “How I miss my father” to emphasize how much she misses him. At first the mood is regretful but as the poem goes on the mood changed and she thinks that her father would admire the woman she has become. D.H. Lawrence also writes ‘Piano’ in first person and also third person to reminisce and describe himself as a child listening to his mother playing piano. An example of first person in this poem is, “Taking me back down the vista of years, till I see” and an example of third person in this poem is, “A child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings.”
In this quote he refers to himself as “a child” because he is trying to distance himself from his childhood. This poem is conveyed as depressing because it can cause readers to reminisce about their childhood and make them realize how much they actually miss it. The person speaking in ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is the author, Chinua Achebe, and the poem is written in third person. An example of third person in this poem is, “She held a ghost-smile between her teeth”. Although she was not happy, she put on a fake smile. The main feelings conveyed in this poem are sadness and love. The attitude towards the mother is admiration and how she is taking care of her son is touching.
‘Poem at Thirty-Nine” does not use any rhyming. It is also a free verse poem. This compliments her nature and it allows her to use the poem as an outpouring of feelings about her father. She uses the poem to express how she feels about her father and how she wishes he was around to see how she has grown up. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is also a free verse poem. It does not have a rhyme scheme. It makes it seem like the mother’s life is hectic and not very organized because of how much she has to deal with everyday trying to take care of her dying son. Her life is filled with agony and suffering. However ‘Piano’ isn’t written in free verse. Each stanza has the same amount of lines and the poem uses rhyming couplets. The structure of the poem represents the security of D.H. Lawrence’s childhood and how safe he felt when he was sitting under the piano listening to his mother.
In my opinion, these poems all discuss the same main topics which are love and sadness. I think that these poems will help many readers to think back to childhood memories that they are fond of and open up readers’ eyes to make them realize how much they actually miss being a child. My favorite poem is ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ because I know a woman that is a close family friend who had to watch her young son slowly die from a deadly disease and that helps me to understand how hard it must have been for the mother in this poem to see her son die.
Cite this page
Relationships Between Parents and Children in Poetry. (2016, Jun 11). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/relationships-between-parents-and-children-in-poetry-essay | <urn:uuid:8cbc1b00-e336-4723-91b2-39dd81391cbc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studymoose.com/relationships-between-parents-and-children-in-poetry-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.987364 | 2,277 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.20134767889976501,
0.08811651170253754,
0.08318871259689331,
0.1406174898147583,
-0.32649192214012146,
0.3487677276134491,
0.16115909814834595,
-0.09088265895843506,
-0.04444384574890137,
-0.5847270488739014,
0.14824770390987396,
0.09602765738964081,
0.0900687724351883,
-0.0493886582553... | 1 | Paper type: Essay Pages: 7 (1738 words)
Many poets use poetry to express their feelings on their relationships with their parents or children. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ by Alice Walker is about a girl who has grown into an adult and is thinking back to when she was younger. In the poem she talks about how much she misses her father because he has passed away. ‘Piano’ by D.H. Lawrence is about a man that is reminded of his mother who always played the piano for him because of a woman that he hears singing.
‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ by Chinua Achebe is about a woman that is in a refugee camp with her young child who is so sick that he is sure to die soon.
‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ presents childhood as a lonely, emotional experience. The woman in this poem has many fond memories of her father but she also has a lot of regret. She misses him very much and she is sad because she wishes she could have spent more time with him when she was a young girl.
In the poem she says, “How I miss my father. I wish he had not been so tired when I was born.” She wishes that her father wasn’t too exhausted to spend time with her when she was a young girl. The reader probably feels sorry for the little girl and some people may feel like they can relate to the girl when it comes to spending time with parents. This also relates to ‘Do not go gentle into that good night’ because the man in this poem also misses his father except he isn’t dead yet. He doesn’t want him to die. ‘Piano’ presents childhood as safe, secure and serene. As like in ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ the man has fond memories of time spent with his mother who he misses so much that it brings him to tears to think back to his childhood.
The poem says, “Down in the flood of remembrance, I weep like a child for the past”. As he remembers his childhood, he begins to cry because he misses the times with his mother. It is unusual for a man to cry and he was embarrassed because men did not cry in the early 1900’s. This makes the reader think back to childhood memories that they miss and they can relate to the poem just like readers can relate to ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ because they both stress realistic topics that apply to many people. ‘Half Past Two’ is also similar to ‘Piano’ because it talks about missing childhood and it presents childhood as a carefree time. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ presents childhood as a time of pain and suffering. The boy in this poem does not have fond memories of childhood because of his difficult lifestyle and he is very ill.
The poem says, “Now she did it like putting flowers on a tiny grave”. The boy’s mother is being delicate and combing her son’s hair as if she was putting flowers on a tiny grave because he is dying. This makes the reader very sympathetic towards the mother because she loves her son with all her heart but yet she has to watch him die which is very hard for her. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ can relate to ‘My Parents Kept me from Children who were Rough’ because the parents in these poems are trying to do the best for their son.
In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’, Alice Walker uses imagery to portray herself as a woman who has inherited qualities and characteristics that her father possessed. This is shown when she uses the simile “He cooked like a person dancing in a yoga meditation” which suggests that her father is trance-like when he cooks and this shows that although he was often very strict with her, her father had a calm, laid back side. She has grown up to be like him and she believes that her father would be proud to see the woman that she has grown up to be. The metaphor “seasoning one of my life the same way twice” shows that Alice Walker is spontaneous and her life has no routine and this may be something that she has inherited from her father. ‘Piano’ uses a nostalgic image to emphasize how much D.H. Lawrence misses his childhood.
The poem refers to “old Sunday evenings at home” and “hymns in the cosy parlour”. This creates a warm, homely image leading the reader to think that the boy comes from a loving home. ‘Piano’ also uses the simile “I weep like a child for the past” to emphasize how much the poet misses his childhood. He is crying openly because he wants to be a child again. The metaphor “a flood of remembrance” describes his memories rushing back all at once and this creates an overwhelming feeling for him. When ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ says, “The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea, of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried up bottoms waddling in labored steps” it appeals to the sense of the reader and it gives them an unpleasant image. This gives the reader the idea that the conditions are absolutely terrible and may even make some people sick to the stomach. It gives them a picture of the poverty and illness that is presents in war torn countries around the world.
In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ I found it interesting when Alice Walker said, “He taught me how” because this is saying that her father was a role model for her and she learned a lot from him. This makes the reader think that the father set a good example for her. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ also uses a euphemism for death when it says, “Though many truths must have grieved him before the end”. She doesn’t actually want to say that he died because it probably makes her sad. In ‘Piano’ I find it interesting when D.H. Lawrence said, “In spite of myself, the insidious mastery of song”. He is trying to fight against the memory of his childhood because it makes him sad. “Insidious mastery of song” is a powerful tool which is saying that the mastery of the song that he is hearing betrays him back to his childhood. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ makes good use of ellipsis.
It says, “Her tenderness for a song she would soon have to forget….” This foreshadows the child’s death. This makes the reader feel sorry for the mother and it also makes them sad. The poem also uses interesting vocabulary when it says, “Before his breakfast and school; now she did it.” The word ‘now’ stresses the mother and her son’s previous normal existence. This probably makes the reader have a lot of sympathy for the mother and feel sorry for her because she is losing her child. This also gives the reader an idea of the life that the mother provided for her son and how the war has completely changed their lives.
Alice Walker writes ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ in first person. The poem is conveyed as very sad because she misses her father and the main feeling conveyed in this poem is love. The poem opens by saying, “How I miss my father”. Later in the poem she repeats the phrase “How I miss my father” to emphasize how much she misses him. At first the mood is regretful but as the poem goes on the mood changed and she thinks that her father would admire the woman she has become. D.H. Lawrence also writes ‘Piano’ in first person and also third person to reminisce and describe himself as a child listening to his mother playing piano. An example of first person in this poem is, “Taking me back down the vista of years, till I see” and an example of third person in this poem is, “A child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings.”
In this quote he refers to himself as “a child” because he is trying to distance himself from his childhood. This poem is conveyed as depressing because it can cause readers to reminisce about their childhood and make them realize how much they actually miss it. The person speaking in ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is the author, Chinua Achebe, and the poem is written in third person. An example of third person in this poem is, “She held a ghost-smile between her teeth”. Although she was not happy, she put on a fake smile. The main feelings conveyed in this poem are sadness and love. The attitude towards the mother is admiration and how she is taking care of her son is touching.
‘Poem at Thirty-Nine” does not use any rhyming. It is also a free verse poem. This compliments her nature and it allows her to use the poem as an outpouring of feelings about her father. She uses the poem to express how she feels about her father and how she wishes he was around to see how she has grown up. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is also a free verse poem. It does not have a rhyme scheme. It makes it seem like the mother’s life is hectic and not very organized because of how much she has to deal with everyday trying to take care of her dying son. Her life is filled with agony and suffering. However ‘Piano’ isn’t written in free verse. Each stanza has the same amount of lines and the poem uses rhyming couplets. The structure of the poem represents the security of D.H. Lawrence’s childhood and how safe he felt when he was sitting under the piano listening to his mother.
In my opinion, these poems all discuss the same main topics which are love and sadness. I think that these poems will help many readers to think back to childhood memories that they are fond of and open up readers’ eyes to make them realize how much they actually miss being a child. My favorite poem is ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ because I know a woman that is a close family friend who had to watch her young son slowly die from a deadly disease and that helps me to understand how hard it must have been for the mother in this poem to see her son die.
Cite this page
Relationships Between Parents and Children in Poetry. (2016, Jun 11). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/relationships-between-parents-and-children-in-poetry-essay | 2,117 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you.
Any subject. Any type of essay.
We’ll even meet a 3-hour deadline.Get your price
121 writers online
In the year 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed and the Seven Years War ended. While it was suppose to be a time of celebration, many problems were actually brewing under the surface. When the Seven Years War, Britain emerged victorious but they were also buried in debts that accumulated during the war. Weary and tired from the last war, Britain wanted to avoid any future conflicts with Indians and French and decreed the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Although this may seem like a simple solution, it also increased the costs of administering the colonies. The new prime minister, started noticing that American customs’ duties totaled to less than 1% of the estimated amount. To pay of their debts and increase tax revenues, Britain started to enforce their laws stricter and increased taxes.
Although it seemed reasonable for the Thirteen Colonies to contribute and pay off their Mother country’s debts, the colonists thoughts differed. During the Seven Years War the colonists believed that Britain did not provide enough military support and left the colonists to fend for themselves during the war. However, Britain suddenly decided to enforce their laws and taxes after the war when the colonists were struggling with their own debts. The British, however, thought differently on the matter because they had a bigger tax burden. Although American colonists had a low tax burden, but they continued to protest led to different views on taxation. This leads to Americans and Britons on two separate paths which would lead to a future collision.
In 1765, Britain was still trying to raise a sum to station an army in North America and so they decided to pass the Stamp Act. However soon after the Stamp Act was passed, American colonists reacted with violent protests. riots, and collectors were forced to resign. Colonists believed their actions were justified behind, “No taxation without Representation”. They believed their colonial assembly was similar to the Parliament because they were represented and already had to pay taxes. But now the British Government also wants them to added another tax on top of that? In addition, they believed it was unrepresentative tax? Of course they didn’t want to, and so they fought back fiercely. The British Government had different thoughts however. They argued that the colonists were able to “enjoy” the luxurious choice of having a representation, but the other British subjects did not. Why should American colonists be treated differently from other British subjects? There’s other Britons who doesn’t have a say in the Parliament, but they weren’t opposing the Stamp Act. Despite the British Government’s arguments, they later repealed the Stamp Act, but it only subdued the protests for a while.
When the Townshend Act was passed, it was a bit different compared to the Stamp Act. Before the Stamp Act was repealed, American colonists would argue about how it was a “direct tax”. Therefore Britain believed that American colonists would not be able to argue when they taxed imported goods. Because surely imported goods are not a direct tax, right? Wrong, Americans believed that Britain had any rights over taxing the colonies, and they felt like taxation was an abuse of power. Afterwards, the colonists decided to do something about it, they didn’t want to give in to the tax. And so many colonists boycotted the Townshend Act which led to 50% decrease in imported good from Britain. Again, in 1770, Britain repealed all of the Townshend Acts… except for tea. This was because Britain wanted to show that they still had the power to tax the colonies. Because of the repeal, it also led to a truce between the two parties for a period of time.
One of the events that renewed the resistance throughout the American colonists was the Tea Act. When Britain first passed the Tea Act, they didn’t believe it would create any conflicts. Why would American colonists protest lower priced tea? The Tea Act didn’t even raise new taxes, instead it was to help the East India Company financially. Although the tea was cheaper, many American colonists believed that it taxation tyranny. They believed it was unfair how local merchants can not compete with the undercut prices. The colonists would then protest and refused to let the tea unload onto the docks and would force the ship back to Britain. However, the Royal Governor refused to give in and left the ship at the docks. This not only led to the Boston Tea Party, but angered the British Government.
Due to the Boston Tea Party, the British Government wanted to punish the American colonist’s disobedience. Britain believed if they closed the port in Boston, then it would prevent the colonies from unifying and resisting Britain’s rule. They also thought that the colonies would abandon Boston and go back under Britain’s rule. However, it led to the opposite effect, and rushed to Boston’s aid, and discussed about Britain’s actions towards the colonies.
Finally, both sides believed that negotiations couldn’t be made and the Revolutionary War began. Although both sides had their faults, it was mainly because of miscommunication between both parties. If they were to think about the other person’s circumstances then the Revolutionary War could’ve been avoided. However, the two views were too different, for the Thirteen Colonies wanted freedom as Englishmen while Britain wanted to contain them under the Crown’s rules and limitations.
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below:
Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. If you’d like this or any other sample, we’ll happily email it to you.
Your essay sample has been sent.
Want us to write one just for you? We can custom edit this essay into an original, 100% plagiarism free essay.Order now
Are you interested in getting a customized paper?Check it out! | <urn:uuid:c50af879-ed2a-4349-8c3f-47abff533298> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/the-seven-year-war-how-the-paris-treaty-originated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.980393 | 1,245 | 4.125 | 4 | [
-0.6075464487075806,
0.05984208732843399,
0.31606385111808777,
-0.14471611380577087,
0.08753565698862076,
0.07669498026371002,
-0.23729676008224487,
0.2309817373752594,
0.09723927080631256,
0.11829604208469391,
0.22562669217586517,
0.09507779777050018,
-0.23197981715202332,
0.3778547644615... | 1 | Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you.
Any subject. Any type of essay.
We’ll even meet a 3-hour deadline.Get your price
121 writers online
In the year 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed and the Seven Years War ended. While it was suppose to be a time of celebration, many problems were actually brewing under the surface. When the Seven Years War, Britain emerged victorious but they were also buried in debts that accumulated during the war. Weary and tired from the last war, Britain wanted to avoid any future conflicts with Indians and French and decreed the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Although this may seem like a simple solution, it also increased the costs of administering the colonies. The new prime minister, started noticing that American customs’ duties totaled to less than 1% of the estimated amount. To pay of their debts and increase tax revenues, Britain started to enforce their laws stricter and increased taxes.
Although it seemed reasonable for the Thirteen Colonies to contribute and pay off their Mother country’s debts, the colonists thoughts differed. During the Seven Years War the colonists believed that Britain did not provide enough military support and left the colonists to fend for themselves during the war. However, Britain suddenly decided to enforce their laws and taxes after the war when the colonists were struggling with their own debts. The British, however, thought differently on the matter because they had a bigger tax burden. Although American colonists had a low tax burden, but they continued to protest led to different views on taxation. This leads to Americans and Britons on two separate paths which would lead to a future collision.
In 1765, Britain was still trying to raise a sum to station an army in North America and so they decided to pass the Stamp Act. However soon after the Stamp Act was passed, American colonists reacted with violent protests. riots, and collectors were forced to resign. Colonists believed their actions were justified behind, “No taxation without Representation”. They believed their colonial assembly was similar to the Parliament because they were represented and already had to pay taxes. But now the British Government also wants them to added another tax on top of that? In addition, they believed it was unrepresentative tax? Of course they didn’t want to, and so they fought back fiercely. The British Government had different thoughts however. They argued that the colonists were able to “enjoy” the luxurious choice of having a representation, but the other British subjects did not. Why should American colonists be treated differently from other British subjects? There’s other Britons who doesn’t have a say in the Parliament, but they weren’t opposing the Stamp Act. Despite the British Government’s arguments, they later repealed the Stamp Act, but it only subdued the protests for a while.
When the Townshend Act was passed, it was a bit different compared to the Stamp Act. Before the Stamp Act was repealed, American colonists would argue about how it was a “direct tax”. Therefore Britain believed that American colonists would not be able to argue when they taxed imported goods. Because surely imported goods are not a direct tax, right? Wrong, Americans believed that Britain had any rights over taxing the colonies, and they felt like taxation was an abuse of power. Afterwards, the colonists decided to do something about it, they didn’t want to give in to the tax. And so many colonists boycotted the Townshend Act which led to 50% decrease in imported good from Britain. Again, in 1770, Britain repealed all of the Townshend Acts… except for tea. This was because Britain wanted to show that they still had the power to tax the colonies. Because of the repeal, it also led to a truce between the two parties for a period of time.
One of the events that renewed the resistance throughout the American colonists was the Tea Act. When Britain first passed the Tea Act, they didn’t believe it would create any conflicts. Why would American colonists protest lower priced tea? The Tea Act didn’t even raise new taxes, instead it was to help the East India Company financially. Although the tea was cheaper, many American colonists believed that it taxation tyranny. They believed it was unfair how local merchants can not compete with the undercut prices. The colonists would then protest and refused to let the tea unload onto the docks and would force the ship back to Britain. However, the Royal Governor refused to give in and left the ship at the docks. This not only led to the Boston Tea Party, but angered the British Government.
Due to the Boston Tea Party, the British Government wanted to punish the American colonist’s disobedience. Britain believed if they closed the port in Boston, then it would prevent the colonies from unifying and resisting Britain’s rule. They also thought that the colonies would abandon Boston and go back under Britain’s rule. However, it led to the opposite effect, and rushed to Boston’s aid, and discussed about Britain’s actions towards the colonies.
Finally, both sides believed that negotiations couldn’t be made and the Revolutionary War began. Although both sides had their faults, it was mainly because of miscommunication between both parties. If they were to think about the other person’s circumstances then the Revolutionary War could’ve been avoided. However, the two views were too different, for the Thirteen Colonies wanted freedom as Englishmen while Britain wanted to contain them under the Crown’s rules and limitations.
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below:
Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. If you’d like this or any other sample, we’ll happily email it to you.
Your essay sample has been sent.
Want us to write one just for you? We can custom edit this essay into an original, 100% plagiarism free essay.Order now
Are you interested in getting a customized paper?Check it out! | 1,216 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tuesday, August 16, Essay on Women Suffrage Movement Since time immemorial, all movements aspiring for a goal had to do something to attain it.
How to Write a Summary of an Article? The Women Suffrage Movement It would seem unbelievable that the women who lived before the 19th century were confined to their homes and actually had no freedom to choose the leaders that they wanted simply because they could not vote.
During this time, men were still seen as more superior and women were only allowed to manage and participate in the domestic roles Rossi 6. Even though, they had to own property in order to qualify to vote. With changes in education and social conditions, women in the 19th century began to seek their rights and equality with men and top in their agenda was the right of women to vote just like their male counterparts.
This saw the rise of the women suffrage movement of to The birth of this revolution is said to have occurred at a women rights meeting in Seneca Falls in New York.
Despite the many challenges that the women faced during this movement and an eighty years struggle, theirs became a won battle when the 19th amendment was signed in giving women the right to vote in national elections Sochen Later, together with Susan B.
Anthony, she led women in the movement to fight for their rights of equality and their freedom to vote. She was a determined woman rights activist who despite her responsibility as a wife and mother devoted as much time as she could in the movement Salibury Susan Anthony worked closely with Elizabeth and the two were said to be inseparable.
She also wrote a magazine on women rights Sochen The main objectives of this movement were for women to acquire their rights to vote equal to that of their male counterparts.
The movement also sought to defend African American women who even after being granted franchise were not included in the fourteenth and fifteenth amends that gave them an equal opportunity to vote regardless of their race.
The reasoning behind this movement is that no one should be denied a right to vote based on their gender or race.
They wanted the fifteenth amend not only to include right to vote irrespective of race and color but to also include gender Rossi Other reasons were specialized for example in Utah; women believed that their rights to vote would bring an end to polygamy.
The women suffrage movement managed to gain government support in granting voting rights to women. This they did through numerous campaigns and gaining the support of women all over America to support them.
Many conferences and organizations to campaign for women rights to vote were organized in the leadership of Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton.
Inabout fifteen women registered and participated in the elections. Susan was arrested and in the following years, several more were arrested and harassed.
The largest campaign was held in in Washington D.
C when around five thousand women paraded showing signatures of one million women supporting suffrage for women Rossi Apart from national wide campaigns, women pursued suffrage in individual towns and gradually many of them were granted the rights to vote.
Grants of suffrage were more successful in the west with the first suffrage succeeding in Wyoming in Other examples by years are Illinois;California;Arizona and Oregon; and Montana; The women of Utah were defeated after they voted for polygamy.
The women suffrage was first introduced to the congress in Online shopping from a great selection at Books barnweddingvt.come Amazon Devices · Deals of the Day · Shop Our Huge Selection · Read Ratings & ReviewsCategories: Books, Movies, Electronics, Clothing, Toys and more.
The Women's Suffrage Movement was an outgrowth of the general Women's Rights Movement, which began with The Seneca Falls Convention of The Convention adopted a "Declaration of Principles". The most influential leaders around that time were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Women's Suffrage Essay examples - Women's suffrage, the right for women to vote and campaign for political positions, started a social reform movement with the intent of extending the rights of women, also including the right to own property, paying taxes and marital benefits.
Essay about The History of the Women’s Suffrage Movement Words 4 Pages Women’s suffrage, or the crusade to achieve the equal right for women to vote and run for political office, was a difficult fight that took activists in the United States almost years to win. Women’s rights movement Essay.
But also there was another group, the American Woman Suffrage Association, which supported the 15th amendment and considered it a necessary step to expand voting rights. the equality with men. Professional (such as numerous groups of mutual help of women doctors, teachers, midwives, office workers, etc.
This essay seeks to prove that the women suffrage movement is the result of the leadership of important figures in our history and the awakening not only by the women but also the men that democracy demands the due recognition of the women’s right to vote. | <urn:uuid:cbb23ac2-219c-4984-ab1f-8c0a0a4c9fba> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://xyxikecinadunat.barnweddingvt.com/the-womens-suffrage-movement-essay-help-47811rj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.984259 | 1,013 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
-0.34694498777389526,
-0.050859712064266205,
0.05595441907644272,
0.31250983476638794,
-0.50348961353302,
0.44476985931396484,
-0.4100770950317383,
0.30068880319595337,
-0.09447487443685532,
-0.0002537330146878958,
-0.004300043918192387,
0.2352382093667984,
0.016621507704257965,
-0.2139321... | 1 | Tuesday, August 16, Essay on Women Suffrage Movement Since time immemorial, all movements aspiring for a goal had to do something to attain it.
How to Write a Summary of an Article? The Women Suffrage Movement It would seem unbelievable that the women who lived before the 19th century were confined to their homes and actually had no freedom to choose the leaders that they wanted simply because they could not vote.
During this time, men were still seen as more superior and women were only allowed to manage and participate in the domestic roles Rossi 6. Even though, they had to own property in order to qualify to vote. With changes in education and social conditions, women in the 19th century began to seek their rights and equality with men and top in their agenda was the right of women to vote just like their male counterparts.
This saw the rise of the women suffrage movement of to The birth of this revolution is said to have occurred at a women rights meeting in Seneca Falls in New York.
Despite the many challenges that the women faced during this movement and an eighty years struggle, theirs became a won battle when the 19th amendment was signed in giving women the right to vote in national elections Sochen Later, together with Susan B.
Anthony, she led women in the movement to fight for their rights of equality and their freedom to vote. She was a determined woman rights activist who despite her responsibility as a wife and mother devoted as much time as she could in the movement Salibury Susan Anthony worked closely with Elizabeth and the two were said to be inseparable.
She also wrote a magazine on women rights Sochen The main objectives of this movement were for women to acquire their rights to vote equal to that of their male counterparts.
The movement also sought to defend African American women who even after being granted franchise were not included in the fourteenth and fifteenth amends that gave them an equal opportunity to vote regardless of their race.
The reasoning behind this movement is that no one should be denied a right to vote based on their gender or race.
They wanted the fifteenth amend not only to include right to vote irrespective of race and color but to also include gender Rossi Other reasons were specialized for example in Utah; women believed that their rights to vote would bring an end to polygamy.
The women suffrage movement managed to gain government support in granting voting rights to women. This they did through numerous campaigns and gaining the support of women all over America to support them.
Many conferences and organizations to campaign for women rights to vote were organized in the leadership of Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton.
Inabout fifteen women registered and participated in the elections. Susan was arrested and in the following years, several more were arrested and harassed.
The largest campaign was held in in Washington D.
C when around five thousand women paraded showing signatures of one million women supporting suffrage for women Rossi Apart from national wide campaigns, women pursued suffrage in individual towns and gradually many of them were granted the rights to vote.
Grants of suffrage were more successful in the west with the first suffrage succeeding in Wyoming in Other examples by years are Illinois;California;Arizona and Oregon; and Montana; The women of Utah were defeated after they voted for polygamy.
The women suffrage was first introduced to the congress in Online shopping from a great selection at Books barnweddingvt.come Amazon Devices · Deals of the Day · Shop Our Huge Selection · Read Ratings & ReviewsCategories: Books, Movies, Electronics, Clothing, Toys and more.
The Women's Suffrage Movement was an outgrowth of the general Women's Rights Movement, which began with The Seneca Falls Convention of The Convention adopted a "Declaration of Principles". The most influential leaders around that time were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Women's Suffrage Essay examples - Women's suffrage, the right for women to vote and campaign for political positions, started a social reform movement with the intent of extending the rights of women, also including the right to own property, paying taxes and marital benefits.
Essay about The History of the Women’s Suffrage Movement Words 4 Pages Women’s suffrage, or the crusade to achieve the equal right for women to vote and run for political office, was a difficult fight that took activists in the United States almost years to win. Women’s rights movement Essay.
But also there was another group, the American Woman Suffrage Association, which supported the 15th amendment and considered it a necessary step to expand voting rights. the equality with men. Professional (such as numerous groups of mutual help of women doctors, teachers, midwives, office workers, etc.
This essay seeks to prove that the women suffrage movement is the result of the leadership of important figures in our history and the awakening not only by the women but also the men that democracy demands the due recognition of the women’s right to vote. | 994 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Tower of London was built at the beginning of the eleventh century by William the conqueror. The tower was expanded during the thirteenth century into the fortified complex that we know today. The Tower's most popular attraction is its famous collection of Crown Jewels.
Construction of the Tower of London was initiated in 1070 by William the Conqueror, shortly after his victory at Hastings in 1066. The Tower was built to enforce the power of the Norman king over the newly conquered land.
The fortress, strategically located at the Thames, was originally not more than a temporary wooden building which was replaced later by the White Tower. Over time the complex was expanded into a stronghold with about twenty towers.
Today the Tower of London is best known for its Crown Jewels, but it used to be notorious for the many political opponents of the kings that were locked, tortured and killed in the Tower. The Tower was also a royal residence: several kings lived here, especially during turbulent times when the donjon seemed a lot safer than the palace in Westminster. | <urn:uuid:56319930-62dc-4102-a6c7-7da5348a1515> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.globerouter.com/travelguides_toweroflondon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.988184 | 212 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
-0.16985799372196198,
0.25829485058784485,
0.35892024636268616,
-0.21199604868888855,
-0.3758513033390045,
0.09130699932575226,
0.28149476647377014,
-0.13303954899311066,
0.11641030013561249,
-0.3397715389728546,
-0.11007179319858551,
-0.3425363302230835,
-0.1518162339925766,
0.25111722946... | 3 | The Tower of London was built at the beginning of the eleventh century by William the conqueror. The tower was expanded during the thirteenth century into the fortified complex that we know today. The Tower's most popular attraction is its famous collection of Crown Jewels.
Construction of the Tower of London was initiated in 1070 by William the Conqueror, shortly after his victory at Hastings in 1066. The Tower was built to enforce the power of the Norman king over the newly conquered land.
The fortress, strategically located at the Thames, was originally not more than a temporary wooden building which was replaced later by the White Tower. Over time the complex was expanded into a stronghold with about twenty towers.
Today the Tower of London is best known for its Crown Jewels, but it used to be notorious for the many political opponents of the kings that were locked, tortured and killed in the Tower. The Tower was also a royal residence: several kings lived here, especially during turbulent times when the donjon seemed a lot safer than the palace in Westminster. | 217 | ENGLISH | 1 |
By the mid-1800s, the issue of slavery had literally split The United States of America in half, severed between North and South. The free citizens of our adolescent nation were to soon elect their 16th president. On November 6th of 1860, Republican Candidate, Abraham Lincoln from Illinois won the election by a landslide. Lincoln, like many presidents who came before him, gave his word to approach the issue of slavery peacefully. Shortly after the election, 7 southern slave states sent representatives to the Montgomery Convention of 1861. Here the representatives decided to secede from the Union, giving birth to a fickle nation known as The Confederate States of America.
Lincoln saw this action by the southern slave states as an act of rebellion, and not as secession. As newly elected Commander in Chief, Lincoln had to be very careful in his actions regarding the issue of slavery and the Confederate States. In The journal Legal system of the Confederate States, William M. Robinson, Jr., explains Lincoln by stating, “He was ever fearful, lest by the slightest implication, he should recognize the existence, de facto or de jure, of the government of the Confederate State.” 1) Lincoln thought that in recognizing the Confederacy as an independent nation, he would be confirming that the law of the federal government and his executive powers over the states in rebellion were greatly diminished.
After many failed attempts by Lincoln to peacefully compromise with Confederate political leaders, it was clear that he must prepare the nation for war. On April 12th of 1861, Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, in response to Lincoln’s unwillingness to surrender the fort. Immediately following this battle, President Lincoln made it known the public and declared that the United States are now engaged in civil war. In doing this he now processed wartime presidential powers, enabling him to send volunteers to regain the fort and stop the rebellion. As the war raged on, the question of slavery was brought to the forefront. Many military officers were not sure whether captured slaves shall be returned to their owners or freed. In Lincolns mind if the slaves were returned, he and the federal government again would be referring to the states in rebellion, as a separate nation. This is was the main topic of Lincolns inaugural address letter to Congress. In this letter he makes clear that the objective of the war is to restore the Union, on common grounds based upon the constitution. Lincoln believed the abolishment of slavery was necessary step towards a peaceful transition, once the war had ended. Congress was quick to respond, issuing multiple acts surrounding slavery and its abolishment. Both Lincoln and Congress were now determined to abolish slavery throughout the union. Lincoln called upon the state governments to pass legislation forever freeing slaves. In return he offered both the former slave and the state compensation towards a peaceful transition. Lincoln and his cabinet members promptly began discussing a preliminary draft of what Lincoln referred to as the Emancipation Proclamation. This draft was previously written by Lincoln and kept from everyone until, he was sure it had to be used. With a few changes in wording, Lincoln released the document that same day. 7)
Lincoln’s proclamation was seen by many northern Democrats, as an example of Lincoln’s recent radical behavior. Although Lincoln is remembered for approaching issues collectively, his view upon slavery abruptly changed and he believe that God called upon him to rid the country of this pest. On September 22nd of 1862 Lincoln, released a pilot version of his proclamation. The preliminary proclamation was to stay in effect for the next 100 days, when he would release a more aggressive final version. The first proclamation gave each state that was in rebellion 100 days to side with the Union, or else every slave in that state… | <urn:uuid:46eec1b2-5741-4ee9-a8c9-af6492ee0461> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Eamcipation-Proclamation-546438.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.982569 | 758 | 4.125 | 4 | [
-0.2906002998352051,
0.41405928134918213,
0.352644681930542,
0.15419632196426392,
-0.36516088247299194,
0.1880071759223938,
0.022281531244516373,
-0.19662794470787048,
-0.0597417838871479,
0.033590979874134064,
0.2679411768913269,
0.20613810420036316,
-0.263877809047699,
0.5315052270889282... | 1 | By the mid-1800s, the issue of slavery had literally split The United States of America in half, severed between North and South. The free citizens of our adolescent nation were to soon elect their 16th president. On November 6th of 1860, Republican Candidate, Abraham Lincoln from Illinois won the election by a landslide. Lincoln, like many presidents who came before him, gave his word to approach the issue of slavery peacefully. Shortly after the election, 7 southern slave states sent representatives to the Montgomery Convention of 1861. Here the representatives decided to secede from the Union, giving birth to a fickle nation known as The Confederate States of America.
Lincoln saw this action by the southern slave states as an act of rebellion, and not as secession. As newly elected Commander in Chief, Lincoln had to be very careful in his actions regarding the issue of slavery and the Confederate States. In The journal Legal system of the Confederate States, William M. Robinson, Jr., explains Lincoln by stating, “He was ever fearful, lest by the slightest implication, he should recognize the existence, de facto or de jure, of the government of the Confederate State.” 1) Lincoln thought that in recognizing the Confederacy as an independent nation, he would be confirming that the law of the federal government and his executive powers over the states in rebellion were greatly diminished.
After many failed attempts by Lincoln to peacefully compromise with Confederate political leaders, it was clear that he must prepare the nation for war. On April 12th of 1861, Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, in response to Lincoln’s unwillingness to surrender the fort. Immediately following this battle, President Lincoln made it known the public and declared that the United States are now engaged in civil war. In doing this he now processed wartime presidential powers, enabling him to send volunteers to regain the fort and stop the rebellion. As the war raged on, the question of slavery was brought to the forefront. Many military officers were not sure whether captured slaves shall be returned to their owners or freed. In Lincolns mind if the slaves were returned, he and the federal government again would be referring to the states in rebellion, as a separate nation. This is was the main topic of Lincolns inaugural address letter to Congress. In this letter he makes clear that the objective of the war is to restore the Union, on common grounds based upon the constitution. Lincoln believed the abolishment of slavery was necessary step towards a peaceful transition, once the war had ended. Congress was quick to respond, issuing multiple acts surrounding slavery and its abolishment. Both Lincoln and Congress were now determined to abolish slavery throughout the union. Lincoln called upon the state governments to pass legislation forever freeing slaves. In return he offered both the former slave and the state compensation towards a peaceful transition. Lincoln and his cabinet members promptly began discussing a preliminary draft of what Lincoln referred to as the Emancipation Proclamation. This draft was previously written by Lincoln and kept from everyone until, he was sure it had to be used. With a few changes in wording, Lincoln released the document that same day. 7)
Lincoln’s proclamation was seen by many northern Democrats, as an example of Lincoln’s recent radical behavior. Although Lincoln is remembered for approaching issues collectively, his view upon slavery abruptly changed and he believe that God called upon him to rid the country of this pest. On September 22nd of 1862 Lincoln, released a pilot version of his proclamation. The preliminary proclamation was to stay in effect for the next 100 days, when he would release a more aggressive final version. The first proclamation gave each state that was in rebellion 100 days to side with the Union, or else every slave in that state… | 781 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the geocentric system, the Moon is still, in a sense, a satalite of the Earth, as is the sun, the planets and the stars as they all orbit the Earth. Aristotle is often credited for the geocetric model, but there are writings that preceed him that describe it. The idea that the Moon orbits the Earth may be even older than that, but I couldn't find anything on that.
I think one of the interesting things the ancient Greeks came up with, was they may have been the first society for whom the Moon was no longer a god. Their gods were human like, not the Sun, the Moon, Nature, etc. The Sun and Moon became objects in the sky instead of part of their mythology. But I digress.
The first written and worked out calculation that the Moon was smaller than the Earth and orbited the Earth as a "moon", and that the Earth was smaller than the Sun and orbited the Sun came from Aristarchus of Samos, who came not long after Aristotle in the 3rd century BC.
If Aristarchus had been a few years earlier, perhaps his analysis would have swayed Aristotle, but that's just speculation on my part. Aristotle's ideas came first and he was well respected and well read.
Ptolomy of Alexandria who'd writings follow about 3 centuries later, knew of both Aristotle's and Aristarchus' models, but he found Aristarchus' model troubling because he thought that the Earth's rotation speed would create high speed winds not seen on Earth, so he leaned towards Aristotle's model and, in addition to that, using epicycles, the Ptolemaic model was highly predictable. It explained planetary motion and people like that.
Predictions, a model that fits what we see as well as the respect for Aristotle's teachings and the Church saying "this is so" may have all played a role in the 15 centuries that the Ptolemaic model endured. We shouldn't judge that as stupid, because there was a logic to it and a lack of evidence to say otherwise. If a system works and can't be shown to be false, it's likely to stick around.
There may have been the occasional scholar who read Aristarchus during the middle ages and agreed with him, and I've read that Copernicus credits Aristarchus, but that wouldn't be enough to sway the accepted theory. Tycho Brahe, for example, who came after Copernicus but preceded and later coincided with Galileo, went back to a revised geocentric model. See Tychonic system where the Moon, Sun and Stars orbit the Earth.
Galileo's telescope, however, provided proof to the contrary of the Ptolemaic system. He discovered Jupiter's 4 large moons, later named the Galilean moons and he observed the phases of Venus and later, he timed the tides to the Moon's and Sun's orbit. Galileo was the first to provide proof that the Moon was a satellite of Earth and that other planets could have moons. | <urn:uuid:98a38e74-c0f2-470f-baa4-6d8e2465aa7c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/14762/what-is-the-first-recorded-reference-to-the-moon-being-a-satellite-of-the-earth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.982607 | 630 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
0.09078796207904816,
0.020411908626556396,
-0.08653903007507324,
-0.46309882402420044,
-0.3124431371688843,
-0.09665456414222717,
-0.060687996447086334,
0.23487204313278198,
0.23317354917526245,
0.2619461417198181,
-0.11064256727695465,
-0.1781703233718872,
0.039640337228775024,
0.30485269... | 6 | In the geocentric system, the Moon is still, in a sense, a satalite of the Earth, as is the sun, the planets and the stars as they all orbit the Earth. Aristotle is often credited for the geocetric model, but there are writings that preceed him that describe it. The idea that the Moon orbits the Earth may be even older than that, but I couldn't find anything on that.
I think one of the interesting things the ancient Greeks came up with, was they may have been the first society for whom the Moon was no longer a god. Their gods were human like, not the Sun, the Moon, Nature, etc. The Sun and Moon became objects in the sky instead of part of their mythology. But I digress.
The first written and worked out calculation that the Moon was smaller than the Earth and orbited the Earth as a "moon", and that the Earth was smaller than the Sun and orbited the Sun came from Aristarchus of Samos, who came not long after Aristotle in the 3rd century BC.
If Aristarchus had been a few years earlier, perhaps his analysis would have swayed Aristotle, but that's just speculation on my part. Aristotle's ideas came first and he was well respected and well read.
Ptolomy of Alexandria who'd writings follow about 3 centuries later, knew of both Aristotle's and Aristarchus' models, but he found Aristarchus' model troubling because he thought that the Earth's rotation speed would create high speed winds not seen on Earth, so he leaned towards Aristotle's model and, in addition to that, using epicycles, the Ptolemaic model was highly predictable. It explained planetary motion and people like that.
Predictions, a model that fits what we see as well as the respect for Aristotle's teachings and the Church saying "this is so" may have all played a role in the 15 centuries that the Ptolemaic model endured. We shouldn't judge that as stupid, because there was a logic to it and a lack of evidence to say otherwise. If a system works and can't be shown to be false, it's likely to stick around.
There may have been the occasional scholar who read Aristarchus during the middle ages and agreed with him, and I've read that Copernicus credits Aristarchus, but that wouldn't be enough to sway the accepted theory. Tycho Brahe, for example, who came after Copernicus but preceded and later coincided with Galileo, went back to a revised geocentric model. See Tychonic system where the Moon, Sun and Stars orbit the Earth.
Galileo's telescope, however, provided proof to the contrary of the Ptolemaic system. He discovered Jupiter's 4 large moons, later named the Galilean moons and he observed the phases of Venus and later, he timed the tides to the Moon's and Sun's orbit. Galileo was the first to provide proof that the Moon was a satellite of Earth and that other planets could have moons. | 632 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When roaming the halls of what was once a gaol, it is not uncommon for there to be displays and stories of former inmates. What is particularly un nerving, is when they have on display a death mask. The Old Melbourne Gaol in Victoria is full of them. So what is a death mask and why would you cast a mask of someone who was executed?
In some ancient cultures, they used what were called funeral masks as part of the rituals they would perform when burying a body. In Ancient Egypt for example, they would mummify the body and put into a sarcophagus which was decorated with various jewels. The finishing touch to this which was considered to be a very important sacred element was to put a sculpted mask on the face of the deceased. It was believed that the mask would strengthen the spirit of the mummy and guard it from evil on it’s way to the after world.
As we moved ahead of time and into the Middle Ages, this practice was adjusted and used in order to preserve the memory of notable figures. Wax or plaster was used to cast the mask. While it was used during the funeral ceremony in some way, it was not buried with the body as would happen in Ancient Egypt. Instead the casts were donated to libraries and museums. Notable figures such as Nikola Tesla (left, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Oliver Cromwell and Voltaire are just some of the masks which are still on display to this day. What is interesting to note is that if a person has suffered injury to their face, the cast would be taken of their hands instead.
In the late 1880’s, the process of death masks were used as a way to help identify the body of a missing person. If an unidentified body presented, a mask was taken so that family members looking for missing people could identify the body. Remember this is long before the technology we have today. There is in particular one mask which is known as L’Inconnue de la Seine. It was the face of an unidentified young woman who had been found drowned at the Seine River in Paris sometime in the 1880’s. She was believed to be around 16 years old. The morgue worker who cast the mask was ‘bewitched’ by her beauty. The mask because quite popular and considered almost of a work of art. The world’s first CPR mannequin was modelled after this mask.
In the 19th Century and early 20th Century. The process of death masks was used widely on inmates in prisons after they were executed. After they were hung, their head would be shaved, and a cast of their head would be taken. The intention of this was not soley to display the masks in a museum (even though that is what they are doing today). They were to be unknowing participants in a study called Phrenology.
Phrenology is considered to be a pseudo medicine that is no longer practised as it has since been scientifically discredited. It was developed in 1796 by a German physician Franz Josepg Gall. In 1820, the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established. The process behind Phrenology involves the feeling and observing the measurements of a human skull. The belief was that certain behaviours and traits were confined to different sections of the brain. It was believed there were around 27 different sections to the brain. A phrenologist would run their fingertips and palms over a person’s skull to see if they could feel any enlargements or indentations or simple terms - feel the bumps. They would measure the head. From these finds, a Phrenologist would assess the character and the temperament of the patient. There were considered to be 5 fundamental points to phrenology:
1.The brain is the organ of the mind.
2. The mind is composed of multiple, distinct, innate faculties.
3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.
4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.
5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.
6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies.
By around the 1840’s, Phrenology had been discredited as a Scientific Theory based on the large amount of evidence against the concept. It was in the early 20th century that the concept became popular again. It was during this resurgence that it was thought a criminal could perhaps be rehabilitated. A diagnosis could be made and a plan put in place to help to rehabilitate the criminal. For example a
criminal with homicidal tendencies became a butcher in order to control his impulses. Somewhere along the way in this study, prisons would start to cast death masks of inmates who had been executed.
In the 19th Century, the practise of casting a death mask of an inmate who had been executed was quite widespread. They were not only used for the study of phrenology, but also appeared in museums and material for prison authorities to use for lectures and as a deterrent for people – if you do the crime, this is what could happen to you. It was even said to be a source of entertainment for those who worked in prisons. Ned Kelly's Death mask is one of the most famous on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol. It is not however the original death mask, it is a copy. It was not uncommon for copies to be made as they are quite fragile.
One of the biggest collection of death masks in Australia is held by the Old Melbourne Gaol. There is an extensive collection of original death masks and some which are copies. What is eerie about these masks is the expression on the faces of the subjects. They all met their fate by hanging at the gaol. Some seem at peace. Others have a look of distress while one seems to have a smirking smile. In some cases you can see the contortion in the neck from where they were hung and even little hairs sticking out from the plaster. One has to wonder if the energy of the person and the trauma associated with their death are embedded within the masks.
This is just another example of how our strange past and intrigue with macabre things fascinates us still to do this day. I know I can’t be around a death mask for long. Whether I am feeling the energy of the mask or I am just a little bit creeped out, it doesn’t sit well with me.
Don't forget to LIKE the Facebook page for updates on new content www.facebook.com/livinglifeinfullspectrum | <urn:uuid:b23808a3-5a7f-4f5b-8df4-f7c340dbfdad> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://llifs.com.au/blog/death-masks-and-the-study-phrenology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.986721 | 1,379 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.14970123767852783,
0.36898279190063477,
0.5578943490982056,
0.11238256841897964,
-0.018204975873231888,
0.2789214849472046,
0.6482836008071899,
-0.08930703997612,
-0.19141127169132233,
-0.042564310133457184,
0.20673182606697083,
-0.22580474615097046,
-0.18075650930404663,
0.266889721155... | 1 | When roaming the halls of what was once a gaol, it is not uncommon for there to be displays and stories of former inmates. What is particularly un nerving, is when they have on display a death mask. The Old Melbourne Gaol in Victoria is full of them. So what is a death mask and why would you cast a mask of someone who was executed?
In some ancient cultures, they used what were called funeral masks as part of the rituals they would perform when burying a body. In Ancient Egypt for example, they would mummify the body and put into a sarcophagus which was decorated with various jewels. The finishing touch to this which was considered to be a very important sacred element was to put a sculpted mask on the face of the deceased. It was believed that the mask would strengthen the spirit of the mummy and guard it from evil on it’s way to the after world.
As we moved ahead of time and into the Middle Ages, this practice was adjusted and used in order to preserve the memory of notable figures. Wax or plaster was used to cast the mask. While it was used during the funeral ceremony in some way, it was not buried with the body as would happen in Ancient Egypt. Instead the casts were donated to libraries and museums. Notable figures such as Nikola Tesla (left, Ludwig Van Beethoven, Oliver Cromwell and Voltaire are just some of the masks which are still on display to this day. What is interesting to note is that if a person has suffered injury to their face, the cast would be taken of their hands instead.
In the late 1880’s, the process of death masks were used as a way to help identify the body of a missing person. If an unidentified body presented, a mask was taken so that family members looking for missing people could identify the body. Remember this is long before the technology we have today. There is in particular one mask which is known as L’Inconnue de la Seine. It was the face of an unidentified young woman who had been found drowned at the Seine River in Paris sometime in the 1880’s. She was believed to be around 16 years old. The morgue worker who cast the mask was ‘bewitched’ by her beauty. The mask because quite popular and considered almost of a work of art. The world’s first CPR mannequin was modelled after this mask.
In the 19th Century and early 20th Century. The process of death masks was used widely on inmates in prisons after they were executed. After they were hung, their head would be shaved, and a cast of their head would be taken. The intention of this was not soley to display the masks in a museum (even though that is what they are doing today). They were to be unknowing participants in a study called Phrenology.
Phrenology is considered to be a pseudo medicine that is no longer practised as it has since been scientifically discredited. It was developed in 1796 by a German physician Franz Josepg Gall. In 1820, the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established. The process behind Phrenology involves the feeling and observing the measurements of a human skull. The belief was that certain behaviours and traits were confined to different sections of the brain. It was believed there were around 27 different sections to the brain. A phrenologist would run their fingertips and palms over a person’s skull to see if they could feel any enlargements or indentations or simple terms - feel the bumps. They would measure the head. From these finds, a Phrenologist would assess the character and the temperament of the patient. There were considered to be 5 fundamental points to phrenology:
1.The brain is the organ of the mind.
2. The mind is composed of multiple, distinct, innate faculties.
3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.
4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.
5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.
6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies.
By around the 1840’s, Phrenology had been discredited as a Scientific Theory based on the large amount of evidence against the concept. It was in the early 20th century that the concept became popular again. It was during this resurgence that it was thought a criminal could perhaps be rehabilitated. A diagnosis could be made and a plan put in place to help to rehabilitate the criminal. For example a
criminal with homicidal tendencies became a butcher in order to control his impulses. Somewhere along the way in this study, prisons would start to cast death masks of inmates who had been executed.
In the 19th Century, the practise of casting a death mask of an inmate who had been executed was quite widespread. They were not only used for the study of phrenology, but also appeared in museums and material for prison authorities to use for lectures and as a deterrent for people – if you do the crime, this is what could happen to you. It was even said to be a source of entertainment for those who worked in prisons. Ned Kelly's Death mask is one of the most famous on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol. It is not however the original death mask, it is a copy. It was not uncommon for copies to be made as they are quite fragile.
One of the biggest collection of death masks in Australia is held by the Old Melbourne Gaol. There is an extensive collection of original death masks and some which are copies. What is eerie about these masks is the expression on the faces of the subjects. They all met their fate by hanging at the gaol. Some seem at peace. Others have a look of distress while one seems to have a smirking smile. In some cases you can see the contortion in the neck from where they were hung and even little hairs sticking out from the plaster. One has to wonder if the energy of the person and the trauma associated with their death are embedded within the masks.
This is just another example of how our strange past and intrigue with macabre things fascinates us still to do this day. I know I can’t be around a death mask for long. Whether I am feeling the energy of the mask or I am just a little bit creeped out, it doesn’t sit well with me.
Don't forget to LIKE the Facebook page for updates on new content www.facebook.com/livinglifeinfullspectrum | 1,379 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Early life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772. The youngest of 14 children, he was educated after his father's death and excelled in classics. He attended Christ's Hospital and Jesus College. While attending college, he befriended two other Romanticists, Charles Lamb and Robert Southey, the latter causing him to eventually drop out of college and pursue both poetic and political ambitions.Although he often wrote poetry, his talent did not manifest until after 1794, when he transitioned into what would later be described as Romantic poetry. During this time, he worked with Southey on developing an ideal political government called Pantisocracy. Eventually, Coleridge would give up his political ambitions and focus on his poetic career. | <urn:uuid:0348a3a2-e5c9-4a99-9b7c-ae028ab9ff84> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studyres.com/concepts/18169/early-life-of-samuel-taylor-coleridge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.99352 | 158 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
0.10053113847970963,
-0.3149726390838623,
0.030075354501605034,
-0.10839008539915085,
-0.18622204661369324,
0.026957280933856964,
-0.10388139635324478,
-0.19578957557678223,
-0.2561246156692505,
-0.6051995754241943,
0.06871039420366287,
0.006765786558389664,
0.3386183977127075,
-0.04524920... | 5 | Early life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772. The youngest of 14 children, he was educated after his father's death and excelled in classics. He attended Christ's Hospital and Jesus College. While attending college, he befriended two other Romanticists, Charles Lamb and Robert Southey, the latter causing him to eventually drop out of college and pursue both poetic and political ambitions.Although he often wrote poetry, his talent did not manifest until after 1794, when he transitioned into what would later be described as Romantic poetry. During this time, he worked with Southey on developing an ideal political government called Pantisocracy. Eventually, Coleridge would give up his political ambitions and focus on his poetic career. | 168 | ENGLISH | 1 |
LOHRI is celebrated at the end of the traditional month when winter solstice occurs. It celebrates the days getting longer as the sun proceeds on its northward journey. The day after Lohri is celebrated as Maghi Sangrand. Lohri also marks the very famous story of Dulla Bhatti of Punjab. Basically, the belief goes that this is where this started being celebrated as a festival. According to Legends; the origin of Lohri is related to Dulla Bhatti; who is popularly known as “Robin Hood of Punjab”. He was the greatest Muslim robber of Punjab during the period of Mughal Rule (Akbar & his son Jahangir). He led a rebellion against the famous Mughal king Akbar and was successful as well.
Dulla Bhatti was born in a Punjabi family to
mother Ladhi and father Farid Khan in the area of Sandal Baar, near Faisalabad
now in Pakistan (Sandal Bar is also related to the legend of Mirza Sahiba). He
belonged to the warrior-like Rajput clan of Bhattis. He follows in the
footsteps of his father and grandfather, waged guerrilla warfare against the
Mughal Empire. He refused to accept the legitimacy of Mughal King Akbar and
refused to pay any tax. Such was the level of resistance put up by the rebels
that Akbar had to shift his Imperial Capital to Lahore for nearly 20 years.
When Akbar came to Lahore, he ordered the execution of the rebels. Legend has it
that to instill fear into the hearts of the common man, Akbar got their skins
stuffed with wheat hay (tool) and hung the dead-bodies on the main door.
He robbed from rich and distributed it among the poor. He also rescued many Hindu Punjabi girls were being taken forcefully to be sold in the slave market. Then he used to arrange a marriage for them according to Hindu rituals and provided them dowries. After his public execution in Lahore; in the memory of their savior, the girls sang songs and dance around the bonfire. This became a tradition of Punjab from that day and was celebrated gracefully all over Punjab annually as Lohri. So in every Lohri songs have words to express gratitude to Dulla Bhatti. | <urn:uuid:132e5d1c-6ae2-4147-a059-922aed30b40a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://rgyan.com/en/festival-detail/origin-of-lohri | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.980971 | 493 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
-0.16045331954956055,
0.5646085143089294,
0.11931755393743515,
0.22871504724025726,
-0.18754036724567413,
-0.27530112862586975,
0.8927361965179443,
-0.01944449171423912,
-0.013667786493897438,
-0.32901808619499207,
0.3004149794578552,
-0.03142277151346207,
0.4471348524093628,
0.16315159201... | 3 | LOHRI is celebrated at the end of the traditional month when winter solstice occurs. It celebrates the days getting longer as the sun proceeds on its northward journey. The day after Lohri is celebrated as Maghi Sangrand. Lohri also marks the very famous story of Dulla Bhatti of Punjab. Basically, the belief goes that this is where this started being celebrated as a festival. According to Legends; the origin of Lohri is related to Dulla Bhatti; who is popularly known as “Robin Hood of Punjab”. He was the greatest Muslim robber of Punjab during the period of Mughal Rule (Akbar & his son Jahangir). He led a rebellion against the famous Mughal king Akbar and was successful as well.
Dulla Bhatti was born in a Punjabi family to
mother Ladhi and father Farid Khan in the area of Sandal Baar, near Faisalabad
now in Pakistan (Sandal Bar is also related to the legend of Mirza Sahiba). He
belonged to the warrior-like Rajput clan of Bhattis. He follows in the
footsteps of his father and grandfather, waged guerrilla warfare against the
Mughal Empire. He refused to accept the legitimacy of Mughal King Akbar and
refused to pay any tax. Such was the level of resistance put up by the rebels
that Akbar had to shift his Imperial Capital to Lahore for nearly 20 years.
When Akbar came to Lahore, he ordered the execution of the rebels. Legend has it
that to instill fear into the hearts of the common man, Akbar got their skins
stuffed with wheat hay (tool) and hung the dead-bodies on the main door.
He robbed from rich and distributed it among the poor. He also rescued many Hindu Punjabi girls were being taken forcefully to be sold in the slave market. Then he used to arrange a marriage for them according to Hindu rituals and provided them dowries. After his public execution in Lahore; in the memory of their savior, the girls sang songs and dance around the bonfire. This became a tradition of Punjab from that day and was celebrated gracefully all over Punjab annually as Lohri. So in every Lohri songs have words to express gratitude to Dulla Bhatti. | 482 | ENGLISH | 1 |
These first years are ordered to the acquisition of the skills necessary for any further learning. At this stage the student should concentrate on learning to read well, and learning to write, both in terms of letter formation and power of expression. He should also spend time acquiring facility in addition and subtraction. If these skills are learned well, all the rest of his school time will be much more profitable and his education will be more complete.
As a parent and teacher the time spent with your child is valuable. If he does not learn to read in kindergarten or first grade, it won't finally make much difference in his life. But you should spend time reading to him during these formative years. The saint stories, the tales of noble actions performed by noble people, and the fairy tales, with their clear divisions between good and bad, will make a lifelong difference.
See our books for:
Items 1-12 of 13 | <urn:uuid:6e3b97bc-1cd0-4dee-9d1f-5a0571a1e48a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://books.modg.org/primary-stage?subject=23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.980058 | 186 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
0.009493270888924599,
0.0820363312959671,
0.45508015155792236,
-0.5446574091911316,
-0.4799022078514099,
0.19047163426876068,
-0.23020078241825104,
0.1308833658695221,
0.1687667816877365,
-0.007643396034836769,
-0.05289313942193985,
0.23809067904949188,
0.30337974429130554,
0.5286946892738... | 1 | These first years are ordered to the acquisition of the skills necessary for any further learning. At this stage the student should concentrate on learning to read well, and learning to write, both in terms of letter formation and power of expression. He should also spend time acquiring facility in addition and subtraction. If these skills are learned well, all the rest of his school time will be much more profitable and his education will be more complete.
As a parent and teacher the time spent with your child is valuable. If he does not learn to read in kindergarten or first grade, it won't finally make much difference in his life. But you should spend time reading to him during these formative years. The saint stories, the tales of noble actions performed by noble people, and the fairy tales, with their clear divisions between good and bad, will make a lifelong difference.
See our books for:
Items 1-12 of 13 | 186 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Hamlet is a complex character with multiple character traits that lead him through his many confusing and often conflicting actions throughout the play. Shakespeare has developed a character whose conflicts of interest and personality traits combine to lead him through actions that eventually led to his ultimate downfall, along with many of his former friends and acquaintances. Despite his innate characteristics, events in Hamlet's life cause him to act differently than his characteristics may imply. This type of insanity affected him in many ways, though true insanity was not achieved through the events and experiences that plagued Hamlet through the course of the play. .
As "insanity" was undoubtedly a striking characteristic of the personality which drove Hamlet's actions in the play, the causes of "insanity" must be analyzed in order to fully understand Hamlet's character. In fact, Hamlet may have been feigning insanity, using madness as a mask to protect him from Claudius's fury at him. Behind the mask, is hidden the secret of King Hamlet's death, and Hamlet's promise to the ghost to avenge his father's death. By pretending to be insane, Hamlet escapes King Claudius being furious with him, while in fact Hamlet does know the truth about how his father died.
Hamlet is faced with mixed emotions regarding his father's death. He is very hurt, about losing his father, and the ghost tells him that his brother, Claudius, murdered him during the night. When Claudius marries Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, Hamlet is filled with rage and disgust. The ghost asks Hamlet to avenge his father's death, and Hamlet promises that he will do so. After the ghost leaves, Hamlet asks Horatio and Marcellus not to repeat what the ghost said. "Never make known what you have seen tonight." The choice that Hamlet made, to believe what the ghost said and to avenge his father's death, shows that he is not crazy. | <urn:uuid:a4f23038-9bad-4a60-aec6-76ab45da6992> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/25028.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.988974 | 401 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
0.10765465348958969,
0.06458889693021774,
0.5049154758453369,
-0.23221859335899353,
-0.36212876439094543,
0.12532001733779907,
0.8150968551635742,
0.20832155644893646,
-0.14375905692577362,
-0.5235357284545898,
0.07965149730443954,
-0.36123090982437134,
-0.39791983366012573,
0.087089322507... | 2 | Hamlet is a complex character with multiple character traits that lead him through his many confusing and often conflicting actions throughout the play. Shakespeare has developed a character whose conflicts of interest and personality traits combine to lead him through actions that eventually led to his ultimate downfall, along with many of his former friends and acquaintances. Despite his innate characteristics, events in Hamlet's life cause him to act differently than his characteristics may imply. This type of insanity affected him in many ways, though true insanity was not achieved through the events and experiences that plagued Hamlet through the course of the play. .
As "insanity" was undoubtedly a striking characteristic of the personality which drove Hamlet's actions in the play, the causes of "insanity" must be analyzed in order to fully understand Hamlet's character. In fact, Hamlet may have been feigning insanity, using madness as a mask to protect him from Claudius's fury at him. Behind the mask, is hidden the secret of King Hamlet's death, and Hamlet's promise to the ghost to avenge his father's death. By pretending to be insane, Hamlet escapes King Claudius being furious with him, while in fact Hamlet does know the truth about how his father died.
Hamlet is faced with mixed emotions regarding his father's death. He is very hurt, about losing his father, and the ghost tells him that his brother, Claudius, murdered him during the night. When Claudius marries Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, Hamlet is filled with rage and disgust. The ghost asks Hamlet to avenge his father's death, and Hamlet promises that he will do so. After the ghost leaves, Hamlet asks Horatio and Marcellus not to repeat what the ghost said. "Never make known what you have seen tonight." The choice that Hamlet made, to believe what the ghost said and to avenge his father's death, shows that he is not crazy. | 400 | ENGLISH | 1 |
NASA recently uploaded open source plans to build a do-it-yourself rover similar to Mars.
Since the Curiosity Rover landed on Mars, aspiring engineers have asked NASA plans that could allow them to build their own Mars Rover. However, building a rover is a complicated affair, so NASA people worked to simplify the curiosity design and develop their JPL Open Source Rover (OSR).
The OSR was closely based on the ROV -E, a scaled-down version of Curiosity that was used by NASA as a teaching tool. It was small enough to be brought into classrooms, but still too expensive to be made by independent engineers.
On the other hand, the OSR was designed with limited resources. Engineers were able to download GitHub's OSR plans and create standard parts with a budget of $ 2,500. The price may still be a bit challenging, but it's a long way from the thousands of dollars invested in building the ROV-E and millions in Curiosity.
Also read: NASA's Mars Rover Is Still the Most Complex Organic Substance
As an open source project, NASA gave the OSR plenty of scope for customization. Builders can customize the power source and processing power of the base model or add additional components as needed. NASA also hoped that the release of the OSR plans would lead to collaboration between the schools and the development of designs that the employees of Jet Propulsion Labs had not thought of.
"It was a very rewarding experience to work with the high school teams in the build process, they had a lot of good ideas and were so excited about participating in robotics and STEM in general, it was just what we did hoped to achieve this project, "said the designer and engineer of JPL OSR Eric Junkins.
NASA also launched an interactive website to explain what builders can do with the OSR. | <urn:uuid:2c68b8f3-37fe-4371-b30a-a7c1a7d1e386> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://newsbeezer.com/nasa-teaches-the-public-to-build-diy-mars-rover-science-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.980661 | 375 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
-0.30067896842956543,
-0.0067568267695605755,
0.09446685016155243,
-0.13243965804576874,
-0.2006058394908905,
0.06491996347904205,
-0.8676079511642456,
0.3588421046733856,
-0.3554883897304535,
0.19102990627288818,
0.3908100426197052,
-0.3044954836368561,
0.1322370320558548,
0.0081351920962... | 1 | NASA recently uploaded open source plans to build a do-it-yourself rover similar to Mars.
Since the Curiosity Rover landed on Mars, aspiring engineers have asked NASA plans that could allow them to build their own Mars Rover. However, building a rover is a complicated affair, so NASA people worked to simplify the curiosity design and develop their JPL Open Source Rover (OSR).
The OSR was closely based on the ROV -E, a scaled-down version of Curiosity that was used by NASA as a teaching tool. It was small enough to be brought into classrooms, but still too expensive to be made by independent engineers.
On the other hand, the OSR was designed with limited resources. Engineers were able to download GitHub's OSR plans and create standard parts with a budget of $ 2,500. The price may still be a bit challenging, but it's a long way from the thousands of dollars invested in building the ROV-E and millions in Curiosity.
Also read: NASA's Mars Rover Is Still the Most Complex Organic Substance
As an open source project, NASA gave the OSR plenty of scope for customization. Builders can customize the power source and processing power of the base model or add additional components as needed. NASA also hoped that the release of the OSR plans would lead to collaboration between the schools and the development of designs that the employees of Jet Propulsion Labs had not thought of.
"It was a very rewarding experience to work with the high school teams in the build process, they had a lot of good ideas and were so excited about participating in robotics and STEM in general, it was just what we did hoped to achieve this project, "said the designer and engineer of JPL OSR Eric Junkins.
NASA also launched an interactive website to explain what builders can do with the OSR. | 369 | ENGLISH | 1 |
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,408 people, 467 households, and 294 families residing in the city. The population density was 722.1 inhabitants per square mile (278.8/km2). There were 537 housing units at an average density of 275.4 per square mile (106.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.7% White, 7.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 3.1% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.5% of the population.
There were 467 households of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.0% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.20.
Wabokieshiek was born as Poweshiek to a Sauk father and a Ho-Chunk mother in the vicinity of Prophetstown, Illinois, which is named after him. Like his father, he was considered a Sac chief, and was also very influential among the Ho-Chunk, and he was known for his promotion of a traditional way of life among the local tribes. However, his influence waned after he promised/prophesied to Sauk/Fox chief Black Hawk that the British and other tribes (such as the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi) would aid him against the United States in what became the Black Hawk War, a prediction that proved false. At the end of the war, on August 27, 1832, Wabokieshiek was taken prisoner along with the remnant of Black Hawk's band. The prisoners were sent to Washington D.C. (meeting with Andrew Jackson) and then to Fort Monroe, Virginia in April, 1833. On June 5, 1833, they were sent back West to be released; Wabokieshiek and his son were released at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. After this time, he lived quietly until he died circa 1841. | <urn:uuid:e2a53d11-85d0-436c-b514-807720c5d54c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wn.com/White_Cloud,_MI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.994013 | 517 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
0.2888936400413513,
0.34919872879981995,
-0.1956973373889923,
0.033222272992134094,
-0.4621713161468506,
0.4383896589279175,
0.021853972226381302,
0.13679239153862,
-0.21904291212558746,
-0.07149609923362732,
0.1784394383430481,
-0.1990111768245697,
-0.05496743321418762,
0.2702981829643249... | 1 | As of the census of 2010, there were 1,408 people, 467 households, and 294 families residing in the city. The population density was 722.1 inhabitants per square mile (278.8/km2). There were 537 housing units at an average density of 275.4 per square mile (106.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.7% White, 7.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 3.1% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.5% of the population.
There were 467 households of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.0% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.20.
Wabokieshiek was born as Poweshiek to a Sauk father and a Ho-Chunk mother in the vicinity of Prophetstown, Illinois, which is named after him. Like his father, he was considered a Sac chief, and was also very influential among the Ho-Chunk, and he was known for his promotion of a traditional way of life among the local tribes. However, his influence waned after he promised/prophesied to Sauk/Fox chief Black Hawk that the British and other tribes (such as the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi) would aid him against the United States in what became the Black Hawk War, a prediction that proved false. At the end of the war, on August 27, 1832, Wabokieshiek was taken prisoner along with the remnant of Black Hawk's band. The prisoners were sent to Washington D.C. (meeting with Andrew Jackson) and then to Fort Monroe, Virginia in April, 1833. On June 5, 1833, they were sent back West to be released; Wabokieshiek and his son were released at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. After this time, he lived quietly until he died circa 1841. | 572 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The most important factor enabling the Nazis to control the German public was the use of Terror. Do you agree?Adolf Hitler once said, Terror is the best political weapon for nothing drives people harder than the fear of sudden death. I agree with both these statements, as the Nazis used terror extensively to force people into supporting the Nazi state. But there were many other major techniques, which worked together to give the Nazis control over Germany.
Nazis used force and terror together as a source of power and control over Germany. They forced the public to accept the Nazi policies through fear. This fear was of death generated by the Gestapo and the SS: people were constantly in fear of even saying something against Hitler or the Nazis as they were scared that the Gestapo would come and take them to concentration camps where people were forced into slave labour, tortured or even killed. No one had any freedom in any aspects of their lives as they were always watched over and monitored by the SS and informers who reported any suspicious activity. This moulded everyones lives according to the Nazi state. The Nazis also removed any source of opposition through fear of concentration camps and the SS. This forced people to support the Nazi State.
Nazis relied on rewards as another source of control. Many Germans accepted the German policies as they stood to gain from the Nazis: by supporting the Nazi state they were rewarded with the promise of jobs (no jobs were made available to anyone who did not support Hitler); they were rewarded with food; and with a better standard of living. Through these benefits, the public started to admire and like Nazi rule. These people were only worried about their future and what was the best for their future was supporting the Nazis, as they frequently announced.
The Nazis also used propaganda as a major method of persuasion to support the Nazi rule. The Nazi party were masters of propaganda, and all leaders at every level of the party were... | <urn:uuid:4e005694-7536-4d1e-870a-c070788c028a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/nazi-terror | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.990231 | 386 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
-0.2516433000564575,
0.44615328311920166,
-0.06550426036119461,
-0.05113263800740242,
0.37366145849227905,
0.2592678666114807,
0.9231017231941223,
0.17691422998905182,
-0.06428951770067215,
-0.12704336643218994,
0.17436546087265015,
0.12439178675413132,
0.14830581843852997,
0.2318164259195... | 1 | The most important factor enabling the Nazis to control the German public was the use of Terror. Do you agree?Adolf Hitler once said, Terror is the best political weapon for nothing drives people harder than the fear of sudden death. I agree with both these statements, as the Nazis used terror extensively to force people into supporting the Nazi state. But there were many other major techniques, which worked together to give the Nazis control over Germany.
Nazis used force and terror together as a source of power and control over Germany. They forced the public to accept the Nazi policies through fear. This fear was of death generated by the Gestapo and the SS: people were constantly in fear of even saying something against Hitler or the Nazis as they were scared that the Gestapo would come and take them to concentration camps where people were forced into slave labour, tortured or even killed. No one had any freedom in any aspects of their lives as they were always watched over and monitored by the SS and informers who reported any suspicious activity. This moulded everyones lives according to the Nazi state. The Nazis also removed any source of opposition through fear of concentration camps and the SS. This forced people to support the Nazi State.
Nazis relied on rewards as another source of control. Many Germans accepted the German policies as they stood to gain from the Nazis: by supporting the Nazi state they were rewarded with the promise of jobs (no jobs were made available to anyone who did not support Hitler); they were rewarded with food; and with a better standard of living. Through these benefits, the public started to admire and like Nazi rule. These people were only worried about their future and what was the best for their future was supporting the Nazis, as they frequently announced.
The Nazis also used propaganda as a major method of persuasion to support the Nazi rule. The Nazi party were masters of propaganda, and all leaders at every level of the party were... | 385 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Extraordinary Color Photos From WWI Few Have Seen
It has been just over 100 years to the day since WWI- one of the bloodiest conflicts in recorded history- came to an end. Millions of soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields, while countless others- be it innocent civilians, rescue workers and doctors- also perished.
But despite the end of WWI occurring nearly 100 years ago, few are aware of these rare colorized photos of the conflict. These breathtaking images offer us further insight into the lives and experiences of the officers and soldiers who shaped the outcome of one of the most important conflicts in human history. For American soldiers, this was also a significant war, despite their involvement lasting little over a year when they joined in 1917, a year before the conflict ended in 1918.
However, what we intend to do in this article is chronicle the American experience just as much as the allies who relied on Uncle Sam's intervention. WWI was argubally the most significant war Americans had fought in since the Civil War of 1861-1865, so it seems only right that we also take a look back at some of the earliest known color photos of the American war effort during the Great War.
Read on below as we detail a series of extraordinary color photos taken from WWI.
1. The United States Food Administration encouraged Americans to be practical with their food consumption
America's war effort on the home front wasn't as desperate and threadbare as it was in Europe. Still, the American government wanted to send out a message to their younger citizens that they were lucky to be living in a country where rations weren't in operation. So sparse was food in many parts of Europe that it wasn't until the next decade that rationing was eventually phased out.
The United States Food Administration published the poster above. They were responsible for sending surplus food reserves to allied forces during the war effort. In another poster, the USFA encouraged Americans to consume less wheat, meat, and sugar so they could send more of those energy-inducing foods to allied troops.
2. America declared war on Germany, 1917
The Great War was one of the first wars that opened people's eyes to the grim realities of combat. Photographers captured trench warfare as rats nested among footless soldiers. Letters were sent home via air mail to reveal the 'cannon fodder' they had soon become. And then there was the melee of artists who would go on to write about their experiences in the cafes and restaurants of Paris. To Ernest Hemingway, at least, they were the 'Lost Generation.'
This Lost Generation Hemingway wrote so eloquently of were all spawned from Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the conflict in the latter stages of the Great War in 1918, as illustrated by this powerful painting of the April 2 meeting with Congress.
3. The American public were ardent backers of the military effort
Throughout the years, war has reared its ugly head. If history has taught us anything, it's that the urge to fight and defend is primitive in all of us. Perhaps it's that mindset, then, that spawned two world wars in the space of only 21 years. And while the second is known as much for the brutal rise of Germany's Nazi Party as it is for its death toll, the Great War was a conflict that involved European nations coming together like never before to fight for two entirely different causes.
In America's case, they believed the sovreignty of Europe was best served in the hands of France, Britain and the other allied forces as opposed to that of Wilhelm Keiser's Germany.
4. Marching to the hum of propaganda
While American troops were not required to enlist, they were greatly encouraged to, so much so that by the end of the war, more than 4m soldiers enlisted. Of the 4m who served, 110,000 American deaths were recorded. However, the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic was responsible for over a third of all military deaths, with 45,000 American soldiers perishing because of it.
The propaganda engineered by the government to attract troops ranged from patriotic posters to newsreels of soldiers in combat. In some cases, this included stirring up racial hatred in the south by American vigilante groups who prompted an anti-germanic agenda that wasn't only a driving force in recruitment. Tragically. it also led to a spate of lynchings in the south due to the false spreading of information that German forces were encouraging African-Americans to rise from their oppression.
Page 1 out of 4 | <urn:uuid:fed28771-0c9e-43d9-9b85-3231d8f4541d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://thetravellane.com/4325/color-photos-wwi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.983029 | 926 | 3.5 | 4 | [
-0.25218427181243896,
0.07972518354654312,
0.16360564529895782,
-0.015839990228414536,
0.1963222324848175,
0.05961800739169121,
-0.07043732702732086,
0.084386445581913,
-0.35810184478759766,
0.13625004887580872,
0.21181976795196533,
0.1028372049331665,
0.06188013032078743,
0.80181348323822... | 1 | Extraordinary Color Photos From WWI Few Have Seen
It has been just over 100 years to the day since WWI- one of the bloodiest conflicts in recorded history- came to an end. Millions of soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields, while countless others- be it innocent civilians, rescue workers and doctors- also perished.
But despite the end of WWI occurring nearly 100 years ago, few are aware of these rare colorized photos of the conflict. These breathtaking images offer us further insight into the lives and experiences of the officers and soldiers who shaped the outcome of one of the most important conflicts in human history. For American soldiers, this was also a significant war, despite their involvement lasting little over a year when they joined in 1917, a year before the conflict ended in 1918.
However, what we intend to do in this article is chronicle the American experience just as much as the allies who relied on Uncle Sam's intervention. WWI was argubally the most significant war Americans had fought in since the Civil War of 1861-1865, so it seems only right that we also take a look back at some of the earliest known color photos of the American war effort during the Great War.
Read on below as we detail a series of extraordinary color photos taken from WWI.
1. The United States Food Administration encouraged Americans to be practical with their food consumption
America's war effort on the home front wasn't as desperate and threadbare as it was in Europe. Still, the American government wanted to send out a message to their younger citizens that they were lucky to be living in a country where rations weren't in operation. So sparse was food in many parts of Europe that it wasn't until the next decade that rationing was eventually phased out.
The United States Food Administration published the poster above. They were responsible for sending surplus food reserves to allied forces during the war effort. In another poster, the USFA encouraged Americans to consume less wheat, meat, and sugar so they could send more of those energy-inducing foods to allied troops.
2. America declared war on Germany, 1917
The Great War was one of the first wars that opened people's eyes to the grim realities of combat. Photographers captured trench warfare as rats nested among footless soldiers. Letters were sent home via air mail to reveal the 'cannon fodder' they had soon become. And then there was the melee of artists who would go on to write about their experiences in the cafes and restaurants of Paris. To Ernest Hemingway, at least, they were the 'Lost Generation.'
This Lost Generation Hemingway wrote so eloquently of were all spawned from Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the conflict in the latter stages of the Great War in 1918, as illustrated by this powerful painting of the April 2 meeting with Congress.
3. The American public were ardent backers of the military effort
Throughout the years, war has reared its ugly head. If history has taught us anything, it's that the urge to fight and defend is primitive in all of us. Perhaps it's that mindset, then, that spawned two world wars in the space of only 21 years. And while the second is known as much for the brutal rise of Germany's Nazi Party as it is for its death toll, the Great War was a conflict that involved European nations coming together like never before to fight for two entirely different causes.
In America's case, they believed the sovreignty of Europe was best served in the hands of France, Britain and the other allied forces as opposed to that of Wilhelm Keiser's Germany.
4. Marching to the hum of propaganda
While American troops were not required to enlist, they were greatly encouraged to, so much so that by the end of the war, more than 4m soldiers enlisted. Of the 4m who served, 110,000 American deaths were recorded. However, the 1918 Spanish flu epidemic was responsible for over a third of all military deaths, with 45,000 American soldiers perishing because of it.
The propaganda engineered by the government to attract troops ranged from patriotic posters to newsreels of soldiers in combat. In some cases, this included stirring up racial hatred in the south by American vigilante groups who prompted an anti-germanic agenda that wasn't only a driving force in recruitment. Tragically. it also led to a spate of lynchings in the south due to the false spreading of information that German forces were encouraging African-Americans to rise from their oppression.
Page 1 out of 4 | 967 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When the Suffragettes was fighting for women's rights a hundred years ago, the highest paid director at Universal Studio's was a woman. Now women have the right to vote, but… what happened to women in film?
The Suffragette movement in Britain is legendary, and it's about time the struggle made its way to the movie screen. And when could be a better time to remember women's struggles than now, with all the recent attention on the inequality of men and women in film worldwide.
1916 - Women thriving in film
Ironically, at the time of the Suffragette movement, women were thriving in film. The early film industry, before it became the industry of today, followed a theatrical model, which fostered an equal work culture where everyone, both men and women, helped behind the scenes in a variety of jobs. Film was a new medium, and the doors of Hollywood were not only open to women but also immigrants and minorities, basically to all groups of people not welcome in the more established work areas higher on the income ladder, which were reserved for the white christian male.
In 1916, multi-talented female filmmaker Lois Weber was Universal Studio's highest paying director. But as movie budgets rose and star salaries skyrocketed, it gave birth to the studio system and the movie industry remade itself in the image of a modern American male dominated business. In the 1920's women gradually disappeared from most areas but wardrobe, décor and script. In front of the camera they became glamorous movie stars directed by men, who's importance increased as history made them auteurs.
What happened to women in film?
Fast forward a hundred years, and what has changed? Women got their vote, but still to this day haven't been able to reclaim their positions in the film industry. Women are not even represented onscreen in fair numbers. While women make up half of the movie audience, only 30% of women are displayed on the screen, while a meager 7% directed the top grossing films in the US 2014.
For actresses it's a double dip; women are represented in less numbers then are true to society, and the few female characters portrayed are often reduced to sex-objects or male side-kicks, which may explain why there are so few roles for women over 40. To which extent women are objectified in film can actually be measured with the Bechdel-Wallace Test. To pass it, a movie must have at least a) two women in it (with names), b) who talk to each other c) about something besides a man. Surprisingly few films pass this test, and even worse, many of the films targeted at children lack female characters entirely.
Red carpet glitz, glamour and high heels
Women reduced to sex-objects were sadly illustrated on Cannes' red carpet this year, famous for its old-fashioned glitz and glamour, when a group of women in their 50's, some of them with medical conditions, were denied access to Todd Hayne's “Carol” because they were not wearing high heals. They wore formal flat shoes with rhinestones on them, but the festival did confirm to Screen Daily that it is obligatory for all women to wear high heels to red carpet screenings. Even Asif Kapadia, director of the Amy Winehouse documentary, “Amy”, which also premiered in Cannes, tweeted that his wife had initially been denied entry to the screening because of her footwear, but was eventually allowed in. However, Cannes’ director, Thierry Frémaux, later denied in a tweet that high heels are obligatory, so the policy doesn't seem to be quite clear within the organization itself. Cannes has been criticized since many years for the small amount of female directors in the program, reaching an all time low in 2012 when not one single film by a female director was competing for the prestigious Palm d'Or.
2015 – the year of women fighting back
But 2015 is also the year of women fighting back. Meryl Streep is combating ageism and sexism by funding the “Writer's Lab” for women writers over 40, which is run by New York Women in Film and Television and IRIS, a collective of women filmmakers. Geena Davis is the co-founder of Bentonville Film Festival which opened in May in Arkansas to provide “a platform to significantly increase the commercial value of content produced by minorities and women [and] provides ongoing and turnkey distribution opportunities for its festival content and creators for global reach.”
And when big Hollywood names enters the debate, people listen. Jennifer Lawrence just published an essay addressing the wage gap between male and female leads. She found out through a hacked Sony account that she got paid half of what the leading men earned for their work in “American Hustle”, which she attributes to bad negotiation skills due to a fear of being difficult. “I saw the payroll on the Internet and realized every man I was working with definitely didn’t worry about being “difficult” or “spoiled.” [It is] an element of my personality that I’ve been working against for years, and based on the statistics, I don’t think I’m the only woman with this issue. Are we socially conditioned to behave this way? We’ve only been able to vote for what, 90 years?” This made Bradley Cooper, a name on Forbes list of the highest paid actors, promise Reuters to “team up with female co-stars to negotiate salaries before any film he is interested in working on goes into production.”
Anna Serner and the Swedish model
But the real rock star of equality is Anna Serner, CEO of the Swedish Film Institute. When she joined in 2011, only 26% of the funding of film was awarded to women with an aim to raise it to 40%. However, Anna wouldn't settle for less than 50-50 and made sure the industry knew this goal along with threats of quotas shouldn't it be met by 2015. The goal was reached in 2014. As a result, in the last three years women have won 69% of the trophies at Swedish film awards and 40% of the top international awards presented to Swedish filmmakers. Given the fact that only 16% of all Oscar nominees ever have been women, Anna Serner's model is cheered around the world. She participated as a panelist in the Cannes seminar "Women Make Great Movies: Strategies for Success" targeting international film industry 7 but also lectures on grass root level like during her recent visit to Columbia University in New York, both events moderated by Melissa Silverstein of Women and Hollywood. New York Times published and article last month “How Swedish Cinema Gave Women Directors a Bigger Role” and quoted Anna saying “I just think that we’ve been longing for the female gaze, the female perspective. Right now it’s unique, which is a problem. Eventually, it should all balance out.”
The dramatic opening of “Suffragette”
Sarah Gavron's film “Suffragette” opened the BFI London Film Festival dramatically when more than a hundred feminist protesters stormed the red carpet as green and purple smoke bombs filled the air. When New York Film Critics Circle Chairman Marshall Fine interviewed producers Faye Ward and Alison Owen, writer Abi Morgan and director Sarah Gavron after the Hamptons International Film Festival's screening of “Suffragette”, their comments about the London protesters were in unison: “We loved it, we thought they were great, they were like the Suffragettes! We thought it was a fantastic moment of the spirit coming to life. It was predominantly the Sisters Uncut movement coming together and stood up and were fighting against cuts against organizations and supporting women who'd experienced domestic violence and I can't think of a better cause than that to fight for. That action took it away from being just a pure piece of red carpet fluff and made it into something way more important so we couldn't have staged it better. Once we drove up and saw the extraordinary colors of the smoke bombs they'd been letting off in the colors of the Suffragette flag, from the bottom of my heart I wanted to thank them so it was fantastic. If it wasn't Harvey Weinstein I'd expected him of arranging it quite frankly [audience laughs].”
Sisters Uncut organized the event using a Facebook page, where they explained how "The film depicts a struggle for women's rights that took place nearly 100 years ago, but we know that the struggle isn't over." 8 No, the struggle is by no means over. Not getting access to Cannes red carpet might seem trivial compared to the world of our grandmothers, who didn't have their basic rights to vote, to make decision over their own children or even their own bodies, but there's a huge range in between and equality should cover that whole range.
“We have invigorated our activism”
When Abi spoke of her research of the film she said that “the most sobering moment was when we looked at the declassified police records which were only opened in 2003, and that really showed the kind of systematic intimidation and torture of these women, and that's when you started to realize that so much of this history has been erased, and that this was an opportunity to re-interrogate and bring to the 21st century the story. For me that was really exciting, and to find the vivid and contemporary voices of these women, particularly the working class women, and those were the voices that felt very now and all they were dealing with like the equal pay issues, sexual violence at home and in the work place, custodial rights of their children, property rights, education... It struck so many cords that I think we all felt it was not just an early 20th century story, it was actually an early 21st century story. Ultimately we got the vote, and it highlighted that there are so many things we can do with the vote. We are so globally connected with the inequality across the world so we know that the fight goes on and in a way that it's quite empowering. You cannot ignore whats going on across the globe including within our own country and across every continent. We have invigorated our activism”.
“Suffragettes” is now showing in US theaters.
Annika Andersson as published on MovieZine November 11th 2015 | <urn:uuid:fe647d47-575b-4936-a672-159e1f56ff2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cinespons.com/single-post/2015/11/12/From-SUFFRAGETTE-to-red-carpet-glitz-a-story-of-women-in-film | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.980305 | 2,166 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
-0.26503247022628784,
0.027930593118071556,
-0.18892228603363037,
-0.04628070816397667,
-0.016582787036895752,
0.5626010894775391,
-0.17512840032577515,
0.06880096346139908,
-0.08961471915245056,
-0.06464353203773499,
0.12844350934028625,
0.04689483344554901,
0.06720055639743805,
-0.069635... | 1 | When the Suffragettes was fighting for women's rights a hundred years ago, the highest paid director at Universal Studio's was a woman. Now women have the right to vote, but… what happened to women in film?
The Suffragette movement in Britain is legendary, and it's about time the struggle made its way to the movie screen. And when could be a better time to remember women's struggles than now, with all the recent attention on the inequality of men and women in film worldwide.
1916 - Women thriving in film
Ironically, at the time of the Suffragette movement, women were thriving in film. The early film industry, before it became the industry of today, followed a theatrical model, which fostered an equal work culture where everyone, both men and women, helped behind the scenes in a variety of jobs. Film was a new medium, and the doors of Hollywood were not only open to women but also immigrants and minorities, basically to all groups of people not welcome in the more established work areas higher on the income ladder, which were reserved for the white christian male.
In 1916, multi-talented female filmmaker Lois Weber was Universal Studio's highest paying director. But as movie budgets rose and star salaries skyrocketed, it gave birth to the studio system and the movie industry remade itself in the image of a modern American male dominated business. In the 1920's women gradually disappeared from most areas but wardrobe, décor and script. In front of the camera they became glamorous movie stars directed by men, who's importance increased as history made them auteurs.
What happened to women in film?
Fast forward a hundred years, and what has changed? Women got their vote, but still to this day haven't been able to reclaim their positions in the film industry. Women are not even represented onscreen in fair numbers. While women make up half of the movie audience, only 30% of women are displayed on the screen, while a meager 7% directed the top grossing films in the US 2014.
For actresses it's a double dip; women are represented in less numbers then are true to society, and the few female characters portrayed are often reduced to sex-objects or male side-kicks, which may explain why there are so few roles for women over 40. To which extent women are objectified in film can actually be measured with the Bechdel-Wallace Test. To pass it, a movie must have at least a) two women in it (with names), b) who talk to each other c) about something besides a man. Surprisingly few films pass this test, and even worse, many of the films targeted at children lack female characters entirely.
Red carpet glitz, glamour and high heels
Women reduced to sex-objects were sadly illustrated on Cannes' red carpet this year, famous for its old-fashioned glitz and glamour, when a group of women in their 50's, some of them with medical conditions, were denied access to Todd Hayne's “Carol” because they were not wearing high heals. They wore formal flat shoes with rhinestones on them, but the festival did confirm to Screen Daily that it is obligatory for all women to wear high heels to red carpet screenings. Even Asif Kapadia, director of the Amy Winehouse documentary, “Amy”, which also premiered in Cannes, tweeted that his wife had initially been denied entry to the screening because of her footwear, but was eventually allowed in. However, Cannes’ director, Thierry Frémaux, later denied in a tweet that high heels are obligatory, so the policy doesn't seem to be quite clear within the organization itself. Cannes has been criticized since many years for the small amount of female directors in the program, reaching an all time low in 2012 when not one single film by a female director was competing for the prestigious Palm d'Or.
2015 – the year of women fighting back
But 2015 is also the year of women fighting back. Meryl Streep is combating ageism and sexism by funding the “Writer's Lab” for women writers over 40, which is run by New York Women in Film and Television and IRIS, a collective of women filmmakers. Geena Davis is the co-founder of Bentonville Film Festival which opened in May in Arkansas to provide “a platform to significantly increase the commercial value of content produced by minorities and women [and] provides ongoing and turnkey distribution opportunities for its festival content and creators for global reach.”
And when big Hollywood names enters the debate, people listen. Jennifer Lawrence just published an essay addressing the wage gap between male and female leads. She found out through a hacked Sony account that she got paid half of what the leading men earned for their work in “American Hustle”, which she attributes to bad negotiation skills due to a fear of being difficult. “I saw the payroll on the Internet and realized every man I was working with definitely didn’t worry about being “difficult” or “spoiled.” [It is] an element of my personality that I’ve been working against for years, and based on the statistics, I don’t think I’m the only woman with this issue. Are we socially conditioned to behave this way? We’ve only been able to vote for what, 90 years?” This made Bradley Cooper, a name on Forbes list of the highest paid actors, promise Reuters to “team up with female co-stars to negotiate salaries before any film he is interested in working on goes into production.”
Anna Serner and the Swedish model
But the real rock star of equality is Anna Serner, CEO of the Swedish Film Institute. When she joined in 2011, only 26% of the funding of film was awarded to women with an aim to raise it to 40%. However, Anna wouldn't settle for less than 50-50 and made sure the industry knew this goal along with threats of quotas shouldn't it be met by 2015. The goal was reached in 2014. As a result, in the last three years women have won 69% of the trophies at Swedish film awards and 40% of the top international awards presented to Swedish filmmakers. Given the fact that only 16% of all Oscar nominees ever have been women, Anna Serner's model is cheered around the world. She participated as a panelist in the Cannes seminar "Women Make Great Movies: Strategies for Success" targeting international film industry 7 but also lectures on grass root level like during her recent visit to Columbia University in New York, both events moderated by Melissa Silverstein of Women and Hollywood. New York Times published and article last month “How Swedish Cinema Gave Women Directors a Bigger Role” and quoted Anna saying “I just think that we’ve been longing for the female gaze, the female perspective. Right now it’s unique, which is a problem. Eventually, it should all balance out.”
The dramatic opening of “Suffragette”
Sarah Gavron's film “Suffragette” opened the BFI London Film Festival dramatically when more than a hundred feminist protesters stormed the red carpet as green and purple smoke bombs filled the air. When New York Film Critics Circle Chairman Marshall Fine interviewed producers Faye Ward and Alison Owen, writer Abi Morgan and director Sarah Gavron after the Hamptons International Film Festival's screening of “Suffragette”, their comments about the London protesters were in unison: “We loved it, we thought they were great, they were like the Suffragettes! We thought it was a fantastic moment of the spirit coming to life. It was predominantly the Sisters Uncut movement coming together and stood up and were fighting against cuts against organizations and supporting women who'd experienced domestic violence and I can't think of a better cause than that to fight for. That action took it away from being just a pure piece of red carpet fluff and made it into something way more important so we couldn't have staged it better. Once we drove up and saw the extraordinary colors of the smoke bombs they'd been letting off in the colors of the Suffragette flag, from the bottom of my heart I wanted to thank them so it was fantastic. If it wasn't Harvey Weinstein I'd expected him of arranging it quite frankly [audience laughs].”
Sisters Uncut organized the event using a Facebook page, where they explained how "The film depicts a struggle for women's rights that took place nearly 100 years ago, but we know that the struggle isn't over." 8 No, the struggle is by no means over. Not getting access to Cannes red carpet might seem trivial compared to the world of our grandmothers, who didn't have their basic rights to vote, to make decision over their own children or even their own bodies, but there's a huge range in between and equality should cover that whole range.
“We have invigorated our activism”
When Abi spoke of her research of the film she said that “the most sobering moment was when we looked at the declassified police records which were only opened in 2003, and that really showed the kind of systematic intimidation and torture of these women, and that's when you started to realize that so much of this history has been erased, and that this was an opportunity to re-interrogate and bring to the 21st century the story. For me that was really exciting, and to find the vivid and contemporary voices of these women, particularly the working class women, and those were the voices that felt very now and all they were dealing with like the equal pay issues, sexual violence at home and in the work place, custodial rights of their children, property rights, education... It struck so many cords that I think we all felt it was not just an early 20th century story, it was actually an early 21st century story. Ultimately we got the vote, and it highlighted that there are so many things we can do with the vote. We are so globally connected with the inequality across the world so we know that the fight goes on and in a way that it's quite empowering. You cannot ignore whats going on across the globe including within our own country and across every continent. We have invigorated our activism”.
“Suffragettes” is now showing in US theaters.
Annika Andersson as published on MovieZine November 11th 2015 | 2,161 | ENGLISH | 1 |
National Beer Day
National Beer Day is celebrated on the anniversary of the date that beer once again began being served, in 1933, after over thirteen years of Prohibition. Franklin Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act on March 22, 1933, which said that beer with up to 3.2% alcohol content by weight could again be sold, as long as states passed their own laws allowing the selling of beer. After signing the law Roosevelt said, "I think this would be a good time for a beer," and the new law went into effect on April 7. People gathered outside of breweries and taverns the night before beer became legal, waiting for their opening at midnight. On the first National Beer Day, 1.5 million barrels of beer were consumed. Prohibition was not fully repealed until December, when the Eighteenth Amendment was done away with, and the Twenty-first Amendment went into effect. The modern-day celebration of National Beer Day started in 2009, after Justin Smith started a Facebook page for it. The day has since been recognized by elected officials.
Beer making can be traced to about 6,000 years ago in ancient Sumeria. At the time beer was cloudy because of lack of filtering, and it was drunk through a straw. By 2000 BCE, the Babylonians were brewing 20 types of beer. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made beer, although wine became much more popular with the Romans. They considered beer to be the drink of the Barbarians; beer was only popular on the edges of the Empire. Germanic groups were brewing beer by 800 BCE.
Because of contamination, beer was a much safer drink than water during the Middle Ages; it was drunk by people of all ages from all classes. The Catholic Church even got involved with brewing beer, and abbeys were testing grounds for improvements in brewing. Beginning in the ninth century, in Germany, hops began being introduced, standards were set up for beer, and it began being mass-brewed. The 1516 Beer Purity Law—Reinheitsgebot—said a certain level of quality must be met for German beer. All beer could only be made with water, hops, malted barley, malted wheat, and yeast.
In the 1800s, Louis Pasteur discovered the role of yeast in the fermentation process, as well as pasteurization. Soon came along automatic bottling, commercial refrigeration, and railroads. All of these advancements allowed beer to be more easily produced and distributed. By 1880, there were 3,200 breweries in the United States. Prohibition closed them, but today there are almost as many breweries as there were in 1880, aided in part by the rise in the number of small craft breweries.
How to Observe
Celebrate the day by drinking beer! The best way to do it is to enter a bar right at midnight, just as it was done in 1933. In reality, to stay true to the spirit of the day, beer should only be drank if it is 3.2% alcohol or less. There are many brands of beer you could try, from many different breweries. Try a craft beer you've never had before, or do some homebrewing. | <urn:uuid:89f52d76-8462-4758-80df-193bebc502ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.checkiday.com/cc118036362434765cc0a9fc0da12311/national-beer-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.987374 | 648 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.21380974352359772,
0.297659695148468,
0.08195725083351135,
-0.4492335915565491,
-0.1806996464729309,
-0.16903966665267944,
-0.04657747596502304,
0.23457744717597961,
-0.378643274307251,
0.13833142817020416,
-0.13271331787109375,
0.10829183459281921,
-0.4366079866886139,
-0.0607001408934... | 3 | National Beer Day
National Beer Day is celebrated on the anniversary of the date that beer once again began being served, in 1933, after over thirteen years of Prohibition. Franklin Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act on March 22, 1933, which said that beer with up to 3.2% alcohol content by weight could again be sold, as long as states passed their own laws allowing the selling of beer. After signing the law Roosevelt said, "I think this would be a good time for a beer," and the new law went into effect on April 7. People gathered outside of breweries and taverns the night before beer became legal, waiting for their opening at midnight. On the first National Beer Day, 1.5 million barrels of beer were consumed. Prohibition was not fully repealed until December, when the Eighteenth Amendment was done away with, and the Twenty-first Amendment went into effect. The modern-day celebration of National Beer Day started in 2009, after Justin Smith started a Facebook page for it. The day has since been recognized by elected officials.
Beer making can be traced to about 6,000 years ago in ancient Sumeria. At the time beer was cloudy because of lack of filtering, and it was drunk through a straw. By 2000 BCE, the Babylonians were brewing 20 types of beer. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made beer, although wine became much more popular with the Romans. They considered beer to be the drink of the Barbarians; beer was only popular on the edges of the Empire. Germanic groups were brewing beer by 800 BCE.
Because of contamination, beer was a much safer drink than water during the Middle Ages; it was drunk by people of all ages from all classes. The Catholic Church even got involved with brewing beer, and abbeys were testing grounds for improvements in brewing. Beginning in the ninth century, in Germany, hops began being introduced, standards were set up for beer, and it began being mass-brewed. The 1516 Beer Purity Law—Reinheitsgebot—said a certain level of quality must be met for German beer. All beer could only be made with water, hops, malted barley, malted wheat, and yeast.
In the 1800s, Louis Pasteur discovered the role of yeast in the fermentation process, as well as pasteurization. Soon came along automatic bottling, commercial refrigeration, and railroads. All of these advancements allowed beer to be more easily produced and distributed. By 1880, there were 3,200 breweries in the United States. Prohibition closed them, but today there are almost as many breweries as there were in 1880, aided in part by the rise in the number of small craft breweries.
How to Observe
Celebrate the day by drinking beer! The best way to do it is to enter a bar right at midnight, just as it was done in 1933. In reality, to stay true to the spirit of the day, beer should only be drank if it is 3.2% alcohol or less. There are many brands of beer you could try, from many different breweries. Try a craft beer you've never had before, or do some homebrewing. | 698 | ENGLISH | 1 |
CBSE Class 8 History Lesson When people rebel – 1857 and after – Detailed explanation of the chapter ‘When people rebel – 1857 and after‘ along with question answers. Given here is the complete explanation of the lesson, along with all the exercises, Question and Answers given at the back of the lesson.
In this chapter, we will study the outrage of the people of India from different backgrounds against Britishers as they were facing suppression and hardships due to the policies made by the Britishers and the changes made by them in their policies thereafter.
In our previous chapters we have studied that the policies made by the Britishers were affecting the lives of the Indian people in many ways. These policies of East India Company had affect on different people such as Kings, queens, sepoys and peasants. So, they started resisting against the Britishers as these policies were against their rights and sentiments.
Since the mid eighteenth century, the kings had seen their power deteriorating. They were losing their authority gradually. Residents were appointed in many states and the kings were not allowed to keep their army. Most of them lost their territories. Many kings and queens tried to negotiate with the company in order to safeguard their interest. For example- Queen Lakshmibai wanted the company to recognize her adopted son as the legal heir after her husband’s death. Nana Sahib the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II pleaded that he should receive his father’s pension as he was his legal heir. But the Britishers never accepted this as they were sure of their power.
Awadh was the last territory to be annexed in 1801. Britishers imposed subsidiary alliance there. According to the rule of Subsidiary Alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They had to keep company’s army and pay their maintenance. In 1856 they took over it on the pretext of misgovernment of the territory. If they failed to do so, the part of their territory was taken away as penalty by the Britishers. This was done by Lord Dalhousie. The company even tried to deteriorate the authority of Mughals. They stopped minting coins on the mughal king’s name. In 1849 Governor-General Dalhousie announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah will not stay in the Red Fort and in 1856, Governor-General Canning declared that the mughal kingdom had come to an end with the death of Bahadur shah and his successors would be known as ‘prince’ and not ‘king’.
In the countryside the peasants and zamindars were burdened with the heavy taxes and rent levied on them. Even the method of collecting rent was very harsh. Many failed to pay their loans to moneylenders and they were forced to give away ownership rights of their lands.
The Indian sepoys were also unhappy about their salary, allowance and the conditions of service. Some of the new rules were also against their religious sentiments. For example in those days people feared to cross the sea as they had the myth of losing their religion if they crossed the seas. So, when in 1824 they were asked to cross the sea to go to Burma, they simply rejected it. Though the sepoys were ready to go there by land route. Hence, they were severely punished but as the issue remained unresolved, so in 1856, the company passed a new law that every Indian who wanted to be a part of the army had to agree to serve overseas.
Sepoys were also against the Britishers’ behaviour with the peasants as many of them were from the families of peasants. So, the anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys.
The Britishers started changing the society of India. They prohibited sati and encouraged widow remarriage. After 1830 it became easier for Christian missionaries to own land in India. In 1850 a new law was passed that enabled the converts to inherit their ancestral property. Many Indians started believing that Britishers were trying to destroy their religion, culture and custom.
A very large number of Indians developed a feeling that they had a common enemy and they should rebel against them. Such a situation was experienced in north India during 1857. The company faced a massive rebellion in May 1857 when sepoys mutinied against the East India Company. It is stated as one of the biggest armed resistance to colonialism in the nineteenth century anywhere in the world.
On 29th March 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore. After some days of this incident some sepoys at Merrut refused to use the fat greased cartridges. Therefore, 85 sepoys were dismissed from service and on 9 May 1857 they were sentenced to 10 years in jail for disobeying their officers.
On 10th May the soldiers marched to the Merrut jail and released the imprisoned sepoys. They attacked and killed British officers and declared a war against firangis. After this they reach Delhi where they were joined by the regiment of Delhi. They rose in rebellion and killed British officers and also captured the arms. After this they set the building on fire.
The sepoys then gathered at Red Fort and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader. Initially, the ageing emperor was not ready to be part of this rebellion but finally, he accepted this and wrote letters to various kings to organize a confederacy of Indian states to fight the British. As we know that many of the rulers controlled different territories on behalf of the mughals and were threatened of losing their territories to the Britishers so they joined Bahadur Shah Zafar in this movement.
Britishers had never expected this as they thought that cartridge issue would die down soon.
The rebellion in Delhi took almost a week to spread as news over whole of the India. Many regiments mutinied one after another at various places such as Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow. Along with local leaders and zamindars, many rose up against the Britishers. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao gathered the forces and declared himself as governor under Bahadur Shah Zafar. Birjis Qadr of Lucknow who was son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab. His mother Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organizing the uprising against the British. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai joined the rebel sepoys and fought the British along with Tantia Tope, the general of Nana Saheb.
Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh raised an army of four thousand against the Britishers who had taken over the administration of her state. The British were greatly affected by these rebels.
Many new leaders came up such as Ahmadullah Shah, a maulavi from Faizabad raised a huge force of supporters and fought against Britishers in Lucknow. Bakht Khan a soldier of Bareilly and Kunwar Singh of Bihar were some of such fighters who fought against Britishers.
Now the Company wanted to repress the revolt completely. So, it brought reinforcements from England and passed new laws to convict the rebels easily. Delhi was recaptured by the Britishers in September 1857. The last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah and his wife Begum Zinat Mahal were sent to prison in Rangoon in October 1858 where Bahadur Shah died in November 1862. The British had to fight for two years to completely suppress the massive rebellion.
Lucknow was taken in March 1858 and Rani Lakshmibai was defeated and killed in June 1858. Tantia Tope escaped to jungle and gathered tribal and peasants to fight but later on he was captured, tried and killed in April 1859. Later on, the British were able to gain back control over the lost places and tried to win back loyalty of the people. For this they announced rewards for loyal landholders with the traditional rights over their lands. Those who had rebelled were told that if they submit to British and if they have not killed white people, they would remain safe. But many of them were tried and hanged which included sepoys, rebels, Nawabs and rajas.
The British regained the power once again. But this time they changed some of their policies. Some of them are as follows:
Thus, a new phase of history started.
Q1. What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the Britishers?
A. Rani Lakshmibai wanted the company to accept her adopted son as the legal heir of the state of Jhansi but that was refused by the Company because of their policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
Q2. What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?
A. The converts had the right to inherit their ancestral property even after being the adopted son.
Q3. What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
A. The new cartridges introduced in the army were greased with animal fat of cow and pig which had to be chewed off before using. This was against the religious sentiments of the Indian sepoys so they refused to use it.
Q4. How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
A. The last years of the Mughal emperor were very miserable. He was tried and imprisoned for his role in 1857 revolt. He died in Rangoon jail.
Q5. What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
A. Following are the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers:
Q6. What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?
A. Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion provided a big support to the commoners and the rulers. Peasants and zamindars of villages rose up against the Britishers as they were deprived of their rights over their lands and on the other hand, the local rulers wanted to safeguard their territories and wanted to rule under Mughals. Similarly those rulers who due to doctrine of Lapse were not given the right over their territory, saw this as an opportunity to regain their power over their territory.
Q7. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?
A. The Britishers changed some of their policies and allowed the landowners to the traditional rights over their land and also stopped collecting taxes from them.
Q8. In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?
A. Following were the changes made in the policies by the Britishers after the 1857 revolt:
Also See : | <urn:uuid:405eead1-e15a-451e-b5e5-10e902dc06dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.successcds.net/class-8/social-science/when-people-rebel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.989929 | 2,276 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
-0.2124996781349182,
0.5149761438369751,
0.33713197708129883,
-0.1417194902896881,
-0.15676751732826233,
-0.16286122798919678,
0.5034009218215942,
-0.2175329029560089,
-0.1386702060699463,
0.21059592068195343,
0.08856537938117981,
-0.10476054251194,
0.03357894346117973,
0.2845478653907776,... | 2 | CBSE Class 8 History Lesson When people rebel – 1857 and after – Detailed explanation of the chapter ‘When people rebel – 1857 and after‘ along with question answers. Given here is the complete explanation of the lesson, along with all the exercises, Question and Answers given at the back of the lesson.
In this chapter, we will study the outrage of the people of India from different backgrounds against Britishers as they were facing suppression and hardships due to the policies made by the Britishers and the changes made by them in their policies thereafter.
In our previous chapters we have studied that the policies made by the Britishers were affecting the lives of the Indian people in many ways. These policies of East India Company had affect on different people such as Kings, queens, sepoys and peasants. So, they started resisting against the Britishers as these policies were against their rights and sentiments.
Since the mid eighteenth century, the kings had seen their power deteriorating. They were losing their authority gradually. Residents were appointed in many states and the kings were not allowed to keep their army. Most of them lost their territories. Many kings and queens tried to negotiate with the company in order to safeguard their interest. For example- Queen Lakshmibai wanted the company to recognize her adopted son as the legal heir after her husband’s death. Nana Sahib the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II pleaded that he should receive his father’s pension as he was his legal heir. But the Britishers never accepted this as they were sure of their power.
Awadh was the last territory to be annexed in 1801. Britishers imposed subsidiary alliance there. According to the rule of Subsidiary Alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They had to keep company’s army and pay their maintenance. In 1856 they took over it on the pretext of misgovernment of the territory. If they failed to do so, the part of their territory was taken away as penalty by the Britishers. This was done by Lord Dalhousie. The company even tried to deteriorate the authority of Mughals. They stopped minting coins on the mughal king’s name. In 1849 Governor-General Dalhousie announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah will not stay in the Red Fort and in 1856, Governor-General Canning declared that the mughal kingdom had come to an end with the death of Bahadur shah and his successors would be known as ‘prince’ and not ‘king’.
In the countryside the peasants and zamindars were burdened with the heavy taxes and rent levied on them. Even the method of collecting rent was very harsh. Many failed to pay their loans to moneylenders and they were forced to give away ownership rights of their lands.
The Indian sepoys were also unhappy about their salary, allowance and the conditions of service. Some of the new rules were also against their religious sentiments. For example in those days people feared to cross the sea as they had the myth of losing their religion if they crossed the seas. So, when in 1824 they were asked to cross the sea to go to Burma, they simply rejected it. Though the sepoys were ready to go there by land route. Hence, they were severely punished but as the issue remained unresolved, so in 1856, the company passed a new law that every Indian who wanted to be a part of the army had to agree to serve overseas.
Sepoys were also against the Britishers’ behaviour with the peasants as many of them were from the families of peasants. So, the anger of the peasants quickly spread among the sepoys.
The Britishers started changing the society of India. They prohibited sati and encouraged widow remarriage. After 1830 it became easier for Christian missionaries to own land in India. In 1850 a new law was passed that enabled the converts to inherit their ancestral property. Many Indians started believing that Britishers were trying to destroy their religion, culture and custom.
A very large number of Indians developed a feeling that they had a common enemy and they should rebel against them. Such a situation was experienced in north India during 1857. The company faced a massive rebellion in May 1857 when sepoys mutinied against the East India Company. It is stated as one of the biggest armed resistance to colonialism in the nineteenth century anywhere in the world.
On 29th March 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore. After some days of this incident some sepoys at Merrut refused to use the fat greased cartridges. Therefore, 85 sepoys were dismissed from service and on 9 May 1857 they were sentenced to 10 years in jail for disobeying their officers.
On 10th May the soldiers marched to the Merrut jail and released the imprisoned sepoys. They attacked and killed British officers and declared a war against firangis. After this they reach Delhi where they were joined by the regiment of Delhi. They rose in rebellion and killed British officers and also captured the arms. After this they set the building on fire.
The sepoys then gathered at Red Fort and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader. Initially, the ageing emperor was not ready to be part of this rebellion but finally, he accepted this and wrote letters to various kings to organize a confederacy of Indian states to fight the British. As we know that many of the rulers controlled different territories on behalf of the mughals and were threatened of losing their territories to the Britishers so they joined Bahadur Shah Zafar in this movement.
Britishers had never expected this as they thought that cartridge issue would die down soon.
The rebellion in Delhi took almost a week to spread as news over whole of the India. Many regiments mutinied one after another at various places such as Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow. Along with local leaders and zamindars, many rose up against the Britishers. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao gathered the forces and declared himself as governor under Bahadur Shah Zafar. Birjis Qadr of Lucknow who was son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab. His mother Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organizing the uprising against the British. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai joined the rebel sepoys and fought the British along with Tantia Tope, the general of Nana Saheb.
Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh raised an army of four thousand against the Britishers who had taken over the administration of her state. The British were greatly affected by these rebels.
Many new leaders came up such as Ahmadullah Shah, a maulavi from Faizabad raised a huge force of supporters and fought against Britishers in Lucknow. Bakht Khan a soldier of Bareilly and Kunwar Singh of Bihar were some of such fighters who fought against Britishers.
Now the Company wanted to repress the revolt completely. So, it brought reinforcements from England and passed new laws to convict the rebels easily. Delhi was recaptured by the Britishers in September 1857. The last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah and his wife Begum Zinat Mahal were sent to prison in Rangoon in October 1858 where Bahadur Shah died in November 1862. The British had to fight for two years to completely suppress the massive rebellion.
Lucknow was taken in March 1858 and Rani Lakshmibai was defeated and killed in June 1858. Tantia Tope escaped to jungle and gathered tribal and peasants to fight but later on he was captured, tried and killed in April 1859. Later on, the British were able to gain back control over the lost places and tried to win back loyalty of the people. For this they announced rewards for loyal landholders with the traditional rights over their lands. Those who had rebelled were told that if they submit to British and if they have not killed white people, they would remain safe. But many of them were tried and hanged which included sepoys, rebels, Nawabs and rajas.
The British regained the power once again. But this time they changed some of their policies. Some of them are as follows:
Thus, a new phase of history started.
Q1. What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the Britishers?
A. Rani Lakshmibai wanted the company to accept her adopted son as the legal heir of the state of Jhansi but that was refused by the Company because of their policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
Q2. What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?
A. The converts had the right to inherit their ancestral property even after being the adopted son.
Q3. What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
A. The new cartridges introduced in the army were greased with animal fat of cow and pig which had to be chewed off before using. This was against the religious sentiments of the Indian sepoys so they refused to use it.
Q4. How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
A. The last years of the Mughal emperor were very miserable. He was tried and imprisoned for his role in 1857 revolt. He died in Rangoon jail.
Q5. What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
A. Following are the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers:
Q6. What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?
A. Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion provided a big support to the commoners and the rulers. Peasants and zamindars of villages rose up against the Britishers as they were deprived of their rights over their lands and on the other hand, the local rulers wanted to safeguard their territories and wanted to rule under Mughals. Similarly those rulers who due to doctrine of Lapse were not given the right over their territory, saw this as an opportunity to regain their power over their territory.
Q7. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?
A. The Britishers changed some of their policies and allowed the landowners to the traditional rights over their land and also stopped collecting taxes from them.
Q8. In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?
A. Following were the changes made in the policies by the Britishers after the 1857 revolt:
Also See : | 2,319 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Artist Rosa Bonheur"Along with Landseer, Rosa Bonheur was the most famous animal painter of the 19th century. She was born on 22nd March 1822 in Bordeaux, France and had an extraordinary talent for drawing animals from an early age. Taught initially by her father and then by Coignet, she went on to make her first studies in the Bois de Boulogne. Later, having received formal police permission, Bonheur dressed in men's clothing to visit and make studies at abattoirs and cattle markets. Bonheur made her debut at the Salon in 1841 and, at the age of twenty six, she received her first award. By this time her talent had completely matured. A later exhibit in the Salon of 1853, entitled Le Marche aux Chevaux, placed her amongst the top painters of the time. Her achievement was recognised when she was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1865 and she went on to become its first woman officer in 1894. Towards the end of her career, she changed her pallette completely to bring to her works the powerful colour of impressionism. Examples of her work are found today all over the world, but particularly in a museum named in her honour at Fontainebleu (La Musee Bonheur)."
Page 1 of 1 | <urn:uuid:bb20ca06-5181-4060-857b-ea0d38cbfea9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.artbol.com/painting-artist/rosa-bonheur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.988874 | 278 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
0.16785353422164917,
0.30246543884277344,
0.049133121967315674,
0.7289411425590515,
-0.27246415615081787,
0.048741500824689865,
0.5051947236061096,
0.21749821305274963,
0.07051665335893631,
-0.02713356353342533,
-0.14404381811618805,
-0.7624629735946655,
-0.08006308227777481,
0.27905687689... | 1 | Artist Rosa Bonheur"Along with Landseer, Rosa Bonheur was the most famous animal painter of the 19th century. She was born on 22nd March 1822 in Bordeaux, France and had an extraordinary talent for drawing animals from an early age. Taught initially by her father and then by Coignet, she went on to make her first studies in the Bois de Boulogne. Later, having received formal police permission, Bonheur dressed in men's clothing to visit and make studies at abattoirs and cattle markets. Bonheur made her debut at the Salon in 1841 and, at the age of twenty six, she received her first award. By this time her talent had completely matured. A later exhibit in the Salon of 1853, entitled Le Marche aux Chevaux, placed her amongst the top painters of the time. Her achievement was recognised when she was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1865 and she went on to become its first woman officer in 1894. Towards the end of her career, she changed her pallette completely to bring to her works the powerful colour of impressionism. Examples of her work are found today all over the world, but particularly in a museum named in her honour at Fontainebleu (La Musee Bonheur)."
Page 1 of 1 | 296 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Stars And Stripes Forever (vocal)
by John Philip Sousa/adapted by Teresa Jennings
Imagine a time when popular songs could only be heard in a live performance, and when the most popular performing group was a band of men in elaborate uniforms playing marches. This was the way things were a hundred years ago when John Philip Sousa and his band introduced "Stars and Stripes Forever." The year was 1897, and Sousa was known all over the world as "The March King."
The story of this famous march reads like a tale of fiction, but, from all accounts, it is true. Always fond of travel, Sousa had taken his family to Europe on a vacation in the fall of 1896. Since this was the era before air travel, such trips took months. While in Italy, Sousa received the sad news that his close friend and manager, David Blakely, had died. Sousa immediately booked the next ship back to America.
As the ship left the dock, Sousa said that the sound of a band filled his head. Throughout the voyage, the band continued to play to him in his thoughts, gradually revealing more of the music. He never wrote down a note until he arrived in New York. When he went ashore, he wrote down the music that he had been hearing in his head, and claimed that he never changed a note of it after it was written. What he wrote is the march we now know as "Stars and Stripes Forever."
Actually, the music that Sousa finished on Christmas Day, 1896, was the march in the form of a piano score. This was just two days after he left the ship. Over the next few months he arranged the march so that it could be played by his band. With this arrangement, he added the distinctive brass and piccolo melodies that make the trio of the march so memorable. When Sousa's band played the march, the piccolos and brass players would line up in front of the band. Many bands and orchestras today have kept this practice alive.
From its first performance on May 14, 1897, this march has not just been popular, it has become America's, and perhaps the world's, best known march. It was also one of the first works of music to be identified by the rest of the world as "American."
During the forty years that Sousa toured with his band, they traveled over a million miles, bringing a positive look at America to many places in the world that knew little or nothing of the United States. And when America went to war, Sousa did his bit. At age 62, he gave up his $1,000 a day career to lead the Navy's band program for World War I...at a salary of $1.00 a month (at his insistence). He and his Great Lakes Navy Band helped recruiting and raised over $20 million for the war effort.
Aside from the great music he wrote, Sousa took considerable pride in the fact that he helped establish many school music programs, and today's school bands can trace much of their heritage to him. He was loved by his bands and by Americans wherever they met him. In 1932, Sousa died as he would have wanted it, on tour with his band. The last work he conducted was "Stars and Stripes Forever."
In 1988, Congress passed a bill naming "Stars and Stripes Forever" as The Official March of the United States of America.
Text is taken from Music K-8 magazine. | <urn:uuid:ca997b1f-8325-4b45-a306-545200e43cec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.musick8.com/html/current_tune.php?numbering=4&songorder=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.992833 | 732 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.23440535366535187,
0.28437501192092896,
0.404948890209198,
-0.21481174230575562,
-0.2893930673599243,
0.09763853251934052,
-0.1336112767457962,
-0.005898013710975647,
0.277580589056015,
0.10917637497186661,
0.32181963324546814,
0.6654806137084961,
-0.205270454287529,
0.27992117404937744... | 2 | The Stars And Stripes Forever (vocal)
by John Philip Sousa/adapted by Teresa Jennings
Imagine a time when popular songs could only be heard in a live performance, and when the most popular performing group was a band of men in elaborate uniforms playing marches. This was the way things were a hundred years ago when John Philip Sousa and his band introduced "Stars and Stripes Forever." The year was 1897, and Sousa was known all over the world as "The March King."
The story of this famous march reads like a tale of fiction, but, from all accounts, it is true. Always fond of travel, Sousa had taken his family to Europe on a vacation in the fall of 1896. Since this was the era before air travel, such trips took months. While in Italy, Sousa received the sad news that his close friend and manager, David Blakely, had died. Sousa immediately booked the next ship back to America.
As the ship left the dock, Sousa said that the sound of a band filled his head. Throughout the voyage, the band continued to play to him in his thoughts, gradually revealing more of the music. He never wrote down a note until he arrived in New York. When he went ashore, he wrote down the music that he had been hearing in his head, and claimed that he never changed a note of it after it was written. What he wrote is the march we now know as "Stars and Stripes Forever."
Actually, the music that Sousa finished on Christmas Day, 1896, was the march in the form of a piano score. This was just two days after he left the ship. Over the next few months he arranged the march so that it could be played by his band. With this arrangement, he added the distinctive brass and piccolo melodies that make the trio of the march so memorable. When Sousa's band played the march, the piccolos and brass players would line up in front of the band. Many bands and orchestras today have kept this practice alive.
From its first performance on May 14, 1897, this march has not just been popular, it has become America's, and perhaps the world's, best known march. It was also one of the first works of music to be identified by the rest of the world as "American."
During the forty years that Sousa toured with his band, they traveled over a million miles, bringing a positive look at America to many places in the world that knew little or nothing of the United States. And when America went to war, Sousa did his bit. At age 62, he gave up his $1,000 a day career to lead the Navy's band program for World War I...at a salary of $1.00 a month (at his insistence). He and his Great Lakes Navy Band helped recruiting and raised over $20 million for the war effort.
Aside from the great music he wrote, Sousa took considerable pride in the fact that he helped establish many school music programs, and today's school bands can trace much of their heritage to him. He was loved by his bands and by Americans wherever they met him. In 1932, Sousa died as he would have wanted it, on tour with his band. The last work he conducted was "Stars and Stripes Forever."
In 1988, Congress passed a bill naming "Stars and Stripes Forever" as The Official March of the United States of America.
Text is taken from Music K-8 magazine. | 744 | ENGLISH | 1 |
John HussQUESTION: How did John Huss suffer persecution?ANSWER:
John Huss was born in Hussenitz, Boehemia in 1372 and later studied theology at the University of Prague. He was ordained a priest and appointed preacher at the Bethlehem chapel in Prague in 1402. Huss then became rector of the University in 1409.
He had been greatly influenced by the writings and teaching of John Wyclife
. He especially rejected the Roman Catholic pope as having authority over the Church. He believed that Scripture was the foremost authority in all Church matters. He believed that there needed to be extensive reforms within the Church to turn away from corruption and abuses of the Roman Church. He believed as Wycliffe did that the communion bread and wine did not
become the actual body of Christ when the priest prayed over them. He further believed that everyone should have a copy of the Bible in their own language, to read for themselves.
Huss preached his beliefs from the pulpit and at the university as well. John Huss was soon summoned to Rome by the pope and he, along with those who followed his teachings, were eventually excommunicated from the church. Huss appealed the sentence of excommunication, but to no avail. Since he could no longer preach at Bethlehem chapel, he retired to his hometown of Hussenitz and continued to teach his doctrine.
Huss was invited to attend the Council of Constance, but when he arrived about January 1415, he was arrested and held in a room in the palace. When he went before the Council he listened to the forty articles read against him and appealed his case to the higher judge, Jesus Christ. As the conversation continued, he was laughed at and mocked by council members, who were enraged at his words and condemned him to be burned.
They suggested that the crown of his head should be cut off and that was carried out by using a pair of shears. Then they put a paper bishop's hat on his head that had demons painted on it, as well as the word's "A Ringleader of Heretic's" boldly written. They then bound him to a stake with a chain and placed bundles of his books around him up to his neck. He was then asked to recant his teachings, to which he replied, "I never taught any doctrine that was evil, now what I have taught with my lips, I will seal with my blood."
When the flames engulfed him, he began to sing a hymn so loud and cheerful that he could be heard above the crackling of the flames and the noise of the crowd. His remains, as John Wycliffe's, were gathered and cast into the Rhine River. However, they could not destroy his memory or his teachings from the minds of his supporters. In death, Huss became more of a threat to the papacy then he had been in life.
Information and ideas are take from The New Foxe's Book of Martyrs,
updated by Harold J. Chadwick, Copyright 1997, pages 79-85. | <urn:uuid:ded97bbb-6812-4d68-a846-c281cd89ce2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.allaboutfollowingjesus.org/john-huss-faq.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.994462 | 620 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
-0.17637532949447632,
0.916534960269928,
-0.1529894769191742,
0.22963844239711761,
-0.15469932556152344,
0.11848335713148117,
0.08596519380807877,
0.012548302300274372,
0.22245846688747406,
-0.3045857548713684,
-0.3497549295425415,
-0.09049388766288757,
0.28806883096694946,
-0.044810466468... | 5 | John HussQUESTION: How did John Huss suffer persecution?ANSWER:
John Huss was born in Hussenitz, Boehemia in 1372 and later studied theology at the University of Prague. He was ordained a priest and appointed preacher at the Bethlehem chapel in Prague in 1402. Huss then became rector of the University in 1409.
He had been greatly influenced by the writings and teaching of John Wyclife
. He especially rejected the Roman Catholic pope as having authority over the Church. He believed that Scripture was the foremost authority in all Church matters. He believed that there needed to be extensive reforms within the Church to turn away from corruption and abuses of the Roman Church. He believed as Wycliffe did that the communion bread and wine did not
become the actual body of Christ when the priest prayed over them. He further believed that everyone should have a copy of the Bible in their own language, to read for themselves.
Huss preached his beliefs from the pulpit and at the university as well. John Huss was soon summoned to Rome by the pope and he, along with those who followed his teachings, were eventually excommunicated from the church. Huss appealed the sentence of excommunication, but to no avail. Since he could no longer preach at Bethlehem chapel, he retired to his hometown of Hussenitz and continued to teach his doctrine.
Huss was invited to attend the Council of Constance, but when he arrived about January 1415, he was arrested and held in a room in the palace. When he went before the Council he listened to the forty articles read against him and appealed his case to the higher judge, Jesus Christ. As the conversation continued, he was laughed at and mocked by council members, who were enraged at his words and condemned him to be burned.
They suggested that the crown of his head should be cut off and that was carried out by using a pair of shears. Then they put a paper bishop's hat on his head that had demons painted on it, as well as the word's "A Ringleader of Heretic's" boldly written. They then bound him to a stake with a chain and placed bundles of his books around him up to his neck. He was then asked to recant his teachings, to which he replied, "I never taught any doctrine that was evil, now what I have taught with my lips, I will seal with my blood."
When the flames engulfed him, he began to sing a hymn so loud and cheerful that he could be heard above the crackling of the flames and the noise of the crowd. His remains, as John Wycliffe's, were gathered and cast into the Rhine River. However, they could not destroy his memory or his teachings from the minds of his supporters. In death, Huss became more of a threat to the papacy then he had been in life.
Information and ideas are take from The New Foxe's Book of Martyrs,
updated by Harold J. Chadwick, Copyright 1997, pages 79-85. | 633 | ENGLISH | 1 |
CBSE Class 8 History Lesson Ruling the Countryside – Detailed explanation of the chapter ‘Ruling the Countryside‘ along with question answers. Given here is the complete explanation of the lesson, along with all the exercises, Question and Answers given at the back of the lesson.
In this chapter we will read how East India Company, after becoming Diwan of Bengal, earned its revenue by formulating some new methods of revenue collection.
So let’s begin our chapter
On 12 August 1765, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the diwani rights of Bengal to East India Company. This was granted after battle of Buxar (1764). This was signed by Shah Alam II and Robert Clive. Now the company became the Chief Financial Administrator of Bengal.When the company achieved the right of diwani, the responsibility of administering the land and organizing its revenue also came on the shoulders of the company. Not only this, it had to ensure that it could buy the products it needed at cheaper rates and sell them at higher rates.
Over the years, the company had also learned how to play safe in an unknown land i.e. India. Now here what I mean is that company had to pacify those who were the early rulers of the countryside. It was not possible to eliminate them completely. So, the company did the following-
organize its revenue resources
To yield crops it needed
Colonizing the countryside
That’s what we are going to study further in this chapter
Though the company became Diwan of Bengal province, still it was working as a trading company. It was not interested in setting up any regular system of assessment and collection of revenue. Their main aim was to increase revenue so that they have plenty of money to buy cotton and silk but the prices of the goods had increased so far. Now, as we have studied in previous chapters that earlier the company was dependent upon the inflow of gold and silver from Britain for purchasing goods in India but after 1765 things changed and now the revenue from Bengal was enough to purchase goods.
But here also a big problem arose. What was this problem?
The economy of Bengal faced a deep crises because of the following:
Artisans left Bengal as they were being forced by the company to sell their products at cheaper rate.
Peasants were unable to pay the heavy dues laid on them.
Agriculture was collapsing.
Big famine of 1770 hit Bengal. This killed about 10 million population there, washing out about 1/3rd of the population of Bengal.
As such incidents took place which ruined the economy heavily, the company then felt the need of improving the agriculture.
Most of the company officials were of the view that there was a great need of investing in land and agriculture in order to improve it because the fall in agriculture was resulting into great loss of revenue to the company.
Therefore, after a long thinking, in 1793, the company took the decision of introducing the revenue collection method known as ‘Permanent Settlement’. As per the settlement, the ‘rajas’ and ‘taluqdars’ were now known as the ‘zamindars’ and they had to collect the rent from peasants which was fixed permanently by the Britishers. The main aim behind this was that zamindars will only pay the fixed amount to Britishers since the demand of revenue will not increase and will invest into the improvement of agriculture to generate extra income for themselves.
It did not go as per the plan and the following problems arose-
The ‘permanent settlement’ however didn’t prove to be that useful as thought by the company. Soon it was discovered that zamindars were not investing in the improvement of land because the rent fixed was so high that it became impossible for the zamindars to pay it off. As a result, they were deprived of zamindaris. Even the zamindaris were also put on auction by the company. Meanwhile something new was noticed by the company that the situation was changing as the prices of the goods were increasing and slowly but gradually the agriculture was also expanding. This led to benefit of zamindars but for the company it remained same as the revenue was fixed. Even the zamindars were not keen to invest in improvement of agriculture because they were gaining a lot without putting any efforts in the form of the rent that they obtained from the peasants.
On the other hand, the cultivators found it extremely oppressive as they had to pay very high rent to zamindars though they did not have ownership over the land that they worked on.
Now that we know the problems being faced by the company regarding generation of revenue, we should now move on to the solution it came up with.
By early nineteenth century, many of the company officials felt that it was impossible for the company to survive on the fixed amount of rent that it was getting because now the expenses of the company had increased. They decided to develop a new method of revenue collection.
In 1822 an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie felt that village was an important social institution for north Indian society and needed to be preserved. Therefore, he developed a new method of revenue collection known as Mahalwari system. In this system following steps were taken:
Officers went to different villages for inspection of lands
Fields were measured
Customs and rights of the people were recorded
Estimated revenue of each plot within the village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay.
The revenue was not permanently fixed. It was to be revised periodically.
Instead of zamindars the village headman was made responsible of collecting and paying the revenue to the company.
While Mahalwari system of revenue collection was introduced in the northern part of the country, another method came into use in the southern part of India. This was famously known as Ryotwari system or Munro system. So let’s know about ryotwari system or Munro system.
In southern part of India also Britishers felt that permanent settlement method was not beneficial enough and so, Thomas Munro (Governor of Madras 1819-26), developed a new method of revenue collection known as ryotwari system.
This system was actually based on a method which was applied by Captain Alexander Read on a small scale in some of the areas which were won over by the company after defeating Tipu sultan. Ryots here refers to the cultivators. As there was absence of zamindars in south India, both Read and Munro decided to directly deal with the ryots or the cultivators who were tilling the land from generations. Under this, the fields of ryots were carefully measured and assessed.
So, now we know that three system of revenue collection were tried by the Britishers. Let’s compare them
|Permanent Settlement||Mahalwari System||Ryotwari System|
|Introduced in the year 1793||Introduced in the year 1833||Introduced in the year 1820|
|revenue was fixed||revenue was not fixed. estimated revenue of each plot was added to the total revenue of the village||revenue was not fixed. Each field was carefully measured and assessed|
|zamindars were ordered to collect the revenue||instead of zamindars, the revenue was collected by the village headman||britishers collected the revenue|
|introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa||introduced in north western frontier, Punjab, Gangetic valley, etc.||introduced in Madras, Bombay, Coorg, etc.|
|Zamindars were the owner of the land||peasants were the owner of the land||peasants were the owners.|
Ok, now we know the difference between all the three systems of revenue collection. We know that Ryotwari system was also introduced by the Britishers But soon a new problem arised. What was that? Let’s find out
Under the ryotwari system, peasants were charged with a very high rate of tax. They started deserting the countryside as it became impossible for them to pay tax. Many of the company officers were of the view that the new system of collection will help peasants in becoming rich. But this never happened.
Britishers were not solely dependant on the revenue generated from Indian territories in the form of taxes they levied but they also decided to use the crops of the country in order to earn profit in the trading business. This we will study further.
By the late eighteenth century, Britishers tried to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo in various parts of India. They also forced the cultivators to grow various other crops such as:
So, basically the more emphasis was laid on cultivation of indigo but why was it so important to cultivate indigo?
First of all you should know what indigo is and why is it used?
So basically, indigo is a plant from which a blue powder is derived and this is used to die clothes in blue or as we say indigo color.
Indigo was so important because:
It can only be grown in tropical climate. So, climate of India was suitable for its growth.
India was the main exporter of indigo
It was of high demand in Europe because it gave a rich blue color to be used for dying the clothes.
In Europe, a plant named woad was cultivated which was used for dying clothes but the colour that it gave was not so rich, resulting into the high demand of indigo in Europe.
One interesting fact about woad and indigo is that the woad cultivators were so worried about the tough competition they were facing because of indigo, that they pressurized their respective governments to ban the import of indigo.
Not only English, but the French in Caribbean island, The Portuguese in Brazil, The Spanish in Venezuela also started cultivating indigo plants. While the demand for indigo was increasing, its supply fell to half between 1783 and 1789 due to various reasons.
As there was less supply, the British dyers became keener to procure indigo and at this point, they turned to India to meet their needs.
The demand for indigo was rising day by day in Europe.Therefore, the company decided to expand indigo cultivation in India. Bengal was the largest exporter of indigo to the Britain. In 1810 about 95% of the indigo imported by Britain was from Bengal. As the indigo trade grew, many of the commercial agents and company officials started investing in the indigo business. As this was a profitable business, many Englishmen settled in India and became indigo planters. Even loans were granted by the company and the banks for indigo cultivation.
Indigo was cultivated under two systems. They were as follows:
As the system of indigo plantation was very oppressive, all the peasants became rebellious.
In March 1859 a rebellion broke in Bengal. Many of the ryots refused to pay rents to the planters. Not only this, they attacked indigo factories. At some places the village headmen who were forced to enter into a contract by the planters, also supported this rebellion. Peasants at some places thought that they would get support from the Britishers but it was not so as the Britishers became cautious after the revolt of 1857. So, they brought military for safeguarding planters in the indigo districts.
Queen Victoria ordered Magistrate of Barasat, Ashley Eden to issue a notice stating that ryots would not be forced to enter into indigo contracts. An indigo commission was setup to look into the matter. The commission came up with the following conclusions:
After the revolt, as production of indigo came to an end in Bengal, planters shifted to Bihar. There also, they faced similar revolt known as Champaran revolt in year 1917 which was supported by Mahatma Gandhi.
Match the following-
|nij||cultivation on ryot’s land|
|ryoti||cultivation on planter’s own land|
|nij||cultivation on planter’s own land|
|ryoti||cultivation on ryot’s land|
Fill in the blanks.
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw__________ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteen century Britain because of _______.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of__________.
(d) The Champaran movement was against ___________.
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteen century Britain because of industrialization.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes.
(d) The Champaran movement was against indigo planters.
Question and Answers
Q. Describe the main features of the permanent settlement?
A. Officials of East India company believed that in order to increase revenue there was a need to improve agriculture. So, they come up with the permanent settlement method in 1793.Its main features were as follows:
Question: How was mahalwari system different from the permanent system?
|permanent system||mahalwari system|
|introduced in the year 1793||introduced in the year 1833|
|revenue was fixed||revenue of each plot was added to the totl revenue of the village|
|zamindars collected the revenue||village headman collected the revenue|
|introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa||introduced in north (Punjab, gangetic valley, etc)|
|Zamindars were the owner of the land||peasants were the owner of the land|
Q. Give two problems which with the new Munro system of fixing revenue?
A. Under the Munro system, following were the two problems:
Q. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
A. Under the ryot system of indigo cultivation, the planters used to enter into contract with ryots forcefully. They were reluctant to grow the indigo for following reasons:
I. As per the contract they had to keep 25% of their land exclusively for indigo cultivation.
II. Planters use to provide loan for indigo cultivation to ryots but soon they realized that they were trapped into a never ending cycle of loan.
III. The income they received in return of indigo cultivation was very less.
IV. Planters forced them to keep the best land for indigo cultivation which ryots want to keep for rice cultivation.
V. Land become infertile after indigo cultivation and become unsuitable for rice cultivation in future.
Q. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo cultivation in Bengal?
A. There were number of circumstances which led to the collapse of indigo cultivation in Bengal. They are as follows:
I. Ryots were fed up of the coercive methods used by the planters for indigo cultivation.
II. At some places local zamindars and headman also supported them.
III. They attacked many of the indigo factories with swords and spears
IV. Worried by the rebellion the government brought military for protecting planters from assault.
V. The magistrate of Barasat issued a notice stating that no ryot will be forced for indigo cultivation.
VI. Indigo commission was setup to look into the matter and it found planters guilty. It stated that indigo cultivation was not profitable for ryots and they were asked to fulfill the existing contracts and were free to refuse indigo cultivation in future.
Also See : | <urn:uuid:d5ac6948-22b1-4f66-8484-422e26de2154> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.successcds.net/class-8/social-science/ruling-the-countryside.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.983839 | 3,342 | 4.09375 | 4 | [
-0.2983291745185852,
-0.14305409789085388,
0.29800909757614136,
-0.31876876950263977,
0.0090522151440382,
-0.1336229145526886,
0.535181999206543,
-0.08780045807361603,
-0.16532465815544128,
0.40105369687080383,
-0.24422824382781982,
-0.28123265504837036,
0.052693843841552734,
0.40442159771... | 2 | CBSE Class 8 History Lesson Ruling the Countryside – Detailed explanation of the chapter ‘Ruling the Countryside‘ along with question answers. Given here is the complete explanation of the lesson, along with all the exercises, Question and Answers given at the back of the lesson.
In this chapter we will read how East India Company, after becoming Diwan of Bengal, earned its revenue by formulating some new methods of revenue collection.
So let’s begin our chapter
On 12 August 1765, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the diwani rights of Bengal to East India Company. This was granted after battle of Buxar (1764). This was signed by Shah Alam II and Robert Clive. Now the company became the Chief Financial Administrator of Bengal.When the company achieved the right of diwani, the responsibility of administering the land and organizing its revenue also came on the shoulders of the company. Not only this, it had to ensure that it could buy the products it needed at cheaper rates and sell them at higher rates.
Over the years, the company had also learned how to play safe in an unknown land i.e. India. Now here what I mean is that company had to pacify those who were the early rulers of the countryside. It was not possible to eliminate them completely. So, the company did the following-
organize its revenue resources
To yield crops it needed
Colonizing the countryside
That’s what we are going to study further in this chapter
Though the company became Diwan of Bengal province, still it was working as a trading company. It was not interested in setting up any regular system of assessment and collection of revenue. Their main aim was to increase revenue so that they have plenty of money to buy cotton and silk but the prices of the goods had increased so far. Now, as we have studied in previous chapters that earlier the company was dependent upon the inflow of gold and silver from Britain for purchasing goods in India but after 1765 things changed and now the revenue from Bengal was enough to purchase goods.
But here also a big problem arose. What was this problem?
The economy of Bengal faced a deep crises because of the following:
Artisans left Bengal as they were being forced by the company to sell their products at cheaper rate.
Peasants were unable to pay the heavy dues laid on them.
Agriculture was collapsing.
Big famine of 1770 hit Bengal. This killed about 10 million population there, washing out about 1/3rd of the population of Bengal.
As such incidents took place which ruined the economy heavily, the company then felt the need of improving the agriculture.
Most of the company officials were of the view that there was a great need of investing in land and agriculture in order to improve it because the fall in agriculture was resulting into great loss of revenue to the company.
Therefore, after a long thinking, in 1793, the company took the decision of introducing the revenue collection method known as ‘Permanent Settlement’. As per the settlement, the ‘rajas’ and ‘taluqdars’ were now known as the ‘zamindars’ and they had to collect the rent from peasants which was fixed permanently by the Britishers. The main aim behind this was that zamindars will only pay the fixed amount to Britishers since the demand of revenue will not increase and will invest into the improvement of agriculture to generate extra income for themselves.
It did not go as per the plan and the following problems arose-
The ‘permanent settlement’ however didn’t prove to be that useful as thought by the company. Soon it was discovered that zamindars were not investing in the improvement of land because the rent fixed was so high that it became impossible for the zamindars to pay it off. As a result, they were deprived of zamindaris. Even the zamindaris were also put on auction by the company. Meanwhile something new was noticed by the company that the situation was changing as the prices of the goods were increasing and slowly but gradually the agriculture was also expanding. This led to benefit of zamindars but for the company it remained same as the revenue was fixed. Even the zamindars were not keen to invest in improvement of agriculture because they were gaining a lot without putting any efforts in the form of the rent that they obtained from the peasants.
On the other hand, the cultivators found it extremely oppressive as they had to pay very high rent to zamindars though they did not have ownership over the land that they worked on.
Now that we know the problems being faced by the company regarding generation of revenue, we should now move on to the solution it came up with.
By early nineteenth century, many of the company officials felt that it was impossible for the company to survive on the fixed amount of rent that it was getting because now the expenses of the company had increased. They decided to develop a new method of revenue collection.
In 1822 an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie felt that village was an important social institution for north Indian society and needed to be preserved. Therefore, he developed a new method of revenue collection known as Mahalwari system. In this system following steps were taken:
Officers went to different villages for inspection of lands
Fields were measured
Customs and rights of the people were recorded
Estimated revenue of each plot within the village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay.
The revenue was not permanently fixed. It was to be revised periodically.
Instead of zamindars the village headman was made responsible of collecting and paying the revenue to the company.
While Mahalwari system of revenue collection was introduced in the northern part of the country, another method came into use in the southern part of India. This was famously known as Ryotwari system or Munro system. So let’s know about ryotwari system or Munro system.
In southern part of India also Britishers felt that permanent settlement method was not beneficial enough and so, Thomas Munro (Governor of Madras 1819-26), developed a new method of revenue collection known as ryotwari system.
This system was actually based on a method which was applied by Captain Alexander Read on a small scale in some of the areas which were won over by the company after defeating Tipu sultan. Ryots here refers to the cultivators. As there was absence of zamindars in south India, both Read and Munro decided to directly deal with the ryots or the cultivators who were tilling the land from generations. Under this, the fields of ryots were carefully measured and assessed.
So, now we know that three system of revenue collection were tried by the Britishers. Let’s compare them
|Permanent Settlement||Mahalwari System||Ryotwari System|
|Introduced in the year 1793||Introduced in the year 1833||Introduced in the year 1820|
|revenue was fixed||revenue was not fixed. estimated revenue of each plot was added to the total revenue of the village||revenue was not fixed. Each field was carefully measured and assessed|
|zamindars were ordered to collect the revenue||instead of zamindars, the revenue was collected by the village headman||britishers collected the revenue|
|introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa||introduced in north western frontier, Punjab, Gangetic valley, etc.||introduced in Madras, Bombay, Coorg, etc.|
|Zamindars were the owner of the land||peasants were the owner of the land||peasants were the owners.|
Ok, now we know the difference between all the three systems of revenue collection. We know that Ryotwari system was also introduced by the Britishers But soon a new problem arised. What was that? Let’s find out
Under the ryotwari system, peasants were charged with a very high rate of tax. They started deserting the countryside as it became impossible for them to pay tax. Many of the company officers were of the view that the new system of collection will help peasants in becoming rich. But this never happened.
Britishers were not solely dependant on the revenue generated from Indian territories in the form of taxes they levied but they also decided to use the crops of the country in order to earn profit in the trading business. This we will study further.
By the late eighteenth century, Britishers tried to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo in various parts of India. They also forced the cultivators to grow various other crops such as:
So, basically the more emphasis was laid on cultivation of indigo but why was it so important to cultivate indigo?
First of all you should know what indigo is and why is it used?
So basically, indigo is a plant from which a blue powder is derived and this is used to die clothes in blue or as we say indigo color.
Indigo was so important because:
It can only be grown in tropical climate. So, climate of India was suitable for its growth.
India was the main exporter of indigo
It was of high demand in Europe because it gave a rich blue color to be used for dying the clothes.
In Europe, a plant named woad was cultivated which was used for dying clothes but the colour that it gave was not so rich, resulting into the high demand of indigo in Europe.
One interesting fact about woad and indigo is that the woad cultivators were so worried about the tough competition they were facing because of indigo, that they pressurized their respective governments to ban the import of indigo.
Not only English, but the French in Caribbean island, The Portuguese in Brazil, The Spanish in Venezuela also started cultivating indigo plants. While the demand for indigo was increasing, its supply fell to half between 1783 and 1789 due to various reasons.
As there was less supply, the British dyers became keener to procure indigo and at this point, they turned to India to meet their needs.
The demand for indigo was rising day by day in Europe.Therefore, the company decided to expand indigo cultivation in India. Bengal was the largest exporter of indigo to the Britain. In 1810 about 95% of the indigo imported by Britain was from Bengal. As the indigo trade grew, many of the commercial agents and company officials started investing in the indigo business. As this was a profitable business, many Englishmen settled in India and became indigo planters. Even loans were granted by the company and the banks for indigo cultivation.
Indigo was cultivated under two systems. They were as follows:
As the system of indigo plantation was very oppressive, all the peasants became rebellious.
In March 1859 a rebellion broke in Bengal. Many of the ryots refused to pay rents to the planters. Not only this, they attacked indigo factories. At some places the village headmen who were forced to enter into a contract by the planters, also supported this rebellion. Peasants at some places thought that they would get support from the Britishers but it was not so as the Britishers became cautious after the revolt of 1857. So, they brought military for safeguarding planters in the indigo districts.
Queen Victoria ordered Magistrate of Barasat, Ashley Eden to issue a notice stating that ryots would not be forced to enter into indigo contracts. An indigo commission was setup to look into the matter. The commission came up with the following conclusions:
After the revolt, as production of indigo came to an end in Bengal, planters shifted to Bihar. There also, they faced similar revolt known as Champaran revolt in year 1917 which was supported by Mahatma Gandhi.
Match the following-
|nij||cultivation on ryot’s land|
|ryoti||cultivation on planter’s own land|
|nij||cultivation on planter’s own land|
|ryoti||cultivation on ryot’s land|
Fill in the blanks.
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw__________ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteen century Britain because of _______.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of__________.
(d) The Champaran movement was against ___________.
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteen century Britain because of industrialization.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes.
(d) The Champaran movement was against indigo planters.
Question and Answers
Q. Describe the main features of the permanent settlement?
A. Officials of East India company believed that in order to increase revenue there was a need to improve agriculture. So, they come up with the permanent settlement method in 1793.Its main features were as follows:
Question: How was mahalwari system different from the permanent system?
|permanent system||mahalwari system|
|introduced in the year 1793||introduced in the year 1833|
|revenue was fixed||revenue of each plot was added to the totl revenue of the village|
|zamindars collected the revenue||village headman collected the revenue|
|introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa||introduced in north (Punjab, gangetic valley, etc)|
|Zamindars were the owner of the land||peasants were the owner of the land|
Q. Give two problems which with the new Munro system of fixing revenue?
A. Under the Munro system, following were the two problems:
Q. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
A. Under the ryot system of indigo cultivation, the planters used to enter into contract with ryots forcefully. They were reluctant to grow the indigo for following reasons:
I. As per the contract they had to keep 25% of their land exclusively for indigo cultivation.
II. Planters use to provide loan for indigo cultivation to ryots but soon they realized that they were trapped into a never ending cycle of loan.
III. The income they received in return of indigo cultivation was very less.
IV. Planters forced them to keep the best land for indigo cultivation which ryots want to keep for rice cultivation.
V. Land become infertile after indigo cultivation and become unsuitable for rice cultivation in future.
Q. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo cultivation in Bengal?
A. There were number of circumstances which led to the collapse of indigo cultivation in Bengal. They are as follows:
I. Ryots were fed up of the coercive methods used by the planters for indigo cultivation.
II. At some places local zamindars and headman also supported them.
III. They attacked many of the indigo factories with swords and spears
IV. Worried by the rebellion the government brought military for protecting planters from assault.
V. The magistrate of Barasat issued a notice stating that no ryot will be forced for indigo cultivation.
VI. Indigo commission was setup to look into the matter and it found planters guilty. It stated that indigo cultivation was not profitable for ryots and they were asked to fulfill the existing contracts and were free to refuse indigo cultivation in future.
Also See : | 3,241 | ENGLISH | 1 |
If aging is a matter of accumulating damage, then we would expect all successful efforts to improve health to also result in some degree of extended healthy life. Biology is very complex, and so the situation on the ground inside an aging body isn't as simple as the accumulation of damage in a non-self-repairing entity such as a chair or a building, but the fact that human life span and health in old age are both steadily increasing alongside general improvements in medical technology supports the view of aging as damage.
With the exception of the year or two just before death, people are healthier than they used to be. Effectively, the period of time in which we're in poor health is being compressed until just before the end of life. So where we used to see people who are very, very sick for the final six or seven years of their life, that's now far less common. People are living to older ages and we are adding healthy years, not debilitated ones. The study results are based on data collected between 1991 and 2009 from nearly 90,000 individuals who responded to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS).
"There are two basic scenarios that people have proposed about the end of life. The first argues that what medical science is doing is turning us into light bulbs - that is, we work well until suddenly we die. This is also called the rectangularization of the life curve, and what it says is that we're going to have a fairly high quality of life until the very end. The other idea says life is a series of strokes, and medical care has simply gotten better at saving us. So we can live longer because we've prevented death, but those years are not in very good health, and they are very expensive - we're going to be in wheelchairs, in and out of hospitals and in nursing homes."
While researchers have tried to tackle the question of which model is more accurate, different studies have produced competing results. One reason for the confusion [is] that such efforts are simply looking at the wrong end of someone's life. "Most of our surveys measure health at different ages, and then use a model to estimate how long people have to live. But the right way to do this is to measure health backwards from death, not forwards. We should start when someone dies, then go back a year and measure their health, then go back two years, three years, and so on."
"There seems to be a clear relationship between some conditions that are no longer as debilitating as they once were and areas of improvement in medicine. The most obvious is cardiovascular disease - there are many fewer heart attacks today than there used to be, because people are now taking cholesterol-lowering drugs, and recovery is much better from heart attacks and strokes than it used to be. A person who suffered a stroke used to be totally disabled, but now many will survive and live reasonable lives. People also rebound quite well from heart attacks." | <urn:uuid:e2655a38-bd1a-4e8d-ad52-f0ee48662e9c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2013/07/living-longer-living-healthier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.981603 | 602 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
-0.5494131445884705,
0.06595996022224426,
0.19955667853355408,
-0.1916196346282959,
0.1819869428873062,
0.2559530735015869,
-0.11130134761333466,
0.168423593044281,
0.07013716548681259,
-0.008870950900018215,
0.2777707874774933,
0.12302730977535248,
-0.025391634553670883,
0.294443756341934... | 4 | If aging is a matter of accumulating damage, then we would expect all successful efforts to improve health to also result in some degree of extended healthy life. Biology is very complex, and so the situation on the ground inside an aging body isn't as simple as the accumulation of damage in a non-self-repairing entity such as a chair or a building, but the fact that human life span and health in old age are both steadily increasing alongside general improvements in medical technology supports the view of aging as damage.
With the exception of the year or two just before death, people are healthier than they used to be. Effectively, the period of time in which we're in poor health is being compressed until just before the end of life. So where we used to see people who are very, very sick for the final six or seven years of their life, that's now far less common. People are living to older ages and we are adding healthy years, not debilitated ones. The study results are based on data collected between 1991 and 2009 from nearly 90,000 individuals who responded to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS).
"There are two basic scenarios that people have proposed about the end of life. The first argues that what medical science is doing is turning us into light bulbs - that is, we work well until suddenly we die. This is also called the rectangularization of the life curve, and what it says is that we're going to have a fairly high quality of life until the very end. The other idea says life is a series of strokes, and medical care has simply gotten better at saving us. So we can live longer because we've prevented death, but those years are not in very good health, and they are very expensive - we're going to be in wheelchairs, in and out of hospitals and in nursing homes."
While researchers have tried to tackle the question of which model is more accurate, different studies have produced competing results. One reason for the confusion [is] that such efforts are simply looking at the wrong end of someone's life. "Most of our surveys measure health at different ages, and then use a model to estimate how long people have to live. But the right way to do this is to measure health backwards from death, not forwards. We should start when someone dies, then go back a year and measure their health, then go back two years, three years, and so on."
"There seems to be a clear relationship between some conditions that are no longer as debilitating as they once were and areas of improvement in medicine. The most obvious is cardiovascular disease - there are many fewer heart attacks today than there used to be, because people are now taking cholesterol-lowering drugs, and recovery is much better from heart attacks and strokes than it used to be. A person who suffered a stroke used to be totally disabled, but now many will survive and live reasonable lives. People also rebound quite well from heart attacks." | 607 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Parades of Patriotism
On July 1st, 1867 the four British colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick came together to form a brand new country. Canada has since grown to include 10 provinces and 3 territories each with their own varied history and culture, but the tradition of celebrating the anniversary of Canada’s birth has remained.
These annual celebrations, known as Dominion Day, were at first quite small but by 1900 most communities were coming together to celebrate Canada’s birthday. Join us in exploring how communities like Prince George marked this special occasion 100 years ago.
The Road to Confederation
Throughout the 1850s, many attempts were made to merge the British colonies in North America into one unified country. Although the regions were divided by geography, economics, and cultures, many believed that despite these differences the colonies would be stronger together. In 1864 a conference was held in Charlottetown, PEI with the purpose of discussing a union between the maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The proceedings were sidetracked when John A. MacDonald, George Brown, and George Etienne Cartier, politicians from Ontario and Quebec, attended without invitation to promote their own idea of a union between the maritime colonies and Upper and Lower Canada. It would take two more years of planning, debate, and negotiation before John A. MacDonald was able to bring a confederation proposal before the British Parliament in 1866. On July 1st, 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created by a document known as the British North America Act.
George Etienne Cartier, William McDougall, John A. MacDonald, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, and others at the Charlottetown Conference in 1864.
The road to Confederation was not an easy one. There was strong opposition from many fronts; the French Canadian population of Lower Canada opposed confederation because they feared the power a new House of Commons dominated by English Canadians would have. They feared the loss of cultural recognition and the forward progress that had been made towards equality between the English and French. Even after serious political compromise, the motion barely passed in Lower Canada.
A political cartoon that captures the uncertainty felt by those in the Maritimes.
There was also strong opposition in the Maritime Provinces, where they were concerned that not only would they lose their cultural identity, but also that the union might damage their many trade connections with the United States. The idea of a union between the Maritime Provinces was more popular than the idea of a union with Upper and Lower Canada. New Brunswick was so against the idea that they voted their pro-Confederation government out of power in 1865. In fact they only became part of Canada because in 1866 a group of Irish Americans known as the Fenians attacked New Brunswick and scared the population enough that they wanted the security a larger union would offer them. In Nova Scotia the government was hesitant but they didn’t want Confederation to become an election issue so they pushed for the vote to occur before the next election. In Prince Edward Island all parties opposed the union, which lead to the colony not becoming part of Confederation until 1873.
Upper Canada fully supported the union. They had the largest population and considerable political control, as well as the dominant social order. They had nothing to lose, and would greatly benefit by the economic expansion that confederation would bring. The resolution to join the Confederation passed by a large margin in Upper Canada, due mainly to their population’s British majority.
A map of Canada in 1867, after Confederation.
British Columbia Joins Confederation
Canada was only a few years old when it turned its eye west with the aim of including British Columbia in the new country. In 1866 the mainland and Vancouver Island colonies had merged to form the Colony of British Columbia. British Columbia had large tracts of wilderness full of natural resources, and few settlers. The colony was supported initially by fur trading and a series of gold rushes, but soon expanded to include coal mining, forestry, and fishing. Despite this growth, BC was still so isolated from the rest of Canada that mail was routed through San Francisco and most new arrivals came by sea; only a few braved the overland routes that necessitated crossing the Rocky Mountains. For the same reason, trade was predominately north/south with the United States rather than east/west with the rest of the British colonies. British Columbia’s remote location and lack of infrastructure meant that the colony soon accumulated large amounts of public debt, which was compounded by an economic downturn when the gold rush slowed. Together with political unrest, these economic conditions pushed BC to consider joining the new country.
A political cartoon highlighting BC's fears of losing their provincial autonomy.
British Columbia’s governor, Anthony Musgrave, was a friend of John A. MacDonald, and believed that joining Canada could be the answer to their problems. The British were no longer interested in controlling the increasingly expensive colony and were happy to promote the idea of joining the Confederation. Musgrave took a delegation to Ottawa with a list of demands that, much to their surprise, were all accepted. Canada offered to assume British Columbia’s debt and provide money annually for public works. They even pledged to build a railway connecting BC to the rest of Canada within 10 years, when the delegation had only asked for a wagon road!
The enthusiasm of the government to have BC join the Confederation was not shared by the Canadian population at large. The promised railway would be a massive expense and many thought it was useless, since much of the land between BC and Ontario was nearly uninhabited, and BC’s population was not much larger. However, Prime Minister MacDonald and many other wealthy businessmen saw British Columbia as an opportunity for expansion and profit. They also argued that without the railway it would be impossible to create a cohesive country.
The idea of joining Confederation was not universally supported in BC either. A small group sought to solve the financial problems of the colony by joining the United States. This was a legitimate solution, as most trade was already with the United States. Others wanted to keep their British connection, but worried that BC was too distant geographically to maintain proper communication. They felt this which would diminish the West’s political influence and lead to the eastern provinces making policy decisions that could result in BC losing control of their own future. In answer to these fears, Canada promised that responsible government would be implemented in the province and BC would get six members of Parliament instead of the two they were entitled to by their population.
A poster advertising the railway.
For other British Columbians, joining the Confederation was a means of gaining autonomy. The proposed terms included the implementation of responsible government. This meant that the government would be responsible to the people, rather than to the Monarch or representatives thereof, as they had been as a colony of Britain. This would give British Columbia the right to choose their leaders, influence policy, and have a say in public spending. This provision had major appeal, and coupled with the promise of the railway it was enough to sway the colony in favour of joining the Confederation. On July 20th, 1871, British Columbia became Canada’s sixth province.
A map of Canada in 1871, after Confederation.
On July 1st 1867 the British North America Act was brought into effect, creating the new country from the four British Colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The event was celebrated with the ringing of the bells in the Cathedral Church of St. James in Toronto, and with bonfires and fireworks. People gathered together and celebrated with military displays and musical entertainment. The following year there were several smaller festivities to celebrate the anniversary of Confederation, but the day did not become an official holiday until 1879, when it became known as Dominion Day, a reference to the creation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1st, 1867.
An admission ticket to a fireworks display that was part of Dominion Day celebrations in 1889.
For many years it remained a minor event with the Governor General hosting a party and all other festivities being planned on a local level. In 1917 the country gathered to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Confederation in much the same manner as the original day had been celebrated, with entertainment, contests, and food and drink aplenty.
Dominion Day celebrations on Hastings Street in Vancouver in 1900 (left) and in Prince Rupert in 1909 .
Not everyone joined in or was included in these celebrations. Dominion Day was celebrated predominately by western European immigrants to the new country. The creation of the Dominion of Canada as a country independent of Great Britain was a celebration for those who had colonized the land, but it was not an event that First Nations communities wished to commemorate.
First Nations people were excluded from most of the privileges enjoyed by Canadians, and for obvious reasons did not feel like an accepted part of the communities of European-Canadians who were coming together to celebrate. Racism was commonplace and most communities saw First Nations as inferior and therefore unwelcome at many of the celebrations. There are some records of First Nations individuals competing in Dominion Day races and games, but generally First Nations were not welcome at the dances and picnics. As the West opened up to more settlement, large groups of Mennonites, Doukhobors, and Hutterites emigrated from Eastern Europe and created communities throughout the country. In British Columbia there were also growing communities of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants. These ethnic communities were often segregated and insular. They kept many of their own traditions, and like the First Nations communities, they were looked down upon and not included in public celebrations such as Dominion Day.
A Lheidli Chief with his family, circa 1900.
Courtesy of the BC Archives (D-00486).
A group of Doukhobor children in a Saskatchewan colony, circa 1890.
The Wah Chong family pictured outside the Wah Chong Laundry in Vancouver.
Although for decades Dominion Day was only celebrated as a large federal holiday on important anniversary years, by the early 1900s most Canadians had began to gather to observe the occasion annually at a local level. This time of year was very busy for people living in the Prince George area who were predominantly homesteaders, river men and fur traders. Celebrating Dominion Day was a nice way to take a break, enjoy the good weather and come together as a community. Celebrations included parades, picnics, and dances, along with races and competitions, all of which were organized by groups of willing volunteers and financed by local businesses.
Parades have long been a favourite way to celebrate special events, and Dominion Day was no exception. This was the perfect way to foster civic pride by showing off what your town had to offer.
An auto parade in Prince George, 1917.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P9184.108.40.206).
Prizes were organized and distributed by city councils as a way to encourage participation in activities. Floats were entered by businesses, police and fire departments, as well as clubs. Participants spent weeks planning and decorating floats for the parade, hoping to take home the prize for the best decorations. Depending on the group the themes of the floats reflected the services offered by businesses, while organizations might focus on patriotism, and current events. During World War I many floats promoted support of the war effort or ridiculed the enemy, while fire departments promoted safety in the home. Businesses along the parade route took advantage of the crowds by decorating their shop fronts and windows.
Locals could also participate by entering their decorated horses and ponies with the hopes of winning a popular vote prize.
Food is an important part of celebrations across cultures, so for many communities Dominion Day was not complete without a picnic. Though they were often part of a larger celebration taking place, picnics were also stand-alone events hosted by churches, schools, and service groups. The women of the group were in charge of organizing the food, with each woman preparing one or two dishes to contribute to the potluck-style meal. This was a time to pull out all the stops; treats that are commonplace today, such as ice cream and lemonade, were made from expensive luxury ingredients like sugar, ice, and imported lemons. These costly treats were reserved for special occasions like Dominion Day.
Dominion Day celebration at South Fort George, 1910.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.15.11).
Between planning the picnic and preparing the homemade dishes, it often took days, if not weeks, to get everything ready. Lakes or rivers were the most popular locations for picnics as swimming and canoeing could be included in the festivities, as well as offer relief from the summer heat.
At the turn of the twentieth century, public celebrations in Canadian communities almost always included races for all ages. These were easy to prepare for, took very little equipment, and involved practically no cost.
Ladies race at July 1st celebration in Vanderhoof, 1915.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.23.2).
Committees were often formed to canvass local businesses for prizes and to arrange officials to run the races. Competitions such as foot races, hurdle races, and horse races were scheduled by age categories to let children and youth participate for the chance of a ribbon and perhaps a prize. There were also races designed specifically to promote fun and a good laugh. A popular one was the slow mule race, where participants were encouraged to race the slowest, most stubborn mule they owned, with the last participant across the finish line crowned the winner.
Friendly competition with friends and neighbours was a surefire way to gather people together for a community event. Northern British Columbia had a small population that was spread out over a large geographical area, and celebrations were often the only time there were enough people in one place to compete. Many towns held baseball or cricket games as part of Dominion Day celebrations, along with contests that were designed to be silly and fun.
Playing cricket in Fort George on July 1, 1867.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P9220.127.116.11).
A ladies nail driving contest in Vanderhoof, 1915.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.23.3).
The shoe race, for example, required participants to remove the lace from one of their shoes and surrender the shoe to a communal pile. Once all the contestants had one bare foot, the race was on to reach the heap of footwear, find your own shoe, and re-lace it before returning to the starting line. Others games tested skills that would be part of the homesteader’s life, such as sawing logs or driving nails. In order to allow everyone to participate, most activities included categories for men, married women, unmarried women, and children. The results of the contests and races were often published in the local newspapers so the whole community could compare performances or cut the clipping out for a scrapbook.
A ball held July 1, 1916 at the Princess Theatre in South Fort George.
Dominion Day celebrations were frequently capped off with a formal evening dance. In a time when recorded music was a novelty, the music for a community dance would be provided by a local talent. Playing an instrument was a common skill, and a way of entertaining oneself when living on an isolated homestead. These musicians were volunteers who were willing to band together and provide entertainment for an event; they would usually spell each other off throughout the evening so that no one was left out of the dancing and socializing. Sometimes the music consisted of a violin and piano, but it could grow to a small orchestra depending on the talents of the locals at the time.
Although dances were held occasionally throughout the year for the whole community, a dance held for an occasion such as Dominion Day was more like a ball, providing adults with the opportunity to dress in their finest clothes and meet friends, court sweethearts, or even form new business relationships. These events were usually charity affairs with the money made from tickets and refreshments going to missionaries, the war effort, or local causes such as supporting the fire halls. During wartime these dances were put on by the Ladies of the Canadian Patriotic Fund, this organization had chapters throughout Canada, including one in Prince George. Hosting sophisticated events such as this also demonstrated how civilized the community had become.
Dominion Day celebrations on George Street in Prince George, July 1, 1917.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P981.9.97).
Annual celebrations such as Dominion Day served to bring community members together, foster a sense of civic pride, and give people a break from their
often highly labour intensive day to day lives.
As Canada expanded to include more provinces into the fledgling country, this holiday was one that was celebrated across the country in similar manners despite the differences of the regions. Fun, frivolity, and a little friendly competition was the order of the day.
As the country grew and matured the celebrations expanded and began including more of the previously excluded groups. Today multiculturalism and Canada’s diversity are common themes across the country. After the centennial celebration of Confederation in 1967 Dominion Day became more federally celebrated and popularly known as Canada Day. However, it wasn’t until 1983 that the name was officially changed. After 150 years July 1st is still a celebration designed to promote patriotism across a vast and diverse country. | <urn:uuid:2e38f51d-b243-49af-9484-c29ff7baad51> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hublehomestead.ca/paradesofpatriotism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.984175 | 3,580 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
-0.3655548691749573,
0.5228372812271118,
0.5153233408927917,
-0.11878126859664917,
-0.3896700143814087,
0.29413488507270813,
-0.26384931802749634,
0.2760184705257416,
0.04927251487970352,
0.30775636434555054,
0.3095899224281311,
-0.04923730343580246,
0.31472378969192505,
0.105178102850914,... | 2 | Parades of Patriotism
On July 1st, 1867 the four British colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick came together to form a brand new country. Canada has since grown to include 10 provinces and 3 territories each with their own varied history and culture, but the tradition of celebrating the anniversary of Canada’s birth has remained.
These annual celebrations, known as Dominion Day, were at first quite small but by 1900 most communities were coming together to celebrate Canada’s birthday. Join us in exploring how communities like Prince George marked this special occasion 100 years ago.
The Road to Confederation
Throughout the 1850s, many attempts were made to merge the British colonies in North America into one unified country. Although the regions were divided by geography, economics, and cultures, many believed that despite these differences the colonies would be stronger together. In 1864 a conference was held in Charlottetown, PEI with the purpose of discussing a union between the maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The proceedings were sidetracked when John A. MacDonald, George Brown, and George Etienne Cartier, politicians from Ontario and Quebec, attended without invitation to promote their own idea of a union between the maritime colonies and Upper and Lower Canada. It would take two more years of planning, debate, and negotiation before John A. MacDonald was able to bring a confederation proposal before the British Parliament in 1866. On July 1st, 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created by a document known as the British North America Act.
George Etienne Cartier, William McDougall, John A. MacDonald, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, and others at the Charlottetown Conference in 1864.
The road to Confederation was not an easy one. There was strong opposition from many fronts; the French Canadian population of Lower Canada opposed confederation because they feared the power a new House of Commons dominated by English Canadians would have. They feared the loss of cultural recognition and the forward progress that had been made towards equality between the English and French. Even after serious political compromise, the motion barely passed in Lower Canada.
A political cartoon that captures the uncertainty felt by those in the Maritimes.
There was also strong opposition in the Maritime Provinces, where they were concerned that not only would they lose their cultural identity, but also that the union might damage their many trade connections with the United States. The idea of a union between the Maritime Provinces was more popular than the idea of a union with Upper and Lower Canada. New Brunswick was so against the idea that they voted their pro-Confederation government out of power in 1865. In fact they only became part of Canada because in 1866 a group of Irish Americans known as the Fenians attacked New Brunswick and scared the population enough that they wanted the security a larger union would offer them. In Nova Scotia the government was hesitant but they didn’t want Confederation to become an election issue so they pushed for the vote to occur before the next election. In Prince Edward Island all parties opposed the union, which lead to the colony not becoming part of Confederation until 1873.
Upper Canada fully supported the union. They had the largest population and considerable political control, as well as the dominant social order. They had nothing to lose, and would greatly benefit by the economic expansion that confederation would bring. The resolution to join the Confederation passed by a large margin in Upper Canada, due mainly to their population’s British majority.
A map of Canada in 1867, after Confederation.
British Columbia Joins Confederation
Canada was only a few years old when it turned its eye west with the aim of including British Columbia in the new country. In 1866 the mainland and Vancouver Island colonies had merged to form the Colony of British Columbia. British Columbia had large tracts of wilderness full of natural resources, and few settlers. The colony was supported initially by fur trading and a series of gold rushes, but soon expanded to include coal mining, forestry, and fishing. Despite this growth, BC was still so isolated from the rest of Canada that mail was routed through San Francisco and most new arrivals came by sea; only a few braved the overland routes that necessitated crossing the Rocky Mountains. For the same reason, trade was predominately north/south with the United States rather than east/west with the rest of the British colonies. British Columbia’s remote location and lack of infrastructure meant that the colony soon accumulated large amounts of public debt, which was compounded by an economic downturn when the gold rush slowed. Together with political unrest, these economic conditions pushed BC to consider joining the new country.
A political cartoon highlighting BC's fears of losing their provincial autonomy.
British Columbia’s governor, Anthony Musgrave, was a friend of John A. MacDonald, and believed that joining Canada could be the answer to their problems. The British were no longer interested in controlling the increasingly expensive colony and were happy to promote the idea of joining the Confederation. Musgrave took a delegation to Ottawa with a list of demands that, much to their surprise, were all accepted. Canada offered to assume British Columbia’s debt and provide money annually for public works. They even pledged to build a railway connecting BC to the rest of Canada within 10 years, when the delegation had only asked for a wagon road!
The enthusiasm of the government to have BC join the Confederation was not shared by the Canadian population at large. The promised railway would be a massive expense and many thought it was useless, since much of the land between BC and Ontario was nearly uninhabited, and BC’s population was not much larger. However, Prime Minister MacDonald and many other wealthy businessmen saw British Columbia as an opportunity for expansion and profit. They also argued that without the railway it would be impossible to create a cohesive country.
The idea of joining Confederation was not universally supported in BC either. A small group sought to solve the financial problems of the colony by joining the United States. This was a legitimate solution, as most trade was already with the United States. Others wanted to keep their British connection, but worried that BC was too distant geographically to maintain proper communication. They felt this which would diminish the West’s political influence and lead to the eastern provinces making policy decisions that could result in BC losing control of their own future. In answer to these fears, Canada promised that responsible government would be implemented in the province and BC would get six members of Parliament instead of the two they were entitled to by their population.
A poster advertising the railway.
For other British Columbians, joining the Confederation was a means of gaining autonomy. The proposed terms included the implementation of responsible government. This meant that the government would be responsible to the people, rather than to the Monarch or representatives thereof, as they had been as a colony of Britain. This would give British Columbia the right to choose their leaders, influence policy, and have a say in public spending. This provision had major appeal, and coupled with the promise of the railway it was enough to sway the colony in favour of joining the Confederation. On July 20th, 1871, British Columbia became Canada’s sixth province.
A map of Canada in 1871, after Confederation.
On July 1st 1867 the British North America Act was brought into effect, creating the new country from the four British Colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The event was celebrated with the ringing of the bells in the Cathedral Church of St. James in Toronto, and with bonfires and fireworks. People gathered together and celebrated with military displays and musical entertainment. The following year there were several smaller festivities to celebrate the anniversary of Confederation, but the day did not become an official holiday until 1879, when it became known as Dominion Day, a reference to the creation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1st, 1867.
An admission ticket to a fireworks display that was part of Dominion Day celebrations in 1889.
For many years it remained a minor event with the Governor General hosting a party and all other festivities being planned on a local level. In 1917 the country gathered to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Confederation in much the same manner as the original day had been celebrated, with entertainment, contests, and food and drink aplenty.
Dominion Day celebrations on Hastings Street in Vancouver in 1900 (left) and in Prince Rupert in 1909 .
Not everyone joined in or was included in these celebrations. Dominion Day was celebrated predominately by western European immigrants to the new country. The creation of the Dominion of Canada as a country independent of Great Britain was a celebration for those who had colonized the land, but it was not an event that First Nations communities wished to commemorate.
First Nations people were excluded from most of the privileges enjoyed by Canadians, and for obvious reasons did not feel like an accepted part of the communities of European-Canadians who were coming together to celebrate. Racism was commonplace and most communities saw First Nations as inferior and therefore unwelcome at many of the celebrations. There are some records of First Nations individuals competing in Dominion Day races and games, but generally First Nations were not welcome at the dances and picnics. As the West opened up to more settlement, large groups of Mennonites, Doukhobors, and Hutterites emigrated from Eastern Europe and created communities throughout the country. In British Columbia there were also growing communities of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants. These ethnic communities were often segregated and insular. They kept many of their own traditions, and like the First Nations communities, they were looked down upon and not included in public celebrations such as Dominion Day.
A Lheidli Chief with his family, circa 1900.
Courtesy of the BC Archives (D-00486).
A group of Doukhobor children in a Saskatchewan colony, circa 1890.
The Wah Chong family pictured outside the Wah Chong Laundry in Vancouver.
Although for decades Dominion Day was only celebrated as a large federal holiday on important anniversary years, by the early 1900s most Canadians had began to gather to observe the occasion annually at a local level. This time of year was very busy for people living in the Prince George area who were predominantly homesteaders, river men and fur traders. Celebrating Dominion Day was a nice way to take a break, enjoy the good weather and come together as a community. Celebrations included parades, picnics, and dances, along with races and competitions, all of which were organized by groups of willing volunteers and financed by local businesses.
Parades have long been a favourite way to celebrate special events, and Dominion Day was no exception. This was the perfect way to foster civic pride by showing off what your town had to offer.
An auto parade in Prince George, 1917.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P9184.108.40.206).
Prizes were organized and distributed by city councils as a way to encourage participation in activities. Floats were entered by businesses, police and fire departments, as well as clubs. Participants spent weeks planning and decorating floats for the parade, hoping to take home the prize for the best decorations. Depending on the group the themes of the floats reflected the services offered by businesses, while organizations might focus on patriotism, and current events. During World War I many floats promoted support of the war effort or ridiculed the enemy, while fire departments promoted safety in the home. Businesses along the parade route took advantage of the crowds by decorating their shop fronts and windows.
Locals could also participate by entering their decorated horses and ponies with the hopes of winning a popular vote prize.
Food is an important part of celebrations across cultures, so for many communities Dominion Day was not complete without a picnic. Though they were often part of a larger celebration taking place, picnics were also stand-alone events hosted by churches, schools, and service groups. The women of the group were in charge of organizing the food, with each woman preparing one or two dishes to contribute to the potluck-style meal. This was a time to pull out all the stops; treats that are commonplace today, such as ice cream and lemonade, were made from expensive luxury ingredients like sugar, ice, and imported lemons. These costly treats were reserved for special occasions like Dominion Day.
Dominion Day celebration at South Fort George, 1910.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.15.11).
Between planning the picnic and preparing the homemade dishes, it often took days, if not weeks, to get everything ready. Lakes or rivers were the most popular locations for picnics as swimming and canoeing could be included in the festivities, as well as offer relief from the summer heat.
At the turn of the twentieth century, public celebrations in Canadian communities almost always included races for all ages. These were easy to prepare for, took very little equipment, and involved practically no cost.
Ladies race at July 1st celebration in Vanderhoof, 1915.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.23.2).
Committees were often formed to canvass local businesses for prizes and to arrange officials to run the races. Competitions such as foot races, hurdle races, and horse races were scheduled by age categories to let children and youth participate for the chance of a ribbon and perhaps a prize. There were also races designed specifically to promote fun and a good laugh. A popular one was the slow mule race, where participants were encouraged to race the slowest, most stubborn mule they owned, with the last participant across the finish line crowned the winner.
Friendly competition with friends and neighbours was a surefire way to gather people together for a community event. Northern British Columbia had a small population that was spread out over a large geographical area, and celebrations were often the only time there were enough people in one place to compete. Many towns held baseball or cricket games as part of Dominion Day celebrations, along with contests that were designed to be silly and fun.
Playing cricket in Fort George on July 1, 1867.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P9220.127.116.11).
A ladies nail driving contest in Vanderhoof, 1915.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P982.23.3).
The shoe race, for example, required participants to remove the lace from one of their shoes and surrender the shoe to a communal pile. Once all the contestants had one bare foot, the race was on to reach the heap of footwear, find your own shoe, and re-lace it before returning to the starting line. Others games tested skills that would be part of the homesteader’s life, such as sawing logs or driving nails. In order to allow everyone to participate, most activities included categories for men, married women, unmarried women, and children. The results of the contests and races were often published in the local newspapers so the whole community could compare performances or cut the clipping out for a scrapbook.
A ball held July 1, 1916 at the Princess Theatre in South Fort George.
Dominion Day celebrations were frequently capped off with a formal evening dance. In a time when recorded music was a novelty, the music for a community dance would be provided by a local talent. Playing an instrument was a common skill, and a way of entertaining oneself when living on an isolated homestead. These musicians were volunteers who were willing to band together and provide entertainment for an event; they would usually spell each other off throughout the evening so that no one was left out of the dancing and socializing. Sometimes the music consisted of a violin and piano, but it could grow to a small orchestra depending on the talents of the locals at the time.
Although dances were held occasionally throughout the year for the whole community, a dance held for an occasion such as Dominion Day was more like a ball, providing adults with the opportunity to dress in their finest clothes and meet friends, court sweethearts, or even form new business relationships. These events were usually charity affairs with the money made from tickets and refreshments going to missionaries, the war effort, or local causes such as supporting the fire halls. During wartime these dances were put on by the Ladies of the Canadian Patriotic Fund, this organization had chapters throughout Canada, including one in Prince George. Hosting sophisticated events such as this also demonstrated how civilized the community had become.
Dominion Day celebrations on George Street in Prince George, July 1, 1917.
Courtesy of The Exploration Place (P981.9.97).
Annual celebrations such as Dominion Day served to bring community members together, foster a sense of civic pride, and give people a break from their
often highly labour intensive day to day lives.
As Canada expanded to include more provinces into the fledgling country, this holiday was one that was celebrated across the country in similar manners despite the differences of the regions. Fun, frivolity, and a little friendly competition was the order of the day.
As the country grew and matured the celebrations expanded and began including more of the previously excluded groups. Today multiculturalism and Canada’s diversity are common themes across the country. After the centennial celebration of Confederation in 1967 Dominion Day became more federally celebrated and popularly known as Canada Day. However, it wasn’t until 1983 that the name was officially changed. After 150 years July 1st is still a celebration designed to promote patriotism across a vast and diverse country. | 3,682 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Genghis Khan was born around 1162 AD.He was born a member of borjigin tribe. to the Chinese Genghis was the barbarian scourge born from the wastes.
As a Child he had learned hard truths and went though a lot, his father was poisoned by a tribe and killed. Genghis had to go back to his own as the new leader. His family didn't think he was worthy so he had to fight his brother and killed him.
Genghis Khan was married to a women at around age 16. later on borte was kidnapped by a rival tribe and genghis had to try to come up with a plan to get her back, he eventually found a way to get her back.
when they had got borte back she had been pregnant. but they didnt know if the baby was khan's or if it was someone from the tribe who kidnapped her. but Khan had still excepted the baby as his own.
when Genghis Was 20 he was captured by a old family tribe because they wanted revenge for him leaving. one of those members let him go because they still knew him. | <urn:uuid:b82e8f1a-f4e3-4301-a583-c31d133a9faa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/8c6be635/genghis-khan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.999278 | 238 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.4175334572792053,
0.5580377578735352,
-0.21547605097293854,
0.04893125966191292,
-0.5928400754928589,
-0.12383151054382324,
0.5078667998313904,
-0.018617745488882065,
-0.23630939424037933,
-0.19853411614894867,
0.40481996536254883,
-0.34785616397857666,
0.11385537683963776,
0.1209092587... | 1 | Genghis Khan was born around 1162 AD.He was born a member of borjigin tribe. to the Chinese Genghis was the barbarian scourge born from the wastes.
As a Child he had learned hard truths and went though a lot, his father was poisoned by a tribe and killed. Genghis had to go back to his own as the new leader. His family didn't think he was worthy so he had to fight his brother and killed him.
Genghis Khan was married to a women at around age 16. later on borte was kidnapped by a rival tribe and genghis had to try to come up with a plan to get her back, he eventually found a way to get her back.
when they had got borte back she had been pregnant. but they didnt know if the baby was khan's or if it was someone from the tribe who kidnapped her. but Khan had still excepted the baby as his own.
when Genghis Was 20 he was captured by a old family tribe because they wanted revenge for him leaving. one of those members let him go because they still knew him. | 237 | ENGLISH | 1 |
One of the most popular and respected economists of his time, David Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages remains one of his most well-known arguments. Buzzle gives you a summary of his argument in this post.
“The rise or fall of wages is common to all states of society, whether it be the stationary, the advancing, or the retrograde state.”
― David Ricardo
David Ricardo is considered to be one of the most influential classical economists, whose name continues to demand respect even today, almost two centuries after his death. His theory of the Iron Law of Wages is one of his most well-known and influential arguments.
Born in England in 1772, Ricardo began his career as a stockbroker in his teens. However, he was inspired by Adam Smith’s book, ‘The Wealth of Nations‘ to take up economics further, and he went on to write his first economics article at age 37, which was accepted by the economist community in England. Ricardo is also responsible for putting forth the principle of comparative advantage, the labor theory of value, and theories about rent, wages, and profits, among others.
The Iron Law of Wages
The Iron Law of Wages is a theory in classical economics which claims that in the long run, real wages (wages that are in term with the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with them) always tend to move in the direction of the minimum wage that is necessary for the survival of a worker and his family.
According to Ricardo, labor can be bought and sold, and has its own natural and market price. The natural price of labor is the price which is required for a laborer to sustain himself, in accordance to the price of essential goods and services available in the market. The natural price of labor rises and falls according to the price of essentials in the market. The market price of labor is the price paid for the labor keeping in mind the laws of demand and supply of labor―labor is expensive when it is scarce, and is inexpensive when it is available in plenty.
Ricardo was of the opinion that the market price of labor was never constant, and this rise and fall of price depended upon many factors, such as:
- The ability of the wages to sustain the worker and his family
- The actual availability of labor during that time
- The level of investment capital
- The size of the population
Every increase in investment requires more labor, and hence, the demand for labor increases, which leads to a rise in the price of labor. This means that the laborer now has additional wages that are more than what he needs to sustain himself and his family, which means he experiences prosperity during this time.
According to Ricardo, a rise in the price of labor meant an increase in the population, which in the long run would result in the rise of the number of laborers, which would in turn cause the demand for laborers to fall, as labor would be available in plenty. Thus, labor would again fall to its natural price, or sometimes, even fall below it.
Ricardo said that, “When the market price of labor is below its natural price, the condition of the laborers is most wretched: then poverty deprives them of those comforts which custom renders absolute necessaries. It is only after their privations have reduced their number, or the demand for labor has increased, that the market price of labor will rise to its natural price, and that the laborer will have the moderate comforts which the natural rate of wages will afford.“
The rise and fall of the price of labor depending on the demand and supply of the same would then turn into a vicious cycle, from which the poor labor class would suffer the most. Even if every increase in investment capital caused an increase in the market price of labor, it would still be leaning more towards the natural price of labor as the prices of essential commodities too rise, as more and more labor is required to produce enough to sustain the rising population. This, according to Ricardo, is the Iron Law of Wages.
Basically, the price of labor always tended towards the natural subsistence level because of the laborers’ tendency to expand their families with a rise in their incomes, leading to more availability of labor in the long run, which would lead to a drop in wages, and hence, there was no point in trying to raise the price of labor.
Ricardo believed that the solution to this problem was a laissez-faire economy, where the price of labor would depend upon the fair and free competition in the market, and would never be controlled by anything other than those factors. A laissez-faire economy is one where things are allowed to take their own course, and are not controlled/directed by the government. He strongly opposed the Poor Laws (laws which were supposed to provide relief to the poor and needy) that were practiced in England at the time, on the grounds that they did nothing to help the national revenue, as well as further deteriorated the condition of both the rich and the poor communities.
Criticism of the Iron Law of Wages
Other economists strongly criticized Ricardo’s theory of the Iron Law on the grounds that the assumptions he made in this theory were not realistic.
✦ Elasticity of labor
Ricardo had assumed that labor was completely elastic while formulating his theory. However, this cannot be considered correct as the elasticity of labor also depends upon several factors.
✦ Prosperity leads to an increase in population
Ricardo believed that if a laborer received more wages than what was needed to sustain him and his family, he would have enough to afford to have more children. Though this might be the case with some laborers, it is not always true. Not every family wants to increase in size just because of an increase in its real income.
✦ Unrealistic adjustment of wages
Ricardo’s theory assumed the adjustment of wages over a generation and not every year. Critics feel that this theory ignores the annual fluctuations in the price of labor.
✦ Standard of living
Ricardo’s theory did not explain the differences between the standard of living of workers receiving similar wages, as well as the differences in wages of workers with the same standard of living.
Despite the criticism for Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages, it still remained one of his most influential works. It is believed to have further inspired the works of several prominent figures, including Karl Marx. | <urn:uuid:3ad73f8a-4e5b-45b9-be97-6a17403a1337> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wealthhow.com/summary-of-david-ricardos-iron-law-of-wages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.981304 | 1,345 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.7659521698951721,
-0.05269884318113327,
-0.31092116236686707,
0.11696457862854004,
0.3151451349258423,
-0.057966601103544235,
0.06239953264594078,
0.38459619879722595,
0.11579106748104095,
-0.4045485854148865,
0.1396879255771637,
-0.19099430739879608,
0.12064776569604874,
0.078268483281... | 8 | One of the most popular and respected economists of his time, David Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages remains one of his most well-known arguments. Buzzle gives you a summary of his argument in this post.
“The rise or fall of wages is common to all states of society, whether it be the stationary, the advancing, or the retrograde state.”
― David Ricardo
David Ricardo is considered to be one of the most influential classical economists, whose name continues to demand respect even today, almost two centuries after his death. His theory of the Iron Law of Wages is one of his most well-known and influential arguments.
Born in England in 1772, Ricardo began his career as a stockbroker in his teens. However, he was inspired by Adam Smith’s book, ‘The Wealth of Nations‘ to take up economics further, and he went on to write his first economics article at age 37, which was accepted by the economist community in England. Ricardo is also responsible for putting forth the principle of comparative advantage, the labor theory of value, and theories about rent, wages, and profits, among others.
The Iron Law of Wages
The Iron Law of Wages is a theory in classical economics which claims that in the long run, real wages (wages that are in term with the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with them) always tend to move in the direction of the minimum wage that is necessary for the survival of a worker and his family.
According to Ricardo, labor can be bought and sold, and has its own natural and market price. The natural price of labor is the price which is required for a laborer to sustain himself, in accordance to the price of essential goods and services available in the market. The natural price of labor rises and falls according to the price of essentials in the market. The market price of labor is the price paid for the labor keeping in mind the laws of demand and supply of labor―labor is expensive when it is scarce, and is inexpensive when it is available in plenty.
Ricardo was of the opinion that the market price of labor was never constant, and this rise and fall of price depended upon many factors, such as:
- The ability of the wages to sustain the worker and his family
- The actual availability of labor during that time
- The level of investment capital
- The size of the population
Every increase in investment requires more labor, and hence, the demand for labor increases, which leads to a rise in the price of labor. This means that the laborer now has additional wages that are more than what he needs to sustain himself and his family, which means he experiences prosperity during this time.
According to Ricardo, a rise in the price of labor meant an increase in the population, which in the long run would result in the rise of the number of laborers, which would in turn cause the demand for laborers to fall, as labor would be available in plenty. Thus, labor would again fall to its natural price, or sometimes, even fall below it.
Ricardo said that, “When the market price of labor is below its natural price, the condition of the laborers is most wretched: then poverty deprives them of those comforts which custom renders absolute necessaries. It is only after their privations have reduced their number, or the demand for labor has increased, that the market price of labor will rise to its natural price, and that the laborer will have the moderate comforts which the natural rate of wages will afford.“
The rise and fall of the price of labor depending on the demand and supply of the same would then turn into a vicious cycle, from which the poor labor class would suffer the most. Even if every increase in investment capital caused an increase in the market price of labor, it would still be leaning more towards the natural price of labor as the prices of essential commodities too rise, as more and more labor is required to produce enough to sustain the rising population. This, according to Ricardo, is the Iron Law of Wages.
Basically, the price of labor always tended towards the natural subsistence level because of the laborers’ tendency to expand their families with a rise in their incomes, leading to more availability of labor in the long run, which would lead to a drop in wages, and hence, there was no point in trying to raise the price of labor.
Ricardo believed that the solution to this problem was a laissez-faire economy, where the price of labor would depend upon the fair and free competition in the market, and would never be controlled by anything other than those factors. A laissez-faire economy is one where things are allowed to take their own course, and are not controlled/directed by the government. He strongly opposed the Poor Laws (laws which were supposed to provide relief to the poor and needy) that were practiced in England at the time, on the grounds that they did nothing to help the national revenue, as well as further deteriorated the condition of both the rich and the poor communities.
Criticism of the Iron Law of Wages
Other economists strongly criticized Ricardo’s theory of the Iron Law on the grounds that the assumptions he made in this theory were not realistic.
✦ Elasticity of labor
Ricardo had assumed that labor was completely elastic while formulating his theory. However, this cannot be considered correct as the elasticity of labor also depends upon several factors.
✦ Prosperity leads to an increase in population
Ricardo believed that if a laborer received more wages than what was needed to sustain him and his family, he would have enough to afford to have more children. Though this might be the case with some laborers, it is not always true. Not every family wants to increase in size just because of an increase in its real income.
✦ Unrealistic adjustment of wages
Ricardo’s theory assumed the adjustment of wages over a generation and not every year. Critics feel that this theory ignores the annual fluctuations in the price of labor.
✦ Standard of living
Ricardo’s theory did not explain the differences between the standard of living of workers receiving similar wages, as well as the differences in wages of workers with the same standard of living.
Despite the criticism for Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages, it still remained one of his most influential works. It is believed to have further inspired the works of several prominent figures, including Karl Marx. | 1,305 | ENGLISH | 1 |
- From political leaders to human rights activists to former Russian spies, assassinations have changed the world.
- Beloved politicians like Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. were all assassinated.
- Most recently, President Donald Trump ordered a US drone strike that killed Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani.
- Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
Assassinations have undeniably changed the world.
From Julius Caesar to Mahatma Gandhi, world leaders, activists, and Russian spies have been assassinated for a variety of reasons. But they often didn't have the expected effect.
Most recently, President Donald Trump ordered the assassination of Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani using a drone strike. The administration is officially calling it a "targeted killing."
Iain King, a fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, wrote for NBC that while "the grim record" of assassinations shows that some achieve what they were meant to, a "desired result" is less likely when a government figure is assassinated.
"Even when they are conducted selectively, legally and strategically, history suggests they can still turn out to be unwise," King wrote.
Here are 24 assassinations that have had a major impact.
Rome's ruler Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC.
About 60 senators stabbed Rome's leader 23 times, according to The Telegraph. His death came a month after he was instilled as a dictator. The senate was worried the power would go to his head and that he would claim to be king, and no longer heed the senate.
His death led to civil wars, the end of Rome's time as a republic, and the beginning of its time as an empire.
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.
A 26-year-old actor named John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the head while he was at the theatre in Washington D.C., five days after the Civil War ended.
During Reconstruction, Johnson was lenient to the Southern states, which led to restrictive "black codes" that ended up decimating the freedoms of freed slaves.
President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901.
A 28-year-old anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley during a fair in Buffalo, New York. He died eight days later.
While he may not be as well known as many on this list, his death led to the modern version of the Secret Service, which ensures the president is adequately protected.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914.
Serbian student Gavrilo Princip, 18, shot the archduke as he drove through Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, so his death wasn't taken lightly. After he died, the empire declared war on Serbia. International allegiances pulled other countries into the conflict, which led to World War I, and the death or injury of more than 37 million soldiers.
As The New York Times wrote in 1915: "What face the world will wear when it is all over no man can predict, but it will be greatly changed, and not geographically alone."
Russian Tsar Nicholas II was assassinated in 1918.
The tsar, his wife, and their five children were shot to death in a basement by Bolsheviks, a revolutionary socialist group, who had been holding them hostage for months.
It was a brutal and poorly performed execution, in part because the children had diamonds sewn into their clothes to keep them hidden. But the gems acted like bullet-proof vests, prolonging the execution.
The assassination of the Romanovs meant the end of the royal line for Russia. The country went from being ruled by imperial tsars to being a communist state, led by Joseph Stalin.
Mexican general Emiliano Zapata was assassinated in 1919.
General Emiliano Zapata was assassinated during the Mexican Revolution on the orders of then Mexican President Venustiano Carranza.
Zapata had fought for poor farmers throughout his life. After his death he became a symbol for Mexican peasants and the working class. History.com reported that his land reforms are still important to many Mexicans today.
Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in 1948.
He led many famous peaceful protests, including a 241-mile march to the Indian coast to harvest salt, which in turn led to 60,000 peaceful protesters being imprisoned.
After his death, he has become a symbol of what mass protests can achieve, and an icon to later figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and former President Barack Obama.
Congolese President Patrice Lumumba was assassinated in 1961.
A police unit, under orders from a Belgium officer, assassinated Lumumba after a military coup overthrew his government.
Lumumba's assassination happened seven months after the Congo gained independence. According to NBC News, his killing led to widening chasm in US and African relations. The CIA had been involved, according to a later inquiry.
Today, Lumumba is an icon for many African nationalists, and a reminder of Western "treachery", according to the Irish Times.
South Vietnam President Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated in 1963.
Diệm was assassinated along with his brother in the back of an armored car, after the US overthrew his government.
As Newsweek's Jeff Stein wrote, the coup and Diệm's assassination led to "a nightmare that ended up killing 58,000 Americans (and 1.5 million Vietnamese), ripped the US apart and spawned a deep-rooted cynicism about the American political establishment that persists today."
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.
Kennedy, one of the country's most charismatic leaders, was shot twice by Lee Harvey Oswald while his motorcade drove through Dallas, Texas.
The nation's consuming grief over Kennedy's death allowed his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, to successfully pass two anti-segregation laws — the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.
African American leader Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965.
Malcolm X, a sometimes controversial religious and civil rights leader, was shot by members from the Nation of Islam.
The Nation of Islam was a religious group he used to be a minister for, before he broke away started his own group, called the Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Many expected his impact to wane after death, but the opposite happened. He became an icon for racist persecution. His rise was in part due to the publication of his autobiography a few months after his death. It was named one of Time's most important non-fiction books of the 20th century.
And according to Time, the combination of the book and his death caused his life story to be remembered for his perseverance rather than his focus on racial separatism.
Civil rights activist Martin Luthor King Jr. was assassinated in 1968.
A 40-year-old convicted robber named James Earl Ray shot King dead in Memphis.
King was famous for his activism and empowering speeches. He led many non-violent protests, including the bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus.
After his death, King remains an icon of hope for racial unity. Peniel E. Joseph wrote for the Washington Post that King's death was a blow to America recognizing and dealing with its inherent power structures, which had oppressed African Americans and people in poverty.
Sen. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968.
Jordanian refugee Sirhan Sirhan, 24, shot Kennedy after a speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
After death, Kennedy became an icon for the Democratic Party. He was seen as a potentially unifying force for the country, since a lot of his campaign had focused on civil rights.
The impact of his death is harder to gauge than others on this list, but he had just won the California primary, and was gunning for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Although Joshua Zeitz wrote for Politico, "The hard reality is this: Bobby Kennedy would most likely not have won the presidency, because he was already on track to lose his party's nomination."
Lord Louis Mountbatten was assassinated in 1979.
The Irish Republican Army assassinated Lord Mountbatten, a military strategist and mentor to Prince Charles, by planting and remotely detonating a bomb in his fishing boat. The blast killed three others, as well.
The assassination was meant to show that even the pinnacle of British society was not safe from the IRA, as the army attempted to end British rule of Northern Ireland.
According to History.com, the attack, along with another that day that killed 18 soldiers, led to Margaret Thatcher's government taking a "hard-line" stance against the group.
South Korean President Park Chung-hee was assassinated in 1979.
President Park Chung-hee was shot at a restaurant by his friend, Kim Jae Kyu, the chief of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.
Many South Koreans missed Park, because he led the country as it built up its own economy and managed to break away from the US. Since his death, that success is often focused on, rather than his militant regime.
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981.
Assassins pretending to be soldiers shot Sadat as he watched Victory Day celebrations in Cairo.
Steven Cook, who wrote a book called "The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square," told NPR that while the country was shocked at his death, many were ambivalent about his role as a politician.
This was because of some of his decisions during his tenure. His leadership changed Egypt. He pulled away from Russia and moved closer to the US. He also started a war with Israel then ended it several years later.
Al-Zomor, one of the men who supplied ammunition to the assassins, told NBC News while he didn't regret Sadat's death, his successor, President Hosni Mubarak, was worse. According to him, Sadat was "thousands of times better."
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984.
Gandhi, who led the country for 15 years, was shot by two of her Sikh bodyguards.
The assassination was in response to Gandhi ordering the army to raid the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikh shrine, to flush out Sikh separatists who were inside.
Gandhi's death caused widespread violence. Within days, mobs killed thousands of Sikhs, and many police officers and government officials didn't stop the violence, but helped incite it.
Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991.
Gandhi became prime minister after his mother's death, but a Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinated him in southern India. At the time he was no longer in power and was running to be prime minister again.
Gandhi had made an enemy of the Tamil Tigers, a militant group based out of Sri Lanka, after he sent thousands of troops to help Sri Lanka fight the Tigers four years earlier.
His death had a lasting repercussion for India leaving a "political void," according to The New York Times, since the government had been led by his family for most of the 45 years leading up to his death.
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated in 1995.
Yigal Amir, a right-wing Jewish law student, shot Rabin as he left a peace rally.
Rabin had been trying to establish peace between Israel and Palestine. Two years earlier he'd moved things along when he met with Palestine to try establish a way Palestine could be independent.
But Amir didn't want peace with Palestine, and in that regard his assassination of Rabin was successful. According to The New Yorker, his assassination could be one of the "most effective" in history.
Since then there has been no peace deal. As Dan Ephron wrote for Politico, "Thus, in killing the Israeli leader, Amir did better than the assassins of Lincoln, Kennedy and King, whose policies gained momentum as a result of their murders rather than the other way around."
Former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko was assassinated in 2006.
Litvinenko was assassinated with a tea that was laced with a radioactive poison called polonium. It was the only time this form of assassination has ever been recorded.
After an official investigation, it was found that the poison was administered by former KGB body guard Andrei Lugovoi and an accomplice, and that Russian President Vladimir Putin had "probably" ordered the assassination.
Litvinenko was a target because he was about to testify about Putin's government in a Spanish investigation. According to The Atlantic, this was a key moment in Russia's foreign relations, because Putin realized what he could get away with.
Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto was assassinated In 2007.
Bhutto, Pakistan's first female prime minister, was assassinated by a 15-year-old suicide bomber after an election rally. There are some disputes over the exact cause, as members of her party said she died by bullet wounds before the explosion.
She had returned to Pakistan only a few months earlier to run for a third term as prime minister, after spending eight years outside the country.
Right after her death, protests went through cities and mobs set trains on fire. Years after her death she's still a symbol in the country, with her face and message used in ads, and by other politicians.
According to Al Jazeera, her death made her "a 'martyr' for the cause of democracy," and washed away many of her faults.
Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden was assassinated in 2011.
Bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks, was shot by US Special Forces on the orders of former President Barack Obama.
This was one of the US's more successful assassinations, Iain King wrote for NBC, because he was a leader of a terror organization and not part of a recognized state.
Former President Bill Clinton said he had a shot at killing bin Laden before 9/ 11, but to do so he would have had to destroy a town and kill 300 innocent people. So he didn't do it.
Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was assassinated in 2019.
US forces also assassinated Baghdadi.
His death was a blow to ISIS, but didn't cripple it. According to Brookings, Baghdadi's death put the terrorist group on the defensive, meaning it had to focus on its survival rather than conducting more terrorist attacks.
Like Osama Bin Laden, this was another successful assassination for the US since Baghdadi had no ties to a recognized state, Iain King wrote for NBC.
Iranian Major Gen. Qassem Soleimani was assassinated in 2020.
President Donald Trump ordered the assassination of Soleimani by drone attack, near the Baghdad airport.
Soleimani was commander of the Revolutionary Guard Corps, and reported to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. While he was deemed a terrorist in the US, he was lauded in Iran.
After his death, tensions between the two countries reached a fever pitch. Iran promised revenge. Khamenei said the goal was to get the US to leave the Middle East. It launched an airstrike on two US-occupied bases in Iraq, but no one was injured. The US did not retaliate with more military strikes, but the conflict is still simmering. | <urn:uuid:61f2f563-3765-43d6-90d0-cc4720125e3a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.businessinsider.com/most-important-assassinations-in-history-that-changed-the-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.987599 | 3,201 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
-0.1663922518491745,
0.4575415849685669,
0.5180543065071106,
0.03282549977302551,
0.15426850318908691,
0.2930173873901367,
0.45480191707611084,
0.1518477499485016,
0.1331821084022522,
0.17997713387012482,
0.3727882206439972,
0.7383009195327759,
0.014021040871739388,
0.5920751690864563,
-... | 2 | - From political leaders to human rights activists to former Russian spies, assassinations have changed the world.
- Beloved politicians like Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. were all assassinated.
- Most recently, President Donald Trump ordered a US drone strike that killed Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani.
- Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
Assassinations have undeniably changed the world.
From Julius Caesar to Mahatma Gandhi, world leaders, activists, and Russian spies have been assassinated for a variety of reasons. But they often didn't have the expected effect.
Most recently, President Donald Trump ordered the assassination of Iranian Gen. Qassem Soleimani using a drone strike. The administration is officially calling it a "targeted killing."
Iain King, a fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, wrote for NBC that while "the grim record" of assassinations shows that some achieve what they were meant to, a "desired result" is less likely when a government figure is assassinated.
"Even when they are conducted selectively, legally and strategically, history suggests they can still turn out to be unwise," King wrote.
Here are 24 assassinations that have had a major impact.
Rome's ruler Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC.
About 60 senators stabbed Rome's leader 23 times, according to The Telegraph. His death came a month after he was instilled as a dictator. The senate was worried the power would go to his head and that he would claim to be king, and no longer heed the senate.
His death led to civil wars, the end of Rome's time as a republic, and the beginning of its time as an empire.
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.
A 26-year-old actor named John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the head while he was at the theatre in Washington D.C., five days after the Civil War ended.
During Reconstruction, Johnson was lenient to the Southern states, which led to restrictive "black codes" that ended up decimating the freedoms of freed slaves.
President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901.
A 28-year-old anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley during a fair in Buffalo, New York. He died eight days later.
While he may not be as well known as many on this list, his death led to the modern version of the Secret Service, which ensures the president is adequately protected.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914.
Serbian student Gavrilo Princip, 18, shot the archduke as he drove through Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, so his death wasn't taken lightly. After he died, the empire declared war on Serbia. International allegiances pulled other countries into the conflict, which led to World War I, and the death or injury of more than 37 million soldiers.
As The New York Times wrote in 1915: "What face the world will wear when it is all over no man can predict, but it will be greatly changed, and not geographically alone."
Russian Tsar Nicholas II was assassinated in 1918.
The tsar, his wife, and their five children were shot to death in a basement by Bolsheviks, a revolutionary socialist group, who had been holding them hostage for months.
It was a brutal and poorly performed execution, in part because the children had diamonds sewn into their clothes to keep them hidden. But the gems acted like bullet-proof vests, prolonging the execution.
The assassination of the Romanovs meant the end of the royal line for Russia. The country went from being ruled by imperial tsars to being a communist state, led by Joseph Stalin.
Mexican general Emiliano Zapata was assassinated in 1919.
General Emiliano Zapata was assassinated during the Mexican Revolution on the orders of then Mexican President Venustiano Carranza.
Zapata had fought for poor farmers throughout his life. After his death he became a symbol for Mexican peasants and the working class. History.com reported that his land reforms are still important to many Mexicans today.
Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in 1948.
He led many famous peaceful protests, including a 241-mile march to the Indian coast to harvest salt, which in turn led to 60,000 peaceful protesters being imprisoned.
After his death, he has become a symbol of what mass protests can achieve, and an icon to later figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and former President Barack Obama.
Congolese President Patrice Lumumba was assassinated in 1961.
A police unit, under orders from a Belgium officer, assassinated Lumumba after a military coup overthrew his government.
Lumumba's assassination happened seven months after the Congo gained independence. According to NBC News, his killing led to widening chasm in US and African relations. The CIA had been involved, according to a later inquiry.
Today, Lumumba is an icon for many African nationalists, and a reminder of Western "treachery", according to the Irish Times.
South Vietnam President Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated in 1963.
Diệm was assassinated along with his brother in the back of an armored car, after the US overthrew his government.
As Newsweek's Jeff Stein wrote, the coup and Diệm's assassination led to "a nightmare that ended up killing 58,000 Americans (and 1.5 million Vietnamese), ripped the US apart and spawned a deep-rooted cynicism about the American political establishment that persists today."
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.
Kennedy, one of the country's most charismatic leaders, was shot twice by Lee Harvey Oswald while his motorcade drove through Dallas, Texas.
The nation's consuming grief over Kennedy's death allowed his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, to successfully pass two anti-segregation laws — the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.
African American leader Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965.
Malcolm X, a sometimes controversial religious and civil rights leader, was shot by members from the Nation of Islam.
The Nation of Islam was a religious group he used to be a minister for, before he broke away started his own group, called the Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Many expected his impact to wane after death, but the opposite happened. He became an icon for racist persecution. His rise was in part due to the publication of his autobiography a few months after his death. It was named one of Time's most important non-fiction books of the 20th century.
And according to Time, the combination of the book and his death caused his life story to be remembered for his perseverance rather than his focus on racial separatism.
Civil rights activist Martin Luthor King Jr. was assassinated in 1968.
A 40-year-old convicted robber named James Earl Ray shot King dead in Memphis.
King was famous for his activism and empowering speeches. He led many non-violent protests, including the bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus.
After his death, King remains an icon of hope for racial unity. Peniel E. Joseph wrote for the Washington Post that King's death was a blow to America recognizing and dealing with its inherent power structures, which had oppressed African Americans and people in poverty.
Sen. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968.
Jordanian refugee Sirhan Sirhan, 24, shot Kennedy after a speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
After death, Kennedy became an icon for the Democratic Party. He was seen as a potentially unifying force for the country, since a lot of his campaign had focused on civil rights.
The impact of his death is harder to gauge than others on this list, but he had just won the California primary, and was gunning for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Although Joshua Zeitz wrote for Politico, "The hard reality is this: Bobby Kennedy would most likely not have won the presidency, because he was already on track to lose his party's nomination."
Lord Louis Mountbatten was assassinated in 1979.
The Irish Republican Army assassinated Lord Mountbatten, a military strategist and mentor to Prince Charles, by planting and remotely detonating a bomb in his fishing boat. The blast killed three others, as well.
The assassination was meant to show that even the pinnacle of British society was not safe from the IRA, as the army attempted to end British rule of Northern Ireland.
According to History.com, the attack, along with another that day that killed 18 soldiers, led to Margaret Thatcher's government taking a "hard-line" stance against the group.
South Korean President Park Chung-hee was assassinated in 1979.
President Park Chung-hee was shot at a restaurant by his friend, Kim Jae Kyu, the chief of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency.
Many South Koreans missed Park, because he led the country as it built up its own economy and managed to break away from the US. Since his death, that success is often focused on, rather than his militant regime.
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981.
Assassins pretending to be soldiers shot Sadat as he watched Victory Day celebrations in Cairo.
Steven Cook, who wrote a book called "The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square," told NPR that while the country was shocked at his death, many were ambivalent about his role as a politician.
This was because of some of his decisions during his tenure. His leadership changed Egypt. He pulled away from Russia and moved closer to the US. He also started a war with Israel then ended it several years later.
Al-Zomor, one of the men who supplied ammunition to the assassins, told NBC News while he didn't regret Sadat's death, his successor, President Hosni Mubarak, was worse. According to him, Sadat was "thousands of times better."
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984.
Gandhi, who led the country for 15 years, was shot by two of her Sikh bodyguards.
The assassination was in response to Gandhi ordering the army to raid the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikh shrine, to flush out Sikh separatists who were inside.
Gandhi's death caused widespread violence. Within days, mobs killed thousands of Sikhs, and many police officers and government officials didn't stop the violence, but helped incite it.
Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991.
Gandhi became prime minister after his mother's death, but a Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinated him in southern India. At the time he was no longer in power and was running to be prime minister again.
Gandhi had made an enemy of the Tamil Tigers, a militant group based out of Sri Lanka, after he sent thousands of troops to help Sri Lanka fight the Tigers four years earlier.
His death had a lasting repercussion for India leaving a "political void," according to The New York Times, since the government had been led by his family for most of the 45 years leading up to his death.
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated in 1995.
Yigal Amir, a right-wing Jewish law student, shot Rabin as he left a peace rally.
Rabin had been trying to establish peace between Israel and Palestine. Two years earlier he'd moved things along when he met with Palestine to try establish a way Palestine could be independent.
But Amir didn't want peace with Palestine, and in that regard his assassination of Rabin was successful. According to The New Yorker, his assassination could be one of the "most effective" in history.
Since then there has been no peace deal. As Dan Ephron wrote for Politico, "Thus, in killing the Israeli leader, Amir did better than the assassins of Lincoln, Kennedy and King, whose policies gained momentum as a result of their murders rather than the other way around."
Former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko was assassinated in 2006.
Litvinenko was assassinated with a tea that was laced with a radioactive poison called polonium. It was the only time this form of assassination has ever been recorded.
After an official investigation, it was found that the poison was administered by former KGB body guard Andrei Lugovoi and an accomplice, and that Russian President Vladimir Putin had "probably" ordered the assassination.
Litvinenko was a target because he was about to testify about Putin's government in a Spanish investigation. According to The Atlantic, this was a key moment in Russia's foreign relations, because Putin realized what he could get away with.
Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto was assassinated In 2007.
Bhutto, Pakistan's first female prime minister, was assassinated by a 15-year-old suicide bomber after an election rally. There are some disputes over the exact cause, as members of her party said she died by bullet wounds before the explosion.
She had returned to Pakistan only a few months earlier to run for a third term as prime minister, after spending eight years outside the country.
Right after her death, protests went through cities and mobs set trains on fire. Years after her death she's still a symbol in the country, with her face and message used in ads, and by other politicians.
According to Al Jazeera, her death made her "a 'martyr' for the cause of democracy," and washed away many of her faults.
Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden was assassinated in 2011.
Bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks, was shot by US Special Forces on the orders of former President Barack Obama.
This was one of the US's more successful assassinations, Iain King wrote for NBC, because he was a leader of a terror organization and not part of a recognized state.
Former President Bill Clinton said he had a shot at killing bin Laden before 9/ 11, but to do so he would have had to destroy a town and kill 300 innocent people. So he didn't do it.
Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was assassinated in 2019.
US forces also assassinated Baghdadi.
His death was a blow to ISIS, but didn't cripple it. According to Brookings, Baghdadi's death put the terrorist group on the defensive, meaning it had to focus on its survival rather than conducting more terrorist attacks.
Like Osama Bin Laden, this was another successful assassination for the US since Baghdadi had no ties to a recognized state, Iain King wrote for NBC.
Iranian Major Gen. Qassem Soleimani was assassinated in 2020.
President Donald Trump ordered the assassination of Soleimani by drone attack, near the Baghdad airport.
Soleimani was commander of the Revolutionary Guard Corps, and reported to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. While he was deemed a terrorist in the US, he was lauded in Iran.
After his death, tensions between the two countries reached a fever pitch. Iran promised revenge. Khamenei said the goal was to get the US to leave the Middle East. It launched an airstrike on two US-occupied bases in Iraq, but no one was injured. The US did not retaliate with more military strikes, but the conflict is still simmering. | 3,258 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Jews served as a symbol for his yearning for Italy to be freed from oppression and united. Opera as his medium is appropriate as opera was not the interest of that elite crowd. After Baistrocchi's death, Verdi, at the age of eight, became the official paid organist. Verdi himself conducted, and the four soloists were Teresa Stolz sopranoMaria Waldmann mezzo-sopranoGiuseppe Capponi tenor and Ormondo Maini bass.
Verdihowever, took the form to new heights of drama and musical expression. Icilio Romano followed on 11 July Carlo Verdi was energetic in furthering his son's education He added a melodramatic touch to the opera. After the success of the opera, Verdi's works became a symbol of Italian independence.
Falstaff would follow after other revisions of older works. In the ensuing Second Italian War of Independence the Austrians abandoned the region and began to leave Lombardy, although they remained in control of the Venice region under the terms of the armistice signed at Villafranca.
These Biography of giuseppe verdi works deal with emotional extremes and the music emphasizes the dramatic situation.
Soured by this, Verdi nonetheless took a compromise position and stayed from March to Octoberteaching and composing a good deal, though all he published was a set of songs in Nothing will prevent the good Verdi from soon reaching one of the most honourable positions in the cohort of composers.
His funeral was extremely well attended, and a quarter of a million mourners were present to show their respect to one of the most important figures in Italian music. Margherita and Verdi were married on 4th May and had two daughters.
Ernani was successfully premiered inand within six months had been performed at twenty other theatres in Italy, and also in Vienna. He was so heartbroken that he decided never to compose music again.
Falstaff and last years[ edit ]. On 22 Maythe Italian writer and humanist Alessandro Manzoniwhom Verdi had admired all his adult life and met indied. In Busseto, Verdi started taking his composition lessons.
Other references to political events have been seen in his I Lombardi.
Verdi came up with the idea of adapting the Spanish play Don Alvaro o la fuerza del sino by Angel Saavedrawhich became La forza del destinowith Piave writing the libretto. This success was modest at best, but it was enough that he was contracted for further operatic works.
I Lombardi alla prima crociata was based on a libretto by Solera and premiered in February It was a period of constant experimentation, constant refinement of musical and dramatic means—a process that seems to have continued underground to germinate the two transcendent Shakespeare operas written 20 years after his supposed retirement.
More curiously, someone discovered that his surname, Verdi, is the acronym of Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia Victor Emmanuel King of Italywhen Biography of giuseppe verdi still under Austrian occupation was beginning to consider supporting Victor Emmanuel's effort in Italian reunification, as it afterwards did.
In these later years, Verdi also worked to found a hospital and, in Milan, a home for retired musicians. Verdi returned to Busseto regularly to play the organ on Sundays, covering the distance of several kilometres on foot. Its Cairo premiere in was a success, but the composer then gave up opera, at least for a time.
It included King Lear, a project he would return to and abandon several times in later years. The music that he had written during these years must have impressed the right people, for after some difficulty he succeeded in getting an opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, produced at La Scala in March He became known for his ability in creating air and his profound usage of theatrical effect.
He also took numerous lessons to refine his skills in music composition and opera. Some troubles occurred in his relationship with the Ricordi editors, who were suspected of irregularities concerning huge amounts of money. After his visit to Rome for Il trovatore in JanuaryVerdi worked on completing La traviata, but with little hope of its success, due to his lack of confidence in any of the singers engaged for the season.
After the success of I Lombardi alla Prima Crociata MilanFebruary 11, also increased by some aspects of the political situation see belowErnani scored a triumph in La Fenice theatre in Venice. He attended the village school and at 10 the ginnasio secondary school in Busseto.
Consolidation[ edit ] In the eleven years up to and including Traviata, Verdi had written sixteen operas. He then assisted at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy. Verdi could never forgive an injury, real or imagined, as attested to by his lifelong hatred of La Scala and its audience, which had rejected Un giorno di regno, and his contempt for the town of Busseto.
Inhe achieved his first real success with Nabucco. It had been composed for the Egyptian Khediveon the occasion of the inauguration of a new opera house in Cairoand not for the opening of the Suez Canal as often mentioned.Giuseppe Verdi was born in Le Roncole, a small village in the Duchy of Parma.
Contrary to the composer’s claim that he was of illiterate peasants, Carlo and Luigia Verdi both came from families of landowners and traders – together they ran a tavern and grocery store.
Mar 09, · Covers the life and works of the famous composer. 21 rows · Find Giuseppe Verdi bio, music, credits, awards, & streaming links on AllMusic - Verdi. Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi Biography: Giuseppe Verdi was born in Italy inprior to Italian union.
Verdi produced many successful operas, including La Traviata, Falstaff and Aida, and became known for his ability in creating air and his deep usage of theatrical effect.
Giuseppe Verdi Biography Giuseppe Verdi was a famous Italian romantic composer of the 19th century. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, family life, achievements and other facts related to Place Of Birth: Le Roncole.
The Messa da Requiem is a musical setting of the Catholic funeral mass for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe palmolive2day.com was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, an Italian poet and novelist whom Verdi palmolive2day.com first performance, at the San Marco church in Milan on 22 Maymarked the first anniversary of Manzoni's death.Download | <urn:uuid:66343cf8-30b0-42fd-b7f0-a1f0e746f9fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://hyzogas.palmolive2day.com/biography-of-giuseppe-verdi-1723of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983645 | 1,437 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
-0.3364964723587036,
0.42392945289611816,
0.1068168431520462,
-0.13785117864608765,
-0.7952878475189209,
0.2871243357658386,
0.08800634741783142,
0.4359934329986572,
0.28320786356925964,
-0.40361690521240234,
-0.19956284761428833,
0.22558829188346863,
0.036947473883628845,
0.16196286678314... | 1 | The Jews served as a symbol for his yearning for Italy to be freed from oppression and united. Opera as his medium is appropriate as opera was not the interest of that elite crowd. After Baistrocchi's death, Verdi, at the age of eight, became the official paid organist. Verdi himself conducted, and the four soloists were Teresa Stolz sopranoMaria Waldmann mezzo-sopranoGiuseppe Capponi tenor and Ormondo Maini bass.
Verdihowever, took the form to new heights of drama and musical expression. Icilio Romano followed on 11 July Carlo Verdi was energetic in furthering his son's education He added a melodramatic touch to the opera. After the success of the opera, Verdi's works became a symbol of Italian independence.
Falstaff would follow after other revisions of older works. In the ensuing Second Italian War of Independence the Austrians abandoned the region and began to leave Lombardy, although they remained in control of the Venice region under the terms of the armistice signed at Villafranca.
These Biography of giuseppe verdi works deal with emotional extremes and the music emphasizes the dramatic situation.
Soured by this, Verdi nonetheless took a compromise position and stayed from March to Octoberteaching and composing a good deal, though all he published was a set of songs in Nothing will prevent the good Verdi from soon reaching one of the most honourable positions in the cohort of composers.
His funeral was extremely well attended, and a quarter of a million mourners were present to show their respect to one of the most important figures in Italian music. Margherita and Verdi were married on 4th May and had two daughters.
Ernani was successfully premiered inand within six months had been performed at twenty other theatres in Italy, and also in Vienna. He was so heartbroken that he decided never to compose music again.
Falstaff and last years[ edit ]. On 22 Maythe Italian writer and humanist Alessandro Manzoniwhom Verdi had admired all his adult life and met indied. In Busseto, Verdi started taking his composition lessons.
Other references to political events have been seen in his I Lombardi.
Verdi came up with the idea of adapting the Spanish play Don Alvaro o la fuerza del sino by Angel Saavedrawhich became La forza del destinowith Piave writing the libretto. This success was modest at best, but it was enough that he was contracted for further operatic works.
I Lombardi alla prima crociata was based on a libretto by Solera and premiered in February It was a period of constant experimentation, constant refinement of musical and dramatic means—a process that seems to have continued underground to germinate the two transcendent Shakespeare operas written 20 years after his supposed retirement.
More curiously, someone discovered that his surname, Verdi, is the acronym of Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia Victor Emmanuel King of Italywhen Biography of giuseppe verdi still under Austrian occupation was beginning to consider supporting Victor Emmanuel's effort in Italian reunification, as it afterwards did.
In these later years, Verdi also worked to found a hospital and, in Milan, a home for retired musicians. Verdi returned to Busseto regularly to play the organ on Sundays, covering the distance of several kilometres on foot. Its Cairo premiere in was a success, but the composer then gave up opera, at least for a time.
It included King Lear, a project he would return to and abandon several times in later years. The music that he had written during these years must have impressed the right people, for after some difficulty he succeeded in getting an opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, produced at La Scala in March He became known for his ability in creating air and his profound usage of theatrical effect.
He also took numerous lessons to refine his skills in music composition and opera. Some troubles occurred in his relationship with the Ricordi editors, who were suspected of irregularities concerning huge amounts of money. After his visit to Rome for Il trovatore in JanuaryVerdi worked on completing La traviata, but with little hope of its success, due to his lack of confidence in any of the singers engaged for the season.
After the success of I Lombardi alla Prima Crociata MilanFebruary 11, also increased by some aspects of the political situation see belowErnani scored a triumph in La Fenice theatre in Venice. He attended the village school and at 10 the ginnasio secondary school in Busseto.
Consolidation[ edit ] In the eleven years up to and including Traviata, Verdi had written sixteen operas. He then assisted at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy. Verdi could never forgive an injury, real or imagined, as attested to by his lifelong hatred of La Scala and its audience, which had rejected Un giorno di regno, and his contempt for the town of Busseto.
Inhe achieved his first real success with Nabucco. It had been composed for the Egyptian Khediveon the occasion of the inauguration of a new opera house in Cairoand not for the opening of the Suez Canal as often mentioned.Giuseppe Verdi was born in Le Roncole, a small village in the Duchy of Parma.
Contrary to the composer’s claim that he was of illiterate peasants, Carlo and Luigia Verdi both came from families of landowners and traders – together they ran a tavern and grocery store.
Mar 09, · Covers the life and works of the famous composer. 21 rows · Find Giuseppe Verdi bio, music, credits, awards, & streaming links on AllMusic - Verdi. Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi Biography: Giuseppe Verdi was born in Italy inprior to Italian union.
Verdi produced many successful operas, including La Traviata, Falstaff and Aida, and became known for his ability in creating air and his deep usage of theatrical effect.
Giuseppe Verdi Biography Giuseppe Verdi was a famous Italian romantic composer of the 19th century. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, family life, achievements and other facts related to Place Of Birth: Le Roncole.
The Messa da Requiem is a musical setting of the Catholic funeral mass for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe palmolive2day.com was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, an Italian poet and novelist whom Verdi palmolive2day.com first performance, at the San Marco church in Milan on 22 Maymarked the first anniversary of Manzoni's death.Download | 1,391 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Domesday Book Music has been a large component of human social interactions, personal expression, and culture throughout recorded history. While many consider the Middle Ages a time of hard work, famine, disease such as the Black Plague, and warfare, music was as alive and important during this period of history as any other. In some cases, music was the only exposure individuals had to artistic expression.
The flute was one of the most favoured medieval musical instruments, It was made of wood instead of metal and was played by blowing into its side or tip. Advertisement Another Medieval instrument was the recorder which retained its form throughout history.
The gemshorn is another instrument quite similar to the recorder but has finger holes in front. Medieval music also used a lot of string instruments such as the mandore, gittern and psaltery. Dulcimers on the other hand, were invented in the 14th century as technology enabled the creation of metal strings.
This instrument operates similar to the psaltery. Types of Medieval Music Ballad is a common type of medieval music. Despite being a dark era, the middle ages were rich in musical influences.
In Europe, there were people who made a living from singing and playing musical instruments. These people went to big houses to provide entertainment. They were called troubadours or trouveres and they mostly sang this type of music.
Dances are also very common during the middle ages. There were two types of dance: These dances involved medieval music that required playing some of the most popular medieval music instruments.
Church music at that time was also very important and the mass was considered the main form of church music.
However, church music did not involve musical instruments. In fact, instruments were banned in church as the priests wanted it to be serious. The medieval period also had written music, although not very many of them survived the dark times.
These are mostly religious kinds of music written using neumes, a system that shows the pitch with unclear rhythm. Early medieval music Music transcends time. Most historians and scholars would probably agree to that, especially that pin pointing the beginning and origin of medieval music can be a challenge.
Early medieval music usually means western music during the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods. It was a relatively large number of written noted polyphony and non-liturgical songs. Some historians believed that that was the real beginning of medieval music.
Nevertheless, there are also sources of ancient music which some scholars consider as early music. During the early Christian period, traditional Roman melodies were set. And in the dark ages from the 5th to 10th century, these kinds of music were organized into official church music under the reign of Pope Gregory I.
These were more commonly known as Gregorian chant. Late medieval music before the renaissance period The evolution of music began during the late middle ages when musicians started to embellish the chants with parallel melodies. Meanwhile, full polyphonies emerged during the late medieval era, where the lines acquired an independent pitch movement as well as rhythm.
The number of lines also expanded to include three to four-part polyphonies. Eventually, these advances in music lead to the development of non-religious music commonly known as secular music. These are kinds of music that were composed primarily for entertainment purposes. Throughout the middle ages, secular music featured heroic legends and love stories, which were popularized by professional secular musicians generally called the travelling musicians.
What was the most popular medieval music There is no actual record as to what was the most popular kind of music during the medieval ages. However, based from the evolution medieval music, the most prominent forms were the plainchants and the secular music.At the start of the Middle Ages, England was a part of Britannia, a former province of the Roman leslutinsduphoenix.com local economy had once been dominated by imperial Roman spending on a large military establishment, which in turn helped to support a complex network of towns, roads, and villas.
At the end of the 4th century, however, Roman forces had been largely withdrawn, and this economy collapsed. Music Unit 2.
The early Christian church had very little power in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. False. The Church had a lot of power. Which of the following goals are attributed to Charlemagne? Musical instruments in the Renaissance were categorized by the amount of sound they produced.
Test 2 (Middle Age and Renaissance) Study Guide for Test 2. Thomas Connely TCC Southeast Campus.
STUDY. We know from paintings and literary descriptions of the Middle Ages that A. instruments were used. B. trumpets and trombones were prominent. C. the basic scales of western music during the Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages. The tradition of sung prayers and psalms extends into the shadows of early civilization. Such sacred singing was often accompanied by instruments, and its rhythmic character was marked. In the synagogue, however, the sung prayers were often unaccompanied.
Medieval Music. History, Facts and interesting information about Medieval music. Medieval Music The Medieval saw the emergence of great changes in English society including the music played during the Medieval times and era. Updated September JUMP TO: Terms & Glossaries / Timelines / Maps / Feudalism - Daily Life - Carolingian Empire/Charlemagne.
The Crusades - Heraldry - Chivalry - Knighthood / War, Warfare & Weaponry. Important People / Law / Science & Technology /. Castles / Medieval Women / Religion & The Church. The Black Death (Plague). | <urn:uuid:4cc84695-5e03-44d9-b6bb-387cf0e70310> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://livikifotylyx.leslutinsduphoenix.com/the-popular-musical-instruments-during-the-middle-ages-14898fq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.982636 | 1,145 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
0.0778132826089859,
-0.027718685567378998,
0.0978575199842453,
-0.46539974212646484,
-0.09829668700695038,
0.12129884213209152,
-0.627536952495575,
-0.33003032207489014,
0.1795048862695694,
-0.26266515254974365,
-0.204207181930542,
0.21765287220478058,
0.3231878876686096,
0.041353814303874... | 2 | The Domesday Book Music has been a large component of human social interactions, personal expression, and culture throughout recorded history. While many consider the Middle Ages a time of hard work, famine, disease such as the Black Plague, and warfare, music was as alive and important during this period of history as any other. In some cases, music was the only exposure individuals had to artistic expression.
The flute was one of the most favoured medieval musical instruments, It was made of wood instead of metal and was played by blowing into its side or tip. Advertisement Another Medieval instrument was the recorder which retained its form throughout history.
The gemshorn is another instrument quite similar to the recorder but has finger holes in front. Medieval music also used a lot of string instruments such as the mandore, gittern and psaltery. Dulcimers on the other hand, were invented in the 14th century as technology enabled the creation of metal strings.
This instrument operates similar to the psaltery. Types of Medieval Music Ballad is a common type of medieval music. Despite being a dark era, the middle ages were rich in musical influences.
In Europe, there were people who made a living from singing and playing musical instruments. These people went to big houses to provide entertainment. They were called troubadours or trouveres and they mostly sang this type of music.
Dances are also very common during the middle ages. There were two types of dance: These dances involved medieval music that required playing some of the most popular medieval music instruments.
Church music at that time was also very important and the mass was considered the main form of church music.
However, church music did not involve musical instruments. In fact, instruments were banned in church as the priests wanted it to be serious. The medieval period also had written music, although not very many of them survived the dark times.
These are mostly religious kinds of music written using neumes, a system that shows the pitch with unclear rhythm. Early medieval music Music transcends time. Most historians and scholars would probably agree to that, especially that pin pointing the beginning and origin of medieval music can be a challenge.
Early medieval music usually means western music during the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods. It was a relatively large number of written noted polyphony and non-liturgical songs. Some historians believed that that was the real beginning of medieval music.
Nevertheless, there are also sources of ancient music which some scholars consider as early music. During the early Christian period, traditional Roman melodies were set. And in the dark ages from the 5th to 10th century, these kinds of music were organized into official church music under the reign of Pope Gregory I.
These were more commonly known as Gregorian chant. Late medieval music before the renaissance period The evolution of music began during the late middle ages when musicians started to embellish the chants with parallel melodies. Meanwhile, full polyphonies emerged during the late medieval era, where the lines acquired an independent pitch movement as well as rhythm.
The number of lines also expanded to include three to four-part polyphonies. Eventually, these advances in music lead to the development of non-religious music commonly known as secular music. These are kinds of music that were composed primarily for entertainment purposes. Throughout the middle ages, secular music featured heroic legends and love stories, which were popularized by professional secular musicians generally called the travelling musicians.
What was the most popular medieval music There is no actual record as to what was the most popular kind of music during the medieval ages. However, based from the evolution medieval music, the most prominent forms were the plainchants and the secular music.At the start of the Middle Ages, England was a part of Britannia, a former province of the Roman leslutinsduphoenix.com local economy had once been dominated by imperial Roman spending on a large military establishment, which in turn helped to support a complex network of towns, roads, and villas.
At the end of the 4th century, however, Roman forces had been largely withdrawn, and this economy collapsed. Music Unit 2.
The early Christian church had very little power in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. False. The Church had a lot of power. Which of the following goals are attributed to Charlemagne? Musical instruments in the Renaissance were categorized by the amount of sound they produced.
Test 2 (Middle Age and Renaissance) Study Guide for Test 2. Thomas Connely TCC Southeast Campus.
STUDY. We know from paintings and literary descriptions of the Middle Ages that A. instruments were used. B. trumpets and trombones were prominent. C. the basic scales of western music during the Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages. The tradition of sung prayers and psalms extends into the shadows of early civilization. Such sacred singing was often accompanied by instruments, and its rhythmic character was marked. In the synagogue, however, the sung prayers were often unaccompanied.
Medieval Music. History, Facts and interesting information about Medieval music. Medieval Music The Medieval saw the emergence of great changes in English society including the music played during the Medieval times and era. Updated September JUMP TO: Terms & Glossaries / Timelines / Maps / Feudalism - Daily Life - Carolingian Empire/Charlemagne.
The Crusades - Heraldry - Chivalry - Knighthood / War, Warfare & Weaponry. Important People / Law / Science & Technology /. Castles / Medieval Women / Religion & The Church. The Black Death (Plague). | 1,130 | ENGLISH | 1 |
BOOKⅢ UNIT 14 Lesson 55 Jiangnan Middle School Le Mei
Why could they get good results? They had practiced millions of times before they took part in the games. They had prepared(准备)well before they took part in the games. What can we learn from the heroes? We can do better if we have prepared.
How interesting the journey was !
(buy a pair of leather tennis shoes) She had bought a pair of leather tennis shoes before she went to Beijing. (read a map of Beijing) What had she done before she went to Beijing? She had read a map of Beijing before she went to Beijing. (pack her bag) She had packed her bag before she went to Beijing. (buy a camera) She had bought a camera before she went to Beijing.
B C A E D F G B A E F D G C
A terrible morning got up When she _______(get up) ,her father_______ (be) in the bathroom had been had left When she ____(get )to the bus stop, the bus __ already____ (leave) got When she ______ (get) to school, she realized(意识） she______________ (forget) her school bag . got had forgotten When she ___(get) home ,she realized (意识）she_______(leave)her keys at home got had left got When she____ (get) to school again ,the bell________ (ring). had rung When she _____(come) into the classroom, the teacher ____________(start) teaching. came had started
W e should prepare everything well so that we can do better.
A: What do you want to buy? B: I want to so that . What about you? A: I…..
The color is so bright The jacket looks so warm It cost so little that I bought it. The quality is so good The style is so popular It fits me so well 100yuan
Cameras gloves Books Clothes (B / G)
There will be Olmpic Games in Beijing in 2008. Our country is busy preparing. 1.Search some information about what we had finished by the end of last month. Please list three of them. (use The Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时态) 2.As a Chinese student, What should we prepare now? (use …so that …/…so…that…) | <urn:uuid:0a6a1955-fa6b-4344-9609-c8499cc462c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.slideserve.com/sibyl/book-unit-14-lesson-55-powerpoint-ppt-presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.980683 | 517 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.6144589185714722,
-0.14174896478652954,
0.4060783386230469,
-0.5376174449920654,
0.10704809427261353,
-0.0037088426761329174,
0.48832541704177856,
0.4043160080909729,
-0.12121746689081192,
-0.03375185281038284,
0.30308473110198975,
-0.5431979894638062,
0.15298837423324585,
0.77053916454... | 1 | BOOKⅢ UNIT 14 Lesson 55 Jiangnan Middle School Le Mei
Why could they get good results? They had practiced millions of times before they took part in the games. They had prepared(准备)well before they took part in the games. What can we learn from the heroes? We can do better if we have prepared.
How interesting the journey was !
(buy a pair of leather tennis shoes) She had bought a pair of leather tennis shoes before she went to Beijing. (read a map of Beijing) What had she done before she went to Beijing? She had read a map of Beijing before she went to Beijing. (pack her bag) She had packed her bag before she went to Beijing. (buy a camera) She had bought a camera before she went to Beijing.
B C A E D F G B A E F D G C
A terrible morning got up When she _______(get up) ,her father_______ (be) in the bathroom had been had left When she ____(get )to the bus stop, the bus __ already____ (leave) got When she ______ (get) to school, she realized(意识） she______________ (forget) her school bag . got had forgotten When she ___(get) home ,she realized (意识）she_______(leave)her keys at home got had left got When she____ (get) to school again ,the bell________ (ring). had rung When she _____(come) into the classroom, the teacher ____________(start) teaching. came had started
W e should prepare everything well so that we can do better.
A: What do you want to buy? B: I want to so that . What about you? A: I…..
The color is so bright The jacket looks so warm It cost so little that I bought it. The quality is so good The style is so popular It fits me so well 100yuan
Cameras gloves Books Clothes (B / G)
There will be Olmpic Games in Beijing in 2008. Our country is busy preparing. 1.Search some information about what we had finished by the end of last month. Please list three of them. (use The Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时态) 2.As a Chinese student, What should we prepare now? (use …so that …/…so…that…) | 495 | ENGLISH | 1 |
For as long as we can remember, comets have been one of the natural phenomena outside this world that have managed to fascinate humanity. The famous comet Hale-Bopp, appears under the official name of C/1995 01. This was one of the most seen comets in the world during this last century and at the same time, has been one of the brightest we have been able to observe from earth. In its passage, it could be observed over 18 months, twice as long as the Great Comet of 1811 that could be observed. It has been the furthest from the sun and was called as the Great Comet of 1997. It is a comet that passes around the sun through an elliptical orbit and does so every 2,533 years. It was very close to the earth in 1997.
Comet Hale-Bopp is a comet of enormous dimensions that has managed to be seen worldwide. One of the most notorious and brilliant that passed near the earth in 1997, causing furor in its inhabitants. It is also known as c/1995 01 and appears every 2,533 years.
The comets that we are able to observe have two types of origins. They can happen within the Solar System, or it could be that they form in the Kuiper Belt, which is an icy, flat disc, full of stellar debris: and from this belt, comets are formed with a short cycle or with an orbit of less than 200 years. Long-cycle comets such as Hale-Bopp, emerge from the Oort cloud. It is well known that the comets that are formed within the solar system are full of superstition and scientific interest.
Practically, every year comets are formed, but not all of them can be seen from earth. The comet Hale-Bopp was discovered on June 23, 1995 when it was located at a great distance from the sun, however, from that moment, it was known that it would be a gigantic comet full of brightness that would be seen from earth. It was a comet that had many curiosities, never before had been discovered a comet that was so far away from the sun, its nucleus was the largest of which there is some record and had the possibility of being seen by the whole world.
During the summer of 1996, it began to be visible, then declined in brightness and finally,, in January 1997, it regained all its strength and splendor and illuminated the skies of all cities.
The orbit of the comet Hale-Bopp is of a long period, which means that it lasts approximately 2,533 years. It is not a new comet and forms in the Oort cloud. Its peak near the sun, which is known as perihelion, was reached on April 1, 1997 at 0.914 astronomical units, which is equivalent to approximately 150 million kilometers away. Its orbit is in an inclined position at almost 90 degrees over the Solar System plane, place in which the planets circulate, for this reason, the comet comes from the south, passes over the sun and then returns to its initial point.
This incredible comet made of ice and dust passes through our land approximately every 2,533 years. It is predicted, according to scientists and astronomers, that Comet Hale-Bopp’s next visit will be in 4,520. | <urn:uuid:aa000da9-b8ce-4834-bfd3-8ced972e58f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.euston96.com/en/comet-hale-bopp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.989487 | 679 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
-0.2443370819091797,
0.03404088318347931,
-0.14390145242214203,
-0.10735827684402466,
-0.3023947477340698,
0.18528541922569275,
0.33749064803123474,
0.24706487357616425,
0.02207549847662449,
-0.15538907051086426,
0.39092299342155457,
-0.30043426156044006,
0.2314012497663498,
0.169838428497... | 2 | For as long as we can remember, comets have been one of the natural phenomena outside this world that have managed to fascinate humanity. The famous comet Hale-Bopp, appears under the official name of C/1995 01. This was one of the most seen comets in the world during this last century and at the same time, has been one of the brightest we have been able to observe from earth. In its passage, it could be observed over 18 months, twice as long as the Great Comet of 1811 that could be observed. It has been the furthest from the sun and was called as the Great Comet of 1997. It is a comet that passes around the sun through an elliptical orbit and does so every 2,533 years. It was very close to the earth in 1997.
Comet Hale-Bopp is a comet of enormous dimensions that has managed to be seen worldwide. One of the most notorious and brilliant that passed near the earth in 1997, causing furor in its inhabitants. It is also known as c/1995 01 and appears every 2,533 years.
The comets that we are able to observe have two types of origins. They can happen within the Solar System, or it could be that they form in the Kuiper Belt, which is an icy, flat disc, full of stellar debris: and from this belt, comets are formed with a short cycle or with an orbit of less than 200 years. Long-cycle comets such as Hale-Bopp, emerge from the Oort cloud. It is well known that the comets that are formed within the solar system are full of superstition and scientific interest.
Practically, every year comets are formed, but not all of them can be seen from earth. The comet Hale-Bopp was discovered on June 23, 1995 when it was located at a great distance from the sun, however, from that moment, it was known that it would be a gigantic comet full of brightness that would be seen from earth. It was a comet that had many curiosities, never before had been discovered a comet that was so far away from the sun, its nucleus was the largest of which there is some record and had the possibility of being seen by the whole world.
During the summer of 1996, it began to be visible, then declined in brightness and finally,, in January 1997, it regained all its strength and splendor and illuminated the skies of all cities.
The orbit of the comet Hale-Bopp is of a long period, which means that it lasts approximately 2,533 years. It is not a new comet and forms in the Oort cloud. Its peak near the sun, which is known as perihelion, was reached on April 1, 1997 at 0.914 astronomical units, which is equivalent to approximately 150 million kilometers away. Its orbit is in an inclined position at almost 90 degrees over the Solar System plane, place in which the planets circulate, for this reason, the comet comes from the south, passes over the sun and then returns to its initial point.
This incredible comet made of ice and dust passes through our land approximately every 2,533 years. It is predicted, according to scientists and astronomers, that Comet Hale-Bopp’s next visit will be in 4,520. | 736 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The operations for the purpose of maintaining peace during the critical period of the Cold war lasted, according to a cautious reckon, from 1960 to 1978. It is also argued by the analysts that main cause of the failure of the UN during the period of cold war was owing to the reason that the operations to maintain peace were an instance of ‘hastily organized responses’ to the crucial situations in which the large countries of the world had plunged, moreover the operations lacked proper planning that could have helped in manipulating tensions. In addition the peacekeeping appeared to have lacked clearly defined purposes by the UN as well as the absence of proper assertion of the authority.
However in the discussion of the role of the UN one cannot ignore the role played by the countries that were the members of the UN during the era of the Cold war. Not only large countries such as Australia or Denmark were in the UN but small countries as Nepal, Ghana and Pakistan were also a part of the UN besides other countries.
Another important fact of the Cold war era, upon which the successes and failures of the UN must depend, was the existence of various factors that had profound impact on the development or failure of the process of maintaining peace. One of these factors was the extent to which the countries included in the UN were commited to the cause of maintaining peace. Another factor was the quality of the armed forces while the ‘availability of equipment’ was also an important factor. Moreover some of the members earned both positive and negative credit for the contributions they had towards making the aim of the UN possible.
Same as 9(24)
Same as 9(24)
This is just a sample term paper for marketing purposes. If you want to order term papers, essays, research papers, dissertations, case study, book reports, reviews etc. Please access the order form. | <urn:uuid:bef08b8f-89fe-4ee3-bf6c-ac5d06d32d46> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://termpaperqueen.com/essay-causes-of-failure-of-the-un-in-the-cold-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.982669 | 375 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
-0.5990139245986938,
0.2738875150680542,
0.45377883315086365,
-0.38548606634140015,
0.23910243809223175,
0.23390613496303558,
0.6323753595352173,
-0.1224890723824501,
-0.2746548056602478,
0.2630345821380615,
0.08091732114553452,
-0.11815949529409409,
0.7425707578659058,
0.5499722957611084,... | 8 | The operations for the purpose of maintaining peace during the critical period of the Cold war lasted, according to a cautious reckon, from 1960 to 1978. It is also argued by the analysts that main cause of the failure of the UN during the period of cold war was owing to the reason that the operations to maintain peace were an instance of ‘hastily organized responses’ to the crucial situations in which the large countries of the world had plunged, moreover the operations lacked proper planning that could have helped in manipulating tensions. In addition the peacekeeping appeared to have lacked clearly defined purposes by the UN as well as the absence of proper assertion of the authority.
However in the discussion of the role of the UN one cannot ignore the role played by the countries that were the members of the UN during the era of the Cold war. Not only large countries such as Australia or Denmark were in the UN but small countries as Nepal, Ghana and Pakistan were also a part of the UN besides other countries.
Another important fact of the Cold war era, upon which the successes and failures of the UN must depend, was the existence of various factors that had profound impact on the development or failure of the process of maintaining peace. One of these factors was the extent to which the countries included in the UN were commited to the cause of maintaining peace. Another factor was the quality of the armed forces while the ‘availability of equipment’ was also an important factor. Moreover some of the members earned both positive and negative credit for the contributions they had towards making the aim of the UN possible.
Same as 9(24)
Same as 9(24)
This is just a sample term paper for marketing purposes. If you want to order term papers, essays, research papers, dissertations, case study, book reports, reviews etc. Please access the order form. | 377 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Gandhiji was a great social reformer. He worked hard to improve the life of women and the downtrodden. He advocated social justice and equality. He criticised casteism, untouchability, pardah system, child marriage, etc. He promoted women education. He called the untouchables harijan. His approach to various problems was non-violent. He was a great man of action. He taught the Indians the value of working with their own hands. He taught us the dignity of labour. He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. When there were communal riots in different parts of the country, he risked his life to restore peace there. He was an apostle of peace. He was a friend of all and enemy of none. He was a God-fearing person.
Mahatma Gandhi’s life is an example of peace, dedication, sacrifice and devotion. He was an ardent patriot. He is fondly called Bapu. He is also known as Father of Nation. His birthday on 2nd October is celebrated as national festival every year. This great soul of peace and love was shot dead by a frantic Hindu Nathuram Godse on 30th January 1948. His death was a big national loss. It created a vacuum in the life of the nation. His life and teaching has lasting impressions on the mind of the people. Jawaharlal Nehru called him as the ‘Light of the Nation’. | <urn:uuid:75a0cfad-60e2-4369-b0ff-acc2a3dc54a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/essay-on-the-biography-of-mahatma-gandhi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.987938 | 297 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
0.11105620115995407,
0.9579601287841797,
-0.17307500541210175,
-0.10005223006010056,
-0.24103623628616333,
0.16616392135620117,
0.8120931386947632,
0.22348734736442566,
-0.21820449829101562,
-0.07616512477397919,
-0.01476573571562767,
-0.08504992723464966,
0.4094528257846832,
0.38413673639... | 2 | Gandhiji was a great social reformer. He worked hard to improve the life of women and the downtrodden. He advocated social justice and equality. He criticised casteism, untouchability, pardah system, child marriage, etc. He promoted women education. He called the untouchables harijan. His approach to various problems was non-violent. He was a great man of action. He taught the Indians the value of working with their own hands. He taught us the dignity of labour. He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. When there were communal riots in different parts of the country, he risked his life to restore peace there. He was an apostle of peace. He was a friend of all and enemy of none. He was a God-fearing person.
Mahatma Gandhi’s life is an example of peace, dedication, sacrifice and devotion. He was an ardent patriot. He is fondly called Bapu. He is also known as Father of Nation. His birthday on 2nd October is celebrated as national festival every year. This great soul of peace and love was shot dead by a frantic Hindu Nathuram Godse on 30th January 1948. His death was a big national loss. It created a vacuum in the life of the nation. His life and teaching has lasting impressions on the mind of the people. Jawaharlal Nehru called him as the ‘Light of the Nation’. | 298 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Guildford Dudley was born to John Dudley and Jane Guildford.
1540 (25th around)
Guildford and his twelve brothers and sisters were given a Protestant, humanist education.
1544 (7th February)
1547 (28th January)
King Henry VIII died at Whitehall Palace in the early hours of the morning. He was succeeded by his son as King Edward VI. Edward’s maternal uncle, Edward Seymour declared himself ‘Protector of all the Realm and Dominions of the King’s Majesty’.
1547 (20th February)
Edward was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. After the ceremony a banquet was held in Westminster Hall.
1549 (11th October)
Edward Seymour, Lord Somerset, Protector of England, was arrested by the Council.
Guildford’s father, John Dudley, a member of the Council realised that England could not afford to continue war with France and sent a delegation to negotiate peace.
John Dudley, Earl of Warwick became leader of the Council.
John Dudley became Duke of Northumberland.
Guildford’s father tried to arrange a marriage between Guildford and Margaret Clifford.
King Edward was taken ill with smallpox. He survived but was weakened by the disease.
Edward was taken ill again and it became clear that he was dying.
Guildford was engaged to Lady Jane Grey
, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s younger sister, Mary.
1553 (25th May)
Guildford married Lady Jane Grey at Durham House. In the same ceremony, his sister Katherine married Henry Hastings and Jane’s sister, Katherine, married Lord Herbert.
Devise for the Succession
Edward opposed the succession of either of his half-sisters due to their illegitimacy and Mary’s Catholicism. This document passed the succession to Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s younger sister, Mary in the event of there being no legitimate male heir on his death.
1553 (15th June)
Edward summoned his leading councillors and made them sign a declaration to uphold the Devise for the Succession on his death.
1553 (6th July)
1553 (10th July)
Guildford’s wife, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England. She and Guildford entered the Tower of London to await their coronation. However, Jane declared that she would not allow Guildford to be King and that he would be given the title Duke of Clarence. Guildford was angry and isolated himself from Jane.
1553 (10th July)
Henry VIII’s eldest daughter, Mary Tudor, sent a letter to the Council saying that by the terms of the Act of Succession of 1544 she was now queen. She called for their obedience and loyalty.
1553 (11th July)
Mary Tudor, left Hunsdon and rode to East Anglia where she called for support.
1553 (14th July)
The Duke of Northumberland left London at the head of a force to capture Mary Tudor. However, after he had left London the Privy Council, seeing that popular support was for Mary, decided to support Mary’s claim.
1553 (19th July)
Mary Tudor, was proclaimed Queen.
1553 (19th July)
Jane and her husband were arrested on a charge of treason. Guildford was imprisoned in the Bell Tower while Jane was imprisoned in the Gentleman Gaoler’s Quarters of the Tower of London.
Guildford’s younger brother, Robert, was arrested and joined Guildford in the Bell Tower.
1553 (8th August)
King Edward VI was buried in the Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey.
1553 (22nd August)
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, was executed.
1553 (13th November)
Jane was tried for high treason. She pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death. The date of her execution was not set because Mary believed that she and her husband were innocent parties in a plot by Northumberland to take control of the throne and she remained imprisoned in the Gentleman Gaoler’s Quarters of the Tower of London.
Thomas Wyatt organised a rebellion against Queen Mary’s plans to marry King Philip of Spain
. He was supported by Jane’s father, the duke of Suffolk. The rebellion was suppressed but Mary decide she had no choice but to execute Jane and Guildford Dudley to prevent them becoming a focus for further anti-Catholic rebellions.
1554 (12th February)
Guildford was beheaded on Tower Hill, London. | <urn:uuid:57cfdb85-fb5f-4a93-90be-1aea274d31f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.totallytimelines.com/guildford-dudley-1535-1554/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.984172 | 981 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
-0.056742917746305466,
0.252178430557251,
0.0980135127902031,
-0.6037909984588623,
-0.09784703701734543,
0.14144650101661682,
0.3010329604148865,
-0.2569429874420166,
0.2967638373374939,
0.16766513884067535,
-0.07184964418411255,
-0.45773857831954956,
0.13503623008728027,
-0.12688758969306... | 1 | Guildford Dudley was born to John Dudley and Jane Guildford.
1540 (25th around)
Guildford and his twelve brothers and sisters were given a Protestant, humanist education.
1544 (7th February)
1547 (28th January)
King Henry VIII died at Whitehall Palace in the early hours of the morning. He was succeeded by his son as King Edward VI. Edward’s maternal uncle, Edward Seymour declared himself ‘Protector of all the Realm and Dominions of the King’s Majesty’.
1547 (20th February)
Edward was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. After the ceremony a banquet was held in Westminster Hall.
1549 (11th October)
Edward Seymour, Lord Somerset, Protector of England, was arrested by the Council.
Guildford’s father, John Dudley, a member of the Council realised that England could not afford to continue war with France and sent a delegation to negotiate peace.
John Dudley, Earl of Warwick became leader of the Council.
John Dudley became Duke of Northumberland.
Guildford’s father tried to arrange a marriage between Guildford and Margaret Clifford.
King Edward was taken ill with smallpox. He survived but was weakened by the disease.
Edward was taken ill again and it became clear that he was dying.
Guildford was engaged to Lady Jane Grey
, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s younger sister, Mary.
1553 (25th May)
Guildford married Lady Jane Grey at Durham House. In the same ceremony, his sister Katherine married Henry Hastings and Jane’s sister, Katherine, married Lord Herbert.
Devise for the Succession
Edward opposed the succession of either of his half-sisters due to their illegitimacy and Mary’s Catholicism. This document passed the succession to Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s younger sister, Mary in the event of there being no legitimate male heir on his death.
1553 (15th June)
Edward summoned his leading councillors and made them sign a declaration to uphold the Devise for the Succession on his death.
1553 (6th July)
1553 (10th July)
Guildford’s wife, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England. She and Guildford entered the Tower of London to await their coronation. However, Jane declared that she would not allow Guildford to be King and that he would be given the title Duke of Clarence. Guildford was angry and isolated himself from Jane.
1553 (10th July)
Henry VIII’s eldest daughter, Mary Tudor, sent a letter to the Council saying that by the terms of the Act of Succession of 1544 she was now queen. She called for their obedience and loyalty.
1553 (11th July)
Mary Tudor, left Hunsdon and rode to East Anglia where she called for support.
1553 (14th July)
The Duke of Northumberland left London at the head of a force to capture Mary Tudor. However, after he had left London the Privy Council, seeing that popular support was for Mary, decided to support Mary’s claim.
1553 (19th July)
Mary Tudor, was proclaimed Queen.
1553 (19th July)
Jane and her husband were arrested on a charge of treason. Guildford was imprisoned in the Bell Tower while Jane was imprisoned in the Gentleman Gaoler’s Quarters of the Tower of London.
Guildford’s younger brother, Robert, was arrested and joined Guildford in the Bell Tower.
1553 (8th August)
King Edward VI was buried in the Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey.
1553 (22nd August)
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, was executed.
1553 (13th November)
Jane was tried for high treason. She pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death. The date of her execution was not set because Mary believed that she and her husband were innocent parties in a plot by Northumberland to take control of the throne and she remained imprisoned in the Gentleman Gaoler’s Quarters of the Tower of London.
Thomas Wyatt organised a rebellion against Queen Mary’s plans to marry King Philip of Spain
. He was supported by Jane’s father, the duke of Suffolk. The rebellion was suppressed but Mary decide she had no choice but to execute Jane and Guildford Dudley to prevent them becoming a focus for further anti-Catholic rebellions.
1554 (12th February)
Guildford was beheaded on Tower Hill, London. | 945 | ENGLISH | 1 |
|Value||1 cent (.01 U.S. dollars)|
|Years of minting||1854–1856 (patterns only)|
1857–1858 (regular issues)
|Mint marks||None. Struck at the Philadelphia Mint without mint mark.|
|Design||Eagle in flight|
|Designer||James B. Longacre|
|Design||Denomination enclosed by wreath|
|Designer||James B. Longacre|
The Flying Eagle cent is a one-cent piece struck by the Mint of the United States as a pattern coin in 1856 and for circulation in 1857 and 1858. The coin was designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre, with the eagle in flight based on the work of Longacre's predecessor, Christian Gobrecht.
By the early 1850s, the large cent (about the size of a half dollar) being issued by the Mint was becoming both unpopular in commerce and expensive to coin. After experimenting with various sizes and compositions, the Mint decided on an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel for a new, smaller cent. After the Mint produced patterns with an 1856 date and gave them to legislators and officials, Congress formally authorized the new piece in February 1857.
The new cent was issued in exchange for the worn Spanish colonial silver coin that had circulated in the U.S. until then, as well as for its larger predecessor. So many cents were issued that they choked commercial channels, especially as they were not legal tender and no one had to take them. The eagle design did not strike well, and was replaced in 1859 by Longacre's Indian Head cent.
The cent was the first official United States coin to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint in 1793. These pieces, today known as large cents, were made of pure copper and were about the size of a half dollar. They were struck every year, except 1815 due to a shortage of metal, but were slow to become established in commerce. Worn Spanish colonial silver pieces were then commonly used as money throughout the United States. At the time, both gold and silver were legal tender there, but copper coins were not; the federal government would not redeem them or take them in payment of taxes.
The Mint then struck silver or gold in response to deposits by those holding bullion, and made little profit from those transactions. By the 1840s, profits, or seignorage, from monetizing copper into cents helped fund the Mint. In 1849, copper prices rose sharply, causing the Department of the Treasury to investigate possible alternatives to the large one-cent pieces. The cent was unpopular in trade; as it was not a legal tender, nobody had to take it, and banks and merchants often refused it. The cent was disliked for its large size as well. In 1837, the eccentric New York chemist Lewis Feuchtwanger had experimented with a smaller cent size in making model coins as part of a plan to sell his alloy (similar to base-metal German silver) to the government for use in coinage. His pieces circulated as hard times tokens in the recession years of the late 1830s and early 1840s.
By 1850, it was no longer profitable for the Mint to strike cents, and on May 14, New York Senator Daniel S. Dickinson introduced legislation for a cent made out of billon, copper with a small amount of silver. At the time, it was widely felt that coins should contain a large proportion of their face value in metal. The coin would be annular; that is, it would have a hole in the middle. The Mint struck experimental pieces, and found that it was difficult to eject such pieces from the presses where they were struck, and that it was expensive to recover the silver from the alloy. Provisions for a smaller cent were dropped from the legislation that gave congressional approval for the three-cent piece in 1851. Numismatic historian Walter Breen suggested that one factor in rejecting the holed coins was that they reminded many of Chinese cash coins with their minimal purchasing value. A drop in copper prices in 1851 and early 1852 made the matter of a smaller cent less urgent at the Department of the Treasury, which supervised Mint activities.
Copper prices resurged in late 1852 and into 1853 past the $0.40 per pound that the Mint viewed as the break-even point for cent manufacture after considering the cost of production; 1 pound (0.45 kg) of copper made 42⅔ large cents. In 1853, patterns using a base-metal alloy were struck using a quarter eagle obverse die, about the size of a dime. Some of the proposed alloys contained the metal nickel. Also considered for use in the cent was "French bronze" (95% copper with the remainder tin and zinc)[a] and various varieties of German silver. In his 1854 annual report, Mint Director James Ross Snowden advocated the issue of small, bronze cents, as well as the elimination of the half cent, which he described as useless in commerce. A number of pattern cents were struck in 1854 and 1855. These featured various designs, including several depictions of Liberty and two adaptations of work by the late Mint chief engraver Christian Gobrecht: one showing a seated Liberty, which Gobrecht had placed on the silver coins in the 1830s, and another of a flying eagle, which Gobrecht had created based upon a sketch by Titian Peale.
In early 1856, Snowden proposed legislation to allow him to issue a smaller cent, but leaving the size and metallic composition up to him and Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie. Under the plan, the new piece would be legal tender, up to ten cents. It would be issued in exchange for the old Spanish silver still circulating in the United States. In the exchange, the Spanish silver would be given full value (12½ cents per real, or bit) when normally such pieces traded at about a 20% discount due to wear. The loss the government would take on the trade would be paid for by the seignorage on the base-metal pieces. The new cents would also be issued for the old cents, and in exchange for the same value in half cents—that denomination was to be discontinued. The bill was introduced in the Senate on March 25, 1856. The old cent weighed 168 grains (10.9 g); on April 16, the bill was amended to provide for a cent of at least 95% copper weighing at least 96 grains (6.2 g) and passed the Senate in that form.
While the legislation was being considered, Mint Melter and Refiner James Curtis Booth was conducting experiments on alloys that might be appropriate for the new cent. In July 1856, Snowden wrote to Guthrie, proposing an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel as ideal and suggesting amendments to the pending bill that would accomplish this. Booth also wrote to Guthrie to boost the alloy; both men proposed a weight of 72 grains (4.7 g) as convenient as 80 cents would equal a troy pound (373 g), although the avoirdupois pound (454 g) was more commonly used for base metals.
The Mint's chief engraver, James B. Longacre, was instructed to prepare designs for pattern coins. Initially, Longacre worked with Liberty head designs such as were common at the time, but Snowden asked that a flying eagle design be prepared. This occurred as Booth's experiments continued; the first cent patterns with the flying eagle design were about the size of a quarter. To promote the new alloy, the Mint had 50 half cents struck in it, and had them sent to Washington for Treasury officials to show to officials and congressmen. In early November 1856, Longacre prepared dies in what would prove to be the final design, depicting a flying eagle on the obverse and a wreathed denomination on the reverse, in the size sought by Booth.
The Mint struck at least several hundred patterns using Longacre's flying eagle design in the proposed composition. In an effort to secure public acceptance of the new pieces, these were distributed to various congressmen and other officials, initially in November 1856. Two hundred were sent to the House Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, while four were given to President Franklin Pierce. At least 634 specimens were distributed, and possibly several thousand; extra were available on request. This was the origin of the highly collectable 1856 Flying Eagle cent, which is considered by numismatists as part of the Flying Eagle series although it was actually a pattern or transition piece, not an official coin, as congressional approval had not yet been granted. Additional 1856 small cents were later struck by Snowden for illicit sale, and to exchange for pieces the Mint sought for its coin collection.
In December 1856, Snowden wrote to Missouri Representative John S. Phelps, hoping for progress with the legislation, and stating that he was already "pressed on all hands, and from every quarter, for the new cent—in fact, the public are very anxious for its issue". When the legislation, amended to include the weight and alloy the Mint had decided on, was debated in the House of Representatives on December 24, it was opposed by Tennessee Congressman George Washington Jones over the legal tender provision; Jones felt that under the Constitution's Contract Clause, only gold and silver should be made legal tender. Phelps defended the bill on the ground that Congress had the constitutional power to regulate the value of money, but when the bill was brought back up to be considered on January 14, 1857, the legal tender provision had been removed. This time, the bill was opposed by New York Congressman Thomas R. Whitney, who objected to a provision in the bill that legalized the Mint's practice of designing and striking medals commissioned by the public, feeling that the government should not compete with private medallists. The provision was removed, and the bill passed the following day. The House version was then considered by the Senate, which debated it on February 4, and passed it with a further amendment allowing the redemption of the Spanish coins for a minimum of two years. The House agreed to this on February 18, and President Pierce signed the bill on the 21st. The act made foreign gold and silver coins no longer legal tender, but Spanish dollars were redeemable at their nominal value for two years in exchange for the new copper-nickel cents. The half cent was abolished. The new pieces would be the same size (19 mm), though somewhat heavier, than cents are today.
In anticipation of the success of the legislation, most of the 333,456 large cents struck in 1857 never left the Philadelphia Mint, and were later melted. Snowden purchased a new set of rollers and other equipment so that the Mint could produce its own cent planchets, the first time it had done so in over 50 years. Although the legislation was still a day from final passage, Snowden recommended Longacre's designs to Guthrie on February 20. Guthrie approved them on the 24th, though he requested that the edge of the coin be made less sharp; Snowden promised to comply. Flying Eagle cents were struck beginning in April 1857 and were held pending official release. The Mint stored the pieces pending accumulation of a sufficient supply; in mid-May, Snowden notified Philadelphia newspapers that distribution would begin on May 25.
Longacre's obverse of an eagle in flight is based on that of the Gobrecht dollar, struck in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. Although Gobrecht's model is not known with certainty, some sources state that the bird in flight was based on Peter the eagle, a tame bird fed by Mint workers in the early 1830s until it was caught up in machinery and killed. The bird was stuffed, and is still displayed at the Philadelphia Mint.
Despite its derivative nature, Longacre's eagle has been widely admired. According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule in his book on U.S. coins, the flying eagle motif, when used in the 1830s, was "the first numismatic bird that could be said to derive from nature rather than from colonial carving or heraldry". Vermeule described the Flying Eagle cent's replacement, the Indian Head cent, as "far less attractive to the eye than the Peale-Gobrecht flying eagle and its variants". Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, when commissioned in 1905 to provide new designs for American coinage, sought to return a flying eagle design to the cent, writing to President Theodore Roosevelt, "I am using a flying eagle, a modification of the device which was used on the cent of 1857. I had not seen that coin for many years, and was so impressed by it that I thought if carried out with some modifications, nothing better could be done. It is by all odds the best design on any American coin." Saint-Gaudens did return the flying eagle to American coinage, but his design was used for the reverse of the double eagle rather than the cent.
The wreath on the reverse is also derivative, having been previously used on Longacre's Type II gold dollar of 1854, and the three-dollar piece of the same year. It is composed of leaves of wheat, corn, cotton and tobacco, thus including produce associated with both the North and the South. The cotton leaves are sometimes said to be maple leaves; the two types are not dissimilar, and maple leaves are more widely known than cotton leaves. An ear of corn is also visible.
The Philadelphia Mint released the new cents to the public on May 25, 1857. In anticipation of large popular demand, Mint authorities built a temporary wooden structure in the courtyard of the Philadelphia facility. On the morning of the date of release, hundreds of people queued, one line for those exchanging Spanish silver for cents, the other for those bringing in old copper cents and half cents. From 9 am, clerks paid out cents for the old pieces; outside the Mint precincts, early purchasers sold the new cents at a premium. Snowden wrote to Guthrie, "the demand for them is enormous … we had on hand this morning $30,000 worth, that is three million pieces. Nearly all of this amount will be paid out today." The 1856 specimen became publicly known about the time of issuance, and had the public checking their pocket change; 1856 small cents sold for as much as $2 by 1859. The public interest in the new cents set off a coin collecting boom: in addition to seeking the rare 1856 cent, some tried to collect sets of large cents back to 1793, and found they would have to pay a premium for the rarer dates.
The Mint had trouble striking the new design. This was due to the hard copper-nickel alloy and the fact that the eagle on one side of the piece was directly opposite parts of the reverse design; efforts to bring out the design more fully led to increased die breakage. Many Flying Eagle cents show weaknesses, especially at the eagle's head and tail, which are opposite the wreath. In 1857, Snowden suggested the replacement of the eagle with a head of Christopher Columbus. Longacre replied that as there had been objections to proposals to place George Washington on the coinage, there would also be opposition to a Columbus design. Despite the difficulties, the 17,450,000 Flying Eagle cents struck at Philadelphia in 1857 constituted the greatest production of a single coin in a year at a U.S. mint to that time.
In 1858, the Mint tried to alleviate the breakage problem using a new version of the cent with a shallower relief. This attempt led to the major variety of the series, as coins of the revised version have smaller letters in the inscriptions than those struck earlier. The two varieties are about equally common, and were probably struck side by side for some period as the Mint used up older dies. Efforts to conserve dies were the probable cause of another variety, the 1858/7, as 1857-dated dies were overstruck to allow them to be used in the new year.
The Mint prepared pattern coins with a much smaller eagle in 1858, which struck well, but which officials disliked. Snowden directed Longacre to prepare various patterns that he could select from for a new piece to replace the Flying Eagle cent as of January 1, 1859. The Mint produced between 60 and 100 sets of twelve patterns showing various designs; these were circulated to officials and also were quietly sold by the Mint over the next several years. Longacre's design showing Liberty wearing an Indian-style headress was adopted, with a wreath with lower relief for the reverse of the Indian Head cent, solving the metal flow issues. On November 4, 1858, Snowden wrote to the Treasury Department, stating that the Flying Eagle cent had proved "not very acceptable to the general population" as they felt the bird was not true to life, and that the Native American design would "giv[e] it the character of America".
By September 1857, the volume of Spanish silver coming to the Mint had been so large that Snowden gave up the idea of being able to pay for it just with cents, authorizing payment with gold and silver coins. On March 3, 1859, the redemption of the foreign pieces was extended for an additional two years. As commerce was choked with the new cents, Congress repealed this provision in July 1860, though Snowden continued the practice for more than a year without authorization from Congress. Bankers Magazine for October 1861 reported the end of the exchange, and quoted the Philadelphia Press: "the large issue of the new nickel cents has rendered them almost as much of a nuisance as the old Spanish currency." According to Breen, "the foreign silver coins had been legal tender, receivable for all kinds of payments including postage stamps and some taxes; the nickel cents were not. They quickly filled shopkeepers' cashboxes to the exclusion of almost everything else; they began to be legally refused in trade." The glut was ended by the hoarding of all federal coinage in the wake of the economic upset caused by the Civil War.
After the war, the hoarded Flying Eagle cents re-entered circulation. Many remained there only a few years, being pulled out from among the new bronze cents in Treasury Department redemption programs in the 1860s and 1870s—thirteen million copper-nickel cents were retired by exchange for other base-metal coinage. By the 1880s, it was a rarity in circulation. The 2018 edition of R.S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the 1857, 1858 large letters, and 1858 small letters each at $30 in G-4 Good condition, the next to lowest collectable grade (AG-3). The 1856 is $6,500 in that grade, rising to $20,000 in uncirculated MS-63. The 1858/7 starts at $75 in G-4, rising to $11,000 in MS-63. An 1856 cent in MS-66 condition sold at auction in January 2004 for $172,500.
| United States one-cent coin
Indian Head cent | <urn:uuid:f13af8b0-a78e-41e6-a472-227145001271> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wikiredia.info/wiki/Flying_Eagle_cent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.980329 | 3,949 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
-0.17589989304542542,
0.08167301118373871,
0.24648384749889374,
0.048453982919454575,
-0.15795546770095825,
0.2654920816421509,
0.03403792902827263,
0.35545942187309265,
0.10364781320095062,
-0.0018598083406686783,
0.05509672686457634,
0.013081827200949192,
-0.08365358412265778,
0.15690553... | 1 | |Value||1 cent (.01 U.S. dollars)|
|Years of minting||1854–1856 (patterns only)|
1857–1858 (regular issues)
|Mint marks||None. Struck at the Philadelphia Mint without mint mark.|
|Design||Eagle in flight|
|Designer||James B. Longacre|
|Design||Denomination enclosed by wreath|
|Designer||James B. Longacre|
The Flying Eagle cent is a one-cent piece struck by the Mint of the United States as a pattern coin in 1856 and for circulation in 1857 and 1858. The coin was designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre, with the eagle in flight based on the work of Longacre's predecessor, Christian Gobrecht.
By the early 1850s, the large cent (about the size of a half dollar) being issued by the Mint was becoming both unpopular in commerce and expensive to coin. After experimenting with various sizes and compositions, the Mint decided on an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel for a new, smaller cent. After the Mint produced patterns with an 1856 date and gave them to legislators and officials, Congress formally authorized the new piece in February 1857.
The new cent was issued in exchange for the worn Spanish colonial silver coin that had circulated in the U.S. until then, as well as for its larger predecessor. So many cents were issued that they choked commercial channels, especially as they were not legal tender and no one had to take them. The eagle design did not strike well, and was replaced in 1859 by Longacre's Indian Head cent.
The cent was the first official United States coin to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint in 1793. These pieces, today known as large cents, were made of pure copper and were about the size of a half dollar. They were struck every year, except 1815 due to a shortage of metal, but were slow to become established in commerce. Worn Spanish colonial silver pieces were then commonly used as money throughout the United States. At the time, both gold and silver were legal tender there, but copper coins were not; the federal government would not redeem them or take them in payment of taxes.
The Mint then struck silver or gold in response to deposits by those holding bullion, and made little profit from those transactions. By the 1840s, profits, or seignorage, from monetizing copper into cents helped fund the Mint. In 1849, copper prices rose sharply, causing the Department of the Treasury to investigate possible alternatives to the large one-cent pieces. The cent was unpopular in trade; as it was not a legal tender, nobody had to take it, and banks and merchants often refused it. The cent was disliked for its large size as well. In 1837, the eccentric New York chemist Lewis Feuchtwanger had experimented with a smaller cent size in making model coins as part of a plan to sell his alloy (similar to base-metal German silver) to the government for use in coinage. His pieces circulated as hard times tokens in the recession years of the late 1830s and early 1840s.
By 1850, it was no longer profitable for the Mint to strike cents, and on May 14, New York Senator Daniel S. Dickinson introduced legislation for a cent made out of billon, copper with a small amount of silver. At the time, it was widely felt that coins should contain a large proportion of their face value in metal. The coin would be annular; that is, it would have a hole in the middle. The Mint struck experimental pieces, and found that it was difficult to eject such pieces from the presses where they were struck, and that it was expensive to recover the silver from the alloy. Provisions for a smaller cent were dropped from the legislation that gave congressional approval for the three-cent piece in 1851. Numismatic historian Walter Breen suggested that one factor in rejecting the holed coins was that they reminded many of Chinese cash coins with their minimal purchasing value. A drop in copper prices in 1851 and early 1852 made the matter of a smaller cent less urgent at the Department of the Treasury, which supervised Mint activities.
Copper prices resurged in late 1852 and into 1853 past the $0.40 per pound that the Mint viewed as the break-even point for cent manufacture after considering the cost of production; 1 pound (0.45 kg) of copper made 42⅔ large cents. In 1853, patterns using a base-metal alloy were struck using a quarter eagle obverse die, about the size of a dime. Some of the proposed alloys contained the metal nickel. Also considered for use in the cent was "French bronze" (95% copper with the remainder tin and zinc)[a] and various varieties of German silver. In his 1854 annual report, Mint Director James Ross Snowden advocated the issue of small, bronze cents, as well as the elimination of the half cent, which he described as useless in commerce. A number of pattern cents were struck in 1854 and 1855. These featured various designs, including several depictions of Liberty and two adaptations of work by the late Mint chief engraver Christian Gobrecht: one showing a seated Liberty, which Gobrecht had placed on the silver coins in the 1830s, and another of a flying eagle, which Gobrecht had created based upon a sketch by Titian Peale.
In early 1856, Snowden proposed legislation to allow him to issue a smaller cent, but leaving the size and metallic composition up to him and Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie. Under the plan, the new piece would be legal tender, up to ten cents. It would be issued in exchange for the old Spanish silver still circulating in the United States. In the exchange, the Spanish silver would be given full value (12½ cents per real, or bit) when normally such pieces traded at about a 20% discount due to wear. The loss the government would take on the trade would be paid for by the seignorage on the base-metal pieces. The new cents would also be issued for the old cents, and in exchange for the same value in half cents—that denomination was to be discontinued. The bill was introduced in the Senate on March 25, 1856. The old cent weighed 168 grains (10.9 g); on April 16, the bill was amended to provide for a cent of at least 95% copper weighing at least 96 grains (6.2 g) and passed the Senate in that form.
While the legislation was being considered, Mint Melter and Refiner James Curtis Booth was conducting experiments on alloys that might be appropriate for the new cent. In July 1856, Snowden wrote to Guthrie, proposing an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel as ideal and suggesting amendments to the pending bill that would accomplish this. Booth also wrote to Guthrie to boost the alloy; both men proposed a weight of 72 grains (4.7 g) as convenient as 80 cents would equal a troy pound (373 g), although the avoirdupois pound (454 g) was more commonly used for base metals.
The Mint's chief engraver, James B. Longacre, was instructed to prepare designs for pattern coins. Initially, Longacre worked with Liberty head designs such as were common at the time, but Snowden asked that a flying eagle design be prepared. This occurred as Booth's experiments continued; the first cent patterns with the flying eagle design were about the size of a quarter. To promote the new alloy, the Mint had 50 half cents struck in it, and had them sent to Washington for Treasury officials to show to officials and congressmen. In early November 1856, Longacre prepared dies in what would prove to be the final design, depicting a flying eagle on the obverse and a wreathed denomination on the reverse, in the size sought by Booth.
The Mint struck at least several hundred patterns using Longacre's flying eagle design in the proposed composition. In an effort to secure public acceptance of the new pieces, these were distributed to various congressmen and other officials, initially in November 1856. Two hundred were sent to the House Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, while four were given to President Franklin Pierce. At least 634 specimens were distributed, and possibly several thousand; extra were available on request. This was the origin of the highly collectable 1856 Flying Eagle cent, which is considered by numismatists as part of the Flying Eagle series although it was actually a pattern or transition piece, not an official coin, as congressional approval had not yet been granted. Additional 1856 small cents were later struck by Snowden for illicit sale, and to exchange for pieces the Mint sought for its coin collection.
In December 1856, Snowden wrote to Missouri Representative John S. Phelps, hoping for progress with the legislation, and stating that he was already "pressed on all hands, and from every quarter, for the new cent—in fact, the public are very anxious for its issue". When the legislation, amended to include the weight and alloy the Mint had decided on, was debated in the House of Representatives on December 24, it was opposed by Tennessee Congressman George Washington Jones over the legal tender provision; Jones felt that under the Constitution's Contract Clause, only gold and silver should be made legal tender. Phelps defended the bill on the ground that Congress had the constitutional power to regulate the value of money, but when the bill was brought back up to be considered on January 14, 1857, the legal tender provision had been removed. This time, the bill was opposed by New York Congressman Thomas R. Whitney, who objected to a provision in the bill that legalized the Mint's practice of designing and striking medals commissioned by the public, feeling that the government should not compete with private medallists. The provision was removed, and the bill passed the following day. The House version was then considered by the Senate, which debated it on February 4, and passed it with a further amendment allowing the redemption of the Spanish coins for a minimum of two years. The House agreed to this on February 18, and President Pierce signed the bill on the 21st. The act made foreign gold and silver coins no longer legal tender, but Spanish dollars were redeemable at their nominal value for two years in exchange for the new copper-nickel cents. The half cent was abolished. The new pieces would be the same size (19 mm), though somewhat heavier, than cents are today.
In anticipation of the success of the legislation, most of the 333,456 large cents struck in 1857 never left the Philadelphia Mint, and were later melted. Snowden purchased a new set of rollers and other equipment so that the Mint could produce its own cent planchets, the first time it had done so in over 50 years. Although the legislation was still a day from final passage, Snowden recommended Longacre's designs to Guthrie on February 20. Guthrie approved them on the 24th, though he requested that the edge of the coin be made less sharp; Snowden promised to comply. Flying Eagle cents were struck beginning in April 1857 and were held pending official release. The Mint stored the pieces pending accumulation of a sufficient supply; in mid-May, Snowden notified Philadelphia newspapers that distribution would begin on May 25.
Longacre's obverse of an eagle in flight is based on that of the Gobrecht dollar, struck in small quantities from 1836 to 1839. Although Gobrecht's model is not known with certainty, some sources state that the bird in flight was based on Peter the eagle, a tame bird fed by Mint workers in the early 1830s until it was caught up in machinery and killed. The bird was stuffed, and is still displayed at the Philadelphia Mint.
Despite its derivative nature, Longacre's eagle has been widely admired. According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule in his book on U.S. coins, the flying eagle motif, when used in the 1830s, was "the first numismatic bird that could be said to derive from nature rather than from colonial carving or heraldry". Vermeule described the Flying Eagle cent's replacement, the Indian Head cent, as "far less attractive to the eye than the Peale-Gobrecht flying eagle and its variants". Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, when commissioned in 1905 to provide new designs for American coinage, sought to return a flying eagle design to the cent, writing to President Theodore Roosevelt, "I am using a flying eagle, a modification of the device which was used on the cent of 1857. I had not seen that coin for many years, and was so impressed by it that I thought if carried out with some modifications, nothing better could be done. It is by all odds the best design on any American coin." Saint-Gaudens did return the flying eagle to American coinage, but his design was used for the reverse of the double eagle rather than the cent.
The wreath on the reverse is also derivative, having been previously used on Longacre's Type II gold dollar of 1854, and the three-dollar piece of the same year. It is composed of leaves of wheat, corn, cotton and tobacco, thus including produce associated with both the North and the South. The cotton leaves are sometimes said to be maple leaves; the two types are not dissimilar, and maple leaves are more widely known than cotton leaves. An ear of corn is also visible.
The Philadelphia Mint released the new cents to the public on May 25, 1857. In anticipation of large popular demand, Mint authorities built a temporary wooden structure in the courtyard of the Philadelphia facility. On the morning of the date of release, hundreds of people queued, one line for those exchanging Spanish silver for cents, the other for those bringing in old copper cents and half cents. From 9 am, clerks paid out cents for the old pieces; outside the Mint precincts, early purchasers sold the new cents at a premium. Snowden wrote to Guthrie, "the demand for them is enormous … we had on hand this morning $30,000 worth, that is three million pieces. Nearly all of this amount will be paid out today." The 1856 specimen became publicly known about the time of issuance, and had the public checking their pocket change; 1856 small cents sold for as much as $2 by 1859. The public interest in the new cents set off a coin collecting boom: in addition to seeking the rare 1856 cent, some tried to collect sets of large cents back to 1793, and found they would have to pay a premium for the rarer dates.
The Mint had trouble striking the new design. This was due to the hard copper-nickel alloy and the fact that the eagle on one side of the piece was directly opposite parts of the reverse design; efforts to bring out the design more fully led to increased die breakage. Many Flying Eagle cents show weaknesses, especially at the eagle's head and tail, which are opposite the wreath. In 1857, Snowden suggested the replacement of the eagle with a head of Christopher Columbus. Longacre replied that as there had been objections to proposals to place George Washington on the coinage, there would also be opposition to a Columbus design. Despite the difficulties, the 17,450,000 Flying Eagle cents struck at Philadelphia in 1857 constituted the greatest production of a single coin in a year at a U.S. mint to that time.
In 1858, the Mint tried to alleviate the breakage problem using a new version of the cent with a shallower relief. This attempt led to the major variety of the series, as coins of the revised version have smaller letters in the inscriptions than those struck earlier. The two varieties are about equally common, and were probably struck side by side for some period as the Mint used up older dies. Efforts to conserve dies were the probable cause of another variety, the 1858/7, as 1857-dated dies were overstruck to allow them to be used in the new year.
The Mint prepared pattern coins with a much smaller eagle in 1858, which struck well, but which officials disliked. Snowden directed Longacre to prepare various patterns that he could select from for a new piece to replace the Flying Eagle cent as of January 1, 1859. The Mint produced between 60 and 100 sets of twelve patterns showing various designs; these were circulated to officials and also were quietly sold by the Mint over the next several years. Longacre's design showing Liberty wearing an Indian-style headress was adopted, with a wreath with lower relief for the reverse of the Indian Head cent, solving the metal flow issues. On November 4, 1858, Snowden wrote to the Treasury Department, stating that the Flying Eagle cent had proved "not very acceptable to the general population" as they felt the bird was not true to life, and that the Native American design would "giv[e] it the character of America".
By September 1857, the volume of Spanish silver coming to the Mint had been so large that Snowden gave up the idea of being able to pay for it just with cents, authorizing payment with gold and silver coins. On March 3, 1859, the redemption of the foreign pieces was extended for an additional two years. As commerce was choked with the new cents, Congress repealed this provision in July 1860, though Snowden continued the practice for more than a year without authorization from Congress. Bankers Magazine for October 1861 reported the end of the exchange, and quoted the Philadelphia Press: "the large issue of the new nickel cents has rendered them almost as much of a nuisance as the old Spanish currency." According to Breen, "the foreign silver coins had been legal tender, receivable for all kinds of payments including postage stamps and some taxes; the nickel cents were not. They quickly filled shopkeepers' cashboxes to the exclusion of almost everything else; they began to be legally refused in trade." The glut was ended by the hoarding of all federal coinage in the wake of the economic upset caused by the Civil War.
After the war, the hoarded Flying Eagle cents re-entered circulation. Many remained there only a few years, being pulled out from among the new bronze cents in Treasury Department redemption programs in the 1860s and 1870s—thirteen million copper-nickel cents were retired by exchange for other base-metal coinage. By the 1880s, it was a rarity in circulation. The 2018 edition of R.S. Yeoman's A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the 1857, 1858 large letters, and 1858 small letters each at $30 in G-4 Good condition, the next to lowest collectable grade (AG-3). The 1856 is $6,500 in that grade, rising to $20,000 in uncirculated MS-63. The 1858/7 starts at $75 in G-4, rising to $11,000 in MS-63. An 1856 cent in MS-66 condition sold at auction in January 2004 for $172,500.
| United States one-cent coin
Indian Head cent | 4,231 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Equatorial Sextant , also known as Altitude Instrument, was first invented and made by William Austin Burt. He patented it November 4, 1856, in the United States as patent No. 16,002, which was followed by patents in England, France and Belgium. The purpose of this type of sextant was to get an accurate position of a ship at sea. Burt applied the principles of his earlier Solar Compass invention to navigation.
Equatorial sextant Wikipedia
One day in 1851 on a return trip to Philadelphia from Europe Burt intentionally took back to America a slower sailing vessel. He wanted to observe what happened out at sea and took notes on this longer ocean trip. He wanted to apply ideas he had to his Solar Compass invention to make a guide for sailors at sea, like he had done for surveyors in the wilderness. Burt noticed on this six week trip that the captain was misguided by the ship's compass, which caused the ship to go off course several times delaying the arrival. He applied his findings and experiments of this return trip to his Solar Compass with the idea to help navigation. The resulting instrument lived up to his expectations. He had considered labeling the new instrument with the names of "Marine Solar Compass", "Computing Sextant", and "Pantalobe" but settled on "Equatorial Sextant" as the original compass was a derivative of the reflecting sextant. He gave to sailors that had no path a means of navigation, just like he gave to surveyors a path to follow when they had no navigation when their normal instruments failed due to large iron ore deposits.
Shortly after he had designed his Equatorial Sextant he retired as a surveyor to devote his time to teaching the use of this special navigational sextant. He then moved to Detroit for this purpose. Burt & Bailey company of Detroit built Burt's first prototype by the early part of 1855. Burt had obtained an accurate reading within five degrees on board the ship Illinois on its historic first journey through the Soo Canal on June 18, 1855.
In March 1856 Burt sent a sample of one of his Equatorial Sextants to the Navy Department. He sent another sample to the U.S. Coast Guard. They both agreed that Burt's Equatorial Sextant met the purpose of its design. His precision instrument was then finalized and approved on a patent November 15, 1856. Burt envisioned a greater worldwide potential for his nautical instrument than for that of his surveying instrument of the Solar Compass.
Burt instructed lake captains in the use of this new sextant and gave them classes in astronomy and navigation. The captains learned valuable knowledge taught from "old salts" and they were able to make successful winter trips across the Atlantic with just their lake schooners. Burt died, however, two years after he patented the Equatorial Sextant and he was not able to perfect his new navigational aid.
Burt's instrument was used to take azimuths, altitude, time and declination with one observation when properly manipulated. There were two principal rings. The inner latitude ring could rotate 90 degrees inside the outer meridian ring. An azimuth ring was attached to the meridian ring. A ship's bearing was determined by settings of the astronomical triangle consisting of declination, latitude, altitude, hour angle, and azimuth. Three of these were used. The main purpose of Burt's new instrument was to determine the variation of the needle in the magnetic compass for a more accurate reading of a ship's position at sea.
Burt claimed in his patent was he took the common sextant and combined it with his special mechanical techniques of horizontal and equatorial movement settings to obtain latitude, time, azimuth, altitude and declination without having to figure it out mathematically as they were read directly off the instrument. Many problems in nautical astronomy are solved at once with the use of the Equatorial Sextant. It has the capability of reading off the latitude, hour angle, and azimuth without computation thereby eliminating mathematical errors. It can do these readings any time of the day. It is a combination of the reflecting sextant with meridian, azimuth, and hour circles. It is designed to give immediately the azimuth and hour angle by observation of the altitudes of the heavenly bodies. The corresponding angles are read off on the respective circles, thereby giving the position of a ship at sea at once with the use of a marine chronometer. | <urn:uuid:10dede08-dc24-4821-9912-3cbc66fb2156> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://alchetron.com/Equatorial-sextant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.981174 | 939 | 3.984375 | 4 | [
0.003461929038167,
0.26505905389785767,
0.4560794532299042,
-0.6553878784179688,
-0.45970314741134644,
0.2995866537094116,
0.5352742075920105,
0.19582711160182953,
0.22387252748012543,
-0.1746317446231842,
0.08796129375696182,
-0.2070351243019104,
0.18507467210292816,
0.26845601201057434,
... | 2 | The Equatorial Sextant , also known as Altitude Instrument, was first invented and made by William Austin Burt. He patented it November 4, 1856, in the United States as patent No. 16,002, which was followed by patents in England, France and Belgium. The purpose of this type of sextant was to get an accurate position of a ship at sea. Burt applied the principles of his earlier Solar Compass invention to navigation.
Equatorial sextant Wikipedia
One day in 1851 on a return trip to Philadelphia from Europe Burt intentionally took back to America a slower sailing vessel. He wanted to observe what happened out at sea and took notes on this longer ocean trip. He wanted to apply ideas he had to his Solar Compass invention to make a guide for sailors at sea, like he had done for surveyors in the wilderness. Burt noticed on this six week trip that the captain was misguided by the ship's compass, which caused the ship to go off course several times delaying the arrival. He applied his findings and experiments of this return trip to his Solar Compass with the idea to help navigation. The resulting instrument lived up to his expectations. He had considered labeling the new instrument with the names of "Marine Solar Compass", "Computing Sextant", and "Pantalobe" but settled on "Equatorial Sextant" as the original compass was a derivative of the reflecting sextant. He gave to sailors that had no path a means of navigation, just like he gave to surveyors a path to follow when they had no navigation when their normal instruments failed due to large iron ore deposits.
Shortly after he had designed his Equatorial Sextant he retired as a surveyor to devote his time to teaching the use of this special navigational sextant. He then moved to Detroit for this purpose. Burt & Bailey company of Detroit built Burt's first prototype by the early part of 1855. Burt had obtained an accurate reading within five degrees on board the ship Illinois on its historic first journey through the Soo Canal on June 18, 1855.
In March 1856 Burt sent a sample of one of his Equatorial Sextants to the Navy Department. He sent another sample to the U.S. Coast Guard. They both agreed that Burt's Equatorial Sextant met the purpose of its design. His precision instrument was then finalized and approved on a patent November 15, 1856. Burt envisioned a greater worldwide potential for his nautical instrument than for that of his surveying instrument of the Solar Compass.
Burt instructed lake captains in the use of this new sextant and gave them classes in astronomy and navigation. The captains learned valuable knowledge taught from "old salts" and they were able to make successful winter trips across the Atlantic with just their lake schooners. Burt died, however, two years after he patented the Equatorial Sextant and he was not able to perfect his new navigational aid.
Burt's instrument was used to take azimuths, altitude, time and declination with one observation when properly manipulated. There were two principal rings. The inner latitude ring could rotate 90 degrees inside the outer meridian ring. An azimuth ring was attached to the meridian ring. A ship's bearing was determined by settings of the astronomical triangle consisting of declination, latitude, altitude, hour angle, and azimuth. Three of these were used. The main purpose of Burt's new instrument was to determine the variation of the needle in the magnetic compass for a more accurate reading of a ship's position at sea.
Burt claimed in his patent was he took the common sextant and combined it with his special mechanical techniques of horizontal and equatorial movement settings to obtain latitude, time, azimuth, altitude and declination without having to figure it out mathematically as they were read directly off the instrument. Many problems in nautical astronomy are solved at once with the use of the Equatorial Sextant. It has the capability of reading off the latitude, hour angle, and azimuth without computation thereby eliminating mathematical errors. It can do these readings any time of the day. It is a combination of the reflecting sextant with meridian, azimuth, and hour circles. It is designed to give immediately the azimuth and hour angle by observation of the altitudes of the heavenly bodies. The corresponding angles are read off on the respective circles, thereby giving the position of a ship at sea at once with the use of a marine chronometer. | 932 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In fair Garden Suburb...
This term, Year 6 have been studying William Shakespeare. He is a renowned author, well-known for his funny, thrilling and romantic stories. Year 6 first focused on his play, 'The Tempest', where they created character maps in English and painted a dramatic storm scene titled 'Prospero's storm' in art.
They also looked at the story, 'Macbeth'. A workshop relating to this famous tale, took place in the hall where children were able to re-enact scenes from the perspective of different characters. Following these workshops, they were invited to watch a dramatic retelling at the local theatre.
Finally, they looked at 'Romeo and Juliet' and published newspaper articles about a heated fight between the Montagues and Capulets.
Shakespeare's tales have been extremely engaging and the children were excited to learn something new in such a creative way.
- Written by Diya, 6G | <urn:uuid:cb660d1f-8cbd-4f5d-86f3-bdae051c8a19> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.gardensuburbjunior.co.uk/news/?pid=258&nid=2&storyid=126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.982729 | 196 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
-0.05641820281744003,
-0.20376704633235931,
0.8012407422065735,
-0.005463617388159037,
-0.38413670659065247,
0.0014693650882691145,
0.15780924260616302,
0.06630227714776993,
-0.15587444603443146,
-0.18788836896419525,
-0.006836317479610443,
-0.07718751579523087,
-0.35383644700050354,
0.302... | 13 | In fair Garden Suburb...
This term, Year 6 have been studying William Shakespeare. He is a renowned author, well-known for his funny, thrilling and romantic stories. Year 6 first focused on his play, 'The Tempest', where they created character maps in English and painted a dramatic storm scene titled 'Prospero's storm' in art.
They also looked at the story, 'Macbeth'. A workshop relating to this famous tale, took place in the hall where children were able to re-enact scenes from the perspective of different characters. Following these workshops, they were invited to watch a dramatic retelling at the local theatre.
Finally, they looked at 'Romeo and Juliet' and published newspaper articles about a heated fight between the Montagues and Capulets.
Shakespeare's tales have been extremely engaging and the children were excited to learn something new in such a creative way.
- Written by Diya, 6G | 192 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Prejudice is a common problem during the early quarter of the twentieth century. In the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird“ this problem is evident in Maycomb. Boo Radley, Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson are all victims of prejudice, and all three characters are plagued by this. It affects them all differently; crippling them and disabling them from acting as they wish.
In the novel, Boo Radley is a victim of prejudice. Boo Radley is not accepted nor does he fit into Maycomb society because he is different from others. He is not normal so he is punished by a society that is very judgmental. Boo does not act like a normal person. In society, his actions are mysterious and abnormal.
Boo Radley isolates himself from the people of Maycomb. Boo stays inside his home all day and nobody ever sees him. After some trouble with the law, “Mr. Radley’s boy was not seen again for fifteen years”(10). If Boo chooses to go outside, he will be unfairly viewed as a visitor from abroad because of his mysterious ways. Boo stays inside his home because he knows that his society will ridicule him. After being isolated for so many years, Boo is developmentally challenged. Boo has lost his basic social skills and will not survive outside of his home.
Boo is the object of rumors and is viewed as the town’s erratic figure. The town speculates what he does inside his home. People believe that Boo “went out at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows… any stealthy small crimes committed in Maycomb were his work”(9). The town would blame or accuse Boo for any little crime or unexplained phenomenon. Children speculate as well as the adults. The town portrays Boo Radley as a monstrosity in their society when he is just an individual who made mistakes and is a little bit diversified. This is an example of the crippling affect that prejudice has on a person.
Atticus Finch is another victim of prejudice in the novel. After the appointment to defend Tom Robinson, the town exhibits prejudice towards him. The townspeople believe that Atticus should not present a proper defense, but Atticus fully intends to do so because he believes in equal rights and does not believe in prejudice or racism.
The town of Maycomb displays prejudice against Boo Radley, Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson in different ways. They are all indefensible in society and there is nothing they can say or do to prevent discrimination against themselves. By the end of the novel, Maycomb seems to begin a positive change from prejudice. Society is now beginning to understand that Boo, Atticus and Tom’s differences are what give them character and without their differences, life in Maycomb would be monotonous.
...(download the rest of the essay above) | <urn:uuid:ed661de9-7bb1-4c2a-b0c8-c352263b74b7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.essaysauce.com/literature-essays/the-effects-of-prejudice-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.980094 | 590 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
0.177036851644516,
-0.09880362451076508,
-0.05559851974248886,
0.17469951510429382,
0.2495986521244049,
-0.4201705753803253,
0.357125848531723,
0.20296445488929749,
-0.07031543552875519,
-0.21771128475666046,
0.4639758765697479,
-0.3537917733192444,
-0.0224301815032959,
0.00975487381219863... | 3 | Prejudice is a common problem during the early quarter of the twentieth century. In the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird“ this problem is evident in Maycomb. Boo Radley, Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson are all victims of prejudice, and all three characters are plagued by this. It affects them all differently; crippling them and disabling them from acting as they wish.
In the novel, Boo Radley is a victim of prejudice. Boo Radley is not accepted nor does he fit into Maycomb society because he is different from others. He is not normal so he is punished by a society that is very judgmental. Boo does not act like a normal person. In society, his actions are mysterious and abnormal.
Boo Radley isolates himself from the people of Maycomb. Boo stays inside his home all day and nobody ever sees him. After some trouble with the law, “Mr. Radley’s boy was not seen again for fifteen years”(10). If Boo chooses to go outside, he will be unfairly viewed as a visitor from abroad because of his mysterious ways. Boo stays inside his home because he knows that his society will ridicule him. After being isolated for so many years, Boo is developmentally challenged. Boo has lost his basic social skills and will not survive outside of his home.
Boo is the object of rumors and is viewed as the town’s erratic figure. The town speculates what he does inside his home. People believe that Boo “went out at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows… any stealthy small crimes committed in Maycomb were his work”(9). The town would blame or accuse Boo for any little crime or unexplained phenomenon. Children speculate as well as the adults. The town portrays Boo Radley as a monstrosity in their society when he is just an individual who made mistakes and is a little bit diversified. This is an example of the crippling affect that prejudice has on a person.
Atticus Finch is another victim of prejudice in the novel. After the appointment to defend Tom Robinson, the town exhibits prejudice towards him. The townspeople believe that Atticus should not present a proper defense, but Atticus fully intends to do so because he believes in equal rights and does not believe in prejudice or racism.
The town of Maycomb displays prejudice against Boo Radley, Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson in different ways. They are all indefensible in society and there is nothing they can say or do to prevent discrimination against themselves. By the end of the novel, Maycomb seems to begin a positive change from prejudice. Society is now beginning to understand that Boo, Atticus and Tom’s differences are what give them character and without their differences, life in Maycomb would be monotonous.
...(download the rest of the essay above) | 574 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Edward VIII Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, better known as King Edward VIII, was born on June 23, 1894, in Surrey, England. His parents were King George V and Mary of Teck. His siblings were King George VI, Princess Mary (also known as the Countess of Harewood), Prince George (Duke of Kent), Prince Henry (Duke of Gloucester), and Prince John.
In 1911, Edward’s father became the new king of England. It was at this same time that William officially became known as Prince William/ the Prince of Wales. His titled remained this way until his father died.
As a young adult, Edward attended classes at the Osborne Naval College. He later went on to also attend the Royal Naval College (Dartmouth) and Magdalen College (at the University of Oxford).
Early Military Career
Edward’s first experience in the military was shortly before World War I. He joined the Royal Navy in 1911. Many people were worried about this, simply because he was a royal risking his life in the Navy. However, he was not as worried about it.
Edward VIII joined the British Armed forces, and he went on tours in countries all around the world on behalf of his father, King George V, who was the king at the time. During this war, he rose to the ranks, eventually becoming a Captain in the army.
Edward became king in January 1936. He was only the king for eleven months. He abdicated the throne so that he would be allowed to marry a divorced American woman named Wallis Simpson. He was succeeded by his younger brother, King George VI, in December 1936. After he abdicated his throne, his new title became the Duke of Windsor.
Late Military Career
Edward returned to the military during World War II. However, it was rumored that he was a Nazi sympathizer. This was in part because he made trips to Nazi Germany around this time. Because of this, he was assigned to serve as the governor of the Bahamas during the war. While this was not a position a royal would usually take, Edward was happy to go there with his wife. The couple stayed in the Bahamas for about five years. By the end of the war, his military rank had risen to that of Major-General. After this, they moved to France.
Awards And Accomplishments
Most of Edward’s awards and honors are due to his royal status and military career. Some of his most impressive awards and honors are listed below.
Knight of the Garter - 1910Knight of Justice of St. John - 1917
Grand Knight Commander of the Indian Empire - 1921
Knight of the Order of the Seraphim - 1923
Order of Merit, First Class - 1925
Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun - 1931
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Agatha - 1935
Edward met Wallis Simpson in 1931. At the time of their meeting, Wallis was married. However, the two soon became friends, which later led to romance, around 1934. Wallis later became divorced from her husband. Edward intended on marrying her earlier, but many of the royals disapproved of the match, and would not allow the couple to marry while Edward was the king. Because of this, Edward abdicated his throne. Edward married Wallis Simpson in 1937. This couple had no children.
King Edward VIII died on May 28, 1972, in Paris, France. He was 77 years old when he passed away.
The film The King’s Speech is about King Edward VIII.
Edward VI of England
Margaret of Valois
Charles VII of France | <urn:uuid:6d1bfdde-3120-4842-a6d7-baf1f7553fb0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/edward-viii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.989092 | 778 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
-0.2426704466342926,
0.5927339196205139,
0.7340137958526611,
-0.34370696544647217,
-0.21959225833415985,
-0.016374630853533745,
0.7780280709266663,
0.0706501305103302,
0.19267764687538147,
0.108701691031456,
0.16619132459163666,
-0.34164226055145264,
0.26477277278900146,
0.4789333939552307... | 1 | Edward VIII Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Died On :
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, better known as King Edward VIII, was born on June 23, 1894, in Surrey, England. His parents were King George V and Mary of Teck. His siblings were King George VI, Princess Mary (also known as the Countess of Harewood), Prince George (Duke of Kent), Prince Henry (Duke of Gloucester), and Prince John.
In 1911, Edward’s father became the new king of England. It was at this same time that William officially became known as Prince William/ the Prince of Wales. His titled remained this way until his father died.
As a young adult, Edward attended classes at the Osborne Naval College. He later went on to also attend the Royal Naval College (Dartmouth) and Magdalen College (at the University of Oxford).
Early Military Career
Edward’s first experience in the military was shortly before World War I. He joined the Royal Navy in 1911. Many people were worried about this, simply because he was a royal risking his life in the Navy. However, he was not as worried about it.
Edward VIII joined the British Armed forces, and he went on tours in countries all around the world on behalf of his father, King George V, who was the king at the time. During this war, he rose to the ranks, eventually becoming a Captain in the army.
Edward became king in January 1936. He was only the king for eleven months. He abdicated the throne so that he would be allowed to marry a divorced American woman named Wallis Simpson. He was succeeded by his younger brother, King George VI, in December 1936. After he abdicated his throne, his new title became the Duke of Windsor.
Late Military Career
Edward returned to the military during World War II. However, it was rumored that he was a Nazi sympathizer. This was in part because he made trips to Nazi Germany around this time. Because of this, he was assigned to serve as the governor of the Bahamas during the war. While this was not a position a royal would usually take, Edward was happy to go there with his wife. The couple stayed in the Bahamas for about five years. By the end of the war, his military rank had risen to that of Major-General. After this, they moved to France.
Awards And Accomplishments
Most of Edward’s awards and honors are due to his royal status and military career. Some of his most impressive awards and honors are listed below.
Knight of the Garter - 1910Knight of Justice of St. John - 1917
Grand Knight Commander of the Indian Empire - 1921
Knight of the Order of the Seraphim - 1923
Order of Merit, First Class - 1925
Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun - 1931
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Agatha - 1935
Edward met Wallis Simpson in 1931. At the time of their meeting, Wallis was married. However, the two soon became friends, which later led to romance, around 1934. Wallis later became divorced from her husband. Edward intended on marrying her earlier, but many of the royals disapproved of the match, and would not allow the couple to marry while Edward was the king. Because of this, Edward abdicated his throne. Edward married Wallis Simpson in 1937. This couple had no children.
King Edward VIII died on May 28, 1972, in Paris, France. He was 77 years old when he passed away.
The film The King’s Speech is about King Edward VIII.
Edward VI of England
Margaret of Valois
Charles VII of France | 824 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Since water is essential to human life, it would make sense that it would be an important part of human history, but it is surprising how little attention water gets in the historical records. Due to its importance in sustaining life, humans have usually settled near sources of water when possible. This is particularly true of ancient civilizations who relied on a specific source of water.
The Egyptians for example – centered their culture on the Nile River, while other great ancient empires built their civilizations between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the Chinese civilization was primarily located in the Yellow and Yangzi river basins.
History of Water and What Ancient Civilizations Used Water for
There were a few specific reasons (in addition to its ability to sustain life) that civilizations chose to set up camp near water. A main reason was because it provided rapid transportation for trade and travel. Another reason was for exploration. From the 15th century through the 18th century, Europeans explored all major seas and oceans.
Water was also a source of power in the period before the Industrial Revolution. Although steam power lessened the need for water power, it remained an essential component in all types of manufacturing.
Settlers and Finding Water
Jumping ahead a few thousand years to the settlers on this continent, their water history is quite different. When settlers came here to farm the land, they needed water for survival, but there wasn’t a lot of large bodies of water they could use as a water source for their livestock, crops, and themselves.
Although in the 1870s wind-driven pumps were available, they were too expensive for the average settler or colony to buy. And along with being an expensive piece of equipment, they would have to drill 120 feet into the ground to maybe get water, which would be a lot of work, possibly for nothing.
It’s amazing how times have changed when you think of technology now, and how easy it is to find water before drilling, in comparison.
Finding Water the old Fashioned Way
Back in those days, if a farmer or colony could not afford a wind-driven pump they would travel for miles (depending on where they lived) to find a local water supply. Once they found the water supply, they had to fill up buckets and walk back to their home with it.
An Interesting Water Find
An interesting discovery was made in Ontario, Canada in 2012, when water was found in a mine that scientists believe is 2.6 billion years old – the most ancient water cache ever found to date. It’s quite fascinating that water can flow into fractures in rocks and become isolated deep in the crust for many years, serving as a time capsule of what their environments were like at the time they were sealed off.
If you need to find water so you know where to build your well, call American Water Surveyors at 1 (877) 734-7661. We are a premier service provider in the water finding industry – for more information check out our website. | <urn:uuid:a1b2ed6b-dd75-4ef7-b784-e0be84922319> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wefindwater.com/history-of-water-finding-and-an-interesting-water-find-in-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.980516 | 614 | 3.375 | 3 | [
-0.0247427336871624,
0.4381404221057892,
0.47451770305633545,
-0.13838979601860046,
-0.04101687669754028,
-0.3850306272506714,
0.3285250663757324,
0.001220357371494174,
-0.09278836846351624,
0.15105539560317993,
0.022852692753076553,
-0.4484073519706726,
0.014554155990481377,
-0.0802521854... | 3 | Since water is essential to human life, it would make sense that it would be an important part of human history, but it is surprising how little attention water gets in the historical records. Due to its importance in sustaining life, humans have usually settled near sources of water when possible. This is particularly true of ancient civilizations who relied on a specific source of water.
The Egyptians for example – centered their culture on the Nile River, while other great ancient empires built their civilizations between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the Chinese civilization was primarily located in the Yellow and Yangzi river basins.
History of Water and What Ancient Civilizations Used Water for
There were a few specific reasons (in addition to its ability to sustain life) that civilizations chose to set up camp near water. A main reason was because it provided rapid transportation for trade and travel. Another reason was for exploration. From the 15th century through the 18th century, Europeans explored all major seas and oceans.
Water was also a source of power in the period before the Industrial Revolution. Although steam power lessened the need for water power, it remained an essential component in all types of manufacturing.
Settlers and Finding Water
Jumping ahead a few thousand years to the settlers on this continent, their water history is quite different. When settlers came here to farm the land, they needed water for survival, but there wasn’t a lot of large bodies of water they could use as a water source for their livestock, crops, and themselves.
Although in the 1870s wind-driven pumps were available, they were too expensive for the average settler or colony to buy. And along with being an expensive piece of equipment, they would have to drill 120 feet into the ground to maybe get water, which would be a lot of work, possibly for nothing.
It’s amazing how times have changed when you think of technology now, and how easy it is to find water before drilling, in comparison.
Finding Water the old Fashioned Way
Back in those days, if a farmer or colony could not afford a wind-driven pump they would travel for miles (depending on where they lived) to find a local water supply. Once they found the water supply, they had to fill up buckets and walk back to their home with it.
An Interesting Water Find
An interesting discovery was made in Ontario, Canada in 2012, when water was found in a mine that scientists believe is 2.6 billion years old – the most ancient water cache ever found to date. It’s quite fascinating that water can flow into fractures in rocks and become isolated deep in the crust for many years, serving as a time capsule of what their environments were like at the time they were sealed off.
If you need to find water so you know where to build your well, call American Water Surveyors at 1 (877) 734-7661. We are a premier service provider in the water finding industry – for more information check out our website. | 624 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Susan B. Anthony was passionate about women’s rights, abolition, and the temperance movement. Even when she was old, she was full of energy and determination.
- Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts in 1820. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a Quaker. Her mother, Lucy Read, was a Methodist.
- Daniel attended the local Quaker church but he was disliked there because his wife was not a Quaker. The church later disowned him because he held a dance school in his home.
- Susan was the second oldest of seven children. All her family was involved in social causes. Her father was a strong abolitionist. Two of her brothers moved to Kansas to support anti-slavery.
- Daniel encouraged all his children to learn skills and prepare to take care of themselves.
- The family moved to Battenville, New York when Susan was six years old. Daniel managed a cotton mill.
- Susan passed out anti-slavery fliers when she was 16. She also helped with the Underground Railroad.
- At age seventeen, Susan went to a Quaker boarding school in Philadelphia. The school was very strict. She had to leave the school after only one term because her father had lost everything in the Panic of 1837, a financial crisis similar to 2008.
- She became a teacher in a Quaker boarding school to help her family. She discovered there that she earned about a quarter of what the male teachers were paid. She was frustrated and angry by this unfairness.
- The family later moved to a farm in Rochester, New York. There Susan met many other activists, such as Frederick Douglass. Susan ran the family farm for a few years before devoting herself full-time to working on the issues that were important to her.
- In 1851, Susan met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who would become a lifelong friend and work partner. The two would spend many years writing and lecturing together. They worked to end slavery, give women equal rights including the right to vote and equal pay, and outlaw alcohol sales.
- Elizabeth had seven children. Susan often watched the children so Elizabeth could write. Elizabeth developed the ideas and speeches. Susan rented halls, organized events, and gave the speeches.
- Abolitionist: someone who works to end slavery
- Temperance: the movement to end alcohol sales and use
Frequently Asked Questions
Question: Why was drinking alcohol considered so bad?
Answer: Mostly because of laws that discriminated against women. Women could not work or have their own property. Nor could they divorce their husbands. If a man used his paycheck to buy alcohol or abused his wife and children while drunk, women had little choice but to put up with it. Temperance laws were designed to help protect women and children.
Watch a video about Susan B. Anthony.
Cite This Page
You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples:
MLA Style Citation
Declan, Tobin. " Susan B. Anthony - American History ." American History for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2020. < https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/susan-b-anthony/ >.
APA Style Citation
Tobin, Declan. (2020). Susan B. Anthony - American History. American History for Kids. Retrieved from https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/susan-b-anthony/ | <urn:uuid:9311ad02-47c4-4ca4-886e-e27939b08ead> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/susan-b-anthony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.981436 | 722 | 3.53125 | 4 | [
-0.032927073538303375,
0.16951611638069153,
0.29686737060546875,
-0.16704650223255157,
-0.317314088344574,
0.023782549425959587,
0.13636431097984314,
-0.07052254676818848,
-0.5756330490112305,
-0.08174889534711838,
-0.0019511135760694742,
0.21062490344047546,
-0.16078445315361023,
0.170795... | 1 | Susan B. Anthony was passionate about women’s rights, abolition, and the temperance movement. Even when she was old, she was full of energy and determination.
- Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts in 1820. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a Quaker. Her mother, Lucy Read, was a Methodist.
- Daniel attended the local Quaker church but he was disliked there because his wife was not a Quaker. The church later disowned him because he held a dance school in his home.
- Susan was the second oldest of seven children. All her family was involved in social causes. Her father was a strong abolitionist. Two of her brothers moved to Kansas to support anti-slavery.
- Daniel encouraged all his children to learn skills and prepare to take care of themselves.
- The family moved to Battenville, New York when Susan was six years old. Daniel managed a cotton mill.
- Susan passed out anti-slavery fliers when she was 16. She also helped with the Underground Railroad.
- At age seventeen, Susan went to a Quaker boarding school in Philadelphia. The school was very strict. She had to leave the school after only one term because her father had lost everything in the Panic of 1837, a financial crisis similar to 2008.
- She became a teacher in a Quaker boarding school to help her family. She discovered there that she earned about a quarter of what the male teachers were paid. She was frustrated and angry by this unfairness.
- The family later moved to a farm in Rochester, New York. There Susan met many other activists, such as Frederick Douglass. Susan ran the family farm for a few years before devoting herself full-time to working on the issues that were important to her.
- In 1851, Susan met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who would become a lifelong friend and work partner. The two would spend many years writing and lecturing together. They worked to end slavery, give women equal rights including the right to vote and equal pay, and outlaw alcohol sales.
- Elizabeth had seven children. Susan often watched the children so Elizabeth could write. Elizabeth developed the ideas and speeches. Susan rented halls, organized events, and gave the speeches.
- Abolitionist: someone who works to end slavery
- Temperance: the movement to end alcohol sales and use
Frequently Asked Questions
Question: Why was drinking alcohol considered so bad?
Answer: Mostly because of laws that discriminated against women. Women could not work or have their own property. Nor could they divorce their husbands. If a man used his paycheck to buy alcohol or abused his wife and children while drunk, women had little choice but to put up with it. Temperance laws were designed to help protect women and children.
Watch a video about Susan B. Anthony.
Cite This Page
You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples:
MLA Style Citation
Declan, Tobin. " Susan B. Anthony - American History ." American History for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2020. < https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/susan-b-anthony/ >.
APA Style Citation
Tobin, Declan. (2020). Susan B. Anthony - American History. American History for Kids. Retrieved from https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/susan-b-anthony/ | 717 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.